FS& LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Tfttt ©f|H}t ©qti|rm&t 1 ^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THE SECRETS OF HEALTH OR How Not to Be Sick AND How to Get Well from Sickness g^.8 S^H. PLATT, A. M., M. D. b / Late Member of The Connecticut Eclectic Medical Society, The National Eclectic Medical Association, and Honorary member of The National Bacteriological Society of America; Medical Editor of The New England Homestead^ Farm wad Home, etc* NEW YORK! ORANGE JUDD COMPANY 1895 COPYRIGHT, 1894, By ORANGE JUDD COMPANY PREFACE A new book with no good purpose is an impertinence. A new book with a good purpose, but with only thread-bare modes of expression, has no place. A new book with a right purpose and somewhat unfamiliar thoughts, is always a need of the times. This book comes burdened with three themes, all more or less common, yet two of the three so unlike anything here- tofore published for the people that if the purpose to enlighten them upon these subjects be right, the need for it is beyond question. Diet, Hygiene, and Home Prevention and Treatment of Disease ! The spirit of invention and discovery has put so much into our modern life, and crowds men so rapidly through life, that these are the only safeguards against wreckage by overloading, or collapse in mid-ocean by over-pressure upon the boilers. Hygiene is in a general way somewhat understood, but of diet, lest the assertion might be deemed unduly disparaging, let Sir William Eoberts, among the foremost of the medical profession of Europe, be our spokesman. In his words, "Our notions on dietetics are little better than a farrago of whims and fancies." And let Dr. William H. Porter, of like author- ity in America, repeat his humiliating confession : "The vast majority of medical men have no definite knowledge with which to answer the simple, practical question of their first patient, 'Doctor, what shall I eat?'" Yet R. H. Crittenden, Ph. D., of Yale University, declares, "We need as definite knowledge of the properties of the foods we employ as of the medical virtues of the drugs we make use of." 3 IT PREFACE, This book seeks to supply that need ; not for the physician alone, but so clearly and definitely that any intelligent person can by its aid prepare a scientific dietary for all the varied cir- cumstances of healthful life. This book likewise seeks to prevent the avoidable diseases that afflict mankind, and so to treat the unavoidable by simple, natural methods rather than by drugs, that they shall be shorn of much of their power, and recoveries be to health instead of lifelong invalidism, or to a mere exchange of diseases. The author has gleaned from all schools of healing, and for the convenience of those who might not be able to procure the preferable treatment, has added others under the different diseases. The list of authorities consulted (see page 554) is a general acknowledgment of indebtedness, to avoid filling space with special citations. The objection may be anticipated that "So many of the words employed are so unusual that the people cannot under- stand them.'* But the Glossary fully provides for that; and the author is unwilling to believe that a reading public that absorbs such immense editions of colossal dictionaries and encyclopaedias, scientific treatises and high-class literary period- icals, will turn away disheartened from such an undertaking, merely because of the necessary use of some technical terms. Besides, its careful reading will be an education in itself of no small value to all young people who would be abreast of the culture of the age. Hippocrates wrote, "It is a divine work to relieve pain." If this shall be the general outcome of the book, the writer will be profoundly thankful that thus he may in a measure fulfil the Higher Master's commission, « Herein is my Father glorified that ye bear much fruit," and in this spirit commits it to the care of that Providence that guides the sparrow's wing as unerringly as the swing of a world in space. THE AUTHOR, Springfield, Mass., 1895. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. PART I— How to Live— Hygiene 1-48 1. The Air and Ventilation— 2. The Sunlight and its Uses in Health and Disease— 3. Temperature and Humidity — 4. The Supply and Purity of Water— 5. Sewerage and Cesspools — 6. Hints on House- building— 7. The Various Kinds of Baths and Their Uses— 8. Cloth- ing— 9. Sleep— 10. Rest and Recreation— 11. Exercises for Health —12. Injurious Habits and the Harm They do— 13. The Abuse of Drugs— 14. Contagion and Infection. PART n— Our Living Machine— Its Mechanism and Motions. 49-80 Motion, Frame-work, Machinery, Covering — Vegetation, Growth, Sleep, Rest. Recuperation— Circulation, Blood, Respiration, Oxi- dation, Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion— Sensation, Feeling, Taste, Smell, Hearing, Sight — Intellection, Perception, Emotion, Volition, Origination — Degeneration, Sub-oxidation, Sub-nutrition, Ab-secretion, Ab-excretion, Ab-circulation, Mal-gen- eration— Generation, Organs, Sex, Functions, Conception, Gesta- tion, Maternity, Lactation. PART III— The Digestion— Its Organs and Processes 81-92 Salivary digestion; Gastric Digestion— Pepsin, Hydrochloric Acid; Starches, Sugars and Fats, Mineral Salts. Pancreatic Digestion, Trypsin; Fats and Grape Sugar Absorbed through the Lacteals, etc.— Table of Digestive Ferments— Amount of the Secretions— The Process of Digestion Described— Chemistry of Digestion— Nutrition —The Process of Elimination, its Products, Daily Quantity, Excit- ing Agents, What it Does, Character of its Product Governed by its amount, Illustrative Table — Correct Dietary Scientifically Ascertained. PART IV— Diet— What, How Much and When to Eat 93-152 Energy Expended— Amount of Oxygen Required— Units of Nutrition— The Kinds of Food Required— All Made up of Thirteen Elements- Average Composition of Foods— Proportions of Daily Supply- Foods as Usually Classified— Our Nomenclature — The Fiber-Foods —Fat-foods— Force-foods— Fixed-foods— Oxygen-food— Its Supreme Importance— Average Normal Demand per Day— How Far the Peo- ple Fail— Two Reforms are Imperative— Subsidiary Foods— Tea- Coffee and Cocoa— Effects on Salivary Digestion— Effervescent Water, Vinegar, Wine and Brandy— Retardation of Digestion Bene- ficial—Mastication and Salivary Digestion— Food Value of Alcohol- Extractive Foods— The Amount of Food Materials Needed— Prof. Church's Dietary— Table of Food Elements Required in Different Circumstances— Similar Table— Conclusions Drawn from the Tables —American Waste— The Necessity for Dietaries— How to Make Diet- aries—Rules to Work by— Nutrition not Governed by Cost— Wrong Feeding and Disease— Working Table for the Construction of Diet- aries—Its Availability Illustrated— The Ideal Diet— Table of Defec- tive Diets— National Examples of Diet— Condensed Rules for the Preparation of Home Dietaries— General Principles of Correct Diets— Facts of Importance to Aid Right Eating. VI THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Page* PART V— FOODS AND THEIR PREPARATION 153-262 1st. Foods in Common Use— Their Nature and Classification— When Appropriate and when not Appropriate— Their Adulterations- Economical Substitutes for. 2d. Particular foods for Particular Needs— Fluids, Mushes, Puddings, Bread, Biscuit— Meats, Fruits and Jellies.— How to Prepare these Foods. 3d. Infant Foods: Their Preparation and Use. 4th. The Manufactured or Prepared Foods— Tabulated for Dietary Use— Their Nutritive Value Shown, this being a Practical Key to Their Use in Various Circumstances. PART VI— Special Treatments 263-337 1. The Faith Cure— 2. Mind Cure— 3. Christian Science Cure— 4. Hygienic Treatment — 5. Fasting Cure— 6. Abstinence Cure— 7. Dietetic Cure— 8. One Meal Cure— 9. The Salisbury Treatment— 10. Grape Cure— 11. Fruit Method— 12. The Fruit-and-Bread Cure— 13. The Natural Method— 14. The Camp Cure— 15. The Rest Cure— 16. The Oxygen Treatment— 17. The Movement Cure— 18. The Mas- sage Treatment — 19. The Magnetic Treatment — 20. Electrical Method— 21. The Hall Treatment— 22. Our Doctor's Colon Flush, an Exhaustive but plain Statement of the Simple but Effective Treatment by Means of Bowel Injections— 23. The New Method Cure —24. The Inhalation Treatment— 25. The Biochemic Cure— 26. The Densmore Preliminary Treatment— 27. The Kneipp Cure— 28. The Climate Cure, the Objects Sought by it, How They are Accom- plished, and where to find the Desired Climate— 29. The Tractor Cure— 30. The Earth Cure— 31. Our Doctor's Water Treatment, a Comprehensive Discussion of Hydropathy, Who may Employ it, When and How. PART VII— Care of the Sick 338-352 1. Hints on Nursing— 2. The Sick Room— 3. Bed and Clothing— 4. Water Supply— 5. Giving Medicines— 6. Bed Sores— 7. Food— 8. Treatment of Patient— 9. Useful Facts— 10. Medication— 11. Res- piration, Pulse and Weight— 12. Landmarks of Diagnosis — 13. Questions Concerning Remedies— 14. States and Indications — 15. Landmarks for Prescription— 16. Diet as a Remedy— 17. Walking as a Remedy. PART VIII- PARTICULAR METHODS AND SPECIAL DIETS 353-387 Fifteen Methods of Treating Various Forms of Disease Without Too Much Drug Dosing Fully Described, and Directions Given for the Application of these Methods— Numerous Special Diets Prescribed for use Under Certain Circumstances. PART IX— Diseases and their Treatment 388-545 All the Principal Diseases and Most Common Ailments Described so that They May be Recognized— The Cause Pointed Out— The Best Treatment in Each Case Given in Detail, Including Full Directions as to Diet, Hygiene, Exercise, Baths and Similar Common Sense Methods, as well as Proper Medicines when Physic is needed. PART X— Appendix 546-553 1. Quantities to be Taken by Adults of Remedies Named in the Fore- going Pages, where the Amount of Dose was not Prescribed^. Special Foods Omitted from their Proper Place but Named in the Dietaries— 3. Index of Contents and Glossary of Terms Used. List of Authors Consulted., 554-556 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Back-bone, brain and nerves, Bath, sitz Bed-tray, Bowels or colon, . Bowels, portion of, Body wrap, . Body, regions of, Brain and nerves, Brain, apoplectic clot in, Breast support, Breathing tubes, Bronchial tube, Chair pelvic treatment, Chest and abdomen, form of, Circulation, the, Cistern filter, Cistern filter shut-off, Corner commode, . Croup kettle, Digestion, organs of, Earth closet, Ear, .... Eye-ball, section of, . Feet, .... Female form, natural, Female form, unnatural, Foot vapor, Hair and sebaceous glands Head vapor, Heart, Intestine, large, Intestine, small, . Intestine, small, capillaries of, Kidneys and their appendages Knee sprinkle, Lacteals Lacteals and lymphatics Lobule of lung* Loin sprinkle, . Lung, .... Lymphatic vessels. and glands Medicine dropper, Membrane of rabbit, . Muscles, Muscles, anterior view of, Muscles, posterior view of, Muscular fibers, Nerve tubes and cells, . Nerves, cranial, Nerves of body, Nerves, spinal, . Fig. Page. 31 and 32 77 43 328 55 341 36 280 39 283 44 329 57 345 26 72 60 403 61 412 63 and 64 440 62 413 59 401 16 60 14 58 3 12 4 12 54 340 48 333 34 84 7 15 65 and 66 464-465 67 471 68 474 76 524 77 524 47 332 13 56 46 331 70 and 71 488 19 64 40 284 37 281 25 71 51 336 20 65 21 65 15 59 50 335 62 413 22 66 53 339 33 282 11 54 9 52 12 55 10 53 27 73 28 74 30 76 29 74 YU Vlll THE SECKET OF HEALTH. Nightshirt wrap, . Pack, three-fourths, . Pancreas, ..... Pregnancy, position of organs prior to, Pregnancy, size of womb at different months Reading stand, Salivary glands, . Salivary glands, structure of, Shawl wrap, Shoulder sprinkle, Skeleton, the, Skin, structure of, Sling for difficult respiration, Soles, . . Stomach, Teeth, .... Trachea, .... Uterus and appendages, Uterus, anterior displacement, Uterus, posterior displacement, Uterus, internal prolapse, Viscera, .... Waist, natural, Waist, laced, . . . Water tread, Well, model, Wells polluted by cesspool, Window ventilation . Womb, positions of, Womb, sizes of during pregnancy, Wood's idea for ventilating, . Fig. Page. 41 327 42 328 35 87 72 520 73 521 56 343 23 68 33 82 45 330 49 334 8 48 24 70 80 527 and 69 474-475 18 63 17 62 62 413 81 541 58 400 79 526 78 525 32 80 74 522 75 522 52 336 6 14 5 13 2 7 58 400 73 521 1 6 :pjl:rt i. HOW TO LIVE. — HYGIENE. 1. The Air and Ventilation. 2. The Sunlight and Its Uses in Health and Disease. 3. Temperature and Humidity. 4. The Supply and Purity of Water. 5. Sewerage and Cesspools. 6. Hints on House Building. 7. The Various Kinds of Baths and their Uses. 8. Clothing. 9. Sleep. 10. Rest and Recreation. 11. Exercises for Health.' 12. In- jurious Habits and the Harm They Do. 13. The Abuse of Drugs. 14. Contagion and Infection. Since to live we must, he is wisest who learns to live the best; that is, in nearest accordance with all the laws of his being. Hygiene is only a single department of those laws. It is simply the right method of preserving health. Its laws are clear, definite, and unchangeable. They have relation to air, water, sewerage, exercise, rest, sleep, baths, clothing, habits, contagion and infection. 1. THE AIR. The First Requisite of health is pure air, four-fifths nitrogen, one-fifth oxygen (the life - sustaining principle), a mere trace of ammonia and nitric acid, not more than 1.4 per cent, of aqueous vapor and from three and one-half to seven parts in 10,000 of carbonic acid (carbon dioxide, the gas of charcoal, with which so many Frenchmen suicide). 1 2 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. In each respiration about a pint of air is inhaled, which gives its oxygen to the blood and takes out in expiration from 4.6 to 5.2 per cent, (the amount varies), of carbonic acid. This expired gas, being more than seventy-one times the largest pro- portion admissible in inspiration, would soon surround every one with an atmospheric shroud of death were it not for the law of diffusion of gases, by which this excess of carbonic acid is scattered instantly through a large area of adjacent air. Hence, in confined spaces, the air often becomes fearfully impure. A school room 20x30 and 10 feet high contains 6,000 cubic feet of air. Fifty children are sometimes confined for hours in such a room, which has just air enough to last them four minutes. School rooms have been found that con- tained from 2 to 4 per cent, of carbon dioxide — which, of course, was made from the oxygen of the rooms — thus reduc- ing that supply, and rendered doubly deleterious by being mixed with the organic effluvia from the lungs and skin of many persons in a confined place. It is then known as 4i crowd- poison," and is the cause of typhus, jail and ship fevers. Public rooms have sometimes been found to contain from 29 to 72 parts in ten thousand of carbonic acid. "Ventilation Required. — In order to show the relation of this point to common life, suppose there are four rooms each containing four persons and each representing a different class of people. Room Number One is in the home of a respectable city family, and is 16x14 feet and 10 feet high, containing 2,240 cubic feet of air. It is warmed by a coal stove and lighted by two six-foot gas jets. The only ventilation is by the cracks of windows and doors. Assuming that the stove and gas consume all the fresh supply of oxygen through the crevices of doors and windows, the people must depend upon the original supply in the room for respiration. (Of course the diffusion of gases would render this impossible literally, yet for the purpose of the illustration it is practically correct.) Another element must now come into the calculation. Angus Smith and Hartley affirm that a gas burner of six-candle power throws off every hour more than three cubic feet of carbonic acid, a man from six to seven-tenths of a foot, an oil lamp one-half a foot, and a tallow candle three-tenths of a foot. THE AIR. o This room contains 132. 100 pints, or breaths, and the people alone would render the air irrespirable in fifteen and one-fourth minutes. The gas burners alone would render it unfit to breathe in about seven minutes. Yet how often does a family remain two hours, or more, in just such circumstances ! Room Number Two is 12x14x9, containing 1,512 cubic feet of air, or 90,208 breaths, and is lighted by a one and one-half inch kerosene lamp, and warmed by a coal stove. The people alone would spoil the air for further respiration in ten minutes, and the lamp alone would do it in thirty-five minutes. Room Number Three is 12x12x8, containing 1,152 cubic feet, or 67,96S breaths, and lighted by a one-inch kerosene lamp. The people alone would render the air irrespirable in eight minutes, the lamp alone in about forty-one. Room Number Four is 10x12x7. having 840 cubic feet, or 49,560 breaths, lighted by a tallow caudle, and with a four-inch double wick kerosene stove (which yields four cubic feet carbonic acid gas per hour). The people alone would render this air irrespirable in five and one-half minutes; the caudle ulone in forty-eight minutes; the stove in about four minutes. When the carbonic acid in a room rises from the highest permissible health point — namely, to ten parts in ten thousand — it begins to smell, and when it reaches one hundred parts in ten thousand, it is almost unendurable (Pettenkoffer). This is why persons entering such a room as we have described, from the free air, are almost suffocated, and the occupants would feel it as keenly were it not for the stupefying effect of gas upon the mind and its narcotic effect upon the nerves of sensation. Is it any wonder that nervous irritability, unre- freshing sleep, headache, paleness and lassitude follow such sitting-room comforts ? Open Fireplace Ventilation — Jenkins affirms that " a good ordinary fire"' (open, he evidently means), " will take from six thousand to ten thousand cubic feet of air out of a room every hour. Hence, the desirability of open fires for assured ventilation. The expense objection can be greatly modified by having a furnace flue or close stove in another part of the room to furnish requisite heat, while the open fire is a good investment for cheer and health. Were this the 4 THE SECEET OE HEALTH. general practice, it would very sensibly reduce the sickness and the mortality rates of the country. An ordinary two- wick four-inch gas stove throws off about as much carbonic acid gas as two gas jets. Hence, the neces- sity is imperative to provide both special ventilation for the escape of this gas from lights and oil stoves, and to supply them with fresh air in addition to the requirements of the people. Carbonic Oxide, is the gas that puffs from the stove before the coal becomes completely ignited, and burns with a pale blue flame. It is often found in rooms, attacks the red- blood corpuscles and paralyzes them. Dampers in pipes to shut off draft tend to generate this gas and diffuse it in the rooms, especially from hot-air furnaces. Sulphuretted Hydrogen and Sewer-Gas frequently impregnate the air, and to the latter is ascribed the production of typhoid and scarlet fever, diphtheria, dysentery and cholera. It is these noxious ingredients, so often existing in the closely-constructed houses of civilized countries, that partly account for the physical degeneracy of enlightened peoples, as contrasted with the stalwart health of nomadic tribes. In France, in those localities that had seven per cent, of badly-constructed dwellings, one person out of every seventy- two died, while in those that had thirty-eight per cent, of such homes, every forty-fifth person died. Even Pure Air soon becomes deleterious, if not frequently changed. Stagnation becomes foulness, and foul- ness breeds disease. Unventilated rooms, and nooks and corners not swept by winds, are always pest-breeders. The [Necessity for Ventilation. — What is ventil- ation? It has been written about for generations, but what is it as practically of use in ordinary life? London, with eight persons to each house, lost twenty-four out of every 1,000 of her population. Vienna, with fifty-five to each house, lost forty-seven to every one thousand population. These facts indicate a difference in ventilation. Of ten thousand cholera patients, living one person in a room, sixty-six died. Of teu thousand, living four or more in THE AIR. 5 a room, three hundred and twenty-seven died. A difference still in ventilation. A healthy adult takes from the air every twenty-four hours sixteen cubic feet of oxygen, and gives to the air fourteen cubic feet of carbon dioxide, and an indefinite quan- tity of organic matter, still more poisonous, from his lungs and skin. The combustion of fires and lights adds still more. Morin gives these figures as the amount of fresh air required per head each hour : Ordinary hospitals and workshops 2,362 cubic inches Surgical wards and unhealthy shops 3,936 " " Primary schools 590 " " Higher schools 1,181 " " Assembly rooms, theaters, etc 1,771 " " The Size of the Ventilating: Orifices and the velocity of the air current determine the quantity obtainable. Morin advises fourteen square inches of ventilating space for each one hundred cubic feet of space in the room. This is about 12x16 J inches for a room 11x13x10, and is probably about right for average spring and autumn weather in rigor- ous climates, but is four to six times too little for summer, and is as much too great for winter when the communication is directly with the open air. Every living room should have an open ventilator propor- tioned to its size and the number of its occupants, which should connect, preferably, with a thoroughly-ventilated and well- warmed hall ; or by a pipe of sufficient caliber to carry all that the inlet ventilator admits, leading from the outside to a funnel-shaped end covered with wire gauze, or pierced with small holes, so as to sprinkle the cold air directly upon the stove, or within a casing partly surrounding the stove. The exit-ventilator should be in the baseboard of the side most distant from the stove, should connect with the chimney, and be in size proportioned to the number of occupants. For one person, 6x6 inches ; two, 8x8 ; four, 8x12 ; six, 12x12 ; or two, each 8x9 ; eight, two, each 8x12 ; twelve, two, each 12x12. This will force a constant circulation of pure, warm air all 6 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. through the room, carrying off the layer of cold air that keeps the feet cold while modifying the upper layer of hot air that keeps the head hot, and thus induces headaches, colds, and disease. The Objection that "so much more fuel would be necessary, " has no weight, because the heat-producing capacity FIG. 1. WOOD'S IDEA FOR VENTILATING, SO AS TO PRESERVE AN EQUABLE TEMPERATURE. of the occupants would be so largely increased that a much lower temperature could be safely maintained, with a corre- sponding less liability to shocks from the alternations between indoor and outdoor air at the extremes. As it is now, people THE AIR. rush many times a day from a tropical heat, within, to a mid- winter temperature, without, and the reverse, and the mucous membrane is unable to stand the strain, and catarrh, fever and pneumonia result. To Equalize the Temperature, and at the same time secure proper ventilation, the plan shown in Fig. 1 is recom- mended by Dr. Castle in that admirable work, " Wood's House- hold Practice of Medicine." A, are the chambers ; B, halls ; D. downward current to furnace ; E, upward current to outer air ; F, smoke pipe passing through center of ventilator shaft. The Best Available Method of ventilation for con- structed buildings is probably that suggested by Dr. Keene : Tack a piece of cloth across the lower ten inches of the window frame and raise or lower the sash according to the weather ; or that of mismatching the window sashes by having a strip t ft ! gj^r FIG. 2. WINDOW VENTILATORS. of wood three inches wide fitted under the lower sash, thus giving an upward current between the sashes into the room. But as outlets are as important as inlets, on another side of the room an escape flue should be in open communication. The practical end to aim at is to give constantly to every person a room ten feet square to eight feet high, with uninter- 8 THE SECRET OP HEALTH. rupted free communication with the outer air. If the room be smaller, or more than one person occupy it, the avenue of communication must be correspondingly increased. In the light of these facts, ventilation, as ordinarily under- stood and practiced, is greatly deficient. In the War of the Rebellion tent hospitals gave much better results than the best of hospital buildings, because the ventilation was so much greater. Every room should have a window on two sides reaching nearly from floor to ceiling. 2. SUNLIGHT. Sunlight is closely connected, as a health agent, witk ventilation. A House should never be so shaded that the sun cannot shine upon every part of it. New Orleans, in an epidemic of yellow fever, had six times as many cases on the shady as on the sunny side of the same streets. Buffalo, in the cholera of 1849, had a similar expreience. Many other facts are recorded in medical literature showing that these are not isolated inci- dents, but illustrations of a law of nature. "Where light is not permitted to enter, the physician will have to go," says the Italian proverb, and it is equally appli- cable to the direct sun-rays upon the dwelling. Shade is very desirable for comfort in hot weather, but the trees should stand far enough from the house to prevent the dampness that always accumulates in a shaded house. Streets should be twice as wide as the height of the houses bordering them. Sun Baths. — The nervous system of man is organized to respond to the vitalizing influence of the sunbeam, like a fruitful soil. Therefore, the skin should be freely exposed to the direct rays of the sun. When, by reason of occupation or fashion, this does not occur, a sun bath should be taken from one to three times a week, when the whole person is exposed naked for fifteen to thirty minutes. An invalid can lie upon TEMPERATURE AXD HUMIDITY. £ the carpet, or mattress, and turn from side to side. Should there be rush of blood to the head, it should be shielded. As a nerve tonic, few things are better than a sun bath. A man of eminence, finding his nerves giving way, fenced in a portion of his garden with boards twelve feet high and well jointed. Then he locked himself within every sunny day, and stripping naked worked from thirty to sixty minutes, and by the time his crop had ripened, his nerves were sound. The Growth Period of childhood and youth especially needs the vitalizing power of the sun's actinic ray. It is that ray (not the light, or heat ray) that the photographer employs in his art, and that ripens the seeds and fruits of the summer and autumn. The potato vine that sprouts in the cellar grows, but never matures unless removed to the open air. So children may grow, but the vigor and maturing power of normal youth can never be theirs unless they, too, find the open, — bask in its sunshine, drink in its inspiring oxygen, and by instinctive activity gambol every muscle into vigorous development. 3. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY. Air Feels Damp, not by the moisture that it actually contains, but by what its temperature fits it to contain. The same air that feels very damp outside at 82° will feel uncomfortably dry in a room at 72°, because at that temper- ature it can hold 8.54 grains of vapor per cubic foot, while at 32° its cajjacity is only 2.13 grains. Hence, as air is heated, it should be fed with moisture. No heating arrangement should ever be heated red hot if the air that comes in contact with the red surfaces is to be breathed, because it is thereby greatly vitiated. Furnaces are usually heated to 400° or 500°, while air that is to be breathed should not touch a surface heated beyond 150°. The Best Way to Warm is to circulate pure warm air, instead of keeping the air stagnant and trusting to radiate^ heat. 10 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Temperature and "relative humidity" are closely related. Call the air saturated with moisture 100 ; it may have lost all the way down to 12°. That loss is relative humidity, which sinks as temperature rises. From 67 to 69 humidity is best for comfort and health. The proper sitting-room temperature is 70°. Should you feel chilly in this temperature, do not increase it, but by exercise raise the heat of your physiological furnace within. The heating appliances of the day are paralyzing the heat- making functions of our bodies; hence, the colds, etc., from which we suffer so frequently, and which would be largely prevented by the adoption of the open fireplace, and of the heating arrangement as recommended on Page 3. Radiated heat diminishes in proportion to the square of the distance, so that the child on the floor ten feet from the open fire receives one hundred times less heat than the cat lying one foot from it ; hence, the necessity, for the heating stove, or furnace, also. Cooling" can be accomplished on a small scale where one has a well into which a pail may be lowered, but it is far better, and the expense is so slight, if one cannot afford an ice Iiouse, to have an ice mound, which costs only a little straw and the labor. Simply raise a platform of earth above the level of the surrounding soil and slope it slightly from the center down to the edges. A layer of sticks and then of straw, or sawdust, ice closely packed on that, covered with straw, or sawdust, more sticks, then bank over with earth and sow with grass seed, or cover with hay, or straw, and you have a reservoir of cooling blessing for all the hot summer. Digging into a hillside saves some of the labor, but care must be exercised to provide for drainage. More elaborate ice houses with cold storage attachments are within the means of most farmers. 4. WATER. A Wonderful Blessing*. The uses of water as a health preserver and restorer, are not known by one person in a WATER. 11 liundred. If this book teaches the masses to enjoy the count- less blessings of the proper and manifold uses of water, and to avoid abusing this great agent, it will confer untold benefits upon mankind. Intelligently used, but not abused, water will render many a family comparatively independent of doctor or druggist, saving much money, pain, sickness and sorrow. Tlie Purity of Water is of the utmost importance. To test it take two clean four-ounce bottles of water, one from the well, the other perfectly clean rain water. Drop in each a piece of alum as large as a kernel of corn, and let them stand over night. The sediment in the morning will show the degree of impurity. Exeter. England , in 1832, had one thousand deaths from cholera, hut when it reappeared in 1849 there were but forty-four cases. The water supply had been changed in the interval. In London's cholera season of 1848-9, two companies supplied the water. Of those who drank the Lambeth water 125 in each 10,000 of the population died. Of those who drank the South wark, 118 in each 10,000 died, the loss being nearly equal. The Lambeth company then changed and drew their supply from a point, higher up the river, where the water was much more pure. In 1854, the South wark deaths were 130, and the Lambeth thirty-seven. In Milbrank prison, England, the prisoners drank the Thames water, with frequent epidemics of fever and dysentery. The water was filtered, but no relief. An artesian well was sunk, and at once the diseases disappeared. One grain per gallon is all the organic matter that first- class drinking water can contain; yet some has ten grains without detriment to health, but it must be purely of vegetable origin. From five to twenty grains of mineral salts are deemed necessary, while thirty -five grains should never be exceeded, and animal matter must be entirely excluded. The Average Need for Water is half an ounce daily for every pound of weight. And the average used for all purposes is from fifteen to thirty gallons a day, while the minimum supply is one gallon a day on board of war vessels. 12 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Water is Hard when it has an excess of carbonate of lime, or of calcium sulphate. The latter is not removable. To correct the former, boil it, or add washing soda, or quicklime. Soft Water is preferable for domestic purposes, but care should be exercised not to allow contact with lead or with copper when hot, for rain or soft well water will absorb enough of the metal to poison it. ]Lead Pipes. — Only one-tenth of a grain of lead in a gallon of water will injure some people. However, if lead pipes must be used, it is said that one pound of sulphide "of \-~lF£E0 PIPE. /> FIG. ^Crsjjr\& y CISTERN FILTER. fa Use*»/ c^--\PfPJ FIG. 4. SHUT-OFF FOR FEED PIPE. potassium in two gallons of water kept in the pipe until the inside is thoroughly blackened, will aid in rendering it harmless. Filters. — If the purity of the water be doubtful, it should be filtered by running it through charcoal and sand, and the filter should be cleansed frequently, else it will increase the difficulty. If this is inconvenient, boil the water. Dr. Parker suggests a good home filter : A common earthen flowerpot with a bit of zinc gauze, or clean flannel, over the whole, three inches of coarse gravel, three of white fine sand well washed, four of charcoal (animal preferred), and on the top a well-cleansed sponge, to be thoroughly cleansed once a week. WATER. 13 To purify water that is not well filtered, dissolve a lump of alum as large as a small butternut, in a quart, and stir slowly into a barrel of water. Cisterns, properly constructed and cared for, are the preferable source in populous districts. A house 40x20 feet, with an annual rainfall of forty- two to forty-five inches, will give ^ixty gallons a day throughout the year. The rainfall of the United States, except the mountain region south of Colorado, averages from forty-five to sixty-five inches. Ninety thousand cubic miles of water constantly float in the air to supply the rainfall. Cisterns should be cleansed every three to four months, and should be built with a shut-off to turn aside the first wash- FIG. 5. WELL POLLUTED FROM A CESSPOOL. ings of the roofs, as they contain dust, excreta of birds, and microbes of disease. Cisterns should always have a brick partition, as a filter, laid in cement, but not covered with it, separating the body of the water from the service pipes, as shown in Fig. 3. Of course, the usual automatic shut-off to prevent over-flow of the cistern should be provided, on the principle illustrated in Fig. 4. Families occupying rented houses without cisterns, can secure a good supply of clean 14 TTTE SECRET OF HEALTH. water by hanging up a clean sheet or canvas by its four cor- ners, putting a clean stone in the middle and placing under the stone a vessel to catch the water as it filters through. Wells constitute the main source of water supply for country and village people. But the well is often substantially but a drain-pipe for the soil. A drain-pipe under the soil four feet will drain a strip of surface ten feet wide over its whole length on level ground. But if there be an incline, it will drain to an indefinite extent on the upper side. Hence, wells should never be within sixty feet of any collection of obnox- ious (particularly animal) matter, such as privies, pig styes. barnyards, cesspools, etc., and if the incline is directly towarcl the well, at least 200 feet should intervene. Cut 5 illustrates how wells are often fouled by drainage*. The water was unpleasant, and though the walls were relaicl in cement, there was no improvement. The cesspool was on the opposite side of the house, fifty feet away, but the rock dipped toward the well. Then the cesspool was removed and the well was cured . The Supply of shallow wells is the underlying stratum of water beneath the soil, known as ground water, from the soaking down of rain and surface water and the filtering in. from adjacent localities in a per- colating flow toward a natural re- ceptacle, such as a river, lake, or sea. Of course the purity of this supply is dependent upon the character of the soil, the amount and kind of surface waste, etc. Deep Wells may reach a geological stratum which contains a flow from mountain heights, and of remarkable purity. Open Wells soon accumulate decaying vegetable mat- ter, and living and dead reptiles, until the bottom becomes an oozy slime, sickening alike to sight and smell if but slightly- ZOh FIG. 6. A MODEL WELL. SEWERAGE. 15 stirred, and contaminating all, though the water above it may be of crystal clearness. The Model Well is to make the excavation and wall it up in the usual manner a few feet, arch it over with a service pipe in position, and cover the arch with several layers of stone, each of a smaller size than those below, to prevent the earth working through, and fill in above and pack down. Such a well is recommended by Wood and is illustrated in Fig. 6. If a well, or vault, is to be entered, first lower in a cat, or small dog. If it dies, then purify the air by thro wing- in heated stones, hot iron, or pails of hot water to cause the vapor to ascend. Driven Wells. — The best source of supply is a driven well, provided it reaches a stratum of uncontaminated water. 7. SEWERAGE. Should be Perfect, not allowing leakage to soak into the soil near the house. Should be separated by water traps from every avenue of access to the house. Sewers should be flushed often, and should be disinfected with chemi- cals in all contagious diseases. Water closets should be in an annex entirely separated from all living and sleeping rooms. The Earth Closet.— Where no system of sewers exists, as in country places, the privy vault should be abol- ished and good earth closets substituted, for these reasons : 1. The stench is a nuisance to those obliged to occupy them. 2. They constantly menace the fig. 7. earth closet, health of the family because sure to contaminate the ground water for a considerable distance around. 16 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 3. They are so uncomfortable because of odor, or temper- ature, or exposure, that habits of constipation are formed by hasty and imperfect evacuations. 4. A valuable fertilizer is needlessly lost. All these objections are completely obviated by the dry earth closets, one form of which is given in Cut 7, as used in England ; the sloping bottom is easy to clean. Better, still, is the Rochdale pail closet, the pail being half a kerosene barrel, which is removed weekly and disinfected ; the week's contents weigh forty to fifty pounds. The construction of a pail closet is similar to any other, the pail taking the place of a vault. An Outdoor Privy, if used, should never be built with a vault, but always with a sliding box to receive the deposits and be emptied frequently. By this arrangement the privy may be so near the house as greatly to lessen the risk to delicate persons in reaching or using it. Construct it to avoid the four great objections to privies mentioned above and on the preceding page. The conditions of most privies in the country is a disgrace to civilization and a constant menace to the health of the people. Absorbents in an earth closet, or privy, will keep the deposit dry and odorless, provided, of course, that no slops, or other liquids, are poured upon it. Dry soil from the garden, or field, is the best absorbent. Sifted coal ashes is good. Ground gypsuai, or what the farmers call land plaster (sulphate of lime), is a very valuable absorbent, and also adds to the value of the manure. Absorbed in this way, the night soil is comparatively unobjectionable for use like other manures, and when broadcasted and plowed, or spaded, under the soil, produces large crops. Never use wood ashes, quicklime, slaked lime, or Mason's lime, for this purpose. They do not absorb, but instead rot the mass and set free the* odor which land has little power to absorb. The Cesspool should be lined with a cement of asphalt and sand, should be ventilated, and if within one hundred feet HINTS OX HOUSE BUILDING. 17 of the house, the ventilating pipe should be not less than thirty feet high. Traps (to prevent the foul gases reaching the house through the pipes) of the best construction should protect every place of access to the house. On this subject see Parke's Practical Hygiene. It should be remembered that the deadly sewer gas cannot be detected by smell. Probably the water-seal, if properly constructed, is the best trap in general use. Even the drying of the wet napkins of the baby by the fire, or in the sun in a room, without previous washing, is extremely deleterious. The Sink Spout, in many a farmhouse, is a source of death. If troughs can be arranged to carry the sink-slops off on to the grass, or garden, it is the best plan. The free use of absorbents and frequent cleaning out of a cemented basin into which the pipe empties in lieu of a cesspool, is the least that should be done. 6. HINTS ON HOUSE BUILDING. That Xew House should be so carefully planned that no change will be made in construction. It should be con- tracted so definitely that no room should be left for mis- understanding in any detail. Set upon good, solid ground, or, if on "filled in," or "made" ground, not less than three years after the filling in, as it takes that time for the deleterious gases to escape; so sheltered that it shall not be exposed to special drafts of air like the entrance to a ravine, yet so exposed that ordinary winds shall sweep all over it ; not itself shaded, yet with yard so protected and grassed as to cool the ground ; with firm foundation resting upon concrete. The Cellar.— If the soil is damp, the cellar walls should be over an outer wall and air space, and drain to protect from dampness. The cellar floor may be of six inches of concrete covered with cement, the cellar walls, inside, from the found- ation to one foot above the cellar floor lined with asphalt, brick, or cement, and the drain pipe never connected with the cesspool, or sewer pipes. The cellar should be well lighted 2 18 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. with windows on at least three sides, to permit of perfect ventilation. Whitewash once a year, at least. A damp, or foul, or close cellar is a disease breeder. Fruits, vegetables, etc., stored in it, should be frequently inspected, and all rotten stuff removed. Any water or gas pipes should run overhead, not under the cellar floor. House Warming'.*— If heated by steam, the system of air flues heated from steam pipes is best. If heated from a furnace, the air should come direct from outdoors to the furnace, never from the cellar. Some modern houses are so constructed that the warm air from the furnace permeates the space between floors and ceilings, and is let into the rooms by registers. A water tank should be inserted in the hot-air chamber of the furnace, so that its escaping moisture will permeate the hot air. If stoves, or steam radiators are used for heating, an open vessel of water should be kept on each, as its evaporation adds to the supply of oxygen in the air of the room, besides avoiding that dry heat so trying to the mucous membranes. The Rooms should not be less than ten feet high, and large enough to give 9,246 gallons of air to each adult occu- pant, and 6,600 for each child under ten years, per hour. If there be two of each, 31,692 gallons, or 253,536 breaths, will be needed, for they will breathe 4,320 times an hour, and every exhalation will spoil 120 other breaths besides itself, thus requiring every hour 518,400 breaths of air to provide for themselves and the waste by excess of carbonic acid. See 44 Air," and "Ventilation." As twenty-five per cent, of heat is usually lost by con- densation on the window glass, all rooms with large windows should be supplied with double glazing, or double sashes. If possible, every room should have the direct rays of the sun during some portion of the day. The walls should be hard-finished, or painted,— never papered, as paper is a favorite camping ground of disease germs. Paper is no longer fashionable. BATHS. V.) The Floors should be hard wood, waxed, or scoured, and with rugs that can be easily aired, where necessary for com- fort. Carpets are physiological abominations, holding disease germs by myriads and yielding them with a seemingly infernal maliciousness on any sweeping. An Annex, with reservoir at the top, where there is no pressure supply, set wash bowls, water closets and bath room to suit, a separate ventilating flue from bottom to top, and connected only by a single door with the hall of each story, should not be omitted upon any ordinary consideration of expense. As a -'farmer's boy," the author believes that these ideas can, and should, be carried out in an adapted way even in the construction of farmhouses, and that they would be found a good investment, with rich returns of health. Beds should consist of cotton or linen sheets, woolen blankets (the feeble can use blankets for sheets), mattress and pillows of straw, huik. or hair. The bed should be aired daily all day, and sunned three times a week in health, and every day in sickness, if practicable. Every bedroom should have a little closet for a charnber- vessel with a separate ventilating flue ; a little recess, with a piece of baseboard hinged for a door, is sufficient. 7. BATHS. The Principal Objects of Bathing are cleanliness, some change in the functions of the skin, some change in the determination of the blood, change in the temperature of the body, or part, and change of functional activity. Baths are named from the degree of temperature employed : — Cold, 33" to 55°; cool, 55° to 65°; lukewarm, 65° to 70°; tepid, 70° to 85 c : warm, 85° to 95°; hot, 95° to 100°. Cold Baths, suddenly and powerfully contract the capillaries of the surface and force the blood inward, thus stimulating the heart and large arteries to a vigorous effort to drive it back, which, if successful, is the reaction which glows 20 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. and invigorates. But, if the vital organs be weak, and the capillaries sluggish, congestions, dangerous to health, and even to life, are apt to result. Cold baths should be taken in a very few minutes. Cold whole baths remove solids from the system by increas- ing respiration. Cold local baths, that is, applied to one part only, in reac- tion draw the blood to the part in order to replace the heat lost in the bath. Taylor says that a sitting bath, the water of which has been raised two degrees, has caused the absorption by the blood of the oxygen of four or five cubic feet of air, ' ' enough to raise a half pint of water from the freezing to the boiling point, and eliminated from the system more than a half ounce of its solid material." Sea Bathing' is the most stimulative form of cold bath- ing, the invigorating effects of the simple cold bath being heightened by the saline constituents of the water, and the revulsive effect of the waves against the skin ; aided, also, by the bracing air of the shore, temporary change in food and habits, etc. A good substitute for a sea bath is the following mixture of salts dissolved in about thirty-eight gallons of water for one bath : Ten pounds of chloride of sodium (com- mon salt), five pounds of sulphate of sodium (Glauber's salt), seven and one-half pounds of chloride of magnesia, and two and one-half pounds of chloride of calcium. Summer Surf Temperatures. Nantucket 75° to 76° Cape May .70° to 80° Norfolk, Va 81° to 82° Charleston, S. C 86° to 87° Florida coast 87° to 88^ Cool Batlis, in a person of ordinary health, slightly relax the skin, impart vigor, soothe the extremities of the nerves, and abate internal blood pressure. But in prostrate conditions, the effects are the same as from cold baths. Tepid Baths are mild yet efficient relaxants to the skin and extremities of the nerves, relieving internal engorge- BATHS. 21 nients and soothing the entire system. Yet they are not suit- able to strong, local, or general congestion, flaccidity of struc- tures, cool surface, colliquative perspiration, threatening gan- grene, or chronic weakness of vital energy (Cook). They should take ten to fifteen minutes only. Warm Baths are stimulating and relaxing to the sur- face, and soothing to nervous excitability. If continued long, they excite perspiration, and may cause oppression, languor, and giddiness, because the internal process of heat production is retarded, elimination of solids is checked, and respiration diminished. Time, thirty to sixty minutes. Hot Baths, rarely over 100°, strongly arouse the capil- lary circulation, by the effort of the body to return the surplus heat given to it, relieve local rheumatism and neuralgia, accompanied by partial congestion, when applied locally in the form of fomentations. They are not advisable when the skin is cold and clammy, except when impregnated with the strongest stimulants. With perspiration, excessive and warm, they are of great service. Hot baths are useful to restore warmth to the body in cases of profound shock, or after exposure to severe cold, but in the latter case the circulation must first be gradually restored. They should be avoided if the patient expects to be exposed to cold within a few hours. Hot baths should not be taken except as a remedy for disease, baths of lower temperature accomplishing all that is needed for ordinary purposes. Pack Baths consist in wrapping the entire body in a sheet wrung out of water, with blankets so enveloping him as to maintain a tepid warmth in every part, thus producing the same effects as the tepid bath, but to a far greater degree, even to the extent of promoting the absorption of internal effusions. Sleep ensues as a consequence of the general relax- ation, and care must be used, or, if the pack be continued too long, the over-relaxation may produce, in serious cases. inability to tone up afterward. Compresses are simply cold local packs ; fomentations hot For the latter wet from two to four thicknesses of cotton. 