^^ .. «?:. "0^0^ -^ 0" .""^J^fPiS". '^V -r -/, — . HISTORY OP LANCASTER COUNTY. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. - COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES. BY L DANIEL RUPP, AUTHOR DER MAERTYRER GESCHICHTE, ETC. ETC. LANCASTER, PENN: I'UBLISHED BY GILBERT HILLS. 1844. ''^ -©^N .••> Vs\>\\ % [Entered according to act of Congress, in the5'car 1842, m the Clerk's Office of the Easteni District of Penn?yl%^ania, by Gilbebt HiLLf, pro- prietor and publisher.] /- lOH^I^ PREFACE. In collecting the materials necessary for compiling a History of Lancaster County, we sought access to every possible source of information, as far as our prescribed time and limited means admitted. Could we have anticipated half the difficul- ties we should encounter in prosecuting our researches, we would certainly have relinquished the undertaking. Although we had spent several months in search of materials, the col- lection was still far from being satisfactory to our ourselves, but owing to the Publisher's engagements, we were consti^cThed to yield to his wishes and commence the arrangement of such materials as were on hand. To add to what was collected, we read, in less than one hundred days, upwards of ten thousand pages, opened correspondence with a number of gentlemen, in different parts of the county, called on scores of persons — on some ten times — who hsid fairly promised to collect facts, &c. — arranged the materials, re-wrote half the book twice, examined a portion of the proof sheets, now and then attended to business abroad, yet amidst all this " bustle and hurry," we aimed to trace facts to their sources ; and these, it is confidently believed, are authentic. Whether the best judgment has been exercised in the selec- tion of the materials on hand, and the happiest arrangement adopted, is not for us to decide. We strove to make the fairest use of them. As to the diversity of style appearing in this book, we would here "interpose" the remark that, except in a few instances, the very words of authors quoted, and of contributors, were preserved. In general the usual marks of credit are given. Owing to our repeated absence, the book has not appeared in that "due proportion" desirable in all its parts. Could we have always been at hand to shape the copy as it was called for, we believe the book would have appeared in a somewhat improved form, and some slight errors, in dates, have been detected, in time to correct them.* We would, therefore, in view of all this, claim the indul- gence of the reader for any imperfection he may notice.^ That we have been sometimes too rapid in recital, and again too prolix in detail, we know. This, however, we could not avoid in order to connect detailed facts and events, as we had not all the materials before us when we commenced the com- pilation, consequently could not know when to be concise, and when to enlarge. Situated as we were, "to strike a new, dark and devious path, without a guide to follow," was the only course left us. With these facts before him, the good na- tured critic, it is believed, will excuse the Compiler. The acknowledgments of the compiler are due, for facts fur- nished, to the following gentlemen: Hon. Charles M'Clure, Secretary of the Commonwealth i H. K. Strong, State Libra- rian ; Col. R. M. Grain, of the Land Office ; G. W. Harris, of Harrisburg; Messrs. John Thome, T. H. Burrowes, H. A. Car- penter, E. C. Heigart, E,. Conyngham, Joseph Konigmacher, A. Dubree, Gardner Furness, H. F. Slaymaker, John Slayma- ker, George Difienbach, Samuel Bowman, Abraham Mylin, Christian Herr, Henry Flickinger, John Strohm and others. We are particularly indebted to Mr. John Beck and George Ford, Esq. for the free use of their MSS. Prof S. S. Halde- man, furnished chapter XTII ; J.J. Libhart, of Marietta, the list of birds, and the drawings by a self-taught artist, Mr. C. S. Getz, proprietor of the Lancaster Museum. Lancaster, Dec. 1843. *CoRRt.c-noxs.— r. 122, 4th line of the note, read 1712— p. 257, 4th line iVorn bottom, read, as early as 1631 — p. 2G4, 4th line from the top, read, Lowe— p. 296, 12th line, read, in 1785— p. 3C8, 9th line, read 1742— p. 310, Irft line, read 1744— p. 316, read, Charles— p. S23, 5lh line, read sciences — p. 442, 13th line, read, one hundred and sixteen. CONTENTS. Introductory part : from the earliest settlements made in Penn- sylvania, to the first settlements made within the present tiraits of Laricaster cou7ity. CHAPTER I. Colinization, remarks on, p. 13 ; Purchases made fr jm the Indians, 14 ; In New England, 15; By Calvert, 15; By Roger Williams. 15 ; By the Swedes, 15; By Carteret, 16; Penn follows their example, 16; Early set- tlement of Delaware bay and river, 17; Swedes supplanted by the Dutch, 18; Dutch triumph short, 18; Delaware taken possession of by the Enbatli school commenced at Ephrata, 294; David Ramsay born : memoir of, 295; Bart township organized, 297; House of employment provided, 298; General Clark, 299; Abundant crops, 290; Distilleries erected. 299 ; Partial tamine, 300; Indian alarms and horrid atrocities, 300 ; French neutrals imported, 301 ; Their condition unenviable, 302; An Act to disperse them, 208; Cooper, Webb and Le Fevre appointed to execute the several provisions of the act, 303 ; Another Act passed relative to the French neutrals, 304 ; Notes of variety, 306. CHAPTER V. Moravian community at Litiz, p. 308 ; Zinzendorf in LancaEter, 309 ; Ap- plicaticn to the conference at Bethlehem, 310; {Commencement of Litiz, 311 ; Parsonage built, 311 ; School-house removed ; Rev. B. A. Grube, 312; Present condition or state of Litiz : Improvements : Church and consecra- tion of it, &c. 313 ; List of the names of pastors, 315; Sj-hools and names of teachers, 317; Brother and sister houses, 320; The grave yard, 324; The spring, 328 ; Population, mechanics, &;c. 329. CHAPTER VL Hostilities between the English and the French in America, p. 332; Delar- ware and Shawanese Indians commit murders, 333 ; General Braddocl^g'a 10 arrival, 333; Braddock's defeat, 334; Dismay caused among the frontier settlers, 334 ; Paxton and Tulpehocken refugees at Ephrata, 335 ; Murders committed by the Indians, 335; Block-house erected at Lancaster, 336 ; In- habitants of Jjancaster county petition the Assembly for a militia law, 337 j Scalping parties, 338 ; War suspended against the Indians, 338 ; Prepera„ lions made to repel Indian incursions, 339 ; Conrad Weiser commands nine companies, 339 ; French hostilities continued, 340 ; Murders committed by the Indians in 1757, 339 ; Indian treaties, at Lancaster and at Easton, 340 ; Minutes extract from, of Indian treaty, at Lancaster. 340 ; King Beaver's speech, 342 ; Treaty held at Easton : fifteen tribes of Indians represented ; Murders by Indians in Tulpehocken, 343 ; Murders committed by the In- dians in 1758, 344; Cumberland over-run by savages, 344 ; Inhabitants fled to Lancaster, &c., 345 ; Barracks erected at Lancaster, 346 ; Work-house erected at Lancaster, 346 ; The Irish sell to the Germans, and seat them- selves at Chestnut Glade, 347; Baron Stiegel lays out Manheim, 347 ; No- tice of the Baron, 348; Notes of variety; Emanuel Carpenter, 394. CHAPTER VII. Tendency of war, p. 350 ; Hostilities continued, 351 ; Lancaster county exposed to Indian incursions, 352; Treachery of the Concstoga Indians, 352; Paxton and Donegal Rangers watch the Indians closely, 359 ; Indian villagers massacred, 356 ; Those abroad taken under protection by the mag- istrates of Lancaster, 356 ; Governor Penn's proclamation, 357 ; The Pax- ton boys at Lancaster : massacre the Indians, 358 ; Governor Penn issues another proclamation, 360 ; The Paxton boys grow desperate, and " show up some Indian," 362 ; Resort to Philadelphia, 363 ; Their non-commenda- ble conduct there, 363 ; They return peaceably to their homes, leaving two of their number to present their grievances to the Assembly, 365; Robert Fulton, 366; B. S. Barton, 367; Notes of variety. CHAPTER VIIL Hail storm, p. 369 ; Proceedings, &c. by the citizens of Lancaster county touching the usurpation of Parliament, in Great Britain, 371 ; Letter from the committee of correspondence at Philadelphia, 372 ; Meeting at the court house in Lancaster, 373 ; Copy of a circular letter trom Philadelphia, 376 ; Meeting called at Lancaster, 378 ; Subscriptions opencil for the relief of tha suffering Bostonians, 380; Letters from Philadelphia, 382 ; Meeting called, to be held at Lancaster, 383 ; Committee appointed, 384 ; Meeting held, 385 ; Letter from Reading, 387 ; Meeting of the committee of inspection, &c., 388 ; CJommittee men from different townships meet at Lancaster, 395 ; Their proceedings, &c. &c. 395. 11 CHAPTER IX. Coui'se of the mother country objectionp.ble, p. 404; Military convention at Lancaster, 405 ; Daniel Roberdeun and James Ewing elected Brigadier Generals, 407; Resolutions passed and adopted, 407; Committee of safety: convention to form the first State Constitution, 408; Pennsylvania and Lan- caster county active, 409 ; Numerous incidents, &c. in Lancaster county during the Revolution, 410 ; Generd Wayne's head quarters and correspon- dence with his Excellency, Thomas Wharton, President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, 411 ; ("ongress repairs from Philadelphia to Lan- caster, thence to York, 490; Military meeting at Manheim, 421 ; Surviving Revolutionary soldiers: Philip Meek, 323; John Ganter, 424 ; George Leonard, Peter Mauerer, Peter Shindle, Jacob Hoover, 425; Notes, 426. CHAPTER X. Lancaster county after the Revolution, 427; Germans and those of Ger- man extraction; views on education, 427; Franklin college established, 428; First board of Trustees, 428; Rcichenbach: New Jerusalem Cnurch ; the twelve articles received by that church, 429 ; Improvements great in the county, 433; Columbia laid out, 433 ; Lancaster city, seat ot government 434; Late war: moans of Lancaster county, 434; Notes of variety, 435. CHAPTER XL Education : — Preliminary remarks: Importance of general education, p_ 436 ; Views of colonists, 437 ; Mennonites' views of education, 438 ; Scotcii and Irish settlers, made at first little preparation, — BouudaricB of Cheater countj dtitcriiiiiicd — IncroaHc of pojiulalioii — First jiiills in Chester county — 1*(5Iuj'h I'iWnl to ijii[)n)vc the condition of tlio natives — Elforls to christianize the Indians — IVjui's new treaty with lSua(juehanna, Shawaneae and' Gunuwesu, &.c. nations — A new form of Governuient franxKl — Pena appoints Anf]rew IJainilton, Deputy Clovcrnor — JiSaili* for England. As il, will hv. nccossiiry to occasionally rcciar to the- main liislory oF Pcniiisylvania, and in order to preserve s<)nn5 coniKiC'tion in the narrative of events of the pcriot! l)ctw(;en Penn's d(!parture, in 1684, for ]Ouropc-, and liia return, in 1G99, to America, a brief historical sketch of that time is given, tlioiii^h some of the incidents con- nected with the early S(;ltlements of Lancaster comity,, and to which the order of time has not yet brought u.'v are thereby anticipated. Soon afl(^r Penn's return to England, Charles II. died, Kel)rn:ny (>, KiSl — 5; and James II. ascended tho throiuv, wiio was proelainKul King in the province, May 2(i, IGHf). "Penn's atta(;hment to the Stuart family induced him to adhere to tliis niiforluiiate monarch till long after his fall;* and lor two years after the revolu- tion which i)la(UMl VVilliiun, Prince of Orange, and Mary, the daughter of James, on the throne, tin; province was administered in the name of Jamcis. 'J'his could not fail to draw down the indignation of King WilUam on the devot(Hl head of the proprietary, who suffered nnich persecution for his uiiilinching loyalty. He was four •Junios abdicatocJ, and went to France, December 2^, Him.—Wair's ChronoL LANCASTER C0T7NTT* 31 limes imprivsoncd. The King took the government of Pennsylvania into his own hands; and appointed Colonel Fletcher to administer the government of Ihu- province, «A well as that of New York. It at length became apparent to the King, that Penn's attachment to the Stuarts was merely personal, and not attended with any treasonable designs; and he was restored to favor. — lieing permitted to resume and exercise his rights, he appointed William Markhaui to be his Deputy Go- vernor."* "In 1G99, the assembly complained to Governor Markham of a breach of their chartered privileges; and ill consequence of their remonstrance, a bill of settle- ment, proposed and passed by the assembly, was ap- proved by the Governor, forming the third frame of government of Pennsylvania. This constitution was »riore democratic than the former." *'In 1699, T^^nn again visited his colony, accompanied by his family, with the design of spending the remainder of his life among his people. He was disappointed, however, by finding the colonists dissatisfied with the existing slate of things. Negro slavery, and the inter- course with the Indian tribes, were the subjects of much ♦Provincial Executives during Penn's absence: 1. Council and President, Thomas Lloyd, from August, 1084, to December, 1088. 2. John Blackwell, Deputy Governor, from December, 1688, to February, 1689. 3. Council and President, Thomas Lloyd, from 1689, to April, 169:3. 4. Benjamin Fletcher, Governor, from April, 1693, to Jun«, 1903. 5. William Markham, Deputy Goremor, from June, 1693,10 1099, when Penn arrived. ^ HISTORY OF unpleasant altercation between the proprietary and the colonists. Certain laws which he proposed for regulat- ing these affairs, were rejected by the assembly. His exertions, in recommending a liberal system to his own sect, were attended with better success, and the final abolition of slavery, in Pennsylvania, was ultimately owing to these powerful influences."* The proprietary, previous to his departure for Eng- land, had divided the lower part of Pensylvania, into tliree counties, viz : Philadelphia, Bucks and Chesterj and cast the comities into townships , /or large lots of land;^ but, as appears from the Colonial Records, did not so clearly define and precisely fix upon the boundaries of the counties, as to prevent, among peaceable quakers themselves, subsequent misunderstandings. . The boundaries of Chester county, especially its en- largement, had been made the subject of more than a mere transient conversation. Penn, in a discourse, a few days before he left the province, did declare "upon the banlc (Delaware) by John Simcock's house,$ to John •Frost's U: S. 139, 140. fit appears to have been part of the plan of William P6nn to have laid out the province into townships of 5,000 or 10,000 acres, and to have surveys made within the respective bounda- ries of such townships ; and that purchasers of large tracts might lie together; he accordingly introduced this clause into his warrant. "According to the method of townships ap- pointed by me." This plan was not long pursued — Smith's Laws, 11. 140. I John Simock lived in Chester county. He was a man of good education; was one of the proprietor's first eommis- aioners of property, and one of his most trusty friends in the government. He was a Quaker preacher. — He died January 27, 1702. LANCASTER COUNTT. 33 Blunston and others, when he was moved to decide, how the bounds of Chester county were to be run, so as to enlarge the hmits or boundary thereof; being at that time but a small tract of land not above nine miles square. Owing, however, to his departure, being press- ingly urged to return for Europe, nothing definite was then done as to the enlargement of the county of Chester. In 1685, the council having seriously weighed and considered the same, ordered the bomids to be established.* Although Chester county had been partly settled be- fore Penn arrived the first time ; and notwithstanding his benevolent spirit, in looking more to moral worth and fitness in inviting emigrants of every peculiarity of creed to his province, it, nevertheless, appears that Chester county, with its limited territory, was only Ihmly seated, prior to 1689. The smallness of tract of land, and its sparse population, were then urged, by the inhabitants of the county, as a consideration to the Go- rernor and council for enlargement, as will appear from their humble petition, in 1689. "The humble petition of ye Justices of Chester county, in the behalfe of themselves and inhabitants of ye said county, sheweth : That whereas, ye said county is but a small tract of land, not nine miles square, and but thhily seated^ whereby ye said county is not able to support the charge thereoff ; vpon our humble request to the Proprietor and Governor, and his serious consideration of our weak conditions, was pleased out of compassion to vs, to grant an enlargement of ye same, in manner following, viz : to runn vp ffrom Dellaware river, along Darby Mill »Col. Rec.1.74. J4 HISTORY OF creek, ye severall courses thereof, vntill they took in Radnor and Herford townshipps then downe to the Skoulkill; then vp wards along the several courses there- - off, without limmitt. Therefore, wee humbly pray you will be pleased t©^ confirme ye said bounds, wherebye the coimty of Chester may be in some measure able to defray their necessary charge, and wee shall, as in duty bound.'^* It was signed by John Blunston, Thomas Brassie,, Randell Vernon, Caleb Pusey, Thomas Usher. The prayer of the petitioners was considered at several councils, viz : March 25 and 26, 1689. Some time in 1693, the petitioners,. inhabitants of Chester county, who had sufferred long for the want of the division, between the county of New Castle, State of Delav/are, and Chester county, having again prayed the council to adjust bounds, a temporary division between the two counties was ordered to be made, August 9, 1.69 3.t The boundaries of the county extended indefinitely west- ward, and remained unchanged till Lancaster and Berks were successively formed. The increase of inhabitants. in the colony and' in Ches- ter county, between the time of adjusting the boundary between New Castle and Chester and Penn's second arrival, was considerable;; gradually augmenting the population ; and the settlement extended to Brandy wine creek; where, tO; meet the wants of the people, Corne- lius Empson, as early as l'6S9^ erected a mill;; being, as it is believed, the second mill erected in the county of Chester;: Karkus's mill having been erected about 1681. It has been stated that Penn was not successful in his •Col. Rec. J. 221. fCol. Rec. I. 340, 345. LANCASTER COUNTY. 35 jptvtempts to obtain legislative restrictions upon the inter- course with the Indians to prevent shameful practices upon these poor creatures, by unprincipled whites, whose conduct was occasionally beastly; not satisfied with sellmg them all manner of spirituous liquors for the sake of gain, but would frequently disgrace themselves and their wretched victims.* His not succeeding in having legislative co-operation, to prevent their temporal ruin, he was determined to improve their condition ; he paid the sons of the forest a visit, participating in all their iimocent amusements, and in turn received their visits at his own house at Pennsbury.t He co-operated with his friends, who, as early as 1685, signalized by an attempt with the annual meeting of their society at Burlington, in New Jersey, to communicate the knowledge of christian truth to the Indians. With what success, may be learned from Proud's statement : " that the Indians in general acknowledged at that time, what they heard was very wise, weighty and true; and never afterwards thought about it." So far as is known to us, the Quaker Missionaries have kept no particular accounts of the the number of Indian converts to Quakerism. There is no doubt that the savages acceded readily to the con- ferences that were proposed to them, and listened with their usual gravity and decorum to the sedate Quaker ; who, in professing to obey the command of the Saviour, " to teach and baptize all nations ^^ ever ventured to teach them that baptism was not an ordinance of divine *See a case, Col. Rec. I. 96. fPenn, at a former treaty, had promised the Shawanesc Chief, protection. "To enable him to fulfil this promise, he visited them in person at Conestogo, attended by many geo- tiemen of distinction."— CoZ. R(c. JI. 253. 56 HISTORY OF or christian appointment! Indian converts to Christi- anity, if history be true, have been gained in America by Catholics, Puritans, Moravians, Baptists, &c.;* but no records are extant, showing the probable number of conversions of Indians to Christianity, by Quakers, though it is admitted, some of the Friends preached with much freedom to them. Penn, in 1700, formed a new treaty with the Susque- hanna, the Shawanese, the Ganawese,t and tribes of the Five Nations. This treaty provided for perpetual peace and good officers between the parties, confirmed to the Indians the benefits, and subjected them to the penalties of the English law, in their intercourse with the whites : it stipulated that both parties should refuse credence to imauthorized reports of hostility intended by either: that the Indians should never suffer strange tribes to settle in any part of the province without permission from the Governor : that no European should engage in the Indian trade without the license of the government ; and lastly, ill the neighberhood of the Conestogo, should be con- • According to Stiles' Literary Diary, there were in 1696, thirty Indian churches in New England. — Holmes, 1, 459. fThe Piscatawise, or Ganawese, having renioved nearer the Susquehanna Indians, in 1698, met William Penn in council in May, 1701, and entered into new articles of agreement; the Susquehanna Indians became sureties for their peaceable behavior.— Proud I. 4^.— Col. Rec. II. 9-12. "William Penn permitted the Piscatawese or Ganawese, to remove higher up the Potomoc, within his claim; "Sind tradi- tion says, he purchased their right of soil on the Potomoc, to strengthen his demand on Lord Baltimore. "•—£««. Intell t come to buy or sell, or get gain, but come in love and respect to them — and desired their well-doing both here and hereafter ;" and further continued, "that our meetings among them might be very beneficial to their young people" — and related a dream which she had three days before, and interpreted it, viz : " that she was in London, and that London was the finest place that she ever saw — it was like to Phila- delphia; but much bigger — and she went across six streets, and in the seventh she saw William Penn })roaching to the people, which was a great multitude, both she and William Penn rejoiced to see each other; and after meeting she went to him, and he told her that in a little time he would come over and preach to them .'ilso, of which she was very glad. And now she said her dream was fulfilled, for one of his friends was come to preach to them." "She advised them to hear us, and entertain us kindly; and accordingly they did. There were two na- tions of them, the Scnecas and Shawanesc* •The Shawanese had wigwams along the bank of the Octto- raro creek, near the present boundary of Chester and Lancas- ter county. When the road, in 1719, to Christiana bridge, &c. wa« laid, its course was defined— "to the fording place at Oct- toraro, at Old Shawana town, thence over Octtoraro, along the Indian Path, &c.— Cowrf Records, at Chester, AugsTerm, 1'719. LANCASTER COUNTY, 43 "We had first a meeting with the Senecas, with which they were much affected; and they called the other nation, viz: the Shawanese, and interpreted to them what we spoke in their meeting, and the poor Indians, and particularly some of the young men and women, were under a solid exercise and concern. We had also a meeting with the other nation, and they were all very kind to us, and desired more such opportunities; the which, I hope, Divine Providence will order them, if they are worthy thereof. The Gospel of Jesus Christ was preached freely to them, and faith in Christ, who was put to death at Jeru- salem, hy the unbelieving Jews; and that this same Jesus came to save people from their sins, and by his grace and light in the soul, shows to man his sins, and conviiiceth him thereof; delivering him out of them, and gives inward peace and comfort to the soul for well-do- iiig; and sorrow and trouble for evil-doing; to all which as their manner is, gave public assent; and to that of the light of the soul, they gave a double assent, and seemed much affected with the doctrine of truth; also the benefit of the holy scriptures was largely opened to them.'' "After this, we returned to our respective habitations, thankful in our hearts to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. Several of the friends that went with me expressed their satisfaction in this visit, and offered themselves freely to go again to the like services.* ♦Thomas Chalkley, wife and family, came from England to Pennsylvania, in 1701, where he settled and resided for upwards of forty years, except when absent on business. He was, besides, a sea-faring man ; also engaged as a minister of the gospel ; the discharge of duty, in this double capacity, neces- 44 HISTORY OF It appears that the Indians, at Conestogo were quite an object of attention; fearful they might be alienated. Governor Evans conceived it of the utmost importance, under these existing circumstances* " to maintain, as far as possible, a perfect good understanding with the Indians, and to labor to keep them secure in the Queen's interest against the machinations used by the enemy to debauch them from" the people of the province. To effect this, he proposed, in August, 1706, the year after Chalkley's errand to them as messenger of Peace, to visit very speedily the Indians of Conestogo, and the ad- jacent settlement. He went, and had a personal inter- view with them at Conestogo; and it proved, as he hoped, of great service. It was then, perhaps, he was so eloquently addressed by an Indian Orator, who, as the Poet says, spake : *'Hos docet ore loqui facilis natura diserto ; Linguae grande loquens est idioma suae. With native eloquence their speech abounds, Untaught with figures grand, and lofty sounds." ^'Father — we love quiet; we suffer the mouse to play ; when the leaves are rustled by the wind we fear not ; when the leaves are disturbed in ambush, we are uneasy; when a cloud obscures your brilliant sun, om* eyes feel dim; but when the rays appear, they give great heat to the body, and joy to the heart. Treachery sarily called him much away from his family. He was a successful minister — beloved and highly esteemed for his virtues. *'He was a man of a meek and quiet spirit; and he possessed an engaging sweetness, both in ministry and con- versation.*' While on a religious visit to the Island of Tortola, he died in 1741. He left behind him some religious works, and a Journal^ from which the above extract has been copied — Page, 47-51. *There was war, between the French and English at the time. LANCASTER COUNTr* 45 darkens the chain of friendship, but truth makes it brighter than ever. This is the peace we desire.* The Governor and Council having been mformed of the treacherous and murderous conduct of Nicole and Francois, in their endeavors to incense the Indians, on the Susquehanna, against the Enghsh, it was deemed expe- dient that they should be visited again. In the summer season of 1707, Gov. Evans made another journey among the Indians. With what mo- tives he undertook this second journey, is somewhat diffi- cult to decide, if it should be maintained they tvere pure- ly patriotic. If historians have not been biased, if they have been accm'ate, faithful and impartial, in reporting to future ages his actions, he presents to the v^iorld a strange character; not worthy of imitation. Governors, do act strangely sometimes ! Of him it is recorded : " He increased the number of taverns, and ale houses fox the sake of license money, which he had doubled : that in his private life he was indecorous and immoral ; had practised aboniinatiens with the Indians at Cones togo; committed at his owrt country reskienee notorious excesses and debaucheries, not fit to be re- hearsed, and had beaten several of tlie peace officers^ wbo, ignorant of his presence, at a house of ill-fame, had attempted to disperse the company, at ten o'clock in tlie morning jt and, though by his example, he weak- *Lan. Intel}. & Jour. f " William Penn, Jr., who came with Evans from England, was one of the parties of this night brawl, and was indicted for his conduct in the eity court.. He professed the faith of the Church of England, but had worn, it would seem, hitherto in the province a quaker garb. Upon the> institution of thia prosecution he threw off all disguise, abandoned his quaker connexions, and openly proclaimed his principles.*^ — Lagan^ 46 HISTORY OF ened the hands of the magistrates, he hypocritically caused his proclamations to be read in the churches and religious meetings, against the very disorders which he himself committed." ''He permitted French pajnsts from Canada tO' trade with the Indians, and seduce them, from, the English in terest. ' ' * Having presented the reader a historical brief of his m,oral and political character, an account of his last journey, as laid before the Board in council, the 22d July^ 1707, is given in extenso, in these words: "The Governor, with Messrs. John French, Wm. Tonge^ Mitchel Bezaillion, Gray, and fomr servants, set out from New Castle the 27th of June, and the next morning arrived at Oetoraro, where the Governor was presented with some skins by the Indians,, and the same night we arrived at Pequehan, " at the mouth of Pequae creek" being received at Martines,t bj Pessah,. 'Hhe chief of the Shawanoes," and some Indian chiefs, who con- ducted us to the town, at om' entrance into, which place, we were saluted by the Indians with a volley of fire arms. On Monday, we Avent to Dekanoagah, upon the river Susquehanna, being about nine miles from Peque- han. Some time after our coming here a meeting was held of the Shawanois, Senequois and Canoise Indians, and the Nantikoke Indians from the seven following towns, viz: Matcheattochouisie, Witichquaom, Teah- quois, Matchcouchthi, Natahquois, Byengeahtein, and Pohecommoati J an Indian presented to the Governor and his company, and all the Indians then present, a *Gordon, 150 ; Proud, 1. 482. fMartin Chartier, who had hved long among the Shawanah Indians 1—CoZ. Rec. II, 133. LANCASTER COUNTF. 47 large pipe with tobacco, out of which every one smoked, and then the Governor acquainted the Indians that he had received a message from the Senequois Indians, of Conestogo and those of Pequehan, how that several strange Indians were amongst them, and desired his presence there; that although he had the charge and care of many thousands of the great Queen of Eng- land's subjects, yet he was now come to this place to know their desires, and was willing to serve them in whatsoever lay in his power. To which a Nantikoke Indian replied, that they were extremely glad the Governor was with them, and that they had waited ten days to see him. Adjunkoe, one of the Sachems of Conestogo, said he was well satisfied with the relation the Nantikoke Indians had given of their affairs; yet, notwithstanding, he was very desirous they should make it known to the Governor that he might also be satisfied with it; a Nan- tikoke Indian took into his hands a belt of wampun from him whereon there was hung nineteen others, and several strings of beads, and said that they had been given to understand the Queen had sent orders that the Indians should live in peace with one another, and that they were sent to give some of those belts in behalf of the Governor of Maryland, and themselves to the Five Nations, as our Indians also intended to do to others for Pennsylvania and themselves, if the Governor thought fit, in order to renew their league with the Five Nations. Governor — How long have you been at peace with this nation? Nantikoke Indians — Twenty-seven years. Governor — ^What is the reason, then, of so many belts of wampum and strings of beads .^ 48 HISTORY OF Nantikoke Indians — We send them as a tribute. Governor — I am very well satisfied with what has been told me, and with what the Governor of Maryland has done^ and had I been acquainted with thi^ business at Philadelphia, I would have sent a belt of wamptim as a token of friendship to the Five Nations; but some of those Five Nations were with me not long since, by whom I sent a belt; and then Adjunkoe took a belt in his hands, saying, he meant to send it to the Five Nations for Penn and 'themselves. Indian Harry, by order of the Conestogo Sachem, spoke in English to the Nantikoke, who all understood that language, as follows, viz : you are going to the Onandagoes; be sure keep on your way; many may tell you several things to fright you, and that they are great men, and you will be killed. Yet keep on your way and believe them not, for you will find the King of the Five Nations a very great one, and as good a king as any amongst the Indians. Governor — I am very glad to see you altogether at this time, and it is my desire, and shall be my endeavor, that you all live in peace. Your enemies are ours, and whosoever shall pretend to injure you, I will endeavor that you shall have satisfaction made for it. Then the conference ended, and the Governor treated the Indian chiefs -at dinner, and at night returned to Pequehan. Peqiiehan, SOth June. Present: — Shawanois Indians, and some of the Five Nations. Pessah spoke in behalf of the youth of the town, ai follows, viz : We thank the Governor for his kindness in supporting our people. We are happy to live in a country at peace, LANCASTER COUNTY. 49 and not as in thess parts, where we formerly lived; for then upon our return from hunting, we found our town surprised, and our women and children taken prisoners by our enemies. Governor — Tiie Indians may he assured of my pro- tection, for we are one people. If in your absence, any of your enemies endeavor to hurt any of your wives or children, they shall have redress; for I esteem an injury done to you as to myself Pessah — It was the Nantikoke and Canoise Indians who sent for our father, the Governor, and not we, there- fore we are very sorry they entertained him no better; but since they have not been so kind as they ought, \vc hope the Governor will accept of our small present, which wo now make him; for we are sensible the ways are bad, and that the bushes wear out your clothes, for which reason Ave give these skins to make gloves, stockings and breeches, in place of those worn out. Governor — I am well pleased with mj journey, and shall be always ready to do the like to preserve peace amongst you at home, and maintain your alliance abroad. I have now (to let you see what confidence I have in you,) trusted myself in the midst of you, with a very few of our great Queen's subjects, altliough I could have easily brought with me very great numbers. I have been told that some ill-designing persons have frequently raised reports of my hitention to destroy you; pray, let me know the authors of these reports, and they shall be punished according to their deserts. I am, and always have been, ready to do you all manner of good ofiices, and will continue in the same mind towards you. It is my mind that you secure their persons, and give me immediate notice of it. Tliere have been formerly several alliances made with you, which you well know 50 HISTOET OP we on our parts have observed punctually; and so shall continue to do, and wish you may do the same. Then an Indian spoke in behalf of the women : — We are included in the alliances before spoken of, as well as our men, so we ask the Governor's protection, and de- sire the Governor will kmdly accept this present of skms, wliich freely we make him, as a testimony of our kindness. Governor — I do accept your presents very kindly, and thank you for the same ; and you shall always find mc ready to protect and defend you, and will continue to treat you as friends and sisters. After which the Governor spoke to the messengers from the Five Nations, viz : You must be sure you remember to acquaint your chiefs that you have seen me here, and at the Shawa- noise town: and of the friendsliip and alliance that is betwixt us and the Indians. Pessah—1 hope the Governor wiU give us his hand in token of Ms friendship. Governor-^1 will give not only give my hand, but my heart. Dm"ing our abode at Pequehan, several of the Shawo- nois Indians, from the southward, came to settle here and were admitted so to do by Pessah, with the Governor's consent; at the same time an Indian from a Shaonois town, near Carolina, came m, and gave an accomit of four hundred and fifty flatheaded Indians had besieged them : and that in all probability, the same was taken. Bezalhon niformed the Governor that the Shao- nois of Carolina (he was told) had killed several chris- tians ; whereupon the Governor of that province raised the said flatheaded Indians, ajid joined some christians to LANCASTEK COUNTT. 51 them, besieged, and have taken, as it is thought, the said Shaonois town. On Tuesday, 1st of July, we went to Conestogo, and lay there that night, and the next morning proceeded on our journey and arrived in the evening "within three miles of an Indian village, called Peixtan.* The Go- ▼ernor had received information at Pequehan, that one Nicole, a French Indian trader, was at that place, against whom great complaints had been made to the Governor, of which he acquainted the chief Indian of Peixtan, as also of his design to seize him; who willingly agreed to it, but advised the Governor to be very cautious in the manner; there being only young people at home, who perhaps might make some resistance, if it were done "without their first bemg told of it ; for this reason we lay short of the village that night; but early in the morning we went within one-half a mile of the town, and leaving our horses, marched afoot, nearer the same, from whence the Governor sent Martine to the village, ordering him to tell Nicole that he had brought two kegs of rum with him, which he had left in the wood, for fear any christians were there, and to persuade Nicole to go with him to taste the rum. Martine returned with James Le Tort, and Joseph Jessop, two Indian traders, but could not prevail with Nicole ; upon this, Martine was sent back, with orders to bring down some of the Indians, and Nicole with them ; then we drew nearer the town, and laid ourselves in the bushes, and Martine returned with two Indians, whom the Governor acquainted with his intent of taking Nicole, telling at the same time, he had spoken Avith the uncle of one of them *" Peixtan, spelt Peichtang, Pechetan, &c. in old records, oneean Indian wigwam, now Harrishurg," R. C— X Ferre Brinton, John C. Lefevre, Joseph L. Lefevre, Jacob ever informed that his brother Jean Brook was in this county, and he came hither. The Huguenots of Ulster spent a few years of unsettled life at Kingston and in the meantime explored the country. They finally concluded upon purchasing a tract now enclosed within the boundaries of this town, and comprising about two-thirds of its surface. The purchase was made from the Indians, sub- ject however to the claim of the Government. The Indians, though so universally charged with treachery, yet in this instance observed strict fidelity to their covenant, and the Huguenots were never molested by them on this soil. In order to get a perfect title it was necessary to obtain a cession from the Government of these lands, and Abraham Hoshrouch who was entrusted with the commission, being acquainted with Edmund Andros, obtained letters patent in 1677, Sept. 29th. confirming to the twelve individvals above named their purchase without charge. This tract comprised about ninety square miles."' * * * "Some of the Huguenots' descen- dants, who reside in your county, (Lancaster), emigrated from this county, or rather their ancestors. The name of Lefevre and Du Bois, is from here. One by the name of Lefevre was in Congress some years since, whose ancestors resided in this town." LANCASTER COUNTY. 103 Hershey, Christian Leman, Henry and Jacob Brackbill, Theo. Slierts, Isaac B. Burrowes/Jacob Eshleman, Chris- tiaii Hershey, Messrs. Witmers, R. Conyngham, Esq. R. Taggart, Philip Foster, Henry Shertz, John Shertz, F. S. Burrowes, D. Lefevre. While speaking of the family of Ferrees, it will not be out of place to direct the attention of the reader to tv/o other documents; one is an inventory of goods and diattels of a farm of the early times, being the list of appraisement of the personal property of Andrew Ferree, the same person who is mentioned as the eldest son of Daniel, the first settler. It shows the prices of articles at that time. The reader will find in it plenty of all the useful and necessary food, and implements, of a farmer ; but will seek in vain for the fine furniture of the present day.* The other document is the marriage * Inventory of the g.oods and chattels of.xdndrew Ferree^ deceased. To wheat in the stack at £8 — wheat and rye in the ground, £6, £14 To great waggon, £12— little waggon, £5, • 17 To a plow and two pairs of irons, 1 10 To two mauls and three iron wedges, 9s — to four old weeding hoes, 4s, 13 To a spade and shovel, 8s — to a matock and three, dung forks, lOs, * 18 To two broad-axes, 12s— to joyner'saxe and adze, Ts, 19 To Sundry carpenter tools, £1 — sundry joyner's tools, £2 5s, 3 5 To seven duch sythes, 12 To four stock bands, two pair hinges, sundry old iron, 14' To a hand-saw, £2— to five sickles and two old hooks, . 1 1 G 104 HISTORY OF of Daniel Ferree, Jr., who was a son of the first settler; DUt born in this country, with Mary Carpenter or Zim- merman. It is somewhat in the form now used by the Society of Friends. Many of the present citizens of the vicinity will recognize the names of their ancestors, in the list of signers and guests at the wedding. To a cutting box, two knives, £1 — to twenty-two baggs, £2 10s, 3 10 To two pair chains, 14s, two hackles, £1 lO-^-to five boles, 12s, 2 16 To four smal chains and other horse geers at 14 To other horse geers at £1 10 — to a mans' saddle at £1 10, 3 To three falling axes at 10s — to two fowling pieces, . £2, 2 10 To a large Byble, 2 To two fether beds at £6 — to wearing cloaths, £7, . 13 So sundry pewter, £2 8 — to a- box iron, 4s, 2 12 To sundr}' iron ware, £2 — to a watering pot, 6s, 2 6 To sundry wooden ware at £l — to two iron pot- ■ rac^s, £1, 2 To four working hoi-ses, £24 — to a mare and two colts, £11, 35 To six grown cows at £15 — to ten head of yong cattle, £13 10, To eleven sheep, £3 17 — to swine, £l 10, To two chests, 15s — to a spinning wheel, Ss, To sley, 6s — to cash received of Samuel Tayler, To cash received for a servant girles time, £152 8 6 As apraised this 24th day of the month called November, 1735. HATTIL VARMAN, SAM'L JONES. Note. — Thomas Makin, in his Descriptio Pennsylvaniae, Anno, 1729, describes most graphically the rural state of affairs at that time : 28 10 5 7 1 3 2 8 3 LANCASTER COUNTT. 105 " Whereas, Daniel Feire, Junior, of the county cf Lancaster and province of Pennsylvania, yoeman, and Mary Carpenter, daughter of Henry Carpenter of the county and province aforesaid, spinster, having made due publication of their intention of marriage as the law directs : — These are therefore to certify all whom it may concern that on the first of May, Anno- Domini, 1739, before me Emanuel Carpenter, one of his Majesty's justices of the peace for the said county, they, the said Daniel Fiere and Mary Carpenter appeared in a public and solemn assembly for that purpose appointed and meet together at the dwelling house of the aforesaid Henry Carpenter, where he the said Daniel Fiere did Providus in morem formicae alimenta reponit E-usticus hiberni frigoris usque memor. Aestivo reputans quodumque labore lucratur, Quae mox insequitur, longa vorabit bymeDs. Stramine tecta replet Cerealibus horrea donis Impeger, et curat condere quicquid habet: Pespicit exoticas que dapes, vestesque superbas, Contentus modicis viverepace suis. Esuriens dulces epulas depromit Inemptas, Et proprio vestis vellere texta placet, Parva humilisque domus, latos quae prospicit agros, Parta vel empta, sibi sufficet atque suis. Utilis est iUl, si non opulenta supella ;. Res sapiens omnes utilitate probat. ! mihi si liceat sylvas habitare beatus, Et modico victu, non sine pace, frui. TRANSLATION. The farmer, provident, amidst his cares, For winter, like the prudent ant, prepares ; Foreknowing, all that summer doth produce, Is only for consuming winter's use. 106 HISTORY OF openly declare that he took the said Mary Carpenter to b» his wife, promising to be unto her a loving and faith- ful husband till death should separate them, and she, the said Mary Carpenter, then and there in the assembly, did in Uke manner openly declare that she took the said Daniel Fiere to be her husband, promising to be unto him a loving, faithful and obedient wife till death should separate them, and for a further confirmation thereof, both tlie said parties to these presents have hereunto in- terchangeably put their hands, she after the custom of marriage, assuming the surname of her husband ; and we whose names are heremito subscribed, being wit- nesses present at the solemnization thereof, the year and day first above written. Witness: DANIEL FIERE, Emanuel Carpenter, MARY FIEHE. Henry Hanes, Elizabeth liemp, Paulus, Peter Apfel. Henry Cai-penter, Salome Carpenter, Lawrerice Hayn, I^aniel Le Fevre, Henrich Zimmerman, WillianxBufiiiig- He fills hi$ barns and cellars with good cheer, Against that dreary season of the year. He scorns exotic foods ^ and gaudy dress, Content to live on homely fare, in peace. Siceet to the taste his unhought dainties are And his own home spun he delights to icear. His lowly dwelling viewsiiis large domain, Iniprov'd in part, where peace and plenty reign. Plain furniture, but useful, he doth chuse ; And wisely values ev'ry thing for use. In these blest shades may I delight to be ; Here little is enough, with peace, for mq. [motto was : . These were days of peace and plenty — the German's " Selhst-gesponnen, und selbst-gemacht ; Rein dabei, ist Bauern Tracht^' — which he practised. LANCASTER COUNTY. 107 ion, Daniel Zimmerman, Hans Hauser, Gabriel Zimmer- man, Jacob Carpenter, Theophilus Hartman, Christian Zimmerman, Hani Hartman, Isaac Fiere, Peter Fiere, Johann Conrad Kaempf, Isaac Le Fevre, Daniel Har~ man, Johannes Volkaemmer, George Philip Doilingery Christian Harman, Maria Herman, Abraham Fiere,. Susan Zimmerman, Hester Le Fevre, Jacob Fiere, Philip Le Fevre, Samuel Le Fevre, Salome Harman, Leah Fiere, Mary Hain, Jonas le Rou, Rachael Fiere, Isaac Fiere. This tract, spoken of before, had been taken up, or intended, for Maria Warenbuer. At a meeting of the commissioners, IGth, 7th mo. 1712, Martm Kendig, the widow, her son Daniel, and son-in-law Isaac Le Fevre, appeared before them, Kendig desired that Uie land mjght be granted and confirmed by patent to Maria, the widow : — " but upon further consideration of the matter, it loas agreed among themselves that the said land be confirmed to Daniel Fierre and Isaac Lefevre — and the considera- tion money, one hundred and forty pounds, at seven shillings per hundred acres, having been for some time due, but was to be paid down in one sum, it was agreed tliey should only pay ten pounds for interest, that is one hundred and fifty pounds.'^ The receipts for the purchase of this tract and quit^ rents for several years, signed by James Logan, and others, are yet in existence, carefully preserved."^ Much care manifests itself in the business of this family. In this methodical and regular manner was the emi- gration of our earlier German settlers conducted ; and in *We here present a copy of a reciept: "Philadelphia, 11, 7, 1712, Received of Maria Warenbuer, twenty shillings sterl- ing, for one year's quit-rent of two thousand acres of land, laid out to her at Strasburg, in this Province. JAMES LOGAN, Receiver:^ 108 HISTORY OP the present instance, it is a fine commentary on such honest proceedings to find the land thus obtained to be still in the hands of the lineal descendants of such •woTthy ancestors. Henry A. Carpenter, from whom we have obtained the foregoing documents, is now the owner of the old Ferree Homestead* containing two hundred and forty acres, and nearly all the owners of tlie other farms makingup the tract of two thousand acres, first purchased by Daniel Ferree and Isaac Le Fevre, are either relatives, or closely connected with the Ferrees. H. A. Carpenter is the -fifth in descent from Daniel Feriee. His father was Abraham Carpenter. Before closing this chapter, we shall introduce a tra- ditionary account of the Ferree family, furnished us by Joel Lightner, Esq., of Leacock township. It was written, in answer to several inquiries put to Mr. Lightner, in 1 822, by the Hoii. Abraham Shreiver, Esq., of Frederick county, Maryland. We have added a few notes. — Shreiver's mother was a Ferree. "An account of the ancestors of the Ferric family, as given by John Ferrie, aged 84 years, (in 1822) Joseph Le Fevert and Leah Lightner,J aged about 63, (in 1822), and from some of the original title papers to the lands purchased from the Hon. William Penn, proprietor of the province of Pennsylvania. *Mary Ferree, whose maiden name was Warenbuer, died at an advanced age, in Conestoga township, 1716. On her death, P^ter Evans, Register General for the probate of Wills, and granting Letters of Administration, in and for the province of Pennsylvania, &c. granted Letters of Administration to Mary's sons, Daniel, Philip and John, the 20th of September, 1716. t Joel LightheT's wife 's father. |Tbe mother of Joel Lightner. LANCASTER COUNTY. 109 In the reign of Louis XIV. King of France, the pri- vileges of the Protestants were openly violated, mission- aries were sent for their conversion, supported by dragoons, and severities were exercised which excited the horror and indignation of all the reformed states of Europe. In 1685, the revocation of the edict of Nantes, first granted by Henry IV. and confirmed by Louis XIII. deprived the Protestants of all exercise of their religion, and tore them from their children to be educated Catholics. The tyrant, at the same time, issued his decrees against emigrations, and placed guards on his coasts; nevertheless, vast numbers escaped from his machinations and carried their arts and industry to foreign and hostile nations. Louis became ambitious of the fame that would attach to the extirpation of heresy from his kingdom. Calvinism in France, since the victory over it by Riche- lieu had become a peaceful separation from the national church, and its sectaries were useful citizens, chiefly attached to manufactures and commerce. Influenced by a spirit of intolerance and bigotry, he undertook to put an end to it. About this time the husband of Mary Ferrie or Verre resided in the town of Lindau, not far from the river Rhine, in the kingdom of France ; his family con- sisted of himself, his wife, three sons and three daugh- ters ; the names of the sons were Daniel, Philip and John, the daughters' names were Catharine, JNIary and Jane. Mr. Ferrie, the father, was a silk-weaver by trade, his religion Calvinistic; consequently he became one of the sufferers under those decrees. The troops had entered their town and commenced murdering the Protestants, taking and destroying their property, they had no other shift but to take flight, leaving behind them all their property except some trifling articles, and some cash ; 10 110 HISTORY OP they made flight into Germany, not far from Strasburg, where they resided two years. On their leaving France, they were accompanied by a young man by the name of Isaac Le Fevre, who stated that his family were nearly all put to death by the soldiers, that he himself escaped with difficulty, unhurt : he continued as one of the family until they arrived in America and married one of their daughters, Catharine Ferrie, and from whom, as far as we can learn, all the names of the Le Fevres, in this county, spring. During their residence in Germany, the father died, and Mary Ferrie, the widow, (it is singular that after she came to America, she was not pleased to be called by any other name than that of JNIary Warrinbuer, that being her maiden name) — hearing of a fine province, called Pennsylvania, in North America, that the pro- prietor, William Penn, resided in London, determined to set out for that place, that if she could find sufficient encouragement from Penn, she would try to get to America ; she accordingly set out for London with her family, and when she arrived there, she employed a person to direct her to William Penii's residence. When on their way, her conductor pointed out to her Penn's carriage, which was just meeting them: she being of a persevering disposition, called Penn, who immediately stopped his carriage, and he being well acquainted with the French language,* Avhich was quite gratifying to her, as she could neither speak nor understand the English. — Penn having learned the nature and object of her call, *Penr, while in France, in 1662 and 1663, studied Theology and French^ under the instruction of Moses Amyraut, a Calvi- nistic or French Protestant divine, a native of Bourgeuil ; a man of unbounded charity and compassion. He inculcated these principles into all his students, and exemplified them in LANCASTER COUNTY. Ill invited her into his carriage, as he was then on his way home, when he would be more particularly attentive to what she had to say. Penn told her, he had an agent in Pennsylvania, that to him, he would give her a recommen- dation, so that her business, he hoped, might be done to her satisfaction. Penn treated her very kindly whilst at his house. — They remained in London about six months, when a vessel Avas about to sail for the North river, in which they took passage. On their arrival at New York, they moved up the North river to a place called Esopus,* where they remained about tioo years, then moved to Philadelphia ; thence into Pequea settlement. Previous to which they had taken up a large tract of land. Be- fore they sailed from London for America, a variety of implements of husbandry was presented to them by Queen Anne, which they found of great use when they commenced clearing land. Philip, one of the sons, was now about twenty-one years of age, and had a desire to earn something for himself; and having formed an acquaintance with several families at Esopus, he made for that place, where he hired for one year with a respectable farmer, by the name of Abraham Dubois, whose daughter Leah he his actions ; during the last ten years of his life, he bestowed his whole salary, which was considerable, upon the poor, without distinction of Catholic or Protestant. Amyraut was a man of moderation and candor, and had the rare fortune to bo esteemed by men of all sects. His Theological works arc numerous. He died in 1664. *Esopus was an early settlement, between eighty and ninety miles north of the city of New York. It was also formerly called Wildwycke, now Kingston. The village of that place was burned by the British under Vaughan, in October, 1T77, when great quantities of stores were destroyed. 112 HISTORY OP married at the expiration of the year, and brought her to his people in Pequea settlement, where he com- menced improving a tract of land on the north side of Pequea creek, (on part of which Joel Lightner, Esq., resides at present) which land had been previously allotted to him by his mother.^ Some of their first labor was to cut grass in the woods for the purpose of making hay,t no land being cleared on that part — for a shelter, house and barn, they placed timbers, forked at the top, into the ground, laid poles across them, built their hay upon the frame, which served as a roof to their house, under which they lived several months ; during their ''substack stay,^^ in this rude shelter, their son Abraham, was born. They lived to raise eight children, five sons and three daughters ; the names of the sons were Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Philip and Joel; the daughters' names were Lena, who intermarried with William Buffington; Leah was married to Peter Baker, and Elisabeth to Isaac Ferrie. — Abraham, first born, was married about the year 1735 or 36, to a woman by the name of Eltinge, from Esopus, her parents were Low Dutch. Abraham lived on part of the land owned by his grand-mother, Mary Ferrie. They had several children.:}: He died at an advanced *From a communication to us, dated Dec. 21, 1842, by Isaac F. Lightner, it appears, Abraham Dubois patented one thou- sand acres of land, in Lancaster county, which he gave to his daughter Mary, who had married Philip Ferree. The patent was granted May 7, 1717. f The great flats of Pequea were natural meadows on which grass grew luxuriantly, which proved a great source of com- fort to new settlers. — Conyngliam. |Thcir children were, Cornelius, Israel and Rebecca, Cor- nelius settled in Virginia; Israel married a Miss Dickey; Hebecca was married to David Shreiver, father of the Hon. Abraham Shreiver, of Frederick county, Md. LANCASTER COUNTY. 113 age, and was buried in a place now called Carpenter's grave-yard, about one mile from where he was born — the burial ground was pointed out by his grand-mother, Mary Ferrie, where she and several of her family were buried.* After Abraham's death, his widow married one Curgus or Circus — they moved up the Susque- hanna, and I cannot tell what became of them after- wards.''! This year, 1712 or 13, the Five Nations received into their confederacy, the Tuscororas. We would ask the indulgent reader to follow us in an apparent digression from the main narrative, while a few relevant facts are adduced to show how the Tusca- rora nation came to miite with the Five Nations. In 1712, the Tuscaroras, the Corees, with whom Baron de Graffenried, Governor of the Palatines, in North Carolina, mentioned in a preceding part of our narrative, made a treaty in the town of Cor J and other Indian tribes, in North Carolina, formed a conspiracy to exterminate the English. To be secm-e themselves, the chief town in the Tuscarora nation, was enclosed by kind of stockades; within this enclosure, 1,200 bowmen, of different tribes, met. Under the mask of friendship, *"Mary Ferrie vested in Trustees a piece of land near Para- dise, as a burial place for the use of the settlement. It is neatly walled and kept in good condition by the neighbors, whose ancestors repose within its limits." — Redmond Conyng- ham. flhavefoundacopy of a will of Abraham Dubois, dated Oct. 1st, 1731, among his grand-father, Joel Ferrie's papers, which had been some time in possession of his son Isaac Ferree, from which it appears that a person by the name of Roeloff Ellsting, as spelt in that instrument, is recognized as a son-in- law, married to his daughter Leah. IWilliams' N. C. I. 2S7. 10* 114 HISTORY OF small parties went in various directions into the settle- ments, and after night, committed the most atrocious murders. Near Roanoke, they killed a great number of the Palatines, who had come to America with Graffen- ried, and many others. This distressing intelligence coming to the ears of Governor Craven, who immedi- ately despatched Col. Barnwell, with 600 militia and 366 Indians, to the relief of the settlers. As soon as Barn- well and his men arrived, he attacked the Indians, killed 300, and took about 100 prisoners. After this rough encounter, the Tuscaroras retreated to their fortified town ; Barnwell pursued and surrounded them, killed a considerable number, and obliged the living to sue for peace. About one thousand of them were killed, v/ounded and taken. Most of the Tuscayoras, after this defeat, abandoned their country and repaired to the Five Nations, who received them in their confederacy, and made them the Sixth Nation.* Gov. Spotsv/ood, in a letter dated Williamsburg, January 25, 1719-20, speaking of the Indians on the Susquehanna: Your Indians were actually in these parts (Virginia) assisting the Tuscaroras, who had mas- sacred in cold blood some hundreds of the English, and were then (1712 and 1713) warring against us, and they have at this very day (1719) the chief murderers, with the greatest part of that nation, seated under their pro- tection, near Susquehannah river, whither tliey removed *Jcfforson's Va. 138. Note— "1717, the Rev. Mr. Wayman, missionary to the Welsh settlements of Radnor and Oxford, frequently visited Pequeia, Conestoga, and the Indian settlements of Conestogue. He baptized many children of Quakers, and some who had been Quakers."— R. C. Lan. Intel!. & Jow\ LANCASTER COUNTY. 115 them, when they found they could no longer support them against the force which the English brought upon them in these parts.* CHAPTER III. Augmentation of settlements — Germans and English settle around the Swiss or Palatines — Settlements in ditferent parts of the count)' — Names of persons naturalized — Notice of Slaymakers — Conestoga Manor sur- veyed — Names of first purchasers — Graff Thai settled — Lancaster and vicinity settled — Squatters on the west side of Susquehanna — Indians at Conestoga address a letter to Logan — Colonel French goes to Conestoga; holds a treaty with the Indians — Logan meets the Indians on the Susque- hanna — Samuel Robins sent to Virginia. Settlements had now been fairly made amidst the Indians ; the hardships that presented themselves in the incipient stage of settling, began to vanish, and almost every discouraging obstacle was surmounted. "Their success, the glowing, yet by no means exaggerated accounts given by them, of the scenery of the country, the fertility of the soil they cultivated, the abundance of game with which the forest teemed, the quantity and delicacy of the fish which the rivers yielded; but above all, the kind and amicable relationship they cultivated and maintained with tlieir Indian neighbors, all conspired to make them the objects of attention, and afterwards one of the prominent points whither emigration tended in an increasing and continued stream.^t The perse- cuted of every land, and of different tongues, settled around them, in various directions of the county. In 1713, Christopher Schlegel, late of Saxony, took up with a view to settle, though he afterwards trans - *Col. Rec. III. 77. fGeo. Ford's, MSS. 116 HISTORY OP ferred his interest in his tract of one thousand acres, to others; — this land is on a stream flowing into the Cones- toga, "not far from land granted to the Palatines." It was afterwards the place where the Carthges, Indian agents, resided. Another person, Benedictus Venerick, late of Germany, took up two hundred acres, near the Palatines, in 1715.* Between the Pequea and Cones- toga creeks, near the Susquehanna, Richard Carter, an Englishman, a wheel-right, located and improved two hundred acres, in 1716. The same year, Alexander Bews, took up four hundred acres on the south side of the Conestoga; Anthony Pretter, of East Jersey, three hundred acres, near Pequea, or south side of Conestoga ; and Jolm Gardiner, Jr., from Philadelphia county, two hundred acres, on the same side of Conestoga. About this time, Jacob Greider, or Kreider,t Jacob Hostater, *Iii and about Smoketown, in 1715, Peter Bellas, Daniel Harman, William Evans, James Smith, settled. f The relentless spirit of persecution, as the number of its subjects of oppression decreased, singled out individual fami- lies ; of these oppressed^ were the Kreiders and Hostaters — these fled for life from Switzerland to Wurtemburg ; taking nothing with them from- their Fatherland, except their families, and small quantities of tow cloth, a few linens, and some wearing apparel, Kreider remained but a short time — but emigrated to America, and in company with Hostater, after paying the brethren of their faith, a visit, at Pequea, settled on the north side of the Conestoga, about two miles south from the present site of Lancaster, where he took up -eight hundred acres of land in 1716 or 1717, "among the new surveys at Conestoga." Here, he erected a temporary shelter, a tent covered with tow tsloth brought from Switzerland, which served him and his family till autumn, when the tent gave way to a cabin buil^ of round, unhewn hickory saplings, and covered with bark — both were abundant. When the weather becanae cold, his tawny neighbors, the LANCASTER COUNTT. 117 Hans Frantz, Schenk, and others, settled on the banks of Conestoga; Joseph Cloud, in 1717, took up 500 acres near Pequea creek. The same year, settlements were began on the banks of Octoraro, William Grimson^ constable of Sadsbury township, in 1717, was among the first settlers on the Octoraro; his neighbors were the Cooksons, Mayes, Jervis, Irwins, and some years after- wards, the Pattersons, Darbys, Mackrels, Leonards, Jones, Steels, Matthews, Cowens, Murrays, Millers, Allisons, Mitchels, and others, all of whom¥ettled oh or near Octoraro. The Swiss settlement received an augmentation in 1715-16 and 17; besides those already named, were Hans Mayer, Hans Kaigy, Christian Hearsey, Hans Indians, paid him regular night visits to shelter with him, and sleep by the side of a genial fire. They were on perfect terms of intimacy and friendship ; the Indians frequently supplied him and family with fish and venison, which they gave in ex- change for bread. Fish were very abundant in the Conestoga and all the streams of the country ; these they took with nets made of bark, or speared them with a gig made of Ashwood.— The inventive genius of the Indian is known to all who have spent some time among them, or are conversant with their mscJianism. Perhaps the reader may wish to know how to make a fish-gig, if he should ever be placed in the Indians* situation, we will tell, as we were told, how the Hickory Indians, on Conestoga, made theirs. Christian Kreider, grand- son of the first settler, says, " The Indians took a very slender sapling of Ashwood,-^this kind of wood was preferred on account of its hardness: and burned it to a point atone end;" this, says the reader,. is simple. So it is, just as easy to be done as setting up an egg on the point end, or the discovery of America, after it is known. The reader, especially our young friends, would, we think, be pleased to know how the fish were secured with a barbless, pointed stick. The Indian is never at a loss to take a fish, if he has no net, he takes either his bow and arrow or his spear^ such an one one as has just 118 HISTORY OF Graaf, (who afterwards settled GraaPs Thai) Hans Pu- pather, Michael Shank, Henry Pare, Peter Leman, Melchior Breneman, Benedictus Witmer, Henry Funk, Jacob Landis, Ulrich Houry, Hans Faber, Isaac Coff- man, Melchior Erisman, Michael Miller, Jacob Kreutzer, Jacob Boehm, Theodorus Eby, Michael Danegar, and others. Down the Conestoga, towards Susquehanna, settle-^ ments were made between 1716 and 1719 — among those who took up lands and settled thereon, were David Jones, Edmund Cartlidge and John Cartlidge. Edmund Cartlidge resided in Darby township, Chester county, as early as 1698, and in 1711, in Philadelphia county ,"^= been described, and his tiny, barky boat; he glides to a place where, as every skilled piscator knows, fish are ; here, through the calm and transparent water he strikes the spear through the body of the fish, passes one hand below, and takes a huge salmon or some other fish. On a certain occasion, as Kreider had the honor of the com- pany of his Indian neighbors, and having that day consulted his almanack to regulate his clock, by its indication of rising and setting of the sun, noticed the moon would, in afew weeks, be eclipsed ; he informed the guests that on a certain evening, a few weeks from that time, the moon would hide her face* just as the clock would strike ; to hear, that the moon would refuse to shine, was nothing new to them, they had seen eclipses before ; but that their white neighbor should possess so much prescience as to know this before hand, was strange to them. At the time specified when the hroad-faced mcon was to hide her disc, fifty or sixty Indians assembled ; they were all attention ; scarce had the clock struck, to their utter astonish- ment, the moon's face began to lessen. Profound silence pre- vailed. Their spokesman expressed the cogitations of the wonder-stricken visitors, uttered it as their sage conclusion, in these words : 'Tis the white man's God tells him this, else ho would not know it before hand." ♦Public Rec. West Chester, Vol. A. p. 291. LANCASTER COUNTY. 119 John, his brother, for many years an Indian agent, was at one time held in high estimation by the proprietary's agents ; but Uke many others, the day of trouble came upon him '^ and he was not remembered.'^^* A warrant ' for land ' was issued, dated "October 1st, 1718, for him to take up on the north side of Conestoga creek at some convenient place, three hundred acres, and to make an addition thereunto of two hundred acres, to be by him enclosed and held for the conveniency of pasturage for the term of fourteen years, in consideration of his services among the new settlers." It was at the house of this gentleman a number of councils were held with the Indians. We have been in the house, built in 1719, in which the councils were held. It is now owned by Benjamin Wright, of Manor township. It appears from the Public Records at West Chester, that John Cartlidge sold liquor by the small, prior to 1718, among the neighbors on the banks of the Cones- toga. It was so reported by his vigilant " fellow inhabi- tant," to the court. Christian and Joseph Stoneman, Sigismund Landart, all late of Germany, took up lands on the Conestoga, prior to 1719, and Francis Neiff on the west branch of Little Conestoga, prior to 1715. The following persons located lands in 1719: Jenkin Davis, late of Wales, near or on the branch of Cones- toga creek, George Steward, near the Susquehanna, James Le Tort, on or near Susquehanna, where he had his station as Indian trader, and received a warrant for one hundred acres. Le Tort, Bizaillon and Chartier, had resided some years previous to the commencement of Swiss settlements among the Indians; Chartier was *John Cartlidge was one of His Majesty's Justice of Peace, appointed in 1718, July 4th.— CoZ. Rec, III. 40. 120 HISTORY OF among them before 1704,* and in 1717, upon his request, he received a warrant for three hundred acres, where he "had seated himself on the Susquehanna river, above Conestoga creek, inchiding within the survey the im- provement then made by him, for which he agreed, on behalf of his son Peter Chartier, in whose name he desired the survey to be made, to pay for the same. In 1714, Peter Bizaillon, who had license to trade, prior to 1703,t received a warrant from the commis- sioners of property: "We d6 hereby authorize and allow, Peter Bezaillon, Indian trader, to seat himself at Pash- tang, or any other Indian town or place on Susqua- hannah, in this province, and to erect such buildings as are necessary for his trade, and to enclose and improve such quantities of land as he shall think ^X, for the accommodation of his family there, until further order shall be given by the proprietor or his commissioners : Provided , always, That the said Peter shall not act or proceed in any thing under color hereof, but by the free leave and approbation of the Indians amongst whom he dwells or resides.'^ In various' parts of the county surveys were made, from 1714, to 1718. A. Dubrie, Esq.-, of Drumore township, kindly furnished us accounts of surveys made in Little Britain and other southern townships. A survey was made in Little Britain for Alexander Ross — warrant dated Nov. 5, 1714 — land situated near the middle of the township, on Little Conowingo creek, now held by Christian King, and others. Another survey in part of seven hundred acres was mad« for Edward Sleadwell, granted to him by warrant dated May 5, 1717, situated in the south west corner of the county, nearly surrounded by Octoraro creek, and con- *Col. Rec. II. 133 f Col. Rec. II. 100. LANCASTER COUNTY. 121 tained two hundred acres, and after his decease was divided between his son and son-in-law, Jolin Priest; and has since passed by the name of ^'-Pritsfs NeckP There were other surveys made between 1715 and 1720 in the south west part of the township. " Teague^s EndcavorP — A Maryland patent wa^s granted to Mary Graham, June 6, 1715, for one hundred acres, now held by Robert Maxwell '^CornwalV — A Maryland patent, granted to Emanuel Grubb, for one hundred acres, in 1716, and and another, 1720, for two hundred acres; now held by Jeremiah B. Haines, Levi Brown and others. Tlvre£. Partners. — Another Maryland patent, granted to Thomas Jacobs, September 16, 1720, a large tract now held by James Porter and others.* From the foregoing, it is evident, that the Swiss Settlement, with their fine country, attracted considerable attention, wliile it was yet in its infancy. Not to weary the reader with general details of individual settlers, we shall present a public document possessing more than ordinary interest to the numerous descendants of those whose names are recorded in it — They had all come to this country previous to 1718, and liad purchased and held lands before 1729. We are indebted to Abraham Meylin, of West Lampeter town- ship, for a copy of it. This document has been upwards of one hundred and fourteen years in the possession of the Meylin family. It is an act passed Jlnrw Regnl, Georgii IL Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, et Hibemiae, tertio.\ October 14, 1729. ^If the reader will examine the article in tlie Appendix A^ h£ will understand these patents fully. fin the third year of the reign of George, II. King of Great Britain, France and Ireland. 11 122 HIStORY OF Whereas^ By encouragement given by the Honorabk William Penn, Esq., late Proprietary "^ and Governor of the province of Pennsylvania, and by pemiissian of his Majesty, King George the First, of blessed memory, and his predecessors. Kings and Queens of England, &;c. divers Protestants, who were subjects to the Emperor of Germany, a Prince in amity with the Crown of Great Bi'itain, transported themselves and estates into the province of Pennsylvania, between the years one thou- sand seven hundred, and one thousand seven hundred and eighteen; and since they came hither have con- tributed very much to the enlargement of the British =*William Penn, the Proprietary and Founder of Pennsyl- vania, died July 30, 1718, at Rushcomb, near Twyford, in Euckinghan:shire, England, aged about seventy-four years. — In 1012, he had been seized witn some fits of the aDoplectic kind ; which, for the last six years of his life, had so affected his mental faculties, especially his mem.ory, as to render him in a great measure incapable of public business ; which, with the gradual decline of his strength of body, continued to increase till the last period of his days. As a leader of a christian sect, he has left no mean name. He was a man of more than ordinary zeal and courage; he was ardent and enthusiastic, yet discreet. As a statesman, he was wise and judicious. As an economist, liberal, even to his own pecu- niary embarrassment. As a writer, much esteemed by his friends. In his demeanor, it is said, he was grave, yet free from moroseness. Christians are not morose. He had been twice married; his first wife was Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter of Sir William Springett, of Darling, in Sussex; with her he had two sons and one daughter, Springett, William and Letitia. Springett died at the age of tvrenty-one years, in 1696. William and Letitia, and three grand children^ children of his son William, survived him. His second wife was Hannah, daughter of Thomas Callowhiil, of Bristol, by VN^hom he had five children, John, Thomas, Margaretta, Kichard and Dennis, who, with their mother, were living at their father's death. LANCASTER COUXTr. 123 Empire, and to the raising and improving smidry com- modities fit for the markets of Europe, and and have always behaved themselves Teligiously and peaceably, and have paid a due regard and obedience to the laws and Government of this province ; jind whereas, Many of said persofis, to wit, Martin Meylin, Hans Graaf, and otliers, all of Lancaster county, in the said province, in demonstration of their affection and zeal for his present Majesty's person and Government, quahfied themselves by taking the qualification, and subscribing the declara- tion directed to be taken and subscribed by the several acts of parliament, made for the security of his Majesty's person and Government, and for preventing the dangers which may happen by Popish Recusants, &c., and thereupon, have humbly signified to the Governor and Representatives of the freemen of this province, in General Assembly, that they have purchased and do hold lands of the proprietary, and others, his Majesty's subjects within this province, and have likewise repre- sented tiieir great desire of being made partakers of those privileges Avhich the natural born subjects of Great Britain do enjoy within this province ; and it being just and reasonable, that those persons who have bona fide purchased lands, and who have given such testimony of their affection and obedience to the Crown of Great Britain should as well be secured in the enjoyment of their estates, as encouraged in their laudable affection and zerJ for the English constitution; Be it enacted by the Hon, Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor of the province of Pennsylvania, &c., by and with the advice and consent o^ the freemen of the said province, in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, That Martin Meylin, Hans 124 HISTORY OF Graaf, Christian Stoneman, Jacob Funk, Francis Neiff,* Francis Neiff, Jr., George Kindeck, John Burkholder, John Burkholder, Jr., Abraham Burldiolder, Michael Bowman, John Hess, John Frederick, Christopher Preniman, Martin Harnist, Joseph Buckwalter, FeUx Landes, Jr., Adam Freniman, John Funk, John Boh^ *Francis Neff, his sons Francis, Jr.,. Henry and Daniel, and the sons of Daniel, namely : Henry and Daniel, grandsons oi Francis the elder, were all natives of Switzerland. On account of religious persecution, being Mennonites, they fled from their Vaterland, to Alsace, thence tliey emigrated to America, and settled at a very early date on a small stream, Neff's run, which empties into the west branch of the Little Conestoga, where the great ancestor took up a large tract of land, and which is stiil owned by some of the lineal descen- dants, of the male and female issue. As it may be interesting to the numerous descendants of one of the first families, in this part of the county, we insert a brief genealogy of Francis Neff's progeny, as furnished us, i>erbaUy, by BIrs. Magdalen SeJiner, aged 79, the great grand- daughter of Francis, the elder, and grand-daughter of Daniel Neff, who had four sons and two daughters, viz: Henry, Daniel, John, Jacob, the grand-father of Jacob K. Neff, M. D., of Lancaster; Barbara, who intermarried with Musseiman, cuid Ann, married to Isaac Kauffman. Heniy, tlie oldest son Cff Daniel Neff, married a j\Iiss Oberholtzer; their children were John, Daniel, David, Jacob, Henry and one daughter, Mrs. Keller, Dr. John Eberle's grand mother. The original Homestead is now principally owned by Gott- lieb Sehner and Jacob Neff. We seek for tlie descendants of Francis Neff, in tlie male lineage, the numerous Neffs ip Lan- caster and Huntingdon county. Pa., and in Virginia; in the female, the name of Musseiman, Kauffman, Miller, Mayer, Henneberger, Schwar, Sehner, Ruth, Cassel, Florey, Keller^ Eherle — the twx) last named are noticed in the sequel— Bear, Brandt, Shelly, Bowman and others, principally in this county. LANCASTER COWNTY. 125 man, John Taylor, Henry Neiff, Michael Mire, Henry Bare, Peter Bumgarner, Melcor Hufford, Melcor Eris- man, John Brubaker, Jacob Nisley, Hans Snevely, Jacob Goot, John Woolslegle, Jacob Mire, Christopher Sowers, Joseph Stoneman, Daniel Ashleman, Christian Peelman, John Henry Neiff, "^ John Henry Neiff, Jr., Abraliam Hare, John Ferie, Jacob Biere, Peter Yordea, Peter Leamon, Hans Jacob Snevely, Isaac Coffman, Andrew Coffman, Woolrich Rodte, Henry Funk, Roody Mire, John Mylin, Jacob Bheme, John Coffman, Michael Doneder, Charles Christopher, Andrew Shultz, John Houscr, Christian Preniman, Jacob Miller, black, *• John Henry Neff, known as the " Old Doctor,'' a brother of Francis Ncff, named above. He was undoubtedly the first regularly bred physician in Lancaster county. Who has not heard of Doctor Hans Heinrich Neff? So well was Dr. Neff known, that when the boundaries of townships were fixed upon, June 9th, 1729, one of the lines of Manheim township, is thus defined: "thence down the said creek to the ''Old Doctor's Ford." Hans Henry Neff, Doctor of Physic, had taken up land on the Conestoga, a few miles from the present site of Lancaster city. Among his descendants, are, besides the Neffs, Millers, Tchantzs, Kendigs, Weavers, Bears, and others. The Neffs were of those, " who, ma?i?/^ears since, came into this province under a particular agreement with the late Honor- able Proprietor, William Penn, at London ; and had regularly taken up lands under him. And who, it appears to me," said Gov. Gordon, January 13th, 1729, "by good information, that they have hitherto behaved themselves well, and have generally so good a character for honesty and industry, as deserves the esteem of this Government^ and a mark of regard for them.'' — Col. Rec. III. 290. U* 126 HISTORY OF Henry Carpenter,* Emanuel Carpenter,! Gabriel Car- penter, Daniel Herman, Christian Herman, Philip Fiere, Mathias Slaremaker,J Big John Shank, Jacob Churts, Jacob Snevely, Jr„ John Woolrich Hover, John Croy- der, Jolin Leeghte, John Stampher, Martin Graaf, Peter Newcomat, Jacob Bare, Jr., John Henry Bare, Jacob Weaver, Henry Weaver, John Weaver, David Longan- icker, George Weaver, Abraham Mire, Woolrick Houser, Jolm Mire, Henry Musselman, Michael Shank, Jacob Miller, Jacob JVIiiler, Jr., Martin Miller, Peter Abye, Hans Goot, Christian Staner, John Jacob Light, Adam Brand, Christopher Franciscus, Casper Loughman, Frederick Stay, John Line, John Sv/ope, Bastian Royer, Jonas Lerow, Simeon King, John Abye, Everhard Ream, all of Lancaster county, be, and shall be to all intents and purposes deemed, taken, and esteemed, His Majesty's natural born subjects of this province of Penn- sylvania, as if they, and each of them had been born within the said province ; and shall and may, and every one of them shall and may, within this province, take, receive, enjoy, and be entitled to all rights, privileges and advantages of natural born subjects, as fully, to all *"Hcnry Zimmerman or Carpenter arrived in Pennsylvania in the year 1698, and returned afterwards to Europe for his family, whom he brought out in 1706, and settled first in Ger- rnantown, and removed within the present bounds of Lan- ca-ster county, (then Chester) in 1717." His descendants are very numerous and. jspectable. fEmanuel Zimmerman or Carpenter, son of Henry Car-^ pentcr, was born in Switzerland, in the year 1702 and died 1780. His influence was salutary and great in the county. He had the unbounded confidence of his fellow Citizei:-:, as will appear from the sequel. tThe name v^as criginaily in German ^^chleierraacher. LANCASTER COUNTT. 127 intents and constructions and purposes, whatsoever, as any of his Majesty's natm-al born subjects of this The subjoined communications will be read with more than ordinary interest. The first is from H. F. Slaymaker, Esq^ and the other from John Slaymaker, Esq., both written in reply to several queries previously proposed touching the ancestors of this highly respectable family : " Mathias Slaymaker emigrated from Strasburg, in Germany He was born and bred in Hess Castle, and came to this coun- try about the year 1710. He settled on what is called tlie "London Lands;" a tract of 1,000 acres, near the presenl residence of Peter J. Eckert, in Strasburg township, which is supposed to have been named by him ; he was at that time sun-ounded by Indians ; their names are not known. He had two brothers ; one of whom was a clergyman, and settled in the Emperor's dominion, high up in Germany ; he was appointed Secretary of Legation from that Government to tlie Court of St. James; afterwards, Charge d' Affairs, and there married. President John Adams, when minister to the Conrt of St. James, resided with one of his descendants.