22 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. or linen, in the water or decoction selected, heated according to the case, and cover with three to six thicknesses of dry flannel, projecting on all sides three inches beyond the wet, and bind firmly in place. If continuous heat is required, change the wet cloth frequently without removing the dry, by lifting the dry and slipping the wet under it as hot as can be borne. In congestions the moisture is absorbed through the capillary walls detaching the adhering corpuscles and unclogging the blood vessels. Vapor Baths.— 110° to 140°. The famous Eussian bath is vapor. The early Thomsonian method was to seat the patient, naked, in a chair set on slats across the top of a tub of hot water, into which hot bricks, or stones, were put. Blankets enveloped the patient, Another method is to generate the heat by putting an alcohol lamp under a chair, suspending a basin of hot water over the lamp, and have the patient sit on the chair with blankets tent-like about both. This is the hydro-alcoholic bath. Another way is for the patient to sit in a box, or cabinet, and have the vapor conducted in from outside. Still another is for the patient to lie in bed with the clothes raised by supporting half hoops and have the vapor conducted under the bed clothes, or a vessel of steaming hot water put in. Another is to surround the patient in bed with several hot bricks wrapped in cloths and pour vinegar or alcohol on them. However they may be taken, vapor baths should not be continued many minutes after the face perspires freely. They are far more penetrating and powerful than sponge baths, securing a full outward flow of blood, breaking up internal congestions, and stimulating the entire surface. In scarlatina, measles, smallpox, erysipelas, hydrophobia, chronic skin affections, colds, rheumatism, ague, flooding, acute dysentery, lockjaw, dropsy, chronic abscesses, etc., they are invaluable. The bowels should be first emptied by a full injection of hot water, or the contents may be absorbed and carried through the system toward the surface. BATHS. *23 The vapor bath should not be risked in conditions of decided prostration, in heart troubles or diseases of the large blood vessels, or in internal mortification. Persons of very delicate nervous organization are liable to faint in it because of the sudden flow of blood from the brain to the surface, and they may feel prostrated for days by it. The Turkish is a hot-air bath, followed by sundry washings and manipulations, which render it sometimes of great value, but the custom of treating all patients alike causes frequent injurious results. The Franklin Bath consists in exposure of the whole body naked to the air. It should be attended with general hand-friction of the skin, not long enough to produce general chilliness, and repeated with sufficient frequency to have the >ystem welcome it as a luxury. Grneral Rules for Bathing.— Those suffering from heart disease, faint spells, or congestion of the brain, should never bathe in the surf. Full baths of any kind should not be taken within one hour before a meal: within two hours after a meal; when much fatigued, or otherwise exhausted; when the body is cooling after perspiration ; when cold from previous exposure (except the warm bath). The ears should be protected with light cotton plugs, in surf -bathing. Should lassitude result from surf-bathing, or persistent chilliness, or numbness, discontinue it and rest, also take a strong cup of coffee, but do not try to "walk it off," as that will exhaust still more. Contrary to general opinion, the feet should be first wet. In all baths, heavy shocks should be avoided. The bath should be adapted to the person. If a cold bath is recom- mended for a certain condition, and the patient is used to warm baths only, begin with a tepid, gradually reduce to cool, then to cold. The abuse of water by enthusiastic believers in its virtues, is as much to be guarded against as its proper use is to be encouraged. 24 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Women should take only such baths during the last two months of pregnancy, or while menstruating, as are appro- priate to their condition. The- rule not to bathe within two hours after a meal, is of the utmost importance, as many cases of fatal "cramp" are due to the plunge into cold water when the stomach contains much food. A patient suffering from dry asthma with cold perspiration during the paroxysm, would be injured by a tepid bath. In excessive urination with a dry skin, a tepid sponge, or vapor, bath, will diminish the flow. On the other hand, a cool bath, when the skin is moist, especially with an astringent added, will increase the discharge from the kidneys when that is deficient (Cook). Persons who have reached the decline of life, whether at fifty or seventy years of age, should avoid chills from what- ever baths they allow. 8. CLOTHING. The Use of Clothes.— The natural demand for cloth- ing is for sanitary reasons. Moral reasons exist, but they grow largely from custom. As all bodies radiate, or absorb, heat according as they are surrounded by a medium of lower or higher temperature than themselves, therefore, in a variable climate, clothing becomes a matter of grave importance. In summer, clothing that will rapidly conduct the heat away ; and in winter, that which will retain it best, seems most desirable. But moisture from the surface of the skin plays an important part in the conduc- tive capacity of different articles of clothing. Thus cotton and linen are rapid conductors of heat, and are made much more so when moist or wet. Flannel, on the other hand, is a poor conductor either moist or dry. Therefore, flannel is the preferable clothing for winter use. Experience shows, also, that in the greatest heats of summer it is superior to either cotton or linen for those who are exposed to the direct rays of SLEEP. 25 the sun, because its poor conductivity protects its wearer from the intensity of the sun-heat. The expensiveness of wool is often a serious objection against its use, but this can be obviated to a considerable extent by keeping layers of warm air between the skin and the outer cold. Wear the thinnest kind of all-wool garment fitting very loosely next the skin, and over that one of coarse cheaper wool, also fitting loosely. There will thus be, first a layer or air next the skin, another between the under-wool. and the upper-wool undergarments, and still others between that and the outer articles of apparel. The Color of outside clothing is also of great importance, light absorbing less heat from the sun's rays than dark. For instance, white cotton shirting absorbs 100 heat-units, light sulphur yellow 102, dark yellow 140, light green 155, turkey red 165, dark gveen 108. light blue 198, black takes in 208. As Disease Germs are much more readily absorbed by woolen clothing than by cotton and linen, doctors, nurses, and others who come in contact with infectious diseases, should wear linen and cotton clothing in preference to woolen, as far as other considerations will allow. But silk would be preferable to either for their undergarments. The Fit. — While clothing should be made to fit properly, any article that restrains muscular movements, obstructs the circulation, or compresses the organs , should be condemned. Dyed Clothing should be worn with caution, as the materials used for coloring purposes are often poisonous. Clothing can easily be made non-inflammable by soaking in a solution (of three ounces) of four parts borax and three parts Epsom salts dissolved in ten to twelve ounces of water. (Wood.) Garments for outdoor wear should be warmed before wearing unless kept in a warm room. 9. SLEEP. The Brain, the fountain head of all nervous energy by which we think, and do, and live, never recuperates except 26 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. in sleep. Hence it is that so much time is allotted by Nature to this function of our organism. Other functions, such as eating, walking, and speaking, are subject to very great and long continued modifications, but sleep, with comparatively slight variations, is imperative, because of the necessity for brain-recuperation. Time for Sleeping*.— Ten hours until puberty is estab- lished, nine hours from that period until physical growth is complete, and eight hours sleep for mature life, are the average demands of nature. He who ignores this law, does it at his peril. Nature never forgets. She may seem to disregard for a time, but every habitual violation is written in her book, and will, as certainly, be visited with penalty, as life furnishes the opportunity. To Secure Good Sleep, the following conditions must be observed : The bed should be not so hard as to " make the bones ache," nor so soft as to unduly heat the body. The bedclothes should be light and warm, and always in cool and cold weather comprise an extra to be laid across the feet and drawn up in the night when the natural sinking of the body-heat calls for an extra covering. All persons should sleep alone, if practicable. Invalids and healthy people should never sleep in the same bed, nor invalids and children, nor aged people and children. Hearty meals should not be eaten just before retiring, but it is better to eat a little bread, or even drink a cup of weak black tea, than to feel the gna wings of hunger in bed. The brain should not be worked hard within one or two liours in health, and two to five hours in illness with brain pressure, before retiring. Sleep that is disturbed by uneasy tossings may become tranquil by giving the covering a hearty shake, lifting the night clothes to the armpits and giving the body a hasty hand- rub in the cool air, and lying down in a different position from the last. SLEEP. 27 Never retire with cold feet, but, instead of resorting to the lebilitating hot brick, or water bottle, plunge the feet for an instant into cold water and jump into bed without drying them, and they will soon glow. But if the person is too feeble for reaction to take place thus, then give the cold plunge and dry with a flesh brush, or coarse towel, and, if necessary, rub or whip them into warmth. The night clothes should hang entirely free from the shoulder and be some inches longer than the limbs, so as to envelop the feet. Ventilation should be perfect. But should it be possible to provide adequate ventilation only by exposing the bed to a current of air, protect the bed by a screen, or curtain, between that and the ventilator. The more the nerve force is drained, the more sleep is required. Hence, brain work needs more than manual labor. Those who use alcoholic stimulants require more than abstainers. Large eaters need more than small eaters. Preg- nant and nursing women should have more than others. Eapidly-growing children can scarcely get too much sleep. 10. REST AND RECREATION. Why Needed.— The great American nation has become nervous, dyspeptic, sexually weak, and physically degenerated, largely by the untamed spirit of drive and conquest, which is the product of its environment and history. Three more generations of retrogression, and, as a people, we shall be the scorn of the civilized world. It is time to halt ; and the first reformation should be on the high ground of rest. Greed must check his speed, ambition must take time to breathe, competition must ease up for a holiday. Commodore Yanderbilt, with all his immense finan- cial interests, set an example in this respect worth following. He would never allow work, however pressing, to keep him busy after 2 p.m. ; then rest and recreation the rest of the day. "But with his means he could well afford to rest," objects the 28 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. worker. No, with his means he could not afford to do other- wise ! And he was wise enough to see it. The Incessant Grind of the busy brain needs a let-up; and it will have it, or the impinging fibers will grind each other away. This is the very point that we are deploring. The damage to the brain-fiber is reporting itself in the nerves, stomach, manhood power, and physical stature and strength of the younger generation. More holidays, and half -holiday s , a sacred rest -hour in the hum of the day, business locked into the mill, bank, counting-room, office, store, or shop, when it is closed for the day, instead of being welcomed at the home fireside and transformed into a hideous nightmare in the sleep-hours ! Best, rest, rest, is what we need. Vacations all through the year. Let up, hold up. Stoji ! is the imperative of an imperiled race, or neurasthenia with all its untold horrors will be the distinguishing characteristic of our land. Reform in Schools. — But the mandate will never be heeded until the example is set in our public schools. Stuff, cram, force, is the very spirit of school boards and teachers' institutes, until the young brain takes on its habitual type of high pressure, which will be maintained later on in the busi- ness of life until the machine crashes and the untimely end is reached. None the less imperative is Nature's call for rest. The Habit of Semi-Sleep rest should be cultivated. Sit easily in an easy chair, hands folded on lap, chin fallen upon chest, eyes closed, and breathe slowly way down to the pelvis bone, minute after minute, and soon (thinking only of the deep breathing) the whole organism will sleep, conscious- ness only being half dreamily alert. This rest-faculty ought to be cultivated, especially by all nervous people and brain workers. Rest One Day in Seven, is a law of Nature, as well as the commandment of God. The observation of Sir Robert EXERCISE. 29 Peel, that no man can work seven days in the week without prematurely breaking down, has been abundantly demon- strated in many ways. 11. EXERCISE. The 3Iuscles and their Uses.— There are nearly 500 muscles in the body, and the life of every one is dependent upon exercise. One hundred and forty-seven are used in -very deep inspiration with forcible expulsion of the air. In ill health muscles always loss their power to a greater, or less, extent. In most cases, to restore the muscular vigor is 4o cure the disease. But to do this, appropriate exercise must be had. To continue to exercise parts already overworked but increases the general evil. Yet. after twenty-five years of age, prescribed special exercises seem drudgery, unless they have a strong pleasure element, or are intimately linked with the common utilities of life. General Prineiples. — Before describing exercises upon which we shall rely as a special treatment for disease, some general principles should be strongly insisted upon, the viola- tion of any one of which will throw the responsibility of failure, if it should occur, upon the patient. (These exercises tre, in part, selected from Taylor, Emerson, Nissan, Blakie, Foster and Checkley). 1. Take them very slowly, unless otherwise directed. 2. Rest as long before repeating any movement as the ement consumed. 3. Graduate the force of the movement to the existing strength of the patient. 4. Always with free ventilation ; better in the open air. 5. Always in light, loose clothing, or none at all. 6. Always with the help of abundant sleep. 7. Always with clean skin and open bowels. v . Always with an extra quantity of pure, soft water, drank cold or hot. 9. Always in as cheerful frame of mind as possible. 30 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. 10. Always with the help of one to three sun-baths a week. 11. Always with some purpose sufficiently commanding* to secure persistence. " It is the continuance that gives value." 12. Always with the utmost power of the exercise put forth in the middle of it. 13. Always with sufficient regularity to institute a phys- iological habit. 14. Always with a due regard not only to what should . but also to what should not be done. 15. Seldom, or never, immediately after a full meal. 16. Never when too much hurried to be mentally restful in the use of that particular period of time. 17. Never when greatly fatigued. 18. Never with the use of narcotics, if it can be avoided. 19. Never to the extent of inducing fatigue that cannot be relieved by an hour's rest. 20. Never with jerks and rapid movements, unless the last are directed. " Jerks nr^a sign of weakness." 1. Correct Standing.— Feet firmly planted, toes turned out, body- erect so that a perpendicular line from the toes would touch chest, chin and lips, arms hanging loosely. 2. Neck Exercise.— Erect. Throw head back so as to see as far over back as possible, then slowly rotate the head so as to see as far back as possible in all directions; body must not turn. Twice and reverse four to six times. 3. Proper Breathing. — Correct standing position, slowly draw iiu the breath so as to produce the utmost expansion of the short ribs, and protrusion of the upper abdomen. 4. Hand Exercise. — Squeeze a rubber or yarn ball slowly and forcibly five to twelve times with each hand, then four to eight times with both hands. 5. Wrist Exercise.— Elbows close to sides, forearms held horizon- tally in front, palms up; then bend the wrist so as to bring the ends of the fingers as near the arm as possible. Then bend the hand as far backward as possible. Each movement ten to twenty times with each hand. 6. Forearm Exercise.— Lift a weight suspended from a stick held in the hand; or, put the further end of the stick under a bed, sofa, or shelf, and lift against it. Repeat ten to twenty times. EXERCISE. 31 7. Upper Ai;m Exercise.— {Biceps.) Standing correctly, lungs fully inflated, attempt to lift the left hand to the shoulder while the right rests on it and resists. Repeat ten to twenty times. Reverse and repeat. {Triceps). Stand facing a wall, two feet from it. Now place hands on a level with the ears, three feet apart, against the wall. Hold back the head and slowly drop the body in until the chest nearly touches the wall. Then push it back by the arms. Three to fifteen times once a day. 8. Shoulder Exercise. — a. Stand correctly, hold weight in one hand, aims extended horizontally, and elbows not bent; slowly carry weight to front of the opposite shoulder, then around back of the working shoulder and return. Slowly drop to the side, and take weight in other hand and do likewise. Repeat two to ten times, according to size of weight. After a time both arms can be used together, with a weight in both hands. b. Stand. Lungs inflated and breath held; revolve the arm like the spoke of a wheel, the shoulder being the hub, carrying it backward as far as possible. Two revolutions. Exhale. Other arm same. Then both arms together, same. Then reverse the direction of the revolutions, and proceed as before. e. Stand erect, closed flsts at shoulders. Strike forward as far as possible, with one hand, then with the other. Five to ten times each. When strong, strike with both together, straight from shoulder. 0. Chest Exercise.— Dept h . Nail a hand-slat across the end of a ten- or twelve-foot board, the slat projecting a foot each side. Lay the board across a pole so that the further end of the board on the ground, the hand end will stand a foot above the head. Weight the ground end. Xow stand a foot or eighteen inches from the handles, grasp them with both hands, fill chest to utmost, and hold it in while forcing the handles down to the waist, the legs kept straight. Repeat the " teter " motion ten to seventy times. Breadth.— {a.) Stand correctly, thick of hands on sides, fingers point- ing forward. Contract ribs so as to bring hands as close together as possible. Now send them as far apart as possible by muscular effort. Repeat six to fifteen times. b. Stand correctly, extend arms and lock thumbs down in front. Inhale. Raise arms, holding breath, as high as can be done with- out bending; slow r ly return the arms and exhale together. e. Stand correctly. Inhale and hold. Lift elbow\s to a level with shoulders, hands on same level in front of chest, elbows bent, then strike out with both hands, until they are in line with the 32 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. shoulders, and return. Exhale, drop. Repeat eight to twelve times. d. Stand the length of the arm and hand from and facing a corner; extend the arms sideways on a level with the shoulder and press against each wall. Now slowly fall forward (feet not moving) until the nose touches the corner. Inhale and press back to the upright position by the unmoved hands. Repeat three times. Apex-fulness.— Stand with head four to six inches back, face upward, lungs inflated, arms wing- way; carry weight from one shoulder around to the other and back, then from the horizontal up and down to eighteen inches. Each arm six times. 10. Back Exercise.— (a.) Standing, heels nearly touching, toes out nearly at a right angle, stretch upward arms extended, then sweep down in a curve, bending every joint but the knees in the effort to touch the floor. Rise slowly. Then, finger tips on chest, carry head backward and down until the front neck is stretched, then bend the knees and allow the body to go down as far as possible without bending the back, then slowly rise. Repeat three times. b.* Between two chairs rest one elbow on each, and heels on floor, body rigid, face up, hold there a minute. Repeat three times. 11. Side Exercise.— a. Sit upright, left hand against left side, right hand upright against the head. Carry head and arm as far over toward the left hand as possible without raising right hip from seat. Return slowly. Repeat three to five times with each hand. If stronger exercise is desired, carry weight in upright hand. b. Hop straight ahead first on one foot, then on the other. Begin moderately, and go a little further each day. S„ Standing, right arm bent gracefully over the head, the left hanging loosely. Throw weight upon the foot under the raised arm, carry- ing the other foot out sideways as you bend far in the direction of the free foot, holding the head up toward the raised arm. Repeat one to three times each side. Return slowly. 12. Loin Exercise.— a. Stand. Stoop forward, and with both hands pull steadily for one minute on something fixed to the floor. Rest. Now pull with one hand while the object is oblique from your front, then rest and pull with the other hand in similar position. Once or twice a day, three to six pulls with each hand. b. Sitting, feet spread far apart, arms upright nearly against head, fall slowly over, the body upon one knee. Rise slowly and fall on the other knee. Repeat five or six times each way. The sitting position must be held. Weights can be used in the hands. 13. Abdomen Exercise.— (a.) Sitting, legs extended, hands on head, bend forward far as possible and return slowly. Repeat five to eight times. EXERCISE. 33 b. Lying with legs projecting from the couch and falling to the floor, hands over head, slowly raise the legs to a perpendicular, hold one or two minutes, and slowly return them. Repeat four lu six times. e. Lying. Arms crossed under chin. Raise trunk on elbows and toes and hold a minute or more: return. d. Same as c, only instead of holding on elbows and toes, horizontally, the hips rise as far as possible, and there hold, making an arch. e. Sit on bed, legs off, body and thighs at right angles, fingers grasp- ing loins. Xow fall backward, bringing thighs up. hip joints rigid; as soon as your back touches the bed, spring up from the shoulders to first position, and so rock back and forth twenty to sixty times, A mother can hold her babe as a weight against her chest. f. Stand two or more feet from a wall, place hands against it as high as shoulders, throw chest forward as far as possible. g. Lying on floor, heels against thighs, hands clasped on top head, slowly raise hips as high as possible, resting on feet and shoulders, and hold a few seconds. Down slowly; rest; repeat two to six times. Breathe five times deeply in each time of rest. It. Draw abdomen in and out without breathing. 14. Tkigh Exercise.— FrouA.— Stand feet six inches apart, head and chest high. Xow drop by bending the knees, then slowly rise. Repeat five to ten times. The severity of the exercise will be graded by the distance dropped. Back.— (a.) Stand against the wall and press the heel backward hard against the baseboard many times. ; /. Stand erect, and without motion at the hip, kick up backward, bending the knee only. Twenty to fifty times for each leg. c. Kneel on cushion, feet under a sofa, hands on hips and pitch slowly forward until the head has moved fifteen to twenty inches. Repeat three to six times. 15. Calf Exercise.— (a.) Stand three feet from and facing a wall one foot resting against it, heei close up and with ankle sharply bent, and hands on loins. Xow spring that knee forward and hold it with calf strained a moment. Ease off slowly. Repeat five to ten times for each foot. b. Stand and rise and fall on the toes of each foot, alternately, ten to twenty times or run on tiptoe. Breathe long, deep and steady; lips closed. 16. Shix Exercise.— (a.) Walk on the heels with the toes held high, one to four times around the room. Lay any weight on the foot and lift it from the floor five to ten times for each foot. 3 34 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. c. Stand and stoop as far forward as possible three to seven times without lifting the heels. 17. Ankle Exercise.— (a.) Walk on tiptoe. b. Stand with upper part of one foot resting upon a chair placed back of yon. Now press down with the hand on that heel firmly, and when the ankle is well bent, ease up and let it return against some pressure. Repeat each foot six or eight times. c. Sit with legs across an extra chair, and feet together. Turn the feet to one side slowly as far as possible. Hold a moment and slowly reverse. Repeat ten or twelve times. 18. Foot Exercise.— (a.) Stand on a stool on one leg with one hand against a Avail, the other on the loins. Now swing the free leg as far forward and backward as possible fifteen to twenty times. Then the other. b. Sit with one ankle across the other knee, with a thin-soled slipper on the raised foot. Now take a stick fifteen inches long and one- half of an inch thick, and strike thirty or forty light blows on the sole. Then treat the other foot. 19. Visceral Exercise. — (a.) Creep several times around a good-sized room before dressing in the morning, and after undressing at night, on all fours. b. Standing, thick of hands on hips, thumbs forward and downwards, move hips a little forward and hold them there all through. Now bend the body (above the hips) forward, head falling, and slowly move head and body around to the right side, then back to front, left, back to front, then entirely around forming a circle. c. Stand with head, shoulders and spine strong. Lift forearms to a horizontal position out in front, the upper arms hanging easily from the shoulders, and the hands from the wrists. Now swing the forearms rapidly up and down with great energy without moving the body. Then whirl them in a circle one way, and reverse. One to two minutes once a day. 20. Poise Exercise.— Stand correctly, hands resting lightly on the opposite shoulder. Now, chest leading, poise the body as far for- ward as possible, then backward, keeping the chest in the same leading position and return. Now take the weight on the ball of the right foot, heel gently touching the floor, and swing the left foot in a circle around the right and back, and finally holding it behind the right, poise the body around the same as on both feet at the beginning. Transfer weight to the other foot and repeat. 21. Walking Exercise. — Correct standing position, tips of fingers resting lightly on shoulders, weight on one foot, slowly send its hip out at the side as far as possible, holding chest steady and EXERCISE. do shoulders level. Now the head is below its normal height. With- out rising glide the weight obliquely to the other foot by bending the knee of the weighted foot and straightening the free knee, at the same time sending its hips out sideways. Repeat and return. 22. Whole System Exercises.— Take exercises Xo. 10 a; also 11, a ; 12 b: 13 e; 14; front. 23. Tranquilizer.— Sitting, legs far apart, hands on head. Body twists as far as it can with moderate rapidity one way, then the other. Repeat fifteen to twenty times. 24. For Capillary Circulation.— Stand, legs spread, hands reach- ing high, every muscle from fingers to toes stretched upward one minute. Repeat four to ten times. When to Use These Fxercises. — It may sometimes be desirable to incorporate these movements into the ordinary duties of life. While this is not preferable, on account of liability to overdo, and lack of intervening rests, yet for necessary cases the following suggestions are made : I. When holding a standing conversation, or waiting. 2 and 3. At any leisure moment, sitting or standing. 4. Whenever anything soft and squeezable is in the hand. 5. Playing with the baby, or waiting. 6. Whenever a suitable stick is found in the hand. 7. Whenever carrying light weights from place to place, one hand only in use (Triceps). Whenever passing empty- handed through a door. Use the casings as a wall. 8. a. In carrying weights ; b and c, in going from place to place. 9. (Depth). Playing with children. A child as weight. (Breadth), a. In dressing and undressing ; b and c, whenever resting a moment from sewing or writing ; d, when looking for anything in a good corner. 10. a. To pick up a pin ; &, when amusing children and young people. II. a. When sitting anywhere ; b, in going short dis- tances. 12. a. When standing by the stove, or any heavy object; b, sitting waiting. 36 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 13. b. On getting out of bed; c and d, while lying in bed ; e, getting up ; /, wherever a wall, or tree, is found ; h, anytime and anywhere. 14. (Front). When carrying the baby; (Back) a, when standing anywhere against a wall ; 6, amusing the children. 15. a. Anywhere, standing facing a wall, or large stone ; 6, standing talking, or going from place to place. 16. a. Walking a short distance ; b, carry coal hod on toes ; c, anywhere. 17. a and b. Going upstairs ; c, reading newspapers and fiction. 18. a. When standing on a balcony ; b, while dressing. 19. a. To amuse the children, or up and down stairs ; e, when not knowing what else to do. 20. While standing. 21. Watching the cooking, waiting for carriage, etc. 23. When sitting anywhere. 24. After sitting. Nearly all these exercises can be adapted to the feeble by the attendant becoming the point of support, or in cases of the very feeble, he can, on the same principles, give passive exer- cise, firmly and moderately forcing the desired muscular movements. Bicycle Exercise. — Next to a systematic use of the foregoing exercises, bicycle riding is, perhaps, the most desirable within the reach of ordinary invalids. For them the pneumatic tire is specially desirable. The rider should sit naturally, chest out, head up, and be very careful that his saddle be so soft and springy, or his person so padded that irritation of the genital organs, does not result. Enough can- not be said in condemnation of the racing posture in riding. It contracts the chest, crooks the spine, irritates the prostate, and ages men years before their time. With these qualifica- tions, the bicycle is commended especially for two reasons — (1) It concentrates the mind on what is being done, and (2) demands the exercise of thoughtful skill which diverts the HABITS. 3? thoughts from self and all morbid channels, and thus induces mental recuperation. 12. HABITS. By habits is meant any customary indulgence that depletes the vitality of the individual. The Drink Habit. — The testimony of Hon. Chauncey Depew is important as a practical summary of the case from the standpoint of actual examples : "Twenty-five years ago I knew every man, woman and child in Peekskill. And it has been a study with me to mark boys who started in every grade of life with myself, to see what has become of them. I was np last fall and began to count them over, and it was an instruc- tive exhibit. Some of them became clerks, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, and doctors. It is remarkable that every one of those that drank are dead; not one living of my age. Barring a few who were taken off by sickness, every one who proved a wreck and wrecked his family, did it from rum, and no other cause. Of those who were church -going people, who were steady, industrious, hard-working men, who were frugal and thrifty, every single one of them, without an exception, owns the house in which he lives, and has something laid by. the interest on which, with his house, would carry him through many a rainy day." The following facts concerning both moderate and exces- sive drinking are conclusive. Dr. N. S. Davis, before the Chicago Medical Society, said : ■•All excesses and irregularities in eating, or drinking, are injuri- ous, as also are excessive and exhausting mental and physical work. And still more injurious is the use of any unnatural drinks, which, like those containing alcohol, directly interfere with the function of the haemoglobin of the blood and diminish the activity of both the leucocytes and tissue cells, and thereby greatly impair the resisting power of the whole system. Abundant experience has shown that an alley filled with decayed garbage does not more certainly in rift eholeragerms in the neighborhood than docs the use of alcoholic drinks invite than to the tissues of the individuals who use sueli drinks.'" Dr. G. Lowther truly wrote in The Voice (See Sept. 22, 1892): The places where intoxicating liquors arc sold have proved to be generators and conductors of cholera. Xot only so, but the users «»t alcohol are the most ready victims of the disease. This is accounted for by the fact that, by its use, the digestion is deranged. The blood 38 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. vitiated, the nerves unstrung, and further, that the presence of alcohol in the system renders it more susceptible to infection. But, account for the facts as we may, here are the testimonies of physicians, and others, during the scourges of 1832 and 1866: Dr. French, a medical health officer in Liverpool, says : "The out- break of cholera in July, 1806, in that city, was in a house where a woman died of another disease. They kept the body for three days, during a drunken debauch, in a crowded room, filled with the fumes of tobacco and alcohol. This revel was called 'a wake.' One week from that time forty-eight persons had died from cholera within a radius of 150 yards from that place." During the epidemic of 1832, Dr. Bronson said: "In Montreal, 1,000 persons have died of cholera, only two of whom were teetotalers." A Montreal paper said: "Not a drunkard who has been attacked has recovered from the disease, and almost all the victims have been at least moderate drinkers." In Albany, N, Y., the same year, cholera carried off 366 persons ^bove sixteen years of age, all but four of whom belonged to the 'drinking classes. Packer, Prentice & Co., large furriers in Albany, employed 400 persons, none of whom used ardent spirits, and there Were only two cases of cholera among them. Mr. Dele van, a contractor, said: "I was engaged, at the time, in erecting a large block of build- ings. The laborers were much alarmed, and were on the point of abandoning the work. They Avere advised to stay and give up strong drink. They all remained, and all quit the use of strong drink except. one, and he fell a victim to the disease." He says also: "T had a gang of diggers in a clay bank, to whom the same proposition was made; they all agreed to it, and not one died. On the opposite side of the same clay bank were other diggers who continued their regular rations of whisky, and one-third of them died." In New York city there were 204 cases in the park, only six of whom were temperate, and these recovered, while 122 of the others died. In many parts of the city the saloon-keepers saw and acknowledged the terrible connection, between their business and the spread of the dis- ease, and, becoming alarmed for their own safety, shut up their saloons and fled, saying: "The way from the saloon to hell is too short." In Washington the board of health was so impressed with the terrible facts that they declared the grog shops nuisances, ordered them closed, and they remained closed for three months. A prominent physician of Glasgow reported: " Only 19 per cent, of the temperate perished, while 91 2-10 of the intemperate died." One extensive liquor dealer of Glasgow said: "Cholera has carried off half of my cus- tomers." In Warsaw 90 per cent, of those who died from cholera were HABITS. 39 wine drinkers. At Tifels, Prussia, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, every drunkard died of cholera. Sir William Roberts states as the result of actual experi- ments that proof spirit, brandy, whiskey, or gin, in food pro- duced these effects upon digestion : Thirty per cent, retards digestion eighty minutes beyond the natural time : 40 per cent, retards digestion 200 minutes beyond, and 50 per cent, per- mitted almost no digestion. In harmony with the foregoing-, is the probability of life, as based on statistics of beneficiary societies : At 20 44.2 years, if temperate At 30 3G.5 At 40 28.8 At 50 21.25 " " " At GO 14.28 At 20 15.6 years, if intemperate At 30 13.8 At 40 11.6 At 50 10.8 At 60 8.9 " " " The Opium and Chloral habits are universally and justly condemned. The Tobacco Habit is of such general tolerance that its merits should be considered. In favor of it, it is claimed that inveterate tobacco users sometimes live to a great age. therefore, it cannot be harmful. Mr. Samuel Jesoup died May 17. 1817. at Heekington, Eng., at tli^ age <>f sixty-rive years. Yet it is in legal evidence in the Lincoln ? that from 17'.;4 t<» 1810, sixteen years, he swallowed 84,584 pills— fourteen and one-half every day — of the old-fashioned alopathic make; that from 1*11 and in 1815 he took sixty-two pills a day. and in 1*14. 141 each day. Besides these, he took k * juleps and electuaries, and 4". 000 bottles of mixture* set out in fifty-five closely-written columns of apothecaries hills.'* Yet he lived to be sixty-five. As well claim that those carloads of drugs were not harm- ful to him. The reasonable inference is that a constitution that could resist all that so many years might have endured the assaults of time without that for at least a hundred years. Medical authority and general indulgence are also urged 40 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. as justifying the use of tobacco. But these weigh nothing against the facts to which attention is now called. Eighteen years ago the author published a book, in which the following propositions were maintained : 1. By the operation of the chemical and physiological laws involved in the use of tobacco, its invariable tendency is to induce disease in a healthy organism. 2. That the tobacco habit tends directly to induce other habits of an injurious character. 3. The tobacco indulgence transmits to posterity diseased condi- tions and perverted tendencies. 4. It strengthens selfishness and demoralizes the mind. Neither the facts nor logic of that treatise have ever been overthrown. The propositions stand impregnable. In con- firmation, some more recent facts may be cited: From the records of the senior class of Yale students for eighl; years, it has been found that non-smokers were 20 per cent, taller, 25 per cent, heavier, and had 62 per cent, more lung capacity than smokers. In the Amherst graduating class of 1891, non- smokers were 37 per cent, taller, 24 per cent, heavier, 42 per cent, larger chest girth, and average lung capacity of 8.36 cubic inches (equal to more than one-fourth of an ordinary inspiration) than the smokers. (Dr. John Ellis). Let common sense say whether an article that thus dwarfs the body can fail equally to affect the mind. Says Prof. Paul Paquin from the standpoint of science, purely : "One marked result of its use is the semi-intoxication of the nerve- cells, thereby rendering the brain slow, the mind cloudy, and deranging the whole governing power of the organism to a degree incompatible with the regularity and accuracy which should characterize tl ir- respective duties of the various organs." The Supreme Passions of Man, p, 109, the very latest and highest authority, Rohe, says: "The depressing effects of tobacco, due principally to the nicotine upon the nervous and digestive systems, have long been recognized. Recently, however, it has been found that very serious symptoms are produced upon the sense of vision by the constant or excessive use of tobacco. A special form of amaurosis, termed tobacco amaurosis, has been fre- quently noticed." The great Lord Wolseley said: "I did not smoke for a week before Tel-el-Kebir was won, and as I wanted every iota THE ABUSE OF DRUGS. 41 of nerve before I went up to take Khartoum, I gave it up then.'' That which robs a man of •' nerve," ought to be given up. Much could be added on moral and hygienic grounds against this disgusting habit. 13. THE ABUSE OF DRUGS. Drug' Doing' may legitimately be classed among the unsanitary habits of civilized people. It is stated that the people of Great Britain swallow 5,500,000 pills daily, equal to 178 tons, which would fill thirty-six freight cars. The Boston Globe says that there are 5,000 patent medicines of American make on the market, of which one in eight is thought to have some real value. The sales exceed $22,000,000 a year in the United States : seven-eighths of this vast sum are a thousand times worse than thrown away, for any drug that is of no real value, is a positive detriment. In France the sale of proprietory medicines is only allowed after the formulae have been given to the Academy of Medicine. In Germany the sale is strictly prohibited, unless the formula is on the bottle. Even thus, in three years, sixty-one com- pounds were officially denounced. But in the United States any man can throw any compound upon the public, and the more astoundingly he can falsify, the more rapid will be his sales. Some proprietary articles are valuable, but they are few. Cosmetics and Skin Ointments and Lotions are particularly dangerous, because of the poisons that they con- tain. Ranke found mercury in the liver, glands of the abdo- men, brain, spinal cord, some of the nerve extremities, spleen, heart, and many of the muscles of the trunk, in a case where sublimate inunctions had been made several months before. Physiologists affirm that there are 2.500 square inches of skin upon the body, each with 417 to 2,800 pores, and that through all the 2,500,000 pores in the skin, thirty ounces of what we eat and drink pass off every day. With like facility these pores carry into the blood matters lodged upon the skin ; hence, mercury will salivate ; potassium-tartrate of antimony 42 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. will vomit ; arsenic and lead will poison ; iodine will stimulate the glands ; turpentine will appear in the urine, if but rubbed upon the skin. Mercurial and arsenical salts constitute the potency of most skin preparations. Prof. Chandler's analyses of fifteen popular hair restorers showed an average of 5.25 grains of lead in every fluid ounce. Physicians, Themselves, many among the most emi- nent, have become profoundly disgusted with drug-dosing. Here is tlie honest declaration of old Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia: ^ I AM Heke Incessantly led to make an apology for the instability of the theories and practice of physic; and those physicians generally become the most eminent who have the soonest emancipated them- selves from the tyranny of the schools of physic. Dissections daily convince us of our ignorance of disease, and cause us to blush at our prescriptions. What mischief have we done under the belief of false facts and wrong theories ? We have assisted in multiplying disease ; we have done more, we have increased their mortality. I will not pause to beg pardon of the faculty for acknowledging, in this public manner, the weakness of our profession. I am pursuing truth, and am indifferent whither I am led, if she only is my leader." Said the celebrated Dr. Abercrombie : " Since first cultivated as a science, medicine is fraught with the highest degree of uncertainty. We cannot properly be said to act upon experience, as we do in other branches of science." Sir Ashley Cooper, the famous surgeon, in a lecture before the students of Guy's hospital, said: "The art of medicine is founded on conjectures, and improved by murder." Dr. Hoffman, the celebrated physician of the last century, wrote: "As regards most medicines, the physician is deceived, as their true properties are quite unknown, and we know of no general law of Nature for their remedial employment in disease." The world-famed Dr. Huf eland made this remarkable statement in his published works: "Man has two great enemies to fight— sickness -and the doctor ! " Prof. John Hughes Bennett, of the Edinburg University, says : " All those who have acquainted themselves with what is known of the structure and composition of the tissues, the laws of nutrition, and the pathological changes which occur in organs during disease, must feel astonished at the unfounded assumptions, want of evidence, and even unreasonableness, which characterize writings on the action of medicines." THE ABUSE OE DRUGS. 43 Said Sir John Forbes, after fifty years' practice of the current sys- tem of medicine : " Our estimate of this kind of treatment must be entirely of a damnatory character, the slight amount of good ever derived from it being counterbalanced by a huge sum of evil." It may be objected that these confessions were made in an age of less scientific knowledge. Granted. But has the advance in science materially changed the main fact con- fessed? Here follow some of our own day : Dr. Bickat says on Page 114, of Popular Science Monthly of Novem- ber, 1883: "To what errors have not mankind been led in the employ- ment of medicines ? It is not a science at all, it is a shapeless collec- tion of inaccurate ideas." Dr. Schrodt: The entire system of therapeutics is founded upon an erroneous conception of disease. Dr. Magendie: I hesitate not to declare, no matter how sorely I shall wound our vanity, that so gross is our ignorance of the real nature of the physiological disorders called diseases, that it would, perhaps, be better to do nothing, and resign the complaint (we are called upon to treat) to the resources of nature, than to act, as we are so often compelled to do, without knowing the why and the wherefore of our conduct, and at the obvious risk of hastening the end of the patient. Dr. Jules Vires : Our system of therapeutics is so shaky, that the soundness of the basis itself must be suspected. Dr. Bock: Twenty-five years' experience at the sick-bed and the dissecting table, in the nursery and on the battlefield, has convinced me that, with rare exceptions, the disorders of the human body, which have been treated after such an infinite variety of drug systems, can - well cured without any drug at all. Dr. Francis Cogswell: I wish not to detract from the exalted pro- fession to which I have the honor to belong, and which includes many of my warmest and most valued friends; yet it cannot answer to my conscience to withhold tlie acknowledgment of my firm belief, that the medical profession (with its prevailing mode of practice) is pro- ductive of vastly more evil than good; and were it absolutely abolished, mankind would be infinitely the gainer." John Mason Good, M. D., author of " Study of Medicine," etc. : The science of medicine is a barbarous jargon, and the effects of our medi- cines on the human system is, in the highest degree, uncertain, except, indeed, that they have destroyed more lives than war, pestilence and famine combined. The great Prof. Wunderlich wrote in 1852: "Instead of investiga- tion, we find empiricism; instead of facts, we have theories; instead of 44 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. correct conclusions, dogmatic rules; instead of ascertaining causes, 'useless talk." Dr. Richter says in his work on " Medicine : " "No science is so fu I Of erroneous conclusions, mistakes, dreams, and lies, as the so-called science of medicine! Many who would get well, if left alone, are killed by the art of the doctors. If one sees a physician take a pen to write a prescription, one feels like saying: 'Lord forgive him, for Le- knows not what he does.' " If drugs are so potent for mischief in the hands of edu- cated physicians, what folly it is for the people to dose them- selves at haphazard ! 