— His oldest son was Governor of an Island. The other brother was major in the King of Prussia's full regiment; and afterwards, it is probable, his son was one of the officers (a Major) in the Hessian troops — as one of that name was confined as a prisoner of war in the Lancaster jail. The first named, Mathias, had five sons, Lawrence, Mathias^ John, Henry, Daniel and two daughters, Margaret and Bar- bara Eeckman. He was married before he came to this country — and Lawrence and Margaret were born in Germany. Lawrence married a sister of Jacob Pfautz, and had one child who married a person by the name of Lefevre, and moved to Cumberland county. Llatliias married a Miss Smith, and had two sons and three daughters, John, William, Rachel, Rebecca and Elisabeth. John married Elisabeth V/hite, and had Mathias, John, Wil- liam and Alexander, a.nd five daughters, Jane, Elisabeth, Mary, Kitty and Ann. Henry married Faithful Richardson, and had three sons, Amos, Henry and Samuel, and six daughters, Mary, Hannah, 128 histout op province, can, do, or ought to enjoy, by virtue of their being His Majesty's natural born su])jects of His Majesty's said province of Pennsylvania. Faithful, Lydia, Sarah and Sophia. Daniel married Gilscy Young, and had Daniel, William and Matliias, and two daugh- ters. Margaret married Michael Fickle, and had a largo family. Barbara married Hironimeus Eckman. Honry, the father of Amos, assisted in clearing the ground on which part of the city of Lancaster is now founded. The ''London Land," alluded to, descended to the four sons, John, Henry, Mathias and Daniel, all of whom had children, and left tlieir estates to their respective descendants — a largo portion of which is still held in the name. Active measures were taken by the emissaries of the British, to prevail on the inhabitants to take protections from the Crown, and Henry Slay maker was called upon to take one, but refused, having taken paii; with the Republic, and was a magistrate at that time, and received the oath of allegiance from all who were friendly to the Republic. He was the oldest Justice, and after M. Hubloy became incapable of trying a cause, he was appointed principal Judge, and presided for a year. In the time of the Revolution there was a company of young men who entered into articles of agreement for the purpose of suppressing all who were then called tories — at the head of this, was Col. James Mercer, an active whig — Amos Slay- maker, (son of Henry) was one of this association, and his Father (Henry) also an active whig, had, at all times, informa- tion of what was going on so as to suppress any attempts at rising against the Republic, or stealing or carrying off property. It was very effective in suppressing the incursions of the tories, who were very annoying to the eastern section of Lancaster county, by stealing and carrying off horses and other property to the British army — ^but was attended with groat hazard to the members. They were ordered out by Henry Slaymaker, (father of Amos) when information was given of their presence in the neighborhood : and I have often heard my father (Amos) relate adventures he had in pursuit of them at night, which was their time for committing depreda* LANCASTER COUNTY, 1329 The same year the Conestoga Manor was surveyed for the use of the proprietary, by order of the Cominis- tioiis, and he has often been out whole nights after thera — one in particular, when they were informed that the Doanes, who were celebrated tories, were encamped in a swamp near the Gap, about where the Pennsylvania Hailroad passes the Gap, and the associations went in pursuit of them through a tremcn* dousstonn of rain, sleet, thunder and lightning, but after grea-^ difficulty from underwood, briars, and in gaining their retreat, thoj found some of the disaficcted in the neighborhood, had in tlic mean time apprised them of their approach, and they had escaped. The members of this company were in constant danger of losing their lives, as many in the eastern part of the county were disaffected — and they were in danger of being shot even at their ordinary occupations. Amos served two terms in the Revolutionary war as an Ensign of a company, commanded by his uncle Capt. John S. (father of the present Captain) who was also an officer in Braddock's war. Amos was magistrate fur many years — a member of the Legislature and of the Pennsylvania Senate, and also a member of Congress," [Extract of a Lttter from John Slaymaher, Esq.] "My father John, was in Braddock's campaign, as a wagoner. lie was put to draw a cannon at the place of ren- dezvous, and took it into battle on the day of Braddock's defeat— he had eleven horses to it on that day, which were all shot before the retreat. I have often heard him say if it had not been for Washington's brave conduct in covering thjj retreat, there would hardly a man have escaped. In this conflict tiie most of the American troops were killed — my father cams off safe. In 1776, he marched at the head of a company to Bergen, in Jersey— was in the skirmish on Chesnut Hill, undt-? General Bull, where Bull was taken prisoner. After his return home, he was chosen County Commissioner, which ended his public services. He died in 1798, aged 65 years. The sale of the "London Land" was in the year 1761, in Philadelphia. Father paid j£800 for 346 acres of said tract. Note — London Lands, in Lancaster county.— It appears that a land company was organized at an early date. In 130 HISTORY OP sloners of Property,"* to Jacob Taylor, Surveyor Gen- eral — lie had been Surveyor General for many years — 1696, this company, called the London Company, owned 65,000 acres of land in Pennsylvania, usually known by the name of London La?ids ; of this, there were 47,800, in Lancas- ter and Berks. Part of these lands were rented at the rate of £2 per 100 acres, with exception of some thousands of acres sold from 1718 — 1720, by the company to different persons. The rest remained in possession of the company until 1762. — At tliis time the heirs of those who originally constituted the company had been considerably scattered, and many entirely unknown. An Act of Parliament was therefore procured authorizing the sale of the land, and Dr. Fothergill, Daniel Zachary, Thomas How, Deboreaux Bowly, Luke Hinde, Richard How, Jacob Hagen, Sylvanus Grove and William Heron, were the agents appointed to superintend the business. Their attorneys in this country were Samuel Shoemaker, Jacob Cooper and Joshua Howell. In 1762, sales were ac- cordingly effected to the great satisfaction of the occupants of the land, who had generally made considerable improvements, cleared away the wood, and erected comfortable farm-houses, and out-buildings, many of them not being altogether aware of titles ; but supposing that they were possessed of a fee simple estate in soil — the prices however at which they were held, were not unreasonable ; each settler, it is believed, with few exceptions, purchased the tract upon which he was seated. — Tliere were a few squatters who were not willing to comply. The case of Horrabine is still remembered by some of the descendants of the first settlers on the London Lands. One Richard Brazier had squatted in the vicinity of the Slay- makers. Brazier died, left a widow and some money — Horra- bine made suit to, and married the widow. He forged a deed for a London tract — the misdating of three days exposed the forgery — and he was tried, convicted, cropped and sent to Honduras Bay to chop Logwood. His family was left penny- less. ♦These are to authorize and require thee without any delay to survey or cause to be surveyed all that tract of land lying between Sasquahannah river and Conestogo creek, from the LANCASTER COUNTY. 131 jfrom 1706 to 1733, when Benjamin Eastbum wa^ appointed. mouth of said creek as far up the river as the land already granted to Peter Chartier, and then by a line running from the said river to Conestogo creek, all which tract of land for the proper use and behoof of William Penn, Esq., proprietary and Governor in Chief the said Province, his heirs and assigns forever. Given under our hands, March 1, 1717-ia The 3]anor was afterwards divided and sold to purchasers. CONESTOGA MANOR. Note. — This survey included rising of 16^000. It was after- wards sold in small tracts and patented. The following were the principal patentees : Israel Pemberton held 300 acres, date of his patent, October 1st, 1723. The Messrs. Wrights own 1500 acres^^ate of patent, December 13, 1735 — sold after- wards in smaller parcels to John Herr, Andrew Stinemaa, Daniel Lintner, Jacob Killhaver, Rudy Herr, Jacob Frantsi, Godfrey Klugb, Mathew Oberholtzer, Rudy Herr, Jr., John Killhaver, Christian Hershy, Andrew KaufFman — James Patti- son, 107 acres, Nov. 21, 1734, James Logan, 700 acres, patent dated July 15, 1737, afterwards held by George Brenner, Philip Brenner, Christian Stouffer, Casper Souter, Adam Fisher, Valentine Rummel, Lawrence Cliffer, Christian Stake — Michael Baughman, 430, Michael Mayer, 131 acres, both same date, Feb. 20, 173S, Michael Mayer, sen., 217 acres, patent dated October 16, 1737, Abraham Steiner, 63 acres. May 3, 1740, John Wistlcr, 167 acres, July 3, 1741, Jacob Kuntz, 136, Anna Otlila Betty Koffer, 166, Jacob Hostetter, 475, John Shank, 197 acres, patent dated July 30, 1741,Edvvard Sraout, 113 acres, June 21, 1743, Michael Baughman, 339, May 28, 1752, Abraham Hare, 424, April 22, 1751, Jacob Wistler, 12^5, Valentine Miller, 140, both May 25, 1756, Martin Funk, 237, Dec. 18, 1758, Jacob Wistler, 202, Jacob Shuck, 165, Aug. 18, 1759, Abraham and John Miller, 89, Valentine Haith, 29, Robert Beatty, 226, Feb. 1760, Samuel Herr, 247, John Keagy, 188, Henry Funk, 150, Jacob Wistler, 173, Ludwich and Frederick Ziegler, 209 June, 1760, John Witmer, 77, Abraham Mill'^',204, Rudolph Herr. 176, Jacob Witmer, 77, Nov. 1761, 132 HISTORY OF Passing, we would add the remark, that "technically speaking, there were no Manors, (that is, lands belong- ing to a Lord or Nobleman, or so much land as a Lord formerly kept in his own hands for the use and sub- sistence of his family) in Pennsylvania, although the proprietary's tithes, and .other large surveys for them, were so called," Tlie settlement of the Ferrees and Lefevres, received a considerable augmentation about this time. The promising fruitfulness of the country, beside other advantages, attracted settlers, among them were the Slaymakers, Witmers, Lightners, Eschelman, Herr, Hershey, Espenshade, Baer, Groff, Graaf, Zimmerman, Koenig, Keneagy, Denlinger, Beck, Soudor, Becker, Ream, and many others. James M'Master, 247, April, 1761, John Keagy, 159, Henry Funk, 1T7, David Hare, 195, John Miller, 150, George Adam Dastler, 112, John Correll, 209, Christian Stoner, 244, all dated 761, Michael KaufFman, 116, John Kaiiffman, 118, Jacob .lauffman, 167, Christian Iiauffman, 163, Michael Iiauffman, 118, Abraham Steiner,200, JohnWormely, 115, Jacob Whistler, 19, John Kreemer, 184, Bartholomew Butt, 40, John Graff, 136, all dated 1762, Philip Ulweiler, 39, Benjamin Miller, 220, David Hare, Jr. 94, Peter Snyder, 86, Henry Atkinson and ^dam Bigging, 49, Peter Witmer, 182, dated 1763, John Miller, i30, Jan. 19, 1764, John Newcomer, 109, Joseph Nelson, 109, Jacob Wisler, 178, Mary Wright, 119, dated 1767, John Kendrick, 558, James Pratt, 232, 1768, Henry Buckley, 150, 1769, William Wright, 257, 1770,. Ulrich Rebur, 232, John Manning, 165, 1772, Jacob Ashleman, 340, 1774, Indian Town, 414, Blue Kock, 800 acres* We omitted fractions of acres. Note.— Thomas Penn estimated the value of Conestoga Manor, being 65 miles from the city of Philadelphia, 13,400, at £AD per hundred acres, j£5,360, Pennsylvania currency. — There is no date to the paper from waich wc made the extract. Sparks^ Franklin, III. 553. LANCASTER COUNTY. 133 A settlement was also commenced in the interior oi the comity ; Hans Graaf located at the head of a small stream, known by the name of Greve's run, in West Earl township.* He was joined next year by Mr. Wenger, *Hans Graaf fled from Switzerland to Alsace, with one of his brothers, about the year 1695 or 96, he came to Germantown, where he remained a short time; afterwards settled on Grove's Run, in Earl township, both of which were named in honor of him. The following circumstance, as related to us by one of his lineal descendants, will show the reader how Graaf was led to settle in Graaf s Thaal ; for this is the name by which the settlement is known to this day : His horses having strayed from Pequca; while in pursuit of them in a northern direction from the inhabited parts, he dis- covered a fine spring in a heavily timbered spot; the head of Grove's Run. In this elysian dale, said he, will I fix my per- manent abode. He nevertheless pursued his horses till he found them, and returned to Pequea. A short time afterward^, he made a disposition of his effects. Now he returned to the spring, and about one-half mile down, on the north side, h." erected a cabin under a large White Oak tree, in which he, hiL- wife and an only child, stayed all winter. In the spring of tht year, having secured by a warrant, dated November 2'3, 1717, ; large tract of land, he erected a house near the cabin. Th( spot where he erected the house in the spring of 1718, is stii pointed out by his progenitors. At this time, as was common v/ith the aborigines in all the new settlements, the Indians called frequently at his house to sell baskets and Hickory brooms. — 3ir. Graaf had six sons; as soon as some of them were grov/n up, he turned his attention to dealing in blankets, and other articles of merchandize, which he procured at Philadelphia, and took them to Harris's Ferry, on the Susquehanna, and exchanged them for skins, furs and the like. He spoke, it is said, the Indian language fluently. When one of the sons drove, the old gentleman accompanied him, riding a fine steed, for he kept none but fine horses. On one occsaion, as his team was returning to Philadelphia, Peter, the oldest, was driving, in crossing the Brandywine, which was very flush at the time, he was i::i danger of a watery grave ; •13 134 HISTORY OF one of whose grand-sons, Joseph Wenger, occupies the Honiestead. From and after 1718, settlements, in their incipient stages, had been pretty general throughout the greater ]mvt of tlie county. The jNlill Creek Settlement, and others, were commenced about the year 1719, or 20. About tlie year 170S, Alexander Mack, of Slmesheim*, and seven others in Schwarzenau, Gennany, met in a religious c^ipacity, from which society, arose, what is well laiown, the Tunkers, or First Day German Bap- tists; and who, though apparently inoffensive, were made subjects of persecution, and were driven by force of oppression into Holland, some to Greyfels, and the mother church voluntarily removed to Serustervin, in ^riesland, and thence emigrated to America, in 1719, ^d dispei'sed to different parts in Pennsylvania, some to bnestoga, some to JNlill Creek, some to Oley, some to dppack, some remained at Germantown, where they 3 father onahfty steed, rode in, took the young fellow on . own horse behind him, and seizing the lines, drove safely ;*ough the rushing stream. iHe raised six sons, Peter, David, the grandfather of John ,raaf our informant, John, Daniel, Marcus and Samuel, /ho was known as Graaf, der Jaeger, the huntsman. Hans Graaf, after having served his day and generation, the public also on several occasions,! ^-^^1 having divided his land among his sons, died, leaving a large family connection. — Perhaps there is no family in the county, more numerous respectable and useful citizens than tlie Graafs. So, v/ithout doubt, tlic magistrates and inhabitants of Lancaster county thought, when they met to settle upon the bounds and give names to townships, June 9, 1729: they had regard to the worth of this family in calling one of the townships, after the tlrst set- tlers of Graaf, i. e. Earl township. fCol. Rec. III. 4-20—673. LANCASTER COt/NTT. 135 formed a cl.uich in 1723, under the charge of Peter Becker. Among the early settlers on Mill Creek, were Conrad Beissel, a man of some notoriety in the religious history of the county, Joseph Shaeffer, Hans Meyer, Henry Hoehn, and several Landises. The settlement near and around Lancaster, began to increase. Francis Neff, Hans Henry Neff, Doctor of Physic, who, and his descendants, are well known, Roody Mire, Michael Shank, Jacob Imble, and others, having settled here for some time. Lancaster was com- menced about the year 1721, or 1722. " The settlements about the Indian villages of Conestoga were considem- bly advanced in improvements at this time; the land tliereabouts being exceedingly rich; it is now (1721) surrounded with divers fine plantations, or farms, where they raise quantities of wheat, barley, flax and hemp, witliout the help of any dung.'^^ , According to tradition, where Lancaster is now built, was once an Indian Avigwam ; a Hickory tree stood in its centre, not far from a spring ; under this, the covmcils met, and it was from one of these that a deputation v/as seiit to confer with William Penn, at Shackamaxon, X6SS. ..The Indian nation was called Hickory, and the town was called Hickory Town, before Lancaster was laid outt '^Gibson, tavern-keeper, had a Hickory tree painted upon his sign, about the year 1722. His tavern was situated near where Slaymaker's Hotel was for many years, now occupied by the Hon. Benjamin *-Froud, II. 128, f According to Gordon, Lancaster was originally laid out in 1728, by James Hamilton, Esq. of Philadeldhia, at the request, it is said, of the proprietaries, but certainly with a design on the pe^j^t of tUe founder to increase his estate. 136 HISTORY OP Champneys, on East King street." Another Indian town was built on a flat land north-east of Hardwick, the seat of the late William Coleman, Esq., and a Poplar tree was the emblem of the tribe, whence their name was derived ; this wigwam was situated near Conestoga, and the tree stood upon its bank. About the time that Lancaster was building, some persons, without any warrant for land, settled on the west side of the Susquehanna. There was one John Grist, very abusive to the Indians, so much so, that they complained to the Governor of the mal-treatment re- ceived at the hands of this squatter. He was rather a reckless character; he, and his accomplices, were auda- cious, contemned the authority of Government. John Cartledge, Esq., by a warrant under the hand and seal of the Governor, raised a Posse Comitatus with instruc- tions to burn and destroy Grist's, and his accomplices, dwellings; Cartledge did not, however, enforce with stern rigidness the letter of his instructions ; but simply warned and admonished them forthwith to relinquish the lands they had unlawfully taken possession of. Grist, notwithstanding this pointed v/arning, refused to remove ; ^vhereupon the Indians did destroy some of their cattle. Grist, with the fool hardihood of an inured transgressor, repaired to Philadelphia to raise complaint against the Indians. His contumacious behavior, which was con- sidered insolent and seditious, procured him lodgings in jpcil. The Board, who were moved in compassion for his poor family, granted him conditional release from prison. He returned home in Aug. 1722, and removed his family after he had gathered his corn.t Some time in the latter end of April, 1719, the Indians at Conestoga addressed a letter to JNIr. Logan, fCoI. Rec. III. 133-5. LANCASTER COUNTY. 157 Secretary, informing, through him, the Governor, that some of their Indians, while on a hunting expedition, were attacked near the head of Potomack river, by a body of southern Indians who had come out to war against tlie Five Nations, and the Indian settlements on Susquehanna; that the southern Indians had killed sevCTal of their people, by which those at Conestoga wei'e so much" alarmed that, in their opinion, "The care- ful attention and vigilance of Government was nevei" more called upon than at this juncture." . Measures were adopted by Government, "towards quieting the minds of the Indians, and also to prevent incursions upon them from southern Indians. In a letter from them, to the Governor, in the beginning of June, tlie Indians at Conestoga stated, "that if any of them had done amiss, and departed from what was right and good, in not strictly keeping their promises, and observing peace with all the Indians in friendship and league witli the English, they would, having admitted their errors and mistakes, offend no more, in that nature or case." Irmiiediately on the receipt of the letter, in question, Col. French was sent to Conestoga, by the advice of the Bo3j:d, to treat v/ith the Indians. French met them at Conestoga, on the 2Sth of June, 1719; on that day, he spoke to tliem,as follows: Friends and Brothers : *< By the seal to this paper affixed, and my old ac- quaintance and friendship with you, you Avill believe ma that I am a true man, and sent from your good friend aflid brother, the Governor of Pennsylvania, to let you know that he is well pleased and satisfied with the lettar he received by the care of our good friend, John Cart- ledge, in the beginning of this month, signed in behalf of yom- nations here met, m which letter you declare, 12* 1S8 HISTORY OP severally, your intentions of keeping his words, and if any amongst you have done amiss, and departed from v/hat was right and good in keeping your promises, to observe, strictly, peace with all the Indians in friendship and league with the English, you have therein acknowledged your errors and mistakes, and engaged to offend no more in that nature or case. * • The Governor takes these assurances of your good behavior very kindly, and now he and his council have sent me on purpose to visit you that I might further treat with you, and receive you in the same manner, and as fully as he and his council, of which I am a one, were all here and present with you, so well begun with our good friend, John Cartledge, and that I might more fully a,nd largely give him an account of your affairs, and how matters go with you. I must, therefore, acquaint you from my Governor, that as you, in your treaty, call yourselves his children, he will always trust you as his sons, and that he has ever since your good friend, William Penn, who is now dead, sent amongst joii, and endeavored by all means to keep you in peace, and given you other tokens of his friendship, that you might flourish and increase, that your old men mxight see their children grow up to their comfort and pleasure, and that the young men might bury their old parents when they die, which is much better than to see your old people mourn for their young sons, who rashly, and without cause, go to v/ar and are killed in the prime of their years ; and he hopss now that you are all fully con- vinced that peace is better than Vv^ar, v/hich destroys you and will bring you to nothing ; your strong young people being first killed, the old women and children are left defenceless, who soon will become a prey: and so all the nation perishes without leaving a name to posterity. LANCASTER COUNTY. ISO This is a plain mark that he and we are your true friends; for, if we were not, then we would encourage you to destroy one another: for friends save people from ruin and destruction, but enemies destroy them. And this will serve as a mark to know all people by, who are your enemies, either amongst you or elsewhere, if they want, or study to throw strife and dissention amongst you: these are a base and bad people, and ought to be rooted out from amongst you; for love and friendship make people multiply, but malice and "strife ruin and destroy. Such should, therefore, be shut out, both from you and us, as disturbers of our peace and friendship which have always continued. I am also to acquaint you, that you have in a grave and solemn manner renewed your last treaty with me, on which message I am now come, that our Governor will Vv^rite to all the Governors of the English that the Indians within his Government are resolved . to live peaceably and quietly, and for that reason that they should give notice to all their Indians thereof, and that all the friends to the English should be accounted as one people, and the Government desires you will let him know of what nation these Indians were who gave you the late disturbance, that they may especially be ordered to do so no more. I am also to acquaint you that it is the Governor's pleasure that if any of the Five Nations came amongst you to trade or hunt, that you receive them as friends and brothers ; but if they come amongst you, either to persuade you to go to War or to go themselves, or in their return from it, that then you have nothing to do with them nor entertain them; for he expects that none of his friends will know any people but such as are 140 HISTORY OF peaceable, lest they bring you into a snare and you suffer hurt for their faults. The Governor expects and requires, that if any pi'isoners, by any means whatever, fall into any of your hands, that he be quickly acquainted Vith it, and that no person offer to take upon him to kill any stranger prisoner, for it will not be suffered here. He has been much displeased at what happened, and was done by some amongst you last year in these parts, but is now again a friend upon their promise and engagement to do so no more, and will take no more notice of it, if they observe and fulfil their words. It is indeed, a shameful and base thing to treat a creature of their own shape and kind worse and more barbarously than they would a bear or wolf, or the most wicked creature upon earth. It is not man-lilvc to see a hundred or more people sing- ing songs of joy for the taking of a prisoner, but it is much worse to see them use all their contrivances of torture and pain, to put that unfortunate creature to death after such a manner, and was as other nations, especially the English, now heard of; for if they in a just war kill their enemies, it is like men, in the battle, and if they take them prisoners, they use them well and kindly, until their King gives orders to return tliem to their own country. They take no pleasure meanly to bum, pinch or slash, a poor man who cannot defend himself, it shows mean spirits and want of true courage to do SQ. For men of true courage are always full of mercy. I am commanded to tell you, and should liav^e you remember it well, that no person whatever offer, after this time, to put any man to death by torture here, for v/lu>soever does it must answer it to the Governor and Government at their peril. I-t is inconsistent with the ways of nations ; it is a riolent affront to our Govern- LANCASTER COUNTY. 141 ment, and is contrary to the laws of the Great King, who will not suffer it. As our mutual and good friendship has long con- tinued; so the Governor hopes, and the Government also, that it will last from one generation to another, as long as the sun endures ; and that we shall be of one mind, one heart, one inclination, ready to help one another in all just and good ways, by charity, compas- sion and mercy, sticking closely and inviolately to ail ti^eaties heretofore made ; and most exactly to this now concluded, which he hopes will forever last and remain to your good and prosperity, which he and this Govern- ment heartily wish ; and it is expected that eveiy article of this treaty be from the whole hearts of all of you ; so, if amongst yourselves, you know of any who have from your last treaty, or will dissent from this, let them be known either by their own v/ords or 3^our knowledge of tJiem, for what I do, I have done with the whole consent af our Governor, council and people/^ Col. John French, in company with Capt. James Gould, Joseph Pigeon, John Cartledge and James Hen- drickson, met the next day in council at Conestoga. — There were present, on part of the Indians, Canatowa, Queen of the Mingoes, Sevana, King of the Shawenese, Wightomina, King of the Delawares, Wininehack, King, of the Canawages, and Captain Civility, of Conestoga. Civility, interpreter, in behalf of the four nations, who all agreed to return one answer, acquainted John Cartledge, interpreter for the English, that this day the Indians were met to return an answer to the Governor's speech by Colonel French, and no other accoimt. — Looking upon every thing said to Colonel French to be said as if the Governor and his council were then 142 HISTORY or present, and Colonel French to be a true man to the Government and to the Indians ; they return with one heart and mind their thanl*s to the Governor for this kind message. They meet him and take him by the hand,, and are forever determmed that his will shall be tlieirs, and that, on all occasions, they will be ruled by them. They desire that the Governor may be acquainted that they are much pleased that his message came whilst their young people were at home, for whom they had lately been in pain and trouble as being absent or abroad, tliat they might hear his good words and counsel^ which both old and young of the Mingoes, Shawanese., Delawares and Conawages, are resolved to hearken to ; for though hitherto they have taken night for day, yet now by his good counsel they can see the light and what is good for them. They are glad that none gf their young people miscarried in their late journey, and that being now present, they have an opportunity of hearing tlie Governor's message by Col. Frencli, for most of them were, when the other letters fron\ the Governor came, also that they have an opportunity to 2isk tlieir opinions and designs. Their young people agree to obey the Governor?s words and message. And as Colonel French yesterday told them, that wliat he said was with the whole heart of Governor and council ; so tliey declare that what they say is hot from tlieir mouths only, but from their whole hearts, and the heari of every one. They desire the Governor to believe, and be assured that they will be obedient to his words, and tiiat tliey ever have, and ever will, advise their young people to be mindful of his good advice. They acknowledge themselves so ^ much obliged to the Go- vernor for his care and concern for them, diat they intend hi two months' time to wait upon the Governor personally, to return their hearty thanlis for such love from him and his Government." James Logan, Secretary, being on business up the farther end of the Great Valley, on the road to Cones- toga, went to the Susquehanna, at the request of the Governor, where he, by appointment with the Indians, v/ho were desirous to speak with him on the 27th of June, met them at the house of John Cartledge. The chiefs of the Mingoes or Conestogoe Indians, the sachem or chief of the Shawanese, the chief of the Ganawese, with several of their people and some of the Delawares, had assembled there ; John Cartledge and Peter Bi- zaillon, interpreter, having seated themselves; James Logan addressed the Indians, "telling them thai as they had been long expected at Philadelphia, in pursuance of tlieir own messages for that purpose; but instead of coming, had lately sent to the Governor, desiring some reasons that he would come up to them. Here their old friends, with whom they had been acquainted in their ti-eaties for twenty years past, being now come on business into these parts were willing to hear from themselves, not only how it was with them, but the occasion of their delaying their journey to Philadelphia so long, and at length sendmg the said message to the Governor. They hereupon sat silent without appearing ready to speak to any thing, and making no return, the secretary pressed them to answer him, telling them that he asked these questions in behalf of the Governor and Government, that they themselves had appeared desi- rous to speak to him, and that as they now had an opportunity they ought to proceed and speak their minds freely. To which at length they answered, that there had been lately killed, by the southern Indians, twelve 144 HISTORY OP men; two of the Mingoes or Five Nations and two Shawanese, about one hundred and sixty miles from that place, which was the occasion of their sending that message. James Logan asked them, whether these two Shawanese had been abroad hunting : they answered, no ! They had gone out to war. He then dem^anded the reason why they would offer to go to war after their solemn promises to our Government to the contrary. The chief of the Shawanese replied, that a dispute aris- ing among some of their young men, who was the best man, to end it, they resolved to make the trial by going to war, that they could not be restrained, but took the opportunity of accompanying some of the Five Nations that were going out and took their road that way. The Secretary told them he should have a great deal to say to them on these heads, and that the day being now far advanced, he must desire them to meet him in the same place in the morning, and then treating them with some drink withdrevvr. Next morning the same persons attended, bringing some bundles of skins with them; from whence it being conjectured that the Indians designed to begin a discourse. All being seated, after somxO time spent in silence, the Mingces or Conestogoe Indians began ; a Ganawese In- dian, who called him Capt. Smith, and is said to speak ail the several languages, viz : his own, or the Ganawese, the Mingoe, the ShanaY\rese and Delaware, to perfection, being appointed interpreter into the Delav/are tongue, and Peter Bizaillon and John Cartledge interpreting into English. They spoke as follows : " The last year Colonel French came to them on a message from the Governor, to inquire into their health, and how it was with them, their children and grand- children." LANCASTER COUNTY. 145 That they were not then ready to give an answer to all that he said to them, but that now they would speak freely from the bottom of their hearts, and their friends might depend on not having words only, but their truest inward sentiments without reserve : and then they laid down a bundle of undressed deer skins. That Col. French and those with him told them from the Governor that the message the Governor sent them, and the advice he gave them, ivere from his heart and for their good, and they would as freely speak from their hearts. The Governor advised them to go out no more to war, nor to join with any of the Five Nations, or others that went out for that purpose, but to live at peace with all people, and if any prisoners were brought to their towns, they should not suffer them to be burned or tortured. That though some of their people were killed once or again, yet they should not go out, but bear it, but the third time they might all go out as one man together ; that this they thought was somewhat too hard upon them, if they must be as prisoners at home, and could not go to meet their enemies that came against them; that when Governor Penn first held councils with them, he promised them so much love and friend- ship that he would not call them brothers, because brothers might differ, nor children, because these might offend and require correction, but he would reckon them as one body, one blood, one heart and one head; that they always remembered this, and should on their parts act accordingly ; that five of the old men who were at those comicils were hving; these were removed, and those who were then very young are now grown up to succeed, but transmitted it to their children, and they and all theirs should remember it forever ; that tliey regarded uot reports, or what was said abroad, their head was at 13 146 HISTORY OP Philadelphia, and they were one with him ; on him they depended that they should know every thing that con- cerned them. The Ganawese, in behalf of their people say, they are glad that they never heard any thing from the Govern- ment at Philadelphia, but good advice, and what is for their advantage^ that their present chief was once at a council with William Penn before they removed into this province, and that since they came into it, they have always Uved quiet and in peace, which they acknowledge, and are thankful for it; that the advice that is sent them is always so much for their good that they cannot but gladly receive it. When the sun sets they sleep in peace, and in peace they rise with him, and so continue while he continues his course, and think themselves happy in their friendship, which they shall take care to have continued from generation to generation. And that as it shall thus forever continue on their side, so tliey desire the same may continue on the Governor's part ; and that if any reports should be heard concerning them, they desire, it may not be believed to their disad- vantage, for they will still be true and the same they at first professed themselves ; and then laid down a bundle of deer skins. The Conestogas say : That William Penn made a league with them to last for three or four generations ; that he is now dead, and most of their ancients are also dead, but the league of friendship continues strong, and shall forever continue so on their part. And this is not said on behalf of them- selves, the Mingoes only, but of all the Indians on the river; and they gave another bundle of deer skins. Captain Civility threw down a small bundle of furs, saying : / LANCASTER COUNTT. 147 « That they all join and sent that as a present to the GoTernor to make him a beaver hat. They say in behalf of the Ganawese, that they have no writing to show their league of friendship as the others have, and therefore desire they may be favored with one lest, if they should transgress by reason of rum, which was brought to them in too large quantities, they may be cast off and forgotten that ever they were in friendship with us." The Indians being met again after some refreshments, the secretary spoke to them as follows: "It must be a great satisfaction to all honest and good men to find that the measures that great man, William Penn, took to establish a firm friendship with you had such excellent success. Your predecessors and you always found him sincere in what he professed. He always ordered all those in power during his absence to show you all the like friendship and affection. Every Governor that has been the same to you, and the present Governor, Colonel Keith, showed the same disposition immediately upon his arrival, by hastening up to you with his council and many of his friends as soon as he heard you were in trouble. You, on your part, have been faithful and true to us, whatever reports might be spread, yet the chain was still preserved strong and bright. We have lived in perfect peace and unity above any other Government in America. And you renewing the chain at this time upon the decease of yoiu: great friend with us who remain alive, is so affectionate and kind that I shall not fail to represent it duly to the Governor and your good friends in Philadelphia. This chain has been made forty years ago ; it is at this time strong and bright as ever, and I hope will continue so between our children and your children, and theii children's children to all generations 148 HISTORY OF while the water flows or the sun shines in the heavens; and may the Great Spirit, who rules the heavens and the earth, and who made and supported us all, who is a friend to all good men who love justice and peace, continue the same blessings upon it forever. But my friends and brothers, as we are obliged to care for each other, and as the English have opportunities of seeing farther than you, I find myself obliged, in behalf of the Governor and Government, to offer you some advice that may be of great importance to you, and which at this time is absolutely necessary. You acquainted me yesterday with a loss you had sustained, viz : that twelve men, ten of the Five Nations and two Shawanese, had been lately cut off by the southern Indians, not two hundred miles from this place, which grieves me exceedingly. I am scarcely willing to mention the cause of it, lest I should trouble you, but I must do it for your good; I should not be your true friend should I forbear. You know then, my brothers, that the cause is that some of your young inen have unadvisedly gone out to war in company with others of the Five Nations against the southern Indians. Young men love to go sometimes to war to show their manhood, but they have unhappily gone against Indians that are in friendship with the English. You know, that as of the Five Nations, some are called Isawandswaes,.some Cayoogoes, some Anondogees, some Oneyookes, and some Con- nyinngoes, yet they are all one people ; so the English, though they have different Governments, and are divided into New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, Virginia and Carolina, yet they are all under one great king who has twenty times as many subjects as all these, and has in one city as many LANCASTER COUNTY. 149 subjects as all tlie Indians we know are in North America, To him we are all subject and are all governed by the same laws; therefore, those Indians who are in league with one Government are in league with all; your friendship with us recommends you to the friendship of all other English Governments, and their friends are our friends. You must not, therefore, hurt or annoy any of the English or any of their friends whatsoever. Tkose southern Indians, especially the Tootelese, formerly made friendship with you, and I believe it was them who lately sent you nine belts of wampum to con- tinue the league. They desired peace, yet the Five Nations, and some of your rash young men have set upon them ; pray, remember, they are men as well as you; consider, therefore, I request, what you would tliink of yourselves, should you suffer these or any other people to come year after year and cut off your towns, your wives and children, and those that escape should sit still and not go out against them; you would not then deserve to be accounted men ; and as they, you find, are men, it is no wonder if they come out to meet these young fellows and endeavor to destroy those whose business it is to destroy them and their families." I must further, my friend, lay before you the conse- quence of your suffering any of your young men to join with tliose of the Five Nations. They come through your towns and bring back their prisoners through your settlements, thus they open a clear path from these southern Indians to your towns, and they who have been wrong may follow that open path, and first come directly as the path leads to you. Thus you have done but little, and by the instigation and advice of others may be the first that are fallen upon, while those of ihe 13* 150 HISTORY OP Five Nations are safe at home, at a great distance "with their wives and children, and you may be the only sufferers. They have hitherto come out to meet their enemies who were going to attack them, and like men they fight them; but as I am your friend, I must further inform you that these people would come quite up to your towns to do the same to you that they have suffered, but your being settled among the English has hitherto preserved you, for the Governors of Virginia and Carolina can no longer hinder them from defendkig themselves. They desired peace, and would live m peace, if it might be granted them. I must further inform you, as your friend, that this whole business of making war in the manner you do, is now owing to those who desire nothing more than to see all the Indians cut off, as well to the northward as to the southward, that is the French of Canada, for they would have the Five Nations to destroy the southern nations, the destruction of all being their desire. The Governor told you, by Col. French, that they were your enemies who put you upon war; and they are your truest friends, who would preserve you in peace ; hearken to the advice of your friends, and you will be preserved. — You see your numbers yearly lessen; I have known above three score men belonging to this town, and now I see not five of the old men remaining. What the Governor has said to you by myself and by Colonel French, and what I now say to you is for your own advantage, and if you are your own friends you. will pursue the advice that is given you. If any of the Five Nations come this way in their going to war, and call on any of you to accompany tliem, you must inform them as you are in league with us, and are our people. LANCASTER COUNTY. 151 you cannot break your promises,, and it cannot but be pleasing to them to see yoUjlive in such friendship with us. I have said enough on these heads, and you I, hope will lay it up in yoiy* liearts, and duly observe it : let it sink into your minds, for it is of great weight. The Ganawese have behaved thernselves well since they came amongst us, and they shall have what they desire. Your people of Conestogoe, about twenty years ago, brought the Shawanese to Philadelphia to see and treat with Governor Penn, and then promised the Governor that they would answer for the Shawanese that they would live peaceably and in friendship with usj^ but we find their ears are thick, they do not hear what we say to them, nor regard our advice. The chief of the Shawanese answered to this with deep concern; that this was occasioned by the young men who lived under no Government; that when their king, who was then living, Opessah, took the Govern-, ment upon him, but the people differed with him; he left them, tliey had no chief, therefore some of them applied to him to take that charge upon him, but that he had only the nation without any authority, and would do nothing. He counselled them, but they would not obey, therefore he cannot answer for them ; and divers that were present, both English and Iiidians, confirmed the truth of this. The secretary hereupon admonished him and the rest to take a further care, that what had been said should be pressed upon the young people and duly observed ; and tlien calling for liquor and drinlving with them dismissed them. But the Indians, before they would depart, earnestly pressed that an account of this treaty should, with all possible speed, be despatched to the Governors to the 152 HISTORT OP southward, and to their Indians, that further mischief might he prevented; for they were apprehensive the southern Indians might come out to meet the Five Nations, and then they, as had been said to them, lying in the road might be the sufferers, but they truly desired peace, and Avere always against molesting any Indians tliat were under the protection or lived in friendship with the English. Tiie secretary then proposed to them that they should send some of their people with belts of wampum to the Governor of Virginia, to assure him of their resolution to live in peace, and to desire him to acquaint all his Indians with the same. They readily agreed to send belts without delay, and promised the following week to bring them to Philadelphia ; but they seemed appre- liensive of danger to theh people in going to Virginia, where they were all strangers, unless the Governor Avould send some English in company with them to protect them. After this conference was ended, Civility desired to speak with the secretary^ in private, and an opportunity being given, he acquainted the secretary that some of the Five Nations, especially the Cayoogoes, had at divers times expressed a dissatisfaction at the large settlements madfi by the English on the Susquehanna, and that they seemed to claim a property or right to those lands. Tlie secretary answered, that he (Civility) and all the nations were sensible of the contrary, and that the Five Nations had long since made over all their right to Sus- quehajma to the Government of New York,* and tliat ♦WilUam. Penn had engaged Thomas Dongan, late Gove>rnor of New York, to make a purchase of these lands. Dongan, (January 13th, 1G90,) conveyed by deeds to William Peon all that tract of land lying on both sides of the river Susquehanna, LANCASTER COUNTY; 1*5^ Governor Penn had purchased that right with which tliey had been fully acquainted. Civility acknowledged the truth of this, but proceeded to say he thought it his. duty to inform us of it, that we might the better prevent all misunderstanding/' Thie following week they redeemed their promises "to* send their bolts of wampum without delay to Philadel- phia." The Conestogos sent their belts by Tagolelessor Civility, Oyanowhachso, Sohais Connedechto's son ajid Tayucheinjch : the Ganawese, by Ousewayteichks or Captain Smith, Sahpechtah, Meemeeivoonnook, Win- jock's son, George Waapessum and John Prince : Ken- neope carried the Shawanese belt of wampum. He informed them tliat he was pleased to hear that liiey were disposed to be peaceable, and that he would, with all possible despatch, send a message to the south, to acquaint the Indians there of their peaceable inten- tions ; but as it would require some time to do this fully, he advised those present, and through them then about Susquehanna, to take care of themselves and keep out of tiie warrior's paths till a full and perfect peace and good understanding can be settled. Tlie Governor and council sent Samuel Robins to Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, with these belts; he delivered them ; and returned in March following, with two belts from the Indians of Virginia, which were sent and the Lakes adjacent^ in or near the province of Pennsyl- vania^ in consideration of £100 sterling: beginning at the mountains, or head of the said river, and running as far as, and into the bay of Chesapcak, which the said Thomas lately purchased of, or had given himby the Susquehanna Indians, with warranty from the Susquehanna Indians. — Smithy II. Ill, 112. This purchase was confirmed in 1700, when Penn held a treaty with the Mingoes; and subsequently at a meeting at Conestoga it was again confirmed.— -.Co/. 5ec. ///. 95.. 154 HISTOST OP to those of Conestogoe, assuring tlwm that they " will not in future pass over Potomack river to eastward or northward, or the high ridge mountains extending along the back of Virginia: Provided, That those of Cones- togo, and those to the northward, shall not pass over Potomack into Virginia, to the southward, nor shall go over to the eastward of the said ridge of mountains."— Jolm Cartledge delivered them the belts and interpreted the message. CHAPTER IV. Governor Keith visits the Governor of Virginia^Holds a council with tlie Indians at Conestoga; — Indians complain of the use of rum, &c— Their trade in pelts impaired— Secretary Logan holds a discourse with Ghesaont — Ghesaont's reply, &c. — Disturbances created by intruders under pretence of finding coppermines, &c<- — Governor Keith has a Knrvey of lands made on the West side of Susquehanna— Indians alarmed by Maryland intruders — Logan, French and Sheriijf of the county hold a council at Conestoga — Keith determines to resist attempted encroachments by the Marylanders — A council is held at Conestoga— Springetsburg manor surveyed — Council held at Conoytown— Settlement of Germans at Swatara and Tulpehocken. In the preceding chapter, it is stated, that Samuel Robins had been sent, by the Governor and coimcil, to Governor Spottswood, of Virginia; but before he returned. Governor Keith started for Virginia; on his way thither, he met Robins, at Chester, returning to Philadelphia. Keith, after an interview had with Robins, pursued his journey. In order to reconcile the Pennsylvania Indians and those of the south, he visited the Governo-r of Virginia, in person. The dissentions among the belligerents were caused about their hunting grounds. The quarreU LANCASTER COUNTY. 155 between the Indians were such as to disturb the peace of the province. To prevent this, Keith entered into articles of stipulation; returned, determined on, and soon afterwards, visiting the Indians at Conestoga, to have them ratify the treaty, which was in substance; "That the Indians resident on the north and south of the Potomac be confined to their respective sides of the river.'' Governor Keith, accompanied by a suit of seventy horsemert^ many of them well armed, repaired to Conestoga.* "He arrived there, July 5th, 1721, at noon, and in the evening went to Captain Civility's cabm, where four deputies of the Five Nations, and some few more of their people, came to see the Go- vernor, who spake to them by an interpreter to this purpose : That this being the first time that the Five Nations had thought fit to send any of their chiefs to visit him (the Governor had invited them to Philadelphia; but they refused), he had come a great way from home to bid them welcome ; that he hoped to be better acquainted and hold a further discourse with them before he left the plaice. They answered, that they were eome a long way on purpose to see the Governor and speak with him; that they had heard much of him, and would have come here before now, but that the faults or mistakes of their young men had made them ashamed to shew their faces, but now that they had seen the Governor's face, they were well satisfied with their journey, whether any thing else was done or not. The Governor told them that to-morrow morning he design«d to speak a few words to his brothers and *Proud, II. 129. 156 HISTORY OP children, the 'Indians of Conestoga and their friends 'upon Susqliehanna, and desired that deputies of the Five Nations might be present in council to hear what is said to them. At a council held at Conestoga, July 6th, 1721 — l^resent: the Hon. Sir William Keith, Bart., Gov. Richard Hill, Caleb Pusey, Jonathan Dickinson, Col. Jolin French, James Logan, secretary. The Governor spoke to the Indians, as folloAVs: My brothers and children, soon as you sent me word that your friends and relations, the chiefs of the Five Nations, were come to visit you, I made haste and came up to see both you and them, and to assure all the Indians of the continuance of my love to them. Your old acquaintance and true friend, the great William Penn, was a wise man, and therefore he did not approve of v/ars among the Indians whom he loved, because it wasted and destroyed their people, but always recommended peace to the Indians as the surest way to make them rich and strong by increasing their numbers. Some of you can well remember since William Penn and his friends came first to settle among you in this country ; it is but a few years, and like as yesterday, to an old man ; nevertheless, by following that great man's peaceable comicils this Government is now become wealthy and powerful, in great numbers of people ; and though, many of our mhabitants are not accustomed to war, and dislike the practice of men killing one another, yet you cannot but know I am able to bring several thousands into the field well armed to defend both your people and ours from being hiut by any enemy that durst attempt to invade us. However, we do not forget what William Penn often told us, *• That the experience LANCASTER COUNTY. 157 of old age, which is true wisdcm, advises peace," and I say to you, that the wisest man is also the bravest man, for he safely depends on his wisdom, and there is hd true courage without it. I have so great a love for you, my dear brothers^ who live under the protection of this Government, thai I cannot suffer you to be hurt no more thaji I would my own children. I am just now returned from Virginia, where I wearied myself in a long journey both by land and water, only to make peace for you, my children, that you may safely hunt in the woods without danger from Virginia, and the many Indian nations that are at peace with that Government. But the Governor of Virginia expects that you will not hunt within the Great Mountains, on the other side of Potomac river; being it is a small tract of land which he keeps for the Virginia Indians to hunt in; and he promises that his Indians shall not any more come on this side Potomac, or behind the Great Mountains, this way, to disturb your hunting; and this is the condition I have made for you, which I expect you will firmly keep, and not break it on any consideration whatsoever. I desire that what I have now said to you, may be interpreted to the chiefs of the Five Nations, present ; for as you are a part of them. They are in like manner one with us, as you yourselves are ; and therefore our councils must agree and be made known to one another ; for our hearts should be open, that we may perfectly see into one another's breasts. And that your friends may speak to me freely, tell them I am willing to forget the mistakes which some of their yoimg men were guilty of^ among our people ; I hope they will grow wiser with age, and hearken to the grave counsels of their old men whose valor we esteem because they are wise; but the rashness of their young men is altogether folly. 14 158 HISTORY OF At Conestoga, in council, July 7th. — Present: Gov, Keith, Richard Hill, Caleb Pusey, Jonathan Dickinson, Col. John French, James Logan, Secretary, with divers other gentlemen. Present, also : The chiefs or deputies sent by the Five Nations to treat with the Government, viz : Sinnekaes nation, Ghesaont, Awennool, Onondagoes nation, Tannawree, Skeetowas, Gayoogoes nation, Sahoode, Tchehuque. Smith, the Ganawese Indian interpreter of the Mingo language to the Delawares; John Cartledge and James Le Tort, interpreter of the Delaware into English. Ghesaont, in the name and on the behalf of all the Five Nations, delivered himself in speaking to the Governor, as follows : They were glad to see the Governor and his comicil at this place, for they had heard much of the Governor in their towns before they came from home, and now they find him to be what they had then heard of him, viz : their friend and brother, and the same as if William Penn were still amongst them. They assure the Go- vernor and council that they had not forgot William Penn's treaties with them, and that his advice to them was still fresh in their memories. Though they cannot write, yet they retain every thing said in their councils with all the nations they treat with, and preserve it as carefully in their memories as if it was committed in our method to writing. They complain that our traders carrying goods and liquors up the Susquehanna river, sometimes meet with their young men out to war, and treat them unliuidly; not only refusing to give them a dram of their liquor, but use them with ill language, and call them dogs, &c. They take this unkindly, because dogs have no sense or understanding; whereas they are men, and think that LANCASTER COUNTY. 159 their brothers should not compare them to such creatures.. That some of our traders calling their young men by those names, the young men answered, "if they were dogs then they might act as such;'^ whereupon, they seized a keg of their liquor and ran away with it. N. B. — This seems to be told in their artful way to excuse some small robberies that had been committed by their young people. Then laying down a belt of wampum upun the table, he proceeded, and said: That all their disorders arose from the use of rum and strong spirits, which took away their sense and memory ; that they had no such liquors among themselves, but were hurt with what we fur- nished to them, and therefore desired them that no more of that sort might be sent among them. He presented a bundle of dressed skins, and said: That the Five Nations, faithfully, remembered all their ancient treaties, and now desire that the chain of friend- ship, between them and us, may be made strong as that none of the links can never be broken. Presents a bundle of raw skins, and observes : That a chain may contract rust with lying and become weaker wherefore, he desires it may now become so Avell cleaned as to remain brighter and stronger than ever it was before. Presents another parcel of skins, and says : That as in the firmament all clouds and darkness are removed from the face of the sun, so they desire that all misunderstand- ings may be fully done away ; so that when they who are now here shall be dead and gone, their whole people with their children and posterity, may enjoy the clear sunshine of friendship \»ith us forever, without any thing to interpose and obscure it. Presents another bundle of skins^ and says : That 160 HISTORY OP looking upon the Governor, as if. William Penn was present, they desire, that in case any disorders shoifcld hereafter happen between their young and ours, we would not be too hasty in resenting any such accident^ until their council and oius can have sonie opportunity tcj treat amicably upon it, and so to adjust all matters as that the friendship between us may still be inviolably preserved. Presents another parcel of dressed skins and desires : That we may now be together as one people, treating aiie another's children kindly and affectionately on all occasions. He proceeds, and says : That they consider themselves, in this treaty, as the full plenipotentiaries 2Uid representations of the Five Nations, and they look upon the Governor as the Great King of England's Representative, and therefore they expect that every thing now stipulated will be made absolutely firm and good on both sides. Presents a bundle of bear skins, and says: That having now made a firm league with us as becomes ou$ brothers, they complain that they get too little for their skins and furs, so as they cannot live by their hunting. — They desire us, therefore, to take compassion on them and contrive some way to help them in that particular. Presenting a few furs, he speaks only as for himself to acquaint the Governor that the Five Nations having heard that the Governor of Virginia wanted to speak with them. He himself, with some of his company, intend to proceed to Virginia, but do not know tire way how to get safe thither. At a comicil held at the house of John Gartledge, Esq. near Gonestoga, July 8th, 1721. Present, Gov. Keith, LANCASTER COTHiTY. 116 Richard Hill, Jonathan Dickinson, Col. John French, James Logan, secretary. The Governor desired the Board would advise him as to the quantity and kind of presents that must be made to the Indians in retmii to theirs, and in confirmation of his speech to them. Whereupon it was agreed that twenty- five strowd match coats of two yards each, one hundred weight of gunpowder, two hundred weight of lead, with some biscuit, tobacco and pipes, should be delivered as the Governor's present to the Five Nations. And the same being prepared accordingly, the council was adjourned to Conestoga, the place of treaty. At a council held at Conestoga, July 8th, 1721. P. M. Present: Gov. Keith, and the same members as before, with divers^ gentlemen attending, the Governor and the chiefs of the Five Nations being all seated in council^ and the presents laid down before the Indians. — The Governor spoke to them, by tlie interpreters, in these words : My friends and brothers, it is a great satisfaction to me that I have this opportunity of speaking to the valient and wise Five Nations, whom you tell me you are fully empowered to represent. I treat with you, therefore, as if all these nations, here, were present; and you are to understand that what I now say to be agreeable to the minds of our great monarch, George, the King of Eng- land, who lends his care to establish peace amongst all the mighty nations of Europe, and unto whom all the the people, in these parts, are as it were but like one drop of a bucket;, so that what is now transacted between us must be laid up as the words of the whole body of your people and our people, to be kept in perpetual remembrance. I am also- glad to find that you remember what WiUiam Penn formerly said to you. 14* 162 HISTORY OP He was a great man, and a good man; his own people loved him; he loved the Indians, and they also loved him; he was as their father; he would never suffer them to be wronged; never would he let his people enter upon any lands until he had fii'st purchased them of the Indians. He was just, and therefore tlie Indians loved him. Though he is now removed from us, yet his children and people follow his example, will always take the same measures, so that his and our posterity will be as a long chain of which he was the first link, and one link ends another succeeds, and then anotlier being all firmly bound together in one strong chain to endure forever. — He formerly knit the chain of friendship with you as the chief of all the Indians in these parts, lest this cham sliould grow rusty you now desire it may be secured and made strong, to bind us as one people together. We do assure you it is, and has always been bright on one side, and so we will ever keep it. As to your complaint of our traders, that they have treated some of your young men mikindly, I take that to be said only by way of excuse for the follies of your people, thereby endeavoring to persuade me that they were provoked to do what you very well know they did; but, as I told our own Indians tv.^o days ago, I am willing to pass by all these things. You may therefore be assured that our people shall not offer any injury to yours ; or if I know that they do, they shall be severely punished for it. So you must, in like manner, strictly command your young men that they do not offer any injury to ours; for when they pass through the utmost skirts of our inhabitants, where there are no people yet settled, but a few traders, they should be more careful of them as having separated themselves from the body of LANCASTER COUNTY. 163 their friends, purely to serve the Indians more comma- diously with what they want Nevertheless, if any little disorders should at any time hereafter arise, we vM endeavor that it shall not break or weaken the dhain of friendship between us; to which end, if any of your people take offence, you must in that case apply to me or to our chiefs; and when we shall have any cause to complain, we shall, as you desire, apply to your chiefs by our friends, the Conestogoe Indians, but on both sides we must labor to prevent every thing of this kind as much as we can. You complain that our traders come into the path of your young men going out to war, and thereby occasion disorders amongst them; I will therefore, my friends and brothers, speak very plainly to you on this head. Your young men come down the Susquehanna river and take their road through our Indian towns and settlements, and make a path between us and the people against whom they go out to war; now you must know, that the path this way, leads, them only to the Indians who are in alliance with the English, and first those who are in strict league of friendship with the great Governor of Virginia, just as these, our friends and children, who are settled amongst us, are in league with me and our people. You cannot therefore make war upon the Indians in league with Virginia without weakening the chain with the English ; for as we would not suffer these our friends and brothers of Conestogoe, and upon this river, to be hurt by any persons without considering it was done to ourselves; so, the Governor of Virginia k)oks upon the injuries done to his Indian brothers and friends as if they were done to himself; and you very well know that though you are five different nations, yet you. are but one people, so as tlicit any wrong done t$> IQ4[ HISTORY OP our nation is received as an injury done to all. In the- same manner, and much more so it is with the English,, who are all united under one Great King, who has. more people in that one town where he lives, than all the Indians in North America put together. You are in a league with New York as your ancient friends and nearest neighbors, and you are in a league with us by treaties often repeated, and by a chain which you have now brightened. As therefore all the English are but one people, you are actually in league with all the English Governments, and must equally preserve the peace with all as with one Government. You pleased me very much when you told me that you were going to treat with the Governor of Virginia. Your nations formerly entered into a firm league with that Government, and if you have suffered that chain to grow rusty it is time to scour it; and the Five Nations have done very wisely to send you there for that purpose. I do assure you, the Governor of Virginia, is a great and good man. He loves the Indians as his children, and so protects and defends them, for he is very strong, havmg many thousand christian warriors under his com- mand, whereby he is able to assist all those who are in any league of friendship with him. Hasten, therefore, my friends, to brighten and strengthen the chain with that great man; for he desires it, and will receive you kindly. He is my great and good friend; I have been lately with him. And since you say you are strangers, I will give you a letter to him to inform him of v/hat we have done, and of the good design of your visit to him and to his country. My friends and brothers, I told you a few days ago, that we must, open our breasts to^ each other; I shall, LANCASTER COUIfTT. 165 Iherefre, like your true friend, open mine yet further to you for your good. You see that the English, from a very small people at first, are by peace amongst themselves, become a very gl'eat people amongst you, far exceeding the number of all the Indians that we know of. But while we are at peace, the Indians continue to make war upon one another, and destroy each other, as if they intended that aonc of their people should be left alive; by which means you are, from a great people, become a very small people, and yet you will go on to destroy yourselves. The Indians of the south, though they speak a different language, yet they are the same people, and inhabit the same land with those of the north, we there- fore cannot but wonder how you, that are a wise people, should take delight in putting an end to your race : the English, being your true friends, labor to prevent this. — We would have you strong as a part of ourselves ; for gts our strength is your strength, so we would have yours to be as our own. I have persuaded all my brethren in these parts to consider what is for your good, and not to go out any more to war ; but your young men, as they come this way, endeavor to force them, and because they incline to follow the counsels of peace and advice of their true friends, your people use them ill and often prevail with them to go out to their own destruction. Thus it was tliat this town of Conestogoe, lost their good King not long ago, and thus many have been lost. Their young children are left without parents, their wives without husbands, the old men, contrary to the course of nature, mourn the death of their young, the people decay and HISTORY OP 16d grow weak, we lose our dear friends and are afflicted, and this is chiefly owing to your young men. Surely you cannot suppose to get either riches or possessions by going thus out to war; for when you kill a deer you have the flesh to eat and the skin to sell, but when you return from war you bring nothing home but the scalp of a dead man, who, perhaps, was husband to a kind wife, and father to tender children, who never wronged you, though by losing him you have robbed them of this help and protection, and at the same time got nothhig by it. If I were not your true friend, I Avould not take the^ trouble of saying all these things to you, which I desire may be fully related to all your people, when you return home, that they may consider in time what is for their own good; and after this, if any will be so madly deaf and blind as neither to hear nor see the danger before tliem, but will still go out to destroy and be destroyed for nothing, I must desire that foolish young men will take another path, and not pass this way amongst our people, whose eyes I have opened and they have wisely hearkened to my advice. So that I must tell them plainly, as I am tlieir best friend, and this Government is their protector, and as a father to them. We will not suffer them any more to go out as they have done to their destruc- tion. I say again, we will not suffer it, for we have the counsel of wisdom amongst us, and know what is for their good; for though they are weak, yet they are our brethren. We will therefore take care of them that they are not misled with ill council; you mourn when you- lose a brother, we mourn when any of them are lost; to prevent which, they shall not be suffered to go, out a^ they have done to be destroyed by war.. LANCASTER COUNTY. 167 My good friends and brothers, I give you the same counsel, and earnestly desire that you will follow it^ since it will make you a happy people. I give you this advice, because I am your true friend, but I much fear you hearken to others who never were nor never will bo your friends. You kno vv very well that the French have been your enemies from the beginning, and though they were at peace with you about two and twenty years ago, yet by subtle practices they still endeavor to ensnare you. They use arts and tricks, and tell you lies to deceive you, and if you would make use of your own eyes, and not be deluded by their Jesuits and inter- preters, you would see this yourselves; for, you Imow, they have had no goods of any value, these several years past, except what has been sent to them from the English, of New York, and that is now all over. They give fair speeches instead of real services, and as for many years they attempted to destroy you in war, so they now endeavor to do it in peace; for when they persuade you to go out to war against others, it is only that you may be destroyed yourselves, while we, as your true friends, labor to prevent, because we would have your numbers increased that you may grow strong, and that we may be all strengthened in friendship and peace together. As to what you have said of trade, I suppose the great distance at which you live from us has prevented all commerce between us and your people. We believe, those who go into the woods and spend all their lime upon it, endeavor to make the best bargains they can for themselves; so, on your part, you must take care to make the best bargain you can with them, but we hope our traders do not exact, for we think that a stroud coat, or a pound of powder is now sold for no more buck- 168 -HISTORY OP skins than formerly; beaver, indeed, is not of late so much used in Europe, and therefore does not give so good a price, and we deal but veiy little in that commodity. But deer-skins sell very well amongst us, and I shall always take care that the Indians be not wronged, but expect other measures be taken to regulate the Indian trade every where ; the common methods used in trade will still be followed, and every man must talce care of himself, for thus I must do myself, when I buy any thing from our own people, if I do not give them their price, they will keep it, for we are a free people.^ — But if you have any further proposals to make about these affairs, I am willing to hear and consider them,, for it is my desire that the trade be well regulated to your content I am sensible rum is very hurtful to the Indians; we have made laws that none should be carried amongst them, or if any were, that it should be staved and thrown upon the ground; and the Indians have been ordered to destroy all the rum that comes in their way; but they will not do it, they will have rum, and when we refiias it, they will travel to the neighboring provinces and fetch it ; their own women go to purchase it, and then sell it amongst their own people at excessive rates. I would gladly make any laws to prevent this that could be effectual, but the country is so wide, the woods are sd dark and private, and so far out of my sight, that if the Indians themselves do not prohibit their own people, there is no other v/ay to prevent it ; for my part, I shall readily join in any measures that can be proposed for ao good a purpose. I have now, my friends and brothers, said all that I think can be of any service at this time, and I gwe you these things here laid before you to confirm my LANCASTER COUNTY. 169 words, viz : five siroud coats, twenty pounds of powder, and forty pounds of lead, for each of the Five Nations ; that is, twenty-five coats, one hundred weight of powder, and two hundred of lead, in the whole, which I desire may be delivered to them, with these my words in my name and the behalf of the province. I shall be glad frequently to see some of your chief men sent in the name of all the rest, but desire you will be so kind as to come to us to Philadelphia to visit our families and children born there, where we can provide better for you and make you more welcome ; for people always receive their friends best at their own houses. — I heartily wish you well on your journey and good success on it. And when you return home, I desire you will give my very kind love, and the love of all our people, to your kings and to all their people. Then the Governor rose up from his chair, and when he had called Ghesaont, the speaker to him, he took a coronation medal of the King's out of his pocket, and presented it to the Indians, in these words: That our children, when we are dead, may not forget these things, but keep this treaty between us in perpetual remembrance, I here deliver you a picture in gold, bearing the image of my great master, the King of all the English ; and when you return home I charge you to deliver this piece into the hands of the first man or greatest chief of all the Five Nations, whom you call Kannygoodk, to be laid up and kept as a token to your children's children, that an entire and lasting friendship is now established forever between the English, in this country, and the great Five Nations." By the approbation and direction of Gov. Keith, James Logan, secretary, held a discourse with Ghesaont, on the 0th ef July. Logan reminded Ghesaent ef the great 15 170 HISTORY OP satisfaction the Governor had expressed to him in th0 council upon their kind visit, and the freedom and openness that had been used to them on our parts, and therefore advised him if he had any thing in his thoughts further relating to the friendship established between us and the matters treated in council, he would open his breast in this free conversation, and speak it without reserve, and whatever he said on those heads should be reported faithfully to the Governor. Ghesaont then said, that he was very well pleased with what had been spoken. He saw the Governor and the English were true friends to the Five Nations, but as to their young people going out to war, which we chiefly insisted on ; the principal reason was that their young men were become very poor, they could get no goods nor clothing from the English, and therefore they went abroad to gain them from their enemies. That they had once a clear sky and sunshine at Albany, but now all was overcast ; they could no longer trade and and get goods as they had done, of which he could not know the reason, and therefore they had resolved to try whether it was the same among the other English Governments. To which Logan answered, that they had from the first settlement of New York and Albany, been in a strict league and friendship with that Government, and had always had a trade with and been supplied by them with goods they wanted. That it was true, for three or four years past, the French had come from Canada to Albany, in New York, and purchased and carried away great part of the goods, strovv^d waters, especially, sometimes three or four hundred pieces in a year, which the Five Nations ought to have had; but that now, another Governor being lately sent thither, from the LANCASTER COUNTY. 171 great King of England; he made a law that the French should not have any more goods from the English ; that this had been the reason of the clouds and dark weather they complained of; but that now a clear sunshine, as they desired, would be restored to them - that he very well kncvw this gentleman, the new Governor, that he had not long since been at Philadel- phia, and at his (the secretary's) house, and that he heard him say he would take care his Indians should be well supplied for the future, and accordingly they might depend on it. Ghesaont hereupon asked, whether they did not know that the French had for some years past, had the cloths from the English, answered, that they knew very well that these English goods went now in a new path, different from that they had formerly gone in, that they knew not where they went, but they went beside them and they could not get hold of them, though they much wanted them. The secretary proceeded to say, that as New York and Albany had been their most ancient friends, so they could best supply them, and they could certainly do it, if they continued in duty on their part; that they were sensible the great King of England had a regard for them, by the notice that he took of them almost every year ; that all the English, every where, were friends. — We were now very glad to see them, but wished for the future they would come to Philadelphia, as they formerly used to do; that he himself had seen their chiefs twice at Philadelphia^ the two years that William Penn was last here, and that when his son came over about three years after,, now about seventeen years ago, a considerable number of them came down and held a great eouiicil^ with us, aad therefore he hoped they^ 172 HISTORY OP would visit us then again, which would be much more convenient than so far back in the woods where it was difficult to accommodate them and ourselves, that, how- ever, we were glad to see them here. This they knew was a Government but lately settled, but that they were now going into two Governments that had been much longer seated, and were very rich, and would make them exceedingly welcome; that we saw them in the woods only, at a great distance from home, but they would see tlie Governors of Virginia and Maryland, at their own towns and houses, where they would entertain them much better; that they would be very kindly received, for we were all of one heart and mind, and should always entertain them as our brothers. Ghesaont took an opportunity of himself to enter again on the subject of their people making peace with the other Indians on the main. He said that he had in his own person labored for it to the utmost ; that he had taken more pains to have it established than all the English had done; that their people had lately made peace with the Tweuchtwese; that they had now a universal peace with all the Indians, excepting three small nations to the southward, with whom they hoped to have concluded upon his present journey by means of the Governor of Virginia; that his own desires were very strong for peace, as his endeavors had shewn, and that he doubted not to see it established every where. — He said the Governor had spoken veiy well in the coun- cil against their young men going to war, yet had not done it fully enough, for he should have told them positively that they should not on any account be suffered to go out to war, and he would have reported it accordingly, and this would have been a more effectual way to prevent them. LANCASTER COUNTY. 173 The secretary then proceeded to treat with them about the road they were to take, ^nd it was agreed that the chief of the Nanticokes, a sensible man, who was then present,, should conduct them from Conestogoe to their town, on Wye river, that they should be furnished with provi- sions for their journey sufficient to carry them among the inhabitants, after which they were directed, as the Governor had before ordered, that they should produce his passport to the gentlemen of the country Avhere they travelled, by whom they would be provided for ; and the Nanticoke chief was further desired, upon their leaving the Nanticoke towns, to direct them to some of the chief gentlemen and officers of those posts w^ho would un- doubtedly take care of them on sight of these passports, and thereby knowing their business, have them trans- ported over the bay of Annapolis. Being further asked how they would get an interpreter to Virginia where the Indians know nothing of their language, and some proposals being made to furnish them, they answered, there would be no occasion for any care of that kind, for they very well knew the Governor of Virginia had an interpreter of their language always with him. Provisions being then ordered for their journey, as also at their desire, some for those of their company, who with their women and children were to return directly home by water up the river Susquehanna, viz: a bag ot biscuit, some pieces of bacon and dried venison ; these matters were concluded with great expressions of thankfulness for the Governor's great care of them and their families, which kindness they said they never shoiiki fcffget. The discourse being continued, they were told it was now very near, viz: within one moon of thirty-seven. years since a great man of England, Governor of Vir- 15* 174 HISTORY OP ginia, called the Lord Effingham, together with Colonel Dongan, Governor of New York, held a treaty with them at Albany, of which we had the writings to this day. Ghesaont answered, they knew it well, and the sub- jects of that treaty, it was, he said about settling of lands. Bemg fmlher told, that in that treaty the Five Nations had given up all their right to all the lands on Susquehanna to the Duke of York, then brother to the King of England. He acknowledged this to be so, and that WiUiam Penn since had the rights of these lands. — To which Civility, a descendant of the ancient Sasque- hamiah Indians, the old settlers of these parts, but now reputed as of an Iroquois descent, added that he had been informed by their old men, that they were troubled, when they heard that their lands had been given up to a. place so far distant as New York, and that they were overjoyed when they miderstood William Pemi had brought them back again, and that they had confirmed, all theii- right to him. Divers questions were further asked him, especially concerning the French of Canada, their trade and fortifi- cations, on wiiich he said that the French had tlu-ee forts on this side the river of St. Lawrence, and between their towns and INIentual, furnished with great numbers of great guns, that the French drove a great trade with them, had people constantly in, or going to and coming from their towns, that the French kept young people in their tov/ns on purpose to learn the Indian language, which many of them now spoke as well as themselves ; that they had a great intercourse with them, that about thiee hundred of their men, viz : of the Five Nations, were seated on the other side of the great river, that the French had this last spring begun to build or to provida LANCASTKR COrXTT. 175 for building a fort at Niagara Falls, but they had since declined it ; he knew not for what reasons ; and they (the French) had sent to his town (the Isanandonas) this last winter a great deal of powder to be distributed among them, but nothing was done upon iL Being particularly asked whether the French had ever treated with tliem about any of their lands, or whether the Idians had ever granted the French any* He answered, no ! tliat his people knew the French too well to treat with diem about lands ; they had never done it, or ever gi'anted them any upon any account whatsoever, and of this he said, we might assure ourselves. Thus the day was spent in such discourses, with a pipe and some small mixed liquors, and the next morning Ghesaont, with the rest of his company, returning from the Indian town to John Cartledge, took their leaves very affec. tionately, with great expressions of thankfulness to the Governor and this Government for their kind receptioiL" Siiortly after the treaty held at Conestoga, the Go- vernor received mforniaUon that the Indians were likely to be disturbed by the secret and miderhanded practices a{ persons, both from INIarj'land and Philadelphia, who, under tlie pretence of finding a copper mine, were about to survey and take up lands on the other side of the Sus-. quehannah, contrary to a former order of Government; Keith determined to prevent this. He not only sent a special messenger with a writ under the lesser seal, but himself went to the upper parts of Chester county to locate a small quantity of land, for which he purchased an original proprietaiy right ; on his v/ay, he understood that some persons were actually come with a Mary land 7-ighJ: to survey lands upon the Susquehamia, fifteen miles above Conestoga; he pursued his course directly to that place, and fortunately arrived but a very 176 HISTORY OF few ho^urs in tune to prevent the execution of their design. "Having/* says Keith, "the Surveyor General of this province with me in company, after a Uttle consideration, I ordered him to locate and survey some part of the right I possessed, viz : only five hundred acres upon that spot on the other side of Susquehanna, which was likely to prove a bone of contention, and breed so much mischief, and he did so accordingly, upon the 4th and 5th of April ; after which I returned to Conestoga to discourse with the Indians upon what happened ; but in my way thither, I was very much surprised with a certain account that the young men of Conestoga had made a famous war dance the night before, and that they were all going to war immediately; hereupon, I appointed a council to be held with the Indians next morning in Civility's cabin.'^ The particulars of this meeting were never recorded. But before long the Indians became considerably alarmed, at the proposed encroachments of the Mary- landers; Governor Keith, shortly afterwards, held a council with the Indians at Conestoga, June 15, 1722, to procure from them a grant to survey a tract of land, known by the name of '^Springett Manor, ^^ in York county. Closely connected with the Maryland intrusions as to time, an accoimt of which has been presented, the fears . of the people of the province were again awakened by a quarrel between two brothers, named Cartledge, and an Indian, named Saanteenee, near Conestoga, in which the latter was killed, with many circimistances of cruelty. The known principles of revenge, professed by the Indians, gave reason to apprehend severe retaliation. — LANCASTER COUNTY. V7T Policy and justice required a rigid inquiry, and the infliction of exemplary punishment."* The Governor sent James Logan and Colonel French, and the high sheriff of the county of Chester, who left Philadelphia, March 7th, and arrived at the house of John Cartledge, the 9th, to exrecute their commission, and to investigate the whole matter connected with the death of Saanteenee. They then proceeded to Conestoga, where they held a council the 14th day of March, 1721-22, with the Indians, viz: Civility, Tannacharoe, Gunnehatorooja, Toweena, and other old men of the Conestogoe Indians, Savannah, diief of the Shawanese, Winjack, chief of the Gana- wese, Tekaachroo, a Cayoogoe, Oweeyekanowa, Nosh- targhkamen, Dela wares. Present, divers English and Indians — the acusecl were arrested, and confined at Philadelphia. Great pains, says Proud, were taken in this affair; an Indian messenger, Satcheecho, was despatched to the Five Nations. The Governor, with two of the council, met and treated with the Five Nations, at Albany, respecting it; besides the presents, which were made to the Indians. " The Five Nations desired that the Cart- ledges should not suffer death; and the affair was at length amicably settled." "One life," said the Indian King, " on this occasion, is enough to be lost, there should not two die."t In a preceding page we stated that the Marylanders attempted encroachments on the lands within the limits of Pennsylvania. Keith wa» determined to resist them by farce*, he ordered out a company of militia, from New Castle, to march to Ouchteraro, (Octoraro), where they were to await his further orders. His councils^j * Gordon's Pa. 188. f Votes of Assembly. 178 HISTORY OP however, who were disposed to resort to no violence^ even should the Marylanders employ force to gain their object, did not coincide with the Governor in these violent measures. The Indians had become greatly alarmed ; a council was held at Conestoga, on Friday and Saturday, the 15th and 16th June, 1722; when the Indians agreed, in order Governor Keith might have a better title to resist the Marylanders, that a large tract should be conveyed to him for the use of Springett Peim, grandson of William Penn, senior. The following is a copy of the minutes of the council, held at Conestoga: Present, Governor W. Keith, Colonel John French, Francis Worley, Esq.; the chiefs of the Conestogoe, Shawana and Ganaway Indians ; Smith, the Ganaway Indian, and James Le Tort, interpreters. The Governor spoke as follows : Friends and brothers, the belts which I lately received from the Five Nations, signify that they are on^ people with the English, and our very kind neighbors and friends. They invite me to come to them, and I purpose, in a short time, to go and meet them at Albany, and to make the chain as bright as the sun. When they see me, they will remem- ber their great friend William Penn; and then our hearts will be filled with love, and our councils with peace. Friends and brothers, you say you love me, because I come from your father, William Penn, to follow his ways, and to fulfil all his kind promises to the Indians. You call me William Penn, and I am proud of the name you give me. But if we have a true love for tlie memory of William Fenn, we must show it to his family and his children,, that are grown up to be men in England,, and will soon come over to represent him here. The last time I was with you at Conestogoe, you, LANCASTER COUNTY. 179 showed me a parchment which you had received from Wilham Penn, containing many articles of friendship between him and you, and between his children and your children. You then told me, he desired you to remember it well for three generations ; but I hope you and your children will never forget it. That parchment fully declared your consent to William Penn's purchase and right to the lands on both sides of the Susquehanna. But I find both you and we are likely to be disturbed by idle people from Maryland, and also by others* who h ave presumed to survey on the banks of the Susque- hanna without any powers from William Penn or his children, to whom they belong, and without so much as asking your consent. I am therefore now come to hold a council and consult with you how to prevent such unjust practices for the future. And hereby we will show our love and respect for the great William Penn's children, who inherit their father's estate in this country, and have a just right to the hearty love and friendship of all the Indians, promised to them in many treaties. I have fully considered this thing; and if you approve my thoughts, I will immediately cause to be taken a large tract on the other side of Susquehanna, for the grandson of William Penn, who is now a man as tall as I am. For when the land is marked with his name upon the trees, it will keep off the Marylanders, and every other person whatsoever, from coming to settle near you to disturb you. And he bearing the same kind heart to the Indians which his grand-father did, will be glad to give you a part of his land for your *One John Grist and divers others, had, without warrants, or permission, settled their families, and taken up lands on the west side of the Susquehanna, prior to 1721.— CoZ. Rec. III. 133. 180 HISTORY OP own use and convenience ; but if other people take it up, they will make settlements upon it, and then it will not be in his power to give it you as you want it My friends and brothers, those who have any wisdom amongst you, must see and be convinced that what I now say is entirely for your good; for this will •effectually hinder and prevent any person from settling lands on the other side of Susquehanna, according to your desire ; and, consequently, you will be secure from being disturbed by ill neighbors, and will have all that land at the same time in your own power to make use of This will also beget a true hearty love and friend- ship between you, your children, and the great William Penn's grandson, who is now Lord of all this country in the room of his grand-father. It is therefore fit and necessary for you to begin as soon as you can to express your respect and love to him. He expects it from you according to your promises in many treaties, and he will take it very kindly. Consider, then, my brothers, that I am now giving you an opportunity to speak your thoughts lovingly and freely unto this brave young man, William Penn^s grand-son; and I, whom you know to be your true friend, will take care to write down your words, and to send them to England, to this gentleman, who will return you a kind answer ; and so many hearts will be made glad to see that great William Penn still lives in his children to love and serve the Indians. Council met on the 16th. The Indians rephed through Tatveriea, spokesman: They have considered af what the Governor proposed to them yesterday, and think it a matter of very great consequence to them to hinder the Marylanders from settling or taking up lands so near them upon Susquehanna. Tliey very much approve LANCASTER COUNTY. -181 what the Governor spoke, and like his counsel to them very well; but they are not willing to discourse particu- larly on the business of land, lest the Five Nations may reproach or blame them. They declare again their satisfaction to them in coun- cil; and although they know <;hat the Five Nations have not any right to their lands, and that four of the towns do not belong to any, yet the fifth town, viz: the Cayugoes, are always claiming some right to the lands on the Susquehanna, even where they themselves live; wherefore they think it will be a proper time, when the Governor goes to Albany, to settle that matter with the Cayugoes, and then all parties will be satisfied. They asked the Governor whereabouts, and what quantity of land, does he propose to survey for Mr. Penn ? It is answered, from over against the mouth of Conestoga creek, up to the Governor's new settlement, and so far back from the river, as that no person can come to annoy or disturb them in their towns on this side. They proceed and say, that they are at this very apprehensive that people will come when the Governor is gone to Albany, and survey this land; wherefore they earnestly desire that the Governor will immediately cause the surveyor to come and lay out the land for William Penn's grand -son, to secure them ; and they doubt not but the Governor's appearance and con- duct afterwards at Albany, will make all things easy there."* Having obtained the consent from the Indians, the Governor issued his warrant, June 18th, and on the 19th *A congress of several Governors, of New York, Pennsyl* vania and Virginia, and commissioners were held in September- 1722, with the Six Nations, at Albany ; and the ancient friend, ship was renewed, 16 182 HISTORY OP and 20th, June, Springettsbury Manor made by CoL John French, Francis Worley and James Mitchell.--- They had been directed, by the Governor, to take with them such of the neig^hboring inhabitants as they thotight fit to call to their assistance, immediately to cross the river Susquehanna, and to survey or cause to be sur- veyed, marked and located, the quantity of seventy thousand acres, or thereabouts.* There was a council held at Conoy town, July, 1722, ill Donegal township. James Mitchell, Esq. and Mr. James Le Tort, were desired to be present with the chiefs of the Conestogoes, Sawaneis, and Conoys, together with seven chief men of the Nanticoke Indians, who were upon a journey to the Five Nations, in order to renew former friendship, and strengthen it in miity for time to come. Anxious to make the best of their journey, they determined upon having the best inter- preter they could find at Conoy town, they made appli- cation to Captain Smitii, to accompany them; but in consequence of having engaged to accompany Governor Keith to Albany, in August, he declined. Mr. Mitchell hastened to inform Governor Keith of the presence of the Nanticokes, who were a peaceable people, and lived quietly amongst the English, in Maryland. About the year 1723, a number of Germans, lately from Schoharie, New York, settled on the Swatara and Tulpehocken creeks. It may be interesting to readers to know how these Germans came to Tulpehocken. On a proclamation of Queen Anne, of England, 1708, some three or four thousand Germans went in 1709, to Holland, and were thence transported to England. — *Col. Rec. III. 195. LANCASTER COUNTY. 1S3 They encamped near London. In 1710, Col. Nicholson, and Colonel Schuyler, accompanied by five sachems or Indian chiefs, returned from America to England, to solicit additional force against Canada.* While in London, the chiefs of the confederated Indians saw the miserable condition of the Germans, and commiserating their case, one of them voluntarily presented the Queen a tract of his land in Schoharie, New York, for the use and benefit of the Germans.! About this time. Colonel Robert Hunter, appointed Governor of New York, sailing for America, brought with him about three thousand of these Germans or Palatines, to the town of New York, where they encamped several months, and in the fall of 1710, were moved, at the Queen's expense, to Livingston District. In this wilderness home, it was allotted them, that they should manufacture tar and raise hemp to repay freightage, from Holland to England, and thence to New York.! In this business, they were unsuccessful. However, they were released of all freightage upon them in 1713. About one hundred and fifty of the families, willing to avail themselves of the advantages of their present from the Indians to Queen Anne, moved through a dense forest, to Schoharie, west of Albany, and seated themselves among their Maqua or Mohawk friends. Here their sufferings, for a while, were great ; they were deprived of nearly all the neces- saries of life. Their neighbors, like Indians, " are wont *His. N. Y. 39, Holmes, An. I. 501. fHallische Nachrichten, 973—981 JDiese Teutche Colonie solte Theer brennen und Hanf bauen, fuer Erstattung ihrer Fracht von Holland bis England, und von da bis nacU Neuyork.— //. M, MueUeriberg^ Hal, Nach. p. 974. 184 HISTORY OF not to do^^ — ^laid up no stores from which they could supply the wants of their white brethren — depending^ entirely upon Nature's store-house ; believing that their hands were not made to labor with, but to have rule over the birds of the air, the fishes of the stream^ and the game in Nature's park. In Schoharie, having permission from the Indians, this colony commenced, under discouraging circumstances, improving lands and building houses. They labored for ten years, when they were dispersed; and in 1723, a portion of them, surrounded by difficulties in travelling, rising of tiiree hundred miles, seated themselves, some eighty or ninety miles from Philadelphia, at Swatara and Tulpehocken.* Among this number were the Weisers,t whose descendants are numerous and respectable ; these are the Muhlenbergs and others. *HaUische Nachrichten. fConrad Weiser, who remained in New York, when his father came here in 1723, arrived at Tulpehocken in 1729. In a subsequent page the reader will find a notice of C. W, LANCASTER COUNTY. 135 CHAPTER V. Donegal township organized — First settlers — Harris's attempt to settle at Oonoy — Settles at Paxton — Settlement commenced by Barber, Wright and Blunston — Settlements back from the river — Reamstown settlement — Welsh settlement — Weber's Thai settled — Settlement at Sacuc Schwamm, or New Holland — Germans misrepresented — Committee appointed to inquire into the facts ; makes report — Thomas Wright killed by the Indians — Inhabitants of the upper part of Chester county alarmed — Governor Gordon goes to Conestoga and holds a treaty with the Indians — Returns to Philadelphia — Note ; Iron Works. As the population of the county increased, it was found necessary to organize new townships. Donegal was organized in the year 1722, and David Jones appointed constable. The first settlers of Donegal were principally Irish emigrants; they were the Semples, Pattersons, Mitchells, Hendrickses, Speers, Galbraiths, Andersons, ^otts, Lowreys, Pedans, Porters, Sterrits, Kerrs, Works, Litles, Whitehills, Campbells, and others. James Mitchell and James Hendricks, were justices of the peace. Many of the lineal descendants, of the first settlers, are still the owners of their ancestor's first possessions. John Harris, a native of Yorkshire, who commenced, after\A^ards, a settlement at Paxton, first made an attempt to settle near the mouth of Conoy creek, not far from the present site of Bainbridge. Harris did not think this a propitious spot ; for, it appears, this place was fre- quented by more northern Indians, on their southern excursions, Avhich excited considerable alarm.* Go- vernor Spottswood, of Virginia, in a letter to* the Governor of Pennsylvania, says: "A number of Penn- *CoI. Rec. HI. 53—90. 16* 186 HISTORY OF sylvania Indians, while on their return from the south, when they had committed several robberies and out- rages, stopped at Conoytown, May 20 , 1,719, and while there, the Indians sent for John Cartledge, Esq. — On his arrival, they sat doim before him in a gi^and council of war, produced fifteen prisoners, bade him discourse with two of them that spoke English. Cartledge found they were natives of Virginia; he interceded for their lives and liberties ; but the Indians turned a deaf ear to his entreaties, and gave him to understand, that they intended to continue in their dire perpetrations of out- rages upon the Virginians, declaring, they had made a clear path tp pass and repass, to and from the southward, having removed all obstacles out of the way, and that they expected to have free recourse for their people amongst the English plantations, whilst they were making war."* The apprehension of insecurity may have influenced Harris to abandon this place, and locate at Paxton. John Harris, the first vv^hite settler at Paxton, the present site of Harrisburg, ^^experienced much difficulty at his first settlement, as his supplies had to be trans- ported on horses, a great distance. He was an extensive Indian trader; and he was also the first person who introduced the plough on the Susquehanna, within the present limits of Dauphin county. His son John, the founder of Hamsburg, is said to have been born at the present site of Harrisburg or im- mediately below it, in 1726 ; and he is also said to have been the first white child born in Pennsylvania, west of the Conewago Hills. He died in 1791, aged 65 y«ars." *Col. Rec.III. 79. LANCASTER COUNTY. 187 ^' An incident in the life of John Harris, the elder, has excited considerable interest^, and been the subject of much inquiry. On one occasion, a band of Indians, who had b^en down the river, or, as is said, to the east, on a trading excursion, came to his house — some, or most of them,, were intoxicated — they asked for him, meaning West India rum, as the modern whiskey was not then manufactured in Pennsylvania. Seeing they were already intoxicated, he feared mischief, if he gave them more, and he refused. They became enraged, and seized and tied him. to the Mujberry tree to burn him. — Whilst they were proceeding to execute their purpose, he was released, after a struggle, by other Indians of the neighborhood, who generally came across the river. — How the alarm was given to them, whether by firing a gun or otherwise, or by whom, is not certainly known. — . In remembrance Qf this event, he afterwards directed that on his. death he should be buried under the Mul- berry tree, which had been the scene of this adventure. Part of the trunk of this tree, is still standing. It is ten feet high, up to the lowest limbs, and the stump is eleven feet six inches in circumference.^' John Harris, died about 1 74,8^T-probably in December,* and was buried where he had directed — under the shade of his own memorable tree — and there his remains still repose, with those of some of his children, The title to the grave yard, to the extent of fifteen feet square, is secured by conveyance from the commissioners who laid out the town. In the words of Parson Elder. who knew John Harris, well, '^He was as honest a man, as ever broke bread.^^ A settlement was commenced in 1726, on the Susque- hanna, south of the Chiques Hil], by Robert Barber, *EsQ. Geo. W. Harris' letter, dated August 10, 1843, 18S HISTORY OP John WrighJ and Samuel Bliinston, Quakers. The first mentioned took up and purchased one thousand acres, hounded by the Chiques Hill on the north, and extending down the Susquehanna to the present site of Columbia. Having his warrant, Mr. Barber returned to Chester, and in 1727, in company with John Wright and Samuel Blunston, and famihes, came and settled on the land he had purchased. Samuel Blunston took five htmdred acres, adjoining the Chiques Hill, and built a house where Mr. S. B. Heise now resides. He died without issue, and his estate descending to collateral heirs, is now held by the Misses Bethel. John Wright, (who had come from Lancashire, Eng- land, to Chester county, on the Delaware river, in 1714,) took two hundred and fifty acres of the land lying south, and immediately belov/ Blunston's, and built where the Messrs. Weights now reside. Two large Walnut trees, of the English species, planted by him more than one hundred years ago, continue to designate the place of his first improvement. Kis descendants continue to reside in Columbia, and hold part of the first purchase. These three gentlemen were active and enterprising and useful citizens. Their names are intimately asso- ciated with all the earlier transactions of Lancaster county, as will appear from the sequel of our History. " WTien they first settled here, and for some time, says William Wright, grandson of John Wright, in a letter* to George Ford, Esq., they had to depend on the Darby Mills for flour, which tliey carried on pack-horses through the woods along an Indian path to the Susque- hanna. The Indians, who were very good neighbors, and the only ones tliey had, often supplied them with *Datcd Columbia, 2 mo. 25, 1842. LANCASTER COUXTY. 189 game ; in return, they looked for nothing but bread and milk, of which they were very fpnd. When their supply of flour run low, they had to hide their bread. The Indians had no idea of any thing being withheld; whilst either party had it, all should partake." The descendants of these pioneers still reside in the county. This settlement ^on attracted the attention of others. — Repugnant as they are in feelings, the Irish and Germans soon afterwards established themselves as neighbors, living on terms of ii>timacy for a while. In newly settled countries all is sociability, and perfect friendship prevails. Former distinct nationalities are not cherished; yet never forgotten. German and Irish are opposites. The land back from the river was settled principally by Germans: Forrys, Stricklers, Garbers, and others.^- Their first purchase was, it is said, from an old woman named Mary Ditcher,'' who used to go through the country making what was called improvements — a few sticks piled together, a fire kindled, and a pot hung over it, constituted a first right. Those who could pay for the land had first choice, but these improvements were generally bought for a trifle by those able to pay for the lands. This old Mary Ditcher seems to have been rather a singular personage. She is described as wandering through the woods, leading an old horse, her only property, with her knitting in her hand, and clad in a garment chiefly of sheep-skin. Hempfield township was so called from the great quan- tity of hemp raised there. Manor, from lands reserved by the proprietors. The settlers adjoining Barber's and Wright's, were Irish families, named Patton, who gave name to the hill and the current below, called Patton's ♦Haz. Reg. IX. 113. 190 HISTORY OF current. It has been said there was once a great slaughter of the Indians at that place, by a party of cruel men, headed by a person named Bell. In the neighborhood were many places said to be graves of the Indians, and it was believed that a piece of cannon lay sunk in the current. Below this, the settlers were Geraians: Stinemans, Kauffmans, Herrs, Rupleys. — The township (where Wright first settled) above, was called Donegal by the Irish settlers, Andersons, Cooks, Tates, Kays. In the noith-eastern part of the county, a settlement was commenced about the year 1723 or 4, by Everhard Ream, whose descendants still reside in the village called after the first settler and proprietor. This place, like many others, was occupied solely by the Indians, at the time Mr. Ream located here. He ventured with his wagon and horse into the woods, where he unloaded his '-''fix- tures and furniture,^^ under a large oak tree that spread its extended boughs over him and his small family till he had put up a rude hut of logs, which he built upon what is now Lesher's farm. His nearest mill was on the Brandy wine, and his nearest neighbors, the Mulbachers, then living on Mill creek. After clearing a small spot, he procured a warrant and located about four hundred acres; afterwards, in 1725, received a patent for the same. Some of his first or early neighbors, who had been attracted by the improved spot and fine water, were Bucher, Huber, Walter, Keller, Schwarzwalder, Leader, Schneider, Killion, Dock, Forney, Rupp, Balmer, May, Mayer, Ilahn, Resler, Beyer, Leet, Schlott, Graf, Wolf, Feierstein, Weidman, and others. At the very infancy of the Pennsylvania colony, a number of Welsh, of sterling worth and excellent charac- LANCASTER COUNTY. 191 ter, arrived ill the province in 16S2. "They had early purchased of the proprietary, in England, forty thousand acres of land, and settled west of the Schuylkill, In a few years their number was so much augmented, that they had settled^ before 1692, six townships in the lower counties. The Welsh custom, and that of the Swiss and Pala- tines, in settling new countries, were similar in many respects. At first they would send persons across the Atlantic, to take up land for them, and made some preparations for the reception of their families. Among the Welsh, who acted as pioneer, was the well known Rowland Ellis, who sent over Thomas Owen and lamily to make a settlement, and as soon as Owen had made some improvements, in which he spent a few years, Ellis, and one hundred other Welsh passengers, arrived in 16S6. In 16 93, other Welsh families arrived; among whom were William Jones, Thomas Evans, Robert Evans, Owen Evans, Cadwallader Evans, Hugh Griffitli, Edward Foulke, Johii Humphrey, Robert Jones, and others, who purchased ten thousand acres of land of Robert Turner, in Guinedd township, Chester county. Another settlement was commenced, about the year 1722 or 3, by the Welsh, extending up as far as to the present site of Churchtown. Among the principal settlers vv'ere Torbet, Douglas, E. Davis, A. Billing, Z. Davis, Spenger, Henderson, Evans, Ford, Lardner, Morgan, Robinet, Edwards, Jenkins. While the Welsh were making improvements, a few miles south of Allegany;* a region on the Tulpehocken, *The country along Alleghany creek, a small stream v/hich enters Tulpehocken, is still known by that name. 192 HISTORY OP some Swiss and Germans settled in Weher Thai, south of Conestoga creek, so called from the Webers, or Weavers, who took up between two and three thousand acres of land, in 1723 or 4. George Weber and Hans Guth, brothers-in-law, Jacob Weber and Henry Weber, all Swiss, were the first settlers contiguous to the Welsh. Guth located north-east from the Webers. — The plain, or thai, was timberless when the first settlers commenced. Guth or Good settled in Brecknock town- ship, where a numerous connexion of them reside. The Webers and Guths had, previous to taking up land here, lived some twelve or fifteen years near Lancaster. They were a young family, seeking a place of permanent abode, where they have since become both wealthy and numerous.* George, the oldest of the three brothers, had three sons and two daughters : Hans, Henry, Samuel, Maria and Magdalena. The present generation of Weavers still possess the lands of their ancestors. Some of them have moved to the ''Far IVestp others to Canada. The Webers were soon *The following, v/hich we copied at the house of Samuel Weaver, in 1842, may give the reader some idea of the mumerical strength of the family. Christian Weaver's father was a native of Switzerland. Christian Weaver was born in Earl township, Lancaster county, Pa. Dec 25, 1731— married Sept. 30, 1749, to Miss Magdalen Ruth — lived 55 years in a state of matrimony, and 16 years as a widower. He was a member of the Mennonite church. Died of a lingering disease, Feb. 13, 1820, aged 88 years, 1 month, 1 week and 2 days. Had eight sons and five daughters. Of the seven sons and five daughters were born, before C. W's. death, and living at the time, 99 grand- children, 88 grand children's children, and 55 great grand chilhren's children. His lineal descendants were 309. Henry .Martin preached his funeral discourse. Text, John, 14, 12, 13. LAIS'CASTEB. COUNTS. 193 joined by the Martins, Schneders, Millers, Zimmermans, Ruths, and many others, principally Mennonites. During the year 1727, rising of one thousand Pala- tines arrived in Pennsylvania; among these were the Dieffenderfers, Ekmans, Meyers, Bowmans, Eberlees, Zugs, Shultzes, Funks, Frans, and others, v/hose descendants constitute a portion of the inhabitants of Lancaster county.* Two brothers, Alexander and John Dieffenderfer, sailed from Rotterdam,! arrived at Phila- delphia in the month of September ; Alexander settled in Oley, now Berks county, and John at Saeue Schwamm, now New Holland, hi the woods. His grand-son, David, son of Michael Dieffenderfer, now in his ninety- second year,:j: informed us that his grand-father's house- *They were of those who first subscribed a "writing, de- claring their allegiance to the King of Great Britain, and ndelity to the proprietary of the province." The paper wad drawn up in these words : "We, subscribers, natives and late inhabitants of the Palatinate upon the Rhine, and places adja- cent, having transported ourselves and families into this province of Pennsylvania, a colony subject to the Crown of Oreat Britain, in hopes and expectation of finding a retreat and peaceable settlement therein, do solemnly promise and engage, that we will be faithful and bear true allegiance to his present Majesty, King George the Second, and his suc- cessors. Kings of Great Britain, and will be faithful to the Proprietor of this province ; and that we will demean our- selves peaceably to all his said majesty's subjects, and strictly observe and conform to the laws of England and of this province, to the utmost of our power and best of our under- standing." fThey sailed in the Ship Wilham and Sarah, William Hill, master. There were ninety Palatine families, making in all about 400 persons, in this ship. — Col. Rec. III. 390. |See a brief sketch of his public life, at the close of this ■chapter. 17 194 HISTORY OB' hold goods were brought from Philadelphia, by one Martin, and unloaded under an Oak tree. In the course of a few days after their arrival, a hut or cabin was erected by the aid of the neighbors, who were kind; and the goods snugly housed, and the family comfortably situated. Michael, David's father, was then a child. The neighbors were attentive in relieving their wants, and supplying them with necessaries. Mr. Bear bestowed them a cow; Mr. Martin and Hans Graaf, some flour and meat. Shortly afterwards, other German families settled here ; among these were Ranck, Bachert, Beck, Af-y^s^ Brimmer, Koch, Hinkel, Schneider, Seger, Stehly, Brubacher, Meixel, Diller, and others. The caprice of Keith, induced him to receive the application of the Swiss and Germans, with perfect indifference. They applied as early as 1721 ; but the consideration of their petition was procrastinated, days, months and years, till 1724, and then only was leave granted to bring in a bill to naturalize them, on the hu- n'^iliating condition, provided each Swiss or German should individually obtain from a justice of the peace, a certificate of the value of his property, and the nature of his religious faith — not enough yet — a representation is made (1727) to Governor Gordon Keith's successor ; " that a large number of Germans, peculiar in their dress, religion, and notions of political Governments, had settled on Pequea, and were deter- mined not to obey the lawful authority of Government; that they had resolved to speak their oicn language, (a grave charge indeed !) and to acknowledge no soA^ereign, but the Great Creator of the Universe." There was, perhaps, never a people who feel less disposed to disobey the lawful authority of Government than the Mennonites, against whom these charges were LANCASTER COUNTY. 195 made. In justice to them, we shall digress from our narrative, and introduce their own sentiments on this subject: ^*We dedicate ourselves to tht security of good Government, and the preservation of human life. As Christ commanded Peter to pay tribute to Cesar, so we shall always pay our taxes. We are subject to high authority, as Paul advises, for those in authority bear not the sword in vain to execute wrath, but to exercise mercy. We hope and pray, that we may not offendo-— May God govern the hearts of our rulers, that they do those good things which will add to their own, and our happiness.^' It is also well known, that it was owing to their con- scientious scruples to take up arms against the mother country, to whom they had vowed loyalty, that they were the last to resist a high authority; but no sooner had the American Independence been acknowledged — lawful authority established — than they obe^^ed the rulers of their country. They have never, as a class, or as individuals, so far as we know, been disloyal, trouble- some, or expensive to Government. They pay their taxes regularly ; support the poor of their faith, at their own expense : You look in vain in the poor-house for any of their brethren or sisters. To add food to keep alive jealousies, and excite mis- givings against the Germans, "it was reported that some thousands were expected to arrive in the ensuing season of 1727." It is true that three hundi'ed and forty-eight Palatine families, making in all twelve hundred and forty persons, did arrive.* They came not as disloyalists, but •The number of German emigrants, during 1728, was less than the preceding year, only 152 families, consisting of 390 persons arrived at Philadelphia; during 1729 it was stillless ; only 243 Palatine passengers arrived. Strange, that this nura- 196 HISTORY 01? were encouraged to come to Pennsylvania to settle and improve the country, upon the invitation of the proprie- tary. Their industry and utiUty had before that period been proverbial. This information, and the report of expected arrivals,, were laid before tlie Assembly, whereupon William Webb, Samuel Hollingsworth, and John Carter, were appointed a committee to inquire into the facts, and make report to the next House. These gentlemen investigated the grave charges, and in 1758, made a report favorable to the Germans and Swiss, who had been invited by the original proprietary, William ; "that they had honestly paid for their lands, and were a quiet and industrious people, honestly discharging their civil and religious duties. But that some had made a settlement on lands without any right, and refused to yield obedience to the Government; that those persons had entered this colony from that of New York," says the report, &c. — These .some, were but few who had settled " upon Tul- pahaca creek," about the year 1722, or 23. These, "from New York," had settled on the Tulpehocken lands, by Governor Keith's permission. They were thirty-three families in 1723 with other natives of Germany, who were by the bounty and goodness of Queen Anne induced to -transport themselves and ber should alarm the Government so much as to pass an act laying a duty of forty shillings, per head, on aliens, i. e. Ger- mans, Swiss, Dutch and French!!! The influx of paupers — not Germans — which was so great during 1729, should have excited more alarm-, than the few aliens. During the year 1729, there were of English and Welsh pas- sengers and servants, 267, Scotch servants, 43, /ris/i passengers and servants, 1155, Palatine (alien, or 40 shilling head) passen- gers, 243 ; by the way of New Castle, chiefly passengers and servants from Ireland, 4500.— /rM«-/i. His. Acct. 163. LANCASTER COUNTY. 197 families to the colony of New York, in 1710, or 1711, where they settled. But their families increasing, and being in that Government confined to the scanty allow- ance of ten acres of land to each family, whereupon they could not well subsist, being informed of the kind recep- tion which the Germans usually met within the province of Pennsylvania, and hoping they might, with what substance they had, acquire larger settlements in the province of Pennsylvania, did leave their settlements in New York, and came with their families; applied^to the Governor, who granted them permission to settle." The names of many of these are still preserved recorded, viz : Johannes Yans, Peter Ritt, Conrad Schitz, Paltus Unsf, Toritine Serbo, Josap Sab, Jorge Ritt, Godfreyt Filler, Johannes Claes Shaver, Io» Hameler Ritt, Antonis Shart, Johan Peter Pacht, Jocham Michaei Cricht, Sabastian Pisas, Andrew Falborn."'^ As the settlements were now becoming numerous, and settlers located in various parts, they came frequently and more closely in contact with the Indians ; and in despite of the efforts of the Government to prevent bloodshed, owing to some violence on the part of both whites and natives, a person named Thomas Wright was killed by some Indians at Snaketown, forty miles above Conestoga. John Wright addressed a letter, carried by Jonas Deven- port, to Secretary Logan, at Philadelphia, which was laid before the council, Sept. 27, 1727. The account in the letter stated, that on the 11th of September, several Indians, together with one John Burt, an Indian trader, and Thomas Wright, were drinking near the house of Burt, who was singing and dancing with the Indians, and the said Wright ; Burt bade Wright to knock down the Indian, whereupon Wright laid hold of the Indian^ *Col. Rec. III. 341. 17* 198 HisTORr or but did not beat him, that afterwards Burt struck the Indian several blows with the fist, that the said Wright and Burt afterwards returned into the house where the Indians followed them and broke open the door, that while Wright was endeavoring to pacify them, Burt called out for his gun, and continued to provoke them more and more ; that hereupon said Wright fled to the hen- house to hide himself, whither the Indians pursued him, and next morning he was found dead. The inquisition on the body set forth, that the said Wright came to his death by several blows on his head, neck and temples, which the jurors said, they believe, were done by the In- dians. This quarrel arose from too free use of rum, sold by Burt, the Indian trader.* About this time the colonists of Pennsylvania were much anno^^ed by non-resident Indians, who frequently, in small parties, roved on the borders of the settlements, and stimulated by drink and cupidity, committed out- rages upon the persons and property of the inhabitants. This was the case in the settlements on Manatay creek, which empties into the Schuylkill, thirty miles above Philadelphia, t In the spring of 1728, the inhabitants of the upper part of Chester oounty, were considerably alarmed, in view of a quarrel that was likely to ensue between the Indians of these parts and the Shawanese, wlio had killed two of the Conestogoe Indians. Mr. Wright acquainted the Governor by letter that the Indians seemed to prepare for war, and that therefore his presence was desired as necessary to settle these differences, which might, in the end, affect the peace of the people of the province. In the back parts of the county, whole »Col. Rec. III. 302. fGordon, 206. lANCASTER COTJNTT. Il99» families had left their habitations, through fear of being attacked by the Indians* The Governor and council paid strict attention to the representations of Mr. Wright, and made necessary arrangements to go to the seat of disturbance to recon- cile those at enmity. The Governor, attended with some members of the council, and divers other gentle-- men, to the number of about thirty, set out from Phila- delphia, May 22, 1728, and on the evening of the 23rd, arrived at the house of Mr. Andrew Cornish, about a mile distant from Indiantown. Here they spent the 24th and 2:5th, in waiting for some other persons expected at the treaty and in mutual civilities; and) on the 26th, the treaty began at the Indian town of Conestogoe. Present: The Hon. Patrick Gordon,. Esq., Lieut. Go- vernor, some members of council and divers other gen- tlemen. Present, also, viz: Ganyataronga, Tawenna, Tanniatchiaro, Taquatarensaly, alias Captain Civility,, chiefs of the Conestogoe Indians; Oholykon, Peyeas- hiskon, Wikimikyona, chiefe of some of the Delaware Indians, on Brandywine;. Howlckyoma, Skayanannego, Omieygheat, Nanamakamen,. Peyhiohinas, chiefs of the Ganawese Indians; Weysow-walow,. Keyscykakalow Nichtamskakow,. chiefs of the Shawanese. Shakawtawlin, or Sam,, interpreter from the Delaware into the Shawanese and Mingoe,. {alias Conestogoe). — Pomapechtoa, interpreter from the Delaware into the Ganawese- language. Nicholas Scull, John Scull, and Peter Bizallion, assistant interpreters. The Governor spoke as follows: My friends and brethren, you are sensible that tlie great William Peun,^ the father of this country, when he first brought his people with him over the broad sea, took all the Indians,, the old inhabitants, by the hand, and because he found 200 HISTORY OF them to be sincere, honest people, he took them to his heart and loved them as his own. He then made a strong league and chain of friendship with them, by which it was agreed that the Indians and English, with all the christians, should be as one people. Your friend and father, William Penn, still retained a warm affection for all the Indians, and strictly commanded those whom he had sent to govern this people to treat the Indians as his children, and contirmed in tli^s kind love for them until his death. His sons have now sent me over in their stead, and they gave me strict charge to love all the Indians as their brethren, and as their father, William Penn, loved you. I would have seen you before this time, but I fell sick soon after I came over, and continued so until next spring. I then waited to receive some of the Five Nations who came to see me at Philadelphia, and last fall I heard you were all gone hunting. I am now come to see you, and to renew the ancient friendship which has been between William Penn's people and you. I was in hopes that Sassoonan and Opekasset, with their people, would have been likewise here; they have sent me kind messages and have a warm love for the christians. I believe they will come to me at Philadelphia, for since they could not get hither I have desired them to meet me there. I am now to discourse with my brethren, the Conestogoes, Delawares, Ganawese and Shawanese Indians upon Susquehanna, and to speak in love to them. My brethren, ^^ou have been faithful to yoiw leagues with us, your hearts have been clean, and you have preserved the chain from spots or rust, or, if there were any, you have been careful to wipe them away. Your leagues with your father, William Penn, and with his LANCASTER COimTT. 201 Governors, are in writing on record, that our children's children may have them in everlasting remembrance. — And we know that you preserve the memory of those things amongst you by telling them to your children, and they again to the next generation, so; tliat tliey remained stamped on yom* minds never to be forgot.. The chief heads or strongest links of this chain, I find are these nine, viz : 1. That all William Penn's people or christians, and all the Indians should be brethren, the children: of one father, joined together as with one heart, one head, and one body. 2. That all paths should be open and free to both christians and Indians. 3. That the doors of the- christian's house should be open to the Indians, and the houses of the Indians to the christians, and that they should make each other welcome as friends. 4. That the christians should not believe any false rumors or reports of the Indians, nor the Indians believe any such rumors or reports of the christians, but should first come as brethren to inquire of each other; and that both christians and Indians when they hear such false reports of their brethren, should bury them as in a bot- tomless pit. 5. That if the christians heard any ill news that may be to the hurt of the Indians, or the Indians hear any such ill news that may be to the injury of the christians, tliey should acquaint each other with it speedily, as true friends and brethren. 6. That the Indians should do no more any manner of harm to the christians, nor their creatures, nor the chris- tians do any hurt to any Indians, but each trust the other as their brethren. 202 HISTORY OF 7. But as there are wicked people in all nations, if either Indians or christians should do any harm to each other, complaint should be made of it by the persons suffering that right may be done, and when satisfaction is made, the injury or wrong should be forgotten, and be buried as in a bottomless pit. 8. That the Indians should in all things assist the cliristians, and the christians assist the Indians against all wicked people that would disturb them. 9. And lastly, that both christians and Indians should acquaint their children with this league and firm chain of friendship made between them, and that it should always be made stronger and stronger, and be kept bright and clean, without rust or spot between our children, while the creeks and rivers run, and while the sun and moon and stars endure. And for a confirmation on our parts all these several parcels of goods, viz : twenty strowd match coats, twenty duffels, twenty blankets, twenty shirts, one hundred pounds of gmipowder, two hundred pounds of lead, five hundred flints and fifty knives. After which the Governor proceeded and said: My brethren, I have now spoke to the league and chain of friendship, first made by your father, William Penn, with your fathers, which is confirmed. I am now to acquaint you with an mihappy accident that has aflhcted me and all good people amongst us, and we lament and mourn with you on the heavy misfortune. About forty days ago we heard that the Twechtweys* were coming as enemies against this country. I believe *This intelligeuce was commmiicated to the Governor by James Le Tort, Indian trader, then at Philadelphia, who had just come from Chenasy, in the upper parts of the river Sus« quehannah.— Co/. Rec, HI. 312. LANCASTER COUNTY. 203 it is false, for we never hurt the Twechtweys; and about eighteen days since, I received an express from the Iron Works at Mahanatawny,* acquainted me that eleven foreign Indians, painted for war, and armed with guns, pistols and swords, were come amongst our inhabitants, plundering them and taking away their provisions by force, whereupon some of our people, to the number of twenty men, with arms, went to speak to them civilly, but the Indians fired upon them and wounded some of them; our men likewise fired on the Indians and wounded some of them also, but the Indians fired first.t It was very ill done to fire. As soon as I heard this account, I took my horse and went to Mahanatawny, with several gentlemen of Philadelphia ; but the Indians were gone off. I found om: people believed there were more coming, and there- lore some hundreds met together with their arms to defend themselves in case the Indians should attack them. As I was retimiing home, I heard news that grieved me exceedingly. I was told that two or three furious men amongst us had killed three of our Indian friends and hurt two girls. I went back mourning, and sent out men to take the murderers, who were accordingly taken, and they are now in irons in a dungeon to be tried by the laws of the Great King of all the English, as if they had killed so many of his own subjects. I have likewise caused search to be made for the dead bodies, and two women were fomid murdered, who, by my order, were laid in a grave and covered with shirts and strowds. I hear likewise that the dead body of an Indian man has been found and was buried. *About 30 miles above Philadelphia, in Berks county. jThey were non-resident Indians, headed by a Spanish Indian— Co/. Rec. III. 321. ^0^ msTOHY OP You know there are wicked people amongst all nations ; there are ill people amongst yoli, and you are sometimes forced to put them to death. The English are a great people, and there are likewise wicked men amongst them. I mourn for this misfortune, and will do all I can to comfoi*t the relations of the dead when I see them, whieh I hope will be at Philadelphia with Sassoonan, and Opekasset. About eight months ago, I received an account that an Englishman was killed by some Indians, at the house of John Burt, in Snaketown. I heard John Burt was very abusive to the Indians, and I sent to apprehend him, but he fled ; if he can be taken he will be punished. But since there was a man killed, we expect the Indians will do us justice, for we must be just and faithful to each other, that this spoc may be wiped away and the chain be kept bright and clean. You know, my brethren, that one link of the chain is, that when the Indians are uneasy, they should tell it to us, and when we are uneasy, we will tell it to them. I therefore desire your hearts may be open, that I may know if you have any cause of grief, whieh I will endeavor to remove, for I am your brother. I have issued a proclamation requiring all people to use you well, which shall be read unto you before I go away. I will prevent any hurt being done to our friends, the Indians, because those who do not behave themselves agreeable to what is therein commanded, will be severely punished. The Governor, council^ Indians, and others, as the day before, met at the same place, May 27th. Tawenna, in the name, and on the behalf of all the Indians spoke to the Governor, which was rendered into English, by John Scull, interpreter. LANCASTER COUNTY. 205 Give ear, said Tawenna, my brethren, of Philadel- phia, the Conestogoe Indians, the Shawanese, the Ganawese, and Delawares, have somewhat to say, which they will speak presently. They say, they look upon the Governor as if William Penn himself were present. They are four nations and among them are several foolish people, as if they were just sprung from the earth; but that since their first friendship with William Penn, they never have received any wrong or injury from him or any of his people. — That several foolish people among them committed follies and indiscretions, but they hope these will never inter- rupt the friendship which is between their people and us, for that they and all William Penn's people are as one people, that eat as it were, with one mouth, and are one body, and one heart. Then presenting a belt of wampum of ei^ht rows, they say : They would not have the Governor grieve too much for the rash inconsiderations that of late have been committed; they must be buried and forgot, for that what has happened was done by their friends ; if it had been done by their enemies, they would have resented it, but that we and they are one ; that they have always met with justice and kindness from William Penn, and from all the Governors whom he had sent here, and thus do all the Indians of Conestogoe, Delaware, the Shawanese and Ganawese, say. That they are extremely glad and satisfied with what the Governor said to those yesterday, it greatly rejoiced their hearts that they had no such speech made to them since the time that the great William Penn was amongst them, all was good, and nothing was amiss. Then presenting four strings of wampum, they say : They will visit the Governor at Philadelphia, after the 18 206 HISTORY OF harvest is over, and then they will speak fully to'him, as their brother and friend, for the Conestogoes, Delawares, Shawanese, and Ganawese will then come to him, and he may look up the Conestogoe road and expect them. That what had happened at John Burt's House, was not done by them, it was done by one of the Menysinicks^ who are of another nation, and therefore, they can say nothing to it.'' After this answer of the Indians, some of the gentle-^ man present, moved the Governor that seeing there was now a numerous company of our inhabitants met together, he would be pleased to press the Indians to declare to him if they suffered any grievance or hard- ship from this Government, because several reports had been industriously spread abroad, as if they had some just cause of complaint. And the Governor having ordered the interpreters to acquaint them therewith; they all answered that they had no cause of complaint? that WiUiam Penn and his people had still them treated well, and they had no uneasiness. The Governor then told them, that he was well pleased with what they had said unto him, and that since the Indian, who killed the Englishman at Burt's house, is not of their nation, he would demand justice from that nation to which he belonged. After giving the Indians a few presents, the Governor took all the Indian chiefs by the hand, and desired them that when they returned home they should acquaint all their people with Avhat had now passed between them and us, that the remembrance thereof might endure forever. Note. — Iron Works — " Kurtz, it is supposed, established the first Iron Works in 172G, within the present bounds of Lancaster county. The Grubbs were distinguished for their industry and enterprize : they commenced operations in 1728."— -Haz. Reg. LANCASTER COUNTY. 207 To close this chapter, we have mtroduced a brief sicetch of the pubhc services of our old father^ David Dieffenderffer, residing at Hew Holland. David Dieffenderffer, was born, February 9th, 1752, near New Holland; before he had reached his tenth year, his father, Michael Dieffenderffer, moved to Lancaster. David, when in his eleventh, saw a sight in Lancaster, "too horrible to relate," to use his own language, the massacred Indians in their gore, and one in the agonies of death, menacing revenge by the motion oi ^'his dying hands." At the age of twenty-five, he sternly advocated the suffering cause of his bleeding country, by actual and personal services; first in the character of a militia man? after the expiration of his tour, he served as an enlisted volunteer of Colonel Houssacker's* regiment, under Captain David Wilbert, of Philadelphia, and Lieut. Col. George Strieker, father of General Strieker, late of Baltimore. He was in many important engagements. He was engaged in the taking of the Hessians at Trenton, where Colonel Rahl, the Hessian commander, and a gallant officer, was mortally wounded, besides six other officers, and between twenty and thirty privates, of the enemy, were killed, Decembsr 26, 1776, and twenty- three officers, and rising of nine hundred privates, were taken prisoners by the Americans, who lost only four *Houssacker, who afterwards deserted the Americans, and surrendered twenty or more of his men, at Princeton, had been originally commissioned a ma.jor of Wayne's battalion. *' He had," says Graydon, ^'if I mistake not, been an adjutant of the Royal Americans; and was considered a capable dis- ciplinarian. He was a German, or rather a man of no country or any country ; a citizen of the world, a soldier of fortune, and a true mercenary." — Graydon's Mem. 218. '20S IllSTOUY OP privalos, niui two of llu^st^ wiM'o tVozon to doaili. He was al iho I'aunoiuulitii; oi' TiiMiton, .lanuaiy i, 1777; wliou llio Auiorioans \voro ivpulsod, "1 ran," said the votoran to us, in his nintMy-lirst yiwr, "like a Hollander, \v\\'\\c \\\c bnlKMs \vhistl(Hl about my oars, and rattled like hailstonos against tlu^ tonrt*." Ho was in tlio oii- gagoniont whcro tlioro was a t'oarful odds in numbers and tact against the Americans, when they had to contend against Lord Cornwaliis's troops, and reinlbrced by regi- ments under the eonuuand ol' Colonel Maywood, at the battle of Princeton, .lanuary ;?rd, 1777; here the British loss was more than oiu^ lunuh\Hl kilKnl, and rising of three hundred prisoners taken. "Hut the victory was by no means a bloodless one to the An.iericans; (anieral Mercer was mortally wouudcil. Col. llaslci, (\)1. Potter, and other ollicers of submdinate rank, were killed." He was with the American army at IVlorristown, in winter (|uartcrs. Hero Washington, not trusting to the barriers nature had thrown around his position, sent out detachments to assail and harass General Howe's troops; and it was in those expeditions DieffenderiTer frequently t(X>k part. In a skirmish at INlonmouth, in the spring of '77, DielTcndcrtTcr was taken ]irisoner and shamet'nlly mal- treated by one oi the Hrilish, who struck him in his face with his musket; a scar is still visible on his u]iper Hp; blow upon blow would have been repeated, but for the manly and timely interposition of a small Scotch- man, he was treated as a prisoner. He, and twenty-live or thirty tellow-prisoners, were conveyed to New York, and confined in a sugar-refinery, covered in part with tile. The sulVcrings they endured, excited universal indignation, and will, everlastingly, rellect reproach on the Ih'ilish commander. JNlany of them sunk imdeir thoir suffer irii-^s and died. Dioffendorffi^r's .sufforin^^.s were mitigated by the kindness of a Mr. jMiller, Jfessiau commissary in tfje English service; having heen at Lancaster, he had taken lodging at the public house of Michael Dieffendf^rrfer, and wfjo, in a cdjiversation, told Miller he had a :^on, a suffering prisoner, at Nev/ York, and if he had an opportunity, would send him some monr;y. Miller informed him he would shortly retiirn to New York, and would be pleased to have it in liis power to befriend him or his sufff^ring son; the opportunity was improved, and four half-johannes, placed in the hands of the commissary, who, with the chiaracteristic fidelity of an honest Hessian, on his arrival, delivered the gold to David.* He received, he said, with gratitude, and in tears, the money, a kind father liad sent him. ilis condi- tion was greatly amelir)rated. Notwithstanding the economy he used, his money, a:, his imprisonment was protracted, was reduced to a few cents; and while, as a prisoner of ?iope, he was meditat- ing how his future sufferings should he mitigated, Capt. Michael Smyser,t of York county, on his return from Long Island, by way of New York, to his hom^-, handed him an P^nglish giainea. After five months' suffering, in the latter part of October, he went to Long Island where he was, on parole, laboring for ?iis board and clothing for some time; he returned to New York ; was •This statement we have from the old father himself; while relating to us the incidents of his eventful life, at this particu- lar, we saw steal down his cheeks, in hurried succession, tears from his sightless organs ; he added, "I had a kind father." f Captain Michael Smyser was one of the virtuous band of the gloomy period of 76. At the unfortunate capture of Fort WaHhiriglon, he was made prisoner, and could appreciate the sufferings of his fellow-citizens. 18* 210 HISTORY OF exchanged, and received a permit ; and in company with Colonel Atlee, who had been taken prisoner before, came to Trenton, where they parted. Dieffenderffer, by way of Valley Forge returned to Lancaster. He remained a short time at home ; then in company with Captain Wilbert, went to Valley Forge; here he remained four weeks, sufficiently long to witness the sufferings of the American army. On the ISth of June, 1778, General Howe evacuated Philadelphia, and crossed over into New Jersey, whither they were speedily followed by Washington ; pursuing the enemy; and on the 2Sth of June, gained a signal victory at Monmouth, over the British. Dieffenderffer was in this engagement. This, says he, was one of the hottest days that he ever experienced; several fell dead from drinking cold water. From Monmouth, they marched to the White Plains, a few miles to the north- eastward of New York Island. Thence they went to West Point, where Washington had his head quarters. — Here Dieffenderffer having received a furlough, returned to Lancaster, where he remained till March, 1779, when he returned to the regiment at Easton. — Under the command af General Sullivan, they marched into the Wyoming country, and Gennesee Flats ; thence returned to W^yoming ; then the regiment, under the direction of Major W^eldner, came on to Sunbury. — Owing to sickness, Dieffenderffer, as ensign, resigned his commission, and returned to Lancaster, in 1779. His eventtul life, through habits of temperance and moderation, has been lengthened four score and ten. — Though sightless for some years, he enjoys at present remarkable health ; and enjoys the company of a virtuous and intelligent offspring and relatives. Here we would add that his cousin, Jacob Dieffenderffer, LANCASTER COUNTY. 212 residing in the same village, New Holland, was in the service of his country, when Lord Corn- wallis was taken. We regret that we have not the particulars of his services. May they both continue to command the esteem which they so richly merit, and when their warfare on earth ends, may they rest in peace. CHAPTER VI. Ephrata — Origin of German Baptists in Europe, and their emigral'^n to America — Some settle at Muelbacli — Sieben Taeger association forn.'^d at Ephrata, by Conrad Bcissel — Change of Ufe among them — They built Kedar and Zion — Singular architecture of buildings — Fractur-Schriften by the Sisters — Specimens of original poetr}' — Eckerlein and the bell — Its destination — Sabbath School established — Miller succeeds Bcissel — Juliana Penn's letter — Poetry dedicated to Miller — Present state of Ephrata. List of names of the first inhabitants of Ephrata — Names of some of the early settlers in Lancaster county. A settlement was commenced, in 1725, or 1726, on the banks of the Cocalico creek, where the Reading road, and Downingtown turnpike intersect, at present, in Ephrata township, and is well known by the name of "Kloster," or "Ephrata," or "Dunkertown," a nick- name from the word Diinker, or Tunker^ a corruption of Taevfer, Baptists. To show the origin of this settle- ment, we shall introduce as preliminary, a brief historic cal sketch of the German Baptists, from whom the founder of the society at Ephrata, seceded. Those at Ephrata, are generally Imown by the name of * Sieben Taeger," Seventh Day People; because they keep the seventh, instead of the first day of the week, as the Sabbath. 212 HISTORY OP In the year 1 708, eight persons, five brethren and three sisters, viz: Alexander Mack, of Schreisheim, in the Palatinate, Germany, George Graby and Lucas Fetter^ of Hesse Cassel, Andrew Boney, of Basle, in Switzer- land, and John Kipping, from Wirtemburg, and Johanna Bong, Anna Margaretta Mack, and Johanna Kipping, entered into a covenant with each other, to meet regu- larly, to carefully and impartially examine the doctrines of the New Testament, and by the help of God, to ascer- tain what are the obligations it imposes on professed fol- lowers of the meek and the humble Saviour; laying aside pre-conceived opinions, and, if possible, to attain to */ie answer of a good conscience by rendering implicit obedience to the commands of the Lord Jesus ; to follow him in evil as well as in good report. The result of their meetings and prayerful investigations was the formation of a society, that as brethren and sisters, under the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ, dwelled together in unity of a living faith. This society is now called the Dunkers, from the mode of administering baptism, in water, by trine immersion. The society having been formed, and, as they con- ceived that immersion was the only valid mode of administering baptism, and none of them thus baptized, they felt themselves in a difficulty, says one of their writers, "not soon g6t over;" one of their number, who labored among them in word, visited the societies in differents parts of Germany, to collect the opinion of the awakened generally, upon the subject of baptism; the greater number acknowledged that immersion was the mode practiced by the Apostles and primitive christians, but still endeavoring to satisfy themselves, that a hand- full of water by pouring, would answer the same end, provided it was administered to proper subjects only. LANCASTER COlJ'NTr. 213^ *'The consciences of the before mentioned could, how- ever, find no satisfaction in these; they, therefore, desired him, who was their minister, to baptize them by immersion; according to the example and practice of the first christians and primitive believers; he felt a diffidence to comply with their request on account of his not being baptized himself, he desired, therefore, first to be baptized before he could conscientiously baptize any of them; and they betook themselves to fasting and prayer, in order to obtain help and direction in this case, from Him who is the restorer of paths to dwell in, for they were all desirous to be baptized. In this dilemma, a testimony of scripture revived in their minds, "Where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the midst." "Wherefore, with an unbroken confidence in the precious promise of God, they cast lots, who of the four brethren should baptize him, that was anxiously desirous of being baptized; they pledged their word, at the same time, that it should remain a secret upon whom the lot fell, that no one might take occasion to call the society by the name of any man, as was the case with the Corinthian clmrch, which was sharply reproTsd by the Apostle." " The crisis for the camp to move forward, had now arrived; they were now made willing in the day of the Lord^s power; accordingly, they went out in the morn- ing, to a stream called Ader, and then, he, upon whom the lot had fallen, baptized the brother, who was so anxious to submit to the ordinance. This being done,, he was acknowledged as duly qualified; he baptized him first by whom he had been baptized, and the three remaining brethren, and the sisters; thus were tliese eight, at an early hour in the morning, baptized in the 214 HISTORY OP water by trine immersion ; and after they came up out of the water, and had changed their clothes, they were filled with joy, and by the grace of God, these expres- si-ms were revived in their minds with peculiar energy, "be ye fruitful and multiply." They met with no small share of opposition and per- secution, notwithstanding these, they soon increased^ wherever the hand of persecution had driven them; some fled to Holland, some to Creyfels, in the Dutchy of Cleves; and the mother church voluntarily removed to Serustervin, in Friesland. In a very short time, there were eflicient laborers in this branch of God's moral vineyard; especially at Creyfels. Among the brethren there were John li. Kalklosor, from Frankenthal, Christian Leib, and Abraham Dubois, from Ebstein, John Naas, and others, from the north, Peter Becker, from Dilsheim, John H. Traut, and his brethren, and Stephen Koch, George B. Gantz, from Umstadt, and Michael Ecker- ling, from Strasburg. Among these, as their leader, was Alexander INIack, who devoted his property to the com- mon use of the society, and emigrated to Pennsylvania, in 1729,* where persecuted virtue found an asylum under the benign Government of Penn. They first settled at Germantown, some at Skippack, Oley, others at Conestoga, and elsewhere. A congregation of them was organized, and they chose Peter Becker, as oflicial baptizer. The society increased rapidly, and soon a church weis formed in Lancaster county, at Miielbach, (Mill creek). One of the prominent members of this last mentioned *Im lahr, 1729, ist Alexander Mack, der Urstaender der Taeufer, samt den uebrigen gedachter Gemeinde, von Fries- land abgesetzt und in Pennsylvanien angekommen. — PtUr Miller, LANCASTER COUNTr. 215 church, was Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany. He was converted in 1715. He had fled from the persecu- tions of that period. He arrived in America in 1720, and in 1721, settled at Mill creek, where he, and one Stuntz, built a house; and they were soon joined by Isaac Von Babern, George Stiefel, and others. It appears from an extract of the Ephrata Clironicle, that Conrad Beissel was baptized by Peter Becker, in Pequea creek, in 1724. Soon a new organization arose from the Bunkers.* Beissel, "wholly intent upon seeking out the true obligation of the word of God, and the proper observances of the rites and ceremonies it im- poses, stripped of human authority, he conceived that there was an error among the Bunkers, in the ob- servance of the day for the Sabbath ; that the seventh *About the same time, another religious sect was formed in Oley, now Berks county. This association was headed by one Mathias Baumann. His followers or disciples were styled "The New-born."-- They professed to be impeccable, or of having attained a state of sinlessness: they were perfectionists. They boasted they were sent of God to confound others. Their disputations were frequently heard in the market places of Philadelphia. — On one occasion, Baumann, to show that his doctrine was from God, proposed to wade across the Delaware river. They were, as it is the custom of enthusiasts and fanatics^ contentious, wandering through the country, displaying zeal for their doctrines, by controverting with all who differed from them in matters of faith. Conrad Beissel, the founder of the Sieben Taeger, was occasionally annoyed in his recluse situa- tion, by them. Baumann, their leader, was a native of Lamshelm, Palati- nate ; born in 1701 ; came to America between the years, 1719, and 1722; he died, 1727. It is reported, he was an honest and sincere man ; not solicitous to accumulate property ; but, that Kuehlenwein, Jotter, and others of his followers, loved the good things of the world inordinately. 216 HISTORY OF day was the command of the Lord God, and that day being established and sanctified, by the Great Jehovah, forever! And no change, nor authority for change, ever having been announced to man, by any power sufficient to set aside the solemn decree of the Almighty; a decree which he declared that he had sanctified forever ! He felt it to be his duty to contend for the observance of that day. About the year 1725, he published a tract entering into a discussion of this point, which created some excitement and disturbance in the society, at Mill creek ; upon which he retired from the settlement, and went secretly, to a cell on the banks of the Cocalico,* that had previously been occupied by one Elimelich, a hermit His place of retirement was unknown for sometime to the people he had left, and when discovered, many of the society at Mill creek, who had become convinced of the truth of his proposition for the observ- ance of the Sabbath, settled around him, in solitary cottages. They adopted the original Sabbath — the seventh day — for public worship, in the year 1728; which has ever since been observed by their descendants, even unto the present day. In the year 1732, the solitary life was changed into a conventicle one, and a monastic society was established as soon as the first buildings erected for that purpose were finished. May, 1733. The habit of the Capuchins, or White Friars,t was adopted by both the brethren and *Cocalico, called by the Delaware Indians, Koch-Halekung^ Germanice, Schlangenhoehle, Serpents den ; from the abun- dance of serpents along the stream. — Chron. Eph. 52. fCapuzlner, eine Abart des Franciscaner Ordens, welche gegen das lahr 1525, ihren Anfang nahm. Sie tragen eine lange spitz zulaufcnde capuze und einen langen Bart; die Verfassung des ordens ist streng und zeichnet sich durch Enthaltsamkeit aus. LANCASTER GOUNTT. 217 /ulsters; which consisted of a shirt, trowsers, and vest, with a long white gown or cowl, of woolen web in winter, and linen in summer. That of the sisters differed only in the substitution of petticoats for trowsers, •and some little peculiarity in the shape of the cowl. — Monastic names were given to all who entered the cloister. Onesimus (Israel Eckerlin) was constituted Prior, who was succeeded by Jaebez (Peter Miller) and the title of Father — spiritual father — was bestowed by the society, upon Beissel, whose monastic name was Friedsam; to which the brethren afterwards added Oottrecht; implying, together. Peaceable, Godright. In the year 1740, there were thirty-six single brethren in the cloister, and thirty-five sisters ; and at one time, the society, including the members living in the neighbor- hood, numbered nearly three hundred. The first buildings of the society of any consequence, were Kedar and Zion; a meeting house and convent, which were erected on the hill called Mount Zion. — They afterwards built larger accommodations, in the meadow below, comprising a sister's house, called Saron, to which is attached a large chapel and "Saal" for the purpose of holding Agapas, or Love Feasts. A brother's house, called Bethania, with which is con- nected the large meeting room, with galleries, in which the whole society assembled, for public worship, in the days of their prosperity, and which are still standing, surrounded by smaller buildings, that were occupied as printing-office, bake-house, school-house, almonry, and others, for different purposes; on one of which, a one story house, the town clock is erected."* *One of the buildings having been erected thirty-eight years, ^vas converted into a Hospital in the Arnerican Revolution, and aftcrv/ards occupied as a school house. The house stands 19 218 HISTORY OF "The buildings are singular, and of veiy ancient architecture; all the outwalls being covered with shin- gles, or clapboards. The two houses, for the brethren and sisters, are very large, being three and four stories high ; each has a chapel for their night meetings, and the main buildings are divided into small apartments^, each containing between fifty and sixty, so that six dormitories, which are barely large enough to contain a cot (in early days a bench, and billet of wood for the head) a closet and an hour glass surrounded a common room, in which each subdivision pursued their respec- no more ; the spot it occupied is still pointed out to the casual visitor, by the courteous inhabitants of Ephrata. A few days after the battle of Brandywine had been fought, September 11, 1777, four or five hundred of the wounded soldiers were taken to Ephrata, and placed in the Hospital. — Doctors Yerkel, Sc^tt and Harrison, were the attending surgeons and physicians. The wounds and camp fever, baffled their skill : one hundred and fifty of the soldiers died here ; they were principally from the Eastern States, and Pennsylvania, and a tow British, who had deserted and joined the American Army. "The first of them that died here, was buried by the honors of war ; a funeral sermon, preached by one of their own number, appointed for that purpose. This practice was continued for some time, till they began to drop off too rapidly to allow time for the performance of the cere- mony, when every thing of the kind was dispensed with." The place where they rest, is enclosed ; and for many years, a board, with this inscription: '^W^v Huliru Hie ^ttjrtnc bfclrr Soltrateu,'' was placed over the gate of the enclosure. The board, with the inscription, is no more. Measures are now, upon sugges- tion of Joseph Konigmaclier, Esq., and many of his fellow citizens, taken to raise a plain and durable monument, to rescue from oblivion, and perpetuate the memories of the entombed soldiers, who were wounded at Brandywine, and died, at Ephrata. LANCASTER COrNTl'. 2l9 five avocations. On entering these silent cells, and traversing the long narrow passages, visiters can scarcely divest themselves of the feehng of walking the tortuous windings of some old castle, and breathing in the hidden recesses of romance. The ceilings have an elevation of but seven feet; the passages leading to the cells, or kammers, as they are styled, and through the different parts of both convents, are barely wide enough to admit one person, for when meeting a second, he has always to retreat. The dens of the kammers are but five feet high, and twenty inches wide, and the window, for each has but one, is only eighteen by twenty-four inches; the largest windows affording light to the meeting rooms; the chapels, the saals, and even the kammers, or dormitories, are hung and nearly covered with large sheets of elegant penmanship, or ink paint- ings; many of which are texts from the scriptures, exe- cuted in a very handsome manner, in ornamented Gothic letters, called in German, Fractur-Schrifter. They are done on large sheets of paper, manufactured for the purpose at their own mill, some of which are put into frames, and which admonish the resident, as well as the casual visiter, which ever way they may turn the head. There are some very curious ones: two of which still remain in the chapel attached to Saron. — One represents the narrow and crooked way, done oa a sheet of about three feet square, which it would be difficult to describe ; it is very curious and ingenious : the whole of the road is filled up with texts of scripture, adverting the disciples of their duties, and the obliga. tions their profession imposes upon them. Another represents the three Heavens. In the first, Christ, the Shepherd, is represented gathering his flock together ; in the second, which Occupies one foot in height, and is 320 HISTORY oy three feet wide, three hundred figures in Capuchin dress^ can be counted, with harps in their hands, and heads of an innumerable host ; and in the third is seen the Throne surrounded by two hundred Arch-Angels. Many of these Fractur-Schriften express their own enthusiastic sentiments on the subject of Celibacy, and the virtue of a recluse life, whilst others are devotional pieces. The following are from two found in the ehapel of the sisters' convent. We can copy the sentiment, but cannot convey an idea of their style. Die Lieb ist ursre kron imd heller tugend spiegel. Die Weisheit unsre Lust, iind reines Gottes Siegel; Das Lamm ist unser schatz wir uns an vertraiien, Und folgen seinem Gang als reinste Jungfrauen. Unsre Kronen die wir tragen in dieser sterblichkeit, Werden uns in Truebsals-tagen durch viel Leid zubereit^ Da muss unsre Hoffnung bluehen und der Glaube wachsen auf Wan sich Welt undFleisch bemuechen uns zu schwaechem im Lauf, O, wol dan ! weilwir gezaehlet zuder reinen LaemmerHeerd, Die dem keuschenLamm vermaelilet, und erkauft von der Erd, Bleibet schon alhier verborgen, unser Ehren Schmuck und Kron, Wild us doch an jenem Morgen Kroenen, lesus Gottes Sohn. Above the door, as you enter from the sister house in the saal, is one which we copied while on a visit to the place. Die Thuer zum eingang in das haus Wo die vereinte Seelen wohnen Laesst keines mehr, von da hinaus Weil Gott thut selber unter ihnen thronen Ihr Glueck blueht in vereinten Liebes Flammen, Weil sie aus Gott und seiner Lieb herstammen. Immediately to the right of this is another which, LANCASTER COUNTY. S21 "by the aid of SchweSter Barbara, we were able to copy. So lebet dann die reine Schaar Im innern Tempel hierbeisamen, Entrissen aller AVelt-Gefahr Id heiss verliebten Liebes-Flammen ; Und lebet dann in HofFnung bin, Nach der beglueckten Freiheit die dort oben ; Da sie nach dem verliebten Sinn Ihn ohne zeit und end vvird loben. Another on the same wall, which, as Ave have been informed, was a favorite Reim in their more prosperous days. So steht der Tempel da erfuellt mit reinen Seelen, Die sich das keusche Lannm zu eigen thut vermaehlen : Es gehet vor uns her, wir folgen treulich nach, Und nehmen mit auf uns sein Kreuz und Ungemach. Bleiben wir so in ihm so ist das Ziel getroffen ; Und haben dorten einst das wahre Gut zu hofFen : Bleiben ihm gespart, bis es sich wird vermaehlen, Und wir in jener Welt, ewig sein Lob erzaehlen. Die Lieb ist unsere kron und heiliger Tugendspiegel ; Die Weisheit unsere Lust und reines Gottes Siegel : Das Lamm ist unser Schatz dem wir uns anvertrauen, Und folgen seinem Gang als reinste Jungfranen. In the rooms which any sister has occupied, and is departed, a piece, which is framed in imitation of a tablet, is put up expressive of the character and virtues of the deceased, or some feeling memorial of love is inscribed. The following was found in the kammer which had been occupied by Zenobia, a very beautiful, lovely and devout sister ; ZENOBIA, *' Wird gruenen und Gedeyen, ihre Arbeit wird nicht vergel- lich, noch auch ihre Hoffnung, verlohren seyn, ihr Erbe bluehet mitten unter den Hcili2:en." 222 HISTORY OP "A room was set apart for such purposes, called « Das Sclireib Zimmer/' the writing room, and several sisters devoted their whole attention to tliis labor, as well as to transcribing the writings of the founder of the society; thus multiplying copies for the wants of the community, before they had a printing press. Two sisters, named ^in?2astasia and Iphigenia, were the principal ornamental writers. They left a large folio volume of sample alphabets, of various sizes and style; which are both elegant and curious, exhibiting the most patient application. The letters of the first alphabet are twelve inches long, surrounded by a deep border, in imitation of copper-plate engraving; each one of which is different in the filling up. It was finished in the year 1750, and is still preserved in the hands of the trustees. There was another transcribing room appropriated exclusively to copying music. Hundreds of volumes, each containing five or six hundred pieces, were trans- ferred from book to book, with as much accuracy, and almost as much neatness, as if done with a gi'aver. '^ It was in contemplation, at one time, by the Ecker- k'ns, three brothers, one of whom was a prior, and had the superintendence of the secular concerns, to make it a place of more importance than a mere religious refuge. They were from Germany, and had been brought up Catholics. They conceived a project of erecting exten- sive buildhigs, and connecting trades with it; and had some preparations under way; the timber all hewn, as all the buiklings are of wood, even the chimneys, which remain in use at this day; and in readiness to erect a tower, and had sent to Europe, where they had exten- sive connexions, and got a chime of bells cast, unknown to the society, until they arrived at Philadelphia, and the LANCASTER COUNTY. 223 bill for payment was forwarded to them. The society resolved not to receive them, but had them sold and paid the loss. One of these bells having upon it, "Ephrata— Israel Eckerlin, Prior,'^* was purchased, and is tiow on one of the churches in Lancaster. " This transaction led to the discovery of a conspiracy of the Eckerlins to possess themselves of the titles of the property, which was much more extensive and valuable then now, and which terminated in the expul- sion of Israel from the office of Prior. The Eckerlins *Isracl Eckerlin, Prior; this is given on the authority of W. A. Fahncstock, M. D., to whom we are indebted for much of this article. Wc behove the bell alluded to, is the one on the Lutheran church. If it is, it has this inscripfion : Suh auspicio viri ven-eraiidi Onesimi Societ. Epkrat. Praepositi. A. O. MDCCXLV. Which we translated: "Under the auspices of the venerable man, Onesimus, placed over the society at Ephrata, A. D. 1745. I^OTE. — At a church council held in Ephrata, Beissel, and his associates, had determined to break the bell and inter tlie fragments ; however, on a night's reflection, it was resolved to dispose of it differently: the bell was pardoned from its do- creed fate, and sold to the Lutherans, at Lancaster. We quote the Chomican Ephratense : " Um diesselbe zeit, 1745, kam die ansehnliche Glocke in Philadelphia an von England, welche die Eckerlin sollen bestellt haben, folgendes motto war um dieselbe gegossen : Suh auspicio viri venerandi Onesimi Socie- tasis Epliratensis Praepositi: Auf diese empfangene Nachricht ward Rath gehalten in des Vorstehers Gegenwart, welcher fur die Glocke sehr unguenstig ausfiel: dasz sie solte in stuecken zerschlagen, und unter die erde vergraben werden; aber wie sie solte bezahlt werden, wusste niemand, dann sie kostete 80 pfund. Des andern Morgens erschien der Vorsteher abermal im Rath, und sagte: Er haette nachgedacht, weil die Brueder arm waeren, solte die Glocke pardonirt werden, und also ist sie an die Lutherische Kirche, in Lancasterkommen. — Chron. Eph. p. 164. ^24 HISTORY OP afterwards moved to Virginia, where they ohtained some notoriety in connection with the Indian affairs, — Tiie society Avas wedded to apostolic simplicity; they desired no tower — no bells. They refused to have a bell to call them to meeting, even the midnight meeting, which was regularly held at twelve o'clock: Friedsam contending that the spirit of devotion ought to be suffi- cient to make them punctual to the hour, which generally proved to be adequate. " The community was a republic, in which all stood upon perfect equality and freedom. No monastic voivs were taken, neither had they any written covenants, as is common in the Baptist churches. The New Testa- ment was their confession of faith, their code of laws, and clmrcli discipUne. The property which belonged to the society, by donation, and the labor of the single brethren and sisters, was common stock; but none was obliged to throw in his own property, or to give up any possessions. The society was supported by the income of the form and grist mill, paper mill, oil mill, fulling mill, and the labor of the brethren and sisters, in the cloister. Many of the male membei's were men of education, and the school which they had established, attracted attention abroad; young men from Baltimore and of Philadelphia, were sent to this place to be educated. — Ludwig Hacker, the teacher of the common school, projected the plan of holding a school in the afternoons of the Sabbath, or Saturday, and who, in connexion with some of the brethren, commenced it, to give instruc- tion to the indigent children who were kept from regular scliool by employments which their necessities obliged them to be engaged at during the week, as well as to give religious instruction to those of better circum- LANCASTER COUNTY. 