14. CONTAGION AND INFECTION. Wall Papers are often the abode of millions of disease germs, as well as sometimes deleterious by reason of the chemical poisons used in their colors. Household Pets have many times carried diphtheria and scarlet fever to their human playmates. Dr. F. J. Leviseur has traced many cases of ringworm and fevers to the fondling of cats. Kissing the Dead is a practice full of peril to the living. Disinfect all Bowel Discharges from typhoid fever patients. In Lausanne, Switzerland, some were thrown into a small stream, which soon disappeared into the earth, but reap- peared half a mile away in a clear mountain spring. Yet the use of that spring water caused 144 cases of typhoid fever. Numerous cases have occurred by simply rinsing milk cai ^ in infected water. When the city of Munich was supplied from wells, the death rate from typhoid was 24.2 per cent, in 10,000 inhab- itants. When sewered and furnished with a general supply, it sank to 1.4. The Cause of Many Mysterious Fevers and bowel diseases in apparently healthy localities is owing to the fact that slops are poured on the ground close to the house. Ground-air, that is the air that fills the spaces between the particles of earth, not only contains more carbonic acid than the atmosphere, but it absorbs poisons from the decaying CONTAGION AND INFECTION. 45 organic particles in the slops, and sets in a constant current Toward the cellar by reason of its heat, whence it rises through the house. The disease generated thus spreads in the ratio of the density of the population. Thus Dr. Fair found that in England and Wales the death rate and density corresponded : Deaths in 1,000 Population Per Square Mile. Population 106 186 379 1.176 4.499 12.351 63,823 Deaths 17 19 22 25 28 32 39 Proximity in Square Yards. Yards 147 139 97 46 28 17 7 Life duration 51 45 40 35 32 29 26 years. Antiseptics aud Disinfectants for Water-Closets, Vessels and Drain-Pipes : — Hot water, two and one-half gallons ; copperas, four pounds ; carbolic acid, four pounds. Id cases of typhoid fever, dysentery, etc.. keep this mixture in vessels and pour it down the water-closet freely. Or cop- peras, ten pounds, in a bucket of water. A teacupful for a bed-pan, or chamber vessel, each time it is used, or for the last, one fluid ounce of chlorinated soda, or ten grains of permanganate of potassia to a quart of water. Another, sul- phate of zinc, eight ounces, carbolic acid, one ounce, water. Three gallons. For drains, ditches and sewers, disinfect with chloride of lime : one pound is sufficient for one thousand gallons of run- ning sewage. For heaps of filth, cover with charcoal, two or three inches deep, or with dry earth. For washing clothes, in cases of erysipelas, smallpox, etc. : Sulphate of zinc, two and one-half ounces : carbolic acid, one ounce : hot water, one gallon. Water acidulated with com- mercial sulphuric acid, is excellent. Fumigation after Contagions Diseases, with sul- phur, is the only practical method. To disinfect blankets, heavy clothing, etc.. open them, close the rooni tight, stuff all cracks and paste paper over the keyholes. Put the sulphur in iron pans set on bricks in tubs containing a little water ; use hot coals in igniting it, or pour alcohol over it and light with 46 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. a match. Hasten from the room and keep it closed for twenty-four hours, then open the windows wide and air it thoroughly. Use two pounds of sulphur for a room ten feet square, larger rooms in proportion. Or, dissolve one pound of sulphuric acid in three times its volume of water in a strong earthen vessel, add three pounds of chloride of lime, and shut into the room the same as sulphur. In both cases avoid inhaling the fumes. For Air of Sick Room : — Permangante of potash and oxalic acid, each one ounce. Mix and moisten with twice the quantity (by bulk) of water ; add a little more water in two hours' time. This will emit ozone freely enough for a large room ; it is an active disinfectant. FIG. 8. THE SKELETON. :p.a.:r,t ii. I. OUR LITIJSTG MACHINE. ITS MECHANISM AND MOTIONS. Motion, Frame-work, Machinery, Covering — Vegetation, Growth, Sleep, Rest, Recuperation — Circulation, Blood, Respiration, Oxidation, Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion — Sensation, Feeling, Taste, Smell, Hearing, Sight— Intellection, Perception, Emotion, Volition, Orig- ination — Degeneration, Sub-Oxidation, Sub-Nutrition, Ab-Secretion, Ab- Excretion, Ab-Circulation, Mai-Genera- tion — Generation, Organs, Sex, Functions, Conception, Gestation, Maternity, Lactation. The human body is a wonderful machine, that is operated by a still more wonderful spirit. It is important that we should know its construction, in order to be able to run it and care for it to our best advantage. THE FRAME-WORK. 1. The Bones. — Its frame-work consists of two hundred and six bones, which serve the three-fold purpose of protection to the softer parts, preservation of form and possibility of motion. Their peculiar structure affords lightness, as well as strength. While their exterior is hard and resisting, the central portion consists of a cavity which contains an oily substance called marrow, interspersed by hollow tubes, about which layers of bone substance are arranged. 4 50 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. All the bones in their proper position constitute the skel- eton, which consists of four principal divisions, namely, head neck, trunk and limbs. The Head, or skull, is made up of twenty-nine bones. Those behind and above (eight in number) form the brain-case, and are as follows : One occipital bone, at back of head ; one frontal, the forehead ; two parietal, on top and sides ; two temporal, the temples; one sphenoid, the floor and sides of brain-box ; one ethmoid, between top of nose and brain case. The front bones of the skull, fourteen in number, consist of one lower jaw bone ; one vomar, between the nostrils ; two upper jaw bones ; two palate bones, supporting part of the roof of the mouth ; two malar bones, supporting the cheek below and outside the eye ; two lachrymal bones, between the nose and eye-socket ; two nasal, on roof and sides of nose ; two turbinate, inside the nose. The other skull bones consist of three pairs of ear bones, the malleus, or hammer bone, the incus, or anvil, and the stapes, or stirrup ; also the hyoid, to which the roof of the tongue is attached. The skull bones protect the senses of hearing, sight, smell and taste. With the exception of the lower jaw bone, which is attached to the skull by a joint, for the opening and closing of the mouth, nearly all the skull bones are dovetailed into one another by what are termed sutures. The bones on the sides and top of the brain-case are made up of three layers, the outer one tough enough to bear a heavy blow, a central softer layer which deadens the jar of such a blow, and an inside layer of hard bony matter. The Spinal Column is made up of a chain of twenty- six bones, called vertebrae. The upper seven in the neck are the cervical vertebrae, the next twelve at the back of the thorax, or chest cavity, the dorsal, and the next five the lumbar or loin vertebrae, behind the cavity of the pelvis. The two small bones at the end of the spinal column are known as sacrum and coccyx, the sacrum being the larger and the coccyx the THE FRAME-WORK. 51 end bone. Projecting from the back of each vertebra is a bony bar called the spinal process. A canal, which contains the spinal cord, runs through the whole back-bone except the coccyx, and opens into the skull-chamber above. The verte- bra? are separated from each other by thick layers of cartilage, which adds to the elasticity of the frame, and so cushions the spine as to prevent shocks to the brain by jumping and falling. The Ribs are twenty-four slender curved bones, twelve on each side of the chest. Each of the first seven ribs is attached behind to a vertebra, and in front to the breast-bone. The next three are united in front by a connecting cartilage and attached to the seventh rib. The two lower ribs are free, or floating, at their front extremities. The Limbs, with the bones which unite them to the trunk, consist of one hundred and twenty-six bones. The shoulder comprises on each side a collar-bone, or clavicle, in front, and a shoulder-blade, or scapula behind. Both these unite near the shoulder- joint. The bones of the arm and hand consist of the arm-bone, or humerus, which reaches from the shoulder to the elbow ; two forearm bones lying side by side between the elbow and the wrist, that on the thumb side being the radius, and on the little finger side the ulna ; and twenty- seven small hand bones, eight carpal lying close to the wrist joint, five metacarpal in the palm of the hand, and fourteen phalanges, three in each linger and two in the thumb. The hip bones, one on each side, meet in front and form, with the sacrum, a bony ring inclosing the lower part of the cavity of the abdomen. This ring is known as the pelvis. The leg and foot bones are sixty in number. They consist of the thigh bone, or femur (the longest bone in the body), which reaches from the hip-joint to the knee ; the tibia, or shin-bone. and the fibula, which run side by side from knee to ankle- joint ; the knee-pan, or patella, in front of the knee-joint ; and twenty-six foot bones, seven ankle and heel, or tarsal bones, five metatarsal and fourteen phalanges, these corresponding in position with the bones of the same name in the hand. 52 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. FIG. 9. ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE MUSCLES. THE FRAME-WORK. 53 These are all shown in the skeleton frontispiece. The Bones are Hinged to each other by contrivances called joints, or articulations, which are of two kinds ; the ball and socket, as the shoulder and hip : and the hinge joint, like the knee, fingers, etc., and are bound in their places by ligaments. A joint is dislocated when it slips out of its bed. But a jointed frame-work must have some mechanism of motion in order to move. 2. The Machinery is made up of muscles, tendons and cartilages. 3Inscles are bundles of fibers which have the power to shorten themselves, upon appropriate nervous or electrical excitation. They are striped, or voluntary, under the control of the will ; and un striped, or invol- untary, not under the control of the will. Tendons are white glistening bands, which have few vessels and no nerves, and connect the muscles with the bones on which they act. Cartilages form the original frame-work which ossifies into the skeleton, having portions covering the ends of bones, called articular; other portions constituting a part of the skeleton, called costal ; and still other portions arranged in plates to preserve the shape, called reticular, FIG. 10. MUSCULAR FIBERS. that do nQt Qssify> 3. The Covering*. — The Skin is composed of the ex- ternal horny covering, the cuticle or epidermis, without vessels or nerves, and the derma or true skin, which is an elastic tis- sue containing the sensitive papillae, the seat of the sense of touch, the sweat glands, the sebaceous glands, fat cells and hair follicles. A modification of the cuticle appears as the nails, and another modification forms hairs, which springs from the fol- 54 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. licles as a shaft, consisting of a central substance, a fibrous portion and an external covering of flat scales. This power of motion, thus secured, is preserved by a certain VEGETATIVE PROCESS, Including growth, sleep, rest and recuperation. 4. Growth is the accretion resulting from the nutritive supply being normally in excess of the wastes of the system prior to maturity, and still existing in the form of repair- processes all through life. It is the special function of the medulla (the upper enlarged portion of the apinal cord), the PW FIG. 11. MUSCLES. cord and the viscera (the organs in the cavities of the cranium, thorax and abdomen), to preside over growth and repair. This is accomplished mainly by sleep, rest and recuperation. 5. During' Sleep all the voluntary powers and con- sciousness are suspended, and the drain of active and conscious life saved, so that the nutritive functions can pour their tides of quickening energy into the channels of growth and repair. 0. Rest is the equivalent of sleep, as far as it goes, but, being more or less incomplete, it cannot take the place of sleep. VEGETATIVE PROCESS. 55 : of iheOccipi Complexes , Spleniuv , Masseicr. Mastoideus Trap«7«u». Deltoid Triceps E Supinator of Fore-arm. Pronator of Fore-arm. Extensor of the Fingers. Extensor of the Thumb. Extensor Tendons. Insertion of the Triceps. Extensor of Wrist Extensor of Fingers. Broad Muscle of Back. Us Tendinous Origin. Postenor part of the ObliquuS Externus Gluteus Medius Gluteus Magnus. Biceps Flexor of the Leg. Semi-Tendinobus. [ Double Muscle of the Calf. idles Tendon. FIG. 12. POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE MUSCLES. 56 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 7. Recuperation is repair in function, as repair itself is reconstruction of the organism. The brain never thoroughly recuperates except in sleep, because consciousness, which is inseparable from the waking state, is a vital process entailing exhaustion of vital force. All this is accomplished by the medium of THE CIRCULATION. By this is meant the flow of the blood through the whole system, carrying to the tissue's the elements of repair, and bringing from them the wastes that must be expelled. FIG. 13. SOFT HAIR PASSING THROUGH THE CANALS OF SEBA- CIOUS GLANDS. 8. The Blood is an alkaline, saline fluid, about one- eighth the weight of the body, consisting of two parts : 1 , The liquor sanguinis, or plasma, a transparent colorless fluid, in which float, 2, the red and white blood corpuscles, consisting of forty per cent, of the blood. The red corpuscles average 1-3200 of an inch in diameter, and number about 125,000,000 in a cubic inch. THE CIRCULATION. 57 The most important constituent of these corpuscles is the haemoglobin, an albuminous compound. About 17-1000 parts of the red corpuscles are capable of absorbing 7-10 of a cubic inch of oxygen to each 1-64 of a grain of haemoglobin, when it is called oxy-haemoglobin, which gives the bright scarlet color to arterial blood. The function of the corpuscles is to absorb oxygen in the lungs and carry it to the tissues. The white corpuscles are about one to three hundred and fifty or four hundred of the red, and consist of a soft, color- less substance, each granule measuring about 1-2500 of an inch in diameter. The Circulatory Apparatus consists of the heart* arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, pyramidal in shape, measuring five and one-half inches in length, and weighing from ten to twelve ounces in the male, and eight to ten ounces in the female. It consists of four cavities, a right auricle and ventricle, and a left auricle and ventricle, completely separated by a vertical partition. The right is the venous side, receiving the blood from the vena cava, and propelling it through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. The left is the arterial side, receiving the arterial blood from the lungs by the pulmonary veins, and propelling it through the aorta to the system at large. The heart function is to propel the blood to all portions of the vascular system. During the dilatation and repose of the heart, its chambers are filled with blood, which, by the mus- cular contraction, is forced into the blood vessels. These two conditions of the heart are termed respectively the diastole and systole. Course of the Blood Through the Heart.— The venous blood returned to the heart (after having been used in the system and thus become enfeebled or weakened) by the superior and inferior venae cavae, is emptied, during the dias- tole, into the right auricle, on the contraction of which it is forced through the right auriculo-ventricular opening into the 58 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. right ventricle, and distends it. Upon contraction of the ven- tricle, the blood is propelled through the pulmonary artery into the lungs, where it undergoes aeration, and is changed in color, making it fresh and strong again. The arterial blood is now collected by the pulmonary veins and poured into the left auricle ; thence it passes into the left ventricle, which becomes fully distended. Upon contraction, of the ventricle, the blood VEIN RTERY a. Capillaries of lungs. b. Pulmonary artery. c. Pulmonary veins. d. Right auricle of heart. e. Left auricle of heart. /. Left ventricle, g. Right ventricle. h. Pericardium. Jc. Veins bearing blood to right auricle from all parts of the body. /. Capillaries of all or- gans except the lungs. m. Aorta bearing blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. FIG. 14. THE CIRCULATION. is propelled into the aorta, and by it distributed to the system at large, to be again returned to the heart by the veins. The conduits of the blood are : Arteries, which are elastic pipes, carrying the blood from the heart to the body, and ending in the THE CIRCULATION. 59 Capillaries. These are minute vessels connecting the terminating arteries with the commencing Veins, which are return pipes bringing the blood back from the body to the heart. The Lesser, or Pulmonic Circulation, is the arteries lead- ing from the heart to the lungs, and the return veins from the lungs to the heart. The Greater, or Systemic Circulation, comprises the great distributing artery, the aorta, and its branches, and the return- ing veins from all parts of the frame except the lungs. The circulation renders possible another intimately asso- ciated vital function — 9. Respiration, which has for its machinery the nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm and chest. The Xose is the projection on the face formed by the two passages called the nasal fossae, or nostrils, separated by the septum narium, which is a cartilage supporting the roof of the cavities, and furnishing a passage for the air to reach the Trachea, which is a cyl- indrical tube of sixteen to twenty rings of cartilage, about four and one-half inches long, nearly one inch in diam- eter, beginning at the lower border of the larynx and fork- ing into the two Bronchi, which are tubes similar in formation to the trachea, extending into the lungs, where they divide. Each is sub-divided into bronchial tubes. The right bronchus is about one inch long, and divides into two parts in the three lobes of that lung. The left bronchus is nearly two inches long, and divides into three parts in the two lobes of that lung. FIG. 15. LOBULE OF LUNG. 60 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The Larynx is a cartilaginous box, lying between the base of the tongue and the trachea, and containing the true and false vocal cords, with a cartilaginous lid called the epi- glotis, for the passage of air to and from the lungs. The Lungs are two; the right has three lobes, and weighs about twenty-two ounces. The left has two lobes, and weighs about twenty ounces. Each is composed of a multi- tude of alveoli, or air cells, that are from one two-hundredth a. Inspiration. b. Expiration. c. Chest-cavity. d. Diaphragm. /. Collaivbone. rf. Hip-bone. h. Coccyx. st. Sternum. ab. Abdomen. FIG. 16. FORM OF CHEST AND ABDOMEN IN RESPIRATION. to one-seventieth of an inch in diameter. These air cells are divided into compartments called lobules, around the ends of the bronchiole, or termination of the bronchial tube. The Diaphragm is the great muscle of respiration, and constitutes the floor of the lungs. The Chest, or thorax, is the cavity formed between the ribs, breast bone, spine, shoulder-blades, and the diaphragm- The ribs have been already described. THE CIRCULATION. 61 The Function of Respiration is the absorption of oxygen into the blood and the exhaling of carbonic acid from the blood. This is done by two movements : 1. Expansion of chest walls, depression o£ diaphragm, and inspiration of about one pint of air ; one-fifth of the air is oxygen, a large part of which is absorbed into the blood. 2. At the same time, four and nine-tenths per cent, of carbonic acid is exhaled, with a contraction of the walls of the chest and rising of the diaphragm. In inspiration the twenty to thirty cubic inches of air which passes in is called tidal, or breathing air. A forced inspiration adds about one hundred and ten cubic inches more, which is called complimental air. After ordinary expira- tion, about one hundred cubic inches remain, which can be expelled by forcible effort ; this is called reserve air. It still leaves about one hundred cubic inches more which cannot be expelled at all, called residual air. THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE AIR CAPACITY OF THE LUNGS IN HEALTH AND CONSUMPTION. Height. Cubic Inches. First Stage. Second Stage. Third Stage. 5 ft. 1 in. 174 117 99 82 5 " 2 '• 182 122 102 86 5 - 3 " 190 127 108 89 5 •• 4 •• 198 133 113 93 5 " 5 " 206 138 117 97 5 •• 6 " 214 143 122 100 5 " 7 " 222 149 127 104 5 " 8 " 230 154 131 108 -, •• 9 » 238 159 136 112 5 '• 10 " 246 165 140 116 5 " 11 " 254 170 145 119 262 176 149 126 According to Hutchinson, the average spirometer measure of females is 40 cubic inches less than that of males. The capacity of the lungs materially affects another im- portant vital process — 10. Oxidation, which is the absorption of the inspired oxygen by the haemoglobin of the blood as carriers to the tissues, where the chemical changes involved in nutrition and elimina- tion are wrought by the oxygen. 62 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. These changes are called metamorphosis of tissues, and consist in the disorganization of the used tissue-cells and the building up of the nutrient materials in the blood-plasma into new tissue-cells. This leads to another vital process. J 1. Digestion. The machinery of digestion consists of mouth, oesophagus, or gullet, stomach, duodenum, liver and intestines. Malart fiieuaplth Canine 2t)ts»on> FIG. 17. UPPER AND LOWER TEETH. The Mouth contains the tongue and thirty-two teeth, sixteen in each jaw, namely : four incisors, two canines, four bicuspids, six molars. Mastication is the j)rocess of disinte- grating the food by the motion of the lower jaw and tongue, combined with the solvent properties of the saliva, of which about two and one-half pounds are secreted during twenty- four hours. Deglutition is the forcing of the softened mass through the pharynx into the Stomach, which is a bagpipe-shaped pouch about thir- teen inches long and five inches deep, with a capacity of about five pints. It has three coats, serous, muscular and mucous. THE CIRCULATION. 63 By the muscular coat a churning motion is given to the organ. In the mucous coat are imbedded large numbers of mucous and gastric glands — the former at the pyloric, or liver end; the latter at the cardiac or heart end. The peptic secretion is acid, and is under the control of the central nervous system, and is composed of 9.75 parts water, pepsine 15 parts, hydrochloric acid 4.78 parts, mineral salts 5.22 parts, and is further described under the head, The Process of Digestion. Cyrtk di FIG. 18. THE STOMACH. The Small Intestine, about twenty feet long and one and one-half inches in diameter, is divided into three parts ; first, the duodenum, ten inches long, which ascends two and one-half inches, to the under surface of the liver, then descends three and one-half inches in front of right kidney, then passes four inches transversely to the left, and empties into the 64 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Jejunum, which (about seven feet long) coils about in the umbilical (navel) region, and is usually found empty after death. This empties into the I Ileum, which twists around below the navel, is about twelve feet long, and empties through the ileo-caecal valve into the FIG. 19. PART OF LARGE INTESTINE. Large Intestine, which is about five feet long, about two inches in diameter, extending upwards from the right groin to the under surface of the liver, called the ascending- colon ; then across just below the liver, gall-bladder and THE CIRCULATION. 65 spleen, to the left side, called the transverse colon ; thence passing downward in front of the left kidney to the sigmoid FIG. 20. THE LACTEALS. flexure, called the descending colon ; then through the flexure (curved like the letter /) to the rectum, which is six to eight FIG. 21. LACTEALS AND LYMPHATICS. inches long, and terminates at the anus. Thus the total length of the intestines is about twenty-four feet. 5 66 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The Liver weighs from three to four pounds, situated in the right side, extending across into the left side. It is com- posed of numerous lobules 1-20 of an inch in diameter, cluster- ing around the branches of the hepatic veins. Each lobule is composed of, (1) hepatic cells, about 1-1500 of an inch in diam- eter ; (2) lobular veins, forming a net-work in each lobule ; (3) an intralobular vein, and (4) plexuses of lymphatics, nerves and bile-ducts. FIG. 22. LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND GLANDS. The function of the liver is to secrete and excrete bile, which is a golden brown, viscid and alkaline fluid, constantly being formed, and discharged by the hepatic ducts into the gall-bladder, to the amount of about two and one-half pounds in twenty-four hours. THE CIRCULATION. 67 The Gall-Bladder is a pear-shaped bag, three to four inches long, holding froni one to one and one-half ounces, the function of which is to store the bile for digestive purposes. The pancreas is a gland about seven inches long, lying behind and transversely across the stomach, opening into the duo- denum, and secreting a transparent, colorless, strongly alka- line fluid, which, like the saliva, transforms starch into glu- cose, and is further explained in the process of digestion. 12. Absorpiion is by the agency of the veins and lymphatics. The food substances, having been mixed in the stomach in the form of chyme, as it passes through the ali- mentary canal the veins absorb from it water, albuminose, glucose and mineral salts, and carry them directly to the liver. The fats are absorbed by the lymphatics, or lacteals. The lymphatics are a system of minute transparent vessels in nearly every part of the body, having valves but no nerves, and which convey lymph to the blood. The lacteals are the lymphatics of the small intestine, designed to convey the chyle into the blood. Lymph is blood plasma transuded from the capillary blood vessels. Chyle is the oily constituents of food made into an emulsion by the pancreatic juice and the bile. Lymphatic glands are solid bodies in the course of the absorbent vessels, having valves but no nerves. External Absorbents. — On the outside of the body there are two and a half millions of pores, little holes called medically, emunctories, out of which is constantly passing the effete matter of the body ; that is, the used-up tissues. There are also millions of holes, called lymphatics, which absorb proper and improper applications. If you rub into your arm pus, or matter, after a time it will be taken into the system, and disease of some form is the sequence. Many other sub- stances poison some skins in the same way. The laws of absorption are very plain. All physicians know the immense benefit derived from the external use of mustard, poultices, plasters, etc. Apply a decoction of tobacco 68 THl SECKET OF HEALTH. under the arm ; it will produce first, emesis ; second, diarrhoea ; and third, death. A teaspoonful of quicksilver in a tin plate, rubbed with the fingers until an amalgam is produced, in a few days will give a mercurial sore mouth. Croton oil rubbed over the abdomen will bring on a diarrhoeal discharge. One thousandth part of a drop of vaccine virus absorbed into the FIG. 23. THE SALIVARY GLANDS. arm will produce cow-pox. It is by means of this power of absorption that inunctions of oil aid nutrition in wasting diseases. 13. Secretion. — The Salivary secretion is an alkaline fluid poured from the parotid, sub-maxillary and sub-lingual glands, and has the chemical property of converting starch nto grape sugar. THE CIRCULATION. 69 The Gastric secietion, which is pepsin (the organized, nitrogenized ferment of the gastric juice) in combination with hydrochloric acid as hydrochloro-peptic acid. The Biliary secretion has already been described on Page 64 The Intestinal secretion is an alkaline, viscid fluid, which converts starch into glucose, and assists in the digestion of the albumens. The Mammary secretion, consisting of two to three pints in twenty-four hours, of human milk, with composition, as shown in the table on another page. The Lachrymal secretion, or tears, is a saltish fluid poured from the lachrymal gland situated over the upper eyelid, upon the surface of the eye-ball, for the purpose of lubrication. The Synovial secretions are exudations from the synovial membrane of a viscid, glary fluid, for the purpose of lubrica- tion. The Mucous secretions are exudations from the mucous membrane, varying in quality and consistency according to the condition of the membrane. The Lymph secretion is a clear, transparent fluid, slightly alkaline, found in lymphatic vessels. It contains corpuscles called leucocytes, resembling the white corpuscles of the blood, each about 1-2500 of an inch in diameter. When exposed to the air, it coagulates the same as blood. The total quantity poured through the thoracic duct in twenty-four hours is three and one-half pounds. The Genital secretions are explained in the parts treating of manhood and womanhood. 14. Excretion. — Skin excretions are : (a) Sebaceous, a peculiar oily matter secreted by the sebaceous glands to lubri- cate the skin and soften the hairs, (h) Perspiration, or sweat ; a clear, colorless, slightly alkaline fluid, about two pounds of which are thrown off by the sudoriferous glands every twenty- four hours through the pores, which are estimated to be about 2,500,000 to the whole body, (c) Carbonic acid, about 1-200 as much as from the lungs, is throw a off in twenty-four hours. 70 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Lung excretions are : (a) Carbonic acid loading every expiration to the extent of 5.9 per cent., or more than 1000 cubic inches an hour. (5) Water, depending in amount largely upon the dryness of the air breathed, is exhaled from the lungs a. Horny layer of scarf-skin. b. Mucus layer of scarf-skin. c. Papillae on surface of true skin. d. The true skin. e. Fat cells under true skin. f. Canal of sweat gland. h. Convoluted part of sweat gland below the true skin. i. Shaft of fine hair. k. Root of the hair. I, Sebaceous gland emptying into a hair follicle. FIG. 24. STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN. with every expiration, (c) Organic matter, as explained under the process of digestion, on another Page, is constantly excreted in the process of expiration. THE XERYOUS SYSTEM. 71 Kidney excretion, or urine — pale yellow, or amber, per_ fectly transparent, acid fluid with an aromatic odor and spe- cific gravity of 1.020 ; forty to sixty ounces excreted in twenty- four hours, containing in that time water 52 fluid ounces, urea 512.4 grains, uric acid 8.5 grains, phosphoric acid 45 grains, sulphuric acid 31.11 grains, inorganic salts 823.25 grains, lime and magnesia 6.5 grains (Braubaker), which is carried through the ureters into the bladder. A. Large artery of abdomen. Ye. Large vein of abdomen. At. Artery that feeds left kidney. Vr. Left venal vein. K. Kidney. U. Ureter. Ve. Bladder. Ur. Beginning of urethra. FIG. THE KIDNEYS AND THEIR APPENDAGES. Bowel excretion, f cecal matter or alvine discharges, con- sisting chiefly of indigested matters, excretin, stercorin and salts, from four to seven ounces in twenty-four hours. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sensation is the function of the nerves of sensation. The nervous system is divided into the cerebro-spinal, or nervous system of animal life, consisting of the brain, the spinal cord, the ganglia, and the cranial and spinal nerves, and the sympa- thetic, or nervous system of organic life. 72 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The Sympathetic system consists of a chain of ganglia connected by nerve-filaments, and situated on each side of the spinal column, running downward. They are grouped as cranial 4, cervicle 3, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, coccygeal 1. The Nerve Tissue is formed of (a) white fibrous mat- ters, and (b) gray vesicular matter. The white matter is composed of a number of tubes, like a sub-marine telegraph cable, consisting of a central axis cylin- Cerebrum. 2. Cerebellum. Medulla. Olfactory nerve. Optic nerve. Fifth pair, or tri- facial nerves. Ninth pair, or glos- so-pharyngeal. Tenth pair, pneu- mogastric. Twelfth pair, hy- poglossal. FIG. 26. THE BRAIN AND NERVES. der, surrounded by the white substance, of Schwann, and envel- oped in a tubular membrane, or nerve sheath : a bundle of such tubes, invested by a covering called the neurilemma, or perineurium, is a nerve. The gray matter consists of a fine connective tissue, or stroma (that is, bed-formation), called neuroglia, in the meshes of which are embedded the gray cells or vesicles. Classes of Nerves.— Nerves are divided into — Afferent, or centripetal, which convey impressions inward toward the center, and may be either (a) Sensitive, when they carry impressions which give rise to sensation ; or (b) Reflex, THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, '73 or excitant, when they reflect impressions outward from the center and produce motion, secretion, etc. Efferent, or centrifugal nerves, which transmit impulses generated in the center, outwardly. These are (a), motor, when they convey impulses to the muscles : (o) vasomotor, when they regulate the caliber of the small blood vessels ; (c) secretory, when they influence secretion; (d) trophic, when they influence nutrition: (e) inhibitory, when they restrain or inhibit action. Nerve Impulse travels in the sensory nerves about 190 feet per second, in motor nerves 100 to 200 feet a second ; but in the spinal cord much less rapidly. Nerves of special sense are located in the skin. Touch, or feeling, is gen- eral in all parts, but particu- larly active in the inner sur- face of the fingers. Taste is located mainly in the mucous membrane of the upper part of the tongue, and is the function of the FIG. 2T. XEKVE TUBES AND CELLS. chordatympani> as ifes genera l sensibility is of the trifacial nerve. Smell is located in the mucous membrane, lining the nasal cavity. It is a function of the olfactory nerve. Sight is the function of the optic nerve expanded on the retina of the eye. Hearing' is the function of the auditory nerve, in the inner ear. THE BRAIN. Intellection, comprising perception, emotion, volition and origination, is a function of the brain, which is the central organ of life, situated within the skull : average weight, forty- nine and one-half ounces for males, and forty-four ounces for females. The brain is divided into four parts. 74 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. FIG. 28. CRANIAL NERVES. Ji. Cord and sheath. B. Spinal nerve. C. Its motor root. Jj. Its sensitive root. FIG. 29. SPINAL NERVES. THE BRAIN. 75 The Cerebrum, about seven-eighths of the whole, con- stituting the upper and front portion of the brain. This is the seat of reason, intelligence and will ; it also contains the motor centers of the arms, legs, speech, trunk and head ; and the sensory centers of sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch, in which sensations become conscious to us. The Cerebellum, beneath the posterior lobe of the cerebrum, weighs about five ounces in the adult, and is composed of two hemispheres and an elongated lobe called rhe vermiform jDrocess. Its function is the coordination of movements. The Pons-Varolii is a great transverse commissure, or connecting band, binding together the cerebrum above, and the cerebellum behind, and uniting both below to the medulla. Its functions are (a) to transmit motor impulses and sensory impressions from and to the cerebrum ; (b) as centers which convert impressions into conscious sensations and originate motor impulses, independent of intellectual processes, as instinctive reflex acts, such as the coordination of the auto- matic movements of walking, etc. The Medulla Oblongata is the upper and large part of spinal cord, one and one-half inches in length, three-fourths of an inch in breadth, and one-half inch in thickness. Its partic- ular functions are : 1. As a conductor (a) of sensitive impressions upward from the cord to the cerebrum : (b) of voluntary impulses from the cerebrum to the cord and nerves ; (c) of coordinating im- pulses from the cerebellum. 2. As an independent reflex center presiding over — a, mastication ; b, the secretion of saliva ; c, sucking and swal- lowing ; d, vomiting ; e, speech ; /, facial expression ; g, heart action ; h, the contraction and dilation of the blood vessels; i, the disease diabetes ; j, respiration and its modifications, laugh- ing, sighing, sobbing, sneezing, etc. ; k, convulsive move- ments ; I, closing the eyelids, and dilation of the pupils ; m, sweating. 76 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. FIG. 30. NERVES OF THE BODY. THE BRAIN". 77 The Spinal Cord is from sixteen to eighteen inches in length, one-half inch in thickness, weighs one and one-half ounces, cylindrical in shape, divided into two lateral halves composed of white matter on the exterior and gray matter on A • Cerebrum. B. Cerebellum. D. Spinal cord. Hemispheres of cerebrum. Cerebellum. Olfactory nerve. Optic nerve. Third pair to muscles of eyes. Pons varolii. Fourth pair to oblique muscles of the eyes. 10. Medulla. 12. Spinal nerves. 13. Bronchial plexus to muscles of ^ ^ g f ff ra DC 18 ; ?p hj H ^3 5 g © g, r ■ -^ 1 p ;k:^ ^XK.?- p g S CD p rr O 5 " ~ IT. "' — a gp W BQ x ~ p* X 0B*I€ r x £ ? in rc 2 ^ ^ X 153 X — 3" ""* 3 ~ J. 3* ^ 55 5 o* — ■ 2 " fl ~ r. P P 5 7TP — - 1 — n o) r* 2.2 cd ^ >- DD S o 1 < 6 rr:o ~ c QD 3" • I| o r: IE ? 3 ~ X ~ *z X x CD -* cd a o x. p 86 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Along the curves of the stomach and in the duodenum are glands known as Brunner's, the function of which will be seen in the table on the preceding page. 3. Pancreatic Digestion also called intestinal, or tryptic digestion, is the change which the starch which may have eluded the salivary digestion, and the albumens that may not have been wholly transformed by peptonic digestion, and the fats (most of which have been but little changed by stom- ach digestion) undergo, by means of the alkaline ferment, tryp- sin, into peptones in the case of albumins; into dextrose in the case of starch ; and into fat emulsion and soaps in the case of fats. The soaps are formed by the glycerine and fatty acids of the fats dissociating and the acids combining with the alka- line bases of the bile and pancreatic juice. The fats and grape sugar are absorbed directly into the blood in an unaltered state through the little lacteals (mouths) that line the small intestines, and saponification takes place largely in the blood. One grain of diastase converts 2,000 grains of starch into sugar, according to ordinary estimates, but Roberts, upon the authority of Horace Brown, and by his own experiments, states that pancreatic diastase can transform 40,000 times its own weight of starch into dextrine and sugar. 4. Systemic Digestion.— From this it appears that be- yond intestinal digestion there is what may be called a systemic digestion ; that is, a process of continued conversion of the food elements into final products throughout the whole physi- cal structure. According to Draper, more than twenty-one and one-half pounds of solvent secretions are poured daily into the abdomen to assist in the digestion, nutrition and elimination of two or three pounds of food (i. e., pure nutrients), and the wastes of the system, as follows : * Saliva, 3.30 pounds Pancreatic juice, 0.44 pounds Gastric juice, 14.08 " Intestinal juice, 0.44 " Bile, 3.30 " THE DIGESTION. 87 The Processes Described.— By even this brief survey of the digestive process, it will be seen that it is no simple work. To convert starch into maltose, the change runs succes- sively through eight varieties of dextrine. FIG. 35. ENLARGED VIEW OF PANCREAS. And surrounding organs, with part of stomach cut away. This and Fig. 32, on Page 80, show all the internal organs in their relative positions. To convert albumin into peptones, the acid pepsin must first be formed from the alkaline tissues. The pepsin contains 0.3 per cent, of the strongest mineral acid, that its antiseptic 88 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. effect may preserve the food from putrefaction. The acid is probably formed by the free carbonic acid that is always in the blood acting upon the chloride of sodium (common salt) which is also always in the blood, and setting free a small por- tion of its hydrochloric acid. The pepsin acting upon the albumins, a series of interme- diate change-products occur analagous to the dextrines in starch-digestion, before the end product, peptone, is formed ; but these are but very imperfectly understood. Then comes the mixture of the bile with whatever the stomach has passed on into the duodenum or small intestine. The bile is strongly alkaline, from the amount of carbonate of soda held in it, and also contains fats, soaps, and many organic and inorganic constituents. Its action is as an antiseptic in the upper part of the small intestine, while it aids the absorp- tion of fats in the other portions. The pancreatic secretion is also added to the duodenal mass of food passing on towards its last transformation, com- pleting the starch changes that the saliva-diastase failed to carry through. Also attacking the fats, which are really com- pound ethers (i. e. combinations of alcohol and glycerine, with stearic, palmitic or oleic acid), and splitting them up into gly- cerine and the fatty acids, which (by the aid of the carbonate of soda contained both in the pancreatic secretion and in the intestinal juice) are completely emulsified, ready to be absorbed by the intestinal lac teals and carried into the blood. The trypsin also seizes upon the albuminous substances which the stomach pepsin had failed to completely change into peptones, and by methods not understood, changes them into a number of different peptones. With all this there are often lactic and butyric acid fer- mentations, with all the chemical changes that they involve. Gas in the Bowels. — Partly as by-products of these pro- cesses, the intestines contain also — THE DIGESTION. 89 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, H,S. Carbonic acid gas, C0 2 . Nitrogen gas, N. Hydrogen gas. H. Marsh gas, CH 4 . ;, rlre damp, Oxygen gas, 0. Chemistry of Digestion.— The digestive tract is thus proved to be a veritable chemist's laboratory, in which both analytic and synthetic processes of the most elaborate kind are continually going forward, under the direction of the mysteri- ous master-genius, vitality, and elaborating therefrom the wonderful organisms of animal life. That elaboration can only be wrought as diet becomes the handmaid of vitality, and furnishes the requisite materials. Nutrition is the vital process by which the food, digested as already described, is taken up by the lacteals as chyle, and transferred to the blood, thence to the lungs to be vitalized by the absorption of the oxygen of respiration, thence to every minute tissue of the body to offer to it the pabulum which shall supply its wastes. Elimination. — But continued organization would be but another name for mammoth aggregation, were there no disorganization. Organized life consists in the balance of the two. But even a balanced disorganization, without adequate elimination, would be but a vast accumulation of debris. Hence excretion, which is physiological elimination, be- comes an important factor in the construction of a dietary based upon physiological needs. The Process of Elimination is the separation of the dead wastes and the useless or harmful substances in food, from the living tissues : and it is the function of the excreting organs to expel them from the system. The perspiration from the skin, carbonic acid gas from the lungs and skin, urine from the kidneys, and fecal matter from the bowels are the gross forms of excretion. In nutrition the oxygen of respiration unites with the car- bon and hydrogen of the food and consumed tissues, and form- 90 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. carbonic acid and water, which escape through the lungs, skin and kindeys. All digested substances leave the body, as urea, carbonic acid and water. The urea is formed by the union of the oxy- gen with the nitrogen, and a part of the carbon and hydrogen of the food and tissues, and escapes only by the kidneys. ATWATEE THUS TABULATES THE DAILY EXCRETIONS. ( Carbonic acid \ Water ( Urea, etc. \ Minerals ( Water Through bowels and kidneys, < Undigested ( matters Through lungs and skin, Through the kidneys, Totals, 38.8 ozs. 12.7 " 1.2 k ' 0.7 " 71.4 " 1.4 " 126.2 ozs. or 1100 grams or 361 or 34 or 20 or 2024 or 38 or 3577 grams Deleterious and Poisonous Excretions.— Some of the excretions are intensely poisonous. They are formed in the body even in health, by the chemical changes which the nitrogen molecules undergo, commonly as the result of incom- plete oxidation. Between the albumen of food and the ex- creted urea, twenty-eight nitrogenous compounds have been discovered, some of which are deadly poisons. The Exciting' Agent, Oxygen.— All the foregoing processes of digestion and excretion are the results of chemi- cal changes in the food and its elements wrought by vital force. The chief factor, in each case, is a definite proportion of oxygen received through the blood from the lungs. What Oxygen Does — This oxygen produces a certain effect, governed by the amount taken into the system. For instance, take the albuminous group of foods represented by the white of egg or lean meat, which consist of carbon 72 parts, hydrogen 112 parts, nitrogen 18 parts, oxygen 22 parts and sulphur one part, illustrated by the chemical formula C72H112N18O22S. In a state of normal health, an adult who eats such food, for every 139 parts of oxygen he takes into his blood, will convert the elements of this albuminous food into urea four parts, uric acid one part, creatinine two parts, car- bonic acid 55 parts, water 38 parts, sulphur one part, all of THE DIGESTION. 91 -which are excretive matters, and in a state of health are expelled from the system. This is the normal standard. It is secured by the inspiration of one pint of air 18 times every minute, which is about the average quantity inhaled by healthy adults. The Character of Its Product, Governed hy Its A in o vm t. — Now as the quantity of oxygen absorbed varies from this standard, the result of its work will vary. Thus when the greatest possible amount of oxygen is taken into the system, 154 parts of it will convert one part of the albuminous food (composed as above) into urea nine parts, carbonic acid 63, water 37 and sulphur one part. This excess of urea indi- cates rapid waste of tissue, without disease products — the body burns instead of sickens. On the other hand, the absorption of only 76 parts of oxy- gen converts the above elements into urea only two parts, uric acid two, creatinine two, glucose five, carbonic acid 22, water 10, sulphur one. This is the diabetic condition, kidneys over- worked for lack of sufficient fresh air or oxygen to properly act upon the food. Illustrative table, showing the excretory products resulting from the absorption into the system of varying quantities of oxygen: The proportion of oxygen named in the first Oxy column converts the albuminous foods above gen. described into the following number of parts of excretory products. Condition of the *£ rz fl o Other substances. body or system. ~ . 'v S - . — Those marked * are g s c5 0g o °-*j z~ — — ' t ~ deleterious; those X. s - U c8 ca £7 marked t are deadly ~ ~ p ;_, ^j ^»* m poisonous, and their ~T 1 2~ ~W "38" ~T formation in the sys- tem is possible under Normal, 1.,.. Gouty condition, or certain conditions. rheumatism, 13G 2 2 2 52 40 l Calculi (stone), heart and nerve troubles, 129 2 2 2 38 33 l *Oxalic acid, 7 parts Atrophy of liver, rickets, etc., 94 2 2 2 31 19 l *Lactic acid, 7 parts Diabetes, 76 2 2 2 22 10 l *Glucose, 5 parts Fever, diabetes, chorea, etc.. 67 2 2 2 21 24 1 *Hippuric acid,4 parts ( Sundry 129 2 1 1 52 36 l tAmphi-creat'n, 1 pt.. 'diseased 122 3 1 1 49 32 i tLeucin l,santho-cre. 1 (conditions, 116 1 1 1 46 33 l tC ruso-creat'n , 2 parts 92 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The System Poisons Itself.