225 Btances. The precise time when this school was estab- lished, is not known; it was after 1739. The society, after an existence of fifty years, began to decUne, from some cause, which we have not been able to learn. Some say that Beissel's successor, Peter Miller, wanted vigor of mind. This, says Doctor Fahnestock, is not, he believes, the cause ; for he assured us, in a conversation with him on this subject, in 1 S3 6, so far as he could learn, Peter Miller was a man of much greater powers of mind than Beissel, and that he had the management of the establishment during Beissel's time f and to whose energy and perseverance is mainly attributable the great prosperity of the institution in its early days. That Miller was a man of more than ordinary powers of mind, is evident from the testimony of the Rev. Jedediah Andrews, an alumnus of Havard College, of the class of 1695, Andrews speaking of Miller, in a letter, dated Philadelphia, 8th, 14th, 1730. . "There is lately come over a Palatine candidate of the ministry, who having applied to us at the Synod (Scotch Synod) for ordination, 'tis left to three ministers, (these were Tenant, Andrews and Boyd), to do it. He is an extraordinary person for sense and learning. We gave him a question to discuss about Justification^ and he answered it, in a whole sheet of paper, in a very notable manner. His name is John Peter Miller, and speaks Latin as readily as we do our vernacular tongue, and so does the other, Mr. Weiss."t •Bcisscl died July 6th, 1768, aged 77 years and 4 months. — He was a native of Oberbach, in the Palatinate. tGeorge Michael Weiss, was born at Stebback, in Neckar- thal, Germany. Mr. Miller and he were fellow students at Heildelberg. Weiss came to America, some years before 226 nisTorcY of At an early period, they established a German printing- office, Avhich enabled them to distribute tracts and hymns, and afterwards to print several large works, in which the views of the founder are fully explained. — Many of these books have been lost and destroyed. In the Revolutionary war, just before the battle of Ger- mantown, three wagon loads of books, 271 sheets, were seized and taken away for cartriges. They came to the paper mill to get paper, and not finding any there, they pressed the books in sheets. The printing press, used then, is now in possession of R. R. Heitler, Esq., at Ephrata. " Music was much cultivated. Beissel was a first rate musician and composer. In composing sacred music he took his style from the music of Nature, and the whole comprising several large volumes are founded on the tones of the Aeolian harp ; the singing is the Aeolian harp harmonized; it is very peculiar in its style and concords, and in its execution. The tones issuing from the choir imitate very soft instrumental music ; convey- ing a softness and devotion almost super-human to the Miller finished his studies. Before Miller's ordination, Weiss had been Pastor of the German Reformed congregation, in Philadelphia, and about that time, in company with an Elder, named Reif, visited Holland, and other parts of Europe, for the purpose of making collections in aid of the feeble congre- gations, in Pennsylvania. Mr. Miller, Weiss, and John Bartholomew Rieger, fellow students, were on terms of intimacy, at home and in America. Rieger was a native of Oberingelheim, Palatinate. He studied at Basel and Heidelberg, arrived in America, in 1731^ and afterwards settled in Lancaster county ; he had charge of several German Reformed congregations in this county. He died at Lancaster, March 14, 17G9, aged 62 years, 2 months and 4 days; buried in the German Reformed church grave- yard. LANCASTER COUNTY. 227 auditor. Their music is set in four, six, and eight parts. All the parts, save the bass, are lead and sung exclusive- ly by females, the men being confined to the bass, which is set in two parts, the high and the low bass — the latter resembling the deep tones of the organ, and the first, in combination with one of the female parts, is an excellent imitation of the concert horn. The whole is sung on the falsetto voice, the signers scarcely opening their mouths, or moving their lips, which throws the voice up to the ceiling, which is not high, and the tones, which seem to be more than human, at least so far from common church singing appears to be entering from above, and hovering over the heads of the assembly. ^^ The reader may form some idea of their music from the following extract of a letter written by a tourist duiing the proprietary administration of Governor Penn : " The counter, treble, tenor, and bass, were all sung by women, with sweet, shrill, and small voices, but with a truth and exactness in time and intonation that was admirable. It is impossible to describe to your Lordship, my feelings upon this occasion. The per- formers sat with their heads reclined, their countenances solemn and dejected, their faces pale and emaciated from their manner of living, the clothing exceeding white and quite picturesqe, and their music such as thrilled to the very soul ; I almost began to think myself in the world of spirits, and that the objects before me were ethereal. In short, the impression this scene made upon my mind, continued strong for many days, and I believe, will never be wholly obliterated." Tliis music is lost, entirely now, at Ephrata ; not the music books, but the style of singing; they never attempt it any more. It is, however, still preserved and finely executed, though in a faint degree, at Snow hilly S2S HISTORY OV in Franklin county, where there is a branch of th-e society, and which is now the principal settlement of the Seventh Day Baptists.* This society attracted considerable attention. Men of various rank and standing visited the place. George Thomas, formerly an Antigua planter, ap- pointed in 1737, Governor of the province of Pennsyl- vania, visited Ephrara, in 1741. He came, says Peter Miller, accompanied by a retinue of twenty horses, and a large number of distinguished gentlemen from Maryland and Virginia; they were all honorably received by the brethren. The Governor said he was much gratified to see such an institution. He spoke very favorably of their religious and economical arrangements. The motives of visit, it is believed, were sinister. Without doubt, he gained the object of his visit more easily by adulation than he would have otherwise. At this time, the talented, and active Conrad Weiser, was a member of the association. It was the Governor's object, if possible, to secure once more the services of this man in a capacity, for which he seems to have been felicitously suited, that of an Indian interpreter. He tendered him the appointment of justice of the peace, which he accepted. Weiser frequently presided at court, as chief justice, tvith his bearclA He was afterwards appointed provincial interpreter, in which capacity, he rendered his country essential services for many years. — Governor William Denny, spent some time time here, in •The leading religious tenets ef this society, may be seen in a work, entitled, "He Pasa Ecclesia," published by Rupp, Clyde & Willianns, Octavo, 900 pages, 1843. fMan hat ihn, C. W. auch auf der Court als obersten Richter gesehen unter Krone sitzen mit seinem gewoehnlichen|Bard. — Chr'"-i:«as, returning from Philadelphia. The coimt was :ous of preaching the Gospel to the Indians ; Weiser was mterpreter on this oc-casion ; adding in conclusion of the discourse: ~This is the man, whom God hath sent, both to the Indians and to the white people, to make known his will unto them,*' cMifirming his word- *LoddeL P. 1, 4, 5. iHe was appointed in 174L Die Landes Obrif keit gewann ihn heb, wegen seines ehriicben und brooders nuetzlicben 'Characters, and machte ihn 1741, zam Friede-Richter und £ othschalier ber den lodianer-Xauc-n. UaU, ymdtridUen 97^. LAyC^TEE. COb'Ml". 239 after the Indian custom, by a present of a piece of red cloth.* Sometime in the month of September, Conrad Weiser visited Shomakin, a populous Indian town, where he interpreted between ShikeUimus and the cotmt. He attended all the principal Indian treaties held for a period of rising twenty-five years. About the year 1752. Conrad Weiser. in connexion with the GoTemor of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Mr. Peters, Secre- tary of the Land Omce, ^Messrs. Tmmer, and B. Frank- lin, was appointed a trustee and manager of the pubUc schools, which were established through the efforts of the Rev. Michael Schlatter. By virtue of their com- mission, the trustees established schools at Lancaster. York, Reading. New Hanover, Skippack, and Goshen- hopen.t Dining the French and Indian hostilities, as Lieut. Colonel, he commanded the seccni battahon of the Pemisylvania regiment, consisting of nine companies— <*they were thus distributed — one company at Fort Augusta, one at Hunter's mill, seven miles above Har- risburg. on the Susquehanna, one half company on the Swatara, at the foot of die North moimtain, one com- pany and a half at Fort Henry, close to the Gap of the mountain, called the Tothca Gap, one company at Fort Williams, near the forks of the Schuylkill river, six miles beyond the moimtains, one company at Fon Allen ^ at Gnadenlmetten, on the Lehigh, the oiher three com- panies were scattered between the rivers Lehigh and Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, at farm- houses, others at mills, from three to twenty in aplace.":|: Tlie duties of the niunerous stations of life he held, were always discharged with fidehty and abihty ; he was »Ibid. 27. iHall. Nach. 661. tGordon's Pa, ZH. 260 HISTORY OF both capable and honest. The space allowed us, we regret, will not admit of details. He closed his eventful life, July 13, 1760 — his remains were interred July 15, near Wommelsdorf, Berks county. He left seven chil- dren and numerous relatives to lament his departure. — Weiser was a man of strong mind — cultivated in the never failing school of experience. His poetical effu- sions, a few of which only remain, are said to be well written. The following is a concluding verse of a hymn furnished by W. at a church dedication : Fuer Feuer, Krieg und Wassers-Noth Wollst du dis Haus bewahren ! Damit nach iinserm selgen Tod Die Nachkommen erfahren, Dasz wir dich, wahren Gott, geliebt Und uns in deinem Wort geuebt, Um deines Namens willen. Notes. — Hatwel Varnon was a native of Wrexford, Ireland, In 1728, he settled in Lancaster county, now Leacock town- ship. It is said he was a man of rare endowments ; and ac- tive and useful Friend — died 1747, 1 mo. 1 day. — Frierid's Mis- cellany, Vol. IV, 25. Quakers were numerous in Lancaster county, as early as 1730. " The Quakers extended their settlements to the Susque- hanna, one thousand families of the Society of Friends, settled in Chester county, before 1700. A thousand families of Friends were settled in Lancaster county, at the time or shortly after its erection. The meeting house in Lancaster city, was, for a length of time, numerously attended." — R. CLan. Jour. In the spring of 1729, John and James Hendricks made, under the authority of Government, the first authorized settle- ment on the west side of the Susquehanna, now called York county. They were soon followed by other families. The following mills had all been erected in Lancaster county, prior to 1729; Christian Stoneman's, Hans Graffs, Samuel Taylor's. LANCASTER COUNTY. 201 In May 1729, the Conestogoe, Ganawese and Delaware Indians, went to Philadelphia to have an interview with Gov. Gordon. The chiefs of the Conestogoe were Tawenna, Gaya- torouga and Taquatarensaly, sometimes called Civility ; those of tlie Ganawese, Amawoolit, Peyhiohinas and Yaochkon- guess; those of the Delawares, Peyashickon, Whawyayga- men and Saykalin. Peter Bizallion and John Scull, were interpreters.— Co/. Rcc. III. 383. 1730, May 5th, at Postlewhait's, John Emerson, Gent., upon his humble suit to court, was admitted to practice as an at- torney at law within the same. 1731, May 4, at Lancaster, Edward Harris, Gent., upon his humble suit to court, was admitted to practice as an attorney at law, 1730, Lancaster town contained about 200 inhabitants — this )^ear Stephen Atkinson built a fulling mill at a great expense ; but the inhabitants of the upper part of the creek assembled and pulled down the dam on the Conestoga, as it prevented them from rafting and getting their usual supply of fish. At- kinson altered his dam with a twenty feet passage for boats and fish. Members of the Assembly from Lancaster county for 1727, were Thomas Edwards, John Wright, James Mitchell and Thomas Reed. For 1730, John Musgrove, Thomas Edv/ards, John Wright and George Stuart. 262 HISTORY OF CHAPTER II. Road from Lancaster to Philatlelphia ordered to be laid out, &c. — Election excitement, orviolont contest — Border frays — Townsliips erected — Penns- borough and Hopewell, west of the Susquehanna — Hanover — Little Britain — James Ewing born — Contest between the ALuylandeis and inhabitants of Lancaster — Cressap and his associates attempt to displace the Germans — Is apprehended and imprisoned — Governor Ogle sends messengers to Philadelphia — German settlei-s seized and carried to Balti- more — The council sends an embassy to Governor Ogle — Marylanders break into Lancaster jail — Germans naturalized — Notes of variety. Previous to the erection of the coimty, httle or no care had been taken of the high-ways. The first, and leading object of the inhabitants, after townships had been erected and organized by the appointment of the reqnisite officers, was laying out roads and build- ing bridges where there was necessity. ''A petition of the magistrates, grand jury, and other inhabitants of Lancaster county, was presented to the board of coun- cil held at Philadelphiaj January 29, 1730 — 1, setting forth that nort having the conveniences of any navigable water, for bringuig the produce of their labors to Phila- delphia, they are obliged, at a great expense, to transport them by land carriage, which burthen became heavier tlu'ough the want of suitable roads for carriages to pass. Tliett there are no pubhc roads leading to Pliiladelphia, yet laid out through then county, and those in Chester county, through which they now pass, are in many places incommodious. And therefore praying that proper persons may be appointed to view and lay out a road for public service, from the town of Lancaster, till it foils in with the high road in the comity of Chester, leading ta the Ferry of Schuylkill at High street, and that a review LANCASTER COUNTY. 263 may be had of the said pubhc road in the county of Chester; the prayer of which petition being granted: '^ It is ordered that Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber, Hans Graaf, Caleb Peirce, Samuel Jones and Andrew Cornish, of the county of Lancaster, or any five of them view and lay out by course and dis- tance, a convenient high road from the said town of Lancaster; and that Thomas Green, George Aston, William Paschal, Richard Buffington, William March, Samuel Miller and Robert Parke, of the county of Chester, or any five of them, in continuing to lay out as aforesaid, the said road from the division line aforesaid, till it falls in with the King's high road in the county of Chester, leading to Philadelphia, and make return thereof to this board. And they, the above named per- sons of the county of Lancaster, or any five of them., together with the above named persons of the county of Chester, or any five of them, are further empowered jointly to review the said road within the last mentioned county, and to report to this board what alterations may be necessary to be made therein, and suit the conve- niency of carriages, and for the better accommodation of the inhabitants of this province. The persons appointed to view and lay out the road, made report to the board, October 4, 1733, that they had attended to the business assigned them, which report was approved and confirmed ; and it was then ordered that the road thus laid out, be declared the King's High- way, or Public Road, and that the same be fortliwith cleared and rendered commodious for public service."^ 'The courts ordered, the Governor and council having certi- fied the same, that the respective supervisors open and clear the King's Road leading from Lancaster to Philadelphia ; to clear the same on the north side of the marked trees, at least 264 HISTORY Of In the history of this county, the year 1732, is re» markable on account of a violent contest, and border frays, in both of which females played "a manly part;" Mrs. Galbraith " figured " in the former, and Mrs. Lo4ise " shone " in the latter. Andrew Galbraith of Donegal, and John Wright of Hempfield, were both candidates for member of Assembly ; it was an excitting time pro- duced by exciting causes. "Andrew Galbraith was pushed forward by his friends. Mrs. Galbraith mounted her favorite mare, Nelly; a spur, she fastened to her ancle, and away she went, her red cloak flowing to the wind, to scour the county for Andrew. She did him good service; for Andrew Galbraith was elected and returned a member, and took his seat," among his col- leagues of the county, viz: Messrs. George Stuart, Thomas Edwards, and Samuel Blunston. " John Wright contested the election, and Wright and Galbraith were heard at the bar of the House, and after hearing their claims, the House resolved " that Andrew Galbraith is duly returned a member for the county of Lancaster."* John Wright was a short time after elected in the place of George Stuart, who had died a short time after his election. thirty feet wide, and grub the underwood, at least fifteen feet of the said space on the side north the marked trees and make necessary bridges over swamps so as to render the same safe and passable for horse and wagon. — Docket of Quar. Ses.for 1733. »John Wright contested the seat of A. Galbraith, on the ground that a number of the tickets on which his name was written, were rejected, because the tickets contained but three names instead of four. The House resolved, " That a ticket containing a less number of names than by law directed, be a bad ticket.'" — Votes of Assembly. LANCASTER COtJNTY. 265 Sometime in 1732, as appears from the affidavits of James Hendricks, William McMannack, John Capper, John Brubakel', Charles Jones, John Patten, Alexander McKey, JoshuaMiushal, Francis Ward, Rebecca Hen- dricks, Joshua and Tobias Hendricks, taken before John Wright and Samuel Blunston, Hempfield, that "James Patterson had been informed that one or more of his horses had been killed near John Lowe's plantation, and that his two sons, Daniel and William, had been seen presenting a gun to fire at another horse, but were pre- vented by being discovered, sent some persons thither to enquire into the truth of the matter, who, finding one of them lying dead near Lowe's house, made some expos- tulations with his sons on that head, who were so far from disowning the fact, that they said they would kill all the horses which cam.e upon that land, and having assaulted and grossly abused Patterson's messenger, threatened they would tie and whip all those he should send over thither ; that upon complaint hereof made, a warrant was issued for apprehending the two persons who had been thus guilty of that assault." The war- rant was directed to Charles Jones, constable of Hemp- field township, who, with his staff in hand, and in con- sequence of threats from Thomas Cressap and his asso- ciates — "Maryland intruders," — to shoot any officer of Pennsylvania, who came into those parts to do his Note. — Thomas Pei?-n, son of William Penn, arrived in Pennsylvania, 3732. He was at Lancaster in October, 1736 — signed licenses or grants for settlements that had been made previously on the west side of the Susquehanna. Samuel Blunston was engaged as his agent to grant licenses for 12,000 acres, to satisfy the rights of settlers, &c. These licenses, or rather promises to the settlers, to grant them patents for the lands they had settled, are signed by T. Penn, himself. — Smith. 23 266 HISTORY OF duty, Jones demanded the assistance of James Patter- sons, senior and junior, William INIclMannack, Alexander McKcy, John Capper, John Hart, John Patten, James Patten and JNIatthew Bailey, "who took three guns, and these not loaded, serving only as an appearance of defence," Avent to the house of ]Mr. Lowe, apprehended Daniel and William, who made considerable resistance. J\lrs. Lowe raised an alarm to raise the neighborhood,"* whereupon, Thomas Crcssap, AVilliam Canon and Ed- vv-ard Evans, followed to rescue the prisoners, and wounded John Hart; but Avere obliged to desist. The Lowes were arrested and imprisoned at Lancaster. This was soon followed by more '- unhappy frays,*' accompanied by acts of atrocity committed by the Mary- landers "'upon the Pennsylvanians.'' The Lancaste- rians were aroused to action, they called "to arms,'' and a body of tlie mostr esolute, entered into JNIaryland and compelled Cressap and his associates to flee. The Lan- casterians convinced the JMary landers that they Avere not to be assailed with impimity. Tliough Lancaster county was without specified limits, at this time, settlements had noAv been made west of the Susquehanna, within the present boundaries of York, Adams, Franldin, Cumberland, Perry; the inhabi- tants in various parts presented petitions to the court at Lancaster for the erection of townships. At the Novem- ber session, 1735, upon the petition of many inhabitants on the west side of the Susquehanna river, opposite to Paxtoh, praying that the parts settled between said river 'Lowe's house, Avhcre his sons Avere taken, was within the boundaries of Pennsylvania. About 400 people lived more south than Lowe's house, who paid taxes in Lancaster county, and had always acknowledged themselves inhabitants of Penn- sylvania.— ok Rec. in. 507 LANCASTER COUNTY. 2 67 and Potomac river, on Concdogwainst, Yellow Britches and Conegochegue creeks, may be divided into two townships, and constables appointed in them, it was ordered by court that a line rmming northerly from the hills to the southward of Yellow Britches (crossing a direct line by the Great Spring) to Keghtotening moun- tain, be the division line, and the eastern-most township, be called Pennsborough, and the western, Hopewell. — (Cumberland county.) At the February session, 1736-7, upon a petition of the inhabitants of Lancaster county, Hanover township was erected; divided on the west from Peshtank by Beaver creek from its mouth to the mountain, from Lebanon on the east, and Derry on the south by Sua- taaro creek, from Beaver mouth to the forks, thence b}^ the north branch thereof to the mountain. At the February session, 1737-8. — The petition of many of the inhabitants of Drumore township, setting forth the inconveniences they lie under by the largeness of the township, and praying the same may be divided Note. — James Ewing was born about the year 1736, in Manor township, of this county, of Irish parents. When yet a lad his parents moved to Hellam township, Lancaster, now York county. Our young hero, at the age of 18 or 19, was engaged in repelling, with his associates, and citizens soldiers, the incursions of the Indians. He took, at an early day, an active part in the Indian or French army ; and was, it is be- lieved, a lieutenant in Braddock's army, and present at the disastrous slaughter usually called "Braddock's Defeat." He served his country in various capacities. He was a member of the Legislature for six or seven years. He was Brigadier General, and attached to the Flying Camp in the Kevolutionary war. He was in public life till 1800 — died in March, 190G, aged about 70 years. Of him it is said, at the time of his death, what is said of few : "He died without an enemy." 268 HISTORY OP by a line running from a marked Spanish oak standings on the brow of a roundish hill by Sasquehanah opposite an island, called Mount Johnson, north-east by east to Octoraro creek, and that the said western division may be called the township of Little Britain, which said petition being considered and approved of, the same is ordered per curiam to be recorded in manner aforesaid. The year 1736, there was a contest between the Mary- landers and the inhabitants of Lancaster, arising from the undefined boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. A respectable number of Germans and others had settled west of the Susquehanna, now York county, under Pennsylvania titles; but to avoid paying taxes, imposed by the province, these settlers accepted titles from Maryland, "and attorned to Lord Baltimore; but, becoming satisfied that adhesion to him might uUi- mately prejudice their interests, they formally renounced their allegiance, and sought protection from Penn- sylvania." This course of shifting greatly displeased the Mary- landers; they were determined to eject the '^ miscreants'^^ from their possessions. Three hundred men, headed by the sheriff of the county of Baltimore, advanced within the borders of Pennsylvania to execute their ejectment. The citizens of Lancaster county could not look with indifference upon the conduct of the Marylanders: Samuel Smith, the sheriff of Lancaster county, drew out a Posse Comitatus, i. e. citizens to oppose the aggres- sions of rioters or invaders, and to protect the settlers west of the Susquehanna. Smith succeeded without violence in having the Marylanders leave the arena, where they proposed to execute the design of their mis- sion, with the understanding the setders there would> LANCASTER COUIsTr. 269 after consultation, " give an answer to Lord Baltimore's expedition to acknowledge his authority.'' For a short time, disturbances seemed to be settled ; but before long, through the instrumentality of Captain Thomas Cressap, a restless, quarrelsome individual, an association was formed with the knowledge of Governor Ogle, of some fifty or sixty persons, under the auspices of the Captain, to displace the Germans, being the prin- cipal settlers; and to divide their lands, according to the agrarian laws of Rome: "to distribute the lands of the conquered among the coyiquerors ; for Cressap had promised each of his associates two hundred acres of land. In the prosecution of their design, tliey killed one Knowles, who had resisted them. Their leader, how- ever, did not escape with impunity; the sheriff of Lan- caster assailed him, and on the 23d of November, 1736, after ho was wounded, took him as prisoner and con- veyed him to Philadelphia jail. "Governor Ogle, on receipt of this intelhgence, despatched Edmund Jennings and Daniel Dulany to Philadelphia, to demand reparation, and the release of Cressap. Both were refused by the president and coun- cil, who earnestly remonstrated against the encroach- ments of the people of Maryland, encouraged and pro- tected by their Governor. " Governor Ogle immediately ordered reprisal. Foiu German settlers were seized and carried to Baltimore, and a band of associators, under one Higgenbotham, proceeded forcibly to expel the Germans. Again the council ordered out the sheriff of Lancaster, and the power of his county, with directions to dispose detach- ments in proper positions to protect the people; and they despatched Messrs. Lawrence and Ashton, members of 23* ^70 X^hm tkie sli»iff entered tbs HnM^ iStm iiiTaud^ts i^iredl^ but if^innied 9;$ sjmni iis hb £»rog w«s wididbrai^vii. C«|k luras; were ]i»tde oa bolli sidc& The Gennaai ssetilers w<@re baaracs9id peip€«ia%; iu muaj insluioes dhr^R Irimi diidr ^unoos, aitd in otfoeis deierred Cram ex^jj »ltcxa|Mt to pfeuat or iiopr&Te. *Ii:i Mar^ 17S7, the eoundl s^l Ssnuuel Pr@||paaiid Jitei KmjjfT^ ex> 1737^ a paity of Afaiiyluideis^ six* tecxi daring f^^lows, imder the diieddcm of at i/e^ffmrtMto, nacmed Bkhnrd Lowdex, br«^ opcai the jail ait Lan* oasixix, ancl released the xioters wixi baud been appre- hended by thf» 5^exiff, amcmg whtMOi was a brother of the k^dex, Foitncately vhcn ind%iiati(Mi was prompt* ii^ the inlii^bitanis; oa both ^dcs of the hne to further breaches of pe^ioe, an order of the Kins^ in council, on the subject of the boundary, induced both paxues to re* Drain from furiliex Tioleace, to drop al! peT?ecutions, and to di?:diax§-e iheii respeeuve piiswiers on bail."' In 17:>S, a xes^peet^ble numbex of Swiss and Geimans b:^v . wexe naturalized. Many of the appJi^ c«.i > . in the country' as eaxly as 17^7, bui the grealex part of iliem came in between 17S1 and 17S5, — TJie A^-t was passed at a sesdon held itom Ociobex, 17SS, to May, 17S9, Tiie foi..>win§ are t)ie names of thcKe natiuaii^ed, all of Lancastcx oountT: LANCASTER COUNTr. 271 Michael Albert, William Albert, Leonard Bender, George Miller, John Bushong,*. Nicholas Candle, Jo^ Haggy, Charles Keller, Stephen Remsberger, Ludowick Dettenburn, Jacob Bare, Jr., John Leiberger, Micliael Becker, John Peter Cooher, Christian Lawer, John Li- bough, Bartholomew Shaver, Casper Stump, Jacob Becker, Tobias Pickle, Peter Rutt, George Klein, Paul Tittenhoffer, Matthias Tise, George Lodowick Horst, Sebastian Graff, John Henry Basseler, >Iatthia.s Yung, Jacob Scliloug, Henry Michael Immei, Felix Miller, Martin Weybrecht, Frederick Eighelberger, Sebastian Fink, Hans Adam Schreiner, Christian Lang, Casper Fillar, Anthony Bretter, Leonhard Ellniaker, Andreas Bersinger, Hans Graff, Jacob Hartman, Theophilus Hartman, Theophilus Hartman, Jr., Benjamin Wltmer, Abraham Witmer, Johannes Pinkley, Turst Buckwalter, Henr)' Neaf, Jr., Valentine Hergelrat, Henr}" Basseler, John Stetler, Leonhard Romler, Leonhard Heyer, Peter Schell,' John Nohaker, Nicliolas Miller, Johan Hock, Thomas Knoppenheffer, Michael Knoppenheffer, Chris- tian Leman, George Unrook, Jacob Scheffer, Valentine Keffer, Jacob Etshberger, Herman Walbum, Casper Reed, Clirlstian Manusmith, Nicholas Kutts, George Weyrick, Christopher Ley, Jacob Lower, Hans Moor, ♦John Bushong, a French Huguenot, sailed in the same vessel with the Rev. Johannes Bartholomews Rieger. They left Rotterdam by way of Cowes, in the Ship Britannia of Loudon, Michael Franklyn, Master, and arrived at Philadelphia in Sept, 1731. Some of Bushong's descendants reside in East Lam^ peter, near Heller's Church. Among others, who arrived in the same vessel, are the well known names of Beyer, Bock, Frey, Hiestand, Carl, Keyser, Kraft, Kobell, Lehman, Lutz, Nehs, Rath, Ruppert, Yogler, Schwartz, Wets, Wirtz, Seig- mund, Weynand, Schroter, Bihlmeier, Mentz, Horsch, Boor, Baha— Coi Rec. III. 431. 272 HISTORY OF Johannes Blum, George Steitz, Erasmus Buckenmeyery George Graff; "being all of the Protestant or Reformed religion, and subjects of the Emperor of Germany, and other provinces now in amity with the King of Great Britain ; every one of them ivas by this act declared citi- zens, and all the immunities enjoyed by natural liege sub- jects, ivere to be enjoyed by them." Notes of variety. — In 1732 locusts were very numerous, and the noise made by them was sufficient to drown ones voice in conversation— orchards and young trees generally suffered much by them. — Meylins Family Bible. Smith's mill in Martic, Buckley's mill on the Octorora, and Emanuel Herr's on Pequea, had been erected prior to 1733. The first house erected in Strasburg, 1733. In 1734, Lutheran Church and School House were commen- ced in Lancaster, the Church was dedicated October 28, 1738. The same year (1738) an Episcopal Church was built in Con- cstoga 15 miles from Lancaster. The same year the hottest summer ever experienced in the county — harvest men died in the fields — multitude of birds were found dead. The Court of Nov. term, 1735, appointed Randle Chambers, Jacob Peat, James Silvers, Thomas Eastland, John Lawrence and Abraham Endless, to view and lay out a road from Harris' Ferry towards Potomac, so as best to answer the necessities of the inhabitants. Aug. 5, 1735, James Calder, Attorney at Law, on applica- tion, was admitted to practice in the Lancaster court. June 20, 1736, the first German Reformed Church, in Lan- caster, dedicated — a log building, nearly opposite the present church— after 1771, when the new church had been finished, it was converted into a private dwelling and occupied as such till Jan. 14, 1836, when it was destroyed by fire. Rev. John Jacob Hook or Hock, V. D. M. was German Ref. pastor at Lancaster, in 1736. Dec. 7, 1737— at night a smart earthquake was felt at Cones- toga and Philadelphia. LANCASTER COUNTY. 273 Nov. 2, 1736, Alexander Pearcy— May 3, 1737, James Kea- ting—admitted to practice law at the Lancaster bar. In 1736-7 settlements commenced at Adamstown— first settlers were William Adams, Abraham Kearn, John Johns, Philip Steffy, Mathias Fanslcr, Flickingers and others. ''Hoio to settle willi some Doctors in olden times.''— August Tj^ 1736, at a court of Gen. Quarter Session : Doct. William Smith, a vagabond and beggar, being convicted before the court of being an impostor, it is the judgment of the court that he re- cicve, in the town of Lancaster, ten lashes, and be conducted from Constable to Constable, and be whipped with ten lashes, in the most public place, till he comes to the bounds of the county, at Octorora, and there be dismissed." Be patient in suffering, as the Doctor said, when he received his pay. In 1733, the number of taxables, in Lancaster county, was 2560. About the year 1738, many emigrants from the Pala- tinate, Germany, settled in Brecknock township; among these were Jacob Guth, Christian Guth, who erected the first grist mill in the township; John Mussleman, Francis Diller, who erected the first distillery in Brecknock; Jacob Schneder, Francis Eckert, Herman Deis, Christopher Waldhauer, Wil- liam Morris, Englishman, and some others. — S. Boicman's iMtcr. Member of Assembly for Lancaster county. 1731: John Koyle, Andrew Galbraith, John Musgrove, Thomas Edwrads — 1732: George Stuart, Thomas Edwards, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Galbraith — 1733: Andrew Galbraith, Thomas Edwards, John Wright, John K/)yle— 1731: James Hamilton, John Em- erson, Andrew Galbraith, John Wright — 1735 and 1736: James Hamilton, Thomas Edwards, Andrew Galbraith, Thomas Arm- strong — 1737: James Hamilton, John Wright, Andrew Gal- braith, Samuel Smith. 274 HISTORY OF CHAPTER III. Governor Thomas appointed — The county divided into eight Districts- Several new townships formed — John Wright's charge to the grand jury- Brief memoir of Wright — Serjeant attempts to instruct the Indians — Ornish apply to the Assembly for an act of naturalization — Count Zin- zendorf in Lancaster — Visits Wyoming — Indians conclude to massacre Iiim — Singular incident dissuade them — Attempts made to prejudice the Assembly against the Germans — Martin Meylin's house built — Church council convoked — Irish behavior or conduct at an election — Disputes between Irish and Germans — Murhancellin murders Armstrong and his two servants — Murhancellin arrested and imprisoned — Indian treaty held in Lancaster — Indians bark Musser's Walnut trees — Lutheran excite- ment in Lancaster — Lindley Murray born — Notes of variety. On the death of Governor Gordon, Jnmes Logan, senior member of the council, discharged the duties of president, fi'oni August, 1736, to August, 1738, when he was superseded by George Thomas, Esq., a planter of Antigua, as Governor of the province and territories. — He was appointed in 1737, "but his assumption of office was delayed by the remonstrance of Lord Baltimore, against the right of the proprietaries to the Lower coun- tries. He met the Assembly of the province, on the 6th of August, 1738.'^ He was Deputy Governor till 1747. During his administration, events of a local and general character transpired, of some interest to the reader; the leading ones shall be noticed. Pursuant to an act of Assembly, passed in 1739, for the dividing the county into districts, tlie justices of the courts of Quarter Sessions, made and agreed to the fol> lowing divisions: The first district Avas constituted of Hempfield, Lancaster and Hellam townships. Hellam is now part of York county. The second district em- braced Donegal, Paxton, Deny and Hanover. The last LANCASTER COUNTlT. 275 three are within the bounds of Dauphin county. The third district was composed of Sadsbury, SaUsbur3^, Lea- cock and Strasburg. The fourth district of Warwick, Manheim, Lampeter and Lebanon. The last named is in Lebanon county. The fifth district included Cones- toga, Martic, Drumore and Little Britain. The sixth of Tolpehocken, Hidelberg, Berne* and Bethel ;t all in Berks county. The seventh of Robinson, Cocalico, Car- naervon and Earl ; the first is in Berks. The eighth was constituted of Pennsboro and Hopewell ; both in Cum- berland; but since divided into fifteen or sixteen town- ships, in that county. The year 1741, is remarkable in the history of the county, and in the life of the incorruptible John Wright^ Esq., for his immoveable resistance to the encroachments made upon ancient usages. ^''During the administration of Governor Thomas, the enlisting of indented or bought servants,:}: for soldiers, was first permitted to be ^Berno had been part of Tulpchocken, till May, 1738, when it was divided or separated from the latter, by order of the court. f Bethel was part of Lebanon township, till May, 1739. The court ordered that it be divided and bounded as follows, viz : " That the division line begin at Swatara creek, at a stony ridge, about half a mile below John Tittles, and continuing along the said ridge easterly to Tolpehockon township to the northward of Tobias Pickcl's, so as in its course to leave John Benaugle, Adam Steel, Thomas Ewersly and Matthias Tise, to the southward of the said line ; that the northermost division be named and called Betliel — the southern division continue the name Lebanon.^' jThe number of bought and indented servants, who were thus taken from their masters, as appears by the printed votes of the Assembly, were about 276; whose masters were com- pensated by the Assembly for their loss sustained thereby, to the amount of two thousand five hundred and eighty-eight pounds. — Proud. 276 HISTORY OF carried into execution, in the province, before the act 6f parhament, in that case, was made ; which being disa^ greeable and injurious to many of the inliabitants, and contrary to ancient usage,^^ John Wright, the mild but firm Quaker, of Wright's Ferry, of this county, and who had for many years been a member of the Assem^ bly, spolie out freely and firmly against this measure ; as a consequence^ he fell a victim to Governor Thomas' in- tolerance. Having understood that the Governor in- tended to remove him from office ; he had at that time been justice of the peace, and president of the Common Pleas, he attended the May session of the court, 1741, and before the new commissioners had been published, delivered a charge to the grand jury, which was pub- lished by their order; and which deserves to be en- graven upon the hearts of all who hate executive domination. "As a new commission of the peace, for this county, is, I suppose, now to be published, in which my name, and some of my brethren, are, I presume, left out; I desire your patience and attention a few moments, while I give the last charge to the grand jury, which I shall ever do, from this place, and take leave of my brethren, the justices, and my friends, the good people of the county, as a magistrate. ** I have, for upwo.rds of twenty years, borne a com- mission of the peace, in Chester and Lancaster counties, under the respective Governors of this province, and have lived in familiar friendship and good understanding with all of them, until of late. "About twelve years ago, under the mild and peace- able administration of Governor Gordon, I was one of those who were instrumental in procuring this part of the province to be erected into a separate county, and LANCASTER COUNTY. 277 liaVe contributed, accordiDg to my small ability, to have rule and order established and preserved among us^ I have always attended the courts of judicature; except when want of health, or the service of my country, in some other station, require my absence ; and it has been my lot repeatedly to give the charge to the gentlemen of the grand juries from this place. "I am now an old man; too old, if both opportunity and inclination should invite (which I am assured never will) ever to take the burden upon me again; and, there- fore, am willing to make you a few observations on power and Government, and the present posture of affairs here. " I shall pass over the original cf the English constitu- tion; the several steps and gradations, by which it has rose to the purity and perfection, it is at this day; the many attempts, which have been made to invade it, and the blood and treason, which have been spent, in defence of that constitution, and those liberties, which render the English nation so famous throughout the world. "And, first, I observe to you. Gentlemen of the Grand Jury J that the privilege of trials, by juries is counted older than the English Government, and was not un- known to the ancient Britons: juries are looked upon as essential felicity to English subjects; and are put in the first rank among English liberties; the reason given is this; because no man's life shall be touched, for any crime (out of parliament) unless he be thought guilty by two several juries ; and these juries, being substantial men, taken, from time to time, out of the neighborhood of the person accused, cannot be supposed to be biased; whereas, it is observable, that judges are made by pre- rogatives and many have been preferred by corrupt min- isters of state; and may be so again; and such ad- 24 278 HISTORY OF vanced as will serve a present turn, rather than those of more integrity and skill, in the laws. '' Juries are of two kinds, and are commonly distin- guished by Grand and Petit Juries; the former, which you are, have larger power than the other, as very plainly appears by the qualification, which you have taken. Your power extends to all offences within the county; and your office is principally concerned in two things, 2)resent?neiits 2aidi iudictments ; the difference of which is this, the first is, where you, of your own knowledge, or inquiry, take notice of some offence^ crime, or nuisance, to the injury of the public, which you think ought to be punished, or removed, and give notice to the court, in writing, briefly, of the nature of the thing, and the person's name and place: this is called a ^^re.se?z/7ne?2/, and differs from an indict- fnent in these two respects : first, in that it is not drawn up in form; whereas indictments are generally drawn up and presented to you, by the Attorney General and the witnesses qualified to attend you; and when you have examined them you either indorse, that it is a t7me bill; or, that it does not appear to you, sufficient grounds for the accusation, that the person's life, estate, or repu- tation, should be brought in question ; all which is under- stood, by indorsing the word ignoramus. From hence, it appears, that you are appointed, as well to be guar- dians of the lives, liberties, estates, and even reputations of the innocent, as to be a means of bringing offenders to justice. And, as you are endued with a sufficient portion of understanding to know what offences are representable by you, I shall not enumerate them; having already said, they are generally under your notice ; but shall rather recommend to you, and your successors, a steady care, both for the seciuity of the LANCASTER COUNTY. 279 innocent, (for by you malicious prosecutions may be cropped in bud) and bringing offenders to the justice of the law ; that by their public shame and suffering, they and others may be deterred from the hke offences, for the future. "The office of a civil magistrate, or justice of the peace, is an office of high trust, and ought to be executed with great care, circumspection, and good conscience. Magis- trates may be looked upon as ministers under God, invested with some branches of power, for the public benefit, viz: To be a terror and scourge to evil doers, and to praise them who do well ; and while they lead lives exemplary of this, and in their public actions, have this principally in view, distributing justice impartially, with clean hands and pure hearts, their post is truly hon- orable, and they are highly worthy of regard. But if they unhappily deviate from this rule, if they are foimd in the practice of those crimes, which they ought to punish and suppress, if they pervert justice for bribes, and op- press the poor and innocent, they therefore render them- selves highly unworthy of an office of so great a trust. "I was always a friend to power, well knowing that good and wholesome laws, duly executed, are so far from being a restraint upon true liberty, that they are only as regulating springs to the passions, and productive of it; and our worthy founder, and first proprietor tells us, " That he composed his frame of Government with a view to support power in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of power :^^ and these two are generally observed to attend each other, as causes and effects. And a noted professor of the law, in this province, some years ago, when he espoused the cause of liberty, and loaded with age 9-nd infirmities, took a long journey in defence of it, has these words on power: "It 280 HISTORY OF may justly be compared to a great river, which, while^ kept within due bounds, is both beautiful and useful; but when it overflows its banks, it is then too impetuous to be stemmed! it bears down all before it, and brings destruction and desolation where it comes." " If, then, these are the ill effects of lawless power, every wise man ought to be on his guard, to prevent them, by keeping up the banks of liberty, and common right, the only bulwark against it. "It was in defence and support of this great bulwark, against the attempts of power, under a pretence of serving his majesty, but done in such a manner as I apprehend,, cannot be supposed was ever intended, or expected, by our most gracious sovereign; whose distinguishing char- acter is, to protect and not to oppress; and whatever bm'den the necessity of the times requires to be laid on the subjects under his immediate and just administra- tion, is laid equally and impartially; I say, it waste the opposition given by the House of Representatives, to the manner in which these attempts were made, and the just concern and dislike shewed thereto, that we may impute the late changes made in the commissions of the peace throughout the province, whatever other pretences they may be glossed with. " For this cause, my friends and countrymen, for the cause of English liberty, for standing in the civil defence of right and property, are we dismissed; and I rejoice, and am heartily glad, that I have been one of those, who arc thought worthy of displeasure. "And now, to conclude, I take my leave, in the words of a Judge of Israel. " Here I am, witness against me ; whom have I defrauded; whom have I oppressed; or, of whose hands have I received any bribe, to blind my eyes therewith? And I will restore it." LANCASTER COUNTY. 281 *«May the Prince of Peace, who is the King of Kings, protect the people of this province from domestic foes and foreign enemies, is my hearty desire ; and so I bid you all farewell.'^ "Respecting this same John Wright, it may be further observed, in this place, that he died about the year 1751, in Lancaster county, where he had lived, in the eighty-fourth of his age. It is recorded of him, "That he was born in the year 1667, in Lancashire, in England, of religious and repu- table parents ; who were among the early professors of the doctrine held by people called Quakers, and lived and died highly esteemed members of that community. He was educated with a view to the practice of physic ; but he declined pursuing it, and entered into trade, till the year 1714; when he removed with his family into Pennsylvania, well recommended by certificates, from his friends, the Quakers, in that part of England, both as to his moral character, and as a preacher, in the society; with whom they had, for many years, lived in strict amity. " Soon on his settlement in the province, his principles and conduct recommended him to the notice of the public : he was a representative to the General Assembly, for Chester county, and many years one for Lancaster county. In his station as a Judge, for the last county^ he was noted for prompt, honest principles, and candor^ and an inflexible integrity ; one instance of which ap- pears in the cause and manner of his dismission from that office, in 1741, as above mentioned. "He continued to attend the Assemblies, till broken health, and an advanced age, rendered such attendance difficult, and sometimes impracticable ; although the people among whom he lived, from a long experience of 24* 282 HISTORY or His services, ahd regard to him, would not be prevailed on by himself, or his family, to name another in his stead, for that station ; but continued to return his name till he died. "Through every station in life, his good will to man- kind, his love of peace and good order, and his en- deavors to give them a permanent footing in his neigh- hood, and in the county in general, were known to be his delight and study: his sense of religion, and the testimony he bore to it, were free from intemperate zeal, yet earnest, and attended with life and spirit, influenced by the love of God, and benevolence to his whole crea- tion ; such he continued, with his understanding clear,, his mind calm, cheerful and resigned, to the advanced period of old age, when he expired without a groan."* This year, 1741, a Mr. Serjeant, a gentlemen of New England, took a journey to the Shawanese, and some other tribes on the Susquehamia, and he'may, it is proba- ble, have visited the Indians in this county, and offered to instruct them in the christian religion ; but they would have none of his instruction 5 they rejected his offer with disdain. The poor fellows had experienced, to their sorrow, too many wrongs at the hands of those who should have treated them kindly. "They re- proached Christianity, judging it, as they did by the lives of those who professed to be christians. They told him \he traders would lie, cheat, and debauch their daughters and sisters, and even their wives, if their husbands were not at home. They said further, that the Senecas had given them their country, but charged them, never to receive Christianity from the English.'^l 1742. — A respectable number of the Ornish, of Lan- caster county, petitioned the General Assembly that a ♦Proud. fProud, II. 312. LANCASTER eOUNTT; 283- Special law of naturalization for their benefit, might be passed. They stated, /^ They had emigrated from Europe by an invitation from the proprietaries ; that they had been brought up and were attached to the Ornish doctrine, and were conscienciously scrupulous against taking oaths — they therefore cannot be naturalized agreeably to the existing law.'' A law was passed in conformity to their request.* The year 1742, is also remarkable in the annals of this county, for the visits of Louis Nicholas Zinzendorf, usually called Count Zinzendorf. This remarkable man arrived in America in 1741, and in 1742, visited Lan- caster C')unty and city. On his arrival, permission was granted him to preach in the court house. He made converts wherever he went; among his first fruits was the conversion of George Kline to his views, who after- wards, as may be seen from the sequel, aided in the pro- motion of a Moravian church in this county.t His *Haz. Reg. Note. — Touching oaths, they maintain the following as set forth in their own words: Was das Eid Schwoeren angehet, davon glaubcn und bekcnnen wir: Das der Herr Christus das- selbe gleichfals den seinen abgcrathen und verboten habe: naemlich, das sie keincsweges solten schwoeren, sondern das ja, ja, und nein, nein solite seyn.-^Glaubens BekenntnisSy Art. 15. The Ornish and Mcnnonites hold the same doctrines. They maintain that Christ in Matt. v. 34-37, totally and explicitly prohibited his followers the use of oaths, and has given them permission to ratify their cause with nothing more than a yea^ yea or a nay, nay. His disciples, they maintain ought to be children of truth. — Illustrating Mirror, by John Herr, p. 127-133 Lane. Ed. 1834. fSee chapter V. 254 HISTORY OF engrossing aim was to cluistianize the Indians. With this view he visited a distant part of Lancaster county — - the Wyoming comitry — inhabited by the Shawanese Indians. Zinzendorf, and his httle company, pitched their tents on the banks of the Susquehanna, a httle below the town. This caused no small degree of alarm among the Indians ; '- a council of the chiefs was assem- bled, the declared purpose of Zinzendorf was deliber- ately considered. To these unlettered children of the wilderness it appeared altogether improbable that a stranger should brave the dangers of a boisterous ocean, tliree thousand miles broad, for the sole purpose of in- stnictmg them in the means of obtaining happiness after death, and that too without requiring any compensation for liis trouble and expense ; and as they had observed the anxiety of the white people to purchase lands of the Indians, they naturally concluded that the real object of Zinzendorf was either to procure them the lands at Wyoming for his own use, to search for hidden treasures, or to examine the country with a view to future con- quest. It was accordingly resolved to assassinate him, and to do it priA'ately, lest the knowledge of the transaction Note. — Zinzendorf, the patron of the sect of the ^Moravians, was born at Dresden, ]May, 1700. He studied at Hale and Utrecht. About the year 1722, he began to preach and write to instruct his fellow men. He travelled extensively in Europe, In 1737 he visited London ; 1741 he came to America, and preached in various parts in Pennsylvania. He with his daugh- ter, Benigna, and several brethren and sisters, visited various tribesof Indians. At Sheconneco he established the first Indian Moravian Congregation in America. In 1743 he returned to Europe. He died at Herrnhut in 1760, and his coffin was car- ried to the grave by thirty-two preachers and missionaries^ whom he had reared and some of whom had toiled in Holland, England. Ireland, North America, and Greenland. Vt'hat mon-^ arch was everlionored by a funeral like this / — Allen, LANCASTER COFNTT. 285 should produce war with the Enghsh who were ^etthng the country below the mountams. "Zinzendorf was alone m his tent, seated upon a bun- dle of dry weeds, which composed his bed, and engaged in writing, when the assassins approached to execute their bloody mission. It was night, and the cool air of Sep- tember had rendered a small fire necessary to his comfort and convenience. A curtain formed of a blanket and hung upon pins was the only guard to the entrance of his tent. The heat of his small fire had roused a large rattlesnake which lay in the weeds not far from it ; and the reptile, to enjoy it more effectually, crawled slowly into the tent and passed over one of his legs undis- covered. Without, all was still and quiet, except the gentle murmur of the river at the rapids, a mile below. At this moment, the Indians softly approached the door of his tent, and slightly removed tlie curtain, contem- plated the venerable man too deeply engaged in the subject of his thoughts to notice either their approach, or the snake which lay extended before him. At a sight like this, even the heart of the savage shrunk from the idea of committing so horrid an act, and quitting the spot, tliey hastily returned to the town and informed their companions that the Great Spirit protected the white man, for they had found him with no door but a blanket,, and had seen a large rattlesnalvc crawl over his. legs without attempting to injure him. This circum- stance, together with the arrival soon afterwards of Conrad Weiser, procured Zinzendorf the friendship and confidence of the Indians.''*' After spending twenty days at Wyoming, he returned to Bethlehem. The Indians had been so repeatedly duped that their suspicions were nearly as often excited as those of the ♦Chapman's His. of "Wyoming. 286 HISTORY OF whites against their own brethren ; however, with this differencej that in both cases under consideration there was no cause at all for these suspicions. The inoffensive Count, as well as the inoffensive Mennonite and Ger- mans, had the singular fortune to be noticed ''with green eyesJ'^ When excitements run high, arising from prejudice, the innocent themselves feel as though it were a duty they owe their fellow men, to avoid every appearance that might engender unfounded suspicions. This the Mennonites of Lancaster county did on more than one occasion. ^'In 1741, a second attempt was made to prejudice the Assembly against the Germans, but in the message of the Assembly to Governor Thomas, the House expressed their views as follows: Who they are that look with jealous eyes at the Germans, the Go- vernor has not been pleased to inform us, nor do we know. Nothing of the kind can be justly attributed to us, or any preceding Assembly, to our knowledge. — The Legislature of this province has generally, on appli- cation made to them, admitted the Germans to partake of the privileges enjoyed by the King's natural subjects; and as we look upon them to be a lahoinous, industrious: people, we shall cheerfully perform what can be expected from us for their benefit, and for those who may here- after arrive.'^ To allay unfounded prejudices, the Mennonites gave a decided proof thereof in 1742, in convoking a church council, consisting of elders, preachers and the bishop, and meeting at the house of Martin JMeylin, in Lam- peter township. Martin Meylin, grandfather of Martin Meylin, Jacob Meylin, John Meylin, and Abraham Meylin, all at present residing in West Lampeter township^ built what LANCASTER COUNTY. 287 was then caWed 3, palace, of sandstone. It was^ in 1742, one of the most stately mansions in the comitry ; and as the Mennonites were a plain people, and Martin Meylin, an active member, the house was not only considered too palace-like, but the appearance of it might, as they rea- soned, strengthen their enemies in prejudicing the gov- ernment against them — they had been virtually charged with disloyalty — "determined not to obey the lawful authority of government — that they were disposed to organize a government of their own.'^ The bishop, Ha?is Tschantz, with his elders and assistance, having repaired to the humble log cottage hard by the "stately mansion," and organized the meeting, himself presiding over the deliberations of the assembled. Martin Avas first questioned, upon conscience, to openly declare what his intentions Avere in erecting so large, so gorgeous a dwelling — reminding him of the rumor some twelve or thirteen years ago ; and lately, of the prejudices excited against the Germans. He stated, he consulted only his comfort, and that he had no sinister views. Next he was reminded that, in their view, the house was rather too showy for a Mennonite. The question was, whether he deserved severe censure, if not suspension from church privil^es, for this over- sight. After some concessions, and mutual forbearance, by the parties, it was resolved that Martin be kindly reprimanded ; to which he submitted — thus the matter ended, and all parted as brethren. The Germans were at one time viewed in " double vision;^^ both as objects of suspicion, and subjects of easy imposition. Even at this day, many of us scarcely understaift the "spicy and sweet words" " of the dear people" — " the bone and sinew of the country," &c. Mttered by politicians in their scrambles for seats of 28S irisTORt of honor, and the fat things of office. The " scores gotie over,'' and now 2^lai/ing, remind us of the recorded past. ScrambHng for office among the Enghsh and Irish in this county is nothing new ; as early as 1732 there was a violent contest between Galbraith and Wright. In 1743 the Irish strove for "ascendancy at the polls." An election was held this year to supply the vacancy occa^ sioned by the death of Thomas Linsey. The Irish com- pelled the sheriff to receive such tickets as the?/ approved, and make a return accordingly. The following resolu- tion was passed in Assembly : Resolved, That the sheriff having assumed upon himself the power of being sole judge at the late election, exclusive of the inspectors chosen by the framers of said county of Lancaster, is illegal, unwarrantable and an infringement of the the liberties of the people of the province ; that it gave just cause for discontent to the inhabitants of said county ; that if any disturbances followed thereupon, it is justly imputed to his own misconduct. Resolved further. That the sheriff of Lancaster county be admonished by the speaker. The sheriff attended, and being admonished, promised he would take care and keep the law in future. He also altered the return, aS Samuel Blunston was entitled to take his seat.* The Germans began, about this time,t to look to their rights as weh as their interests ; they had determined upon maintaining these with firmness. Disturbances be- tween the Irish and Germans, were common. The pro- proprietors, to prevent these, "on the organization of York and Cumberland, gave orders to their agents to sell ♦Votes of Assembly. I Gordon's Pa. p. 241, 242. LANCASTER COUNTY. 289 no lands in York and Lancaster counties to the Irish ; and also to make advantageous overtures to the Irish settlers on Paxton and Swatara, and Donegal townships, to induce them to remove to Cumberland county, which offer being liberal, was accepted by many."* While warm feelings were engendered among the Germans and Irish against each other, the savage Indian was, in a distant part of the county, imbruing his hands in the blood of the whites. Murhancellin, an Indian chief, of the Delaware tribe, murdered John Armstrong and his two servants on Juniata. He was soon appre- hended by Captain Jack's party, conveyed to Lancaster jail, where after several months, imprisonment he was removed to Philadelphia jail, "lest he should escape, or his trial and execution should produce an unfavorable impression on his countrymen about to assemble, for a conference with the whites, at Lancaster. '^ The gov- ernor also required that the property of the deceased should be returned to his family; and he invited a dep- utation to attend the trial of the Indian, and his execu- tion, should he be found guilty.t The proposed conference, held in Lancaster 1745, was attended by Gov. Thomas himself, in person, and by agents from Virginia and Maryland, and from the Iroquois tribes. This treaty or conference was con- ducted with much parade and formality, after the Indian manner. "All matters of dispute between the parties were satisfactorily settled. The Indians engaged to prevent the French, and the Indians in their alliance, from marching through their country, to attack the *The Works, Moores, Galbraiths, Bells, Whitehills, Silvers, Semples, Sterrits, Woods, early settlers in the east end of Cumberland county, were from Donegal township. fGordon's Pa. 246, 247. 25 290 HISTORY OF English settlements; and that they would give the earliest information they received of the enemy's designs j and, in consideration of four hundred pounds, they recognized the title of the king to the colony of Virginia, as it was then, or should be, afterwards bounded. The favor of the Indians was not obtained gratuitously. Pennsylvania presented them with three hundred pounds currency ; Maryland one hundred pounds ; and Virginia two hundred pounds, with the addition of a promise to recommend the Six Nations to the consideration of his majesty. But this conference did not remove causes of future disquiet. These lay in the encroachments of the settlers, and in the conduct of the traders ; who, in defiance of the law, carried spirituous liquors to the Indian wigwams ; and, taking advantage of the inordinate passion of the savage for this poison, cheated them of their skins, and their wampum, and debauched their wives. " Is it not to be wondered at then, said Governor Thomas, if when the Indians recover from their drunken-fit, they should take severe revenge. Or would it have been a matter of surprise, had they charged on whites, in the aggregate, the vices of individuals, and sought vengeance on the natives whose citizens daily assumed their soil, and destroyed the best of their people." The Indians about the town of Lancaster were also committing depredations in a small way; some of them found their cabins wanted roofs, and to secure the shingles, they barked John Musser's Walnut trees, which stood in town, to cover their cabins with. Musser made complaint to the Governor, touching the barking of his trees, demanding six poimds damage ; the Assem- bly gave him three pounds.* *Votes of Assembly, 1744. LANCASTER COUNTY. 291 The year 1745, is remarkable in the history of the Lutheran church, in the city of Lancaster, on account of a great ferment excited among the Lutherans. The Rev. Neyberg, pastor of the Lutheran church, united a portion of his congregation with the Moravians ; this caused an excitement among the Lutherans; they in- formed the Governor they were compelled to hear a doc- trine which they did not approve, or they must resign their church. The Governor kindly informed them that he could not interfere, that the law protected all alike, and their rights were thus secure, and it was to the law they should look for protection.* In 1746, after Rev, Henry Melchior Mvhlenberg, had visited the congrega- tion to reconcile the parties, Neyberg withdrew, and had a Moravian church built. In 174S, Rev. Handschuh, took charge of the Lutheran congregation.! *Haz. Keg. f Nachricbt der Ev. Gem. in America, 67. Notes. — Lindley Murray, the English Grammarian, was born in 1745, near Swatara, Lancaster county. He died in England, 1826. October 1741, by the special order and dircc<^ion of the pro- prietaries, Thomas Cookson, Deputy Surveyor of Lancaster county, laid out the town of York. John Eby's mill, Elias Myer's mill, and George Eby's mill- all erected before 1739. The winter of 1740, dreadfully severe — the'snow in general more than three feet deep — the back inhabitants suffered much from want of bread — many of the families of the new settlers had little else to subsist upon but the carcases of deer they found dead or dying in the swamps or run about their houses. The Indians found a great scarcity of deer and turkeys. Tradition speaks of a great flood in the spring of 174(X— January 6th and 7th 1741, the coldest days for many years. William Smith's mill on Beaver creek had been erected prior 292 HISTORY OF to 1741. In 1741 Mr John Ross, keeper of the ferry at Blue Rock, on the Susquehanna, prayed the court for a road from his ferry to the town of Lancaster. The neighborhood of Reinholdsville was settled between the years of 1735 — 40 by Germans, by Hans Beelman, Hans Zim- merman, Peter Shoemaker, large landholders, and others. Raplio township. — May 1741, the inhabitants of the north east part of Donegal township, petitioned for the erection of a new township to be called Raphe. In 1742, a party of Indians, twenty-one Onondagoes, and seven Oneidas, on their way to Virginia, in an excursion against the Tallapoosas there, left their caroes at Harris's landing — came to Lancaster county, procured a pass from a magistrate — travelled peaceably through the province, obtain- ing supplies of provisions from the inhabitants. They were directed to obtain a renewal of their pass from the authorities of Virginia, after they should cross the Potomac; but this they found impossible, being unable to make themselves under- stood — were foiled in the object of their excursion. — Gordon. In 1745, the Catholics procured a lot, in the city ot Lancas- ter, from Hamilton's estate, on which a few years afterwards, a small log church was erected, in 1760 this was burnt down. — In 1762, the present Catholic church was founded. May 1, 1742, Lancaster Was incorporated as a borough by George Thomas, by charter. A German Pvcfoniied cougrega'iou was urganized, near Adamstown, called "Modecrick Church," in 1743. October 3, 1744, the Episcopalians held a meeting at Lan- caster, for the organization of a parish — St. James' church. — The Rev. Richard Locke, an itinerant missionary, was the first officiating minister. Measures were taken, April 15, 1745, for the erection of a small stone church, which however was not completed till 1753. In 1754, the Moravians held a provincial council in Lan- caster, In 1746, they built a church and school house — the former stood on the site of the present church. Their first pastor at Lancaster was Rev. L. T. Neyberg. September22, 174G, Rev. Michael Schlatter, V. D. M. of St. Gall, Switzerland, in company with Rev. Weiss, of Philadel- LANCASTER COUNTY. 293 phia, visited Rev. John B. Rieger, V. D. M. Pastor Loci, Lancaster. Members of Assembly from Lancaster county, for 1738, were James Hamilton, John "Wright, Andrew Galbrailh, Samuel Smith ; in 1739, John Wright, Thomas Ewing, Thomas Lind- ley, Thomas Edwards; in 1740, Anthony Shaw, and the same as before, except Thomas Edwards; in 1741 and 1742, Samuel Blunston, and the same as before, except Thomas Edwards, CHAPTER IV. York county organized — Election frauds — Sabbath school commenced at Ephrata — David Ramsay born ; Memoir of — Bart township organized — House of Employment provided — General Miller — General Clark — Abundant crops— Distilleries erected — Partial famine — Indian alarms, and horrid atrocities — French neutrals imported — Their condition unen- viable — An Act to disperse them— Cooper, Webb and Le Fevre ap- pointed to execute the several provisions of the Act — Another act passed relative to the French neutrals — Notes of variety. As the settlements extended westward of the Susque- hanna, and the population augmented, the difficulty, as is the case in newly settled countries, increased among the orderly portion to secure themselves against thefts and abuses, frequently committed amongst them by idle and dissolute persons, who resorted to the remote parts of the province, and by reason of the great distance from the court or the prison, frequently found means of escape. These facts were urged by the inhabitants west of the Susquehanna, as with one voice, for consideration, upon the Legislature. The Governor with the Assem- bly, on the 19th of August, 1749, made a division of Lancaster county, and the part west of the Susquehanr^ was called York. 25* 294 nisTORT OF The same year York was separated from Lancaster, " James Webb complained to the General Assembly of die undue election and return of a member from Lan- caster county, and praying redress. It was given in evi- dence before the Assembly, that the election had been conducted in a violent and unbecoming manner; that votes had been received by persons unauthorized to re- ceive the same, and particularly two by Christian Herr, one of the inspectors ; that many persons voted as often as four, five, six, and even ten times ; that one of the candidates, who was elected, encouraged them, and although there had not been one thousand persons upon the ground, yet two thousand three hundred votes had been received. The House resolved. That the election be confirmed, and the officers be admonished and censured by the speaker: they were severely censured." Sabbath school instruction, which is so common in the world, was first introduced in this county, at Ephrata.— Ludwick Hacker, whom we mentioned before, was a man devoted to the cause of juvenile instruction. '^He came to Ephrata in 1739, and shortly on his arrival, was appointed the teacher of the common school. After being a short time employed in this responsible station, he likewise opened a school in the afternoon of the sab- bath ; aided by some of his brethren, imparted instruc- tion to the poorer class of children, who were kept from regular school by employments in which their necessities obliged them to be engaged during the week, as well as to give religious instruction to those of better circumstances. It is not exactly known in what year the Sabbath school was commenced. ^' It appears from the records of the minutes of the society, that materials for a Sabbath school room were furnished in the year 1749. This LANCASTER COUNTY. 295 school flourished many years, and was attended with some remarkable consequences. It produced an anxious inquiry among the juvenile class, who attended the school, which increased and grew into what is now termed a revival of religion. The scholars of the Sab- bath school met together every day before and after common school hours, to pray and exhort one another, under the superintendance of one of the brethren.'^ The year 1749, is remarkable in the annals of Lan- caster county, for the birth of David Ramsay, the great American Historian. He was born in Drumore town- ship, the 2d of April, 1749. He was the youngest son of James Ramsay,'^ a respectable farmer, who had emi- grated from Ireland at an early age, and by the cultiva- tion of his farm, with his ov/n hands, provided the means of subsistence and education for a numerous family. — He was a man of intelligence and piety, and early sowed seeds of knowledge and religion in the minds of his children. He lived to reap the fruits of his labors, and to see his offspring grow up around him, ornaments of society, and props to him in the evening of his eventful life. David Ramsay was educated at Princeton college, and took the degree of bachelor of arts at the age of 16. — After devoting some time to the general cultivation of his mind, he began the study of physic, at Philadelphia, and attended the lectures at the college of Pennsylvania. He commenced the active duties of his profession in Maryland, where he continued one year, and then went to Charleston, South Carolina, with a letter of very high recommendation from Dr. Rush. He soon acquired ♦David's mother was a Miss Montgomery. Many of his relatives still reside in this county; among whom are the Pattersons, Clcndenins, and others, of Little Britain. S96 HISTORY OP celebrity in his profession ; but his diversified talents and active mind soon took a wider range. From the eom- mencement of the revolution, he was an ardent patriot, and exerted all his powers to promote the independence of his comitry. From the declaration of independence to the termination of the war, he was a member of the privy council, and with two others of that body was among the citizens of Charleston who, in 1780, were banished by the British to St. Augustine. On an exchange of prisoners, after ati absence of eleven months, he was sent back to the United States. In 1782 he was elected a member to Congress; in 17^5, Mr. Hancock being unable to attend. Dr. Ramsay was elected president pro tempore, and for one year discharged the duties of that station with ability, industry, and impartiality. In 1786 he returned to Charleston, and resumed the duties of his profession, and his historical labors, in which he continued to be occupied during the remainder of life. " The predominant trait in the character of Ramsay ,'' says his biographer, " was philanthrophy.^' The experi- ence of his philanthropy and beneficence in early life in the attentions received from him at Charleston, and in letters of introduction, which he spontaneously offered, to the highly respectable family of Barnwell and to others in Beaufort, and in a very obliging historical correspon- dence of later years, has left an indelible impression on the mind of the present writer, who must be indulged in the concurrent testimony. He was also a man of exem- plary piety. He was a member of the independent or Congregational church in Charleston, and adorned his christian profession. The last scene of his life furnished bright evidence of his faith and piety, of his love and rharity, and of his immortal hope, " through the blood of the Redeemer. '^ LANCASTER COUNTY. 297 He was assassinated in tlie street, a few paces from his own dwelling, in the open day, by a maniac, who shot him with a pistol loaded with three balls. One of his wounds proved mortal the second day. " Death had for him no terrors." The publications of Dr. Ramsay, which have met with a very favorable reception in Europe as well as in America, are, " The History of the Revolution, in S. Car. pub. 1784 — His. Am. Rev. pub. 1790— Life of Washington, 1801— The History of S. Car. — being the extension of an interesting work, pub- lished in 1795, entitled "A Sketch of the Soil, Chniate, Weather, Diseases, of S. C. — Memoirs of the Life of Martha Laurens Ramsay, 1810. Among his manu- scripts were, "A History of the U. S. from the first set- tlement to English Colonies," and a series of historical volumes to be entitled " Universal History Americanised, or. An Historical Vievr of the World, fi'om the earliest records to the nineteenth century, with a particular reference to the state of society, literature^ religion, and form of government in the U. S. of America." This Universal History, has been published in 12 volumes, Phila. 1818.* The citizens of Sadsbury having petitioned for a divi- sion of the township, the court, at the November Session of 1743, appointed Calvin Cooper, George Leonard, sen. James Wilson, Samuel Ramsay, Robert Wilson and James Miller, to divide the same— ."they met the 20th of March, and considered the most proper place. The line is to begin in a road called Aaron Musgrove's road, near the coppermines, at Strasburg township line, where it divides from Sadsbury, and down the several courses thereof to the east side of said road to a new road branching therefrom, leading to John Taylor's mill, *Thatchers Med. Diet. Vol. I. Art. Uamsay, 298 HISTORY OF commonly known by the name of Buckley's mill, on the east side of said road, the several courses thereof, to a road branching therefrom commonly known by the name of Rustan's road, and on the east side thereof, by the line that divides Colerain and Sadsbury ; all which we allow and conclude to be the division. The eastern part thereof retaining the name Sadsbury, and the western part, to be called Bart.'''' The condition of many of the inhabitants of the county was, in 1750 and 1751, such as to induce the people of the county to call meetings to devise measures to obviate the sufferings of the destitute. " In pursuance of a resolution passed at a large and respectable meeting of the freemen of Lancaster county, in the town of Lancaster, it was stated that a number, of the settlers had severely suffered, both from the hardships of a new settlement and the hostilities of the Indians — and Note. — Gen.H. Miller was born near Lancaster city Feb. 13, 1741. Took a distinguished part in the Revolution. He was in all the important engagements on Long Island, York Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Head of Elk, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth; at this latter place two horses were successively shot under him. In a letter of General Washington's to Congress, dated "Trenton Falls, Dec. 12, 1776," it is said, " Captain Miller, of Colonel Hand's regiment, also informs me, that a body of the enemy were marching to Burlington, yesterday morning. — He had been sent over with a strong scouting party, and at day break fell in with their advanced guards, consisting of about four hundred Hessian troops, who fired upon him before they were discovered, but without any loss, and obliged him to retreat with his party, and to take the boat." He was a member of the Legislature — Quarter master in the Whiskey Expedition — Brigadier General of the Militia of the United States, during the late war, at Baltimore. He hel(i other civil offices— diecj at Carlisle, April 5, 1824, LANCASTER COUNTY. 299 therefore resolved, That a house of employment be pro- vided for the industrious, in indigent circumstances. — The building was accordingly erected by the benovo- lent spirit which disposed all sects and all countries to contribute their aid for so excellent a purpose. A farm was procured, and farming implements pro- vided ; also manufacturing articles for the encouragement of honest but indigent industry. Lancaster became soon remarkable for the excellence of its stockings, made in that establishment." The year 1752 is remarkable in the annals of Lan- caster county for the abundance of all cereal products, especially wheat. Since the settling of the county, the crops had not yielded so bountifully as they did in 1751 and 1752. The mercies, received at the hands of a munificent Giver, were not duly appreciated, and thank- fully enjoyed. They induced to lead men into excess. — Many in their levity and wantoness, destroyed this rich store of provision, fattened their hogs on wheat, " which they consumed upon their lusts." Others in various parts of the county, erected distilleries, and thus consumed the wheat, by converting it into a poison, and thereby brought a great evil upon community.* *Die jahre 1751 und 1752, sind so fruchtbar an Wcitzen und andern Fruechten gewesen, dasz die Mcnschen in ihrer Leicht- sinnlgkeit aus Muthwillcn haben gesucht, dicsen Vorrath zu verschwenden : dann sic haben mit dcm cdlen Weitzen, von welchem viele Arme hactten leben koennen, die Schwcine gemaestet, welche sie hernach in ihrer Wohllust verzehret haben. Daneben hat mart allenthalben Brenn-Kessel ange- achaft, und aus diesem Segcn starke Getraenke gebrannt, welches grosse Unordnung hat verursachet. — Cliron. Ephrat. 190. Note.— Gen. John Clark, a native of this county, was born in 1751 — at twenty-five he entered the public services of his 300 HISTORY OP These 3^ears of plenty were followed by years of scarcity. The summers of '53, '54, and '55, were remarkable for contmiied drought, and consequent want of food for man, and provender for beast ; both lacked the wonted abundance — both were, in some in- stances, reduced to the point of starvation. There was a public calamity in the land, and not unlike the famine in the days of David, (2 Sam. 31) ; the indigent suffered greatly. In addition to their pressing wants, Indian hos- tilities having commenced, the fear of being murdered by the Indians, cast a deep gloom over the face of the country. They felt it as a merited rebuke of heaven for their excesses. "For about the 20th of October, 1755, the nev/s was received at Lancaster, that the French and countiy. Congress appointed him, February 6, 1778, as one of the auditors for the army under General Washington. He was also aid-de-camp to Gen. Green. Tiie following letter from Washington, to Congress, speaks of Clark's character: Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Jan. 2, 1778. I take the liberty of introducing Gen. John Clark, the bearer of this, to your notice. He entered the service at the com- mencement of the war, and has for some time past acted as aid-de-camp to Major General Green. He is active, sensible, and enterprising, and has rendered me great services since the enemy has been in Pennsylvania, by procuring me constant, and certain intelligence of the motives and intentions of the enemy. It is somewhat uncertain whether the state of his health will admit of his remaining in the military line ; if it should, I shall perhaps have occasion to recommend him in a more particular manner to the favor of Congress at a future time. At present, I can assure, that if you should, while he remains at York, have any occasion for his services, you will Jind him not only wiUing, but very capable of executing any of your commands. Respectfully, GEO. WASHINGTON. At the close of the Revolution, Clark resumed the practice of law at York. He died December 27, 1819. lai^castI:r county. 301 Indians had massacred and scalped many of the inhabi- tants, not more than forty miles above Harris's Ferry, (Harrisburg). About forty-five persons from Paxlon immediately proceeded to the spot, where they found fourteen bodies shockingly mangled, which they in- terred." At Reading, October 22, 1755, says Conrad Weiser, the people are in a great consternation, coming down, leaving their plantations and corn behind them; twenty-five persons, men, women and children, killed, scalped and carried away on the 16th October; thirteen killed, who were men, and elderly women, and one child; the rest being young women and children carried away; a house burnt up. Many had been alarmed before. The defeat of Braddock's army, July 9, 1755, threw the inhabitants into the utmost consternation. "All the females and children of the settlements, at Wright's Ferry, numbering about thirty, were removed to Phila- delphia, where they spent the winter. They occupied a liouse in Chestnut street, which has since been pulled down to make room for the Arcade. The men only remained."-^ Toward the close of the year, 1755, a large number of French neutrals were transported from Nova Scotia into the different English provinces of America; and many of these unfortunate persons, men, women and children, destitute of means to support themselves, were thrown into Lancaster county, and became a public charge to the inhabitants. While preparations v.^ere making on the part of Eng- land to carry on the war against the French, in 1755, an expedition was undertaken against Nova Scotia, under the coinmand of Colonel Monckton. The expedition *D. Gohcen. 26 302 HISTORY OP proved successful, and the French forces in Nova Scotk were vanquished. "A question then arose how the French inhabitants should be disposed of. They had called themselves neutrals; but some of them were found in arms, and they had, as appeared, supplied the French with arms, and thus seven thousand of them were distressed in consequence of a few taking up arms. The rest were peaceable, industrious, pious and frugal people. A proposal was made to such of them as had not borne arms, to remain in possession of their lands, upon condition that they would take the oath of alle- giance to the British Government, without qualification ; this they refused; for they might then have been com- pelled to take up arms against their own kindred and Indian neighbors, which they deemed a flagrant abuse of a former right : for by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713, they were permitted to retain their lands, on taking the oath of allegiance to their new sovereign. Queen Anne, loilh the gratijication that they should not be compelled to hear arms against their Indian neighbors, or their countrymen^ the French; and this immunity was, at subsequent periods, assured to their children. On refusing to take the proposed oath of allegiance, their property was destroyed, and they were transported and distributed among the several British Colonies. Some of them were throv/n on the public charge of this county." Their condition was unenviable — deplorable indeed. — • From a pathetic address, drawn up by themselves, to his most excellent Majesty, King of Great Britain, we learn that the miseries they endured were great. ''The miseries," said they, "we have endured since our depar- ture from Nova Scotia, cannot be sufficiently expressed, being reduced for a livelihood to toil and labor in a southern climate, so disagreeable to our constitutions. LANCASTER COUNTT. 303 that most of us have been prevented by sickness from procuring the necessary subsistence for our families; and therefore are threatened with that which we esteem the greatest aggrava,tion of all our suffering, even of having our children forced from us and bound out to strangers, and exposed to contagious distempers unknown in our native country. This,- compared with the aifluence we enjoyed, shows our condition to be extremely wretched. We have already seen in the province of Pennsylvania, two hundred and fifty of our people, perish through miseries and various diseases." This memorial, says Halyburton, m his History of Nova Scotia, liad not the effect of procuring them redress ; they were left to undergo their punishment in exile, and to mingle with the population among whom they were distributed. In this county, the citizens petitioned the Legislature for the passage of an Act to disperse the inhabhants of Nova Scotia, thrown upon them. An Act was passed March 5, 1756, by which Calvin Cooper, James Webb and Samuel Le Fevre, were appointed to carry its several provisions into execution. The Act empowered and required them, or a majority of them, or their sur- vivors, and enjoined it, that within twenty days after the passage of the Act, to order and appoint the disposition of the inhabitants of Nova Scotia imported and per- mitted to be landed, in such manner and proportions as to them appeared most equitable under certain limita- tions, to have regard to such lands and plantations, or other employment as they might procure for them towards maintaining themselves and families, and there- by easing the province of the heavy charge of support- ing them. The act further provided in these words : — '^ And for the more effectual settling and employing said S04 HISTORY OF inhabitants, it was enacted that the overseers of the poor of the several townships of Lancaster comity were required and enjoined to accept of, provide for, and receive into their respective townships such of the Nova Scotians, as were to be aUotted, and sent into their town- ships, by an order under the hands and seals of at least two of the above named persons; provided, that not more than one family was aUotted to the care of the overseers of the poor of any one township. They were to secure them employment, as was most suitable to the circumstances of the families and persons allotted, and appointed for their respective townships, as directed. — The overseers were directed to keep just and true ac- counts of all such unavoidable charges and expenses as might have accrued ; which accounts were directed to be transmitted under oath, or affirmed, to the persons nominated. Those who had been bred ta farming, farms at a rea- sonable rate, were to be rented for them, and some small assistance was to be afforded them toward settlement thereof. The commissioners were authorized to pur- chase or procure such stock or utensils of husbandry for making settlements, provided the supplies allotted to any single family did not exceed in the whole ten pounds. — The expenses incurred were to be defrayed and paid out of the money given to the King's use by an Act of Assembly. Their condition was such as to make it necessary for the Assembly to pass another Act, January 18, 1757: — "Whereas it has been found by experience that the Act of March 4, 1756, has not answered the good intentions of the Legislature of uniting them with his Majesty's loyal subjects by granting the said inhabitants of Nova Scotia equal privileges and immunities with the inhabi- LANCASTER COUNTT. 305 tants and settlers of the province, and the grievous bur- dens of maintaining them in the manner hitherto used is greater than the good people of this province, under their present distressed circumstances, are well able to bear^ and for as mucli as there are numbers of children among them whose real advantage and interest it would un- doubtedly prove to be brought up in industry and fru- gality, and bound out to learn husbandry, or some other profitable art, whereby they might become reputable inhabitants, entitled to the rights of the British subjects, and their parents thereby eased of the charge of their maintenance as well as the public, which by proper care may be in a good degree relieved from the present heavy expenses." It was enacted that the overseers of the poor of the townships in which the Nova Scotians were dispersed, were required and enjoined within two months of the passage of tlie Act, or as soon afterwards as convenient, by and with the consent and approbation of one or more justices of the peace to bind out, such of the children of the Nova Scotians, whose parents or friends were not capable to maintain them, or neglected otherwise to pro- vide for them, to kind masters and mistresses, on the best terms they could obtain; on condition the children were taught to read and Avritc the English language, and such reputable and profitable occupations as would ena- ble them to support themselves at the expiration of the term of apprenticeship ; males were to be bound out till twenty-one ; females till eighteen. Further provision was also made for those, who, by reason of age, impotence, or any bodily infirmity, were rendered incapable to maintain themselves, that they, were provided for, and maintained, as other poor of the town- ship; but at the charge of the province. 26* 306 HISTORY OF We doubt not, there may some of the descendants of the French neutrals, reside in the county. Vestiges af them remained in Philadelphia for a long time. "They refused," says Gordon, speaking of those in Philadel- phia, "for a long time to labor, but, finally, settled in low huts, in a quarter of the town, where a vestige continued until the year 1800." Those who were carried to Baltimore, soon found means to become proprietors of much of the ground on South Charles street, and erected thereon their habitations, which lon^ bore the nam_e of French town. Many of the French descendants of the old French neutrals, are still there. Notes.— October 20, 1749, the Annual Synod of the German Reformed church, met for the first time in Lancaster. Rev. Bartholomaeus, V. D. M. preached the Synodical sermon. — The number of German reformed ministers in America was small in 1749; these were John Philip Boehm, George Michael Weiss, P. B. Rieger, Jacob Lischy, formerly a Moravian, Rev. Bartholomaeus, John Philip Leydich, Michael Schlatter, missionary from Holland, two on probation, Conrad Temple- man, at Swatara, J. C. Wirts, at Sacany, and two students lately from Europe, David Marinus, and Jonathan Du Bois. January 27th, 1749-50, Cumberland county was erected— March lltb, 1752, Berks was erected— June land 2, 1750, se- vere frost — ice in many places — rye and corn injured. Governor Pownall in Lancaster in 1754: — " I took the road from Philadelphia to Wright's Ferry, on the Susquehanna. — Lancaster is a growing town, and making money — a manu- factory is here of guns — it is a stage town — 500 houses — 2,000 inhabitants. Between Lancaster and Wright's Ferry, I saw the finest farm one can possible conceive, in the highest culture ; it belongs to a Switzer. Here it was, I saw the method of wa- tering meadows by cutting troughs in the side of the hill for the springs to run in; the water runs over the sides and waters whole ground. — PownalPr, Journcil. LANCASTER COUNTY. 307 Lancaster county had, for half a century, been celebrated for the manfacture of guns. This business was successfully carried on by John Fondersmith, a European, who located at Strasburg, in 1749, where, assisted by one of his sons, he made " defensive arms'' for the Revolutionary patriots. The late Dr. Eberle's father — a peerless genius in steel and iron — a natural mechanic — manufactured bayonets, during the Revolution, not inferior to the damask blade. Peter Schaub, of Lancaster county, setting forth to the Assembly, that when the forces under Col. Dunbar were at Lancaster, on their way to Philadelphia, a considerable num- ber ot horses and cattle belonging to them were put into his meadow,, and kept there for two days, whereby the greatest part of the grass was destroyed, required compensation for damages sustained; Jacob Myers and others valued the damages at £11, 7s. The Assembly considered the petition, September 19th, 1755. John Brubaker presented a similar petition ; his damages were £8, 6s.* Col. Dunbar was an officer under Edward Braddock, who met with a fatal reproof, July 9th, 1755, near Pittsburg, for his overweening confidence and reckless temerity. Members of Assembly for Lancaster county, for 1743: — Anthony Shaw, Arthur Patterson, Thomas Lindly, John Wright — in 1744: James Mitchell, John Wiight, Arthur Pattei*son, Samuel Blunston — in 1745 and 1746: John Wright, James Mitchell, Arthur Patterson, James Wright — in 1747 and 1748: John Wright, Arthur Patterson, James Webb, Peter Worrall. * Votes of Assembly. 308 HISTORY OP CHAPTER V. Moravian community at Litiz — Zinzendorf in Lancaster — Application to the conference at Bethlehem — Commencement of Litiz — Parsonage built — School House removed-^Rev. B. A. Grube — Present condition, or state of Litiz ; Improvements ; Church, and consecration of it, &c List of the names of Pastors — Schools and names of Teachers — Brother and Sister Houses — The grave yard — ^The spring — Population, mechanics, &c. The Moravians^ those who embraced the views of Count Zhizciidorf, of whom a passmg notice has been given in a preceding page, commenced the formation of a community, in this county, about the year 1755 or 56, at Litiz, eight miles north of the city, of which we shah give a detailed account. The subject is interesting.* To give a full account of this village, and the first settlement of the Moravians in Lancaster county, we shall begin with the year 1743. It happened, in that year, that Count Zinzendorf, the patron of the renewed church of tlie United Brethren or Moravians, who being persecuted in Saxony, by such as disliked his attempts to form Christian communities, which were not to be governed by the established church government of that Kingdom, directed his attention and Christian eye to Pennsylvania, where, at a previous period, a great num- ber of German Separatists had emigrated; accordingly, he visited Pennsylvania, and believing that his visit might be rendered more profitable, if he could succeed in uniting man^^ of these emigrated Christians, wha differeu in some particular points, he set out on his tour through Pennsylvania, and whenever he had an oppar- *This article has been furnished by a member of the Mora- vian Society of Litiz. 1 mmsss^-r ^■''■:^:::MmM,m^m'^ fyi&j^ir-r. '■■/i^-'AArj^M/y' Tarn IT <-4*44 H<^ l?f -_i LANCASTEU COUNTY. 309 tnnity, to acquaint himself with the various sects, he tried to unite them on those points, which he considered as essential in Christian doctrine. He neglected no opportunity to preach whenever he found an open door, and to proclaim Christ, and Him crucified, as the only ground and hope of our salvation. From Bethlehem, he proceeded, firstly, through Berks county, where he visited the Schwenkfelders, and other sects, and from there to Lancaster county, where, among other pious persons, whom he visited, was Mr. Jacob Huber, of Warwick township; and he met with a friendly recep- tion. The same evening after his arrival, he addressed the assembled neighbors. Many more would have attended, had they not been prevented by Mr. George Kline, Mr. Huberts neighbor, who made efforts to dis- suade others from hearing him, and endeavored to excite unkind feelings against him ; however, during the succes- sive nights, he became very uneasy, touching Ivz course; liis canscience told him loudly, he had not acted rightly. The following day. Count Zinzendorf went to Lan- caster, where he had permission to preach in the comt house. Kline followed him thither to hear him preach, and WctS one of his most attentive hearers. The Count's address removed all his prejudice, and made such an im- pression on his mind, tliat he, as well as some of his neighbors, requested him to visit them again, or tO' send them a minister who preached like him ; this the Count promised to do, and immediately on his return to Bethle- hem, sent the Rev. Jacob Lischy, to them, with orders also to visit other pious persons, who resided in various parts of Lancaster county, and whom the Count had visited previously. After that they were for a number of years visited by others from Bethlehem. Their meet- ings were partly held in private houses, and partly in a 310 HISTORY OP Lutheran church, which was built in 1741, on Mn George Khne's land, and known as St. Jacob's church. — The Reverend Theopliilus Neyberg, who was then the Lutheran minister at Lancaster, preached every four weeks in this church until 1746, when he left the Lan- caster Congregation, and devoted his whole attention to the Lutheran congregation in Vfarwick township, and finally united himself with the greater part of his flock with the Moravian Society. In 1747, they concluded to apply to the conference at Bethlehem, for an ordained minister, who would live among them., and who could attend to the spiritual affairs of their small congregation; this request was readily granted, on condition that they would provide a suitable dwelling for him and his family. As soon as Mr. George Kline heard this, he offered three and three- quarter acres of land, at the lower part of his farm, for this purpose, and it was determined to build a suitable house, which might serve for a dwelling, church and school house. On the 9th of February, 1748, this house was consecrated, and on the 22nd of July, folio v/ing, the Rev. Leon hard Schnell moved into it, as their minister and school teacher. On the 1 3th of May, following, he opened the school, with four boys and three girls. This house was then known as the "Warwick Church and School House," and stood eastwardly from the present site of Litiz. Li 1754, it was determined to establish a similar congregation, ^ike that at Bethlehem. Mr. George Kline being one of tne most zealous members, of the then but small flock, and having no heirs, offered them, to accept his farm of more than GOO acres for that purpose. This kind offer was gratefully accepted, and the title thereof transferred to the Society, according to law. In the LANCASTl!a COUNTY. 311 spring of that year, Mr. Geogre Kline had built a large two story stone house for a residence, which, however, he occupied but a short period, as he moved to Bethle- hem, where he ended his life. This house stands to this day, and is found in the central part of the village, and according to it, the main street has been located, and which causes, that it does not run due east or Vv^est. In 1757, the village was laid out by the Rev. Na- thaniel Seidel, and Mr. John Renter, who were sent from Bethlehem for that purpose, and the name of Litiz was given to it, in memory of a village in Bohemia, from which the forefathers of the United Brethren had emi- grated. * * * The same religious basis was then given to all the future proceedings of the United Breth- ren, in Litiz, which is characteristic of all their settle- ments, in Europe and in this country, and accordingly, the Brother and Sister Houses, of which we shall say more hereafter, were built in the years, 1758 and 1759. In 17G1, the present Parsonage was built, and the greater part of the upper story was dedicated for a place of worship. It was provided with a small organ, and the walls were adorned with a number of beautiful oil paintings ; the works of the celebrated Hayd, represent* ing all the most remarkable scenes of our Saviour's life. In this Hall, the congregation worshiped until the 13th of August, 1787, wken the present church, of which we shall say more hereafter, was consecrated for spiritual services. In 1762, the Warwick church and school house, of which we spoke above, was removed into the village, to serve as a dwelling and school house for the teacher, who had the charge of the school for such children as did not belong to the Society. In those days, schools were not as numerous as in our day, and there was not 312 HISTORY OF another school within four miles of Litiz, consequently^ the children, from the adjacent country, were all sent to this school. The children of the Society, had then a separate school. Among those who resided in this house, and served as teachers, the Rev. Bernhard A. Gruhe, deserves particular notice. It was not only the object of this good man to teach the children to read, write and cypher, but a.lso to impress good morals on their minds, and to acquaint them with their Saviour. Various were the methods which he adopted, but one in particular we Avould mention: Being an excellent ornamental writer, he wrote into his pupils' book, their names, adding some wish or prayer, and from time to time, he presented them with hymns of his own composition, or passage from Scripture, beautifully written. Many of these trifling presents, proved as seeds soAvn into good ground, v/hich grew, and have brought fruits unto salvation. To this day, there are Bibles and spelling books to be found in Warwick township, in which is found his writing, and many, who are grand, and great-grand children, of those, who, as children received of his trifling presents in those long by-gone days, hold them as dear as their fore- fathers did. In 1771, the St. Jacob's church, to which we referred to, in a preceding page, being mxUch out of repair, and not used any more for sacred worship, was taken down, and removed to the fulling mill below the village, and converted into a dwelling house, for the miller; this house stands to this day, and is at present the property of Mr. John Keller. ' The grave yard, which belonged to this church, is yet in existence, and is known by the name of "Warwick Grave Yard;" it is located a short distance southwardly from the village, near the Lancaster road. To persons LANCASTER COUNTY. 313 who are fond of reading old epitaphs on tombstones, this place offers a fine opportunity. Having given the reader some account of the early settlement of this interesting village, we shall now attempt to describe it, as we find it in our day. It is not saying too much, if we state, that it is proba- bly the neatest and cleanest village in Lancaster county. As said before, its location is nearly east and west, ex- tending in that direction, about one-half a mile. There is not only pavement before all the houses through the whole village, but the different paths leading to the church, schools, &c., are well paved, with creek or lime- stone slabs. The square, around which are located the institutions, church and parsonage, is, perhaps, not sur- passed in beauty by any other spot in the county ; such is its splendor in the summer season, that it frequently occurs, that travellers stop in their journey to give it a closer examination than a mere transient notice. It is enclosed by a white fence, and tastefully laid out in gravel walks; around it is an avenue of locust and cedar trees, and the interior is adorned with Linden Cedar and Balm of Gilead trees, and a very great variety of shrubbery. From the beginning of May, till the end of October, different kinds of flowers are there found in bloom; its greatest splendor is in August, when the great variety of Hollyhocks and Dahlias are in bloom, and there are probably fev/ places where such a variety of tint and color is found as in this spot. The superin- tendence of this truly delightful spot is under the care and direction of Mr. Mathias Tschudy, The church, to which reference has been made, is 66 feet in length, and 50 feet in depth; it is built of lime- stone, and has a very fine appearance, and the mason work in its front is generally considered a master-piece of 27 314 filSTORY 0^ Workmanship ; it is ornamented with a neat spire, atid has a town clock, which is remarkable, because it strikes the quarters. It has two entrances, at one of which the Brethren, and at the other the Sisters enter. Its interior is plain and very neat; there are no pews in it, but benches with backs. It has two galleries, and is pro- vided with an excellent organ. Originally, there was no pulpit in the church, but merely a table, covered with black cloth, at Avhich the minister officiated. It being fifty years in 1837, since the church had been conse- crated, various alterations were undertaken in that year, and among others, also, that of placing a pulpit in the place of the table. After all the repairs were com- pleted, the congregation celebrated the fiftieth anniver- sary of their church on Sunday the 13th of August, 1837. A brief account of such a celebration among the Moravians may perhaps be interesting to the reader ; we shall, therefore, attempt to give some description of this church festival. The church was previously beautifully adorned with various inscriptions, and most tastefully decorated with flowers and evergreens, and the musicians selected and practiced their best sacred music ; and to render it still more harmonious, invited a number of the best vocal and instrumental performers from Bethlehem and Nazareth, to assist them on the occasion. On the evening of the 12th, the congregation met for the pur- pose of solemnly closing the remarkable period of fifty years, during which the Lord had permitted them to worship in this sanctuary. Early on the morning of the 13th, all the inhabitants Averc awakened by solemn music, announcing to them the approach of the happy day, for which old and young had been looking wi^i Buch joyful anticipation. At eight o'clock, the congre- gation met for the first time, in the new period of their LANCASTER COUNTY. 3l5i church's existence, and dedicated the church, as well as themselves anew to the Lord. At ten o'clock, they met again, when an excellent address, suitable to the occa- sion, was delivered, and an account read of the first con- secration, August 13th, 1787, and also the names of all those who served as ministers within the transpired period. At two o'clock, there was a Love Feast, a church ceremony which is customary at all festival occa- sions among the Moravians — in token of fellowship and brotherly union, and is in imitation of a custom in the primitive churches ; during which the congregation and the choir, accompanied with instrumental music, alter- nately, sang anthems, which had been expressly printed for the occasion ; after that, the communicants met for the first time at the Lord's table in this new era of their church. In the evening, the beautiful square, which we have attempted to describe, was tastefully illuminated with upwards of 800 lights, and the whole congregation, together with numbers from the adjacent country, met in it for the purpose of solemnly closing this joyful festival. Anthems, which had been expressly printed for the occa- sion, were handed to all present, when in the solemn evening hour of tliat blessed sabbath, surrounded by thousands of beautiful flowers, and accompanied with instrumental music, all united in singmg the praises of the Lord, for all the blessings conferred on them as a con- gregation ; the scene was a heavenly one, and will long be remembered by all who witnessed it. The following ministers labored in succession, in the congregation at Litiz : 1742, Count Nicolas Louis de Zinzendorf; 1743, Jacob Lischy; 1745, Daniel Neuberts; 1747, Leonard Schnell; 1749, Christian H. Ranch; 1748 to 1753, Abraham Reinke, Senior j 1754, Michael Zahni, and Christian 316 HISTORY OF Bader; 1755, Christian Krogstmpp and Abraham Reinkc, Senior; 1755 to 1787, Mathew Hehl; 175G Francis Christian Lcmbkc ; 1756, David Nitshmami, Daniel Bishop and Daniel Neubcrt ; 1757, George Weiser; 1759, Jacob Till; 1760, Abraham Rusmyer and Godfrey Roesler; 1762, Christian Krogstrupp; 1763, Bernhard AdamGrnbc; 1765, Nicholas Eberhard; 1774, Godfrey Roesler; 1 784, John Khngsohr; 1790, Andrew Huebner and Abraham Rcinke, Junior; 1801, John Herbst, John Meder and John F. Frecauf; 1811, Jacob Van Vleck and Constantino Miller; 1812, Andrew Be- nade, John M. Beck and Abraham Reinke, Junior; 1822, Thomas Longballe; 1823, John Christian Beckler; 1829, Andrew Benade and John F. Loeffler; 1836, WilUam Eberman and Charles F. Kluge; 1843, Peter WoUe and Charles W. Senft. The Schools. — Litiz has long been celebrated for its schools, and we shall attempt to give some description of them. There are four schools in the village; two of them are however, infant schools ; one for the little boys and one for the little girls. In these schools, the small children of the village, and some from the neighborhood, are taught to read, the rudiments of arithmetic, and some writing, and from these, they arc promoted into the two existing higher schools. The yoltng Ladies' Seminary. — The commence- ment of this Institution was as early as 1794. Previ- ous to the building of the edifice in which we find it at present, it was conducted partly in the Sister's House, and partly in a small house, adjacent thereto. In the year 1804, on the 26th of October, the pupils then living in the Sister's House, moved into the new building, expressly built for school purposes. It is three stories high, and 86 LANCASTER COUNTY. 8lT feet in length and 40 in depth. In the basement, is a large dining room, and the first and second story are the schoohooms, principal's residence, and a chapel for spiritual devotions. The third story is occupied as a dormitory, and a room called the sickroom, which is expressly set apart for such as may be indisposed ; a nurse resides in this room, whose duty it is to attend to such of the pupils, as it may be found necessary to remove into it. In the rear of the building is a large yard, ox play-ground, provided with a pavillion, seats, swings, &c. for the pleasure and amusement of the pupils. The Institution is provided with a very extensive Library, and as music is taught, every room is provided with a piano. It is customary in this Institution to have musical entertainments from time to time. A friend of ours who has occasionally been present, assures us, that the performances of the pupils, in vocal and instrumen- tal music, are truly excellent, and are probably not sur- passed in [ iiy otiier Institution of the kind. Ornamental needlework of various kinds, is also taught to great per- fection, and all other branches, which constitute a practi- cal education, receive their due share of attention. — Their are six Tutoresses engaged, two always residing in each schoolroom, with about fourteen pupils, whose duty it is, not only to instruct them, but to have a watchful eye over their morals, and to take walks with them, after the daily exercises are closed. We are indeed happy to be able to say, that the school is at I)resent in a very fl-)urishing condition, under the direc- tion of its present efficient Principal, Mr. E. A. Freeauf, and his amiable lady. The Principals of this Institution, since its establish- ment have been as follows: 1794, Rev. John A. Huebner ; 1801, Rev. John Ilerbst, 27* 318 HISTORY OP 1802, Rev. John Meder; 1805, Rev. John F. Freeauf; 1815, Rev. Andrew Benade ; 1822, Rev. John C. Beck- ler; 1824, Rev. Samuel Renike ; 1826, Rev. John G, Kummer; 1833, Rev. Charles F. Kluge; 1836, Rev. Peter Wolle ; 1843, Rev. Eugene A. Freeauf. Among these. Rev. John F. Freeauf, the father of the present Principal, and the Rev. Andrew Benade, deserve particularly to be noticed, as it vras under their direction that this Institution was in its most flourishing condition. Long will the naiiies of good Old Pappy Freeauf, and eood Pappy Benade, as the young ladies were wont to call them, be remembered by the many who were placed into their care, and there is no doubt, should this meet the eye of such, they Avill remember with pleasure those happy days which they spent in Litiz school under their care and the many devout prayers they offered in their behalf, when met in the little chapel, as well as the many good and fatherly admonitions they gave them from time to time. The Young Gentlemen's Academy. — We have already stated that in the early years of Litiz, there were two schools, one for the boys, belonging to the society, and the other for those from the adjacent country. As Warwick township became more settled, so the schools increased, and there was no more necessity to send the children to Litiz, consequently, the one 'for the children from the country was discontinued. Mr. Chris- tian Schropp conducted the town school, for many years, and on the 2nd of January, 1815, Mr. John Beck, the present Principal, took charge of it. At that period, the school was held in an old building, which had been fixed up for that purpose, and which stood at the same place, where the pi'cscnt brick school house stands. LANCASTER COUNTY. 319 Mr. Beck spared neither pains nor expense in improv- ing the school, and his indefatigable exertions, as well as the various methods he adopted to further his pupils in their studies, became a subject of general remark. In 1819, the school bogan to attract the attention of parents from abroad, and boys were brought from various places. In 1S22, it was found necessary to erect the present brick school house; the old building being too small to contain all the pupils. This building is two stories high, and is adorned with a neat cupola. The second story is, however, not occupied for school purposes, but as a concert hall, where the musical society of Litiz meets. — It is provided with an extensive musical library, and a number of instruments belonging to the Society. The school continued to increase from year to year ; and boys were brought from various parts of Pennsyl- vania, Virginia, Ohio, the Carolinas, Maryland, Louisi- ana, &c. This continued increase, rendered it neces- sary, not only to add another building, but also more teachers. Accordingly, the large building, formerly called the "Brethren's House,'' which is near the brick house, v/as engaged, and arranged for school purposes. The school is therefore at present conducted in two buildings, in which five teachers are employed; the school rooms, five in number, are large, and well venti- lated, and furnished with every thing that can render pupils comfortable; each pupil has his own desk and chair, and the number admitted into a room never ex- ceeds, at highest, twenty-four — this arrangement is made with the view to enable the teacher of each class, not only to do ample justice to each one in his charge, but also for the preservation of good order, and the separa- tion of the larger boys from the smaller ones. Each room is provided with a time-piece, and the vv^alls are S2(X HISTORY OF adorned with handsomely painted moral lessons, as welt 8is Astronomical, Historical, Mathematical, and Geo- gi-aphical Charts. The school is likewise provided with an excellent Library, and a very extensive Philosophical and Chemical apparatus. Not far from the school, is a large play gromid for the pupils ; it is enclosed with a high fence, and has a number of shade trees in it. Over the gate, leading to it, there is an arch, on the inside of which is the following inscription in gold letters, the object of which is to serve as a perpetual monitor to the boys while at play: "In all your actions and amuse- ments, avoid profane language and quarrels.'^ The principal object in view in this insthution, is to give a good and practical English, Mathematical and Scien- tific education. The Latin and German languages are also taught, and for such as wish to learn drawing and draughting on mathematical principles, as well as music, it offers likewise advantages. The quiet village is very suitable for schools, and particularly for boys, there being no kind of temptations in their way; the great difference between Mr. Beck's method, and that of similar schools, attempted in imitation of his, has always been his socia- ble and parental intercourse with his pupils, by which means he gains their esteem and affection, and checks the slightest irregularity; the enthuiasm with which he has always been found to enter on his arduous duties, and responsible calling, deserves the highest commenda- tion. The Brother and Sister Houses. — We have had occasion to refer to these institutions, and as they form a a very conspicuous part in the beautiful square we have endeavored to describe, some account of their intent and origin may be interesting to the reader. This we give also with a view to remove erroneous ideas, which are LANCASTER COUNTY. 321 held by many about them, namely, that they are con- vents or nunneries, such as are found in the Roman church. In order to give the reader their origin, we must refer him back as early as 1727, and in the last century. It was at that period, when tire emigrants from Bohemia and Moravia, from the Ir.'te: of which vhe society has its name, settled on the estate of Count Zin- zendorf, in Saxony. At that place, they built their first town caUed Herrnhut, which means in Englisl::, "Ths Lord's protection." Having united with the great object in view, to be a congregation of the Lord, to keep sacred, in holy union, those doctrines contained in the Holy Scriptures, and to promote, not only their own wel- fare, but also that of their fellow men, it became neces- sary to adopt some method or system. Among others was that of dividing the congregation into different classes, namely : the class of the married persons, the classes of single brethren and sisters, the classes of widowers and widows, the classes of boys and girls, be- tween the ages of twelve and eighteen, and the classes of children of both sexes. This classification they con- sidered necessary for the well-being of tlie spiritual and temporal welfare of their members, but always subject to such alterations and improvements as they should deem proper to make from time to time, or even to dis- continue the same if not found applicable. After some years of their existence in Saxony, it occurred that a great many persons applied to be admitted as members of the community; among these were many single persons of both sexes, for whom employment, as well as a home had to be provided, which in their peculiar situation was often attended with difficulty. The plan of building houses for tliem, was then adopted, namely: one for the single men, and one for the single women, which they 322 HISTORY OP called Brother and Sister Houses. It was thought, in these houses the men could follow their professions, and the women sustain themselves with knitting, spinning, &c. This was the beginning of these institutions, and to this day, they are found in various parts of Germany, Holland^ France, England, Switzerland and Russia. The plan meeting with so much success in Europe, they were also introduced into this country, and accordingly, when Litiz was laid out, tlie places for their location were laid down in the original plan. In 1759, the brethren's house at Litiz was built — which, however, is not used for its original intent at present — it is built of limestone, is three stories high, 60 feet in length and 37 feet in depth. The basement story was occupied as a kitchen and dining room ; the first story was divided into four rooms, in each of which nine or ten brethren resided ; part of the second story con- sisted of a large hall or chape!,, for spiritual purposes, which v/as provided with a very excellent organ. The remaining part was divided into dwelling rooms, in one of which resided the elder and steward ; the duty of the former was to care for the spiritual welfare of those in the house, and those of the latter for the temporal con- cerns thereof. One of the rooms in the second story was set apart for the boys between the ages of twelve and eighteen. The greater part of the third story was occu- pied as a dormitory, where they all slept ; aside of it, was a room set apart for such as might get sick, and one of the brethren, who had the office of waiting on them, resided in this room. In each room, where the brethren resided, there was one who was called the overseer, whose duty it was to correct any disorders which might arise, care for fuel, repairs and cleanliness in the room. — In the room in which ''le boys resided, there were LANCASTER COUNTY. 323 generally three overseers, whose duty it was to guard over their morals, and to guide them in the path of virtue and religion, go witli them to church, and during the winter season, to devote three evenings in the week for instructing them in useful -s^yvices. These boys were partly employed in the town, and partly in the Brother House, in learning various mechanical trades. In the rear of the building, there are several houses, which were formerly occupied as shops for cabinet makers, chair makers, weavers, &c. The shoemakers and tailors had their shops in the house. There also belonged a very extensive farm to it, on which a num- ber were employed. Much attention was paid to fatten- ing cattle, and it was nothing unusual to buy whole droves for that purpose, which when fat were sold to the Lan- caster and Philadelphia butcliers. In the year 1817 it was found proper to discontinue the Brother House at Litiz, and after that period, it was for a time occupied by several families, and at present is used for school purposes. During the Revolutionary war, it was for a short period used as a hospital for invalid soldiers, a number of whom died there, and were buried a short distance eastwardly from the village. Although this system did not suit all who resided in this house, yet it must be admitted, that there are numl)crs, who will ever ascribe their welfare to having been in their younger years an inmate, and under the care and admonition of such, who from experience could guide and instruct them. The Sister's House.— This was built A. D. 1758.— it is likewise built of limestone, three stories high, 90 feet in length, and 37 feet in depth. Tiie basement story is, like that formerly in the Brother House, used for a kitchen and dining room ; the first as well as part of the second story is divided into dwelling rooms j one part of the 8S4 HISTORY OP second story, is a Piall or chapel for spiritual purposes and provided with an organ ; the greater part of the third story is a dormitory, aside of which is a room for such as may be indisposed. The arrangements are in all respects similar to those we have described in the Brother House. A small farm, together with a very large vegetable garden, from which the kitchen which furnishes the table of the Ladies' Seminary is provided, are attached to it. The number of sisters, who reside in the house at this present time, is not so large as formerly, yet the greater part of the rooms remain occupied. There was never an^^ kind of vow of celibacy connected with these Insti- tutions ; any of the sisters can leave the house if she has any desire to change her situation. In larger Moravian communities, similar houses are established for such widows as desire, to live retired, and are called widows' houses. The individuals residhig in these establishments pay a small rent, by which, and by the sums paid for their board, the expenses thereof are defrayed, assisted occasionally by the profits on the sale of ornamental needle^vork, confectionaries, &c. on which some of the inmates subsist. We hope our account of these Institutions will prove satisfactory to our readers, and particularly to such as have hitherto entertained different opinions. They are in their character nothing more than the different asylums for widows &c. which are found in Philadelphia and other cities, and we are inclined to think, the idea for establishing those in the cities, has been borrowed from the Moravian Institutions. The Grave Yard."* — This beautiful spot is located on a rising ground to the south of the village, of which •November 8, 1758, a lad of three years, named John Baum- gartner, was buried in this Grave Yard; being the first inter- ment; the occasion was improved by solemnly consecrating LANCASTilR COtJNTY. 325 "^•^e \vill give the reader some account, there being perhaps not another similar arrangement to be found in Lan- caster county. It is enclosed with a white fence, along which there is an avenue of trees ; there are three gates leading to it, one large one, and two at its sides of smaller dimensions ; the large one is never opened except on funeral occasions. Over this there is an arch, on which are the following inscriptions, in golden letters : Firstly, that which is seen by the visitor as he approaches it, through a thickly planted grove, " Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord:" — Rev. chap. 14-13 v: Sec- ondly, that on the interior side, "I am the resurrection, and the life, he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet sliall he live:" — St. John chap. 11-25 v. After entering the gate, the visitor finds himself in a beautiful avenue of cedar trees^ V\^hich separates the graves of the males from those of the females, the former being on the right and the latter on the left as he passes on. We have before stated that the congregation is divided into classes ; in the same order then as it is divided, so they are laid on the grave yard ; here the visitors find the rows containing nothing but the married men and on the opposite side married women ; as he passes on, those of the single classes, and further, those of little boys and girls under the age of twelve. The graves are all of two sizes, being without distinction of this parcel of ground as a resting place for the remains of the departed. On the arrival of the funeral procession, an appro- pViate address wasdelivered by the Rev. Mathew Hehl, then, the usual funeral service while the corpse was let in the grave, was read; after which, the assembled congregation knelt down, and with solemn prayer consecrated the spot, for all who m future would be enterred here, to rest in hope till that import- ant moment when Christ shall call those who died in the Lord> from their graves to a glorious resurrection. B. 28 326 HISTORY OF an oblong shape, and flats on the top, to which shape they are brought by two moulds, expressly kept for that purpose, one for adults and the other for children. The sides are planted with sod, and the tops are overrun with the Virginia mountain pink, which in the month of May is in full bloom, and renders the appearance of the graves one of the most beautiful imaginable. On each grave there is a marble tombstone which, without distinction, lays flat on the grave, verifying the old adage "Death levels all, both great and small." The epitaphs contain the name, birth and departure ; to some, a few more lines have been added, a number of which are truly edifying, and very striking. Each tomb- stone is numbered and the highest number in May, 1843, is 527. The first person was buried there in 1758. It is truly remarkable, that out of the several thousand children, who liave been sent to the Litiz Schools, only one died while at school. This was Miss Sarah Ann Cazy, from Kent county, Maryland, and who we are informed, was in a delicate state of health when brought to the school; her grave is No. 379, and is found in one of the rows containing young girls between the ages of twelve and eighteen. This only death, certahily speaks volumes in favor of the healthy location of the village, as well as of the care and attention which is paid to the children entrusted to these schools. Having given the reader an account of the graveyard, it may also be agreeable to him to know how funerals are conducted among these Moravians, who live in a community together. When a member dies or " goes HOME," as it is generally termed among them, the depar- ture is immediately announced with solemn nmsic from the steeple of the churcii. It is customary not to bury any person after his departure, until three days have LANCASTER COUNTY. 327 elapsed, and in order to accomplish this, particularly in the summer season, when bodies are more subject to corruption, there is a small building or vault behind the church for the purpose of keeping the departed in a better state of preservation. To this place the remains are removed, which however, is optional with the relatives of the departed ; another reason why they have this arrangement, is, in case a person dies of a contagious disease, that it may be prevented from spreading further, by removing the body from his residence. On all funeral occasions, there is first an address to the congregation in the church, which is closed by the choir singing an ap- propriate anthem. The congregation then assembles in the large yard behind the church, in the middle of which is placed the bier with the coffin, which is covered with a white pall, instead of black, as is the general custom ; on the pall the words " Jesus my Redeemer liveth,'^ are wrought in blue silk. After the singing of a hymn the procession moves in the following order : First the chil- dren, two by two, attended by their teachers, next the music and clergy, and then the corpse and relatives ; if it be a funeral of a brother, the brethren follow next to the relations, and if a sister, the sisters ; as the procession moves, the solemn music of the band is heard playing tunes of well known hymns, expressing the hopes of eternal life, and a glorious resurrection. After the con- gregation is arranged on the graveyard, the corpse is lowered into the grave during the singing of an appro- priate hymn ; after which the funeral service customary at burials is read, and the singing of another hymn closes the ceremony ; the procession then returns in the same order as before described. We have been thus explicit on this subject because the grave yard and funerals, in iiearly every respect are different from those elsewhere 328 HISTORY OP and that an accurate description might, pro v,c interesting lo the reader. The Litiz Spring. — This spring, which is visited by so many persons, is situated on the land of the Society, about one-half mile westwardly from the village, and is probably one of the largest springs in Pennsylvania. — There is only one fountain from which all the water, which forms a considerable stream, is discharged, and has water suliicient for some of the largest merchant mills in the county. From its head to the Conestoga, into Avhich the stream, denominated on the map of Lan- caster county, " Carter's Creek," empties, it is six miles, and in that distance, there are seven mills. The water is the pure limestone, and very fresh. In former times, it formed a large pond, around which Indians resided, of which the number of Indian arrorw heads, hatchets, and stones used for throwing hi their sUngs, give ample proof. Could these Indians return and see the great change which has taken place at their spring, they Avould probably not believe it to be the same, from which they had formerly drunk. About the year 17S0, some of the inhabitants of Litiz began to improve it by enclosing it with a circular wall and filling up part of the pond, and in later years the remaining part was filled up, and there, where there was formerly a considerable body of water, there is at this time a beautiful park of trees. — Various improvements were undertaken from time to time ; but at no period was it found in such an im- proved state as at this time. Around it are a number of seats, and on the hill, from under which it has its som'ce, tliere are handsomely laid out gardens, arbors and orna- mental shrubbery. From the spring to the village is an avenue of Linden and Maple trees, Avinding along the stream, the path of which is partly covered with gravely LANCASTER COUNTY. 329 and partly wit?i tan, wliich renders access to it easy in wet, as well as dry weather. Along this avenue there are various seats under shade trees for the accommoda- tion of visitors, and also several neat bridges, in case they wish to cross the stream. Among other attractions, there is a water work on a small scale; this consists of a forcing pump, the wheel of which is set in motion by the stream, and forces the water into a circular basin, located unler a number of oaks, which have grown there in a circular form, as if nature had predestined the spot for a retreat of pleasure. In the centre of the basin there is a jet, through which the water is forced by the pump to the height of fifteen feet, forming thereby a beautiful fountain, and rendering the spot still more delightful. Fire Engines. — The village is provided v/ith two excellent Fire Engines, one of which called the " Friend- ship,'^ was built in Philadelphia, by Messrs. Agnew & Merrick, and the other, called the " Assistance," by Mr. Martin Shreiner of Lancaster. The Friendship is kept in the upper part of the town, and the Assistance in the lower, in buildings expressly put up for that purpose. — There are two well organized companies, and their apparatus, consisting of hose, ladders, axes, hooks, &c., is very extensive. Only one fire occurred in Litiz since its establishment; this was on the 16th of Ju'y, 1837, when five buildhigs were consumed, and among them was the house to which we have referred, which formerly was the so called Warwick church. Population, Mechanics, &c. — The population of of Litiz is at present 366 ; it contains fifty-five dwelling houses, and the following number of mechanics : two shoemakers, three tailors, one confectioner, one weaver, one tanner, one brewer, two clock and vratch-makers, 28* o30 HISTORY OP one silver-smith, one potter, one smoke-pipe manufac- turer, two stores, one tavern, two coopers, one chair- maker, two cabinet makers, twp tin-smiths, one lock- smith, one copper-smith, two saddlers, one blue dyer, one glue-boiler, one blacksmith, one wheel-wright, one hatter, three tobacconists, one malt marmfacturer, one post oflice, four schools, one justice of the peace, and one conveyancer. One of the stores and the tavern belong to the com- munity, to which also belongs the land, which is partly divided into farms, and partly into lots, which are rented by the inhabitants, and the profits arising from the rents, are applied for various purposes. Formerly there was an extensive chip hat and bonnet manufactory carried on by Mr. Mathias Tschudy, which gave employment to many. He was the only person in the United States that understood the art of manufacturing them, and supplied nearly all the cities and country with his hats. Tlie palm leaf and straw hats, coming into fashion, they were preferred, and con- sequently the factory was discontinued. Organs were also built in Litiz in former times, which for tone and excellent workmanship, are A^ery celebrated., A number of the best organs in Philadelphia, Baltimore and Lancaster, are specimens tliereof; and among others, the large and beautiful organ in the Lutheran church, at Lancaster, is one of them. In lormer times, the augers which were sent from England liad no screw, serving as a point, as we have them hi our day. The invention of this screw was first made at Litiz, by Mr. John li. Kauch, Senior, during the last century, the pattern was then sent to England by Judge Iloiiry, after which the screw point was generally introduced. LANCASTER COT iNTY. 33 > The first plan of the ten-plate 5 loves was also invented at Litiz, by Mr. Godfrey Albright, who made a pattern and gave it to Robert Coleman, Esq., and who then introduced them. Note. — Members of the Assembly < '■ Lancaster county, — 1749, James Wright, Arthur Patterson, Calvin Cooper, Peter Worrall; 1750, Arthur Patterson, Calvin Cooper, James Wright, James Webb; 1751, Peter Worrall, James Wright, Calvin Cooper, Arthur Patterson ; those of 1751, were all re-elected for 1752, 1753 and 1754; 1755, no return made, but James Wright and James Webb, appeared; 1756, Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, John Douglass; 1757, Isaac Saunders, Emanuel Carpenter, James Webb, James Wright; those of 1757, were re-elected for 1758, 1759 and 1760. 335 HISTORY OP CHAPTER VI, Hostilities between the Englis'a arid the French in America— Delaware and Shawanese Indians commit murders — General Braddock's arrival, &c. — Braddock's defeat — Dismay caused among the frontier settlers — Paxton and Tulpehocken refugees at Ephrata — Murders committed by the Indians — Block House erected at Lancaster — Inhabitants of Lan- caster county petition the Assemblyfor a Militia law — Scalping parties — War suspended against the Indians — Preparations made to rc})el Indian incursions — Conrad W'eiser commands nine companies — French hos- tilities continued — Murders committed by the Indians in 1757 — Indian treaties, at Lancaster and at Easton — Minutes, extract from, of Indian treaty, at Lancaster — King Beaver's speech — Treaty held at Easton; fifteen tribes of Indians represented — Murders by Indians in Tulpe- hocken — .Murders committed by the Indians in 1758 — Cumberland over- run by savages — Inhabitants flee to Lancaster, &c. — Barracks erected at Lancaster — Work-House erected at Lancaster — The Irish sell to the German?, and seat themselves at Chestnut Glade — Baron Stiegel lays out Manheim — Xotice of the Daron — Notes of variety ; Emanuel Carpenter, Ardent hostilities between the English and French commenced in America, in 1754. The events of that year in America, had determined both England and France to send re-intorcements to their colonies. The French courted, and won the assistance of many of the Indians, who had felt themselves aggrieved by the English; especially the Dela wares and Shawanese/* *The Indians felt themselves aggrieved. At a treaty held with the Indians, at Easton, Pennsylvania, in November, 1756; upon the Governor requesting of the Indians to know the cause of their uneasiness, and hostile conduct. Teedyuscung, chief of the Dclawarcs, and who then represented several nations, mentioned several; among which were the instiga- tions of the French, and the ill usage or grievance they had suffered both in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. When the Governor desired to be informed what these grievances were, Teedyuscung replied, "I have not far to go for an instance : LANCASTER COUNTT. 333 whose cruelty was stimulated by the French promising "to restore their lands." They committed gross atroci- ties upon the provincialists — perpetrated cruel and cold- blooded murders. At this time the Six Nations, a numerous people, were seated on the western waters — they were cold towards the English cause — "divided among themselves, and barely maintained their neutrality. Some of them had moved to Canada — those who re- mained were only kept pacific by the liberality of the province. The French were making preparations to subdue the country, and while thus preparing, England determined to oppose '•' their growing power. ''^ General Braddock, Adjutant General St. Clair, and the regiments of Dunbar and llalkett, arrived from Europe, in March, 1755, at Alexandria, Virginia. To oppose a formidable obstacle to the invasion of the French, Franklin was commissioned on " liberal terms to procure one hundred fifty wagons, and fifteen hundred pack-horses. In a few weeks all the wagons, and two hundred and fifty pack-horses were obtained in Lan- caster, York, and Cumberland county. The wagons and pack-horses, with the necessary provisions, met General Braddock on Will's creek, Fort Cumberland. Braddock being amply furnished with all the necessaries, and re-in- forceii by a numerous body of Americans and Indians, this very ground, that is under me;" striking it with his foot; " was my land and inheritance ; and is taken from me by fraud: when I say this ground, I mean all the land lying be- tween Tohiccon creek and Wyoming, on the river Susque- hanna. * * * I have been served so in this province." — Minutes of Conference at Easlnn. The Delawares and Shawanesc, who had emigrated from the south, and by mere permission to settle in 1698, had no title to land, yet they claimed some by the permission from thvner of the hoL:-:e. The Baron was, as well as his fortune, singular. His vicissitudes in life were varied. He v/as Baron in Europe — an iron master, glass manufacturer, a preacher, a teacher — rich and poor, in America. He died a schoolmaster. At liberty; and imprisoned. A special act was passed forhis relief, De- cember 24, 1774. So gehts dem Mensch. *Among the first settlers of the place were, besides those already mentioned, the Naumans, Minnichs, Y/herlys, Ivaisers, Longs, Hentzelmans, v/ho kept the first tavern. About the town were the Lightnors, Heist?, ilershys, Ilostettors, Lohmans, Loiigeneckers, Brandt-., Wiirior.s TIcUars and others. LANCASTER COUNTY. 349 Notes. — In 1757 Elizabeth township was erected — then bounded: beginning at the land of Joseph Cratser, bounding upon Heidleberg, thence by the same to Cocalico township, thence by Cocalico to Warvvick, thence by the same to the place of beginning. January 10th, 1759, Christian Frederick Post arrived at the town of Lancaster, from his journey to the Indians on Ohio, to whom he had gone to deliver a message from Governor Denny. Post had started from Easton, for Ohio, Oct. 25, 1758. July 13th, 1760, Conrad Weiser, the Indian agent, died in Heidleberg township, Berks county. 1760, Emauuel Carpenter was appointed Presiding justice of the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster county. He filled this office until 1780, the time of his death. "He lived beloved and died lamented by all. He was in every sense an honest man ; always just, liberal aud tolerant. He was an arbiter in all matters of dispute among his neighbors; and from his deci- sions they never appealed, such was the confidence of his integrity." He left a numerous connection of relatives and friends. His remains rest in Zimmerman's grave yard, near Earlville, at whose side rest those of his consort, Catharine Line, who died 1785. Their lineal descendants are many, and are to be found in the names of the Carpenters, Groffs, Ferrees, Rcigarts, M'Clcerys and others. " In 17G1, the inhabitants of Tulpchockcn and Heidleberg townships, raised 150 men as rangers, to guard the county lines of Berks and Lancaster." 1762, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two able and inge- nious mathematicians, after their return from Good Hope Cape, were employed to run the line so long the subject of angry con- troversy. The business was accordingly performed agreeably to directions, and stone pillars erected to exhibit clearly, and fix with certainty the long disputed boundary. Maytown was laid out May Lst, 1762, by Mr. Doner. To cele- brate the day of laying out Maytown, a fair, "a gathering of loose heels,'' was held, and dancing performed in its best style, in the middle of the main street in the " houseless town." It is to be regretted that the dance could not have been performed 30 350 HISTORY Of in the absence of human beings, as well as in the abs6ii<5e of houses. " An Indian conference was held, August 9, 1762, and a treaty- made at Lancaster, which restored, for a short period, the tran- quility of the inhabitants." Members of Assemhhj from Lancaster couniy, 1761 and 1762— Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, John Doug- lass. 1763, Isaac Saunders and those before named, except James Webb. 1764, James Webb, and those of 1763 except- John Douglass. CHAPTER VII. Tendency of war — Hostilities continued — liancaster county exposed ta Indian incursions, &.c. — Treachery of the Conestoga Indians — Pax ton and Donegal Rangers watch the Indians closely-— The Paxton Boys surprize the Indians at Conestoga— Indian -villagers massacred — Those abroad taken under protection by the magistrates of liancaster— Governor Penn's proclamation — The Paxton Boys at Lancaster; massacre the In- dians — Governor Pcnn issues another proclamation— The Paxton Boys grow desperate, and " bhow up some Indian"— Resort to Philadelphia — Their no'i-comracntlable conduct there — They teturn peaceably to their homes, leaving two of their number to represent their grievances to th« Assembly. In war, and in the midst of the calamities of war, the ordinary sympathies of our nature seem to forsake man. In the savage, war whets the destructive propensities, and his thirst to slied blood increases in ardency as the number of his victims swells. Total extirpation only cir- cumscribes liis splicrc of slaughter; hence, the indis- criminate murders of the innocent and the guilty, by the savago. War makes demi-savages of the civilized, and the dLini-s'.'Vage, thougii he former/?/ felt his whole soul thrilled at heariiig of, or seeing, the murder of one singla individual, in turn, when inured to the miseries of war, can lictc'^ t j the report of countless murders as an amusing LANCASTER COUNTY. 351 talo, and be prepared to resent to the utmost every wrong ; avenge himself m the destruction of those whom he believes to be aggressors, or mere abettors. Of this, we have a striking case in the "cruelties reciprocally committed " among the whites and Indians upon each other, during the bloody times of the middle of the last century. Hostilities were kept up by the Indians, and barbarities committed, calculated to excite the calmest to revenge the wrongs which the inhabitants of Lan- caster and the adjacent counties, suffered at the hands of hostile Indians, from 1754 to 1765.-^ Those whose path was marked, wherever they went among the whites, "with cruelty and murder," were called hostile Indians^ to distinguish them from the peaceable ones, residing at Conestogi, Nain and Wichetung. The inhabitants of Lancaster county, (especially those in Paxton and Donegal townships, being most exposed to the merciless Indians) reflacting upon the past, and the present with them; "(hat the bloody barbarians had exercised on their fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, wives and children, and relatives, the most unnatural and leisurely tortures ; butchered others in their beds, at their meals, or in some unguarded hour. Recalling to their minds, sights of horror, scenes of slaughter; seeing scalps clotted with gore ! mangled limbs ! women ripped *" 1763. Two letters were received froiii Jonas Seely, Esq. from Berks county, dated, lOih and llth September, 1763. "We are all in a state of alarm. Indians have destroyed dwellings, and murdered with savage barbarity their helpless inmates ; even in the neighborhood of Reading. AViiere these Indians come from, and where going we know not. These are dangerous times. Send us an armed force to aid our Ran- gers of Berks and Lancaster." "Those letters were laid before the Assembly, September 16, 1763." — Lancaster Intelligencer k Journal. 352 HISTORY OF up ! the heart and bowels still palpitating with life, and smoking on the ground ! See savages swilling their blood, and imbibing a more courageous fury with the human draught. They reasoned thus : These are not men ; they are not beasts of prey ; they are something worse ; they must be " infernal furies in human shape.^^ Are we, asked they, tamely to look on and suffer them to exercise these hellish barbarities upon our children and wives ! our brethren and fellow citizens ! Shall these savages — even those whom we suspect as accessories — shall they escape ? Who could, with all the influences of a continued war upon him, and under such circumstances, let escape one Indian, and if only strongly suspected of treachery, however specious his conduct, in the hght of day? These, we conceive, were the feelings that incited the whites to acts of cruelty ; as we would vieiv them note. That some of the Conestoga Indians were treach- erous, appears abundantly, from the facts set forth in the following affidavits: "Abraham Newcomer, a Mennonite ; by trade a gun- smith, upon his aflirmation, declared that several times, within these few years, Bill Soc and Indian John, two of of the Conestogoe Indians, threatened to scalp him for refusing to mend their tomahawks, and swore they would as soon scalp him, as they would a dog. A few days before Bill Soc was killed, he brought a tomahawk to be steeled. Bill said, " if you will not, Pil have it mended to your sorrow," from which expression, "I apprehended danger.'^ " Mrs. Thompson, of the borough of Lancaster, per- sonally appeared before the Chief Justice Burgess, and upon his solemn oath, on the Holy Evangelists, said that iu the summer of 1761, Bill Soc come to her apartment, LANCASTER COUNTY. 353 and threatened her life, raying, ' I kill you, all Lancaster can't catch me,' which filled me with terror :' and this lady further said, 'Bill Soc added, 'Lancaster is mine, and I will have it yet.' " "Colonel John Hambright, gentleman, an eminent brewer of the borough of Lancaster, personally appeared before Robert Thompson, Esq., a justice for the county of Lancaster, and made oath on the Holy Evangelists, that in August, 1757, he, an officer, was sent for provi- sion from Fojt Auguiita to Foit Hunter, that on his way he rested at McKee's old place; a sentinel was sta- tioned behind a tree to prevent surprise. The sentry gave notice, Indians were near; the deponent crawled up the bank and discovered two Indians, one was Bill Soc, lately killed at Lancaster. He called Bill Soc to come to him, but the Indians ran off. When the depo- nent came to Fort Hunter, he learnt that an old man had been killed before; Bill Soc and his companions were believed to be the perpetrators of tlie murder. He, the deponent, had frequcntjy seen Bill Soc and some of the Conestogoe Indians at Fort Augusta, trading with the Indians, but, after the murder of the old man, Bill Soc did net appear at that garrison." John Hambright. Sworn and subscribed the 28th of February, 1764, before mo, Robert Thompson, Justice. " Alexander Stephen, of the county of Lancaster, per- sonally appeared before Thomas Foster, Esq., one of the magistrates, and being duly qualified according to law, doth say, that Cannayak Sally, an Indian woman, told hiin- that the Conestogoe Indians had killed Jegrea, an Indian, because he would not join the Conestogoe Indiaus ia destroying the English. James Cotter told the deponent that he v/as one of the three that killed William 30* 354 HISTORY OP Hamilton, on Sherman's creek, and also another man, with seven of his family. James Cotter demanded of the deponent a canoe which the murderers had left, as Cotter told him when the mm'der was committed. Alexander Stephen.'' Thomas Foster, Justice. " Anne Mary Le Roy, of Lancaster, appeared before the Chief Bm'gess, and being sworn on the Holy Evan- gelists of Almighty God, did depose and say, that in the year 1755, when her father John Jacob Le Roy, and many others, Avere murdered by the Lidians, at Ma- honey, she, her brother, and some others, were made prisoners, and taken to Kittaning; that strange Indians visited them; the French told them they were Cones- togoe Indians, and that Isaac was the only Indian true to their interest ; and that the Conestogoe Indians, with the exception of Isaac, were ready to lift the hatchet when ordered by the French. She asked Bill Soc's mother whetlicr she had ever been at Kittaning ? She said ' no, but her son Bill Soc had been there often ; that he was good for nothing. '^ Mary Le Roy." From these depositions, the reader may decide whether suspicion was well founded or not. " Bill Soc's own mother declared he was good for nothing." The friendly Indians, it was fully believed by the Paxtonians, connived at, if not indirectly stimulated the hostile ones, in their relentless attacks upon the frontier settlers in 17G3. The grounds for this suspicion were sufficiently founded, in the opinion of the eagle-eyed Paxton and Donegal Rangers, to watch with a " keen eye" the movements of both parties, friendly and hostile Indians. In September, the Indians eluded their close, searching pursuit. The Paxton Boys, and their 'Lancaster Intelligencer & Journal. LANCASTER COUNTY. 355 neighbors, having asked in vain* for protection from Government, were bent upon making an assault that would infuse terror into all called Indian ; if not put a stop to Bill and George Soc's going abroad, and their dances at Conestos^a.t And the conviction having become general, aroused feelings, which war naturally engenders, in the bosoms of the citizens, in the Paxton and Donegal inhabitants, to extirpate the Conestogoes, the remains of a tribe of the ♦Indians had been traced by scouts to the wigwams at Con- estoga. Suspicion was awakened, the questions, " Are these christian Indians treacherous ] Arc their wigwams the harbors- of our deadly foe] Do they conceal the nightly prowling assassin of the forest f These and the like surmises were en- tertained by the people. The rangers were active in endeav- oring to discover the perpetrators of those acts of violence. — The people declared openly they no longer confided in the professions of the governor; numbers of volunteers joined the rangers of Northampton, Berks, Lancaster, and Cumberland, who were engaged in tracing the midnight assassins. Such was the state of irritable feeling of these frontier counties, yet government was supine.'* •\Jacoh Bachman, Esq. of West Strasburg, says, he frequently heard his mother relate, that when she was a girl of sixteen Soc frequented their house ; but she never liked his counte- nance — guilt played upon it. She also related, that a few days previous to the fatal day of the Conestogoes, one of their old women came , to their house, and enquired, " Have you heard the bad news ;" when interrogated what bad news, she evasive- ly replied " the snow, the snow." It was then remarked by Mr. Rohrer, the father of Mrs. Bachman, "I guess. Bill and George have been again doing mischief; they will be caught sometime or other." In company with Dr. J. K. Neff, we called on Mr. John Newcomer, August 10th, 1843, who told us, he distinctly remem- bers Bill Soc, coming to his father's house seUing baskets, brooms and wooden ladles. 350 HISTORY OP Six Nations/^ who occupied a spot of ]ynd in Manor townsliip. Oil Wcdncsd.'iy, llic lltli of December, 1703, at day break, " a iiuinlx;)- of armed mounted men, principally from Donci^^al and Paxton townships, attacked the Ij)dian vill;ij-^e, ;:nd barbarously njassacrcd some women and cliildici), :ind ;i few old njcn ; jiiuonpsl tlie hiller, the chi(.-f, Shali(,'as, who had" always been distininiishcd for his fri(;ndshij) towards the whites. The majority of the Indian villagers were abroad at the time of the attack."! After slaying those at home, their huts were set on fire, and most of them burned down.t "The magistrates of Lancaster sent out to collcr^t the surviving ones, brought them into town, for their better security against any further attempt ; and it is said condoled with them on the misfortune that had iiappened, took them by the hand, and }4'omised th(;m jirotrction. They were ])iit in the *J\. C. a writer in the Intelligencer k Jonrnul says: "The Indians at Cunestogo, at Itio lime of its dcbtruciion consisted of kSenecas, Mingcjos, Pcqucas, 6<:c. The Mingoes were not of the five nations ; they belonged to a distant tribe of tiiat lianic." fCordon'sPa. 405. I One (jf these liuts or cabins still exists. It is occupied as a kitchen by Isaac Kuhn — it is built of round logs. The writer had been in this cabin, December?, 1812. Nr)TE, — In a pamphlet ascribed to B. Fran'klin, written in 17G4, we find the following names of Indians, who resided at ('oncstoga: Shehaes, a very old man ; Peggy, his daughter; John, an old man; Harry; George and Bill Soc, brothers, both young men ; Betty a harmless old woman, and her son Peter, a likely young lad ; John Smith, who had married Sally, whose Indian name wa;3 Wyanjoy. — >^^)ark's Franklin^ IV ^ r>l-57. LANCASTER COUNTY. 357 recently erected workhouse, a strong building, as the place of greatest safety." When the news of this unkind treatment of the Indians by the Paxtonians reached Philadelphia, the Governor issued the following proclamation : Whereas, I have received information, that on Wed- nesday the 14th of this month, a number of people well armed and mounted on horseback, unlawfully assembled together, and went to the Indiantown in the Conestoga manor, in Lancaster county, and without the least reason of provocation, in cold blood, barbarously killed six of the Indians settled there, and burnt and destroyed all their houses and effects ; and whereas so cruel and inhuman an act, committed in the heart of this province on the said Indians, who have lived peaceably and inoffensively among us during all our late troubles, and for many years before, and were justly considered as under the protection of this government and its laws, calls loudly for the vigor- ous exertion of the civil authority, to detect the offenders and bring them to condign punishment ; I have, therefore, by and with the advice and consent of the council, thought iit to issue this proclamation, and do hereby strictly charge and enjoin all judges, justices, sheriffs, constables, officers, civil and military, and aU other his Majesty's liege subjects within this province, to make diligent search and inquiry after the authors and perpetrators of the said crime, their abettors and accomplices, and use all possible means to apprehend aiid to secure them in some of the public jails of this province, that they may be brought to their trials, and be proceeded against according to law. And whereas a number of other Indians, who lately lived on or near the frontiers of this province, being willing and desirous to preserve and continue the ancient friendship which heretofore subsisted between them and 358 HISTORY OF the good people of this province, have, at their own earnest request, been removed from their habitations and brought into the county of Philadelphia, where provision is made for them at the public expense ; I do, therefore, hereby strictly forbid all persons whatsoever, to molest or injure any of the said Indians, as they will answer the contrary at their peril. Given under my hand and the great seal of tlie said province, at Philadelphia, A. D. 1763, Dec. 22cl, and in the 4th year of his Majesty's reign. By his honor's command. John Penn. Joseph Shippen, Jr., Sec'y. " God save the King.^' Notvv^ithstanding the governor's interposition, the people were too much exasperated to have their fury allayed by a proclamation from a supine governor. " They assembled,^ says Gordon, in great numbers, forced the prison, and butchered all the Txiiscrable wretches they found within the walls. Unarmed and unprotected, the Indians prostrated themselves with their children before their murderers, protesting their innocence and their love to the English, and in this posture they all received the hatchet." The following letter by William Henry, Esq. of Lan- caster, to a gentleman of Philadelphia, may enable the reader to form some idea of the treatment the Indians received at the hands of the " Pcfxton Boys.^^ "There are few, if any murders to be compared with the cruel murder committed on the Conestogo Indians in the jail of Lancaster, in 1763, by tlic Paxton boys, as they were then called. From fifteen to twenty Indians, as report stated, were placed there for protection. A ♦Tuesday, the 27th Dec 17G3, LANCASTER COUNTY. 359 regiment of Highlanders* were at that timo quartered at the barracks in the town, and yet these murderers were permitted to break open the doors of the city jail and committed the horrid deed. The first notice I iiad of this affair was, that while at my father's store, near the court house, I saw a number of people rumiing down street towards the jail, which enticed me and other lads to folio \vt them. vVt about six or eight yards from the jail, we met from twenty-five to thirty men, well mounted on horses, and with rifles, tomahawks, and scalping knives, equipped for murder. I ran into the prison yard, and there, oh what a horrid sight presented itself to my view ! Near the back door of the prison lay an old Indian and his squaw, particularly well knov/n and esteemed by the people of the town oi. account of his placid and friendly conduct. His name was Will Soc; across him and squaw lay two children, of about the age of three years, whose heads were split with the toma- hawk, and their scalps taken off. Towards the middle of the jail yard, along the west side of the wall, lay a stout Indian, whom I particularly noticed to have been shot in his breast ; his legs were chopped with the toma- hawk, his hands cut off, and finally a rifle ball discharged in his moutli, so that his head was blov/n to atoms, and the brains were splashed against and yet hanging to the wall, for three or four feet around. This man's hands and feet had also been chopped off with a tomahawk. — ♦Captain Robinson's company, on their way from Pittsburg. f Of the lads present then ; a few as old men arc slill living. We spent a few pleasant hours with each, lately. They arc Mr. David Dieffenderfer, at New Holland, and Mr. Peter Maurer, near the city of Lancaster, now in his eighty -seventh year". Both enjoy remarkable health — both had been in the service of their country, during the war '76. 360 . HISTORY OF In this manner lay the whole of them, men, wamen and children, spread about the prison yard ; shot — scalped — hacked and cut to pieces.'^ The bodies of slain were then buried in the borough of Lancaster, where the bones of the Indians rested undistiu'bed till the month of ]May, 1S33, when the workmen employed in excavating for the rail road, dug up the bones. '^ The Governor issued a second proclam.ation, and offered a reward for the discovery of the perpetrators, but without effect. Proclamation. " Wherees, on the 22d Dec. last, I issued a proclama- tion for the apprehending and bringing to justice a number of persons, who, in violation of the public faith, and in defiance of all law, had inhumanly killed 6 Indians, who had lived in Conestoga manor, for the course of many years, peaceably and inoffensively, under the pro- tection of this government, on lands assigned tliem for *Peter IMaiirer informed us that he saw the bodies of the Indians buried in one hole, at the place where the bones in 1833, were dug up, at the corner of Chesnut and Duke streets. Note. — From a letter of the Rev. Elder to Col. Burd, it appears, if the statement be correct, that the Paxton boys did not cut the bodies of the Indians to pieces; but it was done by others. Elder says, "The inference is plain, that the bodies were thus mangled after death by certain persons, to excite a feehng against the Paxton boys. This fact, Stewart says he can and will establish in a fair trial at Lancaster York, and Carlisle!" Note. — Fehx Donnelly was keeper of the mor'k house at the time the Paxton boys forced in the door, iSrc. Donnally was appointed keeper, at the November session 1763; in May 1765, Mathias Booch of the borough of Lancaster, was appointed, in his place. LANCASTER COUNTY. S61 tlieir habitation; notwithstanding which, I have received mformation, that on the 27th of the same month, a large party of armed men again assembled and met together in a riotous and tunmltuous manner, in the county of Lan- caster, where they violently broke open the workhouse, and butchered and put to death 14 of the said Conestoga Indians, men, women and children, who had been taken und-er the immediate care of the magistrates of said county, and lodged for their better security in the said workhouse, till they should be more effectually provided for by order of the government; and whom common justice loudly demands, and the laws of the land (upon the prosecution of which not only the liberty and security of every individual, but the being of government itself depends,) require, that the above offenders should be brought to" condign punishment; I have, therefore, by and with the advice of the council, published this procla- mation, and do hereby strictly charge and command all judges, justices, sheriffs, constables, officers civil and mili- tary, and all others his Majesty's faithful liege subjects within this province, to make diligent search and inquiry after the authors and perpetrators of the said last men- tioned offenders, their abettors and accomplices,, and that they use all possible means to apprehend and secure them in some of the public jails of this province, to be dealt with according to law. And I do hereby further promise and engage, that am'" person or persons, who shall apprehend and secure, or or cause to be apprehended or secured, any three of the ringleaders of the said party, and prosecute tiiem to con- viction, shall have and receive for each the public reward of '^200; and any accomplice, not concerned in the imme- diate shedding the blood of said Indians, who shall make discovery of any or either of the said ringleaders, and 31 362 aiSTORY OF apprehend and prosecute them to conviction, shall oVef and ahove the said reward, have all the weight and influ- ence of the government, for ohtaining his Majesty's pardon for his offence. Given under my hand and the great seal of the pro* vince, at Philadelphia, January 2, in the 4th year of his Majesty's reign, A. D. 1764. By his command. John Penn. Joseph Shippen, Jr., Sec'y. " God save the King,^'' The Paxton Boys had become desperate, and in turn ^'' showed up some Indian^^^ as is manifest from their conduct in destroying the Indians at Lancaster. *David Rittenhouse, in a letter to a friend, speaking of the Paxton Boys in Philadelphia, on this occason, says : "About fifty of the scoundrels marched by my work-shop. I have seen hundreds of Indians travelling the country, and can with truth affirm, that the behavior of these fellows was ten times more savage and brutal than theirs. Frightening women, by running the muzzles of their guns through windows, swearing and hallooing ; attacking men without the least provocation ; dragging them by the hair to the ground, and pretending to scalp them ; shooting a number of dogs and fowls ; these are some of their exploits," — Rittenliouse's Mem. p. 148. --"- In another letter, Mr. Barton says : " I received a letter from sister E. soon after the alaim at Philadelphia was over, and will give, &c. &c. " On Monday morning, between one and two o'clock, an express came to the Governor, informing that the rebels were on their way, and that a great number of them were on this side the White Horse. There was one express after another, till there was certain intelligence that some of them Vvcre at Germantown. When the first express came, the bells were rung, the drums beat, and the constables were ordered to go from house to house, to knock up the inhabitants, and bid them put candles at their doors : it had the appearance of all the houocs being illuminated. Before day, there was about LANCASTER COUNTY. 363 ' The Moravian Indians were placed for safety in the barracks at Philadelphia, and no sooner had this intelli'. gence been received in Lancaster, than a large nnmber assembled and marched to Philadelphia. They produced considerable alarm in the city. " The Governor fled to the house of Dr. Franklin for safety ; and nothing but twenty men met at T. T's, and chose their officers. Before night they were increased to nearly an hundred ; as were like^ wise most of the other companies. E and all our men were in captain AVood's company. They all appeared to be in high spirits, and desirous to meet the rebels. On Tuesday, when the Mayor and other gentlemen set off for Germantown, the heads of companies begged of them not to comply with any dishonorable terms, and told them : " Gentlemen, we are ready to go wherever you may command us ; and we had much rather you would let us treat with them, with our guns." On their return, there was a general murmur among the compa- nies against the proceedings of our great men ; they knew it, and there was a long harangue made by Mr. Chew ; but it did not answer the end. On Wednesday morning I went to , as usual, and on my return home, I stopped at our friend H. T's, when, on a sudden an alarm gun was fired, the bells began to ring, and the men called " to arms,^^ as loud as possible. I cannot describe, my dear brother, how I felt : we ran to the door, when, to add to my fright I saw E , amidst hundreds of others, run by with his gun. They met at the court house, formed themselves into regular companies, and marched up Second street as far as the barracks ; where they found it was a false alarm. " It was a pleasing, though melancholy sight, to view the activity of our men. In less than a quarter of an hour, they were all on their march — it is supposed above a thousand of them; and by all accounts, there were not ten — r-^ among them. It was the very common cry, while our men were parading— "What! not one among usl! Instead of joining with others, they would sneak into corners and applaud the " Paxton Boys." Their behavior pft this occasion be^a ^lade then) blacker than ever," 364 HISTORY OP the spirited measures of the inhabitants of the city, saved it from the fury of an exasperated multitude, who would not have hesitated to extend vengeance from the Indians to their protectors." After some consuUation among themselves, on salu- tary advice given, they concluded to peaceably return to their homes, leaving Matthew Smith and James Gibson, two of their number, to represent their views to govern- ment.'