— Prof. Wood points out that, as the result of this process of under oxidation, a list of nearly two hundred other ptomaines and leucomaines might be added, among them some of the most virulent poisons known. These poisonous products, as well as some not poison- ous, are called leucomaines, in distinction from somewhat sim- ilar products which are formed after death by putrefaction, called ptomaines. There can be no doubt that much human disease originates in these abnormal chemical processes of digestion and elimina- tion, hence farther reference will be made to this page in other parts of the book. From this survey how amazing is the process of digestion ! "What perils beset it at every step ! And how little wonder that so many suffer from derangement of the function ! Foods May Be Defined as those substances which, when taken into the animal body, furnish, by the normal pro- cesses of nutrition, some element necessary to support life. A perfect food is such a combination of food qualities in one substance as will furnish all the food elements necessary to support life in health and vigor. A Correct Dietary. — The scientific method of ascer- taining what is included in a correct dietary, is by analysis of the tissues to determine ivhat constructive elements are neces- sary, and by analysis of the excretions, approximate the amount of each that is needful to replace the daily waste. Comparing these results with experience, as recorded by competent observ- ers, deductions may be drawn that may be considered as prac- tically accurate. DIET. What, How Much, and When to Eat. Energy Expended — Amount of Oxygen Required — Units of Nutrition — The Kinds of Food Required — All Made up of Thirteen Elements — Average Composition of Foods — Pro- portions of Daily Supply — Foods as Usually Classified — Our Nomenclature — The Fiber-Foods — Fat-Foods — Force- Foods — Fixed-Foods — Oxygen-Food — Its Supreme Im- portance — Average Normal Demand per Day — How Far the People Fail — Two Reforms are Imperative — Subsidiary Foods — Tea — Coffee and Cocoa — Effects on Salivary Diges- tion — Effervescent Water, Vinegar, Wine and Brandy — Retardation of Digestion Beneficial — Mastication and Sali- vary Digestion — Food Value of Alcohol — Extractive Foods — The Amount of Food Materials Needed— Prof. Church's Dietary — Table of Food Elements Required in Different Circumstances — Similar Table — Conclusions Drawn From the Tables — American Waste — The Necessity for Dietaries — How to Make Dietaries — Rules to Work By — Nutrition not Goverened by Cost — Wrong Feeding and Disease. Working Table for the Construction of Dietaries. — Its Availability Illustrated— The Ideal Diet— Table of Defec- tive Diets — National Examples of Diet — Condensed Rules for the Preparation of Home Dietaries — General Principles of Correct Diets — Facts of Importance to Aid Right Eating. The animal body is a machine that is constantly expending energy in life-processes and in work. The steam engine can 93 94 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. only exhibit the force that is put into it in the fuel consumed. An engine with no fire has no power. The animal engine works incessantly ; for even in sleep the lungs must play and the heart must beat. That little beat- ing heart does 4,320 pounds of pumping work in eight hours sleep. Those lungs lift the bony ribs over 8,000 times in those hours of rest. The digestive and assimilative organs have run a chemico-vital laboratory through every square inch of the entire organism, every moment of those hours. The excretory functions have been pulling out of every tissue and expelling the waste materials that have been rendered useless by the preceding day's activities, every instant of that restful time. There must be fuel to feed such use of power. Hence, the practical questions are : What amount of energy is expended in every twenty-four hours in the vital processes and the work of the animal machine? What kind of materials is necessary to supply that energy? What amount of those materials is required? Inasmuch as the machine wastes with use, what kind of other materials is necessary to make good that loss ? What amount of those materials is required? Are there still other materials requisite ? 1. Energy Expended.— All molecules of food are burned or oxidized, by the action upon them of a definite num- ber of oxygen atoms, into the ultimate forms in which all food escapes from the system, namely : Urea, uric acid, creatinine, carbon dioxide, water, or a sulphuric acid-forming compound. Different elements require for their reduction different propor- tions of oxygen. But the average of 750 grams (or 1,17$ pints) of oxygen has been fixed upon as the daily number required by each adult person. (See Dr. Porter, Merck's Bul- letin, Dec, '92, p. 732.) This process of reduction in the human machine, as in the engine, develops both heat and energy, or work. Work Done.— In each twenty-four hours, Mr. Kendrick: estimates the physical work done by the heart and circulation DIET. 95 THE POTENTIAL EXERGT OF FOOD. CALORIES IN THE NUTRIENTS IN ONE POUND OF EACH FOOD-MATERIAL. Beef, round, rather lean '807 Beef, neck «o8" Beef, sirloin, rather fat v . 1173 Beef, flank, very fat..- 3750 Beef, side, well fattened 1463 Mutton, leg 114* Mutton, shoulder 1281 Mutton, loin (chops) 1755 Mutton, side, well fattened 1906 Smoked nam 1960 Pork, very fat 3452 Flounder. . .-. 286 Cod 3'° Haddock'. , 33* Bluefish 4°4 Mackerel, rather lean 430 Mackerel, very fat io»6 Mackerel, average , 696 Shad 750 Salmon , 967 Salt cod » ....... 416 Salt mackerel 1364 Smoked herring 1343 Canned salmon ....* 1036 Oysters.. •» «9 Hens' eggs ; 760 Cows' milk 308 Cows' milk, skimmed 176 Cheese, whole milk 3044 Cheese, skimmed milk 1166 Butter 369* OIeomr*^rine... 3679 Wheat flour.. , 1655 Wheat bread ~ 1278 Rye flour... „ 16x4 Beans...'.. 1519 Pease... v 1476 Oatmeal.......... 1830 Cora (maize) meal .-. x6x6 Rice 1627 Sugar ^ 1798 Potatoes , . . 427 Sweet Potatoes , 416 Turnlft ._,...; 139 The potential energy represents simply the fuel^ value of the food, and hence is only an incomplete measure of its whole nutritive value. Besides serving as fuel, our food has other uses, one of which is, if possible, still more jmportant.Taamely, that of forming and repairing the tissues of the body, the parts of the machine. W. O. Atwatbr. ^ery wasp-waisted forms (and not unlikely wasp-disposition) of the progeny, until the time has come when woman's beauty is her deformity, and one of her chief est charms is her helplessness. Oxygen the Source of Vital Heat. — Here let us recall the statement that the chemical affinity which oxygen has for the elements of food, and the wastes of tissue, is the only source of vital heat, which, transformed into energy, is vital force. Hence, the possible vital force of any animal is measured by its normal heat production ; which, in turn, is dependent upon its oxygen consumption ; which, in its turn, is largely governed by its muscular activity. Therefore, to be muscularly inactive is to be under-oxygenated, physically weak, chemically poisoned, and more or less fatally diseased. The alternative is simple, but its horns are inexorable as fate — exercise, breathe, LIVE ! or drone, half breathe, DIE ! But with this alternative before us we must not lose sight of The Triple Counterpoise of Health.— Every adult in health has an average of 22.4 ounces of digesto- assimilative power, and 33.6 ounces of excrementitious power, or 56 together. For their normal exercise, these require more than four cubic inches of respiratory power to each ounce. Hence, if the respiratory power falls below that number, these func- tions can be employed only to a corresponding degree. For example, if the respiratory power be only 180 instead of 230 cubic inches, then the digestive and excretory functions can be safely burdened with only 45 instead of 56 ounces of food in 24 hours. And in order to perpetuate the health, the activities of life must be reduced in a corresponding ratio, or about one-fifth. Or, as in the case of the Wellesley students, if the respiratory power be only 150 cubic inches, then 37 instead of 56 ounces is all the 112 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. food that can be safely taken, yielding about 2,600 calorics instead of the average 4,000 normally required. The effect that this must have upon their prospects in life, either in business in competition with men of full oxygenating capacity, or to endure the strain of wifehood and motherhood, can be easily estimated. Hankins attributes the germicidal quality of the healthy blood to a " defensive proteid" in the serum, belonging to the globulines. This can only be organized by oxygen. Doubtless it was by this that the two eminent scientists, Dr. Pettenkofer and Dri. Emmerich of Munich, were enabled, without harm, to eat the cholera bacilli, in order to test its effect upon their system. "So important is oxygen in the blood, that more than five per cent. is always found, even in venous blood, except in cases of asphyxia. And a body weighing 154 pounds consists of 97 pounds of oxygen." (N. Strogano.) Subsidiary, or Incidental Foods, are those which are neither sources of energy, nor possessed of reparative power, such as condiments and stimulants. They are declared by Bunge to be "As necessary to us as food itself is," because they so act upon the organs of sense as to produce agreeable sensations and augment the secretion of saliva, and probably also upon "all processes and movements involved in digestion and absorption." Tea. — The tea consumed annually in the world is estimated at 1,354,500,000 pounds. In 1890, 83,494,956 pounds, 1.33 pounds per capita were consumed in the United States. This enormous consumption entitles tea to a careful examination of its merits as a food accessory. Roberts declares that the ordinary view which ascribes its deleterious qualities to its contained tannin, is erroneous, and that ten grains of bicar- bonate of soda to each ounce of dry leaves completely removes its real damage, namely as a deterrant of starch digestion. Effect of These Foods on Digestion.— For the sake of condensation, we here group together the results upon di- gestion, of Roberts' experiments with various incidental foods. Upon Salivary or Starch Digestion. — The medium strength of tea, as ordinarily used upon the table, is 4 to 5 per cent. ; that is, 4 to 5 parts by weight of the dry leaf to 100 parts of DIET. 113 boiling water. Coffee ranges from 7 to 15 per cent ; cocoa about 2 per cent. With 1 per cent, of tea there is perceptible retarding of digestion. With 3 per cent, it is delayed more than 12 times its normal period; with 5 per cent., to 45 times its normal period ; and a 10 per cent, decoction totally prevents starch digestion. Coffee of 40 per cent, delays 21 times, and fit 60 per cent, it delays 5 times the normal period. Cocoa has practically no effect. Effervescent waters, 50 per cent., wholly arrest salivary digestion. Table vinegar, one-tenth of one per cent., retards it about 8 times the normal, and two-tenths of one per cent, entirely prevents starch digestion. Sherry, one-half of one per cent., retards about 8 times the normal period, and one per cent, inhibits. A like amount of Hock retards 20 times the normal, and one per cent, totally prevents ; brandy, 20 per cent, prevents ; whisky, 40 per cent, prevents digestion of starchy foods. Effect on Stomach Digestion.— Prof. Roberts is also author- ity for the following exhibits : Tea fluid containing only 5 per cent, of tea leaves, and therefore having a strength of only 5 per cent., does not materially retard the digestive action of the stomach, or stomach digestion. Food. Strength. Effect on Stomach. Tea. 10 per cent.. retards 5 minutes. Tea, 20 40 Tea. 40 80 Tea. 60 embarrassed. Coffee, 5 retards 5 minutes. Coffee, 20 40 Coffee, 40 80 Beef tea. 10 5 Beef tea. 20 40 Beef tea, 40 embarrassed. Alcohol. 10 retards 15 minutes. Alcohol, 20 35 Alcohol, 40 100 Alcohol, 50 " almost no digestion. Sherry. 5 retards 5 minutes. Sherry, 15 " 100 Sherry, 20 " 200 Sherry. 30 almost no digestion. Port wine. 10 retards 15 minutes. Port wine, 20 " 80 Port wine, 40 embarrassed. Lager beer, 20 " retards 15 minutes. Lager beer, 60 80 114 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The Food Value of Alcohol deserves more extended examination- The following table from Bunge furnishes a basis : Calories Kgrms or metric musculo r heat units, work. One thousand grms. of grape sugar, on complete com- bustion to C0 2 and H 2 yield, . . . . . 3,939 = 1,674,000 One thousand grms. of grape sugar, when split up into alcohol and C0 2 yield, 372 = 158,100 One thousand grms. of grape sugar when split up into butyric acid, C0 2 and H 414 — 176,000 The amount of work done by Wislicenus in ascending the Faulhorn in 6 hours, amounted to, . . . 148,656 The amount of work done by heart and respiration during same ascent amounted to, . . . 30.000 Bunge says that " even if we grant that alcohol is turned to account in the body as a source of energy, yet this store of energy is far smaller than that contained in the carbohydrate from which the alcohol was pre- pared. In the fermentation of a kilogram of sugar, as the table shows, an amount of energy is wasted which would serve to carry a heavy man to the top of the Faulkhorn. We must remember, too, that certain cells of onr body can probably avail themselves of the energy set free in the breaking down of food-stuffs, since no free oxygen ever reaches them. We thus see how foolish it is for men to give the nourishing carbohydrates of the grape juice and grain to be devoured by the yeast fungus, while they themselves feast on the excreta of the fungus. Fruit, berries and milk, too, are deprived of all their value in this way. No carbohydrate is safe from the insatiable spirit-monger, careless whether he murders thousands, so long as he only fills his pockets. And nothing is too foolish to find support in the authority of physicians." A. J. Mott estimates the average consumption of alcohol among civilized nations as between four and five gallons of proof spirits per head per annum. (Nat. Rev., May, 1884.) And Rone says : " Neither in hot nor cold climates is alcohol neces- sary for the preservation of health. The pre-disposition to many dis- eases is greatly increased by its use, and investigation shows that the average expectation of life is shortened by its use, as this table shows : Age, Abstainers. Alcohol Users. At 25 32.08 years 26.23 years. At 35 25.92 " 20.01 " At 45 19.92 " 15.19 " At 55 14.45 " 11.16 « At 65 9.62 " 8.04 " DIET. 115 General male Alcohol population. venders. Per cent. Per cent. Brain disease, 11.77 14.43 Tuberculosis, 30.36 36.57 Pneumonia, 9.63 11.44 Heart disease, 1.46 3.29 Kidney disease, 1.40 2.11 Suicide, 2.99 4.02 Cancer, 2.49 3.70 Old age, 22.49 7.05 Dr. J. H. Carver states the case in this way : "Grant that alcohol can be oxidized as a food, even then one ounce of it, or two ounces of whisky, in twenty-four hours, is all that a healthy man can oxidize, and this must be evenly distributed over the period (say one and one-half teaspoonfuls every two hours). Even if taken in quantities too small to be injurious, it cannot be classed as a food for the healthy. The CHO (fat and force elements) are more readily oxidized than the CHNOS (i. e., the fiber elements). The alcohol attacks the CHO, and leaves the proteids to generate poisonous leucomaines. This disturbs the process of oxidation. Alcohol is a poison, as its indulgence taxes the oxidizing functions of the system beyond their capacity to oxidize both proteids and CHO compounds." Dr. Porter contends that the use of alcohol is justifiable only in cases of sickness, when ordinarily, a skimmed milk diet is used and the patient is comparatively quiet, so that there is not much loss of heat and energy. Then, should there "be a sudden demand for more heat and energy, they can be secured by judicious use of alcoholic stimulants ; " e. g., if faintness or extreme depression results from the diet. Then small and frequent doses can be quickly oxidized, and thus stimulate the system without the consumption of digestive energy. " But," he says, " when the system has full digestive power, and therefore produces the requisite amount of heat and energy, the alcohol becomes an element of danger to the animal creation." The bearing of these facts upon its use in disease will be considered in the treatment of diseases. It has been demonstrated, again and again, that men can endure the extremes of temperature, exertion and hardship better without, than with the use of alcohol. Roberts has given some reasons for supposing that retard- ing digestion by those races that carry the preparation of their food to a high degree of digestibility, is really a natural in- stinct, and goes far to account for the almost universal use of such retarding agents. There may be some force in his rea- sons, from the standpoint of existing dietaries, but whether there would be, were the diets right, seems an open question. 116 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. Prof. Forster says that these food accessories do not aid digestion in health, but are useful for the sick, probably chiefly as appetizers. Dr. Porter says that the best fluid to be taken after a meal is coffee, not strong, and taken without milk or sugar. Roberts holds that tea, coffee, alcohol and tobacco benefit the community in the long run, simply because they are so generally used. If custom makes utility, then the well ascer- tained laws of physiology must be deemed of no account. For instance, the examination by the college physician of Yale university as to the effects of tobacco on the physical development of college students, made on the class which grad- uated in 1891, showed that during the course the non-users of tobacco increased 10.4 per cent, in weight, 24 per cent, in hight, 26.7 per cent, in chest girth, and in lung capacity 77.5 per cent, more than those who used the weed regularly. This is but one of many demonstrations of a like character, all proving the utter absurdity of the above claim. The proofs concerning the effects of alcohol are even more conclusive. When he says, "We have in our generalized food habits and customs a natural dietetic standard or model, as truly natural as the food habits of the squirrel, the blackbird or the trout," he overlooks the fundamental fact of man's moral depravity, and its influ- ence upon physical habits and customs. When he can prove that man's nature is as unperverted as that of the animals', then his argument may be accepted. Mastication and Salivary Digestion.— Prof. John Goodfellow ascertained, as the result of experiments made for Dr. E. Densmore, that about 10 per cent, of "the gelatinized and broken-down starch of dry bread" undergoes salivary digestion during thorough mastication, while ordinarily not over 2 per cent, is thus changed ; and of cereals and vegetables masticated raw, not 1 per cent, of the starch was digested by the saliva. This would seem to indicate that salivary digestion is of comparatively little importance. In reality, the thorough DIET. 117 breaking up of the food by perfect mastication, which Mr. Gladstone considers is accomplished by 25 bites on every mor- sel of meat, and its insalivation rendering it more readily solu- ble, are probably of equal or greater importance. This is best done, contrary to the dictum of social etiquette, by rilling the mouth with a large supply, as the instinct of children and animals teaches them to do, and then using teeth and tongue vigorously in the work of pulpation. Extractive Foods. — Prof. Atwater remarks : "Another class of food ingredients which contain nitrogen are called extractives. They make up the active principles of beef tea and meat extracts. They appear at times to aid in digestion, and have some effect on the nervous system. They were for- merly supposed to furnish actual nutriment, but while they neither form tissue nor yield energy, they give strength by helping the body to get and to use strength from other materi- als which it has." Yet Roberts has shown that beef tea equals 5 per cent, of table tea in its retarding power upon stomach digestion, and whey equals hock. The Amount of Food Xeeded.— This has been ascer- tained by many and varied experiments. But this knowledge alone is of little practical utility, for the food elements are so unequally distributed in different food materials, that though one knows he needs, at very hard work, 72 ounces of food a day, at hard work 50 ounces, and at leisure 25 ounces, yet he may take an excess of one element and fall fatally short in others. Thus, if a working man is restricted to a single food material, as beef or potato, a pound and thirteen ounces of roasted beef would furnish the required fiber foods and some fats, but it has no force food ; three pounds of cornmeal would yield the fiber foods, and with it a large excess of force foods : one and three-fourths pounds of codfish would supply some fiber foods, but it would have very little fats and no force foods ; one and one-half pounds of fat pork would give him about one- eighth the requisite of fiber foods, more than four times the needed amount of fats, and no force foods. 118 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Because of this unequal distribution of the food elements, and the ignorance of the people concerning their proper ad- justment, various dietaries have been constructed. Here is one formed by Prof. A. W. Church : DAILY RATION FOR A MAN AT LIGHT WORK. 1. Bread 18 ounces @ 2J cents per pound, 2.8 2. Butter 1 " @32 " " " 2.0 3. Milk 4 " @ 8 " " quart, 1.0 4. Bacon 2 " @ 12 " " pound, 1.5 5. Potatoes 8 "' @ 2J " " " 1.2 6. Cabbage 6 " @ 2£ " " " .9 7. Cheese 3J " @ 16 " " " 3.5 8. Sugar 1 " @ 6 " " " .3 9. Salt | " @say " " " .0 Total solid food 2 pounds 10£ ounces at a daily cost of about 13.5 cts. 10. Water alone, or tea, coffee or beer, 66^ ounces. Different Circumstances Require Different Diets. — Prof. W. O. Atwater estimates the correct amount of food for a properly balanced ration to be about one pound, including waste, to every 35 pounds of body weight, divided as follows : Fiber and fat foods, of each 150 grams or 4£ ounces, and of force foods 450 grams or 11.2 ounces, without waste. Our food, Mr. Atwater says, is about 50 per cent, water and waste, and yields 1,200 calories to the pound, and therefore 3^ or 3£ pounds of properly balanced food is the nor- mal ration. Dalton estimates that 242 parts of fiber foods to 169 parts each of fat and force foods are required by a man at hard labor. Parry gives for a man at full work an average of 70 ounces of liquid food and 47 ounces of solid food, the solid food containing an average of 21.2 ounces of water, fiber foods 4.5, fat 1.9, force foods 18.2 and mineral matter 1.2 ounces. But the amount of food required varies according to circum- stances, as clearly appears from the following table compiled from Ranke, Voit, Wolff, Play fair, Bunge, Vaughan and Atwater : DIET. 119 AVERAGE AMOUNT OF FOOD ELEMENTS REQUIRED FOR AN ADULT IN DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES. [Without Water or Waste, Stated in Grams.] '<- CB m sl — — Grms Grms Bare Subsistence requires from 50 to 70 grams of fiber foods, and the figures show the amount of this and of each of the ot her food elements actually consumed by the average London sewing' girl; Leipsic factory girl; English weaver in hard times; cloister monk and Playfairs bare subsistence, as averaged from the authorities quoted Very Liglit Work requires from 70 to 90 grams, which figures embrace the average ration of Lombard y laborers; Munich lawyers; Leipsic cabinet makers and painters; * and women with light exercise Light Work Requires from 90 to 110 grams of fiber foods, which figures embrace the aver- age ration of Japanese students ; German pro- fessors ; French Canadians working in Can- ada; aged men and those with light exercise. Moderate Work from 110 to 130 grams, which figures embrace German soldiers; Canadians working in Massachusetts ; Massachusetts me- chanics; dressmakers: clerks; men at moder- ate work ; college students ; U. S. army ra- tions; Playfair's standard for adults; well-to- do Connecticut family Hard Work (1), from 130 to 150 grams, which figures embrace German miners; carpenters; physicians; English tailors; men at hard work; German soldiers, war-footing; college students in Northern and Eastern U. S Hard Work (2), from 150 to 170 grams, which embrace German mechanics; English hard- worked weavers; German soldiers, extra rations Ouite Hard Work requires from 170 to 190 grams, which embrace brickmakers in Massa- chusetts, and machinists; U. S. navy rations; college football team; and Italian brick- in akers Very Hard Work requires from 210 to 250 grams,! which embrace Munich brewery laborers; Connecticut hriokmakers; Massachusetts teamsters; and marble workers 58 -si 100 119 134 154 182 233 Grms 94 145 105 214 246 365 343 345 486 516 522 831 1992 2430 2701 3836 3731 4142 5664 6653 THE FOLLOWING SIMILAR TABLE I< compiled from Ranke, Voit. Bunge and At water (also stated in grams). Protein. 192 Fats. 205 CHO. Total. Calories. Very hard work 639 1,036 5,310 Hard work 187 168 631 986 4,916 Light work 121 72 480 673 3,136 No work 100 100 240 440 2,324 120 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Conclusions Drawn From the Table. — The amount for bare subsistence must be increased 10 per cent, for support without exercise, 20 per cent, for light work, 175 per cent, for average heavy work, 290 per cent, for very heavy work. The amount of well-balanced foods, without waste, needed per day is, for a man, light work, 495 grams or 17 ounces; at hard work, 895 grams or 30 ounces, and at very hard labor, 1,310 grams or 45 ounces. A young man 15 to 20 years old needs three-fourths as much as a man at full work ; and a female at the same age, one-half as much. An old man from 50 to 70 years needs two-thirds as much as a man at full work, and a woman of the same age about four-ninths as much as a man at full work. The man over 70 years needs only one-half as much food as when in his prime, at hard labor, and a woman at that age needs one-third as much. On the average, three-fifths of the allowance of food for a man at full work is the amount required for the entire popu- lation. Women need one-fourth less than men in the same condition. Children require liberal feeding during the growing stage. A child of one and one-half years needs a third as much food as a woman at light exercise. From two to six years, the child requires half as much as a man with light exercise ; boys from six to fifteen years, need half as much as a man at hard work, and girls a third as much. At the same ratio, a child one to three months old needs five grams or 1.4 drachms of food ; three to seven months, 12 grams or 3.3 drachms; seven to twelve months, 30 grams or 1.3 ounces; and from twelve to eighteen months, needs 75 grams or 2.7 ounces of properly balanced food daily. The author of "Cheap Dinners for School Children'* says that a child under one year needs a quarter as much as a man at hard work, and from one to five years needs one-third as much ; but this is certainly an overestimate. We Eat Too Much. — Americans consume more than Europeans in similar circumstances, and unquestionably use DIET. 121 more than is needful, to the serious detriment of their health. This over-consumption is demonstrated by the fact that every 100 pints of oxygen required for the reduction of the food calls for Hi cubic inches of lung capacity. Hence, bare subsistence calls for 145 inches, light work 167 inches, hard work 255 inches, and very hard work 424 inches, at the ordinary tidal ratio of one-ninth. (See Page 104.) But that ratio is greatly modified by the deeper breathing caused by hard work, to the extent of possibly one-half, as shown by the excretion of car- bonic acid, which may increase nearly or quite one-half. Even this estimate calls for 212 cubic inches of lung capacity for very hard work. Now add 80 per cent., or 170 cubic inches, and the American needs a lung capacity of 382 cubic inches. While he possesses only from 200 to 280 cubic inches, such diet is simply preposterous. A Very Important Error in most dietaries consists in unduly increasing the amount of fiber foods for hard work, on the ground urged by Liebeg, that much work causes increased loss of the nitrogenous constituents of muscle. But Voit, O. Kellner, and Pettenkoffer have shown that work does not materially increase the excretion of nitrogen ; while Lavoisier. Vierordt, Scharling, E. Smith, Speck, Ludwig, Screlkow, Max von Frey, and others, have shown that the absorption of oxy- gen and the excretion of carbonic acid are largely augmented : and Bernard, Kiilz, and others, have proved that this carbonic acid is drawn from the glycogen stored up in the tissues and liver, of which there is always 100 grams in each. Bunge holds that the fats also contribute to it, and that the nitrogen of the tissues is not drawn upon until the supply of fats and glycogen is exhausted, when the nitrogen may be transformed into glycogen, and serve as a source of muscular vigor. Hence, the proportion of fiber foods requires to be increased but slightly for greater muscular activity, provided that a sufficient supply of fats and force foods be furnished. American Waste. — Americans waste a large proportion of food by an undue use of fat, starch and sugar. In European 122 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. dietaries, the fats range from one to five ounces a day, and the starches from 9 to 24. In American, the fats comprise from 4 to 16, and the starches from 24 to 60. German pro- fessional men, amply nourished, consume three to four and one-half ounces per day of fats, while American professionals eat from five to seven and one-half ounces. Fats and starches together constitute the fuel ingredients of food. The "nutritive ratio" for a properly balanced food requires to each part of force food from four to six parts of fuel food, embracing both fat and force foods ; but Americans use from six to eight parts of these substances to one of force food. Prof. Atwater has also shown that the dietaries of profes- sional men in Germany, Denmark, and Sweden, including students furnish an average of 2,670 calories a day. Those of Northern and Eastern States, America, was 4,140 per day, which is 1,340 calories a day more than German 'soldiers in time of peace are allowed, and 155 more than the field service finds sufficient in time of war, and is 1,240 calories more than the average of European working men. Nor is this confined to the professions, for the average of twenty dietaries of Connecticut and Massachusetts laborers and mechanics show an average of 5,275 calories, being 2,365 above the European average. The Necessity for Dietaries.— Who has not heard the mother's sigh, as she uttered from the depths of her heart, as well as brain, the perplexing question, ' k What can I get for my child to eat ? " Knowing that he must be sustained through the exhausting sickness, or built up through the weary and perilous convalescence? Her solicitude may well be shared, in view of the foregoing dietary factors, by every one who proposes to provide the nutritive supplies of the human being. How to Make Dietaries.— In all dietary efforts these things are of especial importance : (1) The nutritive demands of the case, as affected by different periods of life, different degrees of muscular exercise and exposure, and particular hab- DIET. 123 its and occupations. (2) The chemical constituents of the food. (3) The relative proportions of the different kinds of food. (4) Their digestibility. (5) The number of grams of oxygen required for their reduction. (6) The excrementitious prod- ucts — neither excessive nor deficient. (7) Personal idiosyncra- sies. (8) Cost. (9) All these as related to conditions of dis- ease, if such be present. Rules to Work By. — 1. The fiber foods must range from two and three-fourths to eight ounces (very rarely as much as this) per day, according to the systemic and mechanical work accomplished. From many experiments by Bunge and others reported by Mr. Atkinson, it is evident that an average of about 20 per cent, of fiber foods taken into the stomach passes out of the system unappropriated. Hence, while Bunge places the amount of fiber foods absolutely neces- sary to preserve the system from wasting, at 3.22 ounces, Vaughan. Atwater, and Porter claim 4.19 ounces as requisite. Yet these elements must not be taken in such excess as to unduly load the excretory organs with nitrogenous waste. Hence, the respiratory oxygenating capacity is a most impor- tant factor, and, if the choice must be made between deficiency of fiber foods, for a time, and sub-oxidation of those foods, by all means should the first be chosen. 2. The Fats may range from two and one-half to eight and one-half ounces per day, according to the temperature and exposure of the person, and the scarcity or abundance of the force foods, since they are, to a certain extent, interchangeable. 3. The force foods may range from 12 to 29 ounces per day, according to the heat and force required. Rohe says that men at work excrete one-half of one per cent, more carbon dioxide, therefore, need more force foods. The greater activity of the young cells, in young persons, consume these foods faster rel- atively, than later in life ; therefore, more are required for youths, in the same circumstances, than for adults. The fats and force foods being interchangeable, may either of them be reduced to a minimum, provided the other be 124 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. increased to such an extent as to furnish the lacking supply of calories of heat. But in no case may the fat and force foods together exceed the oxidizing capacity of the system, i. e., the lung capacity and respiratory habits of the individual. 4. Idiosyncrasies. — Foods that have proved, in ordinary experience, unsuited to an individual, should not be forced upon his system because they may be good for others. There are some unknown reasons why his laboratory cannot work up materials that others can. It is a personal idiosyncrasy, for which there is no accounting, and against which he cannot successfully fight. 5. The fixed foods, water and the mineral salts, may ordi- narily be left to the supply which nature furnishes in the solid foods, and the calls of thirst. For the larger consumption of water, see Special Treatments. 6. The accessory foods should not be depended upon in health, and in sickness should be employed with the same care and judgment that other remedial means are. 7. The tendencies of financial condition should be guarded against. The food of the poor is apt to contain too little fiber element, while that of the rich has too much. It is a species of rebellion against Providence when the poor, whom God has said "shall always be in the land," ape the manners of the rich in style of living. A true appreciation of resources, and an acquiescent adaptation to them, is the basis of contentment, without which a "stalled ox" is no better than a "dinner of herbs." Within the limits of health, he who has large supply is justified in a variety according to his taste. Rut he who must deny himself of fiber foods because they are not in his stock, must look well to it that the nearest possible approximation be made, and should pray "that the time of this evil be shortened." Two Meals Contrasted. — A poor dinner: Four ounces fat pork, twelve ounces potatoes, six ounces bread, and sixteen ounces clear coffee. It contains of fiber foods 23 grams, fats 89, and force foods 167, equal to 1,630 calories. This poo: DIET. 125 dinner, besides being somewhat deficient in calories of energy, is so defective in fiber foods that his necessary toil will draw from his tissues to supply the wastes ; while the man of luxury has abundant supply of calories for his easy life, and such an excess of fiber foods as to endanger their sub-oxidation and resulting disease, as seen in the following : A rich dinner : Eight ounces soup, four potatoes, three turnips, two fish, four poultry, two asparagus, two stuffing, three cranberries, two bread, three arrowroot pudding, three pie, two fruit, one nuts, two coffee, one butter, and one ounce of sugar. This ration would furnish of fiber food 53 grams, fats 73 grams, force foods 159, equal to calories 1,550. The Cost of Food.— More than half of the income of the average family is expended for food. The Massachusetts Labor Bureau reports that the families of workingmen, who earn $350 to $400 a year, spend 64 per cent, of it for food, the i^roportion decreasing to 51 percent, when the income is $1,200 a year, and average 57 per cent. About the same proportion holds true in England and Europe. Fifty-seven per cent, of earnings spent for food invests the question of cost in diet with great significance. Nutrition not governed by cost. There is little difference between the nutritive value of a quart of oysters and a quart of milk, but the oysters, at twenty cents per pound, cost nearly seven times as much as the milk, at three and one-half cents. A pound of rice and three and one-half pounds of potatoes are about alike in nutritive value, but the rice costs about eight cents per pound and the potatoes about one cent. Salmon and tenderloin of beef, at 75 cents per pound, are no more nutritious than halibut or shoulder steak, at 10 or 15 cents per pound. A pound of lean beef and a quart of milk both contain about the same quantity of actual nutritious materials, but the beef costs from two to four times as much. "When the poor man buys his pound loaf of bread for eight cents, he gets no more nutritive material than the well-to-do man obtains for three cents, in the flour which he has baked at 126 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. I. THE COMPARATIVE EXPENSIVENESS OF FOODS, Costi of a Pound of Protein and Amounts of Potential Energy Obtained for Twenty-fTviB Cents in Diffennt Food>Materials at Current Market Prices. Kinds 9/ Food-Materials. Assumed prices of Food-ma- terials per pound in cents. The estimated cost (in cents) of one pound of protein in each Food-material, when the latter is bought at the market prices as- sumed, is expressed by the lengths of the light parallel lines, thus: ' The estimated number of calories of potential energy in tha nutrients (actually nutritive ingredients) contained in the quantity of each Food-material which 25 cents would pay for if the ma- terial were bought at the market prices assumed, is expressed by dark lines, thus : ~~~ Beef, sirloin ., i % Beef, sirloin, at lower price. . . . . . Beef, round . .-, , Beef, neck Mutton, leg.; *...« Smoked Ham . • . Salt Pork, very fat Salmon, early in season Salmon, at lower price Mackerel.. Codfish.. Salt mackerel Salt codfish Oysters, at 46 cents per quart Hens' eggs, at 30 cents per dozen Milk, at 7 cents per quart Cheese, whole milk. Cheese, skimmed milk Butter ...... : Oleomargarine «... Sugar < Wheat flour , Wheat bread Corn (maize) meal..., . Oatmeal Rice ...... Beans , Potatoes, at 75 cents per bushel.. W. O. Atwatbr. •«Ja .03^ .07* .03 •07*6 } 1145 calories \ 9793 calories { & ' 1807 calories [ 43 <=ents : .. [ X103 calories I 368 cents... 326 calories 768 calories US I 31 cents... \ 3403 calories f 18 cents.. \ 3643 calories f no protein. \ 3083 calories i no protein. I 6164 calories ( no protein. \ 6292 calories 1 13783 calories / 35 cents... \ 4255 calories i 13488 calories ( 15 cents... \ 9189 calories f 34 cents .. \ s°68 calories \ 7630 calories I 7689 calories Century Magazine. Reprinted by consent DIET. 127 II. THE COMPARATIVE EXPENSIVENESS OF FOODS. Amounts *of Actual Nutrients (Nutritive Ingredients) Obtained for Twenty-five Cents in Different Food-Materials at Ordinary Prices, with Amounts Appropriate tor a Day's Ration. Food-Muteriali, Beef, sirloin Beef, sirloin, at lower price. ....... Beef, round Beef, neck M ntton, leg » . . . Smoked Ham , < Salt Pork, very fat Salmon, early in season Salmon, at lower price..: Mackerel , Codfish Salt Mackerel Salt Codfish Oysters, at 40 cents per quart Hens' eggs.ajMp cents jxrr dozen.. Milk, at 7 cents per quart Cheese, whole milk Cheese, skimmed milk . , ............ Oleomargarine . . Sogar , .07^ Wheat bread ,., ^.-, Corn (maize) meal......*., ,,... ,^»„ Oatmeal.. ,.,r..., ..v., ......... »«. fcice.., t ... ...»..,,..„„., Beans,...., .„ ...^ ^..„ Potatoes, at 7s cents per bushel Standards for daily diet for t Voit's,'<5erman .... laboring man at moderates work ..»„ I Writer's, American Quantities obtained for 25 cents. Ndtrients in the Food-Materials. Quantities in pounds and hundredths of a pound indicated by shaded bands. PROTEIN. FATS. CARBOHYDRATES. Lean"'' of meat. Fatty and oily Sugar, starch. IV. 0/ AT WATS R. Century Magazine. Reprinted by consents 128 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. home. In wheat flour the fiber element costs 11 cents, while in potatoes, at 50 cents per bushel, it costs 15 cents. This point is clearly illustrated in the following table from Mr. Atkinson's book, "The Science of Nutrition :" TABLE OF COST OF DIFFERENT FOODS. Showing the cost of 3,000 calories obtained from different Food Materials. Cost in Food Materials. cents. Suet at 6 cents a pound .' . .$ 4.40 Potatoes at 30 cents a bushel, one-half cent a pound 5.00 Cornmeal at 3 cents a pound 5.43 Flour at 4 cents a pound, or $7.50 a barrel 7.20 Flour at 5 cents a pound, or $1.50 a bag 9.09 Potatoes at 50 cents a bushel, or one-half cent a pound 10.00 Sugar at 6 cents a pound 10.41 Beef from skin and flank, 4 cents a pound 12.00 Sausage, bacon and ham, at 12 or 12^ cents a pound 12.78 Beans and peas at 8 to 10 cents a quart 13.80 Sugar at 8 cents a pound 13.92 Rice at 8 cents a pound 15.69 Skimmed milk at 2 cents a quart 17.31 Parts of beef, mutton or pork, pretty fat, 8 to 10 cents a pound. . 20.00 Potatoes at $1.2f> a bushel. 20.60 Skimmed milk at 3 cents a quart 25.62 Apples at 45 cents a peck 27.30 Butter at 35 cents a pound 30.74 Milk at 7 cents a quart 34.74 Cheese at 14 cents a pound 36.33 Green vegetables at 5 cents a pound 61.50 Beef, medium fat, with 15 % bone, at 15| cents a pound 100.00 Eggs at 18 cents a dozen 106.50 8. The circumstances which cause the demand must be con- sidered in providing the dietary supply. The healthy country school boy, who wades through snow a mile, to school, and frolics all the way, and whose school recesses are far too short for him to expend his pent-up energies in, will suffer the pangs of semi-starvation on the supply of food that would surfeit the city miss of his own age, who rises just in time for breakfast, minces and prims around until she takes the cars for school, and is too much of a lady to romp anywhere. And the physi- ological doll will be in her grave, from consumption, or a puny invalid for life, before the boy reaches the maturity that will sweep him on into the seventies. DIET. 129 It is as absurd to feed a whole family of aged, adults, and children, some sick and some well, some warmly housed and some exposed to storm and low temperature, upon the same fare, as it would be to expect them all to wear the same clothes. ''Milk for babes, '* at both extremes of life, and 4 * strong meat for men," was the apostle's view, which science has amply confirmed. 9. The responsibility of right provision should be consid- ered- Hints have been given elsewhere of how profoundly the whole mental, physical, and spiritual nature of man is affected by his food. Hence, the responsibility of a right provision of daily aliment can only be measured by the immense interests at stake. What is health worth? What figures shall represent the value of sound mentality ? And, so far as character affects spiritual life, who can adequately express the worth of organic helps to the noblest Christian attainments? The cloister was, undoubtedly, an extreme reaction from the pampered luxury of Roman life, but it was. nevertheless, an instinctive recogni- tion of the fact that habitual customs do affect the inner being. The training of the schools is good, but if a child can have but one of the two, either a correct dietary or schooling, infinitely better is it for him to have the first than, having the second. to make it valueless by a wrecked physical organism. Wrong- Feeding* and Disease.— The diseases of the enlightened world are nature's protest against, and penalty for, wrong feeding. The responsibility for it begins in the home. There is very little doubt that consumption, with its appal- ling array of horrors, has its seed germ in the over-carbona- ceous feeding of infants and youths. Says Dr. Porter : " The overtaxing of the digestive and oxygenating capacity of the system is the true foundation of nine-tenths of all the diseased processes to which human flesh is liable.*' (Merck's Bulletin. December, 1893, Page 73.) Says Dr. James Wood (Merck's Bul- letin, February, 1892): "This functional perversion is largely due to the habit of feeding the growing child on a diet com- posed mainly of the starches and sugars." 9 130 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Rev. Dr. R. N. Young says of the Sanitary Congress in England : "It was affirmed by a distinguished member of the Congress that, in England alone, there are a quarter of a mil- lion preventable deaths every year, and upward of seven millions of needless illnesses, which even an elementary knowl- edge of hygienic laws might have averted. It is time that lessons on the simple principles of sanitation should be given in primary schools." Two hundred and fifty thousand preventable deaths ! Stop a moment! That means 2,000,000 more mourning parents and children every year in that little kingdom, than need be. With our greater food supply and population, at the same ratio, it means, in the United States. 4,000,000 draped in woe every year, chiefly because of wrong dietary habits, and 14,000,000 needless illnesses ! How much loss of productive labor; how much useless expense, and how much suffering these entail! Verily, it is time to sound the tocsin of alarm. The necessity for carefully-prepared dietaries rests upon the fact that the food elements are so unequally distributed in food materials. The following table compiled from several from Bunge and Wood shows the amount in grams of several kinds of food that it would be necessary to eat daily in order to give the repair materials requisite, also the amounts of fat and force foods that would be taken at the same time. Foods. Apples. ... Carrots Potatoes — Rice Cabbage . . . Cow's milk . Maize Wheat Fat fish Fat pork — Fat beef — Lean fish.. . Lean beef. . . Peas Beans Oatmeal.. . Bread Eggs Oysters . — Natural State. (453 grams per pound) 25,000 9,000 5,000 1,250 3,000 3,000 1,000 800 750 650 600 550 480 430 435 710 1,250 900 1,666 Dried. 4,200 1,000 1,250 1,100 440 370 900 700 330 360 250 110 112 370 With the 100 grams proteids taken up. Carbo- hydrates. Fats. 3,300 820 20 1,090 8 990 11 220 21 140 107 740 46 580 14 220 250 150 3 7 230 7 245 8 461 42 687 25 36 90 830 277 ^ a> DIET 131 §§§,q£1 , no's o *3 23 a 2§S*g § ^g ° s - I- s* &© = o --2 2^.2 * S3 &*> H* _, ©.3 g a a - ^ o 7 s ELj £ o So ^"3 co ,2 c3 z 5 c " Ad £ Ef &3 ^ o *£ *2 o b^ B 1 ^ ^ ® 5 ^ ^ QJ05C O® fc» 5 S Ch J< ~ 3 C « ^ © '^^35© ^ § • eg j£ «= © © © c8 c3 g ^"ot^ i — • o ,c"^ - o tecs t; a y . © © 5 13 O .Sf r- O £< w c3 t 3 , - 1 o ~> 2 2^=~* 2 * : ~ 5 a*§ II 3 ^ "? -3 "" =-> £ O „ r 1 "- 1 . • — ^ 3 • © © "3 O—' cy S 9?-3 ^^ a tf£o©©a; a ^ra* %£ ^s s5.h i^ft © pop P ® QH^is ►> ^aav5>jt§"ixSa ^ a w 343 OD S i-i 8 £X> > &£ 3^ = 1 *§c -S * g *>> « g ^a 1*; ^^ °S W ©- d a >a «-S w ® g a S •« -= a © _ be 43D CQ ^9 a>j -3>» 'a *5 >» ^ -^ 03 Bl ^ a - • a a: e 5 © * a tf ^-0© H 55© rt© © -. a © O ^ ©• %% is bs 15 i: ©I f5 23 Si S-S §1 ^* §t 4,£ 5* ^t Sf g- 2^ So a^ ©^ Co iia era ^ a > S 4 &o p © © ?H-a H. *a © 00 .« ^7 ■^3 © ll CO a§ © > ^ ' 0^= ©^= o^: ca^> txa era ^^ # 3 g« « ©^ >cc fOcc ©1-1 — ac ©« ©co :5 -O " S S ^-rs-H 30 o^o ot-w oio» ci-rs ob-t-c;ao54c50C5«oco o©5 ^05* "tjio CO ^cO*^^"^^c4^^TjirliiO»0'«^T^O;CD S c3 C ?^-° CP m P CD c8 « * 9 ssa . 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CO © CM.-cx-tx : © • -r l- - cc -t- © >* = ste © I- M CO ei CC IO © • ■ • • c4 " * i-! — ' — '. ' asjs "# ■ ■ — :n x © © en ■ © m cc r. x x ■ © _ © # ^ • TJJ • t- ••«* t- M : EN CO EN -r' d L- ' ^ ^. 5 e^?~ ■ ? -^ ^ ^ ? - < :CC^ U - = -J^ I i I: : y ~'? 43 n _ — I c - - X r - — u - - _ . D — r r Z q r > — — y — ,5 m. J2 ~ - s 1 2 >! B ~ - ~ EC r^ T — a — ■- - •y. > ft V - ^ -r ED r > EC "Z a EC Z © — ~ 3J r — £ g - < > — bf - • > Z r H c> n - z EG = " z .., IT ~ — ^ r 3J X X ~ — ©: ^ X - >: Of "— _z — ^ c - s 2 © z 2 2 aa J © — - 5— — X ^ E - to I'oS'ir? 7 r ; 138 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Its Availability Illustrated.— In order to show the availability of this information, let us suppose a few cases from real life. Mrs. Blank keeps a boarding-house. At one hour she feeds four hard-working men, each five feet ten or over, and none less than 180 pounds in weight. At another hour she feeds two milliners and two female clerks of small stores, with not much business, all under five feet five in height, and less than 110 pounds in weight. What should be the fare for each table per day? For the men, five pounds, or 6,000 calories each, which might be as follows, giving a generous measure : 4 Pounds Beef Side V2 Pound Skim-Cheese Sausages 2 Potatoes 2 Butter 14 Onions 1 Sugar % Codfish Bread Coffee Milk Corn Meal For the females she provides 2 J pounds of food for each, giving 2,400 calories : Beef, 1 Pound Fish, fresh, IV2 Pounds Bread, 1 Pound Butter, y 2 " Potatoes, 1 " Fruit, Prunes, 1 Sugar, V4 " Peas % " Milk 1V 2 " Oat Meal y 2 " Tea. The Young* Couple. — A young husband enters home disheartened. ' ' What's the matter, George ? " says the anxious wife. " Matter enough, Mary. The shop is shut down, and I am out of a job, and no telling when I can get another." "Well, that is bad, but cheer up, George; the rent is paid a month in advance, there are two tons of coal in the cellar, a barrel of flour in the pantry, and no one to provide for but yourself and me, and the baby (glancing, with half -tearful eye, at the crib, where little 10-months Jacob sleeps, as if it were Eden everywhere), and, besides, 1 have twenty dollars saved up that we can use. You will get some odd jobs, and I will see what I can do towards economy in living, after the plan that I was reading about the other day." So she searches Vaughan's tables, and, with a little ingenious adaptation, finds that she can provide, at a very small cost, both a varied and healthful supply. DIET. 139 vaughan's diet tables. Prepared by order of the Michigan Board of Health, by Victor C. Vaughan, Ph. D., M. D. The lard in these tables is for cooking. P., signifies protein ; F., fats ; C-h, carbohydrates, such as sugar, starch, and fiber. Class I, No. l. Total cost, 13 cents; Protein, 4 ounces; Fats, 2.88 ounces; C-h.,24V 2 ounces. Breakfast. Cts. Dinner. Cts. Supper. Cts. 2 oz. oatmeal, .5 24 oz. potatoes, 1 pt. milk, 3.0 1 oz. lard, 10 oz. bread, 1.9 10 oz. bread, -2 oz. sugar, *4 i 1.5 14 oz. beans, 1.0 5/ 8 1 oz. lard, 5/ 8 1.9 6 oz. bread, 1.3 15 oz. tea, .3 IV2 oz. sugar. 14 Class I, No. 2. Total cost, 14.1 cts ; Protein, 4.10 ounces ; Fats, 2.39 ounces ; C-h, 21.29 ounces. 2 oz. cheese 14 oz. beans, (toasted) 1.5 1 oz. lard, 10 oz. bread, 1.9 !10 oz. bread, 8 oz. coffee. 2 /3i 1.0 1.9 4 oz. rice, 2.0 1 pt. milk, 3.0 1 oz. sugar, V2 6 oz. bread, 1.1 Class I, No. 3. Total cost, 15.4 cents ; P. 4.25 ounces ; F., 2.91; C-h., 23.06 ounces. 4 oz. graham flour, y 2 1 oz. lard, 5/ 8 1 oz. sugar (or syrup), V2 8 oz. coffee, 2/3 1 oz. macaroni, 4oz. fat cheese, 10 oz. bread, 1V4 3 1.9 16 oz. bread. 3. 16 oz. potatoes, 1. 1 pt. milk, 3. Class I, No. 4. Total cost, 13.8 cents: P., 4.51 ounces; F., 2.13 ounces; C-h., 18.32 ounces. 2 oz. oatmeal, V2 V* pt. milk, 1.5 y% oz. sugar, V2 1 oz. codfish, s/ 8 1 oz. lard, % k> oz. bread, 1.1 4 oz. baked heart 8 oz. potatoes, 10 oz. bread, 2.5 y 2 1.8 2 oz. rice, 1. V2 oz. sugar, V 2 V2 pt. milk, 1.5 6 oz. bread, 1.1 Total cost, 13.3 cents ; P. 8 oz. buckwheat flour (as cakes), 1.5 Class I, No. 5. 4.19 ounces, F., 2.49 ounces; C-h., 26.92 ounces. 1 oz. sugar, "2 oz. lard, 8 oz. coffee. 4 oz. beans. V2 oz. lard. V2 16 oz. bread. Vs Vfe 16 oz. bread, 1 oz. butter, V2 pt. milk, 1.5 1.5 Total cost. 10.3 8 oz. corn meal as musli 1, 1 pt. milk, Class I. No. 6. cents; P., 4.90 ounces; F., 2.54 ounces; C-h., 31.18 ounces. 1. ¥2 1.5 3 1.5 16 oz. bread, V2 pt. milk, 3. 1.5 16 oz. potatoes, 4 oz. graham flour (as pudding), V2 pt. milk, V2 oz. sugar, 16 oz. bread, 1 oz. butter. Class I, No. 7. Total cost, 13.3 cents, P., 4.20 ounces; F.. 2.49 ounces, C-h., 19.96 ounces. 2 oz. rice (as cake), 1. 1 egg, 1.3 V2 oz. lard, M »; oz. bread, 1.1 1 pt. milk, 3. 4 oz. beans, V2 oz. lard, 6 oz. bread, Vs 1.1 2 oz. fat cheese, 16 oz. bread, 1.5 3. 140 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Class II, No. l. Total cost, 12; P., 4.28 ounces; F., 2.69 ounces; C-li., 19.36 ounces. 2 oz. codfish, 1.3 1 oz. lard, 1.6 6 oz. bread, 1.1 y 2 pt. milk, 1.5 1 cup tea, 5 oz., Vs V2 oz. sugar, V± 16 oz. potatoes, 1. 1 oz. lard, 5/ 8 10 oz. bread, 1.9 Class IT, No. 2. 10 oz. bread, 1.9 1/2 pt. milk, 1.5 V2 oz. sugar, Vt. 2 cups tea, 5 oz. each, 2 /3 Total cost, 14.4 cents ; P., 4.07 ounces ; F., 2.10 ounces; C-h., 18.23 ounces. 2 oz. fat cheese, 1.5 6 oz. bread, 1.1 1 cup coffee (8 oz), 2/3 1/2 pt. milk, 1.5 V2 oz. sugar, 14 4 oz. beans, 2 oz. bacon, 10 oz. bread, Class II, 1 1.5 1.9 NO. 3. 10 oz. bread, 1.9 V2 oz. sugar, V±, V2 pt. milk, 1.5 2 cups coffee (8 oz. each), 1 .3 Total cost, 22.5 cents; P., 4.97 ounces; F., 3.35 ounces; C-h., 20.19 ounces. 2 eggs, 2.5 8 oz. bread, 1.5 1 pt. milk, 3. 1 oz. butter, 1.5 2 oz. bacon, 1.5 8 oz. turnips, V2 8 oz. corn meal (as bread), 1. 8 oz. mutton (mod- erately fat), 8. 16 oz. bread, 3. Class II, NO. 4. Total cost, 21.75 cents; P., 5.19 ounces; F., 2.43 ounces; C-h., 21 ounce, 4 oz. fresh fruit, 1. 8 oz. bread, 1.5 V2 oz. sugar, 14 1 pt milk, 3 1 oz. butter, 1.5 4 oz. garden beans, 1. 8 oz. beef (moder- ately fat), 8. 16 oz. bread, 3. 8 oz. cornmeal, (as mush), 1. 1/2 pt. milk, 1.5 Class 11, No. 5. Total cost, 14.75 cents; P., 4.28 ounces; F., 2.89 ounces; C-h., 19.48 ounces 2 oz. oatmeal, V2 V2 oz. sugar, 14 y 2 pt. milk, 1.5 2 oz. sausage (best quality), 1.5 1 cup tea, 5 oz., 1/3 8 oz. bread, 1.5 4 oz. beans, 1 oz. bacon, 8 oz. bread, 1. 1.5 11 oz. bread, 2. 1 oz. butter, 1.5 V 2 pt. milk, 1.5 V2 oz. sugar, 14 2 cups tea (5 oz. each), 2 /s Class II, No. 6. Total cost, 12.25 cents; P., 4.61 ounces; F., 2.96 ounces; C-h., 20.20 ounces 1. 2.5 ]16 oz. potatoes, 1.3 1 oz. lard, 1.9 110 oz. bread, 8 oz. cornmeal (as mush), 1. V 2 pt. milk, l.i 2 eggs, 2oz. codfish, 10 oz. bread, 1.9 |io oz. bread, 1.9 1 oz. lard, Class II, No. 7. Total cost, 12.6 cents: P., 4.33 ounces; F., 2.43 ounces; C-h., 19.92 ounces 2 oz. bacon, 1.5 10 oz. bread, 1.9 4 oz. beans, 1. V2 pt. milk, 1.5 8 oz. cornmeal (as bread), 1 2 oz. fat cheese, 10 oz. bread, V2 pt. milk, 2 /2 oz. sugar, 1 cup coffee (8 oz.), 1.5 1.9 1.5 Total cost, 18.25 cents ; P. Class III, No. 1. 4.38 ounces; F., 2.13 ounces; C-h., 18.06 ounces 4 oz. beef, (very fat), 16 oz. potatoes, 1 pt. milk, 8 oz. bread, 4. 1. 3. 1.5 4 oz. beef (moder- ately fat), 4. 16 oz. potatoes, 1. 8 oz. bread, 1.5 2 oz. oatmeal, V2 pt. milk, V2 oz. sugar, DIET. 141 Class III, No. 2. Total cost, 20.4 cents; P., 5.27 ounces; F., 2.74 ounces ; C-h., 18.33 ounces. 3. 1. 5/8 1.5 1.5 V4 8 oz. beef (moder- ately fat), 8. 8 oz. cornmeal (as bread), 1. il pt. milk, V2 oz. sugar, 4 oz. rice, y± 1 oz. codfish, 16 oz. potatoes. 1 oz. lard, 8 oz. bread, i'2 pt. milk, 1 2 oz. sugar, 1 cup coffee, (8 oz.), Class III, No. 3. Total cost, 19.9 cents ; P., 4.46 ounces ; F., 2.15 ounces ; C-h., 18.31 ounces. 2 oz. mackerel, 1.5 8 oz. bread (as pan- cakes), 1.5 % pt. milk, 1.5 1 cup coffee (8 oz.) 2 A 4 oz. boiled mutton, 3. 4 oz. boiled rict;, 2. 8 oz. mashed potato, V2 8 oz. boiled turnips, V2 V2 pt. milk, V 2 1 oz. butter, 1.5 4 oz. bread, % 4 oz. cold mutton, 3. 11 oz. bread, 2. Class III, No. 4. Total cost, 15 cents; P., 4.52 ounces; F., 2.96 ounces; C-h., 22.32 ounces. 4 oz, fried liver. 2.5 1 oz. lard, 5/8 10 oz. bread. 1.% 2 oz. bacon, 1.5 116 oz. bread, 3. 8 oz. cabbage, V2 !l pt. milk, 3. 8 oz. cornmeal (as i2 oz. dried fruit (as bread), 1. sauce), 1.. Class III, No. 5. Total cost. 17.9 cents; P., 4.11 ounces; F., 2.38 ounces; C-h., 22.94 ounces. 4 oz. fresh fruit 2 oz. bacon, 1.5 16 oz. bread, 3. (berries), 2. 4 oz. string beans, 2. 1 pt. milk, 3. 10 oz. bread, 1.9 8 oz. cornmeal (as 1 pt. milk. 3. bread), 1. 1 oz. sugar, V2 Class III, No. 6. Total cost 19.7 cents; P., 4.23 ounces; F., 2.39 ounces; C-h., 19.30 ounces. 4. |4 oz. lean mutton, 3. % |8 oz. bread, 1.5 16 oz. potatoes, 1. 8 oz. bread, 1 oz. butter, 1 pt. milk, 1.5 1.5 3. 4 oz. beef, 4 oz. bread. 4 oz. buckwheat, (as cakes), 3 A 1 oz. sugar (as syrup and for coffee), V2 y 2 pt. milk, 1.5 1 cup coffee (8 oz.), 2/3 Class III, No. 7. Total cost, 18.9 cents; P., 5.29 ounces; F., 2.66 ounces; C-h., 20.04 ounces. 2 oz. codfish, 1.3 4 oz. fresh fish, 3. 16 oz. bread, 3. 1 oz. lard, 5 /8 4 oz. cornmeal, y 2 V2 oz. butter, 16 oz. potatoes, 1. legg, 1.3 1 pt. milk, 3. 8 oz. bread, 1.5 Class IV, No. l. Total cost, 35 cents; P., 4.97 ounces; F., 3.18 ounces; C-h., 19.61 ounces. 1 oz. dried fruit, 1.3 1 oz. sugar, y% 1 pt. milk, 4. 8 oz. bread, 3. 2 eggs, 4. 1 oz. bacon, % 8 oz. bread, 3. 1 oz. string beans, 1. 1 oz. butter, 1.5 8 oz. mutton, 8. 1 pt. milk, 4. 16 oz. potatoes, 1. 8 oz. bread, 3. 142 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Class IV, No. 2. Total cost, 27.9 cents; P., 4.90 ounces; F., 2.98 ounces; C-h., 19.11 ounces. 4 oz. berries, V2 oz. sugar, 1 pt. milk, 4 oz. chicken (broiled), 1 oz. butter, 8 oz. bread, 1 cup coffee (8 oz.) 2. i/4 3.2 1.5 1.5 3.5 1. 1.5 2.5 1. 8 oz. bread, V2 pt. milk, 1.5 2. 4 oz. beef, 2 oz. rice (as cro- quettes), 1 egg, % oz lard, 2 oz. macaroni, 1 oz. fat cheese, 16 oz. potatoes, 4 oz. bread, Class IV, No. 3. Total cost, 24.8 cents; P., 4.15 ounces; F., 2.76 ounces; C-h., 18.78 ounces. 4 oz. beef, 1 oz. butter, 4 oz. bread, V2 oz. sugar, 1 cup coffee (8 oz.), 4. 2 oz. pork, 1.5 1.5 2 oz. beans, x /2 3 A 8 oz. potatoes, V2 *A 2 oz. starch, 2. 2 /s IV2 oz. sugar, 3 A 2 oz. dried fruit, 2.5 8 oz. bread, 1.5 Class IV, No. 4. Total cost, 20.25 cents ; P., 4.35 ounces ; F., 2.48 ounces ; C-h 4 oz. lean mutton, 4. 8 oz. bread, 1.5 V2 pt. milk, 1.5 2 cups coffee, (8 oz. each), 1.3 2oz. oatmeal, 1 oz. sugar, 1 pt. milk, 1 oz. butter, 2 oz. mackerel, 4 oz. bread, V2 ¥2 3. 1.5 1.5 4 oz. chicken, 16 oz. potatoes, 8 oz. bread, 4. 1. 1.5 1 pt. milk, 8 oz. bread, 8 oz. fruit (as sauce), 1 oz. sugar, 19.82 ounces - 3. 1.5 1. y* Total cost, 23.75 cents ; P. Class IV, No. 5. 4.39 ounces; F., 2.85 ounces; C-h., 19.25 ounces. 2 oz. sausages, 2. 4 oz. lean beef, 4. 1 pt. milk, 3. 1 oz. butter, 1.5 16 oz. potatoes, 1. 1 oz. sugar, y 2 1 oz. sugar, V2 2 oz. macaroni, 2.5 8 oz. bread, 1.5 1 pt. milk, 3. 8 oz. bread, 1.5 1 cup coffee (8 oz). 2/3 4 oz. bread, 34 2 cups coffee (8 oz. each), 1.3 Class IV, No. 6. Total cost, 18.5 cents; P., 4.20 ounces; F., 2.37 ounces; C-h., 22.46 ounces. 4 oz. pork (lean), 8 oz. bread, V2 pt. milk, V2 oz. sugar, 1 cup coffee (8 oz.), 3. 1.5 1.5 14 % 2 oz. fat cheese, 16 oz. potatoes, 8 oz. bread, 1.5 1. 1.5 10 oz. bread, 16 oz. potatoes, V2 pt. milk, % oz. sugar, 2 cups coffee (8 oz. each), 1 oz. butter, 2. 1. 1.5 y± 1.3 1.5 Class IV, No. 7. Total cost, 23.25 cents ; P., 4.92 ounces; F., 2.26 ounces ; C-h., 19.60 ounces. 4 oz. cracked wheat, % 14 oz. roast beef, !/2 pt. milk, 4 oz. cold beef, legg, 8 oz. potatoes, 1 cup coffee (8 oz.), 4 oz. bread, 4. 4 oz. wheat flour (as Yorkshire pud- ding), % 1 egg, 2. y 2 pt. milk, 1.5 16 oz. potatoes, 1. 8 corn meal (as mush), 1 pt. milk, The Minister's Widow.— The funeral of the good min- ister is over, and the heart-broken widow and her two daugh- ters sit down to confront the cheerless future. Salary stopped ; little provision in store ; removal necessitated ; daughters must DIET. 143 earn a subsistence as they can, one by music, the other by fancy work and painting. The Century magazine is remem- bered, and Addie searches up the back numbers to re-read Prof. Atwater's articles upon diet, and now she is ready to cipher. She finds that by reducing his monthly diet No. 6 to a weekly ration, she can bring the table expenses within their resources, thus: Five and one-half pounds flour, 1£ pounds oatmeal, £ pound corn meal, If pound hominy, £ pound butter, i pound suet, 2^ pounds potatoes, £ pound cabbage, | pound carrots, i pound onions, £ pound sugar, i pound beef shin, £ pound round beef, i beef tripe, £ calves' hearts, \ pound pigs' feet, \ pound eggs, i pound cheese, 3£ pounds skimmed milk, f pound beans, f pound peas, 1 pound fresh fish, £ pound salt cod, J pound bacon, £ pound macaroni, i pound rice. This gives 26 pounds per week to each person, and costs only $1.28 per week. The Young Student.— A young man, at home on his first vacation from boarding school, knowing the sacrifices made for the education of the children, proposes to save on home living by a scientific dietary, and selects Prof. Atwater's monthly diet, No. 9, which he reduces for a week's experi- ment, as follows : Five and one-half pounds flour, f pound oatmeal, £ pound corn meal, 1-J pound hominy, £ pound butter, -J- pound suet, 5J pounds potatoes, £ pound cabbage, -J- pound carrots, i pound onions, 1£ pounds sugar, -J- pound beef, 1J pounds beef rump, li pounds mutton leg and chops, £ pound fowl, £ bacon, J salt pork, i pound eggs, 3£ pounds whole milk, -J- pound macaroni, i pound cheese, i pound tomatoes, i turnips — 28 pounds. Cost $1.63 per week for each person. Dr. J. L. Nichols lived in London on two meals a day, at a cost for food, of 60 to 80 cents a week, during arduous liter- ary work. Dr. C. C. Page lived several months, in splendid physical condition, on one meal a day, at a cost of less than 10 cents a day. His diet was unleavened graham gems and fruits. We have personally known several students who lived at theo- logical schools and colleges on less than one dollar a week. 144 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. National Examples of Diet. — National examples of the effect of diet may be found in the character and history of the Chinese, as compared with the Anglo-Saxon race. The Chinese have existed for many generations upon rice almost exclusively, while the Anglo-Saxons have fed bountifully upon a mixed diet. The diets may be thus contrasted — by parts in one hundred. Fiber. Fat. Force. Salts. Saxon, Mixed, 9.91 16.57 20.93 2.11 Chinese, Rice, 7.47 0.80 75.69 0.90 Attention is particularly called to the immense excess of starch and sugar (heat-producing compounds) of the Chinese diets, which corresponds with their similar excess of animal passions. Then, they are largely deficient in fiber foods with a cor- responding deficiency as a race, in muscular strength. Finally, the fats and salts which furnish brain and nerve constituents, only amount together to 1.70 in the rice diet, while in the mixed they are 18.68. With such a showing, well may the Anglo-Saxon claim to be the superior race. Taking the average supply of these constituents found in the blood of the Western nations as an indication of the physi- ological need, viz., 13.55 ounces, the Chinaman's diet is defi- cient 11.85, while the Saxon has an excess of 5.13 ounces, which explains at least in part why the discoveries and inventions of the age are so largely confined to these mixed- diet races. Lest any zealous advocate of Christianity should affirm that these are the products of the higher civilization which is itself the effect of Christian influence, we will have no dispute, but simply remind him that only the race-strength has made such triumphs of Christian culture possible, and that strength is in " blood and brawn " drawn from the food consumed. Other national examples in confirmation of this might be adduced, but this is sufficient to show the influence of diet upon national character, and goes far toward justifying Lud- DIET. 145 wig Feuerbach's saying " Der Mensch isi was er isst" Man is what he eats. " The Jdeal Diet," says Dr. Schuster, " is that combi- nation of foods which, while imposing the least burden upon the body, supplies it with exactly sufficient material to meet its wants," which may be amplified thus : The ideal diet is that which furnishes all the materials for constructive supply, or repair ; to maintain normal heat ; to supply normal force ; to keep up the mechanical elements, together with an oxygen demand little if any above the average of 802 grams in twenty- four hours, and at the lowest possible cost. Tested by this standard, far from an ideal diet is the United States army ration, designed for service of the most exhausting nature. It consists of 1£ pounds fresh beef or £ pound salt pork and 18 ounces of bread for each 24 hours, to which is added 1-10 pounds of coffee, 2 4-10 ounces sugar and 19 1-5 grains of salt. This gives of fiber foods 4.74 ounces, fat foods 13.23 ounces, and salts 0.96. The amount of fiber foods is but 1.28 ounces in excess of what is necessary for light work — and falls 3.32 short of the amount requisite for forced work. On the other hand the fat foods and sugars exceed the nor- mal demand by 9.98 for light work and 4.72 ounces for forced work. The British soldiers' daily ration is 20 ounces bread, 12 of meat and 16 of vegetables daily, furnishing 3.848 calories. Another Diet, Xot Ideal, is that of a professional gentleman of our acquaintance, who works his brain exces- sively, but takes very little bodily exercise, and is as follows : Meat 5 ounces, sugar 1J, oranges 7, bananas 5, figs 1, dates 2, cheese i, butter 1, bread 3, and milk 1 pint ; total, 41f ounces ; consisting of fiber foods 1.83 ounces, fats 2.27, force foods 7.40. It requires 660 grams of oxygen to assimilate it and evolves 1,807 calories, being deficient in oxygen 142 grams, and in calories 2,029. Looking more closely, he has but 53 grams of fiber food, while moderate work requires 119. He has but 65 grams of fats, while he should have 145. He has but 213 grams of force foods while he should have 486 to correspond 10 146 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. with moderate manual work. But his expenditure of nerve and brain substance requires a larger relative proportion of fiber and fat foods. Suppose then, that 10 ounces of meat and 2 pints of milk be consumed, with the other articles as named, he will then have 87.22 grams of fiber foods, 98.63 of fats, 264.74 force foods, and 2,392 calories. Condensed Rules for the Preparation of Home Dietaries by the Use of the Working- Table. 1. By reference to pp. 197-199, determine the whole amount of food requisite for 24 hours according to the age, sex, work and exposure of the consumers, ranging for adults from 14 ounces to 45 ounces each. 2. By reference to pp. 139-144, fix upon the relative amounts of fiber, fat and force foods demanded by the circum- stances, ranging from 1.6 to 5 ounces of fiber foods, 1.56 to 5.44 ounces of fats, and 5.7 to 18.4 ounces of force foods. 3. By reference to pp. 197, 198, estimate the number of calories needed for 24 hours by each consumer. 4. Select the kinds of foods deemed desirable because of personal preference, convenience and cost, and add together their fiber-elements as given in the Working Table on Pages 133-137 until they shall equal and not materially exceed the amount of fiber-foods determined upon in Eule 2. 5. Do the same with the fat and force elements. 6. Add together all the calories (noting that they are given per pound) of all the foods selected, and if the sum is about that fixed upon under Rule 3, the diet is right, provided good judgment has been used in Rules 1, 2 and 3. 7. If the calories are much below, or greatly in excess of the number determined in Rule 3, then from the Working Table select some food or foods that will not change the fiber elements materially, but will increase or decrease the calories as required. General Principles of Correct Diet.— 1. The first is that the food must contain all the constituents needed for the building of every fluid and tissue of the body. This must be DIET. 14? so evident to all who have reached this page that it needs no amplification. 2. The food should contain nothing posit vely obstructive or perverting to the functions of life. Certainly that which is designed to aid those functions, cannot, at the same time obstruct or pervert them and still retain its character as a helper. If it is a friend it cannot in the same act be a foe. Of the twelve elements that make up the body, there may be three or four in a particular tissue. A perfect food for that tissue only would have just those elements and none others. But that tissue is only one individual in a vast community, and is so related to the whole that what is not appropriated by it can be used by some other part without disturbing the har- mony of the adjustments of all the parts. Just as beefsteak cannot be used by the infant but is relished by and sustaining to the man, without at all interfering with the milk-food of the babe. Nature's balance is such that when all the tissues find their appropriate supply, each is so adjusted to all the others that none are injured. Such a supply is true food. Hence, the inference is clearly warranted that if any substance actually does obstruct or pervert any function of life, that is not true food. 3. Food must be varied to meet the demands of tissue- waste. At one time thought, anxiety and care eat up the phosphorized tissues with amazing rapidity. At another, mus- cular exertion drains off the nitrogen as if by an open sluice- way. At another, perspiration steams away the water from the blood like a boiler in full heat. At another, malarial microbes exhaust the sodium chloride from the blood and it thickens into fever. Hence, wherever the strain of loss falls, just there must the stream of supply flow. Food is most effective when taken with pleasant accessories. As already stated, care, anxiety, and we might add grief, exhaust the phosphorus of the brain very rapidly. On the other hand, joy, good cheer, and satisfaction exhilarate. 148 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. Therefore, a rueal eaten with pleasant social converse, mirth- ful sallies and abounding cheerfulness finds the stomach pre- pared by the general buoyancy of the nervous system to enter at once with corresponding spirit upon the work of digestion. Meantime the same kindly spirit has infused itself through the blood and gone rebounding to the remotest capil- laries there imparting to the most minute absorbents the thrill of a quickened, exuberant life. On the other hand, a meal partaken in gloom or discord, often "sets like lead " in the stomach, soddens the nerves, depraves the blood, and spreads a pall of half-paralysis over the little builders that would repair the wastes of the system. The proof that this is a true statement is found in the fact that even dyspeptics who can eat but little, and with the greatest circumspection at their own uncongenial tables, can sit for an hour unharmed at a feast of luxury where host and guests are alike agreeable, and the ripple of laughter chimes in with the clatter of knives and forks, and the clink, clink of spoons beats time with the joyfulness of the occasion. A picnic dinner of anything reasonable rarely disagrees with even confirmed dyspeptics ; and a supper from the camp- fire, eaten with cracking jokes and side-splitting narrations, goes quietly on its nourishing way, while that same meal amid the asperities, or even sobrieties of home, would entail a night of distress. Facts of Importance to Aid Right Eating'.— The fiber-elements of animal structures are superior as nutrients to those of vegetable origin. Eggs, meat and fish are almost perfect food ; add a little bread and butter or sweet fruits and they become perfect. Skimmed Milk has lost 22 pounds of butter to every 100 pounds thus treated. Fish need more oil or grease in cooking than meats because where meats have fat they have water. Milk and other cold or solid substances taken into the stomach excite the flow of hydrochloric acid and decreases the railk curdling ferment ; the reverse occurs when taken warm. DIET. 149 Milk after a hearty meal meets a large supply of hydro- chloric acid and is therefore curdled in indigestible lumps. Therefore it should be taken hot and alone. Lime water favors its feathery curdling. Food, if very compact when it enters the stomach, pre- vents the gastric fluid from working upon the interior of the mass. Therefore, a cup of warm drink after such a meal is beneficial. The Stomach has the most vigor in the morning after the night's repose ; therefore, breakfast should be the main meal. A Great Variety of food at one meal requires a greater com- plexity of chemical processes ; therefore, not more than three or at most four kinds of food should be taken at one meal. If variety be desirable, let it be found in the different meals. It is Possible to underfeed the strength while at the same time overfeeding the respiratory power ; that is, dying by repletion of carbon, and starvation of the tissues. The Stomach lacks digestive power when very weary, much troubled, or the previous meal remains partly undi- gested ; therefore, a hearty meal should not be taken under such circumstances. Food can only digest at about the temperature of 98° F. It can ferment at any temperature of the body. Therefore, to drink a glass of water at 60° during a meal, is to reduce the temperature below the digesting to the fermenting degree. Desserts, if digestible and nutritious, should be taken as some of the allowed kinds of food at that meal, and if particu- larly palatable, should be eaten first. Instinct teaches the horse to take his oats before the hay, and the child to wish for what tastes best first. Pastry is unfit for weak stomachs. Starchy Foods should become a soft pulp in the mouth before being swallowed. Disagreeing Things should never be taken. Mere gusta- tory pleasure can never change the settled chemical affinities of a man's digestive juices. 150 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Sweets, if made such by the grape sugar that they contain, like figs, dates, etc., are healthy, while if sweet from the cane- sugar that they have, like candies, require an extra process of digestion, and are less desirable. Luncheons are physiological abominations, except in cases of insufficient meals. Going Hungry to Bed, is to invite sleeplessness ; better a lunch than that. Frijing is not a desirable way to cook food. Shriveled Stomachs should be enlarged by eating a piece of dry bread after they feel full. Digestion requires an ample supply of blood ; therefore, do not exercise violently, yield to very painful emotions, nor think profoundly after a hearty meal. Pork is not a healthful food. A Frame of Mind characterized by a purpose to take things by the bright handle and trust in God when that cannot be grasped, is a dyspepsia-slayer, and worth a mint of gold. The shock of a great disappointment often proves fatal, proba- bly because of the formation of virulent poisons in the retro- gade process of excretion because of the depletion of nervous energy. Napoleon the Great died in his prime, while his less ambitious brothers attained a hale old age. Napoleon the Third survived his defeat only a year and a half ; Horace Greeley, only a few months. Named in the order of their importance, the factors of longevity could be classed as fol- lows : Peace, frugality, temperance, country air, physical exercise. No Food should have any chemical, mechanical or vital effect deleterious to the functions of life. Hunger and Thirst when not abused tell when food and fluids are needed. Unvitiated Appetite tells what food is needed. Wild ani- mals make no mistake. Domesticated animals, in consequence of artificial feeding may. Man does habitually ; not because his physical instincts are valueless, but because they have been DIET. 151 perverted until there is little of nature left. But that little should be cultivated until it becomes a sure guide as to kind and quantity of food, and the time when it should be taken. Reason Guided by Experience must, until that time, con- trol the appetite. Hence, the practice of fixing in the mind, or placing upon the plate, upon first taking a seat at the table, the quantity of food proper for that meal is highly com- mended. If, at the next meal-time there is no real hunger the quantity should be diminished until the appetite is pro- nounced. Meantime, if faintness has intervened, the line of proper restriction has been passed and a little more should be added next time. A few experiments will fix the amount necessary for the average demands of the system. The Expense of a Meal is no criterion of its nutritive value. In Berlin in 1890, 1,750,243 noon meals were served in the People's Kitchens (Volkeskneche) at a cost of 6J cents each, yet Mrs. E. H e Eichards declares that each " contained the proper nutrition in the right proportions," as it contained 6J ounces of meat or fish and 1-J- pints of soup. Changes of Diet, if radical, should be made by degrees unless the person is in robust health, or under the advice of a skillful phsician. But modifications of diet are often benefi- cial for a time, and when the benefit ceases others can be tried with renewed advantage. Cooking the Food is not merely for the sake of pleasing the palate, as it produces certain chemical changes in most foods which render them far more susceptible to the action of the digestive fluids than they are when uncooked. Oysters are Excepted, because its fawn-colored mass is its liver which is little else than glycogen and during life is sepa- rated from its own hepatic diastase, but crushed between the teeth the glycogen is at once digested by its own ferment. All Foods Without Much Waste Material, such as eggs, dried meats and fish, should be eaten with fruit, vegetables, or semi-liquid foods. 152 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Starchy Foods, says Dr. N. Butiagin, when eaten by per- sons in ill-health, must be cooked from two to three times longer than for the well. Prof. Sticker has shown by experiment that saliva in the stomach promotes the secretion of the gastric fluid, which is what ought to be expected from the " mouth watering " upon sight or smell of appetizing viands. Nature certainly would not pour an obstructor upon a process which she purposely quickened for the occasion. Most Articles of food are both digestible and indigestible — that is digestible by some persons and in certain conditions of the stomach ; indigestible by other persons or in other condi- tions of the stomach. Experience and Observation should make every intelligent person a law unto himself as to what he shall eat. No social custom should be so imperative as to require the sacrifice of individual judgment in respect to personal diet. If one were obliged to confine himself to any one food-material exclusively, oatmeal would be the preferable article. Time of Digestion. (Dr. Baumont.) His. Min. Mutton (fresh), broiled . 3 Mutton (fresh), boiled . . 3 Veal (fresh) broiled ... 4 Veal (fresh) fried ... . 4 40 Fowls (domestic), boiled . 4 Fowls (domstie), roasted . 4 Ducks (domestic), roasted 4 Ducks (wild), roasted . . 4 30 Suet (beef, fresh,) boiled 5 30 Suet (mutton), boiled . . 4 30 Butter, melted 3 30 Cheese (old, strong), raw 3 30 Soup (beef, vegetables and bread) boiled .... 4 Soup(marrow bones),boiled 4 Soup (bean), boiled ... 3 Soup (barley) 1 Soup (mutton), boiled . . 3 Green corn & beans, boiled 3 Chicken soup, boiled . . 3 Oyster soup, boiled ... 3 Hash meat and vegeta- bles), warmed ... 2 30 Hrs. Sausage (fresh), broiled . 3 Heart (animal), fried . . 4 Tendon, boiled .... 5 Cartilage, boiled . . . . 4 Beans (pod), boiled ... 2 Bread( wheat, fresh ),baked 3 Bread (corn) baked ... 3 Cake (corn), baked . . .3 Cake (sponge), baked . . 2 Dumpling (apple), boiled 3 Apples (sour, hard), raw 2 Apples (sour, mellow), raw 2 Apples (sweet), raw . . 1 Parsnips, boiled .... 2 Carrots, boiled 3 Beets, boiled 3 Turnips (flat), boiled . . 3 Potatoes (Irish), boiled . 3 Potatoes (Irish), roasted . 2 Potatoes(Irish),baked . . 2 Cabbage (head), raw . . 2 Cabbage, with vinegar,raw 2 Cabbage, boiled .... 4 Min. 20 30 15 30 30 15 30 30 15 45 30 30 30 30 30 30 Foods, And Their Preparation. 1st. Foods ix Common Use — Their Nature and Classification — When Appropriate and When Not Appropriate — Their Adulterations — Economical Substitutes For. 2d. Partic- ular Foods For Particular Needs — Fluids — Mushes, Puddings. Bread. Biscuit — Meats, Fruits and Jellies — How to Prepare These Foods. 3d. Infant Foods : Their Prep- aration and Use, 4th. The Manufactured or Prepared Foods— Tabulated for Dietary Use— Their Nutritive Value Shown, This Being a Practical Key to Their Use in Vari- ous Circumstances. As foods should be selected with careful reference to sea- son, climate, clothing, labor, mental states and constitutional peculiarities, a general knowledge of their individual qualities is of importance. But before attempting that, some general facts merit consideration. 1. Hot Semi-Liquid Foods.— Whatever food be taken, hot semi-liquid foods, such as stews, broths and soups, should constitute a part of the diet of working people, because, within three or four minutes after they are taken, a portion will have reached the blood and begun to relieve the sensation of hunger, which, otherwise, might lead to eating more than the tired organism can care for. 2. Soups Without Flesh. — It is not necessary that flesh should enter largely, or even at all, into the composition of such foods. Mr. Hills gives a recipe for soup. To make one gallon, take one-half pound whole wheat meal and one 153 154 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. pound of lentils and boil for two hours, then add one pound of potatoes (mashed) and one pound of mixed vegetables (turnips, carrots, parsnips, etc). Both potatoes and vegetables should be chopped or grated as fine as possible, and to make the best soup should be boiled separately from the grains. Add the vegetables to the grains, and boil furiously for another hour and stir well. Flavor to taste with butter, sweet herbs and spices. The soup can be varied from day to day by the intro- duction of other grains, i. e., oats, barley, rice, peas, beans and maize ; and where economy is the first consideration, the butter can be substituted by the best cotton-seed oil, or be omit- ted altogether. When properly made, this soup cannot be dis- tinguished from ordinary stock soup, i. e. , such as is used in the best hotels, and contains a far higher value of nutritious food. 3. The Use of Meat. — Experience has shown that the use of meat as a staple article of diet is not required, either by the drain upon the vital forces of the hardest labor, or the most extreme exposure. The notions of Americans concern- ing the necessities of the table are so erroneous, that the sub- joined statements of the diet of the common people of the old world may be useful as a corrective. Norwegians. — Black rye bread and milk, and. cheese; on high days and holidays a little meat or fish. Swedes and Danes.— Black bread, eggs, cheese, vegetables; as a lux- ury only, fish. Russians.— Black rye bread and milk, pickled cucumbers, cabbage and mushrooms. Including the upper classes, the meat eaten by the whole empire averages one ounce a day per head. German States.— Meat on feast days only. French and Belgians.— Brown bread, potatoes, eggs, milk, cheese and garden produce. Italians, Spaniards and, Greeks. — Porridge, bread, macaroni, vegeta- bles and fruits. Scots. — Porridge, peas, barley meal, milk and kail broth. Irish.— Potatoes and buttermilk, meat at rare intervals. English.— Including the upper classes, they average four ounces of meat per day per head. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 155 Buenos Ayres Negroes, at the shipping ports, carry sacks of coffee weighing 200 pounds or more, all day long, yet never touch meat as a food. After all that has been said about the necessity of fat meat and tallow in low latitudes, Sir John Richardson, M. D., one of the Arctic voyagers, says: "The servants of the Hudson's Bay Company are now finding out by experience, that although wh eaten bread does not give them adequate support, bread composed of maize flour (which contains 10 per cent, of oily matter) answers every purpose, two and one-half pounds being fully equal in sustaining the capacity, both for muscular exertion and for bearing cold, to the eight pounds of fat meat of the ordinary ration/' Prof. Owen says: "The apes and monkeys, which man nearly re- sembles in his dentition, derive their staple food from fruits, grain the kernels of nuts, and other forms in which the most sapid and nutrP tious tissues of the vegetable kingdom are elaborated; and the close resemblance between the quadrumanous and human dentition shows that man was, from the beginning, adapted to eat the fruit of the trees of the garden. Sir Henry Thompson, Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Richardson, Dr. Lee and others, leaders in their profession, freely admit that meat is not a necessary food. 4. The Relative Cost of a vegetable and a meat diet should exclude the latter almost entirely, except as a flavoring ingredient, from the dietaries of the necessarily economical iu all classes of society. A given acreage of wheat will feed ten times as many as the same acreage used in growing mutton. The lentil contains about 29 per cent, of flesh-forming food ; lean beef but 19 per cent. Seventy-two per cent, (nearly three-fourths) of steak and chops are water ; 12 to 15 per cent, of grains and pulse are water ; therefore they are much the cheaper. As to nutrition, Dr. Frankland showed that one pound of oatmeal will generate force enough to raise 2.439 tons one foo^. high. One pound of lean beef can raise but 885 tons. Boiled ham, lean, can raise 1.041 tons. Wheat flour can raise 2.383 tons. Lean veal can raise 726 tons. Pea meal can raise 2.341 tons. Beef fat can raise 5.G49 tons. But olive, nut, hemp and cotton-seed oil fully equal it, and but little of that is ordinarily eaten. 156 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The Nutritive Value of the Cereals and pulses is as three to one when compared with meat, and their economy is as eighteen to one. This is illustrated by the following table from Edenic Diet, and is worthy of study, as showing pounds of water and nutriment in the two classes of foods. FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. +2 +i V ec Articles. 3 j/j Articles. s £ fc eg 0> Milk 14 23 86 77 • Poultry 26 28 74 Fish Beef (lean) 72 FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Articles. Peach Plum Cabbage Blackberry Turnip Currant Strawberry. Pear Cherry Apple Carrot Grape Parsnip +£ ■ +3 ~ £ ' 3 85 4 81 5 91 6 86 9 91 9 85 9 87 12 85 13 80 15 82 17 83 17 79 18 82 Articles. Potato Banana Sweet Potatc Lentil Barley Bean Corn Oats Peas Rye Wheat Rice Sugar 25 27 32 77 83 85 85 85 85 85 85 87 68 14 14 14 10 15 14 13 14 9 The celebrated Count Rumford fed the Bavarian soldiers on four cents a day. His soups as used at two dinners in Munich, cost for each guest 1-J- cents, and were made by these recipes : RUMFORD SOUP, NO. 1. 141.2 lbs. pearl barley. 131.4 " peas. 69.10 " wheat bread. 19.13 " salt. 1 gallon vinegar. RUMFORD SOUP, NO. 2. 70.9 lbs. pearl barley. 65.10 " peas. 230.4 " potatoes. 69.10 « bread. 19.13 " salt. 1 gallon vinegar. This was carrying cheapness to the extreme of the impoverishment of the force-power of the system as seen in the fact that his No. 1 soup gave to each person but 458 calories of energy, and No. 2 but 348. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 157 In England and Sweden many experiments have been made upon a wiser basis, in the two-cent dinners for school children. The best scientific authority of the kingdom outlines the dietary for these cheap food enterprises. Five generous dishes to one person are not uncommon, and if one child fails to empty his plate a neighbor is sure to beg it. In Sweden, the social reformer called the Brandy King, gives to workingmen three meals a day — "the very best food that can be bought" for sixteen cents a day, and makes a profit of five cents a day on each customer at that. Care is taken to have the correct propor- tion of food constituents, and meals are sent to factories in specially- constructed vessels so that they will keep warm for hours. He has as many as sixty menus from which patrons can choose in the course of the year, and offers to provide any family of man, wife and two chil- dren, with dinner all the year for the price of their fuel and the rent of their kitchen. In this is not only practical cooperation, but a grand philanthropic and humanitarian agency. In Birmingham, England, at a cost of one cent each, they gave din- ners to the poor school children consisting of \ pint of soup, \ lentils and peas, and the other half Indian meal; a round of bread, 1-10 of a pound, and \ of an ounce of breadland jam. This is thoroughly satis- fying and is preferred by the children to bread and milk. Sir Henry Peck, M. P., provided 179,183 dinners during ten years at Rousdon. Devonshire, in which the following materials were employed: Apples, bread, currants, cabbage, carrots and parsnips, dates, flour, figs, gooseberries, honey, jam, lard and dripping, marmalade, meat, milk, onions, potatoes, peas, beans, lentils, pearl barley, pepper, salt, prunes, rice, rhubarb, raisins, suet, sugar, sage, spice, treacle, turnips. Certainly a gratifying variety; yet the cost was but 1.6 cents per dinner, per capita. Cheap Soups. — In order to encourage the people to check needless habits of table expenditure we have reduced several such diets prepared for hundreds, to a scale for family use. SOUP FOR THREE CEXTS PER GALLON. Lentil soup, 1,780 calories Pea soup, 541 calories per pint. per pint. Lentils 1 pound Indian meal 9 3-5 ounces Scotch barley 9 3-5 " Carrots and onions 9 3-5 u Salt 3 1-5 " Pepper 3-4 drachm Mint to taste. Water 2 gallons Split peas 13-5 pounds Indian meal 9 3-5 ounces Dripping 11-5 pounds Carrots and onions 6 2-5 ounces Salt 3 1-5 " Pepper 3-4 drachm Sugar 3 1-5 " Mint Water 2 gallons 158 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. FRED. HARRISON'S DINNER FOR 140 PERSONS. Manchester, at a cost of three cents each for materials. Soup— 315 calories for each person. lbs. Lentils 10 Rice Hour 2 " Rice 1 Bread 18* " Pudding— 230 calories. Flour 14 lbs. Sugar 1 " Butter 2 " Baking powder Flavoring Jam : — Potato Pie — 444 calories. Flour 10 lbs. Tapioca 1 " Onions 8 " Turnips 5 " Carrots 7 '• Peas 2i •' Potatoes 80 '- Total, 989 calories for each person. CHILDREN'S DINNERS FOR THREE CENTS EACH. Liverpool, 120 children. 14 lbs., peas. 40 " potatoes. 10 " onions. 4 " carrots. 4 " turnips. 1 " olive oil. No. 1 Soup, 156 calories for each of 80 children. 5 lbs. peas. 3 •• barley. 2 " bones. | " beef dripping. \ " onions. No. 1, //ash, 439 calories. 70 lbs. potatoes. \\ " onions. 3 " meat. Monkwearmouth, 380 children, 428 calories each. 21 lbs. hominy. 14 " barley. 21 " raisin's. 6 " condensed milk. 21 " sugar. No. 2 Hash, 298 calories for each of 80 children. 49 lbs. potatoes. 1£ " meat. 1 " onions. No. 2 Pudding, 488 calories. 21 lbs. flour. 1 lb. lard. 2 " baking powder. 4 " molasses. Total, 789 calories per capita. Total, 595 calories for each child. The average calories needed by boys and girls from 6 to 15 years old being 1,666 and as they are supposed to have three meals a day, each meal would equal 555 calories. The Rumford soup dinners, therefore, fall short, No. 2, 207 and No. 1, 97 calories; the Monkwearmouth dinner is deficient 127 calories; but the Prestou Patrick No. 1, is in excess 40 calories, and No. 2, 231 calories, while the Manchester ration is 434 calories in excess, or nearly double the need. The average of the whole gives 80 calories in excess of nor- mal need, and at an average cost of less than 2\ cents per head. Cheap Living*. — Of course such food made in small quantities for family use would cost somewhat more, but these illustrations perfectly demonstrate the fact that it is possible to be well nourished on appetizing food at a cost not exceeding three to four cents per meal for each member of the family. FOODS. AND THEIR PREPARATION. 159 Dr. Densmore recommends a diet of three-fourths fruits and the other fourth nuts, or eggs, milk, cheese, and cottage cheese, but these last should have butter or vegetable oils added. His dietary for an average adult in good health and average work when flesh is used, is from 12 to 20 ounces of beef, mutton, poultry, or fish (these foods are about f water), divided into two of three meals per day, and enough fruits to satisfy the appe- tite. He prefers a diet of one pint of milk, four ounces of whole meal bread and sweet fruits for each meal. But the bread and meal give only 630 calories, therefore, it would be necessary, in order to get the 1,330 that are requisite, to consume nearly three-fourths of a pound of figs, or over two pouods of apples at each meal. Rather a serious undertaking for most people ! His meal of one-half pint of milk and one-half pound of dates which he declares makes an ample and satisfying meal for a person engaged in sedentary labor," yields but 644 calories, being 1,022 short of the requirement of boys and girls. 5. The Frequent Adulteration of many articles in common use as foods requires careful scrutiny, and suggests the propriety of dealing only with men of known probity, who will not only refuse to be principals in such iniquity, but who will also as far as practicable shield their customers from those who would use them as dispensing agents in the nefarious business. We are indebted to the reports of the United States Department of Agriculture concerning food adulterations for much of the information of the following pages. OUR COMMON FOODS. THEIR USES, PROPORTION AND ADULTERATIONS. Arrowroot is the purest form of force-food, and is a variety of starch. Is apt to be musty, and when so should be rejected. Is adulterated with potato-starch. Its demulcent properties peculiarly fit it for use in intestinal and urinary dis- eases. Is much used as a substitute for milk for infants after weaning. Asparagus is a wholesome vegetable. It transmits its odorous principles through the kidneys into the urine. 160 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Acids, in our food, are the following : Acetic acid in vinegar. Pectic acid in apples, pears, quinces, cherries, blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, oranges, tomatoes, carrots, beets, and turnips. Citric acid in lemons, limes, oranges and unripe grapes. Tartaric and JRacemic acids in ripe grapes. Malic acid in apples, pears and quinces. Lactic acid in sour milk and buttermilk. Bacon, — See Pork. Baking Powders.— The idea in all baking powders is to introduce a carbonate into the dough or flour, together with an acid to decompose it and liberate carbonic acid gas, which " raises" the dough. The notion generally prevails that noth- ing is left in the food, but this is a mistake, as the chemical salt resulting from the combination of the acid with the alka- line base, is still there, and may be more or less harmful. Bicarbonate of soda, and less frequently, bicarbonate of ammo- nia are the alkalies chosen, but the acids vary greatly. Not less than 75,000,000 pounds baking powders are used annually in the United States. The analyses and testimonials of chem- ists, when published as trade advertisements cannot be accepted. There are three kinds of powders, Tartrate, Phos- phate and Alum. Tartrate Poivders.—The residual salt from the tartrate powders is Rochelle salt,— one of the elements of seidlitz powders. If two tea- spoonfuls of this baking powder be used, that gives 165 grains of Rochelle salt in the loaf of bread or cake, or 45 grains more than is con- tained in a seidlitz powder, which is a mild purgative. The Phosphate Powders have for their acid, the acid phosphate of lime, (the superphosphate of fertilizers). Two teaspoonfuls of this leaves as a residue in the food 136 grains of phosphate of lime, and 358 grains of phosphate of soda. This also is a mild purgative. The Alum Powders are ammonia alum, according to Prof. Cornwall* used in the form of "burnt alum." 119 grains of burnt alum with 126 grains of bicarbonate, will leave a residue of 106 grains of sulphate of soda, 33 grains of sulphate of ammonia and 39 of hydrate of aluminum, a total, as it would crystal ize in the food of 313 grains of chemical salts, the ammonia of which is especially irritative. The use of alum in bread-making is prohibited by law in England and France. Dr. Danglish says " Its effect on the system is that of a FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 161 topical astringent on the surface of the alimentary canal producing con- stipation and deranging the process of absorption. But its action in neutralizing the efficacy of the digestive solvents is by far the most important and unquestionable." Mixed Powders are alum with either tartaric acid or bitartrate, or both, and phosphate acid. Concerning these Prof. Cornwall says "The presence of either tartaric acid or tartrates in alum powders is very objectionable." The Phosphate and Alum powders are perhaps an improvement, as the residue is phosphate of aluminum instead of the hydrate, and the -oilphate of lime takes the place of one molecule of sulphate of soda: The tartrate powders generate 16% of gas and leave 104% residue. The phosphate " " 22" " " " 123" " The alum " " 27" " " " 128" The alum and phosphate " 17" " " " 111" " Carbonate of Ammonia is sometimes used in baking powders. This is sal-volatile or " smelling salts," and is mostly driven off by the heat in baking, but not entirely as is evident by the soapy alkaline taste that some baker's articles have. Five grains are a medical dose, and in larger doses it is a corrosive poison. Its use in cooking should be utterly abandoned. The cream of tartar and phosphate powders are decidedly prefera- ble, both on the ground of efficiency and health. A Good Home Ponder. — Dr. H. W. Wiley gives the following as formulas of a domestic baking powder, better than the average pow- ders on the market, that is made by simply mixing the ingredients. Any one can make it. No.l. No. 2. Cream of tartar, 8 ounces. 