-* They laid their grievances before the Governor and the Assembly, by a memorial in behalf of Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks, and Northampton, complain- ing that these counties were irregularly represented in the Assembly, sending collectively ten members only, whilst tlie three counties of Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks, sent twenty-six ; that a bill had passed the Assembly, directing the trial of persons charged with the murder of an Indian in Lancaster county, to be had in some of the latter counties ; that whilst more than a thousand families, reduced to extreme distress, during the past and present war, by the attacks of skulking parties of Indians upon the frontiers, were destitute, and were suf- fered by the public to depend on private charity, one hundred and twenty of the j)erpetrators of the most horrid barbarities were supported by the province, and protected from the fury of the brave relatives of the murdered ; that the cruelties of the Indians were exten- uated, and efforts improperly made to excite commis- eration for them, on the plea that they were not parties to the war ; " But, in what nation,'^ said the memorial- ists, "was it ever the custom that, when a neighboring nation took up arms, not an individual of that nation should be touched, but only the persons that oflered hostilities ? Wlioever proclaimed war with part of a nation, and not with the wliole ? Had these Indians LANCASTER COUNTY. 5G5, disapproved the perfidy of their tribe, and been willing to cultivate and preserve friendship with us, why did they not give notice of the war before it happened, as it is known to be the result of long deliberation and precon- certed combination ? Why did they not leave their tribe immediately, and come amongst us, before there was cause to suspect them, or war was actually waged ?— No, they staid amongst them, were privy to their murders and ravages, until we had destroyed their provisions, and when they could no longer subsist at home, they came — not as deserters, but — as friends, to be maintained through the winter, that they might scalp and butcher us in the spring."^ " The memorialists further remonstrated against the policy of suffering any Indians whatever, to live within the inhabited parts of the province, whilst it was engaged in an Indian war ; experience having taught that they were all perfidious, and that their claim to freedom and independence enabled them to act as spies, to entertain and give intelligence to our enemies, and to furnish them with provisions and warlike stores. To this fatal inter- course, between pretended friends and open enemies, they ascribed the greater part of the ravages and murders diat had been committed during the last and present wars. — This grievance they prayed might be considered and re^ medied. They remonstrated against the neglect, by the province, of the frontier inhabitants, who had been .wounded in its defence, and required that they should be relieved at the public cost. They expostulated against the policy of the government, in refraining to grant rewards for Indian scalps, " which damped the spirits of brave men, who were willing to venture their lives against the enemy ;" and they proposed that public *Votes of Assembly, and Gordon's Pa. 31* 366 HISTORY 01" rewards might be granted for their trophies, adequate to the danger of procuring them. They lamented that numbers of their nearest and dearest relatives were retained in captivity among the savage heathen, to be trained up in ignorance and barbarity, or be cruelly tor- mented to death for attempting their escape : and they prayed that no trade might be permitted with the Indians until their prisoners were returned.'^ The year 1765 is remarkable for the birth of Robert Fulton, who was born in Little Britain. He early showed peculiar talents, and cultivated tliem abroad, as well as in his own country. He is distinguished as an inventor of steamboats. In 1803, at the johit expense of himself and Robert R. Livingston, chancellor of New York, and minister of the United States to the French court, he con- structed a boat on the River Seine, by which he fully evinced the practicability of propelling boats by steam. — On returning to America in 1806, he commenced, in con- junction with Mr. Livingston, the construction of the first Fuiton boat, which was launched in the spring of 1807 from a ship yard at New York. There was great incredulity among the people on the subject ; but this boat demonstrated, on the first experiment, to a numerous assemblage of astonished spectators, tiie correctness of his expectations, and the value of his invention. The same year, he suggested the first idea of joining the western lakes and the Atlantic ocean by canal. In 1810, the legislature of New York appointed com- missioners, Avitli whom Mr. Fulton was joined the next session, to explore the route of inland navigation from the Hudson river to the lake Ontario and Erie. The conmiissioners reported in 1811, 12, 14. Mr. Fulton was very estimable in his domestic and social relations ; "but what was most conspicuous in his character, was his caliu LANCASTER COUNTY. 2G7 constancy, his industry, and that indefatigable patience and perseverance, wliich always enabled him to over- come difficulties." A distinguished foreigner, the chevalier clc Gessicourt observes, " Steamboats offer such advan- tages to commerce, that England, France and America, with one accord, proclaim the glory of Fulton." — De- laplaine\s Repository, I. p, 201, 223. In 17G6, Benjamin S. Barton, professor in the University of Pennsylvania, was born at Lancaster, Pa. His mother was the sister of the celebrated David Ritten- house. In 1786, he, went to Great Britain and pursued his medical studies at Edinburg and London. He after- wards visited Gottingen, and there obtained the degree of Doctor in Medicine. On his return from Europe in 1789, he established himself as a physician in Philadelphia, and soon obtained an extensive practice. In the same year he was appointed professor of natural history and botany in the college of Philadelphia. On the resignation of Doctor Griffiths, he was appoint- ed professor of Materia Medica ; and succeeded Doctor Rush in the department of the theory and practice of medicine. He died in 1815. His chief publication is " Elements of Zoology and Botany." 1769. This year the Rev. John WoodhuU came to Lancaster Borough, as pastor of the Presbyterian church. He was their first pastor. They preached occasionally in the court house, before WoodhuU came. In 1770 or '71, a meeting house was finished. The leading meu among the Presbyterians at that time were E. Shippen, Esq., Dr. R. Boyd, W. White, HJHalen, C. Hall, S. Boyd, W. Montgomery, W. Ross, Judge Yeates, M. San- derson, in the town ; W. Davis, T. Davis and John Jacks, in the country. 4r. ' / v-i 368 HISTORY OP From 1769 to 1775, a score and two of lawyers were- admitted at the Lancaster Bar. In 1769 Thomas Hood, Jacob Moore, Casper Weitzel, Jacob Rush, Christian Hook and Thomas Hartly. 1770, John Hubley, Abel Evans and Andrew Ross. 1771^ James Lukens, David Grear, Ashton Humphries, George Noarth and Nathaniel Ramsey. 1772, Edward Burd, Francis Johnson, Peter Zachary Lloyd, Charles Stedman and Mr. Collinson. 1773, John Stedman and George Ross, Jr. 1775, William Barton. Members of Assembly from Lancaster county for 1765, Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, Jacob Carpenter; those of 1765 were re-elected for 1766 and 1767. 1768, Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, George Ross. 1769, Emanuel Carpenter, Jacob Carpenter, James Webb, George Ross. 1770, Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, Joseph Ferree, George Ross. 1771, Emanuel Carpenter, George Ross, Joseph Ferree, William Downing. 1772, Joseph Ferree, Jacob Carpen- ter, Isaac Whitelock, James Webb. 1773 and 1774, Jo- seph Ferree, James Webb, George Ross, Matthias Slough. Notes. — In the year 1765, the following named gentlemen were admitted, at Lancaster, to practice law : Alexander Wil- cocks, Jasper Yeates, Richard Peters, Jr., Andrew Allen, James Allen, James Sayre and Henry Ewes. In 1766, Elisha Price, George Campbell, practising attorneys from Ireland.,. and Williarm Swainey. LANCASTER COUNTr.. 3'6^ CHAPTER Vlir. Hail storm — Proceedings, &c. by the citizens of Lancaster county touching the usurpation of Parliament, in Great Britain — Letter from the commit:' tee of correspondence at Pliiladelphia — Meeting at the court house ia Lancaster — Copy of a circular letter from Philadelphia — Meeting called at Lancaster — Subscriptions opened for the relief of the suffering Bosto- nians — Letters from Philadelphia — Meeting called to be held at Lancaa* ter — Committees appointed — Meeting held— Letter from Reading — Meeting of the committee of iuspection, &c.— ^Committee men from differ- ent townships meet at Lancaster— 'Their proceedings, &c. &c. Nothing of thrilling interest appears in the annals of this county from the close of Indian incursions, to the time when the indignation of the colonists was generally excited by the attempted oppressions on the part of the mother country. There are, nevertheless, a few things we deem worthy of notice. In 1768, in the month of June, Lancaster county was visited by a dreadful hail-storm. A writer in the Penr>- sylmtnia Chronicle, of June, 1768, says, ^'I now sit down,'' in writing to the Editor, "under the shade of a friendly oak in the country, in order to give you some account of the late dreadful storm here, the effects of which, I liave taken pains to examine, having rid several miles for that purpose. "' On Friday, the 17th inst. about 2 o'clock P. M. the sky was overspread with flying clouds, apparently charged with heavy rain. The wind blew pretty fresh from the south-east, and thickened the clouds in the op- posite quarter ; so that about 4 o'clock there was dark- ness visible in the north-west attended with distant ruui- bling thunder, and now and then with a small gleam af lightning, without any explosions. The clouds deepened 370 HISTORY OP more and more in the north-west, and thus seemed ta make a stand, bemg opposed by the wind from the opposite points. At half-after four, they assumed a frightful appearance, and at last a large crescent, with its concave sides to the wind, and its inner edges tinged with a dusky violet color. About five the wind veered about to the north-west, which immediately gave motion to the clouds, and discharged a most dreadful and destruc- tive volley of hail. The storm then proceeded in a south- east direction, at the rate of twelve miles an hour, attended with a most dreadful noise, something like the sounds of cannon, drums and bells mingled together. — The hail stones were of various dimensions, shapes and forms. Some measured nine inches in circumfer- ence, some seven, whilst others were not larger than peas. As to their forms, some were of globular, some spheroidical, surrounded Avith small excresences or knobs, some eliptical, and some irregular and smooth, like pieces of ice. Such as were globular, were endued with so much elasticity, that they rebounded from the ground like a tennis ball. This storm divided into several branches, or veins, if I may use such terms, all which kept the same course, but bent their fury mostly towards the mountains hills and highlands. " At Susquehannah the hail was as large as pigeon's eggs ; at Lancaster about the size of peas ; at Dunker- town, and in the valley, between the Welsh and Reading hills, they were as large as turkey's eggs ; in some other places, still larger ; and at Reading no hail appeared. — The damage done by this storm is very great; the county of Lancaster alone, it is thought, has suffered several thousand pounds. In many places there is not a single ear of wheat, rye, barley, &c. but what is cut off ; and jiothing left but the green st|*aw^ bruised and beat to LANCASTER COUNTY. 3/1 |)ieces. It is melancholy to see fine plant^ltions, and extensive fields, which a few days ago waved with luxu- riant crops, now lying waste. Many able farmers who expected to carry several hundred bushels of grain to market, will be obliged to buy bread for their families ; and many of the poorer kind will be ruined, and reduced to beggary. All these people are mowing their late promising and tlch crops, as fodder for their cattle. — Their distress is moving and alarming. At Dunkertown it is said, with what truth I cannot say, that cattle were killed by the hail ; but certain it is, that about Muddy creek, in this county, calves, pigs, fowls, &c. were killed in that settlement ; the ground in the woods is as thick covered with green foliage, beaten from the trees, as it is with the fallen leaves in the month of October ; and in many places the birds are found dead in w'oods and orchards. The north-west side of the fruit trees are barked, and all the glass windows on that side, that were not secured by shutters, are demolished ; and even the rails of the fences, visibly show the impression of hail upon them. In short, this storm threw every person who saw it, into the most dreadful consternation; for the oldest man here never saw or heard any thing like it.'^ As early as 1765, the British Parliament passed an act that all instruments of writing, such as promissory notes, bonds, indentures, &c. were to be null and void, unless written on paper or parchment stamped with specific duty. This measure was opposed in England and in this cx)untry ; and being found unpopular, the act was repeal- ed in 1766 ; but another act was passed by ParUament, declaring that the British Parliament had a right to make laws binding the colonies in all cases whatever ; this act was soon followed by another, imposing, in the colonies, duties on glass, paper, painters colors, and tea. These 272 HISTORY OP several acts kindled in every patriotic bosom, a strong opposition to the measures of the mother country, and one circumstance after another led to an open rupture between the colonies and the parent country, which hap- pened about the year 1773, when the Bostonians threw the tea overboard. From that time on, a flame was kindled in every breast. Gen. Gage, from Britain, arrived at Boston in 1774, with more troops, some having arrived before, "to dragoon the Bostonians into compliance." — The Bostonians had to suffer much; but their sufferings excited the sympathy of others. Associations for their relief were formed in nearly all the colonies ; even this county was not the last nor least to aid in relieving their suffering brethren, as will fully appear from the following precious relic, which is deposited in the Prothonotary's oflice of Lancaster county ;* Copy of a letter from the committee of correspondence for the city of Philadelphia, directed to the freeholders and other inhabitants of this place, dated about the 12th of June, 1774. Runs in the words following to wit: Philadelphia, Gentlemen : — We beg leave to refer you to the enclosed paper for the stops we have taken on the present alarm- ing occasion. Tiie Governor declining to call the As- sembly, renders it necessary to take the sentiments of the Inhabitants ; and for that purpose it is agreed to call a Meeting of the Inhabitants of this city and the county at the State House, on Wednesday, the 15th instant. — And as we would wish to have the sentiments and con- currence of our brethren in the several counties, who are equally interested with us in the General Cause, we earnestly desire you to call together the principal Inhab- *An abridgement of this relic would have destroyed the in* terest of the whole. LANCASTER COUNTY. i573 itants of your county and take their sentiments. We shall forward to you by every occasion, any matters of consequence that come to our knowledge, and we should be glad you would choose and appoint a Committee to Correspond with us. Signed by order of the committee of Corres- pondence,for the city of Philadelphia. Charles Thomps3n, C.erk. In pursuance of which, and also of another large letter wrote by Mr. Charles Thompson, and sent to the inhabi- tants of this borough, directed to the care of Mr. Wil- ham Atlee, a meeting was held on the 15th day of June, 1774. And the following Resolves were agreed on, viz: At a meeting of the inhabitants of the borough of Lan- caster, at the court house in the said borough, on Wednes- day, the 15th day of June, 1774 ; Agreed— that to pre- serve the Constitutional rights of the inhabitants of America, it is incumbent on every colony, to unit(3 end use the most effectual means to procure a r-L-pcal of the late act of Parliament against the town of ]3oston. That the act of Parliament for blocking up the port and harbor of Boston, is an invasion of the rights of the inhabitants of the said town, as subjects of the crown of Great Britain. That it is the opinion of the inhabitants at tills meeting that the proper and effeclu.il means to be used to obtain a repeal of the said act, will be to put an immediate stop to all imports, and exports, to and from Great Britain, u.itil the same act be repealed. That the traders and inhabitants of this town will join and concur with the patriotic merchants, manufacturers, tradesmen, and freeholders, of the city and county of Philadelphia, and other parts of this province, in an association or solemn agreement to this purpose, if the same shall be by them thought necessary. 32 374 HISTORY OF That Edward Shippen, Esq., George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., Mathias Slough, Esq., James Webb, Esq., WiUiam Atlee, Esq., William Henry, Esq., Mr. Liidwfg Lamnan, Mr. William Bailsman and Mr. Charles Hall, be a committee to correspond with the general committee of Philadelphia ; that these sentiments be immediately forwarded to the committee of correspondence at Philadelphia. The gentlemen above named, after being chosen and appointed a committee of correspondence, resolved upon the following letter to be transmitted to the committee of Philadelphia, directed to Mr. Charles Thompson, and is as follows, viz : Lancaster, the 15th June, 1774. Sir : — Agreeable to the request of the Committee of Correspondence for the city of Philadelphia, signified to some of the Inhabitants here, by your letter. We have this evening had a Meeting of the Inhabitants of this Town, (at which a very great number attended) at the Court House, and unanimously gave their assent to the Resolves or Agreement inclosed. As taking the senti- ments of the county could n-jt be so expeditiously done by having a general Meeting of the Inhabitants, we thought best to give you those of the Town, and have the pleasure now to assure you that the Inhabitants of the county in general begin to entertain similar opinions within, as to this matter — and no doubt, heartily concur in them at a Meeting which we shall endeavor as soon as possible to have with them. We hope you will give us intelligence of any matters worthy of notice, and be assured we shall do everything in our power to promote the General Interest. We are, &c. Signed by Edward Shippen, James Webb, Matthias Slough, LANCASTER COUNTY. 375 William Atlee, William Henry, Esqrs., Messrs. Ludwig Lauman, William Bausman, Charles Hall. Ordered that Eberhart Michael the clerk of this com- mittee do forward a copy of this day's resolves to Mr. Charles Thompson, the clerk of the committee at Philadel- phia, whh a copy of this letter, signed by him. At a meeting of the committee of correspondence, ap- pointed for the borough of Lancaster, the 2d of July, 1774, Edward Shippen, Esq. being chosen chairman: The committee taking into consideration the resolves of the respectable inhabitants of the city and county of Phil- adelphia, on the 18th of June last; as also, the circular letters signed by the chairman of their said committee, the honorable Thomas Willig, Esq. Resolved, That they do most heartily concur with their brethren of Philadelphia, in the mode proposed for taking the sentiments of the good people of this province, on the present alarming and critical situation of the American colonies, therefore, Resolved, That notice be given to the freemen and inhabitants of this county with the utmost expedition, to choose a committee to join with the committees of the other counties of this province to meet at Philadelphia, for the very great and useful purposes mentioned in the said resolves and circular letters: and therefore, Resolved, That the freemen and inhabitants of this county be requested to meet on Saturday, the ninth day of this instant, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, at the court house, in Lancaster, for the purpose aforesaid. N. B. The said resolves of the committee at this meeting, being ordered to be printed, and the same after they were printed, signed by Edward Shippen, Esq., the chairman, Sent and put up at all public places in the county. 576 HISTORY OF Now following the copy of the circular letter mention-* ed in the last foregoing resolves, and is from word tc word, as followeth, to wit : Philadelphia, June 28tli, 1774. Gentlemen: — The committee of correspondence for this city and comity heg leave to enclose you printed copies of the resolves passed at a very large and respectable meeting of the freeholders and freemen, in the State House square, on Saturday, the 18th instant. By the 4th of those resolves, you will observe that it was left for the committee " To determine on the most proper mode of collecting the sense of this province in the present critical situation of our affairs, and appointing deputies to attend the proposed Congress. In pursuance of this trust, we have, upon the maturest deliberation, determined upon a mode contained in the two following propositions, which, we hope, may meet Avith the approbation and concur- rence of your respectable county, viz: First : " That the Speaker of the honorable House of Representatives be desired to write to the several mem- bers of Assembly in this province, requesting them to meet in this city as soon as possible, but no later than the 1st of August next, to take into their consideration our very alarming situation. Second : 'That letters be written to proper persons in each county, recommending it to them, to get committees appointed to their respective counties, aud that the said committees or such a number of them as may be thought proper, may meet at Philadelphia, at the time the repre- sentatives are convened, in order to consult and advise on the most expedient mode of appointing deputies for the general Congress, and to give their weight to such as may be appointed.' The Speaker of the Assembly, in a very obliging and LANCASTER COUNTY. 377 ready manner, had agreed to comply with the request hi the former of those propositions ; but we are now inform- ed that, on account of the Indian disturbances, the Gov- ernor has found it necessary to call the Assembly to meet in their legislative capacity, on Monday, the 18th of July, being about the same time the Speaker would probably have invited them to a conference or convention in their private capacity. What we have therefore to request is, that if you approve of the mode expressed in the second proposition, the whole or part of the committee appointed, or to be appointed for your county, will meet the committees from the other counties, at Philadelphia, on Friday the fifteenth of July, in order to assist in framing instructions, and preparing such matter as may be proper to recommend to our representatives, at their meeting the Monday following. We trust, no apology is necessary for the trouble we propose giving your committee of attending at Philadel- phia, as we are persuaded you are fully convinced of the necessity of the closest Union among ourselves, both in sentiment and action ; nor can such union be obtained so well by any other method, as by a meeting of the county committees of each particular province in one place, preparatory to the general Congress. We would not offer such an affront to the well known public spirit of Pennsylvania, as to question yoar zeal oft the present occasion. Our very existence in the ranks of freemen, and the security of all that ought to be dear to us, evidently depend upon our conducting this great cause to its proper issue by firmness, wisdom and unanimity. We cannot therefore doubt your ready concurrence in every measure that may be conducive to the public good; and it is with pleasure we can assure you, that all the 378 HISTORY OF colonies, from South Carolina to New Hampshire, seem animated with one spirit in the common cause, and con- sider this as the proper crisis for having our differences with the mother country brought to some certain issue, and our hberty iixt upon a permanent foundation. This desirable end can only be accomplished by a free com- munion of sentiments, and a sincere fervent regard to the interests of our common country. We beg to be favored with an answer to this, and whether the committee for your county can attend at Philadelphia, at the time pro- posed. Signed by order of the committee. Thomas Willig, Chairman. To the committee for Lancaster county. Pursuant to the pubhcation of the resolves of the com- mittee before mentioned; A general meeiing of the freemen and inhabitants of this county, (of Lancaster,) was held on Saturday, the 9th of July, 1774. George Ross, Esq., being chosen chairman. This assembly taking into serious consideration the several late acts of the British Parliament, relative to America ; came unanimously to the following declarations and resolves^ viz : 1. We do sincerely profess and declare, that his most gracious majesty King George the third, is our rightful and lawful sovereign ; and that we will support and defend him to the utmost pf our power with our lives and fortunes against his enemies. 2. We do further declare that no power is constitu- tionally lodged in the hands of any body of men, to give and grant our money, save only our representatives in Assembly, who have at all times cheerfully granted aid to his majesty whenever he has made requisition from them. 3. That the acts of the British Parliament for divest LANCASTER COUNTY. 379 ing us of such right, and assuming such power tliem- selves, are unconstitutional, unjust and oppressive. 4. That it is an indispensible duty we owe to ourselves and posterity, to oppose with decency and firmness, every measure tending to deprive us of our just rights and privileges. 5. That a close union of the colonies, and their faith- fully adhering to such measures as a general Congress shall judge proper, are the most likely means to procure redress of American grievances, and settle the rights of the colonies on a permanent basis. 6. That it is highly expedient to appoint a committee to meet the committees of the other counties of this prov- ince, at Philadelphia, on the 15th instant, to confer with them on the important matters, mentioned in the letter from the chairman of the committe of Philadelphia. 7. That we will sincerely and heartily agree to and abide by the measures which shall be adopted by the members of the general Congress of the colonies. 8. That we tenderly sympathize with our brethren of Boston, who are suffering in the American cause, by an unconstitutional and oppressive act of the British Parlia- ment, called the Boston Port bill 9. That a subscription be opened for the relief of our suffering brethren there. 10. That the subscription be put into the hands of the committee of this county, to be by them laid out in the pur- chase of provisions and sent to Boston towards the relief of their distresses. 11. That the committee for the borough of Lancaster already appointed, be a committee of correspondence, and that George Ross, James Webb, Mathias Slough, Joseph Ferree, Emanuel Carpenter and William Atlee, Jlsqrs., Mr. Alexander Lowry, Mr. Moses Irwin, be s^ 3S0 HISTORY OP committee to meet and consult with the committees of the other counties of this province at Philadelphia the 15th inst., and also to join with the committee of correspond- ence in receiving subscriptions for the relief our Boston brethren. It was then moved, that the thanks of the freemen and inhabitants present, should be rendered to the worthy Chairman for the very proper and spirited address made by him to this Assembly, rejilete with the warmest expressions of loyalty to his Majesty, and fervent zeal for the common interest of America — which motion was agreed to by a general holding up of hands, and the thanks of the Assembly were then presented to ]Mr. Ross for his patriotic conduct upon this occasion. Eberhart IVIichael, Clk. A subscription was then inmiediatel}^ opened by tlie committee for the benefit of our suffering brethren of the town of Boston, and very handsome sums subscribed by several of the persons present, and at the request of numbers of the reputable inhabitants, papers are printing and sending to the dilYerent townships, to receive the subscriptions of the inhabitants of tliis county, which, it is expected, will amount to a considerable sum, and will be collected as expeditiously as possible by the com- mittee and laid out as shall be thought to answer the good purpose intended. A paper was delivered by J\Ir. Elijah Weikersliam, to the Chairman at this meeting, and read by him, contain- ing similar resolves (with the above) of the freemen of the townships of Paxton and Derry, at their meeting at the town of JNIiddletown on the Sth last past, and signed by James Bird, Esq., chairman. At a meeting of the committee of the county of Lan- LANCASTER COUNTY. 381 caster, at Lancaster, on the 9tli September, 1774, Edward Shippen, Esq. in the chair. The subscription received for the relief of the distresses of the poor inhabitants of the town of Boston, were laid before the committee, and it appeareth that the sum of one hundred and fifty three pounds, fifteen shillings and two pence, has been collected in the Borough of Lancas- ter for the purposes aforesaid, and it being put to the vote whether the said sum should not be immediately remitted to Philadelphia to Mr. John Nixon the Treasurer of the city and county of Priiladelphia, to be laid out in such manner as the committee for the said city and county- should think proper for the rehef of our distressed poor brethren of the town of Boston, the same was carried in the affirmative, and Edward Shippen, Esq., the chairman, is requested to forward the said sum of money fortiiwith to Philadelpliia for the purpose aforesaid. At this time no proper account could possibly be had of the subscription papers of the several townships in this county. The following letter was omitted entering in its proper place, and is as follows, to wit : — Gentlemen : — Enclosed you will receive a printed cir- cular letter signed by the chairman of our committee, and the resolves therein referred to, with some other printed papers. The use to be made of them, your own prudence and good judgment will suggest ; we would be glad to hear as soon as possible from the committee for your county, and are Your most humble servant, William Smith. Your assured friend, Isaac Howell. Philadelphia, June 29, 1774. To Edward Shippen and George Ross, Esq'rs., who 382 HISTORY OF are requested to communicate the enclosed papers to the other gentlemen of the committee. Those gentlemen named and appointed at the meeting of the 9th July last, did attend the provincial convention at Philadelphia, on Monday the 15th then next. And the proceedings together Avith the resolves of that provin- <;ial committee, hath been inserted in the public papers. At a meeting of the committee August 11th, they were informed that Joshua and Robert Lockharts, of this borough, shopkeepers, had brought to this town a quantity of tea, that hath paid duty under the late act of parliament. A note was therefore sent to them by the committee requiring their immediate attendance. In consequence thereof one of the partners called on the committee, but denied their having received any tea, but as this account by no means appeared satisfactory from several matters which escaped the partner attending, the committee did inspect their shop, and with some diffi- culty learned of a chest of Bohea tea, weight 349 neat weight which they had bought from a certain merchant in Philadelphia. The committee taking an account of all the marks of the case in which it was packed, removed the tea, and wrote to the committee of Philadelphia, who examined the matter, and it appeareth that this tea never had paid any duty, but was part of a seizure made by the Custom house and was afterwads purchased at public sale by the original owner of it, as by a letter from the committee of Philadelphia, dated August 25th, wrote and signed by the Honorable Thomas Willing, the chairman, directed to this committee, appears ; upon which, the said teas were returned again, and the said Lockharts were acquitted. The Continental Congress held at Philadelphia, the 5th of September, 1774, continued to the 25th of October^ LANCASTER COUNTY. 383 The votes and proceedings of which, have since been pub- lished in the pubUc papers, and printed also by a pam- phlet containing the bill of rights, list of grievances, occasional resolves, the association, an address to the people of Great Britain, a memorial to the inhabitants of the British American Colonies, and petition to the King. November 22nd, 1774. The committee of this bor- ough met and the following hand bill by them ordered to be printed, and sent to, and put up at all the public places in this county viz : To the freeholders and electors of the county of Lancaster : , -i The committee for the borough of Lancaster, taking in J their consideration the resolves and recommendations of the American continental Congress, request that the free^ holders and others qualified to vote for Representatives in Assembly for the county of Lancaster, would meet at the Court house, in Lancaster, on Thursday the fifieenth day of December next, to choose by ballot sixty proper persons for a committee, to observe the conduct of all persons touching the general Association of the general Congress ; which committee, it is proposed, when elected, shall divide the county into different districts, and appoint members of the committee to superintend each district, and any six of the members so appointed for a district to be a quorum for transacting business. It will be necessary, previous to the general election, that each township shall elect a proper person to act as inspector, and receive the tickets of the electors on that day. On the said 15th day of December, in pursuance to the notice above mentioned, a general election was held at the borough of Lancaster, for this county, and the fol- 384 HISTORY OP lowing porsons were chosen as, and for, a committee, viz ; Lancaster borough — Edward Sliippen, George Ross, James Webb, Adam Sim. Kuhn, Jasper Yeates, WilUanl Atlee, Adam Reigart, Wm. Bausman, Christian Voght, Eberhart Michael, Charles Hall, Casper Shaffner. Conestoga — Martin Bare. Manor — John Killhafer, Jacob Wistler, *James Jacks. Hempfiakl — Val. Breneman.— Manheim — Samuel Bear, Sebastian Graff. (As the first district.) Upper Paxton, Londonderry, Derry, Hanover and Paxton, (the second district,) — Paxton — ^James Burd, do. Joseph Slierer — Hanover, Timothy Green— Derry, Castle Byers, do. * William Laird, do. *RobertMcKee — Londonderry, John Cam})bell, — Paxton, John Bakes- tose — Upper Paxton, William Patterson — Hanover, William Brown, do. James Crawford. Warwick, Rapha, Mountjoy and Donegal, (the 3rd district,) Mountjoy, * James Cunningham, do. Abrm. Frederick — Rapho, Ja- cob Erisman, do. Patrick Hay — Donegal, *Bartram Gal- braith, do. Alexander Lowrey, do. Frcd'k Mumma— «- Warwick, Jacob Erb, do. Peter Grubb. Bethel, Heidel-- berg, Elizabeth and Lebanon, (the 4th District, — Leba- non, Thomas Clark, do. Curtis Grubb, do. Henry Lights- Bethel, *Ludwig Shuy, do. *Casper Corr, do. *John Bi- shon — Heidleburg, John Weiser — Bethel, ^Killian Long, do. *Sam'l Jones — Elizabeth, Hans Frantz, Lebanon, Henry Bealor. Brecknock, Carnarvon, Cocalico and Earl, (the 5tli District,)— Earl, *Alex'r Martin, da *Emanu3l Carpenter, do. *Anthony Ellmaker, do. Wm. Smith, do. *Zacheus Davis, do. Geo. Rein, do. Jno. Bruw baker — Cocalico, John Jones — Brecknock, Benj. Lessley— Carnarvon, David Jenkins. Lampeter, Strasburg, Lea- cock and Salisbury, (the 6th District,) — Salisbury *James Clemson, do. *Jiio. Whitehill — Leacock, David Watson, do. ISfath'l Lightner — SlrasLurg, Eberhart Grube, do. tANCASTER COUNTY. 385 MicliH Witter — Lampeter, Jno. Witmer, Jr. Martick, Bart, Sadsbury, Colerain, Little Britain and Drumore, {the 7th district,) — Sadsbury, Robert Baiiy — Little Brit- ain, John AUton — Drumore, "" Thos. Porter — Bart, Jacob Bare — Colerain, Joshua Anderson — Martick, Jno. Snod^ grass — Drumore, ^'William McEntire — Little Britain, Thomas Whitesides — Bart, Hieronimus Hickman. N. B. The names with Astcricks ("*) before them, were elected in their respective townships, and upon proper certificates by them produced of their being duly elected, their names being added to committee. At a meeting of the committee of the borough of Lan- caster. Present, Edward Shippen, Esq. Wm. liJausman, Charles Hall, Christian Voght, Sebastian Graff, Adam Reigart, Casper Shaffncr, William Atlee, Peter Grubb, and Eberhart Michael, Edward Shippen, Es(|. hi the chair. Several of the reputable inhabitants of this borough of Lancaster, having mentioned their dislike to Mr. Francis -, having opened a dancing school in this borough, (at the present time) and that in their opinion the same was -contrary to the eighth article of the association of the continental Congress, and requesting a meeting of this committee and their sentiments on the occasion. Upon consideration of the matter, it is the opinion of this com- mittee, that the said Mr. Francis , opening and keeping a dancing school in tlie said borough, comes within the meaning of the eighth article of the association of the continental Congress, and that the same ought, at the present time, during the unhappy dispute with the mother country, to be discontinued. And Mr. Francis being sent for, waited upon the committee, and being informed of the sentiments of this committee, agreed and promised to break up and discontinue his said school Signed by the members above named. 33 386 HISTGSY OF A leifer received from the comm'ttee of correspondence of the city of Piiiiadelphir, dated the 22d December, 1774, direc ed to the comii.ittae of this place, of which Viie following is a copy, viz : Gentlemen: By order of the committee of the City and Liberties of Piiiladeiphia, we have t'le pleasure to trans* mil you the following reso.ves, passed this day with great imanimily, viz : ^'Tnat this committee think it' absolutely necessary that the connnittees of the counties of tiiis prcvhice, or such de; ut.es as t'ley may appomt for tins [ urpose^ be rec^uest-, ed to meet together hi }:roviiicial convention as soon. as convenient. "T.r.tt it be recommended to the ccuiity conmiittees to meet in said convention, on Monday, tlie 23d day of Jan- uary next, in the city of Piiiindelphia." From a view of tiie j;- resent situ^.tion of j ublic affairs, the committee have been in: u:ed to propose tiiis conven- tion, that the sense of the province may be obtained; and that the measures to be taken thereupon, may be the re,ui t of the united wisdom of ti.e co'ony. Tne obvious necessity of giving an immediate conside- ration to many matters of tne great^jst importance to thg general welfare, vv^ii;, \vq Lope, anhcient.y apologize to ycu for naming so early a day as t^c 221 o[ JaLUury. We are, gentlemen, roS[vc(^t,u..y, Ycu? L.UAiliii fNCivants, ./ iReed, Ci:ari.ea Ti.om]:&on, Geo. Ciymer, John Nix- > Gi . .. >.n B^nez.t, S-.!:.'i Meredith, Thus. il>l;lhin, Jona. B. Sn.iti , Comuxittec oT ccrrcs;ondti ( e. The loilowii g iettcr iV( m the C(,n niittcc oi corrcq ciA- cr:ce lor the c. u:.ty oi iii^.ks, was bent to the c<.L.n;.ttce of t;ns piaCe, v.z: LANCASTER COUNTY. 387 ^¥ Reiidingj 2i Jaiumy, 1775. This diy th^ committee of this ccuity mat here. A letter from the committee of correspondence of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, (m.eaning the same above,) was laid before them proposing a provincial convorition, to be held at Philadelphia, the 22i instant. The letter being du'y considered, the committee unanimously agreed to the proposed convention, and appointed Edward Bid- die, Jonathan Potts, Mark B>d, Christopher Shutz, John Patton, Sebastian Levan, and lUlzer Gehr, a committee to attend to said convention, in behalf of this county. — Tae committee then proceeded to choose a conmtittee of correspondence, and Edward Biddle, William Reerer, Mark Bn'J, Jonathan Potts, and Christopher Witt man, were duly elected a committee of correspondence for this county. Extract from the proceedings of the committee. Jonathan Potts, Clerk. Another letter from the same committee of correspond- ence of the county of Berks, to the committee of this place, viz : Gentlemen : Enclosed is an extract from the proceed ings of t'le committee of this county, by which you will see that deputies are appointed to attend the proposed provincial convention. When we consider that our disputes are drawing fast to a crisis, and that t'ne most cordia. unanimity is absolutely necessary lor our preservation ; we cannot doubt but that your respectable committee will without. hesitation appoint deputies to attend the provincial Congress. The neglect of any one county may have the most fatal consequences. Anl we well know the pleasure it would give our ene- mies to see even the appearance of a disunion at this very important time. S88 HISTORY OF The great consequence of this subject will, we hope^„ apologize for this freedom. We are, gentlemen, with the greatest respect. Your most obedient humble servants, Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, William Reerer, Christopher Witman, Mark Bird, Committee of correspondence. Reading, 5th January, 1775. N. B. The above mentioned extracts, &c. are put among the files of other papers relative to the committee. At a meeting of the committee of inspection of the county of Lancaster, at the Court house, in Lancaster, on Saturday, the 14th day of January, 1775, Edward Ship-, pen, Esq. was chosen chairman. It was unanimously agreed that in case of any differ-, once in sentiments, the question proposed be determined by the members of committee, voting by townships. A letter from the committee of correspondence of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, and another letter from the committee of correspondence of Berks county, were then read ; and it being put to vote, whether this com- mittee would appoint deputies to meet the other counties of this province in provincial convention, on Monday, the 23d January instant, the same was carried in the affir- mative : Yeas; Borough of Lancaster, Hempiield township, Manheim township, Paxton township, Hanover township, Londonderry township, Mountjoy township, Rapho town- ship, Donegal township, Warwick township, Lebanon township. Bethel township, Elizabeth township. Earl township, Brecknock township, Ca3rnarvon township, Salisbury township, Leacock township, Lampeter town- ship, Sadsbury township. Little Britain township, Dru* mere township, Colerain township. LANCASTER COUNTY. 3S9 Nays ; Lancaster township, Deny tcv^nship, Strasburg township, Bart township. Absent ; Conestoga township, Upper Paxton township, Ileidleberg township, CocaUco township, Martick town^ sliip, Manor towiiship. Tiie cornmlttse then proceeded to appoint deputies, and the following genth^men, to wit: — Adam Simon Kuhn, James Burd, James Cienison, Esq , Peter Grubb, Sebas- tian Graff, David Jenkins and B irirani Galbraith,or any live of them, were nominated to attend the said provin- cial convention, in behalf of tlie county of Lancaster. Edward Shippen, Cliairman. The preceding proceedings of tlie committees and occurrences, being recorJed by E. M. (Ju.ie SJ, 1775 ) At a meeting of the committee of inspection and obser- vation, of the borough of Lancaster, th'e 27th of April, 1775, at the hou ie of Adam Reigart. Pi'eseut; Eiward Snippen, Esq., Wilham Atlee, V/m. Bausman, Cnarles Hail, Wuliam FattersOn, Casper Saalf- ner, Eberhart Michael, Adam Rjigart. Edward Shippen, Esq. was chosen president. It appearing by intelligence from d.vers places and by th.3 papers, that General Gage, hat'i at length attacked the inhabitantj of MassacLu .etts Bay, . ^ed and wou.ided many of t.iem, and the iatei-t accounts froin Ejgiand confirming the accouiits that the Parhamen4: of Great Britain are determined by foice of arti.s to coinixl the colonies to an abject suomission to tjie late acts of Lie British Parliameiit, caicu ctted to deprive thi> iwhab.tants of t.ie colonies of t leir inebt.mabie rig. to and privdeges ; and tiiat a formidable tieot and army are pr^parmg t4J'' mvade the colonies or some of tlieui ; it >>i^ LierL^ur^ thoui:ht proper tj reviujst a ffenerai mt^eti.ili'bfliiij e^L- •DLL M O O mittw3 ibr tliiccou.-ty, lo cjiiiu^t a:idi^tJiJ:iLneaLvj.isu..a 590 HISTORY OP measures as may be necessary to be pursued at this alarming crisis ; and it is unanimously agreed that hand- bills be immediately printed and distributed throughout the county, requesting the members of the committee to meet at the house of Adam Reigart, in the borough of Lancaster, on Monday, the first day of May next, at two o'clock in the afternoon for those purposes ; and Mr. Bai-. ley is requested to print a sufficient number of hand-bills for this purpose, in the following words, to wit : The members of the committee of observation for the respective districts and townships, are desired to meet at the borough of Lancaster, at the house of Adam Reigart, in the said borough, on Monday, the first day of May next, at two o'clock in the afternoon, to consult and determine upon proper and necessary measures to be taken for the general good in the present alarming situa- tion of affairs. At the request of the committee of observation, in the borough of Lancaster. (Signed.) Edward Shippen, Chairman. Lancaster, the 27th April, 1775. At a meeting of the committee of observation, at the house of Adam Reigart, the thirtieth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five., Present, George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., Wm. Atlee, Esq., Adam Reigart, William Bausman, Esq., Charles Hall, Casper Shaffner, Samuel Bare, Eberhart Michael, James Cunningham, Alexander Martin, Wm. Smith: — George Ross, Esq., chosen chairman; George Ross, jun., chosen clerk. A complaint being made to the committee, that Charles Hamilton liad sold tea contrary to the association of the continental Congress. Ordered that notice be given to-. LANCASTER COUNTY. 301 said Charles Hamilton. Thereupon a copy of the follow- ing notice was sent toMr. Charles Hamilton. "Sir — You are charged before the committee for this county of having vended a quantity of tea since the first instant, contrary to the association of the continental Congress. The committee are now sitting at Mr. Adam Reigart's, and desire your attendance to answer to the charge." (Signed) Geo. Ross, jun., Clerk. To Mr. Charles Hamilton, shopkeeper. March 30, 1775. Mr. Hamilton having attended, and it appearing by the oath of John Taylor, the clerk, that the tea was sold in Mr. Hamilton's absence at Philadelphia, contrary to the express orders given by him in his store since the first of March instant ; and Mr. Hamilton, upon knowing of the said tea being sold, immediately disapproved of the sale thereof. And Mr. Hamilton himself, upon oath, declar- ing that ever since the first of March instant, his orders in the store have been to his clerk, that they should sell no tea whatsoever, and that the said sale was in his absence, and that he disapproves thereof. Upon conside- ration of the premises by the committee, it is their unani- mous opinion, that Mr. Hamilton stands acquitted of the charge against him, and that he hath not counteracted the association of the continental Congress. " I, Charles Hamilton, of the borough of Lancaster, shopkeeper, do hereby declare and assert, that I utterly disapprove of the sales of any tea in my store since the first day of March, instant, and it is and always hath been my fixed intention and determination to adhere inviola- bly to the association of the American continental Con- gl^ss, being fully convinced that the measures proposed thereby are the only probable modes of rescuing America 3C3 HISTORY OF from l^ritish Parliamentary desrotism. Witness my hand, the thirtieth day of Marcli, A. D , one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five. (S'.gned) "Charles Hamilton." Edward S'.nppen, Esq., George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., William At.ee, Esq., Adam S.mon Kulm, Esq-j and Widiam B.aisman, Esq., or any four of t lem, are appointed a standing co.nmittee of correspondence for the cou:ity of Lancaf^ter. Tiie members of ll^.e committee for t!ie county of Lan- c istjr, now present, tailing into consideration the conduct of George Ross, Esq , in the late ir.teresting dispute in the Houie of Assemb'y of this province, respecthig the 'answer given to his honor, tiie Governor's message, re- commending a separate petition to his Majesty fiom the the said Ilou^e of Assemb y, do unanimou^iy approve of the active part t.ik.m by t'le said Mr. Ross in o])posirion to tiiat measure, as the same wou d tend to hitroduce dis- union amongst the co'onies ; and do return the thianks of the comnd tj;^ to ?vlr. Ross, and the other vv^orti;y members of tie honorable hou:e, who have so steadily adhered to the trui Vv^eifare of tiie.r const.tujnts in opposing a deep- laid p an to diu rite u>. LL.y 131:— Tne association of tlie free..:en and inhabi- tants of tiie cou.ity of Lanca: tjr, the 1 t May, 1775. Wiiereas, the enemies of Great Britain and America have resoived by force of arms t.> carry into execution ti.e most unjuit, tyrannical, and ciuil edicts of the British Pdihament, and reduce the freeborn sons of America to a st^.tj of vassalage, and have fl cttered themselves, .ram our uiacqu-iintance with mihtary disciphne, tlmt wg shou d become an easy prey to tnem, or tamely submit and eend our necks to tiie yoke prepared for us : We do most solemn. y agree and associate under the deepest sense LANCASTER COUNTY. 39S. of our duty to God, our country, ourselves and posterity, to defend and protect the religious and civil rights of this and our sister colonies, with our lives and fortunes, to the utmost of our abilities, against any power whatsoever that shall attempt to deprive us of them. And the better to enable us so to do, we will use our utmost diligence to acquaint our ourselves with military discipline and the art of war. We do further agree to divide ourselves into companies not exceeding one hundred men, each, so as to make it most convenient to our situation and settlement, and to elect and choose such persons as the majority of each company shall think proper for officers, viz : for each company a captain, two lieutenants and one ensign, who shall have the power of appointing the other officers imder them, necessary for the companies. That when the companies are formed and the officers chosen and appointed, an association shall be signed by the officers and soldiers of each company, for the good order and government of the officers and soldiers. May 3d : Resolved, That the members of the commit- tee of the county of Lancaster, do, with the utmost expe- dition, take an account of the number of whites — men, women and children — to the respective townships of this county, and transmit the same to the members of the committee, residing in Lancaster, to be forwarded to the members of the general Congress for the province of Pennsylvania. Resolved, That the members of the committee do examine the quantity of powder and lead the store-keepers have in their hands, in the respective townships, and that the store-keepers be required that they sell no powder or lead before the first of June next, as they tender the trade and custom of the inhabitants of the respective townships,. HISTORY OP provided tliat it be sold on'y ly such store-keepers having ^^iceiise froai two iiieuibers ot* liie committee. I At a meeting of t!ie committee of observation, on the 4ih day of May, 1775, the Commissioners of the ccu::ty being also presenl, Mr. (harles Hamilton agrees, th.at the coil ity shall have his powder, beiiig 26 casks, at the rate of £14 per cwt. and they paying th.e carriage ; and that tiie con .ty shall have his lead, being about eighf'himdred weight, at 4 J pence per cwt.* » Messrs. Jjsiah& Robert Lockhart agree that th: county Siiall iiave their powdc^r, being five cu irter casks, at ££15 pfcer cwt., tii.y paying the carriage ; and their lead at 45 pence per cwt. Mr. Matthias S'nugh agrees th.at t;ie county shall hav3 his powder, being four quarter ca?ks, at £15 per cwt., they paying the carriage ; and his Lad at 45 pence per cwt. * Mr. Simons by Mr. Levy, Andrew Levy, agrees that t/ie cou:]tic;S sJiall have his }>owder, being 2 quarter ca.'ks, at the vAd of £15 per cwt., they pi ying the carri: ge ; and his lead, being aheut 2C0 pounds, at 45 per cwt. Mr, Ch.ristian Wntz agrees thi t the county shall have his powder, being 5 qu aier casks and some pounds loose, at th3 ratj of £15 per cwt., they ])aying the carriage; and Ins lead, being about 150 pou ids, at 45 p^r cwt. ' _Mr John Hopson agrees t lat t.ie ceunty shall have his powder, being 2 qu irter casks, at the rate of £15 per cwt., thty paying the carriage. *Jaiiuary 22, 1774, an act was passed by the General A^sem- 1 ly, tluit no })ers(ji) or persons v\itl'.ln the limits ol Laaca.^ter borough, .shall keep ir any hou-.e or shop, cellar, store, or (4her place mure than twenty-tive pnuuds vveigiit cfgunpovvdcr, and that was to be kept in the Idghebt t,tory (.f the house, at any one time, ludess it had been fifty yard.:, di.-tanl from any dwell- iag house, under the penalty of live pounds. LAKCAS'iER CCUNTY. '3G5 Ivir. Crawford agrees t!)ct the coiuity shall liava his powder, heiiig 10 or 12 pou.jds, at tae rate of ^C 15 per cvvt. and carriage. Mr. Bickham agrees that the county shall liave his* powder, being 1 quaitjr cask and some loose powdji', at the rate of £15 p':.r cwt. and carriage ; and iiis lead at 45 per cwt. Mr. Graff agrees that t'le county shall have his powder, being abou: a quarter cask, at t.n^rate of £15 p^r cwt.* paying carriage. At a meeting of the committee of observation hr the borough and cou ity of Lancaster, at the house of Aclara Rjigart, the 15th May, 1775. Present ; George Rjss, Esq., chairman, Jasper Yeates, Eiq., William At ee, Esq., C.iarles Hall, Eberhart Mi- chael, Casper S.iaffner, Adam Heigart, Sebastian Graff, Esq, Eninu3l Carpenter, Esq., James Cieaison, Esq., Al.xmder l^owry, Jimes Cu unngliam, Simu.d 13 :re, James Burd, Esq., C.iristian Voght and Jacob Erb. Tie question being put whetiier t.ie powder, lead, and other military stores, v/iiicii can be coiieete ia the cou. ity. * ^ * * * * * [^I^re the connection is broken.] Wednesday, Noveiuber 81a, 1775. A immber of the members of committee, chosen and appoitited by the several townships in- Lancaster county, to sjrve as committee men for tiie ensunig year, assen.- b^ed at the Co,u:t house, in Lancaster. Present. For the borough of Lancaster — William Bausman, S: cob Ciatz, Gasper S.iaffner, Cnristian Vognt, Aoran-f Dehu.V, Ml'..!ic. jI Musser. For Lmeaster— Andre w G. Michael Snatilr, For Manheim— Peter iincnman, bactiaii Graff, Jasper Yeates. Fer .>Hnjr — Ljonard 396 HISTORY OF luiik For CoiK^stogaT-William Atlee, IVIichaBl Haber- stick. Abraham Newcomer. For Strasburg — Everhard Gruber, John Breckbill. For Warwick — John Erb, Pe- ter Kratsor. For CocaUco — Michael Witmer. For Lam- peter — John Whitman, jr.. Henry Kendig. For Caer- narvon — David Jenkms. Joshna jjvajis. Henry Weaver. For Lebanon — John Philip de Haas. Pliilip Greenwah. For Bethel — Casper Kohr, John Beshore. Killian Long. For Hanover — John Rogers, Jolm McKewn. For Lon- donderry — William Hays. For Donegal — Alexander Lowry, Robert Craig. For MomUjoy — James Cnnning- ham, John Jamison, Abraham Scott. For Upper Pax- tang — Samuel Taylor, James JMorrow. For Brecknock — Benjamin Leslie. Tiie members present proceeded to the choice of a chairman, when Jasper Ye ate s, Esq. was elected, and took his seat accordingly. George Ross, junior, Esq. was chosen Secretary. Peter Riblet was appointed door-keeper and messenger to this committee. Tiie returns of the elections in the several townships were produced, and read, and approved of by this com- mittee ; the following gentlemen thereby appearing to have been duly chosen in the respective townships as members of connnittee in the county of Lancaster, viz : In the borough of Lancaster — Edward SIhppen, Geo. Ross, William Bausman, Jacob Clatz, Casper Shaffner^ George Moore, Christian Voght, Abraham DehutV, Jacob Krug, Michael Musser, Adam Reigart. In Lancaster wnship — Matthias Slough, Andrew Graff, Michael nik. In Hemplield — Peter Brubaker, Robert Spear, . Hoover. In Manheim — Peter Bachman, Sebastian ', Jasper Yeates. In ■Manor — Leonard Rodfunk^ Rupley, Henry Funk. In Conestogo— William LANCASTER COUNTY. 307 Alice, Michael llaberstick, Abmlinm Newcomer. In Driirnorc — John J^ong, William McEiilire, John Smiloy. In Strasburg — Samuel Lefevre, Kverhard ruber, John Breckbill. In Lampeter — John Whitman, jun., Henry Kendig, John Kirk. In Warwick — Valentine Griner, Jacob Erb, Peter Cratzer. In Elizabeth — George Iloylc, Christian StaleyJ Christian Royer. In Cocalico — Michael Witman, Adam Grill, George Elick. In Earl — (iabricl Davis, George Ilhinc, Jonathan Roland. In (J;e)M,'irvoii — David Jenkins, Joshua Evans, Henry Weaver. In Jkeck- nock — Benjamin Leslie, Peter Good, Conrad Popp. In Heidleberg — Henry Eckart, George Hudson, Michael Ley. In Lebanon — John Philip de Haas, l-*hilip Green- wait, John Light. In Bothel — Casf)er Kolir, John Be- shore, KillianLong. In Hanover — John MeKown, John Rogers, William Cathcart. hi J.ondonderry — William Hays, Robert Clark, Jacob Cook, in Donegal — Bartram Galbraith, Alexander Lowry, Robert Craig. In Mount- joy — James Cunningham, Abraham S.^itt, John Jami- son. In Rapho — James Patterson, Jacob Haldernan, Jo- seph Litlc. In Upper Paxtang — Adam Warts, James Murray, Samuel Taylor. The return from the township of Paxtang being pro- duced in these words, to wit : "At an election held at Mr. William Dickey's, in Pax- ton township, the I7th October, 177.5, the following six persons were elected as members of the county conuTiit- tee for the county of ]/incaster, to wit: James Burd, Jo- seph Sherer, William Brown, John Harris, James Crunch, and Jacob Awl, or any three of tliese men to be adniitted in the committee from time to time." Certified by James Burd and Joseph Sherer. The same was objected to, and it being put to vote whet?ier the same return should be received, as it contained a 34 398 HISTORf 01^ return of six persons instead of three, it paSse'd in tll# negative unanimously. Resolved, That in determining a question in this com- mittee, the borough of Lancaster and the several town- ships in this county shall have each one vote, and the majority of the townships or borough and townships sa voting shall determine the question. Resolved, That no person shall speak more than twice on the same point, without leave of the committee. The letters of the committee of safety of this province, to the committee of this county, respecting J. Brooks and Doctor John Kearsley, (which were received at Lancas- ter, between the time of the election of this committecy and this meeting,) were read ; and the proceedings of the gentlemen of the committee who negociated that busi* iiess, and escorted Doctor Kearsley to York, being taken into consideration, their conduct is approved of by this committee. And the following persons, to wit: George Ross, Jasper Yeates, William Atlee, William Bausman^ ^^atthias Slough, Christian Voght, Jacob Glatz, Abraham Dehuff, Sebastian Graff, Andrew Graff, John Whitmer, jun., and Jacob Krug are appointed by the members of the committee now present, a sub-committ"e to see the sentence and resolves of the committee of safety rt-spect* ing J. Brooks, a prisoner in goal of this county, strictly carried into execution. And it is ordered that no person be admitted inio the company of the said J. Brooks, but in the i)r';sence of one or more of the sub-committee aforesaid, of which the goaler is to have notice. Adjourned until to-morrow morning, eleven o'clock. Thursday, November 9th, 1775. The committee met according to adjournment. Present, The same members who attended yesterday, and LANCASTER COUNTY. S'd'9 moreover George Ross, Jacob Kmg, George Moon and Adam Reigart, for the borough of Lancaster: Henry Eckert and Michael Ley for Heidleberg township ; and Gabriel Davis for Bart township. A new return of members elected for Pa:5itang town- ship being produced to the committee, certifying that Jo- seph Sherer, William Brown and John Harris were duly chosen to serve as members of the committee for the said townships, the said return is approved of, and they took their seats accordingly. A letter from the committee of safety to the late com- mittee of this county, dated October 7th, 1775, respecting some provincial muskets supposed to be in the hands of the military associators and others in this county, being produced and read : Resolved, That William Atlee, Alexander Lowry and Sebastian Graff be a committee for preparing the draft of an answer to the said letter, and that they report the same to this committee in the afternoon. Resolved, Unanimously, that this committee will use their endeavors to carry into immediate execution the resolves of the honorable House of Assembly respecting the six hundred stand of arms and other military accou- trements to be furnished by the county of Lancaster. The question being put whether the gun-smiths residing in the borough of Lancaster should not be immediately sen for to give their reasons to this committee, why they have not set about making the arms directed by the hon- orable House of Assembly to be made in the county of Lancaster, agreeable to the application of the commis- sioners an assessors of the said county. The same was unanimously carried in the affirmative, and the gun- smiths were sent for accordingly. A petition signed by Henry Zericher being presented 400 HISTORY OP to the committee, upon inquiry into the facts therein contained, it is ordered by this committee (three town- ships dissenting) that the said Henry Zericher be allowed five pounds of powder, and no more, out of the public magazine, for the purposes expressed in the petition, he paying for the same into the county treasury at the rate four shillings per pound. The sub-committee appointed to essay the draft of an answer to the letter of the committee of safety respecting the provincial muskets, do now report to this committee, the draft of the answer which they had prepared, in these words, to wit : Lancaster, November 9th, 1775. Gentlemen : — Your letter of the 7th day of October last, directed to the committee of Lancaster county respecting the provincial muskets, in the hands of the military associators and others in this county, has been laid before this committee and taken into consideration. We find that the gentlemen who were the committee of correspondence, appointed by the late county commit- tee, had upon the receipt of your letter, published and dispersed hand-bills throughout the county requiring the persons possessed of such muskets to bring them in at this time. As none are brought in, we beg leave to suggest to you some facts, relative to those arms, and wait your further directions. After the troops raised by the province in the late war were disbanded, a number of muskets and military accou- trements were lodged at a Mr. Carson's in Paxtang, where they remained without any notice or care being taken of them, until the unhappy disputes between Great Britain and the Colonies rendered it indispensably neces-. sary for our safety to associate and arm in defence of our rights. The then committee of this county upon hearing LANCASTER COUNTY. 401 of those arms, requested some of their members to exam- ine and send them down, intending an appUcation to the Assembly to have them repaired at tlie public expense, and put into the hands of such associators as were unable to furnish themselves, and who were to give receipts for them to be returned, if not lost in actual service. At this time arms were sought for with great assiduity by every one, who wished to be instructed in the military discipline. The inhabitants of Cumberland county, knowing also of the provincial muskets, were beforehand with us, and having the first choice, took between sixty and seventy of the best of them (for which Mr. Carson lias a receipt) leaving a parcel of rubbish which were sent to this town, consisting of barrels mostly without locks and stocks, and all of them so covered with rust that they were thought almost unfit for use, and scarcely worth repairing. Many of them were loaded and had probably been so for many years. Some of the poor associators here took the barrels, and with much labor had them cleaned. By the help of some old locks which about this time were found in a garret in this town (without an owner) and were distributed amongst them, they had them put into such repair, as to serve them to exercise with. Tliese persons have been at a considerable expense in putting them in the order they now are ; and if they are deprived of them, are not able to purchase others.—* There area few indeed of the best of the firelocks which we think could safely be trusted to for real service. To take the arms from the poor people under such circum- stances would greatly damp their martial spirit. We conceive it our duty to mention these things to the committee of safety. If that honorable Board, neverthe- less, shall be of opinion that sucli firelocks will be of use and v^ill direct in what maimer the people who havo 34* 402 HISTORY OP been at expense in repairing them are to be reimbursed, we shall cheerfully exert ourselves to the utmost of our power in calling them in, and forwarding them to Phila- delphia. This, gentlemen, is the first opportunity we have had of answering your letter relative to the arms. Give us leave to assure you, it will afford us great pleasure to be instrumental in any degree to the safety of the city of Philadelphia. We feel very sensibly the situation of your citizens ; we deem ourselves most strongly bound to give every assistance in our power to repel any attack which may be attempted against you, and humbly trust we shall not be deficient in the day of danger. Your letter of the 19th October, came to our hands. — According to your desire a proper guard from hence con- ducted Dr. Kearsley to York, and took a receipt for his safe delivery to the committee there. S. Brooks remains confined in our gaol. A sub-committee of twelve gen- tlemen residing in and near this town, has been appoint- ed to see that your sentence and resolves respecting Brooks, be carried into executi-m, and no person is per- mitted to visit him but in the presence of one or more of those gentlemen. By order of the committee of Lancaster county. The foregoing answer being read at the table, was unanimously approved of, and it is ordered that the same be transmitted to the committee of safety by the first conveyance. Adjourned until to-morrow, eight o'clock Friday, November 10th, 1775. The committee met according to adjournment. Present. The same members who attended yesterday, and moreover Joseph Litle for Raphe townsliip. LANCASTER COUNTY. 405 Upon motion, Resolved, That in case any of the gun- smiths, in the county of Lancaster, upon apphcation made to them by the members of the committees of the respec- tive townships to which they belong, shall refuse to go to work and make their proportion of the firelocks and bayonets required by this county, by the honorable House of Assembly, within two weeks from such application agreeble to the patterns, at the Philadelphia prices; — such gun-smiths shall have their names inserted in the minutes of this committee as enemies to their country, and published as such, and the tools of the said gun- smiths so refusing shall be taken from them, and more- over the said gun-smiths shall not be permitted to carry on their trades, until they shall engage to go to work as aforesaid, nor shall leave their respective places of resi- dence, until the arms are completed. And it is further Resolved, That the committee of correspondence and observation, do take especial care that their resolves be carried into execution. Christiain Isch and Peter Roigart appeared in commit- tee, and agreed to set to work on Monday, the twentieth day of November instant, and make muskets and bayo- nets for this county, (part of the number required from this county, by the honorable House of Assembly,) at the Philadelphia prices; and that they will confine them- selves to that work entirely from that time to the first day of March next, and furnish as many as they can possibly complete in the time, and deliver the same to the Com- missioners of the county or this committee. Michael Withers appeared in committee, and agreed to set to work as soon as he hath completed a few guns which he hath now in hand, and make muskets and bayonets for this county (part of the number from this county by the honorable House of Assembly,) at the 404 HISTORY OF Philadelphia prices ; that he will confine himself, and his workmen to that work and carry on the same as expedi- tiously as he can, and that he will deliver in to the com- missioners and assessors of this county or to this com^- mittee as many muskets. (If further proceedings W€r« had, they cannot be found. Note.— Members of Assembly from Lancaster county for 1775: Curtis Grubb, Matthias Slough, George Ross, James Webb, Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith. 1776: William Brown, John M'Millan, Philip Marsteller, James Andersoa, Alexander Lourey, Ludvvig Louman. CHAPTER IX Course of the mother country objectionable — Military convention at Lan- caster — Daniel Roberdeau and James Ewing elected Brigadier Generala — Resolutions passed and adopted — Committee of safety ; Convention to form the first State constitution. Pennsylvania and Lancaster county active — Numerous incidents, &c. in Lancaster county during the Kevolu- ■ tion — General Wayne's head quarters and correspondence with his excellency, Thomas Wharton, president of the executive council of Penn- sylvania — Congress repairs from Philadelphia to Lancaster, thence to York — Military meeting atManheim — Surviving Revolutionary soldier* — Notes, &c. The course pursued by the mother country, incensed the people of the several colonies — a continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1774 — resolutions were passed approving the course of the people of Mas- sachusetts, in opposition to Gen, Gage — the open and decided hostilities eventuated in bloodshed at the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775 ; which was soon followed by. another, the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17th. To meet the emergency, the colonists held conventions, mili- tary and other meetings. In this great conflict between LANCASTER COUNTY. 405 the mother country and the colonists, the inhabitants of Lancaster and adjacent counties, met at Lancaster borough, July 4th, 1776. The meeting consisted of the officers and privates of the fifty-three battalions of the Associators of the colony of Pennsylvania, to choose two- Brigadier Generals, to command the battalions and forces of Pennsylvania. Col. George Ross, was president of the meeting, and Col. David Clymer, secretary. Tho following officers and privates attended, as dele- gates to the convention, from Philadelphia chy and Lib- erties: Colonels, Chevalier, Roberdeau, Ciymer and Major Knox. Captains, Copenwhait, Bradford, Du- lancy, Brewster, and Bitting. Privates, Messrs. Nevil, Nelson^ Montgomery, Pool, Cox, Prior, Brower, Keck, Craig and Kitter, From Philadelphia county : Major Hughs, and George Grey standard bearer; Captains Hart and Edwards ; Privates; Roberts, Smith, Whitten, Simpson, Hazelett and Hicks. From Bucks county : Colonels Heckline, and Erwin ; Lieutenant colonels Bryan and Robinson ; Captains Jarvis, Falwell, Jameson, and Adjutant Thompson ; pri- vates. Watts, Fenton, H'oUis, Herr, Patterson, Stoaeback, Middlesworth, and Titus. From Chester county: Major Culbertson ; Colonel Montgomery; Lieutenant colonel Gibson ; Captains Wal- lace, Scott, Gardiner; privates, Cunningham, Boyd, Denny, Culbertson Mackey, and Fulton. From Lancaster county : Colonels, George Ross, Curtis Grubb, James Cra.wford, M. Slough, John Ferre, Peter Grubb, Timothy Green; Lieutenant colonels, Adam Rei- gart, R. Thompson, Lowry, Leonard Rautfaung, Peter Hendricks, Christian Weyman, Andrew Little ; Majors, Philip Marstaler, Thomas Smith, James Cunningham, Michael Fire ; Captains, Joseph Sherrer, James Murray, 406 HISTORY OT James Mirur, Henry Weaver 3 privates, Cliristian Werfs^, Francis Baily, James Suliivap, Ludwick Ziering, John Smiley, Isaac Erwin, Abraham Darr, WilUam Leard, Henry Slaymaker, John Wliitehill, George Bealy, John Jameson, Christian Bough, Simon Snider, George Line, Joseph Whitehill, Wilhani Smith, George Wry, Wilhani Barnet, George Little, Michael Diffehaugh, and Anthony Debler. From York county : Colonels Smith, Diel, and LieUr tenant colonel Donaldson ; Majors Donwiddie, Jefferies^ Andrew, Finley and Craft ; Captains Smiser and Camp- ble; privates, W. Scott, Ewing, Clinghan, Hamilton, Little, Shley, J. Scott, Nealor, Messerty. From Cumberland county : Colonel J. Armstrong, and Lieutenant colonels Blair, Clark, Watts; Captains J. Steel, McClelland, Davison, M'F^rland, Robinson ; Ma- jor J. M'Calmont; privates Hbgge, E. Steel, Smith, Paw- ling, Brown, Sterrett, Hamilton, Read, Finley, Vance. From Berks county : Colonels Bird, Patton, Levan -, Majors, G. Hiester, Jones, Lindimuth, Loefiler; Lieuten- ants, Cromer, Lutz, Rice, Miller ; Adjutant, S. Eb}-; Captains, Keim, May ; privates, Hartman, Filbert, Mor- gan, Tolbut, Spoon, Winrich, Moser, Seltzer, Winter, Hill, J^arke, Wister, Smack. From Northampton county : Colonels, Guigar, Stroud; Majors, Lebar, Siegfried ; Captains, Orndt, Snider, Kearn., Jayne ; privates, M'Farren, Upp, Barkhaus, Haas, Brown, Best, J. M'Dawd,jr., D. Von Flick. From Northumberland county : Colonel B. Weiser, and Lieutenants Calhoun, M'Kinzie ; Lieutenant colo- nels, M'Clay, Moodie ; Captains, Gillespie and Gray; Major, Brady ; privates. Stone, M'Cartney, Gattes, Cul- bertson, Matlock, Yokan, Starret, M'Clanahan. From Westmoreland county : Colonel, P. M'- ly ; LANCASTER COUNTr. 407 Captains, V. Orey, Thompson ; Major, James Smith ; privates, William Guthrey, W. Perry, Carmichael and George Gray. A question was put, whether the officers and privates shall vote by ballot, singly; and it was agreed they ^loUld. It was also further resolved that both Brigadier generals be voted for at the same time, and the highest in votes to be the commanding officer. After colonel Mark Bird and captain Sharp Dulancy, witli colonel George Ross, president of the convention, were appointed judges of the election of Brigadier gei^ei^als, an election was held, and after casting at the poll,rlhe votes stood thus for Brigadier general: Daniel Roberdeau IGO; James Ewing 85 ; Samuel Miles 82 ; James Potter 24 ; Curtis Grubb 9 ; George Ross 9 ; Thomas McKean 8 ; Mark Bird 7. Robertdeau was elected first Brigadier general, Ewing second Brigadier general. Resokuions were then adopted, tliat the Brigadier gen- erals shall have fall power and authority to call out any number of the associators of this province into action,^ ajtd that power be continued until superceded by the efore he can be permitted to be generous — the case applies in full force here. Supply the immediate wants of your own troops first — then give scope to your generosity. Enclosed is an estimate of the cost of 650 suits of uniform, which Mr. Zantzinger has provided for the troops of that state. He is in great want of money. I * Secretary's Office, Harrisburg, Oct. 11, 1843. Mr. I. D. Rupp— Sir: Your letter of the 9th instant was re* eeived, and in reply I would inform you that it appears from the letters you mentioned, that General Wayne Tiad his camp fftMountjoy, in Lancastcf county, during the winter of 1777 jtnd 1778. Very respectfully, yours, Chas. M'Clure. LANCASTER COUNTY. 413 wish you would assist, him to the cash he wants, and to take some effectual method to clothe the troops in the best, speediest, and neatest manner possible. Lest you should be under a deception with regard to the mode in which tlie clothing in the hands of the Clothier general is dis- tributed, I am to inform you that they are delivered in proportion to their wants (or in plain English) to the number of men in each regiment throughout the army. Judge how far inadequate our proportion must be to our wants, whilst the troops from other states have an equal dividend in addition to their other supplies. At this inclement season, one third of our troops arc totally destitute of either shoes, stockings, shirts or blankets,* so that unless they receive an immediate supply of those necessary articles, sickness, death and desertion will be the inevitable consequence. I am your excellency's most ob't humble serv't, Ant'y Wayne, B. G. I have directed Mr. Zantzinger to call on you for money. I wish you, to order the clothier general to esti- mate the price of the clothing, which, agreeable to a resolve of Congress is to be in proportion to the pay of the officers and men — the states to be at the loss of the surplus. A. W. To his excellency, Thomas Wharton, Esq., President of Pennsylvania, Lancaster. Camp Mountjoy, February, 1778. Dear sir : — Enclosed is a list of the officers sent on the ' *1777, 2d May, Bartram Galbraith, James Crawford, Adam Ordt, Robert Thompson, Joshua Elder, Christopher Crawford, William Allee, John Hubley, Alexander Lowry, Curtis Grubb, Phihp Marsteller, Matthias Slough and Adam Heigart, were appointed by the war-oifice, to supply the army with blankets, &c. for Lancaster county, Pa. 35* 414 HISTORY OF recruiting service from my division who, you will see Ibj the within instructions, are directed to wait on your ex- cellency for recruiting orders. I wish they may meet with that success that the exigence of the case requires, but I fear that nothing short of a draft will save America ; however the effect of a total prohibition of the substitute business ought first to be tried. I flatter myself that when the people (who used to hire themselves as substitutes) once find that no more hundred dollars can be had in that way, that they will enlist in the line of the continent. But I am confident that they never will whilst any idea is held up of a family substitute, for it is only hiring a man to-day,, and he may be sent to-morrow as substitute belonging to my family. Will you, and the honorable Council, use 3^our influence with the House of Assembly to put this substitute busi- ness totally cut of the question, for believe me that the salvation of this State depends upon the exertions that may be m^ade during the w^inter towards filling the con- tinental regiment. I wish you to or; er all such recruits as may be enlisted, to be completely unifoimcd before they leave Lancaster. I also wish that no more cloth be miade up in coats unless it be blue ; but that all the rest be made into over-alls and vests, except such colors as will admit of being dyed blue. The Virginians have received blue cloth suflicient for to uniform the whole of their troops, so that I fear we shall be eclipsed by all the other states, unless we take some pains to give our soldiers an elegant uniform j for I do lay it down as a position that the best dressed troops will ever be both the healthiest and bravest with equal discipline and regimen. The Clothier general informed me when I was at Lan- LANCASTER COUNTr. 415 caster, that there were shirts plenty at camp ; I find he was mistaken, for altliough some hundreds of our poor worthy fellows have not a single rag of a shirt, (but are obhged to wear their waistcoats next their skins, and to sleep in them at night,) I have not been able to draw a single sliirt from the store ; for the want of which our men are falling sick in numbers every day — contracting vermin, and dying in hospitals, m a condition shocking to humanity, and horrid in idea ; for God's sake procure a quantity for me, if you strip the Dutchmen for them — ■ which I beg your order to camp, together with such other clothing as may be ready, with all possible despatch. Interim, I am your excellency's most obedient And very humble servant, Ant'y Wayne. To his exceUe7icy Thomas Wharton, Esq, Lancaster : Mouotjoy, 27th March, 1776. Dear sir : — It's at last concluded to throw the Pennsyl- vania troops into one division, after reducing them to ten regiments, which I believe will be as many as we can fill. I have but httle hopes of being supplied with many recruits, unless the officers in the back counties meet with more success than those in Philadelphia and Chester ; an officer from the latter came in yesterday, after being out five weeks, without a single recruit. I would beg leave to suggest the expediency of em- ploying a greater number of officers on that business in Berks, Lancaster, York and Cumberland counties, as the most likely places to meet with success. I fear all our exertions in this way will fall far short of our wishes, and that nothing but a draft will be adequate to the business. It's rumored that the enemy have evacuated Rhode Island, and are drawing all their force to one focus. If this should be the case, as we have grounds to think it is, 416 HISTORY OF they will be too powerful for us in the field, unless great and speedy supplies be thrown in. It therefore becomes the duty of the state to make an immediate and effectual exertion to complete her quota of men ; but whilst this is doing, let me entreat you, sir, not to neglect providing the linen over-alls and other clothing, to enable us to take the field with some eclat, which will add both spirit and health to your troops ; for you may rest assured nine out of ten deaths and desertions, in this army, are owing to dirt and nakedness. I have the happiness to inform your excellency that the troops of this state enjoy a much greater share of health than any other post of the army, and I pledge my reputation to keep them so, on condition that I can be provided with linen and other clothing. It's to you, sir, that we look up to for those matters — and in this case we consider you as our conmion father. Adieu, my dear sir, and believe me Yours, most sincerely, Ant'y Wayne. To his excellency, Governor Thomas Wharton, Esq.y Lancaster : Mountjoy, April 10th, 177S. Dear sir : — Agreeable to your desire, I have ordered up an additional number of recruiting officers, who are well recommended for their industry and sobriety, and who I wish were tolerated to enlist in any quarter where it is most probable they may meet with success ; as con- fining them to particular counties will rather retard than expedite the recruiting service. I communicated your idea to his excellency, of constantly employing some officers in that business, in order to keep the regiment and corps complete, which meet his warmest approba- tion, and he requests, through me, that your excellency LANCASTER COUNTY. 417 ^ould adopt so salutary a measure^ as it is of the first consequence to have veterans, in place of raw raised troops, which will always be the case if the recruiting- business is put off till the spring of the year ; and then the time is so short ihat we can't hope either to complete or maneuvre our corps before they take the field. I wish your excellency to order the recruits to be clothed ajid appointed before they leave Lancaster, as they can't be supplied here, the sixteen additional regiments, and the Carolina troops being ordered to be supplied previous to any others, so that we have little prospect of receivinsr any benefit from the Clothier general's store in this quarter; and although tolerable with regard to shoes, stockings and hats, we are but wretchedly provided in other respects, particularly as to shirts. I do assure your excellency that there are near one-third of my men that have no kind of shirts under heaven ; and scarcely a man in the division with more than one, nor liave I been able to draw any during this whole winter. For God's sake endeavor to do sometliing for us; the season has now arrived that requires every attention to keep the troops healt]:iy, and nothing will be more conducive to it than clean linen ; in this article we are in a worse con- dition than any troops on the ground ; nov/ worse than Falstaff's recruits — they had a shirt and a half to a com- pany. You will pardon me for dwelling so long on this: subject, but upon my soul I cannot help it ; my feelings as a man are so much iiurt by the complainings and misery of the poor fellows, ivho have no shirts at all, that I can have no peace of mind until they are provided. A quantity of superfine cloth, and about 12 or 1500 yards of linens and cloths were purchased by Colonel Miller, and left in the hands of Mr. Jacob Eichelberger at York; for the use of our troops ; will you be kind 418 HISTORY OP enough to order Mr. Howell to send for it, lest other troops should receive the benefit of that which we are so much in want of. A woman who has been in Philadelaphia for three or four days, and this moment returned, says that the gen- eral report there is, that in the course of two weeks the enemy intend to take the field ; but at the quarters of some principal oflicers tiiey have frequently been over- heard talking in a desponding style, and that they can't move until they receive reinforcements, with severe sarcasms against their generals. Who they wish to be reralled, and who I hope will not, until we have an opportunity to Burgoyne him ; but this will depend upon the exertion of the states; at present he out numbers us, and by the last accounts New England is so absorbed in accumulating wealth, that they have become totally insensible to our sufferings and danger, and sunk into a torpid supineness, from which it is difficult to rouse them. I am your excellency's most obedient And very humble servant. By order of General Wayne. Ben. Fishburn, A. D. C. To his excellency Thomas Wharton, Esq., Lancaster : Mountjoy, 16th April, 1778. Dear sir : — Mr. Donaldson of York, who will deliver you this letter, has been kind enough to offer his services in procuring shirts for our troops. He thinks that he could supply us with three or four hundred in a week, and that he has linnen now on hand sufficient to make six hundred, and that he can procure a large quantity if properly empowered and supplied with cash. The necessitous situation of our troops, for want of shirts, justify any manner, and requires every exertion to procure our immediate supply. LANCASTlSR COUNTY. 419 1 therefore wish your excellency to give Mr. Donald- son power for that purpose. We shall certainly want in the whole 9000 shirts, and 9000 pair of overalls. I herewith transmit you the returns of the two Brigades of Pennsylvania troops, under my command — the sick now in company contained in the returns, have been laid up for want of clothing, except in a few instances ; there is scarcely one of them that has a shirt. I shall order a general return of the whole Pennsylvania line to be made out, which I shall transmit next week. Interim I am with every esteem, Your excellency's most obedient And very humble servant, Ant'y Wayne. To his excellency Thomas Wharton^ Esq. ^ Lancaster : Mouiitjoy, 18th April, 1778. Dear sir : — Colonel Butler of the 9th Pennsylvania regi- ment, among other business, wants clothing for his regi- ment. I wish him to be indulged if it can be done without prejudice to the other part of the line. I have procured from Mr. Zantzinger, since November last, about five hundred and fifty coats, two hundred waistcoats, three hundred and eighty pair of breeches, and an equal number of stockings, about one hundred pair of shoes, and several hundred hats ; these have been distributed among nine regiments, and has only in part clothed about one fourth of them. All the clothing as yet furnished by this state, has been distributed between the 3d, 6th, 9th, 12th and 13th, which I believe is rather more than came to the share of the other nine. I there- fore wish all such clothing as may be ready to be sent together, and I will undertake to sec impartial justice done to the whole, for I believe no one at present is better off for them than another, except Colonel Stewart •420 HISTORY OF and Colonel Hartly, which are well clothed ; most of the others are in a wretched condition. I am your excellency's humble servant, Ant'y Wayne. Fearful their deliberations might be interrupted, while in session at Philadelphia, Congress resolved to remove from Philadelphia. " On the 18th of September, 1777^ Congress sat as usual, and after having fulfilled the regu- lar hours of daily service, adjourned to 10 o'clock the next morning, but during the adjournment the president received a letter from Colonel Hamilton, one of General Washington's aids, which intimated the necessity of Con- gress leaving their place of deliberation. The members resolved at once to repair to Lancaster, where they arrived on the 27th of September, the very day when Sir William Howe entered Philadelphia, and took peace- able possession of it. The treasury books, papers, money, &c. v/ere carried from Philadelphia to Bristol, ihence by Receding to Lan- caster. This circuitous route was to avoid faiUng into the hands of the enen:iy, who were at that time still in Chester county, where, a few days previous, the battle of Bxandy wine had been fought. Congress met, but fearful tliat Lancaster was too easily accessible to the enemy, they determined the broad Sus- quehanna should flow between them and the enemy. — They adjourned the same day of their first meeting to York. The first day of their session at York was the 30th September, 1777 ; here Congress remained till June 27, 1778, when they adjourned to meet at the State House in Philadelphia."-'^ Though the conflict continued long, the ardor of the citizens of Lancaster county did not abate in opposing *His. Yurk county. LANCASTER COtJNTr. 421 eftcroachments upon their rights, no matter from what ■source they anticipated tliem. Action, vigilance and union of efforts, seemed to have been their motto on all occasions of apprehended or real danger. A circular was issued at Hanover, now Dauphin county, November 28, 17S2, calling a meeting at JNIan- heim, to take into consideration measures touching their jeoparded liberties, as it was then thought. We give tho circular and proceedings : Dear sir: — ^The officers and representatives of the ninth battalion of Lancaster couity militia, upon consu tation, have concluled from the present complexion of the present House of Assembly, tliat the constitution and hberty of the State are at stake in some measure; and sensible of the importance of what has caused us so nuich blood and treasure, we have thought it incu.nbent upon 113 to exart ourselves for their preservation, as far as our influence extends, and to warn all who wou'd wish to be free from the dangers that seem to impend, not douSting at the same time but you are ready to take the alarm, as you must be sensible of the same danger. We do not think it necessary to mn'.tiply words, tending to inspire your spirit, for we are of opinion you possess the same, and have been on'-j waiting to know the senti- ments of your fellow friends of Liberty. Let us not then coo!ly and simply suffer any of our riglits to be taken from us by any m^en, especially as our constitu-ion invests us with full power to oppose any such attempt. — Perhaps our fears are g"ou,idless ; but in case of appar- ent danger, which undoubtedly is our present rase, a vviso man will be on hisguird; and therefore let us meet at Manheim, oii the 15th day of Januiry next, in order that we may mutUAlly contrive such measures as may have a 36 422 HISTORY OP tendency to preserve our good and inestimable constitu- rtion, and our dear Independence and sweet Liberty. Be active and do not fail to fulfil our request. John Rogers, Colonel. To the Colonels of Lancaster county militia, Hanover, November 28th, 1782. Militia Meeting. Present : Colonel Thomas Edwards, colonel Ziegler, colonel Lowry, majors Cook, Kelly, Hays and Hare, colonel Ross, Mr. Chambers, captain Ewing, captain J. Hubley, colonel Rogers., Mr. Clark, captain Laird, colo- nel Elder. On motion, colonel Rogers was unanimously chosen chairman, and captain Joseph Hubley, secretary. Colonel Rogers made a neat and appropriate speech, explaining the objects of the meeting, that a rumor was in circulation calculated to do much injury: " That the President^ of the State of Pennsylvania was hostile io the independence of Ainerica.^^ On motion, this question was put to each battalion : Is it the opinion of the members present, that they approve of the appointment of John Dickinson, Esq. as President of the State of Pennsylvania, or not ? Jlnswer : The members of the second battalion are of opinion that a better choice of a President could not be made. Colonel Ziegler, same opinion; seventh battalion, same; eighth battalion, same ; ninth battalion : we hope the ♦The persons who presided over the Executive council of Pennsylvania, from 1779 to 1790, were styled Presidents. The first under the constitution of 1779, was Thomas Wharton ; second, Joseph Read; third, John Dickinson; fourth, Benja- min Franklin ; lifth, Thomas Mifflin. In 1790, a new constitu- tion was adopted. Thomas Mifflin was elected governor, Octo- ber 12th 1790. LANCASTER COUNTY. 425 Assembly have made a good choice, and if they have we thank them. Colonel Elder agrees in opinion with the ninth. Resolved, unanimously, That the people have a right to assemble together for their common good, to instruct our Representatives, and to apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances, by address, petition, or remon- strance. Resolved, unanimously. That in opinion of the deputies from the different battalions now met, that the complex- ion of the present House of Assembly is such that we have no reason to doubt that the independence and con- stitution of this state are safe, and that we highly approve of his excellency, John Dickinson, Esq. as President. Resolved, unanimously. That we approve of colonel Rogers calling this meeting, as it has tended to remove doubts and unjust charges that were in circulation to the- disadvantage of his excellency, the President of this state, and two of our members of Congress, James Wilson and John Montgomery, Esquires; and we conceive such, meetings have a tendency to suppress false and malicious reports, and that thereby virtue may meet with its just reward, and vice be depicted in its true deformity. Signed, John Rogers, chairman. J. HuBLEY, secretary. Manheim, June 15th, 1783. For the want of space, we are obliged to close, imper- fect as it is, the sketch of some of those incidents which occurred in this county during the Revolution, by noti- cing some of the surviving Revolutionary soldiers, natives of this county. Still a few of the patriotic Revolutionary veterans are living. Of this number is Mr. Philip Meek, of West Lampeter township, now in his 87th year. At the age 424 HISTORY OP of nineteen, he entered under Captain George Grove, th« service of his country. He belonged to the "Flying Camp," estabhshed on a resolution of Congress, passed June 3, 1776, and consisted of ten thousand militia, whereof Pennsylvania furnished 6,000, Maryland 3,400, and Delaware 600. Meek was in several engage- ments. He was in the bloody engagement on Long Island, August 27, 1776, where Lord Percy and Grant commanded the British and Hessians, and a division of the American army was commanded by General Putnam, At the White Plains, October 28, 1776, and at Fort Wash- ington, November 1776. It was here Hezekiah Davis, one of the lieutenants in the Flying camp of Pennsylva- nia, was made prisoner, and held in captivity till Decem- ber, 1780. After this engagement, M. went to New Brunswick, and at the expiration of his tour of six months, was dismissed. The sufferings he endured were many ; and it is remarkable to see him now, far advan- ced in life, to enjoy unusual health, and the full possession, of all his mental faculties. Mr. Meek was born in Lan- caster county. John Gantner, born in Lancaster, July 4th, 1761. At the age of 17 enlisted in the service of the state of Penn- sylvania, under the command of Captain John Hubley ; under whose command he marched to Sliamokin, and several other places. After sustaining the hardships of a winter campaign, he returned to Lancaster and was dis- charged. He afterward joined Colonel Armand's corps; was two years in the sei vice of his country as a United States regular, and after many skirmishes, fatiguing marches, &c. he was honorably discharged. ]\lr. Gant- ner was a private in Captain Sharp's company of dragoons, and was on liis march to Yorktown, v/hen intelligence was received of the capture of Lord Corn- LANCASTER COUNTY. 425 wallis ; they did not proceed to the place of destination. George Leonard, also a native of this county, born September 13, 1758, enlisted in 1776 under Captain Mat- thew M'Donald in Philadelphia, having, however, served nearly two months before as a militia man. He was nearly three years in the service, and in several battles, viz : at Trenton, Germantown, Princeton. JPeter Mauerer, born June 13. 1757, volunteered in 1776, under Captain John Henry, went to Philadelphia, Trenton, and Elizabethtown, N. J. After a tour of two months, he returned to Lancaster, and late in the fall, under his former captahi, went to Pliiladelphia, thence to Burhngton, Trenton and Elizabethtown, where they united with the main army in winter quarters — helped to build a fort. After serving a second tour, returned to Lancaster, and aided in guarding Hessian and otlier pris- oners, where rising of two thousand were kept. When the Hessian prisoners were taken to New York to be exchanged for American prisoners, Peter Mauerer was one of those who accompanied them. He saw Washing- ton and La Fayette frequently during the war; and in 1824 dined with La Fayette at Lancaster. Peter Shindle, born April 29th, 1760, was also in the Revolutionary service. He Avent in the capacity of a fifer, in July 1776, under Captain Andrew Graaf, of Colo- nel George Ross' regiment; and in September, 1777, under Captain Stoever, of Greenawalt's regiment. He was promoted to brigade fife major. lie was present at the battle of Brandywine and Germantown. He went out a third time under Captain William Wertz ; and in 1778, he volunteered to aid taking the Hessian prisoners of Lancaster to Philadelphia, in Captain App's company. Jacob Hoover, of the city of Lancaster, enUsted in the war of the Revolution in the year 1776, under captain 35* 426 HISTORY OP Bull of Carlisle ; and was in the battle of Long Island, August, 1776; battle of Brandywine, Germantown, Trenton and Monmouth, and several small skirmishes, and was regularly discharged in the year 1779, in Phila- delphia. In a preceding part of our book, we noticed David Dieffenderfer and others. See page 207. Notes. — The winter of 1780, is denominated the " The Hard Winter.^'' Ice was from 16 to 19 inches thick — frost penetrated, the ground from 4 to 5 feet. During this winter the ears of the horned cattle, and the feet of hogs exposed to the air, were frostbitten. Squirrels perished in their holes, and partiiges were often found dead. — Haz. 2; 379. In 1781, Methodist ministers first visited Lancaster county ; and in 1782, what was then called "Lancaster circuit," was formed, and the Rev. William Partridge appointed to it as minister. It then contained seventy members of society ; the Methodist Episcopal Church not yet having been organized. — • Among the early ministers who preached in the county, may be named : Reverends William Glendening, W. Jesup, Isaac Roberts* n, W. Munter, J. P. Chandler and ISimon Miller, a native of the county. — Goheen. In 1782, John F. MifTliniJohn Wilks lOUera-'and George Thompson, were admitted at ttlFTSForTTan caster, to practice law. Members ( f Assembly for Lancaster county f(!r 1777 : — Cur- tis Grubb, Matthias Slough, George Ross and Jam.es Webb. 1778, John Gillchri^t. Curtis Grubb, Alexander Lowrey, John Smiley, James Anderson, William Broun. 1779, James A.n- dersor, Jihn Smiley, John Gillcluist, Christopher Kucher, James Cuinjngham, William Brown, sen., Emanuel Carpen- ter, jr., William Purler. 1780. John Wl.itehill, Emanuel Car- penter, Jacob Cook, Christopher Kucher, James Anderson, Adam Reigart, James Ccvvden, Alexander Lowrey, Matthias Slough, James Jacks. 1781, John Whitehill, Christopher Kucher, J«cob Co('k, Jaci b Carpenter, Abraham Scott, Jcunes Jack^ JM;i1tl ias Slough, W^illic.m Brown, Jacib Krug, James Mercer, James Porter. rib2, Juseph Montgomery, Clnisto- LANCASTER COUNTY. 427 pher Kncher, John Whitebill, Samuel John Atlee, Abraham Scott, James Jacks, John Craig, Matthias Slough, Curtis Grubb, William Brown, James Mercer. 1783, Abraham Scott, William Brown, James Merser, John Craig, Matthias Slough, Joseph Work, Adam Orth, Adam Hubley, Jacob Cook, William Parr, Robert Coleman. CHAPTER X. Lancaster count}'- after the Revolution — Germans, and those of German extracti:)n ; views on education — Franklin College estaMislieJ— First board of Trustees — Reichenbach ; New Jerusalem ('liurch ; the twelve articles received by that church — Improvements great in the county — Columbia laid out— Lancaster city, seat of government — Late war; means of Lancaster county — Notes of variety. Lancaster county, in common with other counties of this state, and the United States in general, during the struggle of the Revolurion, paid but little attention to endowing and sustaining schools of advanced standing. In this cotmty, education for many years fell far short of the wealth and leisure the citizens had to bestow upon the education of their so is and daughters, beyond that of a common school education. The citizens of this cotmty, principally Germans, have always entertained peculiar views touching "college learning;" they ever preferred bemg taxed to make ample provision for the erection of poorhousis and hospitals, and the maintenance of tlie unfortu.iate and poor, and cheerfully to pay towards educatii]g the cliiidren cf the indigent, than to aid in building college edifices, and endowing professorships. — Shortly after the close of the Revolution, the subject cf education in this county received a new impulse. In the year 1787, a number of citizens of this state, of German birth and extraction, in conjunction with ethers^ 428 HISTORY OF from a desire to increase and perpetuate the blessings derived to them from the possession of property and a free government, appKed to the Legislature for a charter of incorporation and a donation of lands, for the purpose of establishing and endowing a college and charity school m the borough of Lancaster. Their petition was granted ; a board of trustees, as a corporate body, was established, styled, in honor of his excellency, Benjamin Franklin, Esq., " The trustees of Franklin college, in the borough and county of Lancaster.'''' The first board of trustees were : the honorable Thomas Mifflin, Hon. Thomas M'Kean, Rev. John H. C. Hel- muth. Rev. Casper Weiburg, Rev. Henry Muhlenberg, Rev. William Hendell, Rev. Nicholas Kurz, Rev. George Troldiener, Rev. John Herbst, Rev. Joseph Hutchins, Rev. Fred. Weyland, Rev. Albertus Helfenstein, Rev. W. Ingold, Rev. Jacob Van Buskirk, Rev. Abraham Blumer, Rev. Fred. Dalecker, Rev. C. E. Schultz, Rev. F. V. Mehzheimer, Messrs. John Hubley, Joseph Hicster, Cas- per Schaffner, Peter Hooffnagle, Christopher Crawford, Paul Zantzinger, Adam Hubley, Adam Reigart, Jasper Yeates, Stephen Chambers, Robert Morris, George Cly- mcr, Philip Wagner, William Bingham, W^illiam Hamil- ton, Wilham Rawle, Lewis Farmer, Christopher Kucher, Philip Groenwaldt, Michael Hahn, George Stake, sen., John JMusser. Franklin college was located in North Queen street, known for many years as ^'The old storehouse," now as "Franklin row.* The college was opened for the instruction of youth, in the German, English, Latin, Greek and other learned languages; in Tlieology, and in the useful arts, sciences and literature. It remained in a *Thc compiler occupies (1843) one of the apartments of "Franklin row." LANCASTER COUNTY. 429 flourishing condition for several years ; owing, however^ to some defect in the charter, and the pecuniary resources of the trustees faihng, it was suspended.* Among the first teachers of tliis institution was William Reichenbach, a native of Saxony, a man of classical attainments. In 1785, he left Germany; immediately ou his arrival at Lancaster, was appointed professor of mathematics and German literature. About the same time Henry Von Buelow, a native of Prussia, a German nobleman, who had in his juvenile years adopted the military profession, visited America and spent some time in Lancaster. Buelow had embraced the peculiar views of Em. Swedenborgjt and with a view to disseminate: •See chapter XI on education. jThese views being so peculiar and not generally known,, we here devote a small space to presenting the leadiiig doc- trines of the New Jerusalem Church. The founder (jf this church was Emanuel Swedenborg, son of a bishop of Skara, Emanuel was born 1689, at Stockholm. He was, it is admitted t>y all, a learned and pious man. He died in 1772. The following twelve articles are received by the New Jeru- salem church : I. That Jehovah God, the Creatorand Preserver of heavea and earth, is Love Itself and Wisdom Itself, or Good Itself and Truth Itself: That he is One both in Essence and in Person, in v/hom, nevertheless, is the Divine Trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, which are the Essential Diviiiity, the Divi^ie- Humanity, and the Divine Proceeding, answering to t!ie soul, the body, and the operative energy in man: And that the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ is that God. II. That Jehovah God himself descended from heaven, as Divine Truth, which is the Word, and took upon him Human Nature for the purpose of removing from man the power of hell, and restoring to order all things in the spiritual world, and all things in the church: That he removed from man the powers of hell, by combats against and victories over them ; in which consisted the great work of Jledemptiun: That by 430 HISTORY OF them, he brought with him, from Europe, a number of New Ciuu'ch works, for gratuitous distribution, and f )r sale. Roichenbach, on examining the doctrines, embra- ced and avowed thoni openly, lie atterwards pubhshed several works on the doctrines of tlie New Church. One cntitk^d ,ig-af/)o?), published in EngUsh and German, which was tavorably received. From the eliorts of Von Ikieknv. who afterwards re- thc same acts, which were his temptations, the last of which was the passion of the cro-s, he united, in his Humanity, Divine Truth to Divine Good, or Divine Wisdom to Divine Love, and so returned into his Divinity in which he was from eternity, together with, and in, his Gkiritied humanity ; whence he for- ever keeps the internal powers in subjection to himseh: And that all who believe in him, with the understanding, from tlie heart, and live accordingly, will be saved. III. That the Sacred Scripture, or Word of God, is Divine Truth Dsell": containing a Spiritual Sense heretofore un- known, whence it is divinely inspired and holy in every syl- lable ;, as well as a Literal Sense, which is the basis of its Spiritual Sense, and in which Divine Truth is in its fulness, its sanctity, and its power: thus that it is accommodated to the apprehension both of angels and men: That tlie spiritual and natural senses ar.i united, by correspondences, like soul and body, every natural expression and image answering to, and including, a spiritual and divine idea: And thus that the Word is the medium of communication with heaven, and of conjunction with the Lord. IV. That the government of the Lord's Divine Love and Wisdom is the Divine Providence; which is universal, exer- cised according to certain fixed laws of Order, and extending to the minutest particulars of the life of all men, both of the good and of the evil: That in all its operations it has respect to what is infinite and eternal, and makes no account of things transitory but as they are subservient to eternal ends; thus, that it mainly consists, with man, in the connection of things tem- poral with things eternal; for that the continual aim of the Lord, by his Divine Providence, is to join man to himself and LANCASTER COUNTY. 43l turned to Europe, there arose a small band of brothers^ about the year 1788, who liold the peculiar views of baron Sw(^denborg; among the first, besides count Jiuelow and Reichenbacli, in tliis county, who were receivers of* the doctrines of the New Jerusalem Church, were Fran- cis Bailey and family, Mr. Eckstein, Jacob Carpenter, the intimate friend of Buelow, Frederick Damish, a Saxon, a teacher of music. There still exists in this county, a respect- himself to man, that he may be able to give him the fohcitics of eternal life: And that the laws of permission arc also laws of the Divine Providence; since evil cannot be prevented "VTithout destroying the nature of man as an accountable agent; and because, also, it cannot be removed unless it be known, and cannot be known unless it appear: Thus, that no evil is permitted but to prevent a greater; and all is overruled, by the Lf)rd's Divine Providence, for the greatest possible good. V. That man is not life, but is only a recipient of life from the Lord, who, as he is Love Itself and Wisdom Itself, is also Life Itself; which life is communicated by influx to all in the spiritual world, whether belonging to heaven or to hell, and to all in the natural world; but is received differently by every one, according to his quality and consequent state of re- ception. VI. That man, during his abode in the world, is, as to his spirit, in the midst between heaven and hell, acted upon by influences from both, and thus is kept in a slate of spiritual equilibrium between good and evil; in consequence of which he enjoys free-will, or freedom of choice, in spiritual things as well as in natural, and possesses the capacity of either turning himself to the Lord and his kingdom, or turning him- self away from the Lord, and connecting himsjlf with the kingdom of darkness : And that, unless man had such free- dom of choice, the Word would be of no use, the Church would be a mere name, man would possess nothing by virtue of which he could be conjoined to the Lord, and the cause of evil would be chargeable on God himself. VII. That man at this day is born into evil of all kinds, or with tendencies towards it: That, therefore, in order to his 432 HISTORY OS' able number of receivers and embracers of tlie New Churcll doctrines. In point of intellect and activity, unsurpassed by the same number, who, though few, did, unaided by other rehgious denominations, purchase a lot of ground in Lancaster city, and erected a neat New Jerusalem temple, in 1837, in which stated meetings for religious exercises are held. The exercises are conducted by a lay member elected for that purpose. The sacraments are entering the kingdom of heaven, he must be regenerated or created anew ; which great work is ett'ected in a progressive manner, by the Lord alone, by charity and faith as mediums, during man's co-{tperd ion : That as all men are redeemed, all are capable (jf being regenerated, and consequently saved, every oiitj according to his state: And that the regenerate man is in communion with the angels of heaven, and the un- regenerate with ti,e spi its of hell : But that no one is con- demned for hereditary evil, any further than as he makes it his own by actual life ; whe ce all who die in infancy are saved, special means being provided by the Lurd in the other life for that purpose. VI 11. That Repentance is the first beginning of the Church in man ; and that it consists in a man's examining himself, both in regard to his deeds and his intentions, in knowing and ackiiowledging his sins, confessing them bef )re the Lord, sup- plicating him f 'raid, and beginning a new life: That to this end, ali evils, whether of affection, of thought, or of life, are to be abhorred and shunned as sins against G«id, and because they proceed from infernal spirits, who in the aggregate are called the Devil and Satan ; and that good affections, good thoughts, and good actions, are to be cherished and performed, because they are of God and from (rod: That these things are to be dv/ue by man as of himself; nevertheless, under the ac- knowledgment and belief, that it is from the Lord, operating in him and by him : That so far as man shuns evils as sins, so far they are removed, remitted, or forgiven ; so tar also he does good, not from himself, but fr*;m the Lord; and in the same degree he loves truth, has faith, and is a spiritual man: And that the Decalogue teaches what evils arc sins. LAIJCASTER COUNTY. 433 ^administered by a regularly ordained minister, who visits the congregation as often as the wants of the church demand. From and after the year 1785, Lancaster county began to improve rapidly, towns in various parts of the county were laid out. Samuel Wright laid out the town of Co- lumbia in 1787, and in a few years afterwards others were laid out. Agriculture and commerce prospered. — IX. That Charity, Faith, and Good Works, are unitedly ne* cessary to man's salvation ; since charity, without faith, is not spiritual, but natural; and faith, without charity, is not living, but dead ; and both charity and faith, without good works, are merely mental and perishable things, because without use or fixedness: And that nothing of faith, of charity, or of good works, is of man ; but that all is of the Lord, and all the merit is his alone. X. That Baptism and the Holy Supper are sacrp.ments of divine instiiution, and are to be permanently observed ; Bap- tism being an external medium of introduction into the Church, and a sign representative of man's purification and regenera- tion ; and the Holy Supper being an external medium, to those who receive it worthily, of introduction, as to spirit, into heaven, and of conjunction with the Lord ; of which also it is a sign and seal. XL That immediately after death, which is only a putting off •of the material body, never to be resumed, man rises again in a spiritual or substantial body, in which he continues to live to eternity ; in heaven, if his ruling affections, and thence his life, have been good ; and in hell, if his ruling affections, and thence his life, have been evil. Xn. That Now is the time of the Second Advent of the Lord, which is a Coming, not in Person, but in the power and glory of his Holy Word : That it is attended, like his lirst Coming, wiih the restoration to order of all things in the spiri- tual world, where the wonderful divine operation, commonly expected under the name of the Last Judgment, has in conse- quence been performed ; and with the preparing of the way for a New Church on the earth, — the first Christian Church 37 434 srsfoti-r OF All was tranquility till 1794, when the Whiskey insxtrrec- tion took place in the western part of Pennsylvania; many in this county began to fear that the stability of our government was not immovable, but their apprehensions. Were removed before the expiration of that year. From that period down to the present, there is little of special interest in the history of the county that is not common to the adjacent and even more distant counties of the state, except that Lancaster city was the capital of the state from December 1799, till 1812, when the seat of government was removed to Harrisburg. Tlie law for locating the seat of government at the latter place, was approved 21st February, IS 10 ; and the offices were re- moved from J^ancaster 12th October, 1812. The com- missioners for that purpose were Robert Harris, George Hoyer, George Ziegler. During the late war of 1612, '13, '14, no county in the state was more ready to meet the exigencies of the times than the mihtia and volunteers of Lancaster county. — Companies were raised, and prepared to confront the haughty invaders of our countiy^, and effectually to curb the proud Britons in their headlong course against our common country. Lancaster county, though of limited territory, has all having spiritually come to its end or consuinmation, through evils of life and errors of doctrine, as foretold by the Lord in the Gospels: And that this New or Second Christian Church, which will be the Crown of all Churches, and will stand for ever, is what was representatively seen by John, when he beheld the holy city, New Jerusalem, dcscendiugfrom God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. ^he writings of Swedenborg, in German, English and French, and other New Church publications, can be had at their Book Depository, kept by F. J. Kkabu'ii, merchant tailor, Lancaster, Pa. LANCASTER COUNTY. 435 the elements, natural, physical, moral and intellectual, if these are properly cultivated, to secure to itself a niche of distinction in the Keystone State. Notes. — The winter of 1784, was considered one of the hardest winters for forty years. The same year there was a high flood of the Susquehanna. Travelling in 1784. This year Frederick SchaefFer establish- ed a travelling accommodation stage, which occupied three days in returning to and from Philadelphia. In 1792 the turnpike from Lancaster to Philadelphia, 62 miles in length, was commenced, and finished in 1794 — cost ^465,000; at about $7,.516 per mile. Population of Lancaster county in 1790. Free white male persons of 16 years and upwards, including heads of families, 9,713; free white males under 16 years, 8,070; free white females, including heads of families, 17,471; all other free persons, 545; slaves, 348 — total 30,179. Members of Assembly from Lancaster county : — 1789, James Clemson, John Hopkins, Henry Dering, James Cunningham, Jacob Erb, John Miller. 1790, James Cunningham, William Wel^b, Abraham Carpenter, Jacob Erb, John Breckbill. 436 HISTORY oy CHAPTER XI. Education: — Preliminary remarks; Importance of general educatiori— - Views of the colonists — Mennonitcs' views of education — Scotch-IrisU settlers, made at first little preparation^ &c. till 1798 — First schools in the town of Lancaster — Lutheran and German Reformed churches have schools under their auspices — Rev. M. Schlatter indefatigable in his efforts to establish schools — Extract from Coetuale proceedings of 1760 — Trustees and managers of public schools — Germans patriotic, modest and unas- suming, is in the Dutch and as follows, viz: " Wy maken den et begin met Lancaster. Nadien Doniine Stoy. A. D. 1758 in do Maand Octob : daar hen quam, zoo vond hy omtrcnt ecn hundred Huishoudingen, die tot die Kerkc behoorcn. Hy heclft zint die tyd tot de Maand Mcy 1760 daar gcdoopt'116 Kinderen ; 40 jongs personen in die Geloofe Belydenissc onderweeren, en tot Ledematen aangenomen, In die School gau tcgenwoonlig 60 Kindcrc : ■j-The Rev. Henry M. Muhlenberg, for a long time the pastor of the Lu- theran Congregation at Pliiladelphia, spoke the Latin with great fluency. He also preached in the Sweedish, Dutch, German, French and EngUsh languages. He was a profound linguist, and was familiar with the Greek |ind Hebrew. LANCASTER COUNTY. 443 tures and to read the Fathers in the original* To do so efFectu- ally, they devotedthemselves to the study not only of the dead but also of the living languages; so necessary was this know- ledge considered, that with but few exceptions, none but rai'e and ripe scholars were found in her pulpits. Hence, the deep and intense interest manifested for the education of the youth, in such of the Lord's Vineyards as were planted by their hands. We have already shewnf that about the year 1752, the Gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Mr. Peters, Secre- tary of the Land Office, Messrs. Turner, Benjamin Franklin and Conrad Weiser, were appointed trustees and managers of the public schools, which it was intended to establish in the province. Previous to this time however, a large number of schools were in successful operation in several counties, and in the town of Lancaster particularly, through the active exer- tions of the Rev. Michael Schlatter. He was a German Re- formed minister, and came out at the expense of the Reformed Synod of Amsterdam, A. D. 1746, for this single purpose. It is more than probable, that the schools which it is alleged these trustees established at Lancaster and elsewhere, were only branches of those already in operation under his auspices, and the enterprise of the Lutheran and German Reformed con- gregations, for it is a well known fact, that the plan of the trus- tees named, did not succeed, and the schools soon fell back under their original charge. "The Germans are a patient, modest and unassuming peo- ple. Their character is either imperfectly understood or wil- fully misrepresented. For their attachment to learning and their untiring efforts in the cause of education, they receive but little credit, even from those vv^hose acquaintance with the facts — independent of their German origin — should prompt them upon all occasions, to become their readiest defenders.— Kow many valuable hints have we — whose mother tongue is tiie English — not received "from this too-ligbtly estimated peo- >.ple 1 How many schemes for the dissemination of knowledge •among men," have they not successfully devised, and other nations as well as ourselves, as successfully put into operation, *They not unfrcquently conversed in Latin and all their correspondence was coiiducteJ chiefly in thit tongue. Vide also pege "9,5 antca. -j-Pagc 253 antea. 444 HISTORY OP without so much as crediting the source from whence derived 1 Nay morci how often is it that they and we. have seized upon apian devised by them for the education of youth — crude, and it may be ill-digested, because of its novelty — and im- proving upon it, have as unceremoniously and unblushingly claimed for ourselves, the credit of the discovery 1 With no other people would it have been attempted ; and they have submitted to the moral wrong, only because they re- joiced more in the good that followed to others, than in the en- joyment of the honor that was due to the discovery, for them- selves."'^ We are led to introduce these remarks, in consequence of our now approaching a period in the history of education in Lancaster county, where we are, as a faithful historian, to claim for — comparatively speaking — an obscure German, the honor not only of suggesting, but also of successfully carrying into practical operation, the never-to-be-too-much-encouraged Sab- bath Schools of the present day. About the year 1740, af German by the name of Ludwig Hacker, a man of much learning and great piety, the teacher of the school which had been previously established by the society of Seventh-day Baptists at Ephrata, proposed the plan of holding a school in the afternoon of their Sabbalh, which was and is, the seventh instead of the lirstday of the week. It was at once carried out by the brethren into practical operation, and continued to dis- pense its blessings among the children of the neighborhood, until September 1777, when — after the battle of Brandywine — the room used for the school, was with the whole building, con- verted into a military hospital for the accommodation of the American soldiers wounded upon that sanguinary field. After this event, the school was never again opened; but the plan years afterwards, was revived in England ; and the poor Ger- man scholar, Ludwig Hacker who sleeps in the bosom of his mother earth, without a stone to mark his resting place, is for- gotten in the praises and blessings which are lavished upon the memory of him:}^ who but resuscitated and improved upon his plan. *.MSS. by Gedrgf. Ford, Esq. ■j-Robert Railvcs. 4P.igc22'i antca. LANCASTER COtJNTY. 445 liia'former part of this work* the efforts of this society in the extension of knowledge, have been already shewn. Co- •exigtent vv^ith their change of life from a conventicle to a mon- astic one, A. D. 1733 a school for the education of themselves -and their youth in German and Classic Literature, was estab- lished. It was of course local in its operations, and its advanta- ges never became to any extent known to the public ; but its Teputation and the ability of its teachers, are attested by the ^nany evidences of their skill and proficiency, remaining among the archives of the society. The school thus estab- lished, continued its beneficial operations until with the grad- ual decay of the society, it was finally suspended. Thus it remained until after the passage of an Act by the Legislature €fthe State, February 21, 1814, incorporating the few members which yet remained of the society. With a pious reverence for the memories and virtues of their fathers, and desirous of emulating, as far as practicable, the efforts made by them in their day and generation, these survivors, chiefly through the active exertions of Mr. William Konigmacher, by virtue of the provisions of the act referred to, and also of others subse- quently passed for the purpose, started an acadaray where the English and German languages, mathematics and other branches are successfully taught. Like their German brethren at Ephrata, the Moravians at Litiz, were and still are the devoted friends of Education. — Their first settlement at Warwick, A. D. 1742, was marked by the establishment of a school under the charge of their tnin- ister, the Rev. Leonard Schncll,f a German of consideruble literary attainments ; and when at length in 1754, a monastic life was determined on, and the village of Litizin consequencj& thereof founded, their school had attained to some local emin- ence. In the year 1762, it was removed to the latter place, and there continued until A. D. 1794, | when it was divided into two departments, one for each sex. Out of the Female ■department, the now justly celebrated Young Ladies Semi* iiary, sprung into existence as a Boarding schuol, with whait *Page 216 antea. fPage 310 antea. 4:Page 316 antea. 38 446 HISTORY OP success and how much benefit to the community, its present widely extended reputation will best attest. The school for the education of the male youth of the soci- ety and adjacent country, continued its operations until in the year 1815,* when it was assigned to Mr. John Beck, the pre- sent able and indefatigable principal — a gentleman of ac- knowledged ability, of great goodness of heart, enthusiastical- ly devoted to his profession, and remarkable for the fatherly care and aflection which he has always evinced for his pupils, the school grew rapidly into public favor under his superin- tendence ; and at tliis day, its reputation is deservedly high as an academy where the English and German languages, Maths- raatics, Chemistry, Astronomy and all the sciences are taught with unsurpassed skill, to young men from almost every State in the Union. We now return once more to the movements of the friends of education, in the borough of Lancaster. Being the metrop- olis of the county, we must judge of the progress of know- ledge in the rural districts by the encouragement given to learning in this local Capital. About the year 1780, Jasper Yeatcs, Esq., Casper Shalfner, Esq , Col. George Ross, Charles Hall, Esq., and other gentlemen of the place, finding that the existing Schools under the charge of the Lutheran and German Reformed Congregations, as also the one established a number of years previous by the Moravians, and conducted upon the same plan, were inadequate to the growing wants of the people, and incapable of teaching the higher branches, engaged the services of a teacher of recommended abilities, to conduct a select academy for the education of their male children. This Academy continued in existence for several years, as the High School of the place, until, owing to the violent temper of the teacher and the many indignities which he offered to the pupils under his charge, it was finally suspended. This school sugges- ted the idea of establishing another; but upon a surer basis, under the control of Trustees by an act of incorporation, and ultimately begat the application to the Legislature for the incor- poration of "Franklin College." On the 10th of March, A. D. 1787,* the General Assembly of •Page 318 antea. j-2 Sm. laws, p-jje 398. LANCASTER COUNTY. 447 the State, granted the prayer of the petitioners, and passed an act with the following title : " An act to incorporate and endow the German College and Charity School in the borough of Lancaster, in this State." The Preamble of the act explains the object which it was intended to effect, and is in the follow- ing words, viz : " Whereas, the citizens of this State of German birth or extraction, have eminently contributed, by their indus- try, economy and public virtues, to raise the State to its present happiness and prosperity: And, whereas, a number of citizens of the above description, in conjunction with others, from a desire to increase and perpetuate the blessings desired to them from the possession of property and a free government, have applied to this House for a charter of Incorporation, and a do- nation of lands, for the purpose of establishing and endowing a College and Charity School, in the borough of Lancaster. And, whereas, the preservation of the principles of the Chris- tian Religion, and of our Republican form of Government in their purity, depend, under God, in a great measure, on the establishment and support of suitable places of education, for the purpose of training up a succession of youth, who by being enabled fully to understand the grounds of both, may be led the more zealously, to practice the one, and the more strenu- ously to defend the other. Therefore, &c." Here then follow the different sections of the act, the prominent features of which are these : §2. That the youth shall be taught in the German, English, Latin, Greek and other learned languages, in Theology, in the usv-ful arts, sciences and Literature. The corporate title shall be "Franklin College," in honor of His Excellency Benjamin Franklin, Esquire, President of the Su- preme Executive Council, &c. The fxrst Trustees are named and incorporated with the usual powers. Yearly income not to exceed £10,000. The annual meeting of the trustees to be at Lancaster, nine of them to be a quorum and to appoint their own officers. The Principal, vice Principal or Professors while they remain such, are not to hold the office of trustee. The style and powers of the faculty are prescribed. Propor- tion of Trustees how to be chosen, and Principal to be chosen alternately from the Lutheran or Calvinist Churches. Seat of Trustee being a Clergyman, to be filled with another Clergy- man, but the proportion of Lutheran and Calvinist trustees ta 448 HISTORY OP be invariably preserved. Trustees empowered to appoint other officers not named in the charter, to fix salaries, &c. Misnomer not to defeat any gift &c., nor non-user to create a forfeiture, &c. ^3. The Constitution not to be altered but by the Legislature. ^4. The College endowed with 10,000 acres of land, &c. Under this charter and a donation subsequently granted by an act of Assembly, consisting of an old military store-house and two lots of ground in the borough of Lancaster, worth about .^2000, the College went into operation, A. D. 1786, as a Grammar School, with a Professor of the Latin and Greek lan- guages, and also a Professor of Mathematics. The first pro- fessor was a German by the name of Melsheimer. Ardently attached to literary pursuits, he strove long and earnestly to create a proper taste for them, among the Germans and their descendants. To some extent he succeeded, for under his management the Hohe Schule* prospered for a little while ;, but continually owing to the want of a proper management of its finances, it afterwards gradually declined, until^about the year 1821, when it ceased all further practical operations ; But it was not doomed to sleep in inglorious inactivity, like the Phoenix from her ashes, it was destined to rise again with renewed usefulness, as we shall hereafter shew, when through the prudence of its Trustees, its funds should be carefully hus- banded, and their ability to support its existence from the income, would be undoubted. In the meanwhile, private schools and academies were estab- lished and supported in the Borough and various sections of the county, but no organized or settled system being adopted for their government, none of them attained to any eminence. It is true, large numbers of poor children in the county, as well as the city, were educated free of expense, pursuant to the provisions of the act of Assembly of April 4, A. D. 1809,t entitled "An act for the education of the poor gratis;" but such education, owing to the general incompetency of the teachers, was exceedingly limited. The system established by this act, having been found in its practical operation, to be both expensive and inadequate to the wants of the people in the •Anglicc-Kigh School. f 5 Sm. laws, pages 73 and 74. LANCASTER COUNTY. 449 city of Lancaster, another act was passed by the Legislature on the 1st day of April, A. D. 1822,' entitled *'An act to provide for the education of children at the public expense, within the city and incorporated Boroughs of the County of Lancaster.'' By the provisions of this act, the city and incor- porated boroughs of the county, were erected into a school district, by the name, style and title of the " Second School District of the State of Pennsylvania." Twelve Directors were to be annually appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the County — their duties and powers were prescribed — the ad- mission of children regulated — theLancasterian system ordered to be adopted — the expenses provided foi — the duty of the County Commissioners set forth, and the division of the district into sections whenever required — how to be done. — Under this act, the first and only section of the district was com posed of the city of Lancaster. The Directors appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions,, proceeded at once, to purchase a lot of ground, erect a large and commodious school house, employ male and female teach- ers, admit scholars, and in pursuance of the law, adopting the Lancasterian system of education, opened their schools with the highest hopes of success. In this they were not disappointed. The plan v/orkedso well, that the city of Lancaster until lately did not become an accepting school district under the provisions of the general school law of June 13, A. D. 1833.f But the expense of erecting a school-house, and of continuing the schools, being borne out of the County treasury, it never ceased, because of its partiality, to be a source of complaint on the part of the inhabitants of the county. Nevertheless, the schools — male and female departments — continued in ope- ration under this special law — with all their objectionable features as pauper schools — until in the month of May, A. D. 1838, when, in pursuance of the provisions of certain Resolu- tions, passed by the Legislature on the 14th day of April, A. D. 1838,]: the inhabitants, by a popular vote, determmed upon an acceptance of the Common School System, modified and adopt- ed to their circumstances by the Resolutions already referred to. *7 Sm. laws, 538. fPam. laws 1835-'36, page 525. :tPam. laws 1837-8, page 6S6. 38* 450 HISTORY OP Upon the result of this vote being made known, the Board of Directors was organized, and through their indefatigable exer- tions, schools have been established so numerous and so well graded, that every child in the city can be educated "without money and without price," to an extent which but fifty years ago was seldom attained even by the children of wealthy parents. "While upon this subject, it may as well be observed, that ^ deep and growing interest in the cause of education is mani^ festing itself daily, in the rural districts, for out of thirty-three school districts in the county, eighteen in 1842, had accepted the provisions of the Common School law.* It must not be supposed while these efforts were making to instruct the great mass of the children of Lancaster county in the elementary branches of an English education, the inhab- itants were unmindful of the higher and more difficult ones. — We shall speak of these hereafter. Thus have the exertions of the friends ot education been crowned with eminent success, in the establishment and support of Common Schools, as well in many parts of the county as in the city of Lancaster. While these movements were making for the extension of learning to and among the children of the town and county, a number of Master Mechanics of the city, perceiving that their apprentices were destitute of the means of mental improve- ment, and taught by their own experience, that idleness is the prolific source of vice — a rock upon which has stranded the highest hopes and fondest expectations of parents and friends — with a commendable determination to project some plan, by which the leisure hours of their apprentices might be rationally employed, convened a public meeting for consultation and advice upon this subject, on the evening of July 8, A. D. 1829. At this meeting Hugh Maxwell, Esq. presided; and out of it soon grew "The Mechanics Society." A constitution was goon after formed, agreed upon and submitted to the Supreme Court, by which a charter was decreed, May 26, A. D. 1831. — Having thus procured a legal existence, the society soon went into active operation. By voluntary contributions, a Library was commenced and has gone on increasing in sizeaud value, •9th annual Report of the Superintendent of Commrn SchooJf, LANCASTER COUNTY. 4S.1 until it now numbers near 2,000^ volumes, besides a valuably collection of maps, globes, philosophical apparatus, kc. &c. The Library soon became the centre of attraction to the, apprentices, and an improvement morally as well as mentally, became apparent in their habits and condition. Increasing in strength and character, the society found it necessary t^o procure a Hall for their accommodation, in which a system of *' popular instruction, by familiar lectures," was soon after (A. D. 1836) carried into operation under the management of a committee appointed for that purpose. These lectures, at first confined to Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, fee. soon became popular, and in a short time after, were ex- tended and enlarged so as to embrace almost every science and every subject, except that of Religion. In 1838, a new and capacious Hall was erected in South Queen street, for the better accommodation of the crowds which gather from time to time listen to the words of instruction and of interest, as they fall from the lips of the Lecturers, engaged through the enter- prize and liberality of the Society. Of it, all that we have to say is, that it has done much and great good, and to it, we have only to add our prayer — Esto perpetua! We now return to consider the efforts made for the endow- ment and support of schools of a higher order than those here- tofore treated of— classical and mathematical acadamies, where inquiring youth might attain a knowledge of the languages of Homer and Demosthenes, of Cicero and Virgil — where they might be taught to solve the problems of Euclid — to study the works of Gallileo— explore the vast fields of Natural Philoso- phy, Astronomy and Chemistry, with all the various sciences, necessary to the constitution of a finished scholar. Immediately after the suspension of the Grammar or High. School of the "Franklin College," as already shewn, but one private classical academy existed in Lancaster. This school was at best but feebly supported, and was at length discon- tinued. A taste for classic literature however, having been created to some extent, among the people, application was made to the Legislature during the session of 1826-'7, for the incorporation of an academy at Lancaster, and on the 14th (Jay of April, A. D. 1827,* an act was passed entitled " An act *Pam. laws, page 357. 452 IiISTORY OF incorporating- the Lancaster County Academy." In this act certain gentlemen were named as Trustees — the corporation Was established with the usual powers — the powers, privileges, meetings and duties of the trustees were prescribed — a dona- tion of <$3,000 was granted by the state, and poor children, not Gxceeding at any one time, four in number, to be educated m consideration thereof: The Trustees thus appointed by the act, organized, received subscriptions, purchased a lot of ground in the city of Lancaster, and in the year 1828, erected a large and commodious house for their schools. They em- ployed a competent Teacher, and the academy was opened under very flattering auspices. With varied, and at best, but indifferent success, it continued in operation, until in the Summer of 1839, when, in pursuance of an act uf Assembly, passed on the 15th of May, A. D, 1839, authorizing the arrange- ment, the buildings of the Academy were conveyed to the Trustees of Franklin College, and after being considerably enlarged by the latter corporation, the "Hohe Schule" again went into operdtion upon an entirely new plan, and under such an arrangement, as to secure its permanent existence and use- fulness. ' So far indeed has it succeeded, that it now supports a professor of the Greek and Latin, and also one of the German, French, Spanish and Italian languages. The English and Mathematical department is also under the charge of a gentle- man of superior ability. Thus has the intention of those who originally projected the plan and procured the incorporation of the "Hohe Schule" or Franklin College, at L incaster, been practically carried out. Long may it continue to flourish, and be what it now is — an honor to the county, and the dispenser of riches more " precious than rubies or line gold !" Simultaneous with this movement, in the city, efforts were made with great success in various parts of the county, for the establishment of Classical and Mathematical academies, inde- pendently of those already existing at Litiz and Ephrata. Of these there are at this day, some of very high character and extensive reputation as Boarding schools. Among the most prominent, is "The Mountjoy Institute," at the village of Mountjoy, under the charge of J. H. Brown, Esq.— "The Strasburg Academy," at the village of Strasburg, under the direction of the Rev. Dr. McCartcr— "The Paradise Academy," LANCASTER COtTJTTT. 453 •Dnder the care of Mr. Enos Stevens, and the Rev. Mr. Timlow's Academy, at Bellevue. The Columbia Academy is also re- spectable in character, but only as a Day School, where boys are taught the Latin and Greek languages— Mathematics, Sec. In this honorable provision for the mental improvement of the youth of the sterner— -it must not be supposed that those of the softer — sex, have been ungenerously forgotten : Impress- ed with the importance of this great truth — that good mothers train up good sons, and th^tthey — more than the fathers — form the characters of their children — the citizens of the city and county alike, have sought with commendable zeal, to secure the services of able and competent teachers, whose attention, should be devoted exclusively to the proper education of fe- males. As a result of these efforts — a Seminary has been -established and is in successful operation in the city under the ■control of James Damant, Esq. which in point of standing and character is equal to any other in Pennsylvania. As a Board- ing School, the Young Ladies Seminary at Litiz has been already spoken of; and in addition to it, "The Young Ladies Lyceum Institute" — Rev. N. Dodge, A. M. Principal — located on the banks of the Chicquesalunga creek near the village of JMountjoy — is perhaps, as regards accommodations — kind attention to the wants of the pupils— facility for acquiring, a competent and thorough knowledge of all the various branches and accomplishments taught at similar institutions, if not superior to, at least surpassed by none other in the country. The civilization of any people is progressive,^so also is their education. Habits inconsistent with the growth of the former, and tastes incompatible with the advance of the latter, are to be changed and overcome. Hence the transition is not nor can it ever be, either immediate or instantaneous. The move- ments are at first slow, gradual and confined to the few ; but as their benefits are extended, they become accelerated and penetrate into all the various strata of society. With regard to Lancaster county, this has been particularly so. At first, the inhabitants were content with schools conducted by teach- ers who would scarcely be tolerated by any community at the present day. But as we have already stated generally, in tlie commencement of this chapter, as they increased in pop- Hlation and wealth, their tastes improved with their pecu- 454 HISTORY OF niary abilities and as a consequence, their schools advanced la character in an equal degree, so that they will now bear com- parison with those of any other community in the Union. — Eorn and bred as we were upon her soil, when we contem- plate the efforts of her citizens in the cause of Education, as they have been practically carried out in the establishment and liberal support of our Common and Sabbath schools, Lyceums — and Academies and Female Seminaries, we have abundant cause for gratulation, that our lot has been cast in such a land. It has been said somewhere, by some one, that Pericles, who succeeded Aristides, found the city of Athens of brick and left it of m.arble. Truly the Germans who first penetrated into and settled Lancaster county, have done more than this. They found it in its physical aspect, a wilderness — they left it to their children blooming as the rose, and they in turn with their descendants, have so improved the mental character of its people, that their light is seen and felt from afar off. Ba the endeavOi' of this and succeeding generations, not only to maintain their present character, but to improve it still more : and as they gather beneath the banner x/hereon is inscribed "the Education of all" — let there be one universal shout-— Excelsior ! LANCASTER COTJNTIT. 455 CHAPTER XIT liELTGious Denominations — Early missionaries among the Concstoga and other Indians — The Mennonitcs — The Friends or Quakers — The Ornish or Amish — The Episcopalians: — The Presbyterians — The German Bap- tists — The German Seventh Day Baptists — The Lutherans — The German Reformed — The United Brethren or Moravians— The Roman Catholics — The Methodist Episcopal — The New Jerusalem Church — The Evangeli- cal Association or " Abrecht's Jicute" — The Reformed Mennonites — The Universalists — The Secedors — The United Brethren or "Allojememe Brueder" — The Church of God — The Calvanistic Baptists — The Mor- mon?, &c. If diversity of creeds, or multiplicity of religious sects serve as a standard of deep toned piety and christian bencvolerce, then may the people of Lancaster county lay claim to a goodly share ; for there is no spot upon earth, with so limited a popu- lation and the same confined territory, that counts more de- nominations, than Lancaster. But with all this diversity, there are few, if any, i?'reIigious controversies, that usually charac- terize bigots, among the inhabitants. Each seems to promote his own and his neighbor's welfare, and therewith appears content. In this chapter we shall attempt a succinct sketch of the seve- ral religious denominations found in this county. We regret it, that only a few of the .score of ministers whom we addressed to furnish religious statistics, have seen proper to comply.* At an early period missionaries of the Swedish church visited the Indians, v/ithin the present limits of Lancaster county.-— The Friends also paid some attention to the Indians. As early *For an accurate and impartial account of the history and doctrines of all the religious denominations in the United States, the reader is referred to a work entitled He Pasa Ecclesia,orthe Whole Church in the United Stales; every article of the work quoted has been expressly written for it by eminent theological professors, ministers or distinguished lay members of each rC' •-pective denomination. It is the only work extant that can be relied on as being impartial and authentic. Rupp, Clyde, Williams & Co., of Ilarris- "buriT, Pa., are the publishers. The work is in press. 456 iaisTont OF as 1705, Thomas Chalkley, an eminent preacher among the Quakers, visited the Indians living near Susquehanna, at Con- estoga, and preached to them. In 1708 or 1709, a Swedish Lu- theran, in the capacity of a missionary, resided among the Conestoga Indians, to instruct them in the christian religion. The Mennonites.— In 1709, several families from the Pala- tinate, descendants of the distressed Swiss Mennonites settled on Pequea creek. With this colony came Hans Herr, a Men- nonite minister, who dispensed to them the word of life. The Mennonites were of course the first regularly organized de- nomination in the county. Among their first ministers in this county, before 1725, were Hans Herr, Ulrich Breckbill, Hans Tschantz, Hans Burkholter, Christian Herr, Benedict Hirschi, Martin Bear, Johannes Bauman. They had been very numer- ous till about the year 1791, or '92, when a certain Martin Boehm and others made inroads upon them, and a considera> ble number seceded and united themselves with the United Brethren or Vereinigte Brueder, nevertheless, they are still the prevalent denomination in this county. They have about forty-five ministers in the county. These are divided into bishops and ordinary ministers. The bishops at present are the Revds. Jacob Hostater, Jacob Zimmerman, Christian Herr, Henry Schenk, and Mr. Bomberger; among their ordinary teachers are the Revds. Daniel Gehman, Mr. Gulh, IMr; Gehman, Tobias Warner, Mr. Sherick, Joseph Wengcr, Jacob Weaver, Jacob Stauffer, Joseph Hershy, Joseph Horst^ Jacob Hershy, Henry Breneman, Benjamin Herr, John Kreider, David Witmer, Mr. Staufer, Benjamin Eby, A. Brubaker, John Shenk, Andrew Kauffman, Christian Herr, Martin Mayer, J)aniel Sterneman, John Hoover, Christian Kaufman, John Kindig, John Nissly, Christian Nissly, John Schlott, David Ebersole, Peter Ebersole, Mr. Brubecker and others whose names we have not learned. These all preach in German. They have upwards of thirty- five meeting houses. Some of the congregations are large, numbering rising of two hundred members. The probable number of Mennonite church members, we think cannot be less than six thousand. As they keep no records of names, it is somewhat difficult to ascertain the exact number. Their forefathers all brought Bibles with tlicm. We have seen witliisx LANCASTER COtJNTY. 457 \he last year, several of Froschauer's edition of the Swiss BMq, printed at Zurich, 1540, and still in a good state of pre- servatioH, with the Mennonites. The Friends or Quakers. — These are next in order to the Mennonites. They were very numerous about the years 1725 and 1730. Their meetings were well attended for a long time. In 1729, there were at least 1000 families of Friends in the county. They have since greatly diminished ; at present they have only 9 or 10 places of worship. There are two denomi- nations of them in the county — Orthodox and other Friends. The Omish. — This society are Rigid Mennonites, not differing essentially from the Mennonites. At present, the chief diifer- ence between the Omish and Mennonites, consists in the former being more simple in their dress, and more strict in their discipline. They settled in this county at an early date. They were numerous in 1735. Their number is comparatively small, having 5 or 6 ministers. They hold their religious meetings in private houses, founding this practice upon Acts I. 46, The Episcopalians. -^Their ministers visited this county as early as 1717 or 1719. They were the first after the Mennon- ites and Quakers, to erect houses for religious worship. We could not obtain the names of their first ministers, except those who labored principally in the city of Lancaster. In 1744, the Episcopalians held a meeting at Lancaster, for the organiza- tion of a parish. The Rev. Richard Locke, an itinerant mis- sionary, was the first officiating minister. The following is the order in which others succeeded him : 1751, Rev. Geo. Craig : 1759, Rev. Thomas Barton ; 1783, Rev. Joseph Hutchins; 1791, Rev. Elisha Rigg ; 1799, Rev. Joseph Clarkson ; 1820, Rev. W. A. Muhlenberg became associated with the Rev. Clarksonj 1826, Rev. L. S. Ives; 1827, Rev. Samuel Bowman, the present Rector; besides him, two others officiate in the county: the Rev'ds Levi Bull and E. Y. Buchanan. They have 4 places of public worship in the county. The Presbyterians.— About the year 1717 a number of Scotch and Irish Presbyterians, settled in the Octorara region. Among their first ministers was the Rev. Adam Boyd, who preached in Octorara in 1724. In 1720, Rev. Anderson received a callfrom the Donegal church. Rev, Alexander Craighead 39 458 HISTOUY OP prcachcil in Pcqiicain i^JUk Kev. John Elder of Paxlon, was or* dainod in 17oS ; Kcv. Dan'l Aloxaiulor was in Poquca 173i). The city was occasionally visitcil between the years 171"> ami 17()0, In 17t)i), the Rev. John Woodhull* became their regnhir min- ister in the borough of Lancaster. In 1779, the Rev. Nathaniel W. Soniplo was called, and was their pastor for 40 years ; in 1S'21, Rev. William Aslunead succeeded. These are in their order. In 1809, Rev_.. Richard Pickinson; 1834, Rev. J. T. ^Marshall Davie; 1840. Rev. John iM'Nair. There are nine Presbyterian ministers residing in the county : Kev'ds JM'Nair, Joseph Barr, Lindley C. Rutter, David IVFCartcr, T. Mai-shall Boggs, Philip J. Timlow, AltVed Nevin, Robert W. Dunlap, John Wallace and Samuel Dickey. They have ir> churches. The German Baptists. — A number of these settled in this county prior to 17'il. They constituted a church in 1703, under the charge of Rev. Peter Becker. At first they increased rap- idly, but at present their number is small. They, like the Omish, meet in private houses to hold their religious meetings. They hold their meetings at some 10 or 15 ditlerent houses in the county, and in a tew instances at school houses. The German Seventh-day Baptists, or Siebcn Taeirer. — This society took its rise about the year 1704 or 1705. The founder was Conrad Boisel, who seceded from the German Baptists. This society tlourished lor many years at Ephrata, where is their only place of holding meetings in the county. — See pages Oil, 0;U The Lutherans. — !\[any of this denomination emigrated to Lancaster county bet ore 1730. JMissionaries visited the scat- tered brethren. Among these were, in 1731, 17^0, &;c. the Rev'ds C. J. Shultz, Casper Stoever, who also ministered as tlie ln*st pastors of the Lutheran church in the city. The fol- lowing succeeded them: In 1740, Rev. T. Dylander, Swedish Rector of Philadelphia ; 1741, Rev. Valentine Kraft; 1743, Rev. L. Nyberg; Rev. G. Nauman, Swedish Rector of Phila- delphia, preached occasionally in Lancaster, from 174t) to 174S; this year Rev. T. F. Handschuh preached till 1751. From 1751 to 17.53, the congregation was successively served by the Rev'ds Tobias Wagner, England, H. B. G. Wortnian. From 175;^ to 17G9, the Rev. SiegtVied Gerock ; from the latter •Sec pogc 367. LAXCASTKIl COUNTS. 459 j)orio(3, tho congregation wa.s visitod by tlio JIovMh Dr. Wcury Molch(jir Muhlenberg, K. Shiiltz, N. Kurt/ and others, for a shoillirne ; when the Rev. J. (J. Jielrniitfi, UjI'; from ICuropo, was called and eontinued tilllTTO; in 17S0, Rev. II. Muhlen- berg, son of Dr. 11. M. Muhlenberg, tof^k charge ol' the con- gregation, and was their pastor till JHlo, v/hen Rev. Dr. C. En- dress succeeded him and coritinuf;d till 1H27. 'i'he present pastor, the Rev. Dr. J. (J. Baker, took charge of the corjgrega- tion in 1828. Besides Dr. Baker's church, there is another in tho city, exclusively GeiTnan, under the pastoral care of the Rev. W. Jieates. There are at present seven Lutheran ministers residing in the county: Dr. John C.Baker, Rev'ds W. B^ate;-!, J. J. Strein, S. Trunjbauer, C. G. Frederick, C. Barnitz ai,d L. C';r/)art. — They have 27 places of public worship, llf^re wa would add the names of the Rev'ds A. C, Muhlenberg, Schroeter, Yung, Ernst, fScriba, Jiiernenschneider, 'JiothrauH', Ijernheirn, Sahm and Mueller, all of whom had ciiarge of congregations at dif- ferent times. The German Reformi:d. — In the beginning of 1700, a number of Reformed came to the province of Pennsylvania. The Ferrecs, members of the Reformed Walloon church of Pelican, in the Lower Palatinate, left Europe for America, and settled in this county about the year 1712.* With the Ferrees, Isaac Le Lever came to this county and brought with him his French Bible, which is still preserved by his descendants as a precious relic. As early as 1717 or 1718, the Pvcv. P. Boehrn of Witpen, one of the oldest German Reformed preachers, had charge of a German Pi,eforrncd church. Rev. Boehrn, the Rev. G. M. Weiss, who had charge of a congregation in Philadelphia, about the year 1724, and the Rev. H. Dorstius of Bucks county, occasionally visited the pastorless German Reformed who had settled in this county prior to I72f>. In 1727, a large number of Germans, among v.horn were many Cjf^rrnan Reformed, came into this county: these were the Dieffenderfer's and others, who.so number was augmented in 17^31 by the arrival of the Bushongs,f Nehs, Schwartz, »8ce pa,'es .3U8 and 20. tSee page 271. 460 HISTORY OF Mentz, and the Rev. J. B. Rieger,* who had charge for many years of German Reformed congregations in this county, among others was " Seltenreich's Kirche," near New Holland. In 1730 or 1731, the Rev. John Peter Miller, ordained by the Scotch Presbyterian Synod, in 1730, visited German Reformed congregations at Cocalico and Tulpehocken. About this time several congregations were organized, one at Lancaster, and in other parts of the county. In 1743, there was one formed at "Modecrick," near Adamstown. However, there was a great and general destitution of pious and qualified pastors in this branch of the church till the middle of the last century. In 1746, the Hev. Michael Schlatter, of St. Gall, in Switzerland, in consequence of information he had received of the destitute condition of the German Reformed churches, left his pastoral charge, and having received a regular appomtmcnt and re- commendation, visited the churches in Pennsylvania, and while in the discharge of this duty, visited those in Lancaster county. Besides the visits paid them by the Rev, Schlatter, the Rev'ds Folk, Loescher, Waldsmith, Deckert, Fuetzmiller, Wittner, Templeman and others ministered occasionally in spiritual things among the German Reformed. The Rev'ds J. C. Bucher, W. Runkel, ^¥. Stoy and others labored in vari- ous parts of the county prior to the Revolution. In the Co- calico charge, now principally under the pastoral care of the Rev. Daniel Hertz, the Rev'ds Gobrecht, Hautz, Wilhelms, Charles Helflenstein, Faber, A. Herman ; and since 1819, the Rev. Hertz, labored from time to time. The Rev. Henry Schaffher of Marietta, had, for rising of thirty years, a number of congregations in charge. The Rev. Hiesteralso had charge of several congregations. The congregation in the city, at an early period, was occa- sionally served by the Rev'ds Hoch, Rieger, Hochreutner, Steiner, Schlatter and others. In 1752, the Rev. W. Otterbein took charge of it. The Rev. Stoy was a supply for a short time, and so was the Rev. L. C. Boehm. In 1779 the Rev. A. Helffenstein was called ; in 1782 the Rev. W. Hendel; in 1795 the Rev. Becker; in 1806 the Rev. Hoffmcier; in 1832 the Rev. Brunner; in 1840 the present pastor, the Rev. G. W. Glessner, was called. The Rev'ds Weiler and Hoffheins, havo *Scc page 22G. LANCASTER COUNTY. 46 1 charge of congregations. The German Reformed have twenty places of public worship, and if they had a competent number of efficient ministers, might easily organize ten or fifteen congregations in a few years. Here is a large field for home missionary enterprize. The United Brethren or Moravians. — This denomination is essentially missionary in their operations; and as early as 1742, several congregations were organized in this county. In 1742, count Zinzendorff, the apostle of the American Mora- vians, visited Lancaster. In 1746 they held a provincial council in the town of Lancaster. At Litiz they have a large commu- nity.* The following ministers have presided over the congre- gation at Lancaster: 1746, Rev. L. T. Nyberg ; 174S, Rev'ds L. Schnell and R. Ultey ; 1749, Rev. A. Reinke, sen.; 1751, Rev. G. Weiser; 1753, Rev'ds C. Rauch and A. Wagner; 1754, Rev. 0. Krogstrup ; 1755, Rev'ds C. Bader and C. F. Oerter; 1756, Rev. A. L. Rusmyer; 1757, Rev. C. G. Rundt; 1758, Rev'ds Rundt, Rusmyer and Bader; 1753, Rev. C. Bader; 1762, Rev. A. L. Rusmyer; 1786, Rev. A. Langgaard; 1773, Rev. 0. Krogstrup; 1785, Rev. L. F. Boehler ; 1786, Rev. J. Herbst; 1791, Rev. A. Reinke, jr. ; 1795, Rev. L. Huebner; 1800, Rev. J. M. Beck; 1303, Rev. A. Reinke, jr. ; 1806, Rev. J. M. Beck; 1810, Rev. C. Mueller; 1819, Rev. S. Reinke; 1823, Rev. Peter WoUe ; 1826, Rev. J. G. Ilermaii ; 1S29, Rev. C. F. Reinhel; 1834, Rev. C, A. Vanvleck ; 1335, Rev. S. Reinke; 1839, Rev. George F. Bahnson, present pastor. The Roman Catholics. — A church, by this denomination was organized about the year 1740. The members were regu- larly visited by pastors from Philadelphia. It appears they had no regular settled pa^itor among them before 1800. Their number has steadily increased, principally however from foreign emigrations of German and Irish Catholics. Their present pastor is the indefatigable Rev. B. Keenan. They have 3 or 4 places of public worship in the county. The Methodist EnscoPAL.— In 1781, Methodist ministers first visited this county; and in 1782 the Lancaster Circuit was formed, and the Rev. William Partridge appointed as minister, Among the early ministers who preached in different parts of f See pages 308 and 20. 39* 462 HISTORY OP this county, were the Rcv'ds William Glendening, W. Jesup, Isaac Robertson, W. Hunter, T. P. Chandler and Simon Miller a native of the county. In the city of Lancaster, the Rev. Jacob Gruler preached occasionally about the year 1705 and 1706. The first regular service held in town, was in the house of Philip Benedict, by Rev. ficnry Boehm in 1807. In 1808 the Rev'ds Thomas Birch and James succeeded Boehm. Their successors were the Rev'ds Joseph Samson, Thomas Ware, John Walter, John Tally, George Cookman, Jacob Gruber, John Leonard, John Woolson, Wesley Wallace, W. Torbert, Thomas Ncal, John Ogden, James Moore, as circuit preachers. In 1829, Lancas- ter was made a regular charge, where stationed ministers have since been located : these were Rev'ds Joseph M'Cool, Thomas Miller, John Nicholson, Thomas Sovereign, James Houston, James Neil, D. D. Lore, S. H. Higgins, and the present pastor, the Rov. Robert 'Gerry. The following named preachers are stationed in various parts of the county : Rev'ds T. Sumtion, T. C. Murphy, J. W. Arthur, E. Reed, A. W. Milby, Mr. Hum- phries. The Methodists have rising of tv/enty places of public v»orship in tiie county. The New Jerusale:.! Ciiuiich. — For an account of this de- nomination, see page 481. The Evangelical Association. — This sect, sometimes called "Die Albrechts Leute," is of comparative recent origin. It took its rise in this county about the year 1800, through the indefatigable efforts ot Jacob Albrecht, a native of Berks coun- ty ; but he had settled previous to 1800 in Earl township. — They have 8 or 9 places of worship, besides several churclies. The Refo'imeu Mennonites.— It appears that prior to 1810, some conceived that there was spiritual de(ilension among those who had embraced the doctrines of Menno Simon, and in order to renew these doctrines and re-establish that church, a few of tliem, among whom was their persevering friend and minister, John Herr, of Strasburg townsliip, united for that purpose, and in 1811, organized an association, now generally kntjwn by the name of the Reformed Mennoniles. Their number of minis- ters is small, and their members, though active, is still'compar- atively not large. They have two orders of ministers, bishops and ordinary ministers. Their bishops at present, in the LANCASTER COUNTY. ^ 463 county, are the Rev'ds. John Herr, John Keeport, and Henry Bowman. Among their ordinary ministers are the Rev'ds. Abraham Landis, John Landis, Joseph Weaver, Abraham Snevely, Christian Resh, and Samuel Hershy. They preach English occasionally. They have three meeting houses; and hold meetings at eight or ten other stated places in the county. The Universalists. — There are comparatively few of thern in this county ; they have three places of public worship ; but at present they have no one that officiates in spiritual things. The Seceders. — The number known by this name is small in this county. They have one minister, the Rev. Easton, and two places of public worship. The United Brethren, or Vereinigte Brueder. — There are some of this respectable body in the county. We know neither the probable number of their ministers nor places of worship. The Church of God. — This denomination is of compara- tively recent origin. The name of " Church of Gnd,^^ was as- sumed by them about the year 1827 or '28. The church in the city was first gathered about the year 1820, under the ministry of the late Rev. John Elliott, who preached the gospel many years faithfully and with success, to an independent congrega- tion in the city. After he left, the church declined, till about the year 1841, when the Rev. John Winebrenner, V. D. M. of Harrisburg, Rev'ds Jacob Flake and Joseph Ross and others of the Eldership of the Church of God, held protracted meetings, when a number were revived and others awakened, and a deep interest manifested, and soon a congregation of one or tv/o hundred was organized. The Rev. Winebrenner, and their present pastor, the Rev. Jacob Flake, labored jointly in the city till lately. The number of ministers at present in the county, is five, riz: the Rev'ds J. Flake, J. H. Bomberger, J. Tucker, I. Bra- dy, J. Stamm. Their places of public worship, may range from twelve to fifteen in the county. Within the last few years they have erected several houses for public worship. The Calvanistic Baptists. — This denomination although characterized for their missionary enterprises, made no effort in this county to promulgate their views, and organize congre- gations, until within a few years, except in the southern part of the county, where a church has been built rising of twenty- 464 HISTORY OP five years since. In the year 1935, the Rev. Leonard Fletcher, then stationed in Chester county, preached occasionally at Churchtown, and baptized a number of persons. Sometime about 1639, a member of that denomination, Gilbert Hills, late from Connecticut located in the city of Lancaster, at whose instance baptist ministers were invited to visit the place. The same year the Rev. Kingsford preached occasionally, and he was soon followed by others, among those were the the Rev'ds. Gillette,. Kennard, Babcock, Dodge, Keys, Woolsy, Fletcher, Dickinson, Dean, Brettell, Higgins, who organized a church in February, 1841 ; after which missionaries and visiting minis- ters preached — these were Rev. Shadrac, Miller, Burbank, Keys, Smith and Hendrickson. In the spring of 1843, the Baptists purchased a house for public worship in Lancaster, on Chestnut, near Duke street. — Their present pastor, October, 1843, is the Rev. Leonard Fletcher, of the American Baptist IMissionary Society. He and the Rev. Enos M. Philips of Colerain, are the only Baptist ministers in Lancaster county. They have three places of public worship. The Mokmons. — A few arc found in the county v/ho hold the views of this sect; and also some theoTeiicai Miller it es^ who are ready to ride into notice on every "cloud of novelty.'* These are hahcs in knowledge and piety, and fuU-groirn in the love of the world — ceaseless in schemes " to raise the wind.'* Besides these, there are also several African churches in the county. LANCASTER COUNTY. 465 CHAPTER XIII. GEOLOGY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. For an extended view of the Geology of the county, we must refer to the final report of the general survey authorized by the State government. In glancing over Mr. Scott's very beautiful and accurate map of Lancaster county, it will be seen that the surface is broken by irregular east and west ranges cf hills, no one of which can be properly styled a mountain. Commencing at the south, we find an extensive formation of primary stratified, or meta- morphic rocks, such as mica slate and talcose slate, the latter having garnets imbedded in it. These are quite abundant on the Susquehanna, below Pequea creek. Occasional patches of limestone* and clay slate occur, and the latter is extensively worked for roofing purposes, at a place called Slate-hill. — Ascending the river, we find the same formation extending to Turkey-hill, where it terminates, about two miles below the tillage of Washington, or about the fortieth parallel of latitude. The next rock in ascending order, is a close grained, very hard, siliceous sandstone, best seen at .the mouth of the Chic- quesalunga, between Columbia and Marietta, where it strikes the Susquehanna in a bold bluff upwards of three hundred feet in height. It is found at the opposite boundary of the county, and extending into Berks, forms the hill on the south side of Reading. A great deal of iron ore (argillaceous oxiJ and hematite) has been taken from the clay overlying this forma- tion, which although possessing some of the characters of the preceding, such as large veins of quartz, and traces of fel- spar and tourmalin, may probably be looked upon as the lowest of the transition, rather than the uppermost of the pri- iiiary stratified. This conclusion, however, could scarcely be attained from an examination of the rock, limited to our own localities. To understand it fully, it must be studied in tho state of New York. *Xwo miles below the mouth of the Conestoga, for example, 466 HISTORY OF Next above this lies "formation number II" of the state- survey, including the tracts of limestone found in our valleys and level districts, and approaching the base of most of the larger hills, but seldom itself rising into ridges much above the general undulations of the surface. The northern border of the county is made up of a formation of red and grey shales, or soft slates, grits, and pudding stones, furnishing in some places a material suificiently hard and compact to afford an excellent material for mill stones. These are accordingly wrought out of the large detached fragments found upon the surface in Cocalico township. In several loca- lities the same formation has afforded indications of coal, but as it is entirely distinct from the great coal formation of the commonwealth, it is very probable that veins which can be advantageously worked, will never be discovered. Iron ore is of rather frequent occurrence, and we have met with indica- tions of copper. In several localities on the southern border of this series, the curious calcareous rock called Potomac marble occurs; namely, east of Bainbridge, and north of Man- heim. But the most interesting feature in the Conewago hills, is the large amount of weathered blocks upon the surface, of a liard grey stone made up of white and black particles. This is a trap rock of the variety called greenstone, and identical in composition with the smaller ridges which traverse different parts of the country, under the name of ironstone, a mineral remarkable for the sonorous ring produced when struck. The finer texture of the latter is produced by the rapid cooling of the material, consequent upon the comparatively small quan- tity of matter; this rock being of ig!ieous origin, and injected from below in a melted condition. In the Conewago rock the quantity of material is so great, that in the length of time required to solidify, the constituents were able to enter into combinations; or crystallize, in a manner; whence the felspar and hornblcnd appear in distinct particles. A flood sweeping across these hills, has carried large blocks of the rock for miles southward, and beyond the reach of the highest floods of the Susquehanna. That a powerful current swept over the country from the north-west, is proved by the additional fact that primary sienitic pebbles are found among LANCASTER COUNTr. 467 tlie accumulations of gravel which must have been derived from the regions of the great lakes. Besides the ores of iron mentioned, the sulphuret occurs in detached cubic crystals, over a considerable portion of the surface ; galena, or sulphuret of lead, and plumbago, have been found in small quantities ; and chromate of iron and sul- phate of magnesia have been mined in the southern section of the county, for economical purposes; but as we possess no granitic rocks, our list of mineral species is much more meagre than those ol the counties lying more to the east. NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. In giving a sketch of the Natural History of a single county, in a work of this character, it is of course necessary to com- press the matter as much as possible, as the zoology and botany would separately require volumes equal to the present one in size, were they to be discussed ai some length. Ourcollections have been made more with a view to the Natural History of the commonwealth at large, than to any particular county ; so that no care has been taken to prevent objects collected in other parts of the state from being intermixed with those now under consideration ; whence it has been necessary to omit the mention of some which may have been collected within our borders. A note of interrogation has been added to some species to indicate that the species may not be properly named, or may not occur within the boundary of the county. Thus among the fishes, not having been able to examine the trout found in our streams, we quote the name Saimo fontinalis with doubt; and Menopoma Alleghaniensis has been cited with a question, because this reptile has been caught in the Susquehanna some miles above the boundary line of the county. We have in- serted both species of " black-snake," not being certain which of the two occurs with us; but it is not improbable that we have them both. We have seen a green snake in the south-west- 468 HISTORY OP em part of the county, but not having a specimen, are unable to name it with certainty. English names are given to such animals as have received them, and short notes have been added to some of the species to enable the reader to recognize them ; but it would have extended this article to too greata length to follow out this plan to any considerable extent. The objects are so numerous, that in most cases, a dry list of names must suffice ; as the reader who wishes to know more about the object themselves, must refer to works expressly devoted to their history. Some of these are noted at the foot of the pages ,• but unfortunately several of the more important branches are still uniilustrated, as the fishes and insects ; and much as works devoted to these branches are wanted, it is probable that little will be done until the necessity calls forth the patronage of legislative enact- ment, as in Massachusetts and New York. Our vertebrate animals, except the fishes, are pretty well known to naturalists, and the number of species found within the borders of the county, may be stated approximately as follows : Beasts, 39; Birds, 180; Reptiles, 40 ; Fishes, 50. Among the IMammalia, the Cervus Virginianus (deer) might have been included, as it sometimes crosses the Susquehanna from York county. The Lutra Canadensis (otter) is said to have inhabited the islands of the Susquehanna at an early day ; and within ten years, a species of wolf has c rossed the same river from the western side. But the greater part of the zoology of most countries, is that which takes cognizance of the Annulosa, including the exten- sive class of Ptilota or winged insects; the Arachnida, or spiders; the Crustacea, of which the crab and lobster are familiar examples, and of which class all our springs and atreams contain species, some of them so minute, as to be re- eognizcd with dilliculty by the naked eye ; and the class Ame- TOBOLA, represented by the centipedes found under stones and logs. Taking all these together, the number to be found in Lan- caster county, cannot fall short of six thousand species; the Ptilota or winged insects being the most numerous, and of these, the order Colcoptera (distinguished by having the wings folded under a pair of hard elytra) is the most extensive ; and LAlifCASTEIl cor NTT. 46S) ^Ithoug-h they do not possess the brilliant beauty of the Lepi- doptera, or butterfly order, they have hitherto secured the prio- cipal attention of entomologists ; whence it happens that they are best known, and we have devoted more space to them than to the remaining orders. The Colcoptera deserve a careful study, as a knowledge of their habits will enable us to turn them to account in the de- struction of noxious species. Thus the genus Coccinella (la- dybug) feeds upon the Aphides or plant lice, so destructive to roses and other plants ; and in their larva state they may be found upon the leaves of useful vegetables, devouring small insects or grubs \vhich, when numerous, destroy the plants by eating the leaves. The Cecidomyia destructor (wheat fly) is extensively destroyed in the grub state, by the young of another minute insect. The carnivorous tribes are readily distinguishable from those which feed upon vegetable food ; and the greater number and variety of the former to be found in gardens and fields, the more likely will they be to destroy the noxious kinds, or to prevent their increase by the destruc- tion of their eggs. There can be no necessity in giving common names to ani- mals which have not already received them, as they can be just as well recognized by the scientific name. Common names are frequently local, and the same name is applied to different an- imals in diiferent parts of the country; whilst the scientific name, being that under which animals are described, are known in all parts of the world, whatever may be the language spoken. The English apply the name ground-hog to an Afri- can animal not at all like our ground-hog, which some authors- call by a name under which most people would not recognize it. One of our hawks is called a buzzard in England, and our buzzard a vulture. A mammal is called gopher in the vvest» and the same vulgar name is applied to a tortoise in the south. In a work upon North American birds, one author has called our Hirundo rufa (barn swallow) chimney swallow! doubtless because it is like the chimney swallow of England ; instead of preserving this name for the Chcetura pelasgia, which actually frequents chimneys. Bald eagle is the common name for Ha- Jiatceus leucocephalus throughout the United States, yet some people affectedly call it the whiteheaded eagle ! Thus it some- 40 470 HISTORY OP times happens that authors use neither the proper nor the common name of an animal, but adopt one, perhaps entirely- unknown to those best acquainted with it. The scientific appellation is the only true name of a plant or an animal, as no other will answer our principal purpose, that of giving a distinct name to every organized object. Nothing is gained by naming certain insects weavil, hammerbug or schnellkaefer, when there are more than a hundred different kinds of each in Pennsylvania, each of which has its proper name. We call an insect the rose bug, but this n ime will not enable us to discover the true appellation under which it may be found in European books, whether English, French or Ger- man. A little consideration upon this subject will convince any one that an animal or plant is not properly known until we are acquainted with its name, and every one interested in the study of zoology or botany, should endeavor to become familiar with the proper names. Naturalists themselves are often to blame in this matter, from a jealousy that the public at large will finally become as wise as themselves ; and they accordingly invent English names which they set forth in large capitals, so that the proper names will be less likely to attract attention. MAMMAIJA*— Beasts. Four species of bat occur in Lancaster county, viz : Vespertilio Carolinensis; chesnut brown above, yellowish beneath: V. Noveboracensis; reddish brown : V. pruinosus; fur dark, tipped with white: V. subulatus] Scalups Cana- densis; mole. Condylura macroura; star-nose mole. Sorex brcvicaudus; found along water courses, where it constructs burrows in the grass. Procyon lotor; the raccoon is not un- common in some parts of the county. Mustela erminea; de- scribed under this name by Godman, and usually called weasel. Mustela lutreola ; mink. Mephitis Americana; the skunk or polecat. Vulpes fulvus; red fox: V. cinereo-argentalus; grey fox. Didelphis Virginiana ; possum, incorrectly named o'pos- *Anicrican Natural History, by John D. Godman, 3 vols. 8 vo. plates. LANCASTER COUNTY. 471 sum in modern books. Fiber zibethicus ; muskrat. Arvicola xanthognatus ; meadow mouse : A. viparius; tail short, inhab- its marshes. Mus agrariusl Gerbillus Canadensis; kanga- roo, jumping mouse. Arctomys monax ; ground-hog. Sciu- ruscinereus; cat squirrel : S. Hudsonius; red squirrel: S. ni- ger? black squirrel. Tamias striata ; ground squirrel. Pter- omys volucella ; flying squirrel. Lepus sylvaticus ; rabbit. REPTILIA*— Reptiles. Testudinata. Cistuda Carolina; the color of the common land tortoise is yellow, mottled with dark brown or black. Emys geographica; shell 8 inches long, with a ridge along the back ; dark brown, with lighter, indistinct, irregular lines ; used as food, and usu- ally called terrapin. Emys Muhlenbergii ? 4 inches long, a large orange spot upon each side of the neck; doubtful as a native of this county. Emyspicta; 5 inches long, margin of the shell marked with red stripes, common in ponds and small streams, fond of reposing in the sun. Emys guttala; black, with small yellow spots, less than the preceding, with which it is frequently found. Emys insculpta ; yellow and black, each plate comprising the carapax or upper shell is roughened by concentric and radiating furrows, a b ack spot upon each plate of the sternum. E. rubriventris? sternum marked with red; it may be found in the lower parts of the Susquehanna. Sterno- thorus odoratus; length about 4 inches, dark brown, sternum very narrow, carapax oval, convex and smooth, chin with several small warts. Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum '? nearly resembles the preceding, but the sternum is wider, and separ- ated into three parts, not hitherto observed within the county. Emysaura serpentina; (snapper) head large, tail long and strongly serrated above; highly prized for "terrapin soup." Ophidia — Serpents. Coluber constrictor ; blacksnake : C. sipedon ; watersnake : C. sirtalis; gartersnake : C. saurita; gartersnake: C. septem- ♦Holbrook's North American Herpetology. 5. vols, quarto. 472 HISTORY OP Tittatusf! gartersnake: C. punctatus; greenish orange below, a jightTing around the neck: C. amsenus; light brown with Tiolet reflexions, head very small: C. eximius ; house-snake. The above species are at present included in several genera. Heterodon platlrhinus ; viper, harmless. Trigonocephalus- contortrix ; copperhead. Sauria — Lizards. Tropidolepis undulatus; inhabits woods, brown, mottled, scales very rough, tail long, active, innoxious. Scincus fascia- tus ; back with 5 yellow, stripes, tail blue. AMPHIBIA. Ranapipiens; bullfrog: R. halecina; shadfrog, green with black spots : R, sylvatica; woodfrog, reddish brown, 2 inches : R. palustris; brown, with rows of square dark brown spots, 3 inches: R. gryllus ; 1 inch long. Hyla versicolor; trecfrog, treetoad. Bufo Americanus ; toad. Salamandra erythronota; S. cinereain : woods, under logs and stones: S. longicauda : S. maculata] S. fasciata] S. venenosal PISCES— Fishes. Of the fifty species of this class which are probably found in our waters, we are not prepared to give a complete list, as we have not yet compared the greater part of our specimens with authentic individuals from other states ; and we are there- fore in doubt as to the names they ought to bear. This remark applies particularly to the species first made known by Dr. Mitchill, and which were found in the w^atcrs of New York. The several dams in the Susquehanna, have nearly cut off the supply of the shad, so important an article in domestic economy, until a recent period, that families within twenty miles of the fisheries, thought it impossible to pass through a season unsupplied with a barrel of salted shad. Fishing is not conducted upon an extensive scale at present^ the seine being employed fur the shad and herring alone. ThQ LANCASTER COUNTY. 473 former is sometimes caught by means of a large scoopnet, in such places where it is necessary for the fish to approach near the shore or a rock, to pass upwards. Angling is in considerable repute, and the out-line is fre- quently employed. This consists of a stout cord about a hun- dred yards long, to which the hooks are attached at intervals, by lines (or links) a yard long; the whole being stretched and anchored in a suitable place during the night. Live bait is em- ployed, and should be supplied from time to time to the hooks which have been stripped. Various species are abundantly caught in the fall of the year in fish-baskets, made of lathwork, with diverging walls of stones, leading from the entrance up the stream for one hundred or two hundred yards. In the shallow waters, fishes are speared or gigged by torch light ; the smaller streams are fished with a bow-net, into the mouth of which the fishes are driven by beating the water; and set-nets of a cylindrical shape, kept open by hoops, with an expanded mouth, and pro- vided with funnels to prevent the return of the prisoners once entered. These are set in dams, at the mouths of creeks in deep water, when suckers are principally caught; but when set in the Susquehanna, cattishes and sunfishes are usually taken. The published materials on the history of our fishes are scat- tered through many different works, and are inaccessible except to the professed naturalist. Perca lutea, Kafinesque ; (flavescens, Cuvier,) the yellow perch is common in the Susquehanna. Labrax lineatus, Lin ; rockfish: L. albus; Raf. (mucronatus, Cuv.) white perch. — Percina nebulosa; Hald : P. minima, (Ethcostoma Olmstedi, Storer.) Pomotis appendix, Mitchili ; black-eared sunfish:* P. auritus, Lin; (moccasinus, Raf.) yellow-eared sunfish. — Lucioperca Americana] Cuv.; salmon. Cottus viscosus, Hald.j (cognatus ? Rich.) resembles a small Pimelodus or catfish.— These nine species include all those which have spiny rays in the first dorsal fin, as far as we have been able to determine. Cyprinus cornutus; Mitchili — hornchub, and several other species. Catostomus cyprinus, Lesucur; carp, not allied to the European carp : C. maculosus, Les. ; stoneroller and some *These English names are also applied to certain marine fishes, 40* 474 HISTORY OF Others. Leuciscus corporalis; fall fish and several other species of chub. Exoglossum maxilingua, Les. ; remarkable for the manner in which the tongue projects, to form part of the lower jaw. Esox reticulatus, Les. ; pike. Bclone trun- catal Les.; green gar. Pimelodus; one or two species of catfish.* Nolurus; one species. Salmu fontinalis I Mitchill ; trout. The fish properly called salmon belongs to this genus, and has never been caught so farsouth as Pennsylvania. Alosa sapidissima, Wilson; shad. Clupea vernalis, Mitchill; her- ring. Lepisosteus osseus, Lin.; gar*. Anguilla ; one or two species of eel. Accipenser; one species of sturgeon. Pe- tromyzon Americanus, Les,; lampereel. Bdellostoma nigri- cans, Les. ; found attached to the shad. Ammocoites bicolor, Les. ; lives under sand and mud. COLEOPTERA. We commence with the Coleoptcia, because we intend to say but little on the remaining orders, otherwise it would have been proper tj begin the series with the Hymenontera, (inclu- ding bees, ants, wasps, &c.) which appear to stand at the head of the class. That the attention may be more particularly called to the insects themselves, we add a few notes on twenty species, such as may be readily recognised : Cicindela. This genus stands at the head of our carnivorous insects, and the species may be known by their bright colors, strong jaws, long leg?, the activity with which they run upon the bare ground, and the ease with which they take wing. Casnonia Pennsylvanica has the head and slender thorax black, and rather longer than the remainder of the body. The elytra (wing covers) are yellowish, each one with 3 black spots; 3-lU of an incli long. Galerita Americana; length i of an inch, head and thorax slender, the former black, the latter, with the legs yellowish brown, elytra blue-black. Brachinus fumans, half an inch long, greatly resembling the preceding, but the head is of the same color as the elytra; *ThcBC English r.aracs arc alto applitd to certain marine fishes. LANCASTER COUNTY. 475 when caught, h throws out a jet of vapor with a slight explosion, Scaritessubterraneus; an inch in length, black, with a strong p^ir of jaws, head and thorax as long as the hinder part, and somewhat wider — lives under logs. Calosoma scrutator ; length 1 1-4 inches, head black, thorax (pronotum) purple, margined with golden, elytra bright green, with a golden margin. Calosoma calidum ; length of the preceding, but much narrower, black, elytra striate, with numerous golden punctures. Agonum octopunctatum ; length 3-10 inches, active^ green, with four impressed punctures arranged in a line upon the in- ner margin of each elytron. Anorops obliquatus; half an inch long, short oval, dull black, except a small orange spot at the inner base of the elytra, punctured longitudinally — found in decayed wood. Diaperis maculata ; quarter of an inch long, oblong hemis- pherical, elytra light yellowish brown, with two black spots upon each, near the base, and a larger irregular spot towards the extremity, and upon the outer margin, head and thorax. black. Coprobius volvens ; (tumble-bug) is commonly seen in pairs rolling a ball of dung. A much larger insect, an inch long, black with the elytra coarsely furrowed, is named Copris Carolina, and is proportionally shorter than the Scarabaeus Jamaicensis, which is tinged with brown, the head of the male being armed with a long recurved horn ; a small species quar- ter of an inch long. Onthophagus Janus; has two straight, upright horns upon the head ; it is found in rotten fungi. Pelidnota punctata; is an inch long, of a brownish yellow, each elytron with three black spots, a similar spot on each side of the thorax ; found upon grape vines. Nearly allied, but without spots, is the Pelidnota lanigera, of a fine lemon yellow color. Macrodactyla subspinosa ; is the abundant and destructive rosebug or cherrybug. Crioceris trilineata; a common garden insect, quarter of an inch long, yellow, with three black, conspicuous, longitudinal lines upon the elytra, and two black dots upon the pronotum. 476 HISTORY OP The nearly allied Galeruca vittata (cucumber bug) is smaller with narrower bands, and Galeruca 12-punctata, intermediate in size, is marked with three transverse rows of black dots, four in each row. Coccinella borealis, yellow spotted with black, the largest species of our ladybugs. The following is a list of the species captured principally within the last year, and of a number of them, but a single spe- cimen was taken. Cicindela punctulata: C. vulgaris: C. hirticoUis : C. sex- guttata: C. marginalis: C. purpurea: C. patruela. Casnonia Pennsylvanica. Galerita Americana. Brachinus fumans: B. alternans: B. curticollis: B. perplexus. Plochionus Bonfilsii. Cyminas pilosus: C. limbatus. Dromius piceus. Lebia atri- ventris : L. ornata: L. vittata: L. scapularis: L. viridis: L. pumila. Scarites subterraneus. Clivina quadrimaculata: C. morio: C. viridis. Sphoeroderus stenostomus. Carabus ser- ratus : C. ligatus. Calosoma scrutator: C. calidum : C. ex- ternus. Omophron labiatum. Elaphrus ruscarius. Notiophi- lus semistriatus: N. porrectus. Chkenius sericeus: C. oesti- vus: C. chlorophanus: C. emarginatus: C. nemoralis: C. to- mentosus. Dicajlus violaceus: D. dilatatus: D. simplex. Pa- nagaus fasciatus. Patrobus longicornis. Calathus gregariu?. Anchomenus extensicoUis. Agonum octopunctatum: A. cu- pripenne: A. punctiforme: A. excavatum. Poecilus chalci- tes: P. lucublanda. Omaseus stygica : O. complanata : O. politus: 0. morosa] Platysma adoxa. Amara basillaris : A. impuncticoUis: A. musculis. Daptus incrassatus. Bractylus exaratus. Agonoderus pallipes. Seienophorus troglodytes. Pangus caliginosus. Anisodactyluscarbonarius: A. agricolus: A. Baltimoriensis: A. rusticus. Harpalus faunus: H. bicolor: H. interstitialis : 11. dichrous: 11. herbivagus: II. tcrminatus. Stenolophus ochropegus. Acupalpus rupcstris. Bcmbidiuni coxendix: B. patruelum. Dyticus verticalis. Laccophilus maculosus. Haliphus immaculicoUis. Hydroporus lacustris. Cyclous Americanus. Ilydrophilus natator. Pcedcrus littora- rius. Pinophilus latipcs. Emus villosus: E. maculosus: E. cinnamopterus: E. angulatus. Stalious armatusl Buprcstis. Cholcophora Virginica. Dircera divaricata. Agrilus ruficol- lis. Chrysabothris scxsignata. Brachys ovata. Alaus ocula* LANCASTER COUNTY. 477 tus. Limonius quercinus. Cardiophorus areolatus. Athous longicoUis. Steatoderusattenuatus. Ludius piceus: L. nem- nonius: L. bellus. Cratonychus communis. Dolopius sericens. Limonius cylindriformis. Oephorus dorsalis : 0. delectus: O. instabilis. Anomala pinicola. Omaloplia vespertina. Di- chelonycha hexagona. Macrodactyia subspinosa. Hoplia vi- rens. Trichius piger: T. affinis. Cetonia inda: C. fulgida. G-ymnetis nitlda. Lucanus capreolus. Passalus cornutus. — Capris Carolina: C. Ammon : C. anaglypticus. Coprcbius volvens. Phanceus carmifex. Onthophagus janus: 0. hecate. Scaraboeus tityus : S. satyrus. Pelidnota punctata: P. lani- gera. Pliyllophago ilicis : P. quercina: P. pilosicollis. Iph- thinus Pennsylvanicus : I. saperdoides : I. rufipes. Opatri- nus notum. Tenebrio obscurus. Uloma rubens. Diaperis Hydni. Anorops obliquatus. Helops vittatus: H. pullus. — Cisiela suturalis: C. fuscipes. Melandria striata: M. labiata. Pyrochroa flabellata. Mordella atrata : M. marginata. No- toxus monodon: N. bicolor. Athicus, 5 species. Scirtes sol- s;itialis. EUychma corusca : E. arcuata. Photuris versicolor. Epicauta marginita: E. vittala. Chauliognalhus bii^iiaculatus. Telephorus Carolina. Malachias cinctus. Anobium notatum : A. capitata. Cupes cinerea. Hister depurator: H. abbrevia- tus : H. 14 striatus : H. 12 lineatus. Necrophoriis grartdis: N. tomentosus : N. arbicoUis. Necrodes suiinamensis. Sil- pha Americana : S. marginalis: S. inequalis. Hololepta acqua- lis. Platysoma sordid um. Nitidula colon. Ips 4 maculosa. Dermostes lardarius. Attagenus cylindricornis. Anthrenus niger. Parnus fastigiatus. Bruchus pisi. Piiyllobius ticnia- tus. Hylobius pales : H. picivorus. Sixus scrobicollis. Cra- toparis lunatus. Balamirus nasicus. Prionus brevicornis: P. cylindricus. Cerasphorus cincius. Clytus flexuosus : v. ery- throcephalus: C. colonus.- C. obliquus, Kn. pallialus, H: C. mucronatus 1 C. picipes, Hylotrupes bajulus. Monochamu- iius pini. Molorchus bimaculatus. Tetraopes tornator. Sa- perda lateralis: S. tripunctata. Strangaiia luteicornis. Lep- tura 4 vittata. Uroplata quadrata: U. naturalis. Cassida cia- A'ata. Chlanys plicata. Celaspis ovatus. Chrysomela trimacu- culata: C. scalaris. Galeruca vittata: G. 12-punctata. Systena striolata. Oedionchus vians. Disonychiacollaris. Zygogramraa pulchra. Craptoderaerythropoda. Phratorasaneus. Triplaxhu-* 478 HISTORY OF meralis. Coccinella borealis : C. 9-notada: C. 10-maculata: C, 20-macLilata: C. tibialis: C. parenthesis : C. munda: C. abre- viata. Cheilocorus stigma, Orthoptera. Gryllotalpa brevipennis ; mole cricket. Acheta abbreviata ; cricket. Pterophylla concavus ; katydid. Locusta Carolina ; our largest grassliopper. L. viridifasciata. Hemiptera. Halys arborea, Say. Cylnus bilineatus, Say. Berrytus spinosLis, S. Mysdochus serripes, Latr. Syrtes erosa. Tingis, four species including T. elongata, Say, first observed in Mis- souri; it is found upon Baptisia tinctoria in June. Galgulus oculatus. Belostoma Americana. Cicada pruinosa ; locust. C. septendecim ; 17-year locust. Membracis bimaculatis, F : M. accuminata, F : M. vau, Say : M. calva, say. Neuroptera— Dm^o??//^^, ^e. Aeshna vinosa, Say. Libellula pulchella : L. Turnaria, Say : L. Lydia. Corydalis cornutus, L. Chauliodes pectinicornis, L. Piiryganea semifasciata, S. Hymenopetra. Tremcx columba, L. Pelicinus polycerator. Pimpla atrata, F. Trogus fulvus. Odynerus quadricornis. Polistes fuscata, L; wasp. Vespa maculata, L; hornet. Leucospis fraterna. Lfpidoptera — Butterjlies. Papilio Turnus: P. glaucus: (female of the former.) P. Philenor: P. Asterius: P. Triolus: Ajax. DiPTERA — Two-icingcd Jlies. Midus filatus. Sphyracephalabrevicornis. Conops sagitta- ria. Tabanus atratus. LANCASTER COUNTr. 47^ MOLLUSCA. The mollusca constitute a class of animals which includes all our land and freshwater shells ; but as the county is out of the influence of salt water, and not even touched by the tide ; we are without any of the more beautiful species which occur in the sea alone. This, however, should not lead us to neglect these humble creatures, for they, as well as the most highly organized, have had their station given to them in the great scheme of creation. Those which construct a univalve shell, are the most highly organized, and include the so called snails, whether of the land or water. These move about slowly upon a disk called the foot, in search of their vegetable food ; and instantly re- tract themselves within their spiral shell, upon being distur- bed. The bivalve species are enclosed in a pair of valves, lined by the mantle of the animal, and closed by two strong transverse muscles, thus differing from the genus Ostrea (oyster) the valves of which are closed by a single muscle. Upon each side of the body of the animal are two long flaps, which are the gills, and the water is admitted by two siphons projected a little, from the upper and hinder part of the shell. The animal moves with the open margin of the shell turned down into the sand, and dravrs itself forward, making a furrow as it advances by means of its foot, with which the oyster is not provided, as it never moves from the place to which it was first attached. The freshwater univalve shells have two tenta- cles projecting from the head, and are divided into those which breathe water, and those which breathe air; the former have the eyes situated upon an enlargement of the outside base of the tentacles ; whilst in the latter, they are upon the head, near the inside of these organs. At the head of our Mollusca, the genus Melania may be placed. It contains but a single spe- cies, Melania Virginica, which occurs throughout the Susque- hanna, and in many of the larger streams. The shell is an inch long, with eight or ten turns ; the color green, with two spiral reddish bands, in some individuals. With this species occurs another belonging to the allied genus Ancuiosa, and called, from the dissimilarity of the various individuals, Areculo,^'a dis- similis. Length half an inch. 4B0 history of In the genus Paludina, the head is much smaller, and the foot much larger, than in Melania. Two species are found in some parts of the Susquehanna, the larger one, Paludina decisa, having a short smooth light green shell, nearly an inch long, whilst that of the other is smaller, rough with transverse spiral lives, of a dull light green color, and \vith a rounder Rperture. Amnicola presents a shell which is a miniature representa- tion of Paludina. Amnicola limosa is one eighth of an inch long, and resembles Paludina decisa, but the aperture is pro- portionally wider. Amnicola lustrica is of the same size, but is more nearly globular, the aperture is circular, and the base of the shell presents an opening. Amnicola granum resem- bles the latter, and is our smallest freshwater shell, being less than the one twentieth of an inch in length. Valvata TRicARiNATA is our only representative of this ge- nus, which is distinguished by the circular aperture and open base. The members of the family of freshwater univalve shells called Phisadae, though they live in waters of ponds and small streams, breathe free air, and are therefore compelled to come to the surface to breathe, which is effected by opening a small aperture to admit the air. The shells are thin and deli- cate, and of uniform tints. Physa heterostropha is extensively distributed over the United States, and is our only species in this genus, which has the peculiarity of having the turns of the shell reversed, or turned in a contrary direction from most spiral shells. Nearly allied is the genus Limnea, of which we have the following species; L. palustris ; shell brown, oblong conic, with six whirls, the surface frequently marked with irregular elevated lines — length about an inch. It is a Europe- an species, but those of this country were named L. elodes, by Say, under the impression of their being a distinct species. L. desidiosa ; a light yellowish delicate shell, growing to the length of 3-4 of an inch, and presenting numerous varieties. L. caperata ; very dark brown, approaching to blackish, Sliell covered with fine spiral elevated lines, 3-4 of an inch long. L. humilis ; shell ovate-conic, short and inflated, less than half an inch long. A slender variety, considered a distinct .'::pecies by some authors; has been named L. medicella. LANCASTER COUNTY. 481 Planorbis is a genus in which the shell is a flattened discoid spiral; the most common species throughout the country being Planorbis bicarinatus. A small species, P. parvus, is more rarely found within our limits, and may be recognized by its small size, being less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, and by its compressed form. In the remaining genus of the family Physadas, the shell is not spiral, but has an oval conical shape, like a shallow cup., being a minute representation of the shell of the marine genus Patella. It may be found attached to stones under water. — The only species observed within the county is named Ancy- lus rivularis. HELICID.E, The land snails have four tentacles, the principal or upper pair, bearing undeveloped eyes upon their summits, and pos- sessing a peculiar structure, by means of which they can be withdrawn ; being tubular, the extremity turns inwards, when the whole tentacle follows. Snails live under bark, logs and stones, our species seldom moving abroad, except in wet weather, or during the night. Our largest species is named, from the broad white lip of the shell. Helix albolabris. The next in size, and nearly like the preceding, is H. thyroidus, dis- tinguished by a white projection or touth, upon the inner side of the aperture. Helix trideiitata; shell depressed, base open, lip white, with two teeth, opposite to v/hich, on the inner side, is a third large curved tooth ; length three-fourths of an inch. Helix concava; shell polished, base very open, aperture nearly circular, the lip expanded. Helix alternata; shell nearly an inch in size, open below, lip sharp ; color yellowish brown, mottled with reddish bands lines of growth coarse. Helix hirsuta may be recognised by the rough exterior, and the narrow, radiating aperture, which is closed up in such a manner by a large tooth, that one might suppose it difficult for the animal to pass ; shell less than half an inch. I have observed the following species of Helix within our borders, together with several others which may have been collected in the neighboring counties : Helix albolabris ; H. thyroidus ; H. alternata; H. concava; 41 482 HISTORY OF H. palliata'? H. fuliginosa ; H. hirsuta ; H. pulchella; H. in- dentata ; H. electrina"! H. labyrinthica. 1 have found Succinea obliqua upon the islands in the Sus- quehanna, opposite to Washington. The shell presents a strong resemblance to some of the forms of Limnea colum- ella, a species which will probably be detected hereafter in this county, as it occurs in other parts of the state, as in the vicinity of Philac'olphia, and in York county. UNI0NID.E. This family includes all our large bivalve shells, usually celled mussles. Unio is the principal genus, and contains the greatest num- ber of species. It is known by having one or two short, robust teeth at the hinge, and behind them one or two others, which are flat and blade-shaped; the former are called cardinal — the latter lamdlar teeth. Alasmodon wants the lamellar teeth, and Anodon is without either kind. The following species in- habit the Susquehanna and branches: Unio cariosus; shell straw yellow, 3 or 4 inches. U. radia- tus; covered with broad green bands, 4 or 5 inches. U. com- planatus ; compressed, dull brown, inside frequently purple ; young sometimes rayed ; extremely variable in form ; our most common species, 3 inches. U. viridis; a small, fragile, brown or green, rayed species, with the cardinal teeth com- pressed, and very variable ; usual length 1^ inch. Alasmodon undulatus; dark brown, rayed, a very robust tootli in each valve, 11 inch. A. marginatus; green, rayed; ^cardinal tooth small and thin ; posterior extremity of the shell truncated ; 2 inches. Anodon cataractus; bright green, rayed; delicate, 4 or 5 inches. Anodon undulatus; dark brown, hinges slightly thickened, having a tendency to form a slight pair of teeth, 2 or 3 inches. JBec Conrad's work for information upon this family ; Binney's on those of the land, and Haldeman's on the frcslnvater uni- Talve species. LANCASTER COUNTY. 488 CHAPTER XIV. A CATALOGUE OF THE FILICOID AND FLOWERING PLANTS OF LANCASTER COUNTY, PENN. AREANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ENDLICHER'S GENERA PLANTARUM. The following attempt to enumerate the Filicoid and Flower- ing Plants of Lancaster county, is based upon the Index Florat Lancastriensis of that eminent B(Jtaiiist, the late Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg; adding thereto, such species as have been since ascertained to grow in the county, — or which, being found ia the adjacent county of Chester, may be safely enumerated among the Lancaster Plants. The List is, unquestionably, still incomplete ; but it was thought better, generally, to omit plants of doubtful habitat, rather than to insert them on mere conjecture. A few species, however, have been included, as probable natives, — with a mark of doubt []] prefixed. By the arrangement in Natural Families, it will be perceived that kindred plants are grouped together according to their structural and other alfinities; thereby rendering the investiga- tion of them more interesting to the Student,— as well as afford- ing a clue to their economical properties. The most usual common, or English Name, is annexed to such Species as have 484 HISTORY OF acquired a popular designation — so far as the same is known to the Compiler. O^The numerals prefixed to the Generic Names, refer to \\\enumher of the Genws, in Endlicher's great work ; and, for the sake of ready distinction, the names of those plants which, are cultivated for useful pur jjoses^ are printed in italic. REGlOnCORMOPHYTil Sectio III. Acrobrya. Cohors II. Prolophyta, CLASSIS VI. EQUISETA. ORDO XXV. EQUISETACEAE. 601 Equisetum, L. sylvaticum, L hyemale, L. Scouring Rush, arvense, L. Horse-tail, fluviatile, LI CLASSIS VII. FILICES. ORDO XXVI. POLYPODIACEAE. Suh ordo I. Polypodieae, 615 Poly podium, L. vulgare^ L hexagonopterum, Mx Phegopteris, L 618 Clieilaiithcs, Sw. vestita, Willd 620 Adiantum, L. pedatum, L. Maiden's Hair. 622 Pteris, L. atropurpurea, L [en. aquilina, L. Brake, or Brack- caudata, L 628 Strutliiopteris, Willd. Pennsylvanica, Willd 629 Oiioclea, L. sensibilis, L 630 Asplenium, L. rhizophvUiim, Willd anguslifuliiim, Mx ebcneum, Willd Trichumanes, L thelyptcrioides, Mx Kuta-muraria, L 639 Nephrodium, Rich. acrostichoides, Mx thelyptcrioides, Mx maiginale,Mx bulbiferum, Mx asplenioides, Mx tenue, Mx 640 Aspidiiim, Sw. Thelypteris, Willd Lancastriense, Spreng 644 Dicksonia, Herit. pilosiuscula, Willd 646 Woodsia, R. Br. Ilvensis, R. Br l^ufidula, Beck Pcrriniana, Hook & Gror ORDO XXX. OSMUNDACEAE. 665 Osmunda, L. interrupta, Mx spectabilis, Willd cinnamomca, L ORDO XXXII. OPIIIOGLOSSEAE. 671 Ophioglossum, L. vulgatum, L 674 Botrychiiiin, Sw. fumarioidcs, Willd dissectum, Willd Virgiiiictim, Sw CLASSIS IX. SELAGINES. ORDO XXXV. ISOETEAE. 693 Isoetes, L. lacustris, L ORDO XXXVI. LYCOPODIACEAB 696 Lycopodiuin, L. clavatum, L. Club Moss complanatum, L LANCASTER COUNTY. 485 dendroideum, Mx alopecLiroides, L rupestre, L apodiim, L lucidulum, Mx Sectio IV. AiMphi- brva. CLASSIS XII. GLUMACEAE. ORDO XLII. GRAMINEAE. Tribus I. Oryzeae. 728 Leersia, Solaiid. oryzoides, Svv. Cut-Grass Virginica, Willd 731 liydrociiloa, Beauv. aquatica, Beauv. Water Oats Tribus II. Plialaridcae. 742 Zea. L. Mays, L. Indian Corn 141 Alopeciimsj L. pratensis, L 750 Pideiim, L. pi'atense, L. Timothy 753 Phalaiis, L. aruiidinacea, L 754 Hok'us, L. lanatus L. Feather-grass 755 Hierochloa, Gmel. borealis, Roem & Schult 756 Anthoxantlium, L. oderatum, L Tribus III. Paniceae. 761 Paspaluin, L. filifurme, S\v laeve, Mx setaceum, Mx 770 Pauicum, L. sanguinale, L glabram, Gaud agrotoides, Muhl proliferum, Lam virgatum, h dichotomum, nitidum, Lain microcarpum, Muhl ancups, Mx capillarc, L latifolium, L clandestuTum, L rectum, Koem & Schult 778 Oplismeiius, Beauv. Crus Galli, Kunth 781 Peniiisetum, Rich, glaucum, R Br. Foxtail Grass viride, i{ Br. Bottle Grass verticillatum, K Br Italicwm, H Br var. g. Kunth, Millet Tribus IV. Stipaceae. 798 Stipa, L. avenacea, L 801 Aristida, L. dichotoma, Mx stricta^ Mx * Poverty Grass Tribus V. Agrostideae. 803 Muhienbergia, Schreb. diifusa, Willd Wildenowii, Trin sylvatica, Gray aristata, Pers Mexicana, Trin sobolifera, Trin SOS Cinna, L. arundinacoa, L S0.9 S[)oroboius, R. Br. Virgiiiicus, Kunth 810 Agrostis, L. vulgaris, Sm. Herd's Grass laxitiora, Richards coriiucopiae, Fras Tribus VI. Aruttdinaceae. 817 Calama^Tostis, Adaiis. Canadensis, Beauv coarctata, Torr 824 Piira2;rnitevS, Trin. communis, Trin Tribus VIII. Chlornideae. 841 Elcusine, Gaertn. Indica, Gaertn. Dog's tail Grass 846 Spartiua, Schreb. cynosuroides, Willd 847 Eulriana, Trin. curtipcndula, Trin Tribus IX. Avcnaceae. 41* 486 HISTORY OP 857 Descliampsia, Beauv. cespitosa, Beauv 859 Aira, L. flexuosa, L 863 Trisetum, Kuiith. Pennsyivanicum, Trin S64 Aveua, L. sativa, L. Common Oats palustris, Mx 865 Arrheiiatherum, Beauv. avcnaceum, Beauv. Oat-Grass 871 Danthoiiia, DC. spicata, Roein & Schult 872 Uralepis, Nutt. cuprca, Kunth Trihus X. Fcstucaceae. 876 Poa, L. pilosa, L hirsuta, Mx capillai-is, L Eragrostis, L reptans, Mx annua, L [Grass trivialis, L. Rough Meadow p rale n sis. L. Green Grass compressa, L. Blue Grass pungens, Nutt 878 Glyccria, R. Br. fluitans. H. Br Miehauxii, Kunth 880 Eaton ia, Raf. truncata, [ci\ Trisetum] 883 Briza; L. media, L Canadensis, Mx 887 Melica, L. speciosa, Muhl 892 J)actylis, L. glomcrnta, L. Orchard Grass 899 Fc-tuca, L. Tenella Willd duriuscula, L Prate nsis, Herds, Fescue clatior, L nuians, Sprcng eOO Jiroiuiis, T^. secalinus, L. Cheat. Chess arvensis, LI (cfr. mollis) purgans, L ciliatus, L pubescens, Muhl 902 Uniola, L. latifolia, Mx Trihus XI. Hordeaceae. 912 Lolium, L. perenne, L. Rye grass 913 Triticum, L. vulgare, Vill. Wheat. (Several varieties cultivated) Spelt a, L. Spelt Polnnicum, L. Polish Wheat repens, L. Couch grass 914 Secale, L. cereale, L. Rye 915 Elymus," L. Canadensis, L striatus, Willd villosus, Muhl Virgin icus, L 916 Gymnosticlium, Sclireb. Hystrix, Schreb 917 Hordouin, L. vulgare, L. Barley \ley distichum, L. Two-rowed Bar-' Trihus XII. Rottboelliaceae. 930 Tripsacum, \j. dactyloides, L. Gama Grass Trihus XIII. Andropogoneae. 950 Aiidropogoii, L. Kcoparius, Mx. Indian Grass furcatus, Muhl macrourus, Mx Virginicus, L Sorghum, Brot. Indian Millet cermnis, Roxb. Guinea Corn hico/or, |{oxb. Chocolate Corn saccharatus^ Roxb. Broom Corn avenaceus, Mx. Indian Grass ORDO XLIII. CVPEllACEAE. Trihus I. Cariceae. 957 Carcx, L. Sedge, rosea, Schk cephalophora, Muhl sparganioides, Muhl LANCASTER COUNTY. 487 Muhlenbergii, Schk vulpinoidea, Mx muliiflora, Muhl bromoides, Schk slellulata, Good scoparia, Schk. (and var) festucacea, Schk cristata, Schw straminea, Schk cespitosa, L acuta, L crinita, Lam polytrichoides, Muhl pedunculata, Muhl "^squarrosa, L hirsuta, Willd virescen?, Muhl gracillima, Schw "JDavisii, Schw. & Torr lanuerinosa, Mx vestita, Willd Penusvlvanica, Lam pubescens, Muhl laxiflora, Lam Granularis, Muhl anceps, Muhl oligocarpa. Schk deb ills, Mx intumescens, Rudge lupulina, Muhl tentaculata, Muhl bullata, Schk resicaria, L trichocarpa, Muhl lacrestris. Willd ! scab rata, Schw hystericina, Muhl pseudo-cyperus, L miliacea,'i\Iuhl umbellata, Schk Tribus III. Sderieae. 964 Scleria, Berg, pauciflora, Muhl triglomerata, Mx ? verticillata, Muhl Tribus IV. Rhynchosporeae. 967 Rhynchospora, Vahl. cymosa, Nutt alba, Vahl 'Jcapiilacea, Torr ' Glome rata, Vahl Tribus VIII. Fuireneac. 998 Fimbristylis, Vahl. Baldwitiiana, Torr 1 spadicca, Vahl autumnalis, ! lia, L 4341 U Olio.!, iidroii, L. nucliflorum,Torr, Honeysuc- kle visc().>um, Torr maximum, L. Mountain Lau- rel Ericaceis qfflnes 4348 Chiiii..ph!!a, Pursh. umbellata, Nutt. Pipsisswa maculata, P.tr li 4349 Py;\;la, Tournef. rutundifoiia, L elliptica, Nutt 1 minor, L secunda, L 4351 Monotropa, Nutt. uuiflora, L. Indian Pipe 4352 Hypopitnys, Diiten. lanuginosa, Nutt Pine sap Co.%ors Kf^, E^Uiiijpeta^ CI ASSIS XL. DISCANTHAE. ORDO CLXII, U:\IBELLIFERAE. Sub ordo I. Orthospermae. Tribus I. Ilydrocotyleae. 4355 HyJrocoiyie, rouruef. Americana, L ] umbellata, L ranunculuides, L 4359 Eiiijc^nia, Nutt. bulbosa, Nutt T? ibus III. Saniculeae. 4382 Scuiicuia, Touruef. Marilandica, L Tribus IV. Ammineae. 4391 Ciru^a, L. maculata, L. Wild Parsnep 4392 Z z,a, Koch, aurea, Koch cijrdata, Koch integerrima, DC. 4393 Ap u:ii, Hoffm. graveolens, L. Celery 4394 Petros'-liimiii, Hoffm. sal ivum, Hoffm. Parsley 4406 Caruaj, Kocn. Carui, L. Caraway 4409 Cryptotaeijia,' DC. Canadensis, DC 4413 S.u;ii, Koch, latifolium, L lineare, Mx 4414 Buj)[("urum, Tournef. rotund if olium, L Trihus V. Seselineae. 4425 Foc'iiiru uuj, Adans. vidgare, Gaertn. Fenn I 4438 T i;isj iuiii, Nutt. barbinode, Nutt 500 HISTORY OF Tribus VII. Angeliceae. 4453 Levisticum, Koch officinale, Koch. Lavage 4457 Archangelica, Hoffm. atro purpurea, Hoflm hirsuta, Torr & Gray Tribus VIII. Peucedaneae. 4412 Archemora, DC. rigida, DC. Cowbane 4473 Pastiiiaca, Tournef. sativa, L. Parsnep 4477 lieracleum, L. lanatum, Mx. Cow Parsnep Tribus XII. Daucineae. 4497 Daiicus, Tournef. Carota, L. Carrot. Sub ordo II. Campylospermae. Tribus XV. Scandicinae. 4506 Chaerophylium, L. procumbens, L 4515 Osmorliiza, Raf. longistylis, DC. Sweet cicely brevistylis, DC Tribus XVI. Smyrneae. 4532 Coniuni, L, rnaculatum, L. Hemlock i Sub ordo III. Coelospermae. Tribus XVII. Coriandrcac. 4549 Coriandruiii, L. sativum., L. Coriander. ORDO CLXIII. ARALIACEAE. 4551 Panax, quinqucfolium, L. Ginseng trifolium, L 4558 Aralia, L. raccmosa, L. Spikenard nudicaulis, L. Sarsapariila hispida, Mx spinosa, L ORDO CLXIV. AMPELIDEAE. 4566 Cissus, L. quinquefolia, Desf. Virginia Creeper 4567 Vitis, L. Labrusca, L. fox Grape aestivalis, Mx. Summer Grape cordifuiia,Mx. Chicken Grape riparia, Mx vinifcra, L. (vars) ORDO CLXV. CORNEAE. 4574 Cornus, Tournef. alternifolia, L. f circinata, Herit paniculata, Herit sericea, L Florida, L. Dogwood ORDO CLXVI. LORANTHACEAE. 4584 Viscum, L. flavescens, Pursh. Misselto ORDO CLXVII. HAMAMELIDEAE. 4591 Hamameiis, L. Virginica, L. Witch Hazel CLASSISXLI. CGRNICULA- TAE. ORDO CLXIX. CRASSULACEAE. 4622 Sedum, L. ternatum, Mx 4625 Penlhorum, L. sedoides, L ORDO CLXX. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Sub ordo I. Saxifrageae. 4634 Saxifraga, L. Virginiensis, Mx Pennsylvanica, L. 4638 Cluysosplenium, Tour- nef. Americanum, Schw. 4639 Heuchera, L. Americana, L. 4641 JMitella, Toimief. diphylla. I, Sub ordo III. Ilydrangeae. 4668 Hydrangea^ L. arborescens, L. ORDO CLXXI. RIBESIACEAE. 4682 Ribes, L. floridum, Herit rubru7n, L. lied Currant nigrum, L. Black Currant IJva crispa, I,. Gooseberry CLASSIS XLII. POLYCAR- PICAE. ORDO CLXXII. MENISPERMACEAE. 4685 Menispcnnuni, Tour- nef. LANCASTER COUNTY. 501 Canadense, L. Moonseed ORDO CLXXIV. ANONACEAE. 4717 Uviria, L. triloba, Tnrr &; Gray. Papaw ORDO CLXXVI. MAGMOLIACEAE. 4737 Magnolia, L. glauca, [j 1 Umbrella, [.ana acuminata, L 4740 Linodandron, L. tiilipifera, L. Tulip Poplar ORDO CLXXyill. RANUNCULACEAE. Trihtis I. Clematideae. 4768 Cle.natis, L. Yirginiana, L. Virgin's Bower viorna, I. 4769 Atragene, DC. Americana, Sims Tribus II. Anemoneae. 4772 T lalictrum, Tournef. dioicum, L Cornuti, L anem jnoides, Mx 4773 Anemone, Hall. nemorDsa, L Virginian a, L Pennsylvanica, L 4774 Hipatica, Dillen. triloba, Chaix. I iver-wort 4777 Hydrastis, L. Canadensis, L. Yellow root Tribus III. Ranwnculeae. 4783 R iiiuicuius. Hall. aquatilis, L Flammula, L reptans, L pusillus, Poir abortivus, L sceleratus, L. Crow foot '\ acris, L repens, L Pennsylvanicus, L recurvatus, Poir fascicularis, Muhl bulbosus, L. Buttercup Tribus IV. Helleboreae. 4786 Caltlia, L. palustris, L. Marsh Marygold 4787 Trollim, L. 1 laxus, Salisb 4795 Aquilegia, Tournef. Canadensis, L. Columbine 4796 Dc^lpiiitnu n, Tournef. Consolida, L. Larkspur Tribus V. Paeonieae. 4799 Actaea, L alba, Bigel. White Cohosh 4800 Botrophis, Rif. racemosa, Raf. Black Snake root >RDO CLXXIX. BERBERIDEAE. 4806 Fojopiiyilum, L, peltatum, L. May apple 4810 Leojtice, L. thalictroides, L. Blue Cohosh CLASSISXLIII.RHOEADES. ORDO CLXXX. PAPAVEtiACEAE. Sub ordo I. Papavereae. 4SXS S in?uiaaria, L. Canadensis, L. Red-root 481 SI Ciielidomu n, Tourne£ majus, L. Celandine 4821 Arg3mo.i3, Tournef. Mexicana, L. Prickley Pop- py 4823 Papaver, Tournef. 1 dubium, L Sub ordo JI. Fumariaceae. 4836 Dicentra, Horkh. CucuUaria, Endl. Breeches flower Canadensis, Endl. Sj[uirrel Corn 1837- Adlumia, Raf. cirrhosa, taf. 1839 Coryd dis, DC. aurea, Willd Glauca, Pursh 4843 Fum ir.a, Tournef. ollicinalis, L. Fumit orv ORDO CLXXXI. CRUCIFEKAE. Sub nrdo I. Pleurorhiz'iae. Tribus I. Arabid'.ae. 4850 Nastui-tiu n, R }3r. olficinale, li. Br. Water Cress 502 HISTORY OF paluslre, DC. amphibium, R. Br 4S51 Barbarea, R.Br. vulgaris, R. Br. praecox, R. B. Scurvy Grass 4S54 Arabis, L. hirsula, Scop lyrata, L laevigata, DC CanadcMisis, L 4S59 Cardainine, L. rhoniboidca, DC Irotundifulia, Mx hirsuta, L 4861 Dentaria, Tournef. laciniata, Muhl diphylla, Mx Trihiisll. Alyssineae. 4SS0 Draba, L. ICaruIiniana, Walt 4881 Erophila, DC. vulgaris, DC 4882 Cochlearia, L. Armoracia, L. Horse Radish Trihus III. Thlaspideae. 4888 Cynocarclamum, W. & B. Virginicum, Webb & Benth Sub ordo II. Notorhizeae. Tribus VII. Sisymbrieae. 4D06 Sisymbrium, L. oificinale, Scop. Hedge Mus- tard 1 canescens, Nutt Thaliana, Gay Tribus VIII. Camelincae. 4919 Camelina, Crantz. sativa, Crantz. Wild Flax Tribus IX. Lepidnieae. 4927 Capsella, Vent. Bursa Pastoris, Moench. Shepherd's Purse 4932 Lepidiiim, R. Br. Sativum, L. Tongue gi-ass Sub ordo III. OrUioptoccae. Tribus Xll. Brass iceae, 4949 Brassica, L. oleraceae, L. Cabbage campestris, L. Ruta baga Rapa, L. Turnep 4950 Sinapis, Tournef. nigra, L. Black Mustard alba, L. White Mustard. Tribus XVI. Raphaneae. 4972 Raplianus, Tournef. sativus, L. Radish. ORDO CLXXXII. CAPPARIDEAE, 4988 Polauisia, Raf. graveolens, Raf CLaSSISXLIV. NELUMBIA. ordo cxxxv. nymphaeaceae. 5020 Nymphaea, Neck, odorata, Ait. Water Lily 5021 Nuphar, Sm. Advena, Ait. Spatter Dock ^'- Sarraccniaceae. 5023 Sarracenia, L. purpurea L. Sidesaddls flower ORDO CLXXXYI. CABOMBEAE. 5025 Brascnia, Schreb. I peltata, Pursh ICLASSIS XLV. PARIETA I LES. I ORDO CLXXXVIII. CISTINEAE. 1 502 9 Helianthemum, Tour- ! nef. Canadense, Mx. [& vars] 5930 Lechea, L. I major, Mx minor, I, am. Pin weed ORDO CLXXXIX. DROSERACEAE. 5033 Drosera, L. rotundifolia, L. Sun dew ORDO CXC. VIOLARIEAE. 5040 Viola, L. Violet, pcdata, L palmata, L cucullata, Ait sororia, Willd sagiltata, Ait blanda, Willd primulaefolia, L striata, Ait LANCASTER COUNTT. 503 Muhlenbergii, Torr rostrata, Pursh pubescens, Ait Canadensis, L tricolor, I^ CLASSIS XLVI. PEPONIFE- HAE. ORDO ecu. CUCURBITACEAE. 5126 Melothria, L. pendula, L 5131 Citriilliis, Neck. eduUs, Spacl). Water Melon 51 30 Lagenaria, Ser. vulgaris, Ser. Calabash 5137 Cucumis, L. Melo, L. Cantaleupe sativus, L. Cucumber Anguria, L. Prickly Cucum- ber. 5138 Cucurbita, L, Pepo, L. Pumpkin Melnpepo, L. Cymling verrucosa, L. Long Squash 5141 Echiiiocystis, Torr & Gray, lobata, Torr & Gray 5146 Sicyos, L. angulatus, L CLASSIS XI.VIII. CAHYO- PHYLDINAE. ORDO CCVL PORTULACEAE 5174 Portulaca, Tournef. oleracea, [.. Purslane 5178 Ta I ill urn, xVdaiis. Ueretifolium, Pnrsh 5180 Claytoiiia, L. Virginica, L 5180 Moliugo, L. verticillata, L. Carpet weed ORDO CCVII. CARYOPHYLLEAE. Sub or do I. Paronychieae. Trihus J.Illeccbreae. 5202 Paroiiycliia, Juss. Canadensis, Endl Tribus V. Polycarpeae. 52 18 Spergularia, Pers. ? arvensis, St. Hil 1 rubra, St. Hil Sub ordo II. Sclerantheae. 5222 Scleranthiis, L. 1 annuus, L. Knavvel. Sub ordo III. Alsineae. Tribus I. Sabuiineae. 5227 Aisiiie, Walilenb. ] Michauxii, Fcnzl. Tribus III. SteUarineae. 5234 Areiiaria, L. serpyllifolia, L lateriflora, L 5240 Stellaria, L. media, Sni. ] pubera, Mx longifolia, Muhl aquatica, Pollich 5241 Cerastium, L. vulgatum, L viscosum, L arvense, L villosum, Muhl nutans, Raf Sub ordo IV. Sileneae, 5248 Silene, L. stellata. Ait nivea, DC Antirrhina, L Pennsylvanica, L olficinalis, Endl. Soap wort 5250 Lychnis, Tournef. Githago, Lam. Cockle ORDO CCVni. PHYTOLACCACEAE. 5262 Phytolacca, Tournef. decandra, L. Poke CLASSIS XIJX. COLUMNI- FEUAE. ORDO CCIX. MALVACEAE. Tribus II. Malveae. 5270 Althaea, Cavan. officinalis, L. Marsh Mallow rosea, Cavan. Holly Hock '5271 Malva, L. rotundifolia, L. Running Mal- low moschata, L, Musk Mallow sylvestris, L crispa, L. Curled Mallow 504 HISTORY OV Trihus III. Hibisceae. I 5277 iiihiscus, L. Trioiium, L I Syriacus, L | 5281 Aheinioschus, Medik. esculentus Moench. Okra. mot>chentos, Medik Trihus IV. S:deae. 5289 Sida, Kuntli. spiiiosa, L Irhombifolia, L 5292 Abutiion, Gnertn. Avicennae, Gaertn. Indian Mallow ORDO CCXII. TILIACEAE. 5373 Tiiia, L. Americana, L. Linden CLAS^IS I .GUTTIFERAE. ORDO CCXVIII. HYPERICINhAE. 5463 Ascyriim, L. Crux Andreae, L 5464 HypLTicum, L. perforatum, L. St. John's Wort corynibosum, Muhl mutilum, L Canadense, L Sarothra, Mx 5465 F^lodea, Adans. Virgin ica, Nutt Cl ASSISLII. ACERA. ORDO CCXXVII. ACERINEAE, 5558 Ac. r, Moench. saccharinum, L. Sugar Ma- ple [Maple. dasycarpum, Ehrh. Silver rubruru, I . Ked Maple 5559 N •'ja uio, Moench. aceroides, Moench, Box El- der CLASyiS LTTT. POLYGALI- NAE. ORDO CCXXXni. POLYGALEAE. 5647 Po.ygala, L. sanguiiiea, Ij cruciata, L verticillata, L ambigua, Nutt Senega, L.Seneca Snake root pol) gama, Walt 1 paucifolia, Willd CLASSIS MV. Fi.ANGULA- CEAE. ORDO CCXXXV. STAPHYLEACEAE. 5673 Sraphyiea, L. trifolia, I . Bladder Nut ORDO CCXXXVI. CELASTRINEAE. 5676 Euonyniiis, Tournef. atropurpureus, Jacq. Burn- ing bush Americanus, L 5679 Celastius, Kunth. scandens, L ORDO CCXXXVIII. ILieiNEAE. 5705 Lex, L. opaca, Ait, Holly 5706 Prinos, L. verticillatus, L. Black Alder ambiguus, Mx ORDO CCXXXIX. RHAMeNeA. 5122 R lamiiu-, Juss. lalnifolius, Herit 5726 Ceanotlius, L. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea C ASSIS LV. TRICOCCAE. ORDO CCXLHI. F.UPHORBIAChAE. Tribus I. Euphorbieae. 5766 Euphorbia, L. hypericifolia,L maculata, L Peplus, L I athyris, L. Mole treie CO ru! lata, L 1 nemoralis, Fl. Cestr. non Kit Ti'ihuslU. Acaly plicae f 5787 Acaiypha, L. Virgin ica \j Trihus V. Phyllantheae. 5847 Piiyllanti.us, S\v. Caroliniensis, Walt. Ci.ASSlS LVI. TEREBIN- THINEAE. ORDO CCXLIV. JUGLANDeAe. [5889 Gary a, Nutt. LANCASTER COUNTY. 505 sulcata, Nutt alba, Nult. Shellbark Hick- tomentosa, Nult amara, Nutt porcina, Nutt. Pignut 1 microcarpa, Nutt 5890 .luglans, L. nigra, L. Black Walnut cinerea, L. Butternut regia, L. English Walnut ORDO CCXLV. ANACARDIA- CEAE. 5905 Rhus, L. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach, glabra, L. Smooth Sumach \ copallina, L [mach venenata, DC. Poison Su- toxicodendron, L. Poison vine ORDO CCL. ZANTHOXYLEAE. 5972 ZaDthoxylon, Kiiiith. fraxineum,Wiild. Pricklv A5:;h GLASSISLVII. GRUINALES. ORDO CCLIV. GERANIACEAE. 6046 Geranium, Herit. maculatum, L Carolinianum, L 1 pusillum, L ORDO CCLV. LINEAE. 6056 Linum, L. Virginianum, L usitatissimum, L. Flax ORDO CCLVI. OXALIDEv^E. 6058 Oxalis, L. Wood Sor- rel, vlolacoa, L corniculata, L stricta, L ORDO CCLVII. BALSAMINEAE. 6060 Impatiens, L. Snap weed, pallida, Nutt fulva, Nutt ORDO CCLVTII. TROPEOLEAE. 6063 Tropaeolum, L. majvs, L. Nasturtium. ORDO CCLIX. LIMNANTHEAE. 43 .[orr 6065 Floerkea, Willd. proserpinacoides, Willd. CLASSIS LVIIT. CALYCI- FLORAE. ORDO CCLXV. OENOTHEREAE. Tribus I. Jussieueae, 6111 Isnardia, DC. altcrnifolia, DC palustris, L Tribus II. Epilobieae. 6115 Oenothera, L. biennis, L. Evening Primrose fruticosa, L 6121 Epilobium, L. angustifolium, L coloratum, Muhl palustre, L. (and var.) Tribus VI. Circaeaceae. 6130 Circaea, Tournef. Lutetiana, L. Enchanter's Nigtitshade Tribus VII. Gaureae, 6131 Gaura, L. biennis, L ORDO CCLXVI. HALORAfJEAE. 6134 Hippuris, L. 1 vulgaris, L. Horse-tail ORDO CCLXVIl. LYTHRARIEAE 6146 Ammannia, Houst. \ hum ills, Mx 6151 Cuphea, .Tacq. viseosissima, Jacq CLASSIS LIX. MYRTIFLO- RaE. ordo cclxviii. melastoma- ' CEAE. 6200 Rhexia, R. Br. Virginica, L CLASSIS LX. ROSIFLORAE. ORDO CCLXX. PO.IIACEAE. 6341 Cydonia, Tournef. vulgaris, Pers. Quince. 6342 Pyrus, Liiidl. communis, L, Pear Alalus, L. Apple Coronaria, L. Crab Apple 506 HISTORY OF arbutifulia, L. f G345 Aiiiclaiichicr, IMcdik. Canadensis, Torr k Gray G353 Cmtaegus, L. oxyacantha, L crusgalli, L. Cockspur Thorn coccinea, L tomentosa, L punctata, L. Jacq [Thorn cordata. Ait. Washington '? parvifolia. Ait ORDO CCLXXII. ROSACEAE. Suh ordo I. Roseae. G357 Rosa, Tournef. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose lucida, Ehrh. Dwarf Rose rubiginosa, L. Sweet Briar. Sub ordo II. Dryadeae. G360 Rubiis, L. Idaeus, L. Garden Raspberry odcratus, L. Flowering Hasp- berry occidentalis, L. Raspberry villosus. Ait. Blackberry Canadensis, L. Dewberry hispidus, L. Swamp Dewber- ry 6361 Fragaria, L. Virginiana, Ehrh. Wild Strawberry vesca, L. Garden Straioberry G363 Potentiila, L. Norvegica, L. Canadensis, L. Cinquefoil 636S Agrimoiiia, Tournef. Eupatoria, L 6373 Saiigiiisorba, L. Canadensis, L 63S6 (i.uin, L. Virginianum, L rivule, L Sub ordo III. Spiracaccae. 6391 Spiraea, L. opuliloiia, L salieiloiia, L toriientosa, L 6393 Ci;lk'ii:a,ArocnclL trifoliata, Mounch. Indian Physic ORDOCCLXXIII. AMYftDALEAE 6405 Amygdalus, L. Persica, L. Peach 6406 Primus, L. Armeniaca. L. Apricot dasycai'pa, L. Black Apricot domestica, L. Damsi>n Plum Americana, Marsh. Red Plum chicasa, Mx. Chicasa Plum Cerasus., L. Cherry pumiki, L Virginiana, L ser(jtina, Ehrh. Wild Cherry CLASSIS LXI. LEGUAilNO- SAE. ORDO CCLXXV. PAPILIONA- CEAE. Tribus I. Podalyricae. 6421 Baptisia, Vent, tinctoria, R. Br Tribus II. Loteae. 6472 Crotalaria, L. sagittalis, L. Rattle box 6473 Lupinus, Tournef. perennis, L. Wild Lupine 6507 iMedicago, L. sitiva, L. Lucerne lupulina, L. Hop Trefoil 6510 Alelilotus, Tournef. officinalis, Willd. Mehlot 65 11 Trifolium, Tournef. arvense, L. Stone Clover p?'oiense, L. Red Clover retlexum, L re pens, L. White Clover. ] procumbens, L. agrarium, L. Yellow Clover Wild Indigo If) Tephrosia, V ers. Virginiana, Pers. Cat-gut 6546^R(^binia, L. Psued-acacia, L. Locust tree viscDsa, Vent. Clammy Lo- cust Tribus III. Vicirac. GolS Cicer/rournef. LANCASTER COUNTY. 507 arietinum, L. Chick Pea 6579 Pisiim, Tournef. sativum, L. Garden Pea 6580 Ervum, Tournef. Lens, L. Lentil Ihirsutum, L 6581 Vicia, L. Fala, L. Horr^e Bean Americana, Muhl Cracca, L 6582 Lathy rus, L. venosus, Muhl Tribus IV. Hedysareae. 6600 Stylosaiithes, Sw. elatior, Sw 6615 Desmodium, DC iiudiflorum, DC acuminatum, DC 1 pauciflorum, DC canescens, DC Dillenii, Darlingt cuspiclatum, Torr & Gray viridiflorum, Beck Marilandicum, Boott ciliare, DC "! rigidum, DC paniculatum, DC rotundifolium, DC 6623 Lespedeza, Rich. The preceding List contains about 550 Genera, and some- thing more than 1200 Spzcies: of which upwards of 100 species may be found under cultivation, in the fields, or gardens, of Lancaster county. A detailed description of the greater portion of the plants, here enumerated, is furnished in the Flora of Chester County : and the whole of them — except, perhaps, a few of the cultivated ones, — will be comprised in Tokrey & Gray's truly national work, the Flora of North America— now in pro^ cess of publication. October, 1843. procumbens, Mx violacca, Pers 1 Stuvei, Nutt hirta, Ell capitata, Mx Tribus V. Phaseoleae. 6630 Amphicarpaea, Ell. monoica, Torr & Gray 6653 Galactia, P. Br. ] glabella, Mx 6673 Apios, Boerh. tuberosa, Moench 6674 Phaseo'iU?, L. perennis, Walt 1 diversifolius, Pers helvolus, L C vulgaris, L. Pole Bean I var. nanus. Bunch Bean lunatus, L. Lima Bean Tribus VII. Sophoreae. 6750 Cercis, L. Canadensis, L. Judas Tree Tribus VIII. Caesalpineae. 6756 Gleditschia, L. triacanthos, L. Honey Locust 6781 Cassia, L. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna Chamaecrista, L nictitans, L 508 HISTORY OP BIRDS OF LANCASTER COUNTY BY J. J. LIBHART. In arranging this catalogue, no particular classification has been followed. The species are placed under the generic names of the older Systematis, with the expectation of render- ing it more satisfactory to the general reader. ORDER— ACCIPITRES—LixAEus. Carthartes aura, turkey buzzard. Falco peregrinus, wander- ing falcon: F. spauverius, sparrow hawk. Halicetos leucoce- phalus, bald eagle. Pandion halioetus, fish-hawk. Astur coo- perii, Cooper's hawk. Buteo lagopus, rough-legged hawk: B. buteoides, short winged hawk : B. leverianus, red-tailed hawk. Circus uliginous, hen harrier. Surnia nyctea, snowy owl: S. asio, red owl: S. noevia,* mottled owl. Bubo Virgin- iana, great horned owl. Ulula otus, long eared owl: U. nebu- losa, barred owl. Strix Americana, barn owl. ORDER— PASSERES—cuviER. Family — dentirostres — Cuv. Lanius exubitor, great American shrike. Muscicapa tyran- nus, king-bird. M. crinita, crested fly catcher: M. atra, pewit flycatcher: M. virens, wood pewee: M. acadica, small pewee. Setophaga ruticcilla, red start: M. coerula, sylvan fly catcher. Vireo flavifrons, yellow throated vireo: V. noveboracensis, white eyed vireo : V. silvus, warbling vireo : V. olivaceus, red-eyed vireo. Ictcria viridis, ycUow-brcasted chat. Sylvia coronata, myrtle bird: S. petechia, red-poll warbler: S. Lutiva, yellow warbler: S. pardalina, Canada warbler: S. macules, *We arc confirmed in the opinion, that Wilson was correct in making the red and mottled owls distinct species. We possess an old female red owl and its young, already fledged, possessing the same colors, shot from the nest. Later authors, say the mottled individuals are the old and mature birds, and the red ones the young. LANCASTER COUNTY. 509 black and yellow warbler: S. vivens, black throated green warbler: S. blackburnioe, blackburnian warbler: S. castenea, bay breasted warbler: S. striata, black-poll warbler: S. varia, spotted warbler: S. pinus, pine warbler: S. formosa,* Ken- tucky warbler: S. trichas, yellow throated warbler. Dacnis verrnivora, worm-eating warbler: D. solitaria, blue winged yellow warbler. Regulus calendulus, ruby-crowned wren: R. cristatus, golden crested wren. Sialia Wilsonii, blue bird. Bombyciila carolinensis, cedar-bird. Orpheus poUyglottus, mockingbird: 0. rufus, ferruginus thrush: 0. felivox, cat- bird. Turdus migratoiius, robin : T. mustelinus, wood thrush T. minor, little hermit thrush : T. Wilsonii, Wilson's thrush.— Pyranga rubra, black-winged red-bird. Family — fissirostres — Cuv. Hirundo purpurea, purple martin : H. rufa, barn swallow: H. biculor, white bellied swallow: H. reparia, bank swallow: H. Fulva,f cliff swallow. Cypselus pelasgius, chimney swal- low. Caprimulgus vociferus, whip-poor-will: C. Virginianus, night-hawk. Family — conirostres — Cuv. Sturnus ludovicianus, meadow lark. Icterus phoeniceus, red-winged blackbird: I.Baltimore, oriols: I. spurius, orch- ard oriole. Emberiza agripennis, bob-o-link: E.Americana, black-throated bunting: E. nivalis, snow bunting. Spiza cy- anea, indigo bird: S. Pennsylvanica, white-throated sparrow: S. melodia, song sparrow: S. savanna, savannah sparrow : S. graminca, grass sparrow: S. Canadensis, tree sparrow: S. so- cialis, chipping sparrow: S. nivialis, common snow-bird. — Carduelis tristis, American gold finch. Fringilla erythropthal- ma, to wee fmch. Erythrospiza purpurea, purple finch. Gui- racse cardinalis, cardinal grosbeak: G. ludovicianarosebreast- cd grosbeak: G. cosrulea,| blue grosbeak. Pyrrhula enuclea- *This r.ylvia, it is said, is not found east of the mounlalns. I ^have sev-> era! specimens in my collection, procured here. •jThis species was first observed in this vicinity eight or ten years ago, — They attached their singular and ingenious nest on the sides of the piers of the Columbia bridge. 4:Bartrain, saw this bird near the city of Lancaster; it is seldom geen iii the Union- 43* 510 HISTORY OF tor,* pine grosbeak. Parus bicolor, tufted titmouse: P. palus- tris, blaek-capped titmouse. Alauda alpistris, shore lark.— Garrulus cristatus, blue Jay. Corvus corone, common crow. Quiscalis, versicolor, crow blackbird : Q. baritus, slender billed blackbird : Q. ferrugineus, rusty blackbird. Family — tenuirostres — Cut. Sitta Carolinensis, white breasted nuthatch: S. Canadensis, red-bellied nuthatch. Certhia familiaris, brown creeper. — Troglodytes fulvus, house wren: T. eurepceus, winter wren : T. palustris, marsh wren. Mellisuga colubris, ruby throated humming bird. ORDER— ALCYONES—TEMMiNCK. Alcedo alcyon, belted king fisher. ORDER— SCANSORES—Cuv. Colaptes auratus, golden wood pecker or flicker. Picus pi- leatus, log-cock: P.erythrocephalus, red-headed wood pecker: P. varius, yellow-bellied wood pecker: P. Carolinus, red- bellied wood pecker, : P. villosus, hairy wood pecker: P. pu- bescens, downy wood pecker. Coecygus Americanos, blacks billed cuckoo: C. dominicus, yellow-billed cuckoo. ORDER— GALLING— CUV. Maleagris gallopavo,f wild turkey. Ortyx Virginiana, par- tridge. Tetrao umbcllus, ruftcdgrous or pheasant. Columba Carolinensis, turtle dove: C. migratorias, wild pigeon. ORDER— GRALL^.— CUV. Caladris arenaria, sand plover. Charadriuspluvialis, golden plover: C. melodia, ring plover: C, vocifcrus, kildeer plover, Squatarola helvetica, field plover. Tringa pectoralis, pectoral sand piper: T. Wilsonii, Wilson's sand piper. Ileteropoda •It is not often that this species extends its emigrations this far south. — Late in Novojnber, 183G, the writer obtained several individuals in this vi- cinity, from a fluck of fifteen or twenty. fThe wild turkey is still occasionally met with on the northern confines of the county. A few arc also known still to exist on Chesnut hill ridge. Several years ago an individual was shot near Chiques creek, on the ground?^ now the property of S. Boyi^ Esq. hy Mr. F. Kagle. LANCASTER COUNTY. 511 semipalmaia, semi pal mated snipe. Totanus vociferus, greater yellow shanks tattler: T. flavipes, smaller yellow shanks tattler: T. chloropygius, green rump tattler.- T. macularius, peet-weet snipe. Limosa fedoa, marbled godwit. Numenius longirostris,* long billed curlew: N. hudsonicus esquimax curlew. Scolopax Wilsonii, American snipe. Rusticola minor, woodcock. Rallus Virginianus, Virginia rail. Crex Caroli- nus, soree or rail. Ardea herodius, great blue heron : A. egret- ta, white heron: A. nycticorax. qua-bird: A. lentiginous, bit- tern: A. virescens, green heron or fly-up the creek : A. exilis, least bittern. ORDER— NATATORES—viEiLLOT. Phoenicopterus ruber.f red flamingo. Fulica Americana, coot. Podiceps cornutus, dobchick. Hydroka Corolinensis„ pied-billed dobchick. Sterna argentea,]: silvery tern. Larua capistratus, brown masked gull. L. canus, common gull: L.. argentatus, herring gull: Zonorhynchus, ringed-billed gull. — Anser hyberboreus, white snow goose : A. Canadensis, com- mon wild goose : A. barnicla, brent goose. Cynus fcrus, white swan. Anas clypeata, shoveler duck: A. domcstica, mallard duck: A. strepera, gadwall duck: A. acuta, grey or pintail duck: A. Americana, bald pate duck : A. obscura, black duck: A. discors, blue winged teal : A. crecca, green winged teal. Dendronessa sponsa, wood duck. Oidemia fusca, velvet duck: 0. Americana, American scoter duck: 0. nigra, scoter duck. Gymura rubida, ruddy duck. Fuligula valisneria, can- vass-back duck : F. ferina, pochard or red-headed duck: F., rufitorques, ring-necked duck. Clangula vulgaris, whistling or golden eyed duck: C. albeola, spirit duck. Harelda glaci- alis, long-tailed duck, or "South southerly." Mergus mergan- ser, goosander or great fisher duck: M. serrator, red breast- ed fisher duck : M. cucullatus, hooded fisher duck. Colymbus glacialis, loon. The principal number of the species enumerated in the foregoing catalogue, have come under the observation of the writer ; and are known to be residents, or casual visiters within the limits of the county. Specimens of most of them are in Libhart's " Museum of the Arts and Sciences," in Marietta, and were obtained in that vicinity. *This and the following species have been shot on the Conestoga, near Lancaster, — now in the museum of that city. tVVe have been informed that the specimen in the Lancaster museum, was shot on the Conestoga. When found thus far north they must be considered only as stragglers. :^A specimen now m my possession, shot on the Susquehanna in 1840. 512 HISTORY OP A P P K i\ 1> I X . A. p. ?3. TaoMAs and Rich Ann Pknx surviving proprietors of the province of Pennsylvania entered, July 4, 1760, with Lord Baltimore into adeliiiiteai^rec- inent touehing the Iniai adjustment of the houndary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. ConHiiissioricrs were apjiointed for that purpose. 'J'hose for Maryland were Huratia bharpe, Uenjaniin Tasker, Jr., Edward Lloyd, Robert Jenkins Henry, Daniel Dulany, Stephen Bordley, Rev. Alexander Malcolm; on the part ot Pennsylvania, the Hon. James Hamilton, William Allen, Richard Peters, Benjamin Chc\v,Lynford i.ardner, Ryves Holt,Georga Stephenson. While the committee was engaged in thsnr labors, the following persons were appointed on the part of Maryland to supply vacancies, the Kev. John Boaruley, George Stuart, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, and John Bealu Boardiey. To supjily vacancies on jnirt of Pennsylvania, Rev. John Ewing, William Coleman, Edward Shippen and Thomas Willing. The commissioners convened at IVew Castle, Nov. 19, 17G0, and after much deliberation made a final report the 9th Nov. 1763. The whole of their transactions have been faithi'ully recorded, and the document been pre- served, hi 1762, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were employed to run the line, and put an end to a subject of early and continued warm con- troversy. Before the final adjustment of this vexed question, and the definiteness of the line, many !iad taken up lands under Marv land warrants. The lands now owned by David Brown, and James Barnes, in Drumore township, and by James M'Spurvaji, Jeremiah and Slater Brown, James A. Caldwell, Nich- olas Boyde, Timothy Haines, Allen Cook, Robert Maxwell, William Cook and others ot Little Britain township, were, we have been informed, all taken up under Maryland warrants. B. p. 39. Jamks LeTout was according to R, Conyngham, Esq., a French Hugue- not, and member of the French settlement on the Schuylkill; living among the Indians, he aciiuired a knowledge of their language, and was useful to the government as an Indian agent and interpreter. He lived on or near the banks ot theSusijuehanna, within the present limits of Lancaster county in 1719. From the Colonial Records, \o\. II. p. 100 — it seems he came to this country when quite young. *• Having been bred in it from his infancy," and from p. 1 23, it appears he had been at Concstoga prior to 1703; and accord- ing to Hazzard'o Rc^•i^lcr, vol. XV. p. 82, he penetrated to Cumberland Valley as c irly as 1731, and t'cttlcd at Lc Tort's spring near Carlisle. LANCASTER COUNTY. 513 C. p. f/J. TnK II LT;f KNOTS. — ThiH torm, HOW 80 vvcll uridf-rstood as an honorable, rather than a dishonorable desiijnation of those who professed the Re- formed religion in France, during the persecutions and civil wars in that kingdom, is involved in some obscurity. Whether it was originally confer- upoii them, by the adherents of the so styled "Mother (Jhurcb" as a term of reproach, or voluntarily assumed by themselves as a party name, or whether it is a derivation from some other word, having an analogous sound, and introduced from some foreign language, is equally uncertain. Many and various are the sources to which the learned and the curious have en- deavored to trace the etymrlogy of this word ; but like every thing else founded upon conjecture, we are left as much in the dark as ever. Some have assserted that the term was originally applied to the nifrnbers of the Rcf<;rmed by the dignitaries of the Romish Church, as one of reproach. To sustain this posiiion, it is argued that when the new doctrine was first preached in France, a number of the inhabitants of the city of Tours — which afterwards, and next to the city of Rochelle, ranked as the strongest hold of the Reformed party — embraced the same. Unlike the Romanists* their worship was conducted in the evening as well as in the day. Culti- vating a spirit of genuine piety, they met after night in each others houses for social [irayer. In this, they imitated the example of primitive christians, and like them, they became the subjects of a persecution almost as relent- less. Going from house to house as the place of meeting might chance to be, after the labors of the day were over, to attend to this pious duty, and returning therefrom al a later hour, their enemies, the papists, endeavored to prevent the extension of their doctrines, by reporting at first that they were engaged in some foul conspiracy against the government, and aflcrwardg against the people. Failing in their attempts to affect them in this way, and finding that the fallow ground was being broken up daily, with the Tpry misc of a rich return, and that the seed of the true faith which was sown in confidence, was germinating and yielding an abundant harvest, despite their efforts, to the contrary-, they next changed their mode of warfare, and en- deavored to effect their object by bringing them into ridicule and contempt For this purpose, they seized upon the fact of their meeting after night, and connected with it a story, then current, concerning the city of Tours. One of the gates of the city, it seems, was called Hugo, and according to a popu- lar tradition from Hugo, comte Tours, who it seems according to the same tradition, was eminent in life only for his crimes, oppression and cruelty. — After his death — so runs the story — his spirit incapable of repose, haunted immediately after nightfall, the scene, which was the neighborhood of the gate in question, of its cruelty and crimes, when embodied in the flesh. — Many and strange pranks were played, and many a hapless wight was 514 HISTORY OF bruised and beaten by this pugnacious spirit, all of which added to horribfe sounds and unearthly noises in the immediate vicinity of its walks, so alarmed the inhabitants as to induce them to keep closely housed, whenever the hour for its appearance drew near. Hence, Hugo and ghost came to be synonymous; and as has been already shown, the social worship of night- meetings of the Reformers being so widely different from the imjiosing cere- mony of the Romish church, and requiring them consequently to be out more after nisht than the latter, each individual of the former was called a IIuiio, the whole Huguenots. Thus much for tliis derivation, and the tale that thereby hangs. 'J'lie next supposed derivation, is that it was a term voluntarily assumed by themselves as a party name, when their religion was attacked and they were forced to take arms against the government in self-defence. As they Avere rigid Calviriists, of great sanctity of character and purity of morals^ Casoneuvp has pretended to have discovered the original in the Flemish word Fleghenon or Huguenon, which means Cathari or Puritan ; but this is not very yirobable, inasmuch as it is not likely, that having a word in their own vcciihulary, su expressive as "Puritan." they would be disposed to bor- row from a lanauage no more known than the Flemi.^h. Anotlier author has attempted to trace its origin to Hufrncnotc, a name given to ar. iron or earthen pot for cooking, by connecting it with the j^ersecu^ lions to which the Reformed were subjected in France; and basing it upon the hypotiiesis, that some of their number may have been roasted or tortured' and exposed to the flames like a vessel used for culinarv' purposes. These are all, however, but mere surmises, unsupported and unsustained by any thincr at all calculated to give them, a prof>er title to serious coi.sider-^ cration. The only etymology then, which in our humble opinion remains, is undoubtedly the true one — this we shall briefly attempt to prove by the history of the times and the people. Eids'-noss is a German compounded word, in the Saxon and Dutch dial- ects Eedneudtieu ; of which the singular is Ei(J<^eTioss, or Eedgtnol.* It is firmed from Eid an oath, and Genoss a confederate or partaken of the oath; and was the original designation of the three Swiss patriots William '/'ell, V.'alter Fuerst and Arnold of Me'cthahj on the night of the 7th Nov. 1307, met at Rurtli on the lake of lAJzcrne and there hound themselves by a solemn oath, to shake off the yoke of their Austrian oppressors, and to re-establish the libf^rties of their country. The conspiracy thus formed was embraced with delicrht by all to whom it was communicated, each member of which was called an Eid::e).o98 and afterwards, January 7, A. D. 13U8, when the people of the Vv'aidstetter, compered of the Cantons Appenzell, Glaris and IJri, met in solemn council and took the oath of perpetual alliance, they were designated as the Eihenuosst^tiachaft, i- e. Confederation. Through suc- cessive generations they were thus known, and \\iien in aftertimes, the peo- ple of fieneva which had now been included in the Swiss confederation, em- braced the doctrines of John Calvin; they threw off the allegiance of the Duke of Savoy ; and in order to maintain their independence, formed a con- federacy after the example of the Waldstetter with tlie ('antons of Bern and Freiboure, whi h was also confirmed by an oath of all the contracting par- ties. Like the original patriots, they in turn were called Eidcencssm. This movement being half temporal and half ecclesiastical or spiritual, related to ♦Lewis Mayer. D, D. See liis letter, Oct. 11. 1843. f Davenport, article Fuerst. LANCASTER COUNTY. 515 tlieir freedom of government as men and the rights of conscience as Cliris^ Hans. Hence in its popular usage, this term conveyed the primary idea of freemen, in contradistinction to mameiu/;es, seijs or slaves by which name the party of the Duke was better known ; and also the secondary idea of a religious reformation, in the mind of the adliercnts to the Romish faith. For the city of Geneva, having embraced the Reformed doctrines, and immedi- ately thereafter, tin-own olf their allegiance, under the circumstances already given, the term Eiyrtnosstn became identiried among the [)apists with the notion of rebels, or apostoies from the church, and was therefore consequent- ly used as a term of reproach. From Geneva, where he had taught with so much success that instead of Zurich, it became the metropolis of the Reformed Churches, Calvin, ardent in the discharge of what he conceived his duty, pushed hi^ doctrines with eminent success into his native kingdom of France. They were readily em- braced by the learned and the pious, without regard to caste or standing in society. The admiral Gaspar de Coligni, D' Andelot, Mornay, Duplessis, Jja Rcnandie, the Prince de Conde Ann Dubourg, Theodore Beza, and a host of others equally worthy and eminent for ti.eir virtues, were among the firmest supporters o!" the Reformation, and the teachers of its doctrines. Sus- tained by such men even against the power of the court; in the midst of persecutions and civil wars — the f)rofessors of the Reformed religion were spoken of vidth respect; and althouuh the term Eidgenoss, or Eedgenot, was known in France at that time, slid no ellbrt was made to bring them into disrepute by the application of this or any other term of ridicule except when they were occasionally called ^'the preknded rt formed''^ or "seditious rehg- ionists" in the state papers. Thus they remained, until on the accession of Francis, II. to the throne and his early marriage with Mary, Queen of 5>cot- land. Being very young in years, and devotedly attached to his young Queen, he readily transfered the care of his kingdom to his wife's uncle, the Dukes of Guise and Lorraine. This berat discontent among the protcstants who only wanted a leader to organize tliem into a formidable body. Calvin like Thomas Cranmer, the celebrated reformer, had taught that the king was supreme, and acting upon this principle, the French Calvinists m.aintained that the King being yet in his minority was to be protected by his subjects from the tyranny of his uncles; to this end a plan was concerted known as the conspiracy of Amboise, for their overthrow of which the Prince deCondc was unanimously chosen leader; but without his knowledge, nor was he to ho considered as a p;irticipator, until the time of action arrived. J.iim De Bari, and the Sieur La Renandi, in the meantime were to direct all their jnovemenln. In coid'ormity with this phn they convened a meeting of the protestar.t leaders at .\'antes,in the darkness of the night in a ruined building on the outskirts of the town. Before tliey proceeded to develope their schemes, La Ranandi, administered solemn oaths that 'nothing be done or attempted against the King and Qaeen-m..ther, or princes, his brothers.' To tnis agreement tliey all swore ; and after praying for success, they parted with fraternal embraces and in tears. I'he time and place of carrying their plot into execution, was to be at Blois, on the L5th March, 1550. By some means the plot was discovered to the Count and therefore, the Duke of Guise was appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, with supreme power in .nil cases, civil and military. Armed with this authority he adopted the most energetic measures to suppress the protestants, and although succeeded in defsating and killing La Renandi and a few of his companions, yet the 43irect was not produced which the Count anticipated ; but on the contrar}^. 516 HISTORY OF the Reformed party increased in numbers and displayed additional zeal and activity in all their movements much to the annoyance of tlie Guises and their adherents." It is only at this period of history in France then that wc find the profes- sors of the Reformed religion first designated by the term Huguenots. They were identified in faith with the Reformed of Geneva, and Uke them, upon the discovery of the conspiracy referred to, were called Eidgcnossm, that is in the Papist sense, rebels and apostates. From this, owing to their igno- rance of the orthography of the Geiman word, and their inability to pro- nounce it correctly ; but yet well knowing its import, it is easy to conceive that Frenchmen would readily corrupt it into Huguenot. The analogy ig striking, the facts undoubted, and the reasons given, to our mind, at least satisfactory. With this brief enquiry into the origin of the term Eidgcnossen, i. e. Hugueno', we might rest, but as there are many descendants of this brave, moral, religious and much persecuted people, residing in Lancaster county, and in some instances still living upon the farms originally patented by their refugee ancestors, we feel bound to say a word concerning them. Alter the Huguenot colonics at New Rochelle, West Chester county, Esopus, Ulster county, New York, had been formed, some of their number at an early day, as has been shown (pages 101, 107, 1 11.) emigrated to this county and com- menced seltlements. This soon opened the way for a direct emigration of their persecuted brethren still remaining in France, and of others who had sought [;rotection of the protcstant powers of Switzerland, Germany, Hol- land and England. Among the most prominent of these early Huguenot settlers in this county, we give the names of several heads of familes, as follows: Ije Fevre, Firre, or Fuehre, now corrupted into Ferree, Brinton, Le Mont, now written Leaman, Bushong, Deahong, Le Roy, anglilicd into King, Le Ba/ure, now corrupted into Bezoar, or Besorc, La Rue, Dubois, La rierre, anglified into Stein, Goshen, Barre De Normandie, Meessakop, now spelt Messenkop, Bucher, Verdre,De Hoof, now spelt Dehulf, l^e Chaar, now written Lcscher, Cherrard, and others. These pious aiid persecuted men with their fellow refugees and families passed " through much tribulation," until at length they secured lor them- selves and posterity an assylum where they could " worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences." Although tlicy succeeded far be- yond their most sanguine expectations, still they looked back with regret, and in many instances with home-sick hearts, ujmn the vine-clad hills and sunny fields of their own much loved France. 'i^hey were exiles from the land of their nativity, the broad billows of the Atlantic rolled between them and the graves of their fathers. Separated from friends and kindred, who in turn were driven to seek the protection of foreign potentates or restrained by the policy of the government, after tlie revocation of the edict of Nantes, from emigrating and forced into an abjuration of their fa th — how harrass- ing must have hcen their feelings and how sore their trials !! But, "He who tempers the wind to the shorn lamii," was still gracious unto them ; he who had protected and defended them from dangers imminent and terrible, was still "their strcriglli and aliidin'g place." Time blunted the keencss ol their sorrows, and as the forest began to bloom beneath tlieir labors, they sat down in contentment, and in daily prayer returned thanksgiving unto Him, who is the Author of every good and perfect gift. STATISTICS OF Townships. Bart - - - - Brecknock - - Caernarvon Colerain - - - Conestoga - - Drumore - - Earl - - - E. Cocalico - ■ E. Donegal - E. Hempfield *«- Elizabeth - - Ephrata - - • Lampeter* Lancaster - • Leacock* - - Little Britain • Manheim - - Manor - - - Strasburg* Mount Joy - • Rapho - - - Salisbury Salisbury . - - Martic - - Warwick - - W. Cocalico V/. Donegal* - W. Earl - - W. Hempfield LANCASTER COUI^TI FOR 1840. K m S^ O h3 w w D o CLi i < i a a o fa o o 1,859 4 4 I • ■~437- 12,125 732 6 6 342 4,428 1,590 10 4 2 395 24,411 1,453 4 4 1 1 336 12,140 2,866 12 5 2 680 30,365 2,268 8 5 1 687 •36,885 3,982 10 7 1,178 64,900 1,893 10 1 388 16,842 4,415 6 1 576 50,000 1,657 8 418 36,231 2,049 12 3 1 1 767 24,498 2,083 8 4 463 21,700 3,296 8 7 198 17,491 9,226 7 2 275 10,710 3,337 3 3 1,832 148,718 3,042 17 8 3 779 41,35f 1,829 4 3 553 37,1' 4,152 10 4 905 60.( 4,155 18 6 1,093 7i;9 2,375 7 479 25,6i 3,557 10 5 ^2 1,135 63.9? 2,093 8 «3 257 17,1: 3,959 3 1 875 73,( 2,453 12 4 1 481 16,f 3,725 12 7 1,304 57/ 1,229 4 3 368 4r 2,510 5 6 1 557 1,723 7 6 587 4,682 11 4 1 435 *SincG 1840, these have been divided. Note. — The Furnaces produced in 1840, 6,912 tons cf pigs ; ti 2,090 tons of bar iron ; consumed 16,525 tons of fuel. There were 10 Commission houses with a capital of ^56,000; 25 capital !^1 ,09 0,085 ; 25 Lumber-yards, capital ^207,000 ; 1 Cotton 2,000 spindles, value of articles manufactured ^10,000 ; employed sons, capital ?^20,000. There were 29 Tanneries, employed 59 men, capital §51,600 ; Di: in 1840, 119, (much less now,) produced 84,470 gallons, employ men , capital §9,000. There were also 7 Oil mills, which employed 131 men, the valu« manufactured estimated at ^42,000. The total population of the county was 84,203. Schools 206, ant bcr of scholars 9,996. White persons over 20 years of age who t. read and write 1,116 ! I ! one of every 75 I! ! In agriculture, 10,285. engaged ; in manufactures and trades, 3,928 ; in raining, 108; in conn 250 ; learned professions and engineers, 503, and 44 pensioners. Bea dumb persons, 20 ; Mind, 1 6 ; insane and idiots, 52. I / ^'% ^:^^^^^ ^'\ ^' ^Mi -^^0^ ^K.\ y.W^;> ■.^. //^ [-- -^^ . N. MANCHESTER, 5iE£^ INDIANA 46962