6 ounces. Baking soda, 4 " 3 " Corn starch, 4 " 1 " Available carbonic acid, 10.91. 13.70. Dr. Wiley says No. 2 is better than the best on the market, but the materials must be thoroughly dried before mixing, and it will not keep long without deterioration. The Strength of Various Brands. — As the percent- age of available carbonic acid is the chief thing sought in the use of a baking powder, we have appended it in each case to the name of the powder, as far as ascertained by the analyses of the United States chemist. In other cases we give the esti- mates of Profs. H. A. Weber of Ohio, and H. B. Connell of New Jersey, designating them in their order by l for IT. S. C, 2 for Prof. W. and 3 for Prof. C. The difference in the same pow- 11 162 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. der, in different packages, is in many instances over 20 per cent, and in one 62 per cent. , and arises probably from the fact that most, if not all, baking powders deteriorate by age, and suggests the need of a law compelling the manufacturers to put the date of manufacture upon every package sold. Cream of Tartar PoWders.—Roya\ 12.-74 1 , Dr. Price's 11. 13 1 , Pearson's 11.60 2 , Cleveland's 12.58 1 , Snow Drift, 10.G0 2 , Upper Ten 11.30 2 , DeLand's 10. 2 , Sterling 9.53 1 , Sea Foam 8.03 1 , Health 6.96 3 , None Such 12.643, Heck- er's 9.29 1 , Graves's Imperial 7.28 1 , Our Best 4.94*, The Best 11.603, Thur- ber's Best 10.26 1 . Phosphatic Powders.-- -Horsford's Bread Preparation 13.56 1 , Hors* ford's Phosphatic 14.95 3 , Wheat 3.79 1 , Rumford's Yeast Powders 12.86 1 . Alum Powders.— Empire 5.80 2 , Gold 6.70 2 , Veteran 6.90 2 , Cook's Favor- ite 5.80 2 , Sunflower 6.30 2 , Jersey 10.40 2 , Buckeye 6.90 2 , Peerless 7.00 2 Crown 8.40 2 , Crown Special 8.60 2 , One Spoon 5.75 2 , Wheeler's No. 15, 11.35 2 Carlton 6.60 2 , Gem 8.45 2 , Scioto 8.80 2 , Zipp's Grape Crystal 10.90 2 , Forest City 7.80 2 , Miles's Prize 9.63 3 , Four Ace 10.31 3 , Feather Weight 9.633, Vienna 6.41 1 , Metropolitan 8.10 1 , Cottage 6-62 1 . Alu7Yi and Phosphatic Powders.— Washington 8.81 3 , Patapsco in glass 7.58 1 , Tin 6.80 1 , Davis O. K. 8.10 1 , McDowell's G. and J. 9.703, Lincoln 9.73 s , Purity 7.13 1 , Kenton 6.20 2 , State 6.70 3 and 8.423, Qn Top 9.17 3 , Perfec- tion 5.093, Our Own 10.47 3 , Silver Star 7.61*, Somerville 8.393, White Star 10.093, Grape 10.023, Sovereign 8.96 3 , Atlantic and Pacific, A. & P. 7.91i Higgins 6.63 s to 11. 30 3 , Silver King 4.99 1 , Windsor 9.36 1 , Eureka 7.62* Brooks & Mc George 10.16 3 , Henkel's 7.74 1 , Mason's Yeast Powders 9.96^ Brunswick Yeast 9.81 1 , Silver Spoon 7.33 1 , Dixon's Yeast Powders 10.37 1 . Unelassed PovMers.— Silver Prize 8.14 3 , Orange 8.00 s , Our Best 4.98 J r Dooley's C62*, Miles's Premium 3.56. 1 Beans. — Contain a large excess of nitrogenous food, hence require to be mixed with fat or force-foods. The New England baked pork and beans is an expression of a physiol- ogical need. Taken in solid form, beans are unfit for the dyspeptic and sedentary. Beef. — The chief danger from beef is in its diseased condition. Poisonous Beef. — Gartuer examined the meat from a cow that had been sick with diarrhoea for two days before she was killed. Many were made sick and one died from eating the meat. He found the bacillus entiritidis, with which he inoculated good beef, and some hours later gave to rabbits, guinea-pigs and mice, and they were killed FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 163 by it. (V. and F., p. 50). The same authorities report many other cases embracing about 1,000 victims. The consumption may be given by eat- ing tuberculous milk or meat. Middle-aged meat is most digestible, nutritive and best- flavored. Meat of pale pink color is probably diseased. Meat of deep purple indicates fever, or death without being slaugh- tered. Good meat looks marbled, has little or no odor, is firm and elastic, will scarcely moisten the fingers, will remain dry on the surface after standing a day or two, and will not shrink much in cooking. The more beef is cooked the more indigesti- ble it is. Smoking makes it more indigestible than any other mode. Beef Tea. — Experiments have proved that this is gener- ally disappointing as a nutriment, sometimes beneficial and sometimes detrimental. [In the Practitioner for Nov., 1880, p. 324, Dr. Lauder Brunton observes : — " We find only too frequently that both doctors and patients think that the strength is sure to be kept np if a sufficient quantity of beef tea can only be got down ! But this observation raises the ques- tion whether the beef tea may not very frequently be actually injuri- ous, and, whether the products of muscular waste which consitute the chief portion of beef tea, or beef-essence [not nutritive at all], may nor under certain circumstances, be actually poisonous. In many cases of nervous depression we find a feeling of weakness and prostration coming on during digestion, and becoming so very marked at the time when absorption is going on, that we can hardly do otherwise than ascribe it to actual poisoning by digestive products absorbed into the circulation. From a number of cases I came to the conclusion that the languor and faintness which occurred about eleven and four o'clock, was due to poisoning by the products of digestion of breakfast and lunch. I have seen the conclusions to which I had arrived by clinical observations confirmed by experiments made in the labera" tory. Such experiments have been made by Prof. Albert oui of Genoa* and by Dr. Schmidt-Mulheim, in Prof. Lud wig's laboratory at Leipsic] Beef Tea and meat decoctions, Roberts declares, are simply stimulants and restoratives, not nutrients, so of Lie- big's extract of meat, Brand's essence of beef, and Valentine's meat juice (p. 185). This is doubtless true of many on the market as well as of much that is made in the home. The constituents of beef tea, says the London Lancet (a 164 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. high medical authority,) " are mainly urea, creatin, creatin- ine, isoline and decomposed hsernatine, — exactly the animal constituents of the urine, except that there is but a trace of urea." But made after the formulae of Dr. Porter, analysis has shown a different result : Best quality bottom-round beef 5 pounds 7f ounces. Cut into \ inch cubes, and cover in cold water two to three hours. Gradually warm to boiling and boil until the cubes are hard ; remove and press the cones and add the juice to the other liquid ; cool ; skim. Prof. E. J. Wright found in every 100 parts of this beef tea, 95.79 parts of water, 3.28 of fiber food, and 0.67 of mineral salts. This contains nearly as much fiber matter as is found in most sam- ples of milk. If the quantity had been condensed, then the fiber food would have been higher ; 128 ounces of this tea. besides securing the necessary quantity of fiber material, would yield 2,003,081 foot-pounds of heat. Yet, it should not be forgotten that defective digestion might render even this tea deleterious. Beer is made properly of barley and hops. Porter is beer with a high percentage of alcohol. Ale is also strong in alco- hol and is made of pale malt, with more hops than porter. Stout has less alcohol, more extract, and less hops than porter. Export beer, is specially prepared for long-keeping. German beers, Erlanger, Munchener, etc., are names of places. The general average of alcohol in beers is 4.25 per cent, of maltose 1.88, and of dextrine 2.46, a larger proportion of dextrine to maltose gives fullness of taste and body. Deficient carboniza- tion makes beer "flat." Adulterations consist in using other grains than barley, rarely other bitters than hops, and often salicylic acid as a preservative. Bisulphite of lime andboracic acid are also extensively employed for the same purpose. In acute rheumatism, 3.9 grams of salicylic acid are sometimes used in twenty-four hours. In 1881 Girard found in beer 1.25 grams to the litre (2.113 pints), and Dr. Cyrus Edison reported in 1886 that " many, if not all, manufacturers of preserved foods are adding small amounts of this substance to their goods to prevent loss by FOODS, AXI) THEIR PREPARATION. 165 decomposition.*' Dr. Bartley says that it requires from eight to ten grains of free salicylic acid to each gallon of beer in order to prevent the growth of ferments, and quotes with approval from the reports in 1881 and 1883 of the Central Committee of Hygiene to the French Acad- emy of Medicine, declaring that beer contains 12 to 15 grains per gal- lon, and tliat its eifect is to "delay digestion and aggravate digestive? and kidney troubles." Bicarbonate of Soda. Dr. Otto Grothe, in 1885, reported to the American Society of Public Analysts that at 100 glasses to the keg of eight gallons, beer drinkers get about 12 grains of bicarbonate of soda in each glass. Yeast Cloud is incomplete fermentation, leaving yeast cells, and sometimes the bacteria of other fermentations. Dr. Simonowsky found that its effect is " 10 produce obstinate catarrh of the stomach." Minerals, lead, copper and zinc are often contained in beers, but chiefly in the first glass drawn in the morning, from the contact of the liquid with metal faucets. Berries are cooling to the blood, and Dr. Schlickeysen affirms that the most severe cases of chronic disease may often be cured by a fruit and berry diet, and cites as authority the fact that the ancients " banished lepers to the forests where they were obliged to remain until by a continuous diet of ber- ries the blood was purified and the disease removed." Blackberries, when fully ripe, are not only palatable but very wholesome. Where there is tendency to looseness of the bowels they should be chosen in preference to other berries. Cranberries, on account of their acid should be cooked only in por- celain, granite, or stone wave, and should not be sweetened until they have cracked open, unless they are to be preserved whole. Currants are too acid to be eaten uncooked until thoroughly ripe. The foreign dried currant, Zante, used in cooking is inferior in flavor to our native varieties, but needs but little sugar, and if properly cleansed is wholesome. Unbroken, they pass through the bowels undigested. Gooseberries, unripe, make excellent tarts and pies, and ripe, make good jams and preserves. Huckleberries, whortleberries and blueberries, contain but little acid, hence need but little sugar. One of their chief merits is the ease with which they can be preserved for winter use. Ordinary glass bottles filled and set uncorked into a covered boiler with about four inches of water and cooked for twenty or thirty minutes, then corked and sealed, will retain all their flavor until wanted. If much juice is 166 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. desired the bottles can be filled just before corking with boiling water. Thus preserved they make splendid sauce, pies, and shortcake. Raspberries are much like huckleberries in chemical constituents and food-value. Strawberries are the perfection of all berries. Mrs. Foole says "A generous plateful heaped high and standing by it a tiny sugar-bowl and cream-jug, is a fitting concomitant of June roses, sunshine and greenery ; " and she quotes Sydney Smith. "Doubtless Goa could have made a better berry than the strawberry, but He never did." There is doubtless a reason beyond the mere gustatory pleasure in the popular association of strawberries and cream, and it is probably in the fact that they are so largely composed of force elements and entirely desti- tute of fats; but it is a mistake to eat them with ice cream, as the intense cold operates as an anesthetic upon the nerves of taste and robs the eater of a large amount of pleasure, besides chilling the stom- ach below the immediately digesting point. Beets. — When young are easily digested and from the abundance of sugar furnish about the same supply of force as beer. Bread, unleavened, is flour or meal moistened with water, salted, kneaded, rolled into sheets and baked before the fire, or on a griddle over the fire. Such are the oatcakes and barley meal, and pease-meal " bannocks" of Scotland, the flour " scones" of the East Indies, the " dampers" of Australia, the 6t corn-bread " of America and the " passover cakes " of Israel. Unleavened bread with fruit constitutes the most nutritious and healthful of foods. Dr. Schlickeysen declares that light- ness of spirit, gentleness of disposition and an impulse to labor are the result of its use. Bread, leavened, requires the flour, salt, water and yeast, to start the process of fermentation, which generates the car- bonic gas, which, in trying to escape, becomes entangled amid the sticky gluten particles and thus forms multitudes of tiny air-sacks which swell (and raise) the dough. Then made into loaves they are subjected to a heat of from 320 F. to 572 F., which dissipates about 55 per cent, of the water, distends the air-cells still more, partially boils (steams) both the gluten and starch, arrests fermentation and changes the starch in the crust into dextrine. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 1GT In raising 90° must not be exceeded else the acetic fermen- tation will sour the dough. Baking should begin at about 400, may gradually decrease to .250. When cream of tartar and soda are used to raise bread, they should be exactly in proportion of 21 soda to 47 of cream of tartar. If more soda is used, some will be left in the bread. Kneading bread breaks up the large gas bubbles and distributes the gas through the loaf. It should be done so gently as not to work the gas out of the loaf. Good bread contains not over 33 per cent, of water. About one-seventh of the flour is consumed in the ferment- ive process. Bread being poor in fats and salts, needs the addition of salted butter or other fat to make it an adequate food. Bread should be neither heavy, sour, bitter, moldy, nor too salt. Hot fresh bread is less digestible than stale because of its more adhesive or pasty quality. Bread is imperfectly made if it cannot be crumbled by the fingers into a coarse powder, if the fragments will not diffuse readily after soaking a few minutes in water, if the natural sweetness of the flour has been lost in the fermentation, or the slightest taste or odor of sourness can be detected in it. Other kinds of grain have less tenacious gluten than wheat, therefore, their dough is more granular and the bread necessarily less light because of the easy escape of the carbonic acid gas. Graham Bread.— Drs. X. A. Randolph and A. E. Rousel of Philadel- phia, conclude as follows : The force elements of bran are digested by man to but a slight degree. Nutritive salts of the grain exist chiefly in the bran, therefore, when bread alone is eaten it should contain the bran but when these sails are found in other foods consumed, as is usually the case, while bread is better. The larger portion of the glu- ten of wheat exists in the central 4-5 of the grain, exclusive of the bran layer, called gluten cells. The retention of bran causes the waste of other foods by hastening the action of the bowels. Prof. Good fellow has shown that when an individual lives on milk alone fur a considerable period, the waste varies from five to nine per «-ent., according to his digestive power. In a subject experimented on by him the waste was eight per cent., when fed on milk alone, but 168 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. when graliam bread was given with the milk the waste rose to nearly eleven per cent. Bread Adulterants are mashed potatoes, alum, " hards " and " stuff " which are mixtures of alum and salt used to whiten bread. Water Gems are raised by the expansion of the water to 1,700 times- its volume of steam. Cakes made of eggs are raised by the expansion of the air to twice* its volume, the air being caught by the albumen of the egg. Butter.— Milk yields 3 to 6 per cent, of butter. A clean knife passed over it quickly looking streaky suggests adulteration. Pure butter melted on the tongue leaves the tongue perfectly smooth ; adulterated, gives a sense of rough- ness. Butter should not be used in acute fevers but is of great value in wasting diseases. Its chief adulterations are by the admixture of oleomargarine, lard oil and cotton-seed oil. Cabbage contain too much water, over 90 per cent., to be an economical food, yet as a vegetable it has value. Eaten raw it digests in 2-J hours ; raw with vinegar in 2 hours, but boiled it requires 4-J hours. Sauer Kraut is a form in which immense quantities of cabbage are used in Germany. The firm white hearts are sliced into thin shred* and laid in layers in a cask each layer being sprinkled with salt and sometimes juniper berries, cumin seed, caraway seeds, etc., then a heavyweight is placed on top audit is allowed to ferment slightly when it is removed to a cool place for use. Canned Goods should always be regarded with sus- picion unless preserved in glass, when, if properly prepared with not too much sugar or other preservative, they add greatly to the variety on the family table and contribute very materially to the success of military and naval operations, exploring and hunting expeditions, and the requisites of hos- pitals. In the use of tin can goods, the following precautions should be observed. Pour the contents as soon as opened into glass or earthen vessels. If the inside of the can-lid seems corroded, reject the contents. If there are more than one solder holes on top, the contents have fer- mented, been re-heated and re-soldered; not good. If the end bulges out, fermentation has begun; unsafe. Poisoning by Preserves in Tin Cans.— Nnger, Bodlander, Sache, Menthe, Sohner, Sedgwick, Beckurts, Nehring, Blarer, Winckel, Bet- FOODS, AM) THEIR PREPARATION. 169 link, Kayser. and Von Hani el Roos., (the names are given to show that it is no idle scare) have found dangerous quantities of tin in asparagus, pears, lettuce, meat, soups, eels, apples, apricots, purslane, sauerkraut, carrots, liquids, fruits and food materials, and very many instances are on record of poisoning by the use of articles thus preserved. The German Congress of Physicians in Heidleberg in 1889, declared that the use of such articles should be prohibited. In the case of fruits and vegetables the malic acid dissolves the tin, and in the case of meats the albuminous matter forms sulphide of tin. In Holland, C. Verwer lias prepared a varnish which protects the can from the action of its contents. Carrots are easy of digestion, gently laxative, but with a volatile oil that gives a peculiar flavor, very disagreeable to many dyspeptics. Cut into small pieces and roasted they are used in Germany as a substitute for coffee. Boiled they are used sometimes as a vermifuge, and are of well-known excel- lence as a poultice. In the reign of Charles I. ladies wore the leaves as ornaments instead of feathers. Cereals are grasses cultivated for their seeds as food. Barley is deficient in gluten, hence cannot be baked into fermented bread, but it is rich in phosphatic salts, and on it the Greeks trained their athletes. It is the chief cereal of the most northern countries of Europe and their main dependence for vegetable food. BuckwJteat. — Though not botanically a cereal, is classed with them because so regarded. In France it is called Saracen wheat, in Germany, beechwheat. It is very nutritious, but when used as the staple grain for bread, it is thought to have an injurious effect upon the brain, but as a supplementary food it is highly esteemed, but is better adapted to cold than warm weather. Corn (maize,) Indian corn is a principal part of the food of many countries of Asia and Africa ; is the most productive cereal, and exceeds all others in fatty matter, but as it is defi- cient in gluten it cannot be made into raised bread. Mixed with rye meal it forms the brown bread of New England. Coarsely ground and boiled it is the hominy of the Southern states. Made into a thick porridge it is the mush of the North- 170 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ern states. The entire grains are known as hulled corn or samp. Prepared with a weak solution of caustic soda it is corn flour, Oswego flour and maizene, which are less nutri- tious than the corn meal, and not fit for an invalid. The Oswego flour is used as a substitute for arrowroot. Oats contam almost 20 per cent, of nitrogenous substance. The best are raised in Scotland and oatmeal cakes and porridge form a great part of the food of the people there. Oatmeal soup mixed with fruits is highly commended by advocates of a fruit and vegetable diet. Oatmeal being almost as hearty as meat requires strong digestion . Says Hie London Lancet: "In the summer of 1872, it became necessary to shift the rails on upwards of 500 miles of permanent way on the Great Western line, from the broad to the narrow gauge, and there was only a fortnight to do it in. The work to be got through was enor- mous. About 3,000 men were employed, — and they worked double time, sometimes from four in the morning till nine at night. Not a soul was sick, sorry or drunk, and the work was accomplished on time. What was the extraordinary support of this wonderful spurt of mus- cular strength and energy ? Weak Oatmeal Gruel ! There was no beer, spirits, or alcoholic drink in any form. The principal part of the ration allowed in the above case Avas one and a half pounds of oatmeal. Oatmeal adulterants are barley, flour and rubble, i. e., the integu- ments of barley. Groats are oats stripped of their covering, and with milk furnish •excellent nourishment. Eye bread is much used in the north of Europe. It is dark, more laxative than wheat bread and less nutritious. Eye when affected with ergot is very dangerous. This is a diseased condition of the germ of the grain. Wheat, the most valuable and next to corn, the most pro- ductive of the cereals. The red varieties are inferior to the white. It is rich in phosphoric acid, magnesia and potash. Best spring wheat is richer in nutriment than other wheat. The best wheat yields from 76 to 80 per cent, of fine flour, while inferior gives only from 54 to 68 per cent. In general the smoother and thinner the skin of the grain the greater is the product of fine flour. The husk separated from the FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION". 171 grain is bran, the finest portions of which are called sharps or pollard. Pure cracked wheat is not only nourishing but elec- trically vitalizing. Even as late as the Roman republic, the cooking of grain was regarded as injurious. Spelt and Lesser Spelt are distinct varieties from common wheat, the former being supposed to be the"Zea"of the Greeks and the ** Far "of the Romans, and the latter is the St. Peter's Corn of the renter and south of Europe, Cheese is the Caseine of Milk and is rich in fat food, therefore, when digested is heat-producing, but when taken in large quantities is difficult to digest. Chemically, old cheese beginning to decompose, adds a fermentive principle to the meal that sometimes aids digestion, although it tends to pro- duce costiveness. One-half pound of cheese has as much nitrogen as 3| pounds of lean meat. Too rich for most dyspeptics. Cream Cheese is fresh curd moderately pressed. More digestible than ordinary cheese, and is good to vary the diet of the invalid when suited to his condition. As an albuminous food cheese should, not be eaten with eggs and meats, but with fruits and grains. Adulterants. — There are some factories where lard cheese is made, containing about fourteen per cent, of lard, and the imitation cannot be discriminated, even by experts, from full-cream cheese. Filled cheese is made by removing all the cream and charging the lard with deodorized lard, cotton-seed oil, or other fat. Prof. Weber gave the following results of analyses of cheese. Artificial. Per cent. 52.73 2.69 2.63 41.95 Genuine. Per cent. Water, 35.42 Ash, 2.47 Fat. 34.66 Caseine, sugar, etc., 30.45 103. 100. Chicken may be classed with venison and mutton as a fiber-food. Young and carefully broiled it is a favorite dish of epicures, and is valuable as a children's food and as nutriment in sickness, when the nitrogenous element is required. Care should be exercised to select those that are healthy and in good condition, and they should not be kept until the slightest change occurs in the perfect freshness of the tissue. For inva- lids and quite young children the fat should be discarded. 172 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Clams are much like oysters in nutritious elements but tougher and more indigestible. The soup, however, can be borne by most stomachs, and the broth put up in glass jars and kept on sale by some grocers is a most palatable and desir- able addition to the menu of either sick or well. A cupful taken warm as a restorative is infinitely superior to any of the wines, punches and sherbets which too often save from a tem- porary disease only to blast with the sirocco of an enkindled and then enthralling appetite which at last " stingeth as an adder." Cloves are the flower-buds of the clove-tree, dried by exposure to wood fires and afterward to the rays of the sun, or to the latter alone. They contain an essential oil forming about 1-5 of their weight. This oil is what gives value to the clove. Out of twenty-two samples ten were adulterated with clove- stems, and roasted and ground cocoanut shells. Cocoa, the bean or seed of the cocoa, or cacao tree (Theo- broma cacao) is much richer in food materials than tea and coffee, but Weigmann found only 42 per cent, digestible, hence its nutritious value is largely overestimated. Cocoa decoc- tions, about 2 per cent, contain 12 to 20 per cent, albuminous, and 50 per cent, fatty matters. Unsuited to the bilious and dyspeptic. The actual nutrition in a cup of cocoa (2.5 grams of cocoa) is about l-244th part of a daily ration of fiber-food, l-150th of fat and l-790th of force-foods. This is without the addition of milk and sugar. Chocolate is the husked seeds of the cocoa , with 50 per cent., or more, of sugar and spices, ground to a paste at a high temperature and pressed into cakes. When not excessively sweet and spicy, is nutritious and wholesome. Hagenbuch found the amount of fat in several samples of chocolate to vary from 12 to 49 per cent. It is often adulterated by mix- ing rice flour and other farinaceous substances with butter or lard. Cocoanuts. — The Samoan chiefs assert that the cocoanut was sent direct from heaven. About nineteen millions were FOODS. AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 173 imported into New York in 1889. They are the fruit of a spe- cies of palm which grows from 60 to 100 feet high. They constitute a large part of the food of many tropical peoples. The kernels contain over 70 per cent, of a fixed oil called cocoa butter, which is liquid in countries with temperature above 74 : F.. and a white solid elsewhere. Coffee, — Medium strength=7 per cent. Very strong=12 to 15 per cent. Contains the same principle as tea. Is more stimulating, relieves hunger and fatigue, is laxative to some and constipating to others. The least quantity to use is 1J ounces to the pint of boiling soft water ; steep without boiling a few minutes then add i as much boiling milk, and if desira- ble to be very rich, some sweet cream. Should be ground soon after it is roasted and made soon after it is ground. If kept after grinding it should be in a closely-stoppered glass bottle. For those not accustomed to its use it is an excellent nervous stimulant after exposure, to prevent contracting a cold. Cof- fee, as discovered by Prof. Carl Luderitz, and confirmed by Profs. Wees, Oppler, Rabatean and others, is a valuable anti- septic or preservative against epidemics of typhoid fever, chol- era, scarlet fever, and the various malarial fevers. It has also been proven to aid digestion and enables the blood to take up more nourishment than it otherwise would. It also quickens respiration and the circulation, and causes a rise in the body- temperature. In 1890, 490,181,755 pounds, 7.8 pound per capita, were consumed in the United Slates. Unroasted cof- fees contain from one to two per cent, of caffeine. The vola- tile oil. which is developed by roasting, has a laxative effect upon the bowels. Coffee grounds are nutritious because of the legumen they contain. Some Eastern nations use the grounds as well as the infusion. To increase its nutritive properties the French method of adding an equal quantity of boiling milk is to be commended. Adulterants.— Facing of inferior berries to sell for Java is common. Chicory is the common adulterant, although eanna seed, sawdust, oak hark and baked liver are sometimes used, according to Hassall. Cocoa husks 5 the seeds of the Cassia occidental is (Mogdad coffee) and of the Gaertnera vaginata (Masssenda coffee) are also used. 174 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Acorns, figs, the coffees just mentioned, leguminous seeds ami cereals are employed as substitutes for coffee. Imitation coffees made of wheat flour, coffee, bran, molasses, chic- ory, rye, peas, barley, oats, buckwheat, sawdust, corn, are extensively manufactured and sold to dealers at from 5 to 11 cents per pound to be mixed with genuine in the proportion of 15 to 33 per cent, to increase their profits. Ground Coffees are very generally adulterated. Of 30 samples examined, 90 per cent, were impure, and while the average price was 25 cents per pound, the average proportion of coffee was only 45 per cent., showing how unwise it is to buy coffee in that form. One sample of " Rio," had no coffee at all. Even green coffee is imitated. Cotton-Seed Oil is a fixed, bland, neutral oil expressed from cotton seed. More than four hundred thousand tons of seeds are used annually for this purpose in this country. The purified oil, called winter bleached, is much used as a substitute for almond and olive. Unpleasant and indigestible ; used raw in sardines and salads, but as a constituent of other foods it is extensively used and has no deleterious effect except upon the morals of the fraudulent dealers who dispose of it at enormous profit as an adulterant of various articles of prime necessity. The percentage of the oil varies from 10 to 30 in the seed. More than one hundred and twenty million pounds are used annually in adulterating lard. Cream.— Dr. Page insists that as cows are bred and fed their milk is abnormally loaded with fat, and that the excess of cream is of an excretory nature, therefore, not desirable as food. Undoubtedly, it should not be used in acute fevers but is of great value in wasting diseases and might be substituted with advantage in most cases for the digestion-destroying cod-liver oil. Cream has more volatile oils than butter and is better for the sick and those of feeble digestion, but the same care should be used to preserve it from contamination that is necessary in the use of mil k. Custard and Egg* Powder is a combination of various substances designed to use in the place of eggs. Adulterants- are wheat, potato and rice flours, colored with chrome yellow,. or chromate of lead, or turmeric. FOODS, AXD TOtIR PREPARATION. 175 Duck, Wild.— The flesh of the duck classes with game. The domestic duck is the wild or mallard. Its food is chiefly animal. The Japanese and the black dusky duck of North America are nearly allied to the common duck ; as are also the summer or black duck of North America, and the mandarin or Chinese duck. Eels are serpent-shaped fish much used as food, having a soft, thick, slimy skin with scales so minute as to be almost invisible, or entirely absent. Poisonous eels made many per- sons sick near Orleans, in France, after eating them. They were from a stagnant cattle ditch. Those from slimy bottoms should be avoided, as it is with them as with fish, the purer the water the better the fish. They are too hearty for weak digestive organs. Eggs.— The white of eggs is albumen. At 160 it coagu- lates into a soft, tender jelly-like pulp. At 200 it becomes close-grained and tough. At 212, the boiling point of water, it is firm and solid. At 350, it becomes so tenacious that it becomes a valuable cement for marble, which shows the importance of cooking eggs at below the boiling point of water. The best way to boil eggs, is to pour on them boiling water and stand on back of stove eight to ten minutes. The yolk is more digestible than the white. The yolk of egg is the only food having the same amount of lime as milk, and should therefore be given to children when milk is not procurable or cannot be digested (Bunge, p. 111). To test the freshness of an egg, set it in a mixture of one ounce of salt to nine of water. A fresh egg will just sink in it ; a stale one will float. Artificial eggs are made in New Jersey having chemically the same properties but of course lacking in the important element of vitality. Fish is valuable food when properly proportioned with other food substances. When unsalted it should be used only when freshly caught. It should be taken either from the sea or from deep clear water, and is most digestible when smoked. May be used sparingly by the sick. Should be boiled in salted 176 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. water. Fishes absorb the qualities of the element in which they live to such an extent that the trout caught in mountain brooks seem like a different species of fish from those taken in the mud ponds, where they are sometimes reared. Bluefish—A salt-water fish sometimes attaining a weight of twenty pounds. An excellent table fish. Cod almost rivals the herring as a food for man. One sometimes weighs a hundred pounds. The roe of the female contains from four to nine millions of eggs. Six thousand European vessels are employed in the cod-fishery. A man has been known to catch 500 in ten hours. Cod-Liver Oil is obtained from the liver of the cod. There are three kinds. The livers are placed in a tub with a layer of spruce boughs in the bottom and subjected to pressure, when the light-colored oil exudes. This is pale cod-liver oil. Allowed to putrify more oil escapes which is the pale brown oil. The residual livers are then boiled with water and thus the dark brown oil is obtained. The virtues of the pale kind have been vastly overestimated, while the other kinds are unfit for use. Haddock much resembles the cod. Is out of season in March and April, and is finest from October to January. Halibut is one of the largest kind of flat fish. The flesh is firm but dry; has but little flavor and is much inferior to the turbot. Is much used in Greenland and other northern countries, and sometimes weighs nearly 500 pounds. Mackerel is highly esteemed as a table fish, but they change very rapidly, hence care should be used to procure them quite fresh. Salt mackerel are much used but are unfit for weak stomachs. Roach is not considered a superior table-food. Sardines, much like the herring, are preserved in oil. Considered a delicacy, especially for lunch. Salmon.— Superior to any other fresh-water fish commercially, and for its fine flavor. Sometimes reaches from fifty to eighty pounds in weight. Feeds on anything that it can capture. The salmon trout has pink flesh, richly flavored and much esteemed, though not equal to that of the salmon. Trout.— A beautiful and delicate fish living chiefly on small crusta- ceans and small fish. Also eating readily almost any kind of animal food. Lake trout, inhabiting the deep waters of the Great Lakes, is much like salmon. Turbot.— The most valuable of the flat fishes. Sometimes reaches from seventy to ninety pounds in weight. American or spotted turbot sometimes reaches twenty pounds in weight. Both kinds are highly esteemed as a food. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 177 Flour. — Should have a slight tinge of yellow, and should not be lumpy or gritty. When compressed in the hand it should hold together and show the prints of the fingers well. When thrown against a wall some of it should stick. Good flour makes an elastic dough that can be drawn out long without breaking. One-seventh of a barrel of flour is consumed by the yeast in raising the bread. There are two kinds of flour, bread and pastry. Bread flour contains more gluten than pastry. " New process" is bread flour. The " St. Louis " is pastry flour. Good flour should make a yellow- white instead of snow-white colored bread, with a nutty, sweet flavor. A barrel should make from sixty-three to seventy- three good four-pound loaves of bread. Flour should never contain less than eight per cent, of gluten, and good flour has fourteen. Graham Flour as ordinarily made is from inferior and often refuse wheat, and its excess of grit so rasps the delicate lining of the diges- tive tract that much nutriment is borne off with the waste. Farina is meal or flour of any kind of grain. Sometimes mixed with potato-flour and tapioca. Fruits encourage the natural processes by which the sev- eral remedial effects are brought about. Under the category of laxatives, oranges, figs, tamarinds, prunes, mulberries, dates, nectarines and plums may be included : pomegranates, cranberries, blackberries, sumach ber- ries, dewberries, raspberries, barberries, quinces, pears, wild cherries and medlars are astringent ; grapes, peaches, straw- berries, whortleberries, prickly pears, black currants and melon seeds are diuretics; gooseberries, red and white cur- rants, pumpkins and melons are refrigerants; and lemons, limes and apples are refrigerants and stomachic sedatives. Taken in the early morning, an orange acts very decidedly as a laxative, sometimes amounting to a purgative, and may generally be relied on. Pomegranates are very astringent, and relieve relaxed throat and uvula. The bark of the root, in the form of a decoction, is a good anthelmintic, especially obnoxious to tape-worm. 12 178 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Figs, split open, form excellent poultices for boils and small abscesses. Strawberries and lemons, locally applied, are of some service in the removal of tartar from teeth. * * * Apples are correctives useful in nausea, and even sea-sickness and the vomiting of pregnancy. They immediately relieve the nausea due to smoking. Bitter almonds contain hydrocyanic acid, and are useful in simple cough ; but they frequently pro- duce a sort of urticaria, or nettle-rash. The persimmon, or diospyros, is palatable when ripe ; but the green fruit is highly astringent, containing much tannin, and is used in diarrhoea and incipient dysentery. The oil of the cocoanut has been rec- ommended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, and is much used in Germany for phthisis. Barberries are very agreeable to fever patients in the form of a drink. Dutch medlars are astringent and not very palatable. Grapes and raisins are nutritive and demulcent, and very grateful in the sick chamber. The " grape cure" has been much lauded for the treatment of con- gestions of the liver and stomach, enlarged spleen, scrofula, tuberculosis, etc. Nothing is allowed but water and bread and several pounds of grapes per diem. Quince seeds are demulcent and astringent ; boiled in water they make an excel- lent soothing and sedative lotion in inflammatory diseases of the eyes and eyelids. Fruits should be eaten alone, or with stale bread and water, unless they are made to constitute an important part of each meal. Sulphuring or Bleaching of Dried Fruit. Dr. Smith says : While the apparent change is only in color, there is a loss of the natural fruit flavor, even by the most careful sulphuring. Unfortunately, some peo- ple do not notice the difference, but careful comparison shows it, as is admitted hy the manufacturers of such fruit. Later investigations have proved the presence of sulphate of zinc, '• white vitriol," in all samples of fruit where zinc-surfaced trays were used while drying. Interested parties have charged the German prohibition of American evaporated apples to rival trade opposition, but there is no German fruit to compete with them. The real cause was the finding of zinc poison in considerable quantity. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 179 Apples all sprung from the wild crab-apple propagated by the Romans, and are the most valuable of all our native fruits ; richest in sugar and albumen. The juiciest are the most digestible, but the mealiest are the more nutritious. Contain about 15 per cent, of solids. There are over 1,200 varie- ties and diffused more widely over the earth than any other fruit. The largest on a single tree are the best. Red apples should be very dark, the lighter sort should have a yellow soft tint. Green apples usually have reddish spots when perfectly ripe. Thoroughly masticated, digestion begins immediately, but they should not be eaten as a dessert. The apple contains more phosphorus than any other fruit or vegetable. Is com- pletely digested in 85 minutes. Its juices are converted into alkaline carbonates which neutralize acidity. It is an excel- lent antidote to the drinking habit, also a specially good food for the insane, and children should generally be allowed their fill of them at regular times other than meal-hours. Children who get half their living from apples are usually the healthiest. Apricots. — Resemble the peach and can be substituted for it. Bananas. — Closely resemble the potato in their constitu- ents. In the West Indies they are almost a staple article of food, with a little salt meat or fish. Humbolt says, that a given amount of land will yield eleven times greater weight of potatoes than wheat, and 105 times greater of bananas than wheat. Blackberries. — Are agreeable and wholesome, usually agreeing better with persons afflicted with diarrhoea than any other fruit. Cherries. — Are especially fine for canning and cooking because they do not part with their flavor as readily as other fruit. Dates. — Are the staple article of diet in Persia, Arabia, and a portion of Africa. They contain 58£ per cent, of sugar besides gum and other essential elements. Should be pulled apart with the fingers and thoroughly cleansed, and are a good substitute for citron in cooking. Cakes of dates pounded 180 THE SECEET OE HEALTH. together so firmly as to be cut with a hatchet are the food of the African caravans on their journeys through the Sahara. In Northern Africa roasted date-stones are used in the place of coffee. Figs. — The celebrated Bulleyn, botanist and physician, wrote : " Figges be good against melancholy and the falling evil (epilepsy), to be eaten. Figges, nuts and herb grace do make a sufficient medicine against poison, or the pestilence." Figs are nourishing, but the skin is indigestible. Too rich for feeble digestive organs. " Figs are often prepared by pouring boiling water on them (prefer- ably distilled or filtered rain, or other soft, jmre water) and allowing them to stand for some 24 hours; or they may be put into cold milk and allowed to remain over the fire until brought to a boil, then set aside, and they will be found fully softened in five or ten minutes. Many people relish cold milk with figs, to whom figs and milk cooked together are distasteful; in such cases it is very desirable that the figs be softened by proper soaking, and then eaten with the milk as preferred."— Dr. Densmore. Gooseberries and Currants (red, black and white) are wholesome, cooling, laxative. Excellent for preserves and jellies, and unripe for tarts. Grapes. — Dr. Schlickeysen calls the grape "the queen of the garden." Those who love wine would do well to take it in the form of these pills. In Germany and Switzerland, and at the "grape cures" patients consume from three to eight pounds a day with the best results ; — the cure consisting in living almost exclusively upon ripe grapes plucked fresh from the vines, during the whole season. Grapes are refreshing, wholesome and nutritious. Eaten freely are slightly diuretic. Lemons are too acid to be eaten alone. Good in rheuma- tism, and with tea. Much employed to make cooling drinks in fevers and biliousness, and in warm weather are very beneficial. Limes are a good substitute for the lemon, and by many are considered more agreeable. Nectarines are a substitute for the peach and are more tender. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 181 Oranges are grateful and refreshing. Choose those that are heavy, thin-skinned, and with the greenish calyx still attached. The richest are the russet-skinned. Two million dollars' worth are imported into New York every year. One or two oranges before breakfast will do much toward restoring the natural function of the bowels in constipation. Oranges are an excellent cooling food in sickness and should rarely be denied to children or invalids. Peaches are a pleasant and refreshing fruit. Stewed, they are useful in slight cases of constipation. When perfectly ripe and sound they can be used by nearly all invalids, if not too much carbonaceous matter is taken at the same time. Evaporated, they almost equal the flavor of the undried fruit. They constitute a delicious food to mix with the sweet dried fruits and cereals of the fruit and vegetable diet. Pears are more digestible than apples, but more likely to derange the bowels. There are many coarse woody varieties which are usually eaten cooked, but their real value is not increased by cooking. There are over one thousand varieties existing. With peaches, plums and grapes they make a breakfast fit for a king. The Persimmon or Virginia date-plum is not palatable until touched by frost and is then sweet and astringent, and is much enjoyed by those who are accustomed to its flavor. Pineapples, while unfit for invalids, are one of the most delicate and richly flavored of fruits. They vary from &} to 12 pounds in weight. The best varieties are among the most delicious dessert fruits. "Wholesome in moderate quantities but in excess are apt to produce bowel trouble. Plums are much like cherries. Prunes are dried from a certain variety of plums. Prwiels are the finest kind of prunes. Plums. — The best varieties are among the most delicious dessert fruits. Wholesome in moderate quantities, but in excess, particularly if not fully ripe, apt to produce serious bowel troubles. 182 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Raspberries, one of the most valued of the small fruits, nutritious and wholesome. Tamarinds. — The acid and juicy pulp is valuable to make a cooling and laxative drink in sickness, but is too tart to be enjoyed as a table-fruit. Canning Fruit. — Good ripe fruit, glass cans, and glass or porcelain covers. Pack fruit in jars two-thirds full, set open in boiler with false bottom, clean towel folded over tops. Steam until fruit is soft. Then add syrup made according to table below. Have jar tops in pan of hot water; fill up jars from one in the boiler. Eun silver spoon in each jar to liberate air bub- bles. Screw tops on tightly. Invert jars on table. When nearly cool twist the tops a lit f ighter. Label with black ink on white paper ; stick on with paste contaiuing a few drops of glycerine to one-half cupful. Keep in a cool place. Djk. Susanna Dodd gives the following directions for canning fruits. Quanti'y of Fruit qts. Strawberries Reel currants Red raspberries Black " Raspberries and currants . Blackberries Gooseberries Cherries Sweet currants Black cherries Raisins Grapes Cranberries Peaches. Peeled pears Pears Prunes Damson plums Green-gage plums- Very tart plums — Dried fruits Apples Pealed peaches Tart cherries Water. qt. pts. (< qts. pts. qt. pts. qts. Cup-i pint Sugar. # cup 2 " I " none 1 " none 1 " none 2 cups 1 " Cooking Time. 15 min. 6-8 " 6-8 " 6-8 " 6-8 " 6-8 " 10 " 5 " 5 6-8 Fruit Pastes are made by mashing the fruit, straining, boiling down first rapidly then slowly, in porcelain or granite, and then finished in a stone jar or lightly heated oven. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 183 Preserved Fruits are too sweet to be healthful. Less used the better. Candied Fruits, like preserved fruits are not wholesome. Fruit gelatine, though delicious, is not wholesome. Fruit creams, floats, and the like, are very suitable for light repasts in warm weather. Fruit ice creams have the same dietetic value as ice cream with the addition of the fruit flavor. Fruit ices are cooling mixtures flavored with fruit. Desira- ble or otherwise according to circumstances. Fruit tapioca, combines the food elements of both ingredients. Fruit pickles are appreciated as an appetizing relish though not wholesome. Best cider vinegar only should be used — scalded in granite or porcelain and spices added sparingly. Kept in stone or glass jars which have never held fat and kept in a cool, dark cellar. Fruit salads are cool and delicious adjuncts of a summer meal. Fruits hi Place of St arch es.— Dr. Densmore says: "It will be found that the sweet fruits of the South, preferably the fig, date, banana and raisin, abound in the same carbonaceous or heat-giving elements which predominate in bread. These fruits, however, differ from bread in that the heat-giving element is already glucose or grape sugar, perfectly prepared by nature, and when these fruits reach the stomach a large proportion of their nourishment is at once dissolved and passes directly into the circulation. The most important rule, then, for all is to discontinue starch foods and to substitute therefor such sweet fruits as those named above. If, however, it be found that after a time these fruits pall on the appetite, stewed raisins (or sul- tanas), prunes, peaches, apricots, or apples may be used with the sweet fruits, or in alternation with them. On such a diet the system will find its needed nitrogen in the animal foods, its heat-giving ele- ments chiefly from the sweet fruits and the necessary phosphates from both." Game consists of wild animals and fowl as distinguished from tame. Flesh has generally more flavor than that of the tame game. Has a peculiar flavor which renders it particu- 184 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. larly appetizing to the convalescent and gratifying to the epicure. The very wealthy have, in all ages, spent fabulous sums in order to procure the choicest and most varied supply. Birds are especially rich in phosphate salts s therefore, peculiarly appropriate to the exhaustion of disease. Those with white flesh should be well cooked, the dark fleshed, rare. The Goose was probably among the first of the domesti- cated birds. Giblets is the name given to the gizzard, legs and heads of geese, sold in sets. Goose-ham is considered a deli- cacy, and the liver has been esteemed a favorite of epicures ever since the time of Rome. When old, the flesh is prover- bially tough, and when young and well cooked it is corres- pondingly toothsome, but is unfit for invalids. Hares are very much like rabbits dietetically, but are considered game, while rabbits are not. Venison. — When kept for a proper length of time is said to be the most easily digested of all meats. But the epicurean time, until the meat becomes tender, is exceedingly objection- able, because the tenderness is really the result of the first stages of decomposition. Ginger is one of the most valuable and most generally used of any of the spices. Its value consists in its volatile oil called oil of ginger. It is a stimulant, carminative and aro- matic. Adulterants are wheat flour and cayenne pepper, rice, potato, mustard hulls, turmeric, exhausted ginger and min- erals are also much used. Of sixty-six samples tested by tha United States experts twenty-nine were adulterated. Gums have the same composition as starch, but have no nutritive value. Hams are the cured thighs of oxen, sheep and hogs. Preserved by wood-smoke which contains pyroligneous acid, they are greatly esteemed as an article of diet by those who do not object to the use of swine. Should always be well cooked in order to obviate the danger of trichinea poison. In June, 1880, over seventy persons were poisoned by eating poisonous ham, of whom four died with symptoms like cholera. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 185 Herring' fishing has been carried on in England since the eighth century. It is the most important of all fish as a food product. They are caught all the year round. They have enormous fecundity, more than sixty thousand eggs having been counted in the roe of a single female. They are cured in Scotland, according to the instructions laid down by the fishery board. Honey OAves its sweetness to its glucose or grape sugar and requires one less process of digestion than cane sugar, because the cane sugar must be transformed into glucose before the system can appropriate it. Taken in moderate quantity it is nutritive and laxative. Sometimes it is poison- ous ; on account of the bees extracting it from the azalea pon- tica. and H. Bley affirms also from the datura stramonium and gelsemium. Its adulterants consist mainly of artificial glu- cose. Substitutes or factitious honeys are made of cane sugar and peppermint. Even the comb is imitated, filled and capped so adroitly that apparently good comb-honey is often bought, when in reality it is entirely manufactured without the agency of bees. Honey is apt to ferment in warm weather, and Di\ Miillenhoff believes that it is preserved in the sealed cells of the cone by the secretion with it of a little formic acid and has proved that the addition of one part of 25 per cent, formic acid is sufficient to keep permanently 250 parts of honey. Extracted honey is obtained by shaving off the caps of the cone and revolving the cone in *a basket so that the honey is thrown out. Strained honey is obtained by mashing up the cones used in the breed- ing partments containing honey, dead bees, bee bread, (mainly the pollen of plants) and catching what passes through the cloth. The strained honey of commerce is glucose with just honey enough to fla- vor it and will not granulate. Granulated or candied honey is pure honey crystallized by light and cold. The granulation is evidence of purity. Consumers may be sure of a good article by buying the granu- lated and liquifying it by placing a few moments in a jar of warm water. Any fruit may be preserved with honey by putting the fruit first into the can, then pouring honey over it, and seal air-tight, when the honey is poured from the fruit, it will have the flavor and appear- ance of jelly, making a delicious dessert. 186 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. As a food, honey warms the system, arouses nervous energy, and gives vigor to all the vital functions, provided cane sugar is not used at the same time. When Rumelius Pottio, at over 100 years of age, was presented to the Emperor Augustus, on account of his marvelous health and strength, the secret of his spirits and strength was asked by the Emperor, his answer was, " Interns melle; exterus oleo" (inter- nally through honey, externally through oil). Of liquid honey, 108 out of 132 stores sold adulterated articles,— many not containing a particle of honey, but being compounded of glucose and cane sugar, the glucose costing three cents a pound, while the price of the so-called honey was uniformly twenty cents a pound. Horseradish roots are remarkable for their pungency owing to a volatile oil of powerful odor very similar to, if not identical with, oil of mustard. The roots are grated down and mixed with salads, or used as a condiment with roast beef, their stimulating property promoting digestion. They are also anti- scorbutic — that is — prevent and cure scurvy. Ice Cream. — It seems a pity to associate with such a luxury anything having even the shadow of a horror, but in 1886, Vaughan and Novy obtained tyrotoxicon, a deadly germ poison, from an ice cream which had sickened many persons in Lawton, Mich. The cream had stood some hours (before it was frozen) in an old unoccupied building. Schearer found tyrotoxicon in ice cream which made many sick in Nugent, Iowa. Dr. George S. Hull, in a recent number of the Medical News, advances a very plausible suggestion as to the cause of Metallic Poison- ing in some ice creams, when he states that a modern ice-cream freezer with its contents, is in reality a galvanic cell or battery, in which the cream, especially if it is mixed with fruits, becomes the fluid, and the zinc and tin or zinc and copper, of the freezer becomes the positive and negative elements of the battery. Dr. Hull has proved that electrical action does take place in an ice-cream freezer, and, taking place, of course corrodes the metal in which the cream is contained, producing poisonous salts that vary in amount according to the activity of the corrosive action, and the length of time the cream remains in the freezer. Hartley suggests that cream is sometimes poisoned by poou gelatine, and Vaughan and Novy endorse the suggestion. In health ice cream should never be eaten with or soon after any other food. L.ard consists of the fat of the hog. More than six hun- dred million pounds are produced annually in the United FOODS, AKD THEIK PREPARATION. 187 States, of which one-half is mixed with stearine and cotton oil. The stearine used in adulterating lard is derived from beef fat and cotton-seed oil. Usually there is enough lard in the adul- terated article to give it the taste and odor of the genuine, so that experts only can detect the difference. Its adulterants are beef suet, "neutral lard," "creamery butter- ine," (that is, 40 parts butter, 15 oleo-fat, 30 neutral lard). Oleo-fat, which is certain parts of the fat of beef (about 40 pounds per fat steer), are all used as adulterants, and there is no way of detecting them except by scientific processes. Prof. Wiley found in Armour & Co.'s mixed lard 24.83 per cent, of adulteration, not counting lard stearine as such, which if added, carries the percentage up to 37.24, and in Fair- banks's samples, G1.40, without including the stearine, and 92.10 with. Leeks are plants allied to the onion but with no proper bulb at the root. Bleached by earthing up or other means ; they are much used for culinary purposes, being much milder than the onion. Lobsters are crustaceans much esteemed for the table. The best season is from October to the beginning of May. They frequently change their shells, and their growth takes place with great rapidity when the shell is soft. The Norway lobster is considered by some the most delicate of all crusta- ceans. Lobster salad is much esteemed as a luxury, but rarely agrees with delicate stomachs. Macaroni was, originally, lumps of cheese and paste squeezed into balls, but now a peculiar manufacture of wheat which requires wheat with the largest percentage of gluten. The finest are the whitest in color and do not burst in boiling. Vermicelli and other Italian pastes are really different forms of macaroni. Largely consumed in Italy and exported to all parts of the world. Malt is barley in which by heat a nitrogenous principle called diastase is developed, which changes starch into dextrine and sugar. It is much used in making beer. Malt extracts are infusions of malt, concentrated by evaporation, at a temper- ature below 170 invacuo, to the consistency of a thick syrup. Chemically, besides water, they consist of 70 per cent, maltose, 188 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 2 per cent, salts, 6 per cent, nitrogenous compound , and a- varying quantity of diastase. Hence as food, they are of lit- tle more value than so much syrup. But their digestive value is dependent upon the amount of diastase contained. Malt Infusion.— Three ounces crushed malt, thoroughly mixed in a jug with half pint of cold water, stand over night, decant from the sediment, and strain through three folds of muslin until fairly clear. Must be prepared fresh every day or preserved by adding a few drops of chloroform and keeping in a bottle well corked. One to two dessert spoonfuls should be diluted with milk or water and sipped occasion- ally through the meal. If preserved, and the chloroform is objection- able, stand in an open cup a few minutes and it will evaporate- (Roberts.) Meat.— In broiling in order to retain the juices of the meat the steak should be placed close to the coals long enough for the albumen to harden on the surface, then cook more slowly. So in boiling meat if the whole substance of the meat is desired to be retained in it it should be plunged into boiling water, but if soups or broths are desired, the meat should be put into cold water and cut in small pieces, and cooked gradu- ally. Baked meats retain more of the volatile aroma and unctuous juices than roast meats, and for this reason are less likely to be borne by weak stomachs. Cold Meat Infusions made from minced meat with half its weight of water, and allowed to stand for two hours, and then pressed through cloth, were found, on analysis, to contain over four per cent, of dry albumen. This amount of protein is equivalent to that contained in cow's milk. (Roberts.) Meat powder is made by cutting boiled meat into little pieces and drying thoroughly, then grinding as fine as possible in a coffee mill. The meat should be put into boiling water to boil. This powder equals five times its weight of raw meat, as it contains 13 to 14 per cent, of nitrogen. Salted meats and fish are unsuited to the invalid. Meat powder is of special value to the aged, to children who need this kind of nutriment, and to all who, for any reason, are unable to thoroughly masticate the fiber. May be spread on bread and butter. Melons are rich and refreshing, but often disagree with delicate stomachs. Dr. C. E. Paige states that in 1863 he was FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 189 captured by the confederates and taken to Shreveport, almost dying with chronic diarrhoea ; for ten days he filled himself twice a day with watermelons and no other food, and made a perfect recovery. We well remember the surprise and almost horror with which the nation looked upon Dr. Tanner's fool- hardy experiment in 1880 (as it was regarded) of eating a large ripe watermelon for his first morsel of food after his forty days' fast. The fact is, that watermelon is one of the most healthful of foods if properly adjusted to other foods. Milk. — One quart should weigh 2 lbs. 2J oz. Its specific gravity should be at 60° from 1.026 to 1.030. Fifteen grains bicarbonate of soda will prevent it from souring and make it more digestible. Diluted with one-third limewater it will rarely cause biliousness or indigestion. When constipating, add a little salt. (Dr. Buddock.) The free use of milk promotes biliousness in many cases. Skim milk often agrees when whole milk cannot be taken. Hot milk will often be borne by the stomach while cold pro- motes indigestion. The chief reason why milk disagrees with so many is, because they eat so much force-foods at the same time. ' ' Milk should take a subordinate place in the diet of the child when weaned, and in the diet of persons of poor blood." (Bunge P. 112). When milk diet is used some carbonaceous food should be added (bread, rice or sugar) because the non-nitrogenous is deficient in milk. Hot, not boiled milk, slightly salted, is an excellent lunch between meals. Milk drank warm and fresh from the cow agrees some- times when it cannot be taken in any other way. About three and a half quarts a day are necessary in order to get the fiber foods. This requires considerable excess of oxygen and yields a very large excess of energy. Skim Milk contains nearly all of the proteins, sugar and salts of whole milk, and may be used as an article of food with great advant- age and entire safety before it sours. Buttermilk has the nitrogenous, sugary and saline constituents of milk, but with less fat. Very nourishing, slightly stimulating to liver and kidneys. 190 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Sterilized Milk.— Milk is safest when boiled twenty to thirty min- utes. By so doing it destroys almost all of the micro-organisms that may be present. If taken without cooking care should be used as to its cleanliness and that no diseased milk be allowed to enter the sup- ply sold. Sterilizing apparatus is kept by many druggists. Milk for Infant Feeding.— The, claim is very generally made that if it be peptonized it becomes a proper infant food. But Prof. J. L. Smith says: "The peptonizing of milk, although it seems so advan- tageous theoretically, meets with a serious drawback especially in the hot months. The disadvantages in the use of milk peptonized in the nursery, relate to the milk supply, and pertain to the common use of milk supplied by the milk man From my personal observa- tion much of the milk received in tenement houses during the summer is unsuitable for the nursery, and such milk if peptonized, or in what- ever form treated, remains unsuitable. But milk from healthy cows and obtained under proper conditions and properly treated at the farmhouse, is, nevertheless, likely to undergo chemical changes, which impair its quality, and render it less suitable for infant feeding by the long time which elapses between the milking and the reception of the milk by customers. The milk distributed in New York in the morning in open vessels or closed bottles is the product of the milking of the previous morning and evening. Part of it is twelve and part twenty-four hours old, when it reaches the family. We have seen milk apparently good at first, but not cooled immediately after the milking as it should have been by being surrounded with ice or running water, develop in eight hours a poison (tyrotoxicon) through the agency of the animal and atmospheric heat, so that it produced symptoms like those of cholera infantum in those who partook of it at Long Branchy What then must be the quality of much of the carelessly managed milk which reaches the city and is served to families twenty-four hours after the milking, and how many cases of cholera infantum are pro- duced by it, when the cause seemed mysterious and obscure ?" Adidterants. — Milk is usually adulterated either by the removal of the cream, or the addition of water. The Massachusetts law requires that milk shall contain not more than 87 per cent, of water and not less than 13 per cent, of milk solids. This would be fat 3.7, sugar 4.9, casein 4.5, salts .7. In 1884, Dr. Harrington examined, 1759 samples from all over the State and found 799 below the legal standard. A mixture of salt, saltpeter, saleratus, a trace of caustic soda, and a large quantity of sugar, is largely used on the Pacific coast as a milk adulterant. Chalk, salt, annotto, gum, dextrine, ultra- marine and cerebral matter are used for the same purpose. Girard found from 0.25 to 1.85 grams of salicylic acid in each liter examined. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 191 In 1886, seventy-three persons were poisoned at hotels in Long Branch by the use of milk that had been canned while warm and carted sev- eral miles in the hot sun. Xewton and Wallace found tyrotoxicon crystals in it. (V. and N. P. 67.) Mutton ranks as a food with venison. Should be boiled in salted water. The thick, tough membrane just inside of the outer skin should be removed before cooking, else its peculiar, disagreeable, woolly flavor will be imparted to the meat. Mutton broth is particularly beneficial in bowel diseases. Mushrooms are almost as nitrogenous as meat. They are used for ketchup, and dried and powdered and added to sauces and stews. Poisonous mushrooms can be distinguished from the edible by the membranous ring which in the edible is near the top and in the poisonous is near the bottom. Also by the white color of the gills, the warts on the upper surface of the pileus, and the powerful odor of the poisonous. 3Iustard. — There are two kinds, the black and the white, the black being much the stronger, and contains about 28 per cent, by weight of a bland oil of mustard, obtained by pres- sure, also a volatile oil of mustard of exceeding pungency which gives to ground mustard its rubefacient quality, and which resides chiefly in the husk. For the sake of the color, the husk is removed and only the interior of the seed ground, which so weakens it that capsicum and other pungent materi- als are added. Other things are added to increase its bulk. Out of fifty samples thirty-nine were adulterated with wheat flour, turmeric, corn starch, bean meal (sometimes as high as 60 per cent.) and mustard cake (from which the oil had been expressed). The prepared table mustards are simply con- diments compounded according to the recipe of each manufacturer. Nuts are especially valuable to vegetarians in winter as their oily substance furnishes a large amount of fat food. They contain more elements of nourishment than butter and meat combined, are not uncleanly, and cannot be adulterated. Salt should alwavs be used with them. 192 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Chestnuts form a principal part of the food of the poor in the South of Europe, used roasted or boiled, or made into flour. They are nutri- tious, but tend to produce flatulence unless the digestive organs are remarkably vigorous. Hickory Nuts are exclusively North American. They are much like walnuts, although belonging to another genus, and include the shell or Shag bark, the Kisky Thomas nut, the Springfield nut, the Pecan, Mocker, the Gloucester nut, and Pig and Bitter nut. Brazil Nuts are the seeds of a tree that grows from 100 to 120 feet high, in the northern parts of Brazil. The seeds grow in a seed-vessel as large as a man's head and so hard that it requires a sledge-hammer to break it. The white kernel of the seed when fresh is very agreeable. They yield a large quantity of oil. Hazelnuts on pressure yield about half their weight of a bland, fixed oil called nut-oil in Briton; but in Germany walnut oil is called nut-oil. Hazelnuts not kiln-dried lose their agreeable flavor unless kept in air-tight vessels. Filberts are a cultivated variety of hazelnuts as are also cof-nuts. Walnuts were cultivated by the Romans in the reign of Tiberius. An excellent pickle and a kind of ketchup are made from the unripe fruit. Ripe, it is one of the best of fruits, wholesome and nutritious. Nut-oil is used as a common article of food in some parts of Europe. Black walnuts are much inferior to the common walnuts. Olives, gathered before quite ripe, steeped in lime water and pick- led, are much enjoyed by those who have learned to relish them both as appetizers and promoters of digestion. But with these, as with many other articles thus designated, their effect depends so largely upon the other things eaten with them, that the assumed effects must not be depended upon in any general way. Dried olives are also used as food in the South of Europe. The Spanish are considered the best. The flowers of the fragrant olive of China and Japan are used by the Chinese for flavoring tea. Olive oil is the most digestible of fats, and should be pale, clear and free from rancid odor, and without flavor. It is adulterated with cotton-seed oil, poppy oil and the essence of lard. Says Mr. Mason, United States consul at Marseilles : " Very few brands or firm-names are any longer a guaranty of purity." Over 2,000,000 gallons of cotton- seed oil are exported to Marseilles from the United States every year, more than half of which is used to adulterate olive oil and return to the United States under a heavy duty, to be sold as pure olive oil. Onions. — In Spain and Portugal a raw onion is often eaten like an apple, and with a piece of bread forms the dinner of FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 193 the working man. It contains a large proportion of fiber-food as well as sugar and an acrid, volatile, sulphurous oil which is largely dissipated by boiling. The Bermudas are considered the best. They stimulate digestion under the right conditions, out are not tolerated by some stomachs. They stimulate the secreting organs, hence are very wholesome to those who can use them. Oysters are very nutritious and easily digested when not over-cooked. Should not be cooked until they shrivel. Can sometimes be tolerated (especially raw) when all other solid food is rejected. Poisonous oysters were taken from an artifi- cial bed near the outlet of a drain from a public water closet in Havre, France. (Pasquier.) Peas like beans are very rich in nitrogen ; so much so that during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 the chief food of the German army was erbswurst, — pea meal and bacon fat, pressed into skins and boiled, and enabled them to endure great fatigue. Should not be freely eaten with meats or eggs but as a vegetable substitute for them, and when constituting a considerable portion of the diet, fats should be added. (A kind of pulse food like beans is rich in nitrogen). In Europe they are much used ground into meal, in soup made from split peas and roasted. Stewed while green they form a nutritious vegetable food. Pepper.— White pepper is simply the black divested of its outer coat. It is an irritating stimulant, rarely if ever as use- ful as the red. Prof. S. A. Lattimore's analyses in New York, 1381, of 180 samples, showed 122 adulterated to the extent of 63 per cent. Samples from Baltimore mills had very little of the poorest pepper, being made mostly of cracker dust, yellow corn, cayenne, and charcoal. Ground Pepper, black and white. In Canada of 60 sam- ples 28 were adulterated, most of them from ten to 20 per cent, and some up to To per cent, with mustard husk, pepper hulls, clay, sand ; and ground cocoanut shells. That a similar condi- tion exists in the United States is evident from the fact that 13 194 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. in 1882 Dr. E. E. Wood examined 205 samples of spices, etc., and found 135 of them adulterated to an average of over 60 per cent. And in 1885 he examined 446 samples, of which 231 were adulterated to the extent of over 52 per cent. Red Pepper (cayenne) is a pure stimulant and increases the flow of the gastric juice. Should be used in place of the black in all cases of cold stomach, inactive mucus membrane, and deficiency of capillary circulation. Adulterants.— Wheat flour and colored earths. Ten samples out of 24 adulterated. Pickles are made of a variety of green fruits and vegeta- bles, and to a limited extent have a useful place in the dieta- ries generally used, although it is doubtful if they would be allowed in a strictly hygienic diet. Those cured in manufac- tured vinegar should be discarded, and the acetate of copper should be suspected if they have been prepared or kept in copper vessels. Colored pickles should also be rejected. Pork. — The flesh of the hog, deemed by most hygienists as unfit for human food, yet very largely consumed. Bacon. — The chamois hunters of the Alps on their hunting expeditions sometimes go for days together with bacon fat and sugar as their only food. Easy of digestion, and by Boland considered " a valuable food for children four or five years old. Given with bread or potatoes it will often be taken when bread is refused." But it may be seriously questioned whether some vegetable oil would not be better, if any food at all is required in such cases. We deprecate such general statements of the utility of certain things, for, while they may be true in particular conditions the recommendation becomes a license for their use in conditions vastly different. Potatoes are a starchy vegetable greatly overused in this country in connection with the other starches and sweets so generally employed. From September to June they should be steamed. If boiled it should be with the skins on because when peeled the salts waste to the extent of 14 per cent, while unpeeled only 3 per cent, are lost. They are most nutritious FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 195 roasted, and generally agree better with weak digestions thus. They should be large, firm, not frosted nor growing, and when cooked should be mealy. Pumpkin. — Common gourds are pumpkins. Sometimes reach 70 pounds. In many countries they form the principal part of the food of the poorer classes, and even of the wealthy. The squash is nearly allied to the pumpkin. The pumpkin is apt to disagree with weak digestion. Raisins, the dried fruit of sweet grapes, contain more sugar and less acid than grapes undried. More nutritious, less cooling. Muscatels best, because dried on the vine. Espe- cially valuable in the fruit and nut diet, but not very digesti- ble or desirable in ordinary diets consisting so largely of cane sugar. The skins and seeds should be rejected by those with feeble digestive power. Rice is the starch food of one-third of the human race. Should be thoroughly cooked and eaten with some fat or albu- mens, or both. Easily digested. Especially good in bowel diseases. Rice Jelly, is rice boiled five or six hours, cooled, water strained off, and jelly eaten in warm milk. Sagx) is a force-food prepared from the pith of the sago- palm. A variety of starch that must be soaked one to two hours before using, and possesses the ordinary qualities of starch-foods. Salt is chloride of sodium, and as it exists in considerable quantity in the blood, it seems to be a physiological demand that it be furnished in the diet. Herbivorous animals take three or four times as much of salts of potassium in their food as the carnivora. H>nce, vegetable food is the cause of the need for salt in the herbivora, because common salt is with- drawn from the blood by the union in it of a part of its chlo- rine with the potassium making chloride of potassium instead of chloride of sodium. Besides, the soda disengaged by the union of the chlorine and potassium unites with the acid that was in union with the potassium, and thus a sodium carbonate 196 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. is also formed. These are expelled by the kidneys as foreign substances, and instinct immediately calls for a fresh supply of chloride of sodium from without to restore the integrity of the blood-plasma. (Bunge.) A man living on potatoes takes forty grams of potas- sium per day. In France it has been shown by statistics that the country people eat three times as much salt as the city people who live more on meat. Sausage. — Chopped pork and beef salted and peppered, and encased in the entrails of the hog in the form of links. Objectionable upon the ground that pork is used, that they are a mixture of pork and beef, and that frequently refuse portions are incorporated. Only fit for strong men at active labor. Muller reported 124 cases of sausage poisoning, forty- eight of them fatal. Probably from putrefaction resulting from the method of preparation. (V. & F., P. 43.) Von Faber observed sixteen persons made sick by eating fresh sausages from the flesh of a pig that had had an abscess on the neck. Five died. Sea Weeds, richer in nitrogen than oatmeal or maize. Steep in water to remove salts, then, if bitter, add a little car- bonate of soda and stew in water or milk until tender. Flavor with pepper and vinegar. Soups, generally esteemed so healthful at the beginning of a meal, Bunge says, should not be taken then, because they dilute the gastric secretion too much. This is doubtless true if solids immediately follow, but if time be given for the absorp- tion of the fluid, the objection does not hold. In so far, how- ever, as soups partake of the character of beef extracts they are open to the objection thus vigorously stated by an English writer. *One of the greatest blunders of Liebig, as a physiologist, was asso- ciated with one of his greatest chemical triumphs ; we refer to the sub- stance (obtained from chopped flesh, from the smooth muscles, from the blood, and the urine) called creatine (C 8 IF N 3 O 4 ), and to its alkaloid, creatinine (C 8 H 7 N 3 O 2 ), which is ammonia conjugated with a highly # 'Liebig's investigations, , says Lehmann, * constrain \a to regard creatine as a product of excretion." Phijs. Chem. i. P. 139. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 197 nitrogenized substance, containing one atom less of hydrogen than caffeine. It is found, like creatine, in the muscles, the blood, and the urine, where the two occur in an inverse ratio (creatine never in putrid urine), facts which clearly indicate that creatinine is the derivative. Yet how confidently was this substance, for a season, bruited as the nutrient essence of beef! — ready-made nourishment — and the solid fiber cast to the credulous cats ! Under the guise of beef -tea, or gravy soup, and commended as the at last discovered Elixir Vitae, gentlemen and ladies drank basins of the Excretive Soup! The poisonous stimulus which it gave to the weakened system, was, as in the case of strong- coffee or alcohol, mistaken for strength ! " This substance" (creatinine) says Moleschott, " may be considered as decidedly an excrenientitious body, which has passed into that stage in the tissues themselves. The acid peculiar to the flesh technically called tumsinie acid, which is to be found in the muscles associated with lactic acid, most probably belongs also to the products of regressive transformation." Tyrosene, says Lehmann, is formed during the 2 m t re f ac ti° n of albumen, fitrin and casein : formula C 16 H N0 5 f. Spices. — The present method is for the retailer to order goods at a certain price ; the miller then sends a mixture con- taining such a percentage of pure materials as the price war- rants, the weight being made up with cheap but harmless diluents ; e. g., one New York firm sold 5,000 pounds of cocoa- nut shells in their " pure," " extra" and " superior" spices. Starch, useful to form fat and force. Should always be cooked, else the envelopes of the granules will prevent diges- tion. Corn starch is too heavy for the invalid. Sugar (cane) very sweet, from the cane and teet root. Grape sugar (glucose) not so sweet ; abounds in grapes, fruits and vegetables, — produces fat and force, and is absorbed with- out digestion. The West Indies' negroes are said to always grow fat about cane-pulling time. Milk sugar (lactose) found in the milk of the mammalia. %i Demerara crystals" sugar con- tains chloride of tin as a coloring agent, which passes into the molasses as a poisonous element. Sugar is rarely adulterated at present prices. Of sugar candies twenty-five samples were examined, and not one was pure. Of 250 samples, 218 were colored, and forty-eight different adulterants were found in them. Syrup. — The uncrystallized sugar solution drained from raw and refined sugars, called also treacle and molasses. Golden syrup is syrup drained from refined sugar, reboiled and filtered through animal charcoal. Laxative if freely used. Girard found from 0.5 to 1.50 grams of salicylic acid to the 198 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. liter of syrup. Of fifty samples of molasses only nineteen were found pure by one analyst. Maple Syrup from the sugar maple. A large part on the market has very little, and much of it no maple whatever in its composition, the maple flavor being given by extract of hick- ory bark. Sometimes called "mapleine." As a rule, the stronger the statement of purity is on the label, the more reason there is to believe it adulterated. Tallow, the fat of beef. Sometimes used as a shortening in place of lard. Furnishes about as much force but is less palatable than lard. Tapioca is a starch force-food prepared from the root of the tropical plant Cassava. Tea is made from the leaf of the tea-plant. Chinese tea has eight per cent, of tannin. One part of tannin in 10,000 of food prevents salivary digestion. There is about one-tenth of a grain of theine in an ordinary cup of tea. " Theine is a restorative agent to the nervous system, and is opposed in its therapeutic properties to the action of the essential oil. The infusion, therefore, of tea or coffee may induce palpitation in a heart liable to excessive or inco-ordinate action ; but theine, on the con- trary, may be looked to, therapeutically, to quiet palpitation." Dr. Snap toil. "Theine is built on the chemical type of the alkaloids, a class of bodies which nature forms in plants, but not in food-plants, --bodies that include narcotics, stimulants, hypnotics, deliriants, poisons, tonics." Prof. A. B. Prescott. Tea, four to five parts, by weight, to 100 parts boiling water, ranges from 2% to 7%, is beneficial (1) to the overfed and sedentary, for they need increased vital action; (2) to the old whose vitality is deficient; to those who have a non-perspiring skin ; (3) late in the day to quicken digestion; (4) during excessive heat to relax the skin; (5) for those of strong nerves. Tea is harmful (1) to those of spare habit and to the underfed; (2) to the young who are full of vitality ; (3) to those who per- spire much ; (4) early in the day, for it then increases tissue waste; (5) to the nervous and hysterical and those whose hearts are weak. (Dr. Buddock.) The best teas color the water the least. Pouring hot tea over a slice of lemon with the rind on improves the flavor and allays thirst. The later investigations of Dr. Roberts have i>roved th«t both lea and cof- FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION". 199 fee retard digestion in a degree proportioned to their strength, which lie considers a needed effect in order to prevent our foods which are so prepared as to yield up the maximum of nutriment from being too rap- idly passed out of the system. There are few spurious, but many infe- rior teas on the market. The practice of "facing," i. e., coloring is common, and renders the sale of inferior teas as of better quality very easy, but is probably not specially deleterious to health because of the minute quantity of the coloring material used. Tomatoes. — Much used for sauces, catsup, preserves, confectionery, and pickles. A popular notion attributes the increase of cancer to the use of tomatoes. But it probably has no foundation. Turkey. — One of the most valued kinds of poultry. Turnips. — About ninety to ninety-six parts of its weight are water. Young leaves are good for greens, especially those of the Swedish kind or rutabaga. Its strong flavor and woody fiber disagree with delicate stomachs. Veal is too hard of digestion to be a desirable food for the feeble. Vegetables require soft water, and cabbage and carrots can hardly be boiled too long. Asparagus. — Very wholesome, eaten as soon as cut. Greenest heads best. Good for rheumatism, gout and gravel. Cabbages while not very nutritious nor easy of digestion are richer in nitrogen than any other vegetable. They are apt to produce flatulence on account of the large proportion of sulphur contained. Carrots and Parsnips. — Pleasant, may produce flatulence. Celery contains much woody fiber. Should be eaten with a light lunch of bread and cheese. Cucumber, raw, is indigestible. Stewed, is wholesome. Leeks, if white and of little smell, are good and digestible. Leguminous Seeds (pulses) are peas, beans, etc. Peas are delicate and nutritious, boiled without their pods, if so youn^ that the skin cracks in boiling ; otherwise indigest- ible unless soaked, stewed and crushed. Lettuce, cooling, digestible, mildly soporific. 200 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Onions, very wholesome, if readily digested. Pumpkins, not very nutritious, but easily digested. Rhubarb, contains oxalate of lime ; should be avoided by those subject to calculus. Spinach, wholesome, laxative. Vinegar is the product of acetous fermentation of a sac- charine material. Cider vinegar is the only kind in general use. One part in 5,000 delays salivary digestion one-third. One part in 1,000 delays salivary digestion more than seven times. One part in 500 absolutely prevents it. (Roberts.) Yet is use- ful in moderate quantities in some cases of biliary difficulty. Where cider vinegar cannot be obtained an artificial vinegar can be prepared. To one gallon of water add li pounds of sugar and a pint of yeast ; keep three days at a temperature from 75 to 80. Draw off into a refining cask and add one ounce of bruised raisins and one ounce of crude tartar to each gallon. When the sweet taste has entirely disappeared, cork tightly and bottle. Distilled Vinegar is simply acetic acid distilled from Avood and diluted with five times its volume of water. This contains five per cent, of acetic acid, and is called proof vinegar. Is much used by pickle manufacturers. Adulterants consist of burnt sugar and sul- phuric acid. Venison, the flesh of the deer, is less nutritious than beef but more digestible, hence is much sought for by the conval- escent. Water is hard when it contains carbonate of lime in solu- tion. It is six degrees hard when a gallon consumes as much soap before making a lather as will combine with six grains of carbonate of lime, and so on. Hard is useful for rickety chil- dren. Water is unfit to drink if it contains more than one- tenth of a grain of iron or copper to the gallon, or a very much less quantity of lead. Deep well and deep spring waters are best. Water in which ice is melted is unwholesome. Better fill bottles with water that has been boiled and cool them by contact with ice. Cold water should not be taken with meals. Dr. Beaumont gave St. Martin a gill of cold water and the tern- FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 201 perature of his stomach fell at once from 100° F. to 70° F., and it was more than half an hour recovering the heat it had lost. Whey. — One pint of milk mixed with one teaspoonful of liquid rennet set in a warm place until it curds, then strain. Is a useful variety of milk food in sickness. Wines.— The grape juice is about 60 to 70 per cent, of the weight of the grapes. The sugar of the juice is about 20 to 30 per cent, of its weight. The fermentation of the sugar gener- ates about 50 per cent, of its weight of alcohol. Antiseptics.— Prof. E. W. Hilgard has laid down the broad principle that "whatever impedes fermentation also impedes digestion." Sulphuric acid, or plaster (sulphate of lime) is often used, as are also salicylic acid and boracic acid. Of sev nty samples analyzed eighteen had salicylic acid, thirteen had sulphuric acid, and two had both. Alcohol in wines varies from 5.7 to 27.15 per cent., the average being 11.5 per cent. The New York law allows alcohol to be added (" fortify- ing") to the extent of eight per cent, of its volume, which would give 17 or 18 per cent, in the wine. Girard found from .81 to 3.50 grams of sali- cylic acid in each liter, while Dr. Edson condemned over 5,000 gallons made of dried fruits, water and sugar which contained four and a half grains of salicylic acid to the pint. Sweet Wines.— Prof. Parsons found in a "Sweet Muscatel" 31 per cent, of sugar, and in a "California Port" 21 per cent, of alcohol by weight, and Prof. Crampton says of the Muscatel and Angelica, "very little grape juice enters into their composition," "they are chiefly composed uf alcohol, sugar and water." 3. PARTICULAR FOODS FOR PECULIAR NEEDS, AND HOW TO PREPARE THEM. It is an unquestionable fact that very many sick people have been actually starved to death, and multitudes have been crowded from curable to incurable conditions by the sick-diets (called diets for the sick) that have been relied upon in the past. And it is the burning shame of the medical education of even the present, that every year hundreds of students are graduated from our medical colleges, without any instruction whatever upon how to feed those whose lives are entrusted to their care. 202 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. For the purpose of showing the real food-value of many of the articles named in this section, they are compared with whole milk, lean meat and wheat bread, these being rated as follows, viz. : Fiber. Fat. Force. Minerals. Water. ^?J^ S Milk, 3.7% 3.4% 4.9% 0.6% 87.5% ' 310 Bread, 8.9" 1.9" 55.5" 1.0" 32.7" 1.280 Meat, 19.5" 16.0" .... 1.0" 63.5" 1.034 The reader should bear in mind the facts that a man at moderate work needs every day 125 grams (4.3 ounces) of fiber- foods yielding 512 calories of heat, and also enough fat and force foods to increase the calories to 3,500. Also that the ratios for persons of different classes as given by Prof. C. D. Woods are : In a state of health, for man at moderate work, 10 ; woman at moderate work, 8 ; child, 6 to 15 years, 7 ; child 2 to 6 years, 5 ; child under 2 years, 2-J. This would require fiber elements and calories as follows : For a man 125 grams of fiber elements and 3,500 calories per day ; woman, 100 grams and 2,800 calories ; child, 6 to 15, 87^ grams and 2,450 calories ; 2 to 6 years, 62£ grams and 1,750 calories ; under two years, 31 grams and 875 calories. The last period should be subdivided into at least three. A child two years to 14 months old as stated, requires food containing 31 grams of fiber elements and enough fat and force foods to supply 875 calories daily ; 14 months to six months, about 15 grams and 437 calories ; under six months, about 7.5 grams and 218 calories. But comparison with moth- er's milk shows that 370 calories a day are required under two months, and 20.1 grams of fiber elements at 20 ounces per day. Hence the lowest figure should be over 350 calories. Substantially the same ratios may be fairly assumed to exist where the similarity of diseased conditions approximates the likeness in health conditions, but the nature of the disease will necessarily largely modify both the quantity and charac- ter of the food required. A perfect food in health for light work has about eight per cent, fiber element, and yields an average of 1,200 calories to the pound. That is about the average of good bread. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 203 The Following Diets are meant to merely suggest now selections of foods can be made for certain conditions, not to direct such selections ; nor are all the articles under one diet to be used simultaneously. The various articles are described in detail in the subsequent pages. 1. For Convalescence from Typhoid Fever, Dysentery, Cholera, Inflammation of Bowels, etc. — Albumen water, black- berry cordial, Carnrick's diet, milk thickened, oyster broth No. 1, and rice water. 2. For Same. — Blackberry cream, chicken milk No. 1, mutton broth No. 2, rice boiled, and rice milk No. 2. 3. For Recovery from Acute Gastritis, Acute Cystitis, Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, etc. — Fortified gruel, gum arabic and homemade koumyss. 4. The Same. — Beef pulp, smoked beef broth and our toast. 5. Exhausting Hemorrhage. — Beef broth No. 1, bean bread soup No. 2, buttered toast, eggnog No. 2, date pudding, oyster broth No. 2, puree and our tea. 6. Shock. — Be^ broth No. 2, beef essence, milk punch, milk substitute and restorative jelly. 7. Starvation. — Eggs boiled and egg coffee. 8. Anaemia. — Beef tea, Porter's, chicken milk No. 2, cod- fish creamed, fruit pudding, grape juice No. 2, malt and milk, our coffee No. 2. 9. Blood Poison, Urcemia, etc. — Fruit, oatmeal soup, oys- ters roasted, unleavened wafers, raw diet No. 6. 10. Plethoric Apoplexy. — Baked potatoes, banana sauce, lemonade, barley and orange cream. 11. Fevers. — Barley water, buttermilk, cracker gruel, kefir and toast water. 12. The Same. — Chicken panada, custard, fish boiled and peach bread pudding. 13. Nervous Prostration.— Barley gruel, beef tea nutri- tive, corn coffee, egg and milk, potatoes creamed and nnleavened wafers. 204 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 14. La Grippe. — Beef tea stimulating ; oatmeal pudding, wine whey and our toast. 15. Acute Rheumatism. — Alkaline drink, apples and bread and milk, raw diet No. 1, raw diet No. 6, raw diet No. 2. 16. Biliary Dyspepsia. — Egg lemonade and puree, raw diet No. 1. 17. Nervous Dyspepsia. — Beef scraped, dyspepsia crack- ers, fig water, malt and milk, and broiled chopped meat. 18. Pneumonia, Bronchitis, etc. — Blanc mange, clam broth, demulcent drink No. 1, lemonade, elm, flaxseed or gum, and linseed tea. 19. Diabetes. — Bran water No. 2, gluten bread, gluten cakes and gluten gems. 20. Bright' 's Disease. — Elderberry syrup and raw diet No. 3, 4 or 6. 21. Consumption. — Raw diet No. 6 or 3. 22. Chronic Rheumatism. — Celery toast, mustard dress- ing, oysters broiled and puree. How to Prepare Special Foods for peculiar needs is fully set forth in the following pages. The character of each food or of each combination of foods is described, the reasons given for its peculiar uses, and full directions and recipes are set forth so plainly that any housekeeper can pre- pare these foods without the doctor's assistance or advice. Infant's foods are accorded a section by themselves. Albumen Water —Cold water one-half pint, whites of two eggs, sugar of milk, one teaspoonf ul ; stir gently until well mixed. Nourish- ing fiber food, particularly useful as a drink in inflammatory boweE diseases. Alcohol is undoubtedly a food of great value in certain conditions. It is very easily and quickly oxidized along the digestive tract and yields its heat and force just where it enables the liver-cells to transmute the fiber elements to the best advantage. Its danger lies in the gener- ation of too much heat. The proper time to use it is when there is an inability of the liver to extract from the glucose in the blood enough heat to maintain the vigor of the vital processes. Then, with suffi- cient oxygen supply, just enough alcohol to furnish the requisite heat without an excesses beneficial. But it is generally given to excess FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 205 even m medical practice, e. f/., one teaspoonful of alcohol yields 826,676 foot pounds of energy. This repeated every two hours is an ounce and a half a day, which gives 9,920,112 foot pounds or 3,906,823 (based on Dr. Porter's standard), in excess of the entire normal heat expendi- ture per day, aside from any other food. This requires an oxygen sup- ply of only 72 pints, leaving a surplus of over 1,400 pints. The human system is not adjusted to run on any such plan. That excess of oxygen would burn the tissues all out in a few days. Alkaline Drink.— Slice the peel of one lemon very thin, and put into a pitcher with a tablespoonful of sugar; pour on enough hot water to dissolve the sugar, then add half a pint of pure cold water and half n pint of Vichy water. A pleasant drink ; for use in rheumatism and other acid states of the blood. Apples, Baked No. 1.— Peel, core and slice large sour apples; sprinkle with sugar and a little nutmeg. Add one-half teacup of water to every quart of fruit, cover and bake slowly three hours. Let them cool in the dish and turn out solid. Excellent with meat diet when there is not much flatulence or looseness of the bowels. About one-tenth the liber, no fat, and nearly three times the force that milk lias, giving about the same heat production, =320 calories. Apples, Baked No. 2.— Take large sour apples, core and put in bak- ing dish. Fill cavities with brown sugar and pour a cupful of hot water in the pan and bake. When done, remove all but the softest, which leave in the juice. Remove their skins and mash, adding nut meg, salt and teaspoon of butter and pour over the apples. Considera- bly more nutritions than No. 1, but not as easy of digestion. Apples, Baked No. 3.— Peel and core sour apples. Fill cavities with sugar and pour in a cup of hot water. Cover and simmer until soft. Lift them out without breaking, and dust nutmeg into the syrup. About as nutritious as No. 1. The same uses. Apples and Bread and Milk.— Pare and slice eight ounces of ripe, sweet apples into a pint of milk and crumb in four ounces of bread. If preferred, bake the apple until soft. The heat production is about 753 calories. Excellent for children, invalids, and the aged. If it pro- motes flatulence a little fennel tea will correct it. Apple Snow.— Drain and press through a sieve a cupful of apple- sauce, add one ounce of sugar and set on the ice. Put over it the whites of two eggs. Beat together for twenty minutes, or till the mass is light and snowlike. Delicate and nutritious, with 1.9 percentage of fiber-food and 216 calories. Apple AVater.— Two large, juicy, sour apples sliced into a pitcher; one quart boiling water poured on and tightly covered till cold. Strain and sweeten. A good fever drink, slightly nourishing. 206 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Arrowroot Jelly.— Dissolve two teaspoonfuls of sugar in a cup of water. Bring to a boil. Wet and rub smooth two teaspoonfuls of arrowroot. Stir into the boiling water. Add one teaspoonful of lemon yiice and boil until clear. Put in a mold. Eat cold with, cream and sugar. An agreeable and easily digested force-food; its food value largely depending upon the quantity of cream and sugar taken with it. Artificial Fibrin.— Pour the white of an egg into cold water and let it stand until it becomes a snow-white solid. Heat to the boiling point. Appetizing and very easy of digestion, less nourishing than albumen water. Good in bowel disorders. Baked Potatoes. — Bake a nice potato and when done cut off one end, scrape out the inside, season with salt, pepper, cream and butter, beat up light, put back in the skin and brown in a quick oven. The fiber value is about one-fourth, and the fat and force are raised by the cream and butter to nearly one-half that of bread. Banana Sauce.— Make a syrup of a cup of sugar and half cup of water, and boil. Thicken with one tables poonful of corn starch wet in a little cold water, and stir in a teaspoonful of butter. Mash one large ripe banana and beat into the sauce. Should be used as soon as it is cool. A pleasant force-food, but should not be taken with a hearty meal of fiber-foods. Barley Gruel.— Mix one tablespoon ful (say two ounces) of barley flour, one saltspoon of salt, and one scant teaspoon of sugar together with a little cold water and one cup of boiling water and boil ten min- utes. Add one cup of milk, just bring to the boiling point, strain and serve hot. May be made without milk, using one pint of water. A pint of this yields about 580 calories of energy, giving fiber value nearly one-half greater than milk. Barley Water.— Wash two tablespoonfuls of barley and soak one- half hour in tepid water, and stir without draining into two cups of slightly salted boiling water. Simmer one hour; stir often. Sweeten and strain. It can be made slightly relaxing by adding two or three tamarinds. A nutritive drink when sufficient solids cannot betaken When milk disagrees this yields more than half as mucn fiber value,, while its force product is 380 instead of 310 as in milk. Beef Broth No. 1.— One heaping teaspoonful of Mosquera's beef meal in a cup of hot water, seasoned with capsicum or pepper. A fiber food having about one per cent, of fiber element, and yielding only twenty-four calories. Beef Broth No. 2.— Cut into thin slices a pound of beef, free from fat. The neck or shoulder is best. Pour over it a quart of cold water some salt, and simmer over a slow fire one hour. Boil one hour, strain and season. Has too little nutritive value to be relied upon at all, but is. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 20 7 slightly stimulating and may aid the absorbents to appropriate other nutriment that otherwise might be excreted. Beef Essence.— Lean, juicy, pounded beet one pound, broiled two minutes over very hot fire, t en put into a fruit jar with one pint of cold, salted water; soak four hours. Tie cloth over the mouth, set in ket- tle of cold water, and boil slowly ten hours. Strain and season Its com- ponent parts are quite similar to beef tea (Dr. Porter's)which see, except that the coagulation of the albumen by the broiling diminishes its fiber elements, while its long boiling concentrates and thus increases its extractive stimulating properties. Should only be used as an emer- gency food, when this kind of stimulation is deemed desirable. Beef Juice.— Cut a pound of rump steak into small pieces (one- fourth inch) add a pint of cold water,twenty drops of dilute hydrochloric acid and half teaspoonful of salt, cover and stand two hours in a cool place; strain (pressing the meat) and gently simmer ten minutes. A tab espoonf ul may be mixed with the white of an egg when wanted. Rich in nutriment. Without the egg, its nutritive value is considerably in excess of ordinary beef tea because of the partial pre-digestion of the meat. Ueef Panada— Beefsteak broth with the meat-pulp left in the broth and rolJe-i cracker crumbs added. This approximates in food- value the Beef Tea Nutritive, which see, and is much more easily made, but lacks the partially pre-digested quality of that. Beef Pulp.— Scrape a raw steak with a silver spoon until all the pulp is extracted. One to two tablespoonfuls for an adult. A dessert spoonful mixed with red currant jelly, or with a little salt between bread for children. Has the food value of lean meat. Beef Scraped. — Cut tender steak into pieces half an inch thick. Scrape the soft part off with a knife until there is nothing left but the tough, stringy fibers. Season the pulp with salt and pepper and make into cakes one-half inch thick, and broil. Serve on toast. A safe way to prepare steak for one who is just beginning to eat it. Practically of the same food-value as beef-pulp but its digestibility modified by broiling. Beefsteak Broth. —Scrape the pulp from a pound of round or sir- loin steak, or mince fine in a chopping tray. Cover in saucepan with cold water; slowly heat to boiling, then simmer half an hour. Strain. Take off fat with sheet of paper and season with salt. Practically about the same as Dr. Porter's beef tea, but more expensive. Beef Tea (stimulating).— A pound of tender, lean meat chopped fine and soaked two or three hours in a pint of cold water. Heat on the stove (not to boiling), two or three hours longer, until the water has evaporated to half a pint. Has the same food constituents as beef- broth No. 2, but in a much more concentrated form. 208 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Beef Tea (Dr. Porter's).— Five pounds and 7| ounces of best quality of bottom round beef. Remove the fat. Cut beef into one-half inch cubes and place in a saucepan with just cold water enough to cover. No salt. Soak two hours, then gradually warm to boiling and boil until the cubes become hard and contracted. Remove aud press the cubes and set liquid aside until cold. Remove the congealed fat. This yields 34.5 ounces of tea, having to every 100 parts, fiber 3.28, fat 0.25, mineral salts 0.67, that is, almost as much fiber food and mineral salts as milk, but only 1-16 as much fat, and no force foods while milk has 4.7. It yields only 72 calories per pound,— 23 per cent, as compared with milk. Hence, when it is desirable to sustain the tissues without much generation of heat, this is preferable. But when both are re- quired in a fluid diet and milk is distasteful or cannot be borne, then the addition to each pint of one-fourth ounce of butter and If ounces of barley, will about make up the deficiency in that respect and give a slight excess of the fiber element. If the butter be undesirable, add a little more barley and omit the butter. Beef Tea (nutritive).— One pound of round beef cut fine, and soaked in one-third quart of cold water over night. Pour off and save the water. Simmer the meat two hours in two-thirds of a quart of water, supplying the loss by evaporation. Pour this broth into the saved water and squeeze the meat as dry as possible, then slowly dry it in the open oven, and powder it in a mortar. Then mix the powder with the fluid, salt to taste, and add twenty drops of muriatic acid and three grains of pepsin. One pint of this contains fiber 6.9, fats 3., and aside from the acid and pepsin, yields 725 calories of heat. It is practically a homemade Mosquera's broth, with the very important difference of 725 calories instead of 144, which would in some cases be a great advantage and in others detrimental; e. g., to a fever patient give the beef broth No. 1, but to one who is to undergo exposure give the beef tea nutri- tive. Blackberry Cordial.— Wash and mash some fresh berries. Strain out the juice, and to every four quarts add a quart of boiling water. Let it stand in a cool place twenty-four hours. Stir occasionally. Strain again and add two and a half pounds (two pints) of sugar to every gallon. Stir and cork in jugs or seal in cans. No alcohol needed to keep from fermentation. A small fraction of one per cent, of fiber elements, and yields about 340 calories per goblet. Blackberry Cream.— Mash and sweeten two quarts (say three pounds) of blackberries with half a cup of sugar. Set aside for two hours, then strain. Partly whip one pint of sweet cream, then add juice, sweetened with another half cup of sugar. Whip again and gradually add the stiff beaten whites of two eggs. This has about 2.8 fiber, and yields about 3,419 calories of heat, FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 209 Blanc Mange.— Soak for half an hour in warm water one- third of a cup of dry moss. Put in a pudding bag and cook in a quart of milk for one hour. Take out the bag, squeeze, and throw away the moss. Add one quarter of a cup of sugar, strain, and put in molds. Serve with cream and sugar. This adds to the components of the milk the nutri- tive and demulcent constituents of the moss, and the fat and force elements of the cream and sugar. Bran Bread.— Mix bran flour into a dough with hot water. Set in a warm place to raise. Bake in small loaves 1^ hours, then thrust into boiling water four seconds and return to the oven a few minutes. Keep in cool place, and if crust becomes hard, cover with damp cloth. Acts mechanically in cases of constipation but causes the loss of other nutriment, hence is unfit for the poorly nourished. Bran-bread Soup No. 1. — Toast without burning four ounces of bran-bread and pulverize. Into a pint of boiling beef broth No. 2 stir enough of the powder to make a thick soup. Fiber value 1.8. Bran-bread Soup No. 2.— Stimulating and somewhat nourishing. 3Iade like No. 1 except that beef broth No. 1 is used Its nutritive value is 27; calories 354. Bran Water No. 1.— Boil wheat or rye bran three-fourths of an hour, squeeze out the bran, add honey to the water and boil one-fourth hour. One-half pint twice a day. Rich in mineral constituents and in the glucose of the honey. Bran Water No. 2.— Wheat bran two quarts, cold water three quarts. Soak over night. Rub and squeeze the bran; strain. Nutri- tious and safe for diabetics. Bread Coffee.— The crust of bread pulverized coarsely and treated as other coffee. This, according to Reichenbach and Yon Bibra, con- tains a bitter substance called assamar having effects on the system similar to coffee. Is a good substitute for coffee, but owes its nutri- tious properties mainly to the milk or cream and sugar taken with it. Bread Jelly.— Toast stale crusts without burning, put in a dish with sugar and a little salt. Cover with boiling water and set, with a tight lid on, in a pan of boiling water. Simmer until like jelly. Eat warm with sugar and nutmeg. Has substantially the qualities of bread plus the sugar. Buttermilk.— Consists of the albuminous sacs which have been broken from around the oil globules by churning, together with all other elements of the cream except the oil, which has massed as but- ter. In fiber and force elements it is a little stronger than milk, while it has less than one per cent, each of fat and mineral salts It keeps up the full constructive and reparative work of the system, with only two-thirds the normal oxygen demand; therefore, in all conditions of 14 210 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. incomplete oxidation conjoined with inaction of body and mind, it is superior to any other single food. Consumption, pleurisy, emphysema, interstitial pneumonia, sclerosis of the lungs and fevers are best dieted on buttermilk alone, or mainly. May be served in a goblet or china saucer with bits of strawberry ice floating in it. Buttered Toast ("Our toast ").— Spreadw ith one-fourth ounce of butter to one ounce of bread. This adds to the 80 calories of the bread 56 from the butter; total 136. Should not be eaten in fevers, nor when, for any reason, it is not desirable to take strong heat-making food. Calves' Feet Milk.— Calves' feet prepared In the same manner as Chicken Milk No. 1, are an excellent substitute for beef tea, and form variety in the limited menu of the invalid. Carnrick Diet.— Kumysgen, Carnrick's food, lacto-cereal food or lacto-preparata, every two to four hours, from one to three weeks ; then, gradually add milk, eggs, meat, fish, and finally vegetables in modera- tion. Very uncertain in the ratio of its food constituents, yet of great value in cases of under oxygenation with excess of uric acid, as in rheumatism, many cases of dyspepsia, etc. Celery Toast— Cut up the celery and boil in a little water until tender; add milk and stew for awhile, salt and pepper to taste, thicken slightly with flour. Pour over toast. Said to be of benefit in chronic rheumatism. More nutritious than milk. Chicken Broth— Cut the chicken in two longitudinally, removing lungs, skin and fat. Cut into small pieces; pour on a quart of cold water, salt, and let it simmer for an hour and a half; then set back for half an hour longer. Strain, season and thicken if desired. Aside from the thickening this has considerably less food elements than Chicken Jelly, which see. Chicken Jelly.— Half a spring chicken, bones and meat. Put into a pan with one quart of cold water. Cover and simmer until meat is reduced to shreds and the liquid boiled down one-half. Remove from fire and strain twice. Season with salt and pepper. Return to the fire and simmer five minutes longer. When cool it forms a jelly. Slice and serve cold, alone, or on toast, or wafers. The jelly may deceive some into the supposition that this is an extremely nutritious food, but it jellies because of the gelatinous substance of the cartilages, etc., which has very little food value although nitrogenous. Chicken has fiber 24.4, fat 2, calories 540 per pound. But this rejects the substance of the tissues and produces a chicken-food analagous in its nutritive properties to the broth from beef as compared with beef itself. Of course, if toast be added its nutritive properties are correspondingly increased. Chicken Milk No. 1.— Cut a chicken into small pieces, clean care- fully, remove skin. Put into a china-lined sauce pan, with the bones FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 211 and neck, the white part of a head of celery, and the stalks (not leaves) of a fresh bunch of parsley, a few pepper-corns and a little salt. Cover the meat with a little cold water, and let it simmer till it is in rags and falls from the bones. Strain into a flat basin or large bowl. AVhen cold it should be in a stiff, clear jelly. Carefully skim off the grease, gently wipe over the top of the jelly with a clean cloth wet in hot water so that no greasy matter remain. Take equal quantities of the jelly and fresh milk, put them into a small, china-lined saucepan, and let them boil together. Boil up the mixture three times and strain into a cup. A teacuptul is generally considered sufficient at a time. The finest strips of dry toast are an agreeable addition. It can be eaten hot, or allowed to cool and form again into jelly, according to taste. This jelly is about equal to Chicken Jelly, which see. The milk adds 3.6 fiber, and 310 calories per pound, and the toast gives 8.9 fiber and 1,280 calories per pound, so that as a whole in the absence of special analysis, it is safe to estimate its fiber at 6.2 and its calories as 802 per pound. Excellent for very delicate stomachs plus the chicken elements. Chicken Milk No. 2.— Prepare the chicken in the same manner as in Xo. 1, but instead of using water, cover it with a quart of fresh milk in a very large jam-pot, and setting that in a sauce pan nearly filled with cold water; when the milk in the jam-pot boils, the "chicken milk" is ready for use. Cream may in some cases be substituted for milk, and sometimes equal quantities of cream and milk are used. In this case, over and above the chicken elements are the 3.1 fiber and 769 calories of the mixture per pound. If cream alone be used, it will stand— fiber 2.7 and calories per pound 1,228— too full of force for ordinary conditions in sickness. Chicken Panada.— One-half cup of bread crumbs, soak in milk enough to cover them. One cup of chicken meat chopped fine. One pint of chicken broth. Press bread crumbs through a coarse strainer into the meat, pour in the broth (first removing fat), and add pepper and salt. Boil one minute. Should be of the consistency of thick gruel. May be seasoned with celery-salt or curry powder. Two table- spoons of sweet cream may be added. This gives fiber 18.4 and calories per pound 1,072, about equal to lean meat. If cream be added it will increase fiber 2.7, and calories 1,228 per pound, in the ratio used. Children's Food.— See Infant's Food. Clabbered Milk is thick sour milk ; called also loppered milk and bonny-clabber. Use when it is firm before the whey has separated. Eat with cream and sugar, or cream and nutmeg. Dyspeptics should not eat it with sugar. Has about the same fiber value as milk but with slightly diminished force in itself, but which may be made considera- bly larger by the cream and sugar added. 212 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Clam Broth.— Wash six large clams and pour over them a cup of water. Put in a kettle on the fire. The broth is the juice of the clams with the water boiled a minute. As soon as the shells open, the broth is done. Clams contain fiber 8.6, fat 1, force 2; 240 calories per pound. This broth cannot contain fat and force elements to produce over 100 calories of heat, while the amount of soluble albumen taken 'up must be very small. Hence, as a food, it cannot rank at more fian one- fourth or one-third the value of milk. Codfish Creained.— Cut and soak over night, one-half pound of fish into thin pieces cross ways of the grain. Pour off the water in which it has soaked, put in fresh water and cook half an hour. Add teacupful of milk and tablespoonful of flour. Before serving, stir in a beaten egg. This is the usual dish and gives more fiber food than meat, yield- ing about 508 calories. The addition of three-fourths of a cup of cream would raise the calories to nearly 888, and make it adequate to sustain under severe labor. Cod Liver Oil is looked upon as the panacea for all the ills of innu- trition, and has been employed to an extent that has populated ceme- teries beyond comprehension. Fats are oxydized in the cells of the lungs and thus exhaust the oxygen supply at its very fountain-head, besides dissipating a large proportion of the heat before it can reach the liver, which is really the normal furnace of the animal organism. Besides, in lung diseases, the local effect is to raise still higher the temperature, which is already at the point of congestion, and thus hasten the congestive and suppurative changes that should be pre- vented if possible. This waste of heat in the lungs also robs the nutri- tive organs of the heat which they need, and thus prevents the very process of absorption, to promote which, the oil is given. Hence, it becomes a carbonaceous poison in the blood, throwing an extra work of elimination upon the weakened and already overtaxed lungs, which, unable to expel it, pass it along again in the circulation- only to debili- tate all the nutritive functions of the system. Therefore, in the great majority of cases, codliver oil in consumption means death. For the same reasons all other fats should be carefully adjusted to the condi- tions of the case. Coffee Cream.— Soak one-fourth of a box of gelatine in one-fourth of a cup cold water half an hour. Pour on one-half cup of boiling, strong coffee, to dissolve it; add one-half cup of sugar and strain. When cool and about the consistency of syrup, pour in 1£ cups of cream or \\ cups . of milk. Stir for about ten minutes and put in mold to harden. The gelatine is of so little nutritive value that its worth need not be esti- mated. The coffee is a nervous stimulant. The cream* and sugar have about half the fiber value of milk and yield 1,371 calories of heat, to which the gelatine and coffee will add somewhat. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION". 213- Coffee Syrup.— Make strong coffee with two tablespoons of the ground berry, a little white of egg and one cnp of boiling water. Sim- mer together one cup of sugar and a third of water five minutes, then add one-half cup of the coffee. Strain and bottle. The whole will yield about 900 calories of heat, the stimulating properties of the cof- fee, and an inappreciable quantity of fiber from the egg. Corn Coffee.— Common field corn, roasted as brown as possible without burning, ground coarsely and steeped like coffee. Add milk and sugar. Much more nutritious and less stimulating than coffee. Made quite strong, with cream and sugar it equals milk. Corn Meal Gruel.— Stir one cupful of corn meal into a paste with cold water and turn into a quart of boiling water and boil forty minutes. Salt. Richer than bread in fiber constituents and yields 825 calories. Cottage Clieese No. 1.— Tie in a cloth and drain clabbered milk. Hang in a cool place over night. Without special analysis, this would be rated as a fiber food as stronger than meat and approximating cheese, while rich also in fats. Cottage Cheese No. 2.— Heat sour milk. Pour off the whey and put curd in a bag and drip for six hours. Chop and salt. Work to con- sistency of soft butter adding cream and butter. Mold and put in a cool place. Eat w T hile fresh. The addition of cream and butter makes this one of the strongest foods in both fiber and fat constituents. Should be used sparingly except with great muscular exertion or very great exposure, and with little or no other foods having these elements in any considerable proportion. Cracker Gruel.— Mix one scant saltspoon of salt and one scant tea- spoon of sugar with two ounces of rolled soda cracker crumbs; then pour on one cup of boiling water, and one cup of milk, and simmer for two minutes. Five-eighths the fiber value of bread: yields 406 calories. Custard.— Three eggs well beaten, a quart of fresh milk, and an ounce of sugar, slightly baked. This gives 912 calories of heat and a fiber value 4.2. Custard, French.- Put into the bottom of the custard cups a tea- spoon of raspberry jam. Then with a tunnel pour custard in slowly. Bake twenty minutes. The jam, if firm, will not mix with the custard, and imparts a nice flavor. Slightly diminishing the fiber value of cus- tard, but increasing the number of calories to a small degree. Date Pudding.— Sprinkle in a buttered pudding dish half a cup- ful of dry crumbs wet with a little milk; cover with layer of dates, then another of bread crumbs moistened with milk. One quart of milk taken from fire when nearly boiling; add yokes of four eggs beaten with one-half cup of sugar; then the whites, stirring lightly. Return to the fire until it thickens. Add a Utile salt and half teaspoon 214 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. of vanilla. Put a spoonful of the custard upon the crumbs and bake. The quantities are too uncertain for a safe estimate of food-value, but it unites the qualities of a good custard with those of fruit. Demulcent Drink No. 1.— Mix two ounces of sugar of milk, eight ounces of white powdered sugar, and one ounce of powdered gum arabic together. Dissolve half an ounce of this in a pint of water. Makes a demulcent drink for use in bronchitis, pleurisy, or pneumo- nia, with considerable energy. Digestant No. 1 for fiber-foods.— Pepsin and dilute muriatic acid of each, two drams. Glycerine and cinnamon water of each, two ounces. Mix. Dose, a teaspoonful after each meal. Digestant No. 2 for force-foods.— Crushed malt three ounces, cold water half «*i pint. Mix and stand twelve hours. Filter through paper until clear. Prepare fresh, daily. One to two tablespoonfuls sipped along through the meal. Digestant No. 3.— Our liquid malt; one-half teaspoonful with meals. Dyspepsia Crackers.— Take good wheat to the mill and have it ground; sift out only the bran, leaving the middlings and flour together. This is wheat meal. Take wheat meal one quart; butter one tablespoon ful; water to make a very stiff dough. Beat this on a bread board with a rolling pin thirty minutes; then roll very thin, cut, prick, and bake in a quick oven. Upon the same basis as graham crackers, the fiber value is slightly in excess of bread, while they yield 2.050 calorics per pound. Eggs, Boiled.— Pour a pint of boiling water on each egg, the warmed dish standing on a thick woolen cloth, cover and stand six minutes. Mix yolk and white thoroughly, and if the stomach will digest it add one-half to three-fourths of an ounce of fresh butter to each egg. The eggs alone are in fiber value midway between bread and meat, and yield 720 calories per pound, or 60 each. If one-half ounce of butter be added it will give 238 calories to each egg. Egg Coffee.— To a cup of strong coffee add one-half cup hot milk, sweeten well and boil; then pour it over a well-beaten egg and serve at once. Has about 4.9 fiber value and yields nearly 243 calories. Egg Eemonade.— The juice of one lemon in one goblet of lemon- ade. Beat one egg to a froth and stir in and add pounded ice. Has the fiber value of the egg, and yields about 102 calories. Egg and Milk.— One raw egg stirred into one-half pint of milk is palatable and nourishing. Flavor with cinnamon, spice, vanilla. More nutritious than bread and yields 210 calories. Eggnog No. 1.— Scald and cool one tumbler of milk slightly- salted. Beat together one egg and one dessert spoonful of sugar and add one dessert spoonful of brandy and mix with the milk. The fiber element is about 5. per cent, and the calories 252. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 215 Eggnog No. 2.— Milk as in No. 1. Yolks of two eggs, two table- spoonfuls of sugar and one tablespoonful of brandy. Mix as in No. 1. The fiber in this is 4.3 and the calories are 396. The brandy is too strong for any but exceptional cases or very temporary use. Eggs, Scrambled.— Beat two eggs, a saltspoon of salt and a little pepper in a bowl until light ; add t wo tablespoons of sweet cream or rich milk, and set the bowl into a kettle of hot water, and stir constantly until it coagulates. Serve alone or with our (oast. Alone, this is mid- way between bread and meat in fiber elements, and yields 225 calories. If toast be added, see Toast. Egg Toast.— Mash up the yolk of a hard-boiled egg and spread on a slice of " Our Toast " with butter and salt. With one-third ounce of butter and two ounces of bread, and yolk estimated at one-half of an ounce we have 289 calories of heat, and fiber value about one-half more than bread. Elderberry Syrup.— Boil elderberries down with honey into a rich j>reserve. One teaspoonful in a glass of water makes a pleasant drink with a slightly stimulating effect upon the kidneys. Earina Gruel.— Salted, boiling water one pint. Stir in briskly one tablespoonful farina and simmer thirty-five minutes. While hot stir in a tablespoonful of cream or fruit cream. If the cream be used this has no fiber value, and yields but 233 calories of heat. If fruit cream be used, there is a trace of fiber element. Fig Pudding.— Chop together one pound of figs, one pound of fine bread crumbs. Add one pound chopped beef suet, one pound brown sugar, cup of milk and six eggs. Boil three hours and serve with eight ounces cream or liquid sauce. The fiber constituent is about 4.3 and the energy of the whole 5^ pounds is 5,569 calories, giving enough construction material and energy to support one man two days at moderate work. Fig Water.— Boil one-half pound of figs with half an ounce of gin- ger in two quarts of water until reduced to a pulp. Strain and bottle, or use at once. Has the food value of figs together with the carmina- tive, stimulating effect of the ginger. May be used in flatulence, and in cold states of the digestive tract. Fish.— When fresh is firm and hard and will rise at once when pressed with the finger. If the flesh is soft, eyes dull or sunken, gills pale, it is not fresh. With red blood is nutritious but not easily digested. Average fiber value is fifteen per cent., and calories per pound, 431. Fish, Boiled.— Select any white fish, fresh cod, for instance, two .pounds. Clean and put into a wire vegetable basket, drop the basket into a dish of boiling salted water, and let it simmer from fifteen min- 216 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. utes to three quarters of an hour according to the size of the fish. Do not allow it to boil rapidly as it will break. When done serve with drawn butter as follows : Simmer together two minutes four ounces of butter and two ounces of flour; then add, a little at a time, a pint of boiling water, or chicken broth, stir constantly. Makes enough for two pounds of fish. Season with parsley, grated yolks of hard-boiled eggs, few drops of lemon juice, bit each of cayenne and mustard and a few drops of onion juice. This will make a moderate meal for three persons, and will give to each (excluding chicken broth and eggs) a fiber value of about ten per cent, and 1,520 calories of heat. Fish, Broiled.— Small fish, as perch, young cod, etc., are excellent broiled. After washing and cleaning, split lengthwise, if thick, sprinkle over it salt and pepper, squeeze over it lemon juice, dip in melted butter and broil over clear coals, quickly at first, then very slowly, allowing ten minutes for each inch of thickness. Serve with butter or cream. Has the general nutritive constituent of fish, about ten per cent., and a force production of 431 calories per pound aug- mented by the cream or butter according to the quantity used. Fish, Creamed.— Cream some butter and season with salt, cayenne pepper, lemon juice and vinegar. A teaspoonfui of butter is enough for small fish with a speck of salt and pepper with teaspoonfui of vin- egar and lemon juice (half of each). Spread on the fish or serve sepa- rately. See Fish, for nutritive value, aside from the condiments which are too uncertain to be estimated. Fish, When in Season.— Cod, haddock, halibut, flounder and clams all the year; cusk and white fish in the winter; shad in spring; perch, spring and summer; salmon, May to September; bluefish, June to October; swordfish, July to September; smelts, September to March; and oysters, September to May. Flaxseed Lemonade.— Pour upon four tables poonfuls of whole flaxseed one quart of boiling water, cover and steep three hours. When cold add juice of two lemons and sweeten. Serve ice-cold as a demulcent drink. Flour Ball.— Mix one pound of flour, one teaspooonful of salt, one teaspoonfui of sugar of milk and four tablespoonfuls of cold water, and tie into a firm ball in a pudding bag and boil twelve hours. Hang up to drain. After twenty-four hours open and peel off the layer of • dough. Dry the hard solid ball in the sun or an open oven. Keep in a dry, cool place. Two or three teaspoonf uls shaved off and made into a paste with water, then stirred into a pint of scalded (not boiled) milk makes a very digestible and nutritious food The little of the flour ball used adds but very slightly to the fiber value of the milk, but its long exposure to heat has changed its starch, partially digesting it. and thus causing it to become a digestive ferment to the milk. FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 217 Fruits, How to Serve.— The beauty of fruit depends upon the man- ner in which it is put upon the table. This means even more to the sick than to the well. Apples.— Polish well, pile high, yellow and red together; serve with silver knife. Bana)ias should be heaped with oranges or grapes. Berries should be served without sugar as that draws out the juice and toughens them. G rapes.— Clip all unripe and unsound ones from the cluster. Ar- range the green and purple together upon some of the leaves or with oranges. Grape scissors are now frequently used. Melons.— Keep on ice for a few hours before using. Watermelons should be brought on the table entire, and cut across the middle. Nutmeg and Muskmelons should be cut lengthwise, seeds removed, and served with ice on each hemisphere, and with both salt and sugar. Peaches should be peeled thin and sliced. Reserve a few of the finest for a central dish, garnished with some of the leaves, as many prefer to pare their own. Pears. — Serve in a high dish with green leaves. Plums, purple and green gage, with a few sprays of nasturtium leaves and blossoms. Fruit 3Iiimte Pudding.— Scald a pint and a half of milk with one cup of sugar and turn over five tablespoons of flour previously mixed with half a pint of milk. Stir. Return to kettle and cook until it thickens. Take off and beat while cooling. When half cold, add one and one-half pounds sliced bananas, or any fruit. If made with bananas this will give a fiber constituent of about 3.2 per cent, and the whole will yield 3,782 calories of energy. Fruit Oatmeal Soup.— Soak one-half pound dates, figs or other dried fruit in one-half pint of milk until soft. Chop fine and stir into a quart of oatmeal porridge. The quart of porridge, fii»er 1.5, gives 460 calories to which the fruit and milk add enough to raise the fiber to about 5.7, and the calories to 1,100. Fruit Pudding.— Soak for half an hour a pint of stale bread crumbs in a quart of milk. Then stir in a cup of sugar and the yolks of three eggs beaten together. Mix in one teaspoonful of butter and beat all thoroughly together. At the last add the juice and grated rind of a lemon. Bake half an hour in moderate oven. Beat the whites of three eggs with as many tablespoons of sugar. Spread over the top with jelly, jam, or marmalade, or fresh fruit mashed and sweetened. Put in the oven and let it brown. Aside from the uncertain top-jam or fruit this affords less than bread in fiber constituents, and about 2,800 calories. 218 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Fruit Tapioca.— Wash one-half pint tapioca and soak one hour in two cupfuls of cold water. Boil in farina kettle until clear. Lay in pudding dish a pound of sliced fruit and three ounces of sugar and pour over it the tapioca. Bake one-half hour. Serve hot or cold with three ounces of cream or custard to taste. Omit the custard, and the fiber value is considerably less than one per cent., while its calories are 2,000. Making an almost pure force-food. Fruit Temperance Beverage.— Twelve lemons, one quart ripe raspberries, one pineapple, two pounds sugar, and three quarts of soft «eool water. Peel and squeeze the juice of the lemon over the peel; let it stand two hours, add the sugar; mash the berries with one-half pound of the sugar, cut the pineapple into thin slices and cover with sugar. Add the three quarts of water and strain. Not quite two- tenths of one per cent, of fiber element and 4,800 calories in the whole, or 200 per goblet. Fruit, Stewed.— Any sub-acid fruit, perfectly sound and ripe, stewed until soft in just enough water to soften it and sweetened with glycerine. May be eaten sometimes by the dyspeptic when sugar dis- agrees. Gluten Bread. — Mix a pint each of milk, and warm water; soak one-half of a yeast cake in a little warm water and add to it two eggs well beaten and mix with the milk and water. Stir in gluten flour to a soft dough and work into this a heaping teaspoonful (one ounce) of butter. Raise and bake in a quick oven. Estimating the flour at one pound of sixteen per cent, gluten, this will give a fiber value of about one and a half times that of wheat bread, and about 2,800 calories. There are special gluten meals that contain a much greater per cent, with corresponding yield of fiber element. Gluten bread is chiefly for dyspeptics and diabetics, because of its relatively small proportion of starch. Gluten Cake.— Mix thoroughly one cup of gluten flour, two table- spoonfuls butter, two of grated cheese, two of cream, the yolks of two eggs, half a teaspoonful of salt and a little nutmeg; roll out thin and bake in quick oven. This gives a little over fourteen per cent, of fiber element and only 774 calories. Gluten Gems.— Beat up one egg, add it to a pint of water salted; -sufficient gluten flour (say eight ounces) to make a thin dough; mix with the dry flour a tablespoonful of baking powder; add the egg water and a small tablespoonful of butter (two ounces); stir, bake in quick oven. A little over twelve and a half per cent, of fiber and 720 calories. Grape Juice, No. 1.— Put into a kettle, with a little water, grapes not too ripe, and scald slowly. Drain over night. Express the juice FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION, 219 arc! drain again; then bcil the juice, skimming frequently, and sweeten to taste; bottle full and cork tightly, as it cools, press down the corks so there is no space between the cork and the juice. If there is, scald, bottle and cork as before. Too indetimte to be estimated. Grape Juice, No. 2.— Put in a double boiler one quart of washed Isabella, Concord, or Black Hamburg grapes, with water to just cover. Heat slowly until soft, then hang in a pointed bag until the juice all drips cut without squeezing. To each quart of juice add one cup of sugar and keep hot, but below boiling, one hour. Poui into scalded bottles, seal with wax and keep cool. Number 2 has about a half of one per cent, of fiber and 1,610 calories. Gruels, if made with over four to five per cent, of cereal flour, become too thick and pasty, and if of this strength, only contain one- half of one per cent, of fiber material, and about 5 to 6 calories per ounce Gruel, Fortified.— Make a gruel by stirring an ounce of flour slowly into a pint and a half of salted water. Cook one-half hour. •Cool. Add one to two tablespoonfuls of malt infusion and an equal quantity of milk or beef tea. This adds to the gruel the strength of the milk or beef tea, and partly predigests it, thus making a very good dish for those who are confined to the bed, but insufficient for the active. Gum Arabic, dissolved and flavored with sugar, is a demulcent drink, that also furnishes enough calories of heat to make it desirable in some diseased conditions. Honey Tea.— Boil a tablespoonful of honey in a pint of water fif- teen to twenty minutes Cool and strain. Honey has about the nutri- tive value of good syrup. Jelly.— Three-fourths of a pound of sugar to a pint of well-cooked juice. About four-tenths of one per cent, of fiber element and 2,01)1 calories. Jelly Water.— One tablespoonful ot any jelly, stirred into one glass i ice water until mixed. Kefir. — About same as homemade koumiss, with the exception that the kefir fungus is used to start the fermentation, instead of the yeast cake. Koumiss, Homemade.— A number of clean, stout, quart bottles- Put into each one-seventh of a cake of compressed yeast, one table- spoonful granulated sugar, and two of hot water, and shake till the yeast is dissolved, then add 1\ pints fresh milk and stir constantly while being brought to a blood heat. Cork tightly and tie on; shake, lay on sides, and keep at a temperature not lower than 75° three to five days, turning daily. When it looks thick and smooth put on ice for 220 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. twenty-four hours. Draw with champagne-tap, or uncork cautiously, as it will fly. This has a fiber value of 2.04 per-cent., and yields 190 cal- ories per pound. A very insufficient food for any out-of-bed condi- tions, and to be relied upon even in bed only temporarily, or as adjunct to other foods on account of its carbonic acid being so acceptable to the stomach. Lemonade.- Wipe two lemons and peel off the outer rind, but none of the white of the rind. Now peel off and throw away the white. Cut lemons into thin slices, seed; i>nt the slices and the rind of one lemon into a pitcher with a tablespoonf ul of sugar, pour on 1£ pints of boil- ing water and stand on ice till cold. Strain. This has less than a quarter of one percent, fiber and yields about 200 calories. Lemonade Barley is lemonade with one teaspoonful of barley Hour added to the goblet, the flour having been previously boiled fifteen minutes in just enough water to keep it from being a thick paste. This adds to the lemonade one-fourth of an ounce of barley to each eight ounces, giving a little over one per cent, of fiber, and raising the calories to 225. Lemonade Cream.— Beat white of an egg to a froth, add strained juice of one lemon and three teaspoon fills of powdered sugar; beat well, and pour into a tumbler half full of chopped ice, and add four tablespoonf uls of fresh cream. Nearly 1| per cent, fiber and 600 calories. Lemonade, Egg.— To a goblet of lemonade add an egg beaten to a froth, and a little pounded ice. Has the nutritive value of the egg with the acid of the lemon. Lemonade, Elm.— Use elm instead of gum and proceed as for gum- lemonade. Lemonade, Flaxseed.— Pour one quart of boiling water on four tablespoonfuls of whole flaxseed and steep three hours. To each gob- let of lemonade add the jalce of one lemon and a goblet of the flaxseed water, and give in portions ice cold. Similar to lemonade-gum, but stronger of acid. Lemonade-Gum.— Gum arabic four teaspoons, hot water one pint r stand on stove until dissolved. Then, to each goblet of gum water, add a goblet of lemonade. Use cold. A demulcent acid drink suitable to feverish conditions with a local irritation of throat or stomach. Lemonade, Hot.— Boiling water one-half pint, lemon juice two tablespoonfuls, sugar one tablespoon ful, red pepper just enough to taste well, and drink hot when not liable to exposure soon. Limed Milk.— One tablespoon ful of lime water, one tablespoonf ul of cream, five tablespoonfuls of milk. This preparation simply dilutes the milk one-sixth without increasing the proportion of lime; in fact, slightly diminishing it (see Lime Water), and adds one-seventh of FOODS, AND THEIK PREPARATION. 221 cream, thus raising the fiber element about four-tenths of one per cent, and almost doubles the fat, yielding, instead of the milk equivalent of 310, about 600 calories. Liine Water.— Put a piece of unslaked lime, size of an egg, into a quart bottle of rain water. Stand twelve hours. Pour off the clear water for use, and refill as long as the lime lasts. This is the saturated solution usually ordered for children and contains but 1.3 grams of lime per pint, while milk contains 1.7. (Bimge). To mix this with milk as an ant. acid or to supply the mineral is equally useless. If the latter be the object, and the milk be poor or wanting, give the yolk of egg instead. Linseed Tea.— On one ounce of bruised linseed and one-half ounce of sliced licorice root pour one quart boiling water. Cover and set near the fire two hours. Strain through muslin; flavor with sliced lemon and sugar candy. One to two tablespoonfuls as necessary. This is a slightly nutritious demulcent preparation of service in irrita- ble conditions of the respiratory tract, when the diet otherwise affords sufficient fiber elements. Malt and Milk.— Ground malt four tablespoonfuls, boiled ten min- utes in a pint of water. Pour off and add a pint of new milk. Its value as a food is about that of milk as the malt adds only a little starch element, and partly predigests the milk. Broiled Chopped Meat.— Reduce to a pulp, first removing the skin, connective tissue, gristle, etc. Make lightly into a cake. Heat frying pan very hot and place upon it without water or grease, and allow to remain until the surface is seared over; then turn. When this side is seared also set back, cover until the red color of the meat changes to a drab. Season with fresh butter and a little salt. This furnishes a fiber and fat diet excluding the force constituents altogether. It is not properly a sick diet, but is well adapted to furnish strength in active conditions, and is often curative in dyspepsia, liver complaint, etc., by reason of its simplicity. Meat Infusion.— Mince the breast of chicken, add half its weight of water, stand two hours and press through cloth. Flavor with lemon, or with extract of meat. Has the value of other meat extracts sub- stantially. Not to be depended upon for subsistence. 3Iilk.— Is safest taken after it has been scalded, and in the main, is then more easily digested than uncooked. The invalid may, at first, take a quarter of a pint at a meal, increasing the amount until after considerable exercise is taken, when a pint may be used at each meal. A pint of milk is as nutritious as, or even more than, six ounces of lean beef or mutton. (Densmore.) Should not be boiled. 3Iilk Diet.— Divide the day into even periods, say six, and at each period drink one-third of a pint of fresh milk. Increase each day until 222 THE SECRET OE HEALTH. five or six quarts are taken daily. Increase the number of periods for the larger quantity, so as not to take more than one-half pint at a time. Take it cold or warm but it must not be boiled, and nothing else must be eaten. For variety, clabbered milk may be taken part of the time, Many times those who are unable to take solid food, and who, in health, are unable to digest milk, can take it in this way in any quan- tity, as it passes directly through the stomach and is digested in the duodenum. (Roberts.) Milk Gruel, Peptonized.— Add to hot milk gruel an equal quantity of cold milk, and to each pint of the mixture two teaspooniuls of liqour pancreaticus or its equivalent, and twenty grains of bicarbonate of soda. Set in a warm place two to three hours, raise to boiling point and strain. In ursemic vomiting, gastric catarrh, cardiac disease, per- nicious anaemia, gastric ulcer and pyloric and intestinal obstruction peptonized milk gruel is of especial value. (Roberts.) Milk, Peptonized.— Dilute a pint of milk with one-half pint of lime water, or with one-half pint of water containing twenty grains of bicarbonate of soda. If in the winter slightly warm the ingredients. Add three teaspoonfuls of liquor pancreaticus, or an equivalent in other pancreatic extract, and set aside in a jug for three or four hours. Then use at once, or boil a moment, so as to stop the process of digestion. Milk Punch.— One goblet of milk sweetened to taste, two dessert spoonfuls of brandy, stir well and season with nutmeg if desired. This quantity of brandy may be allowed as an emergency supply, but is more than double what should be used if the punch is taken every two or three hours. See Alcohol. Milk Substitute No, 1.— For digestive troubles of infancy when milk cannot be tolerated. A strong gruel predigested with malt infu- sion mixed with an equal volume of beef tea or other meat decoction. (Roberts.) Should not be used in the first eight or ten months of a child's life, as its starch element is too strong even though partly digested. Milk Substitute No, 2.— Soak two tablespoons of washed barley half an hour in a little lukewarm water, and stir into two cups of salted boiling water. Simmer one hour, stirring of ten. Sweeten and strain. Should be used with the same caution as No. 1. Milk Substitute No, 3,— One pound of raw beef , chopped fine, in a bottle with one pint of water and five drops of muriatic acid. Stand on ice twelve hours. Stand in a pan of water at 110 F. two hours. Strain with pressure and salt. Add a flavor of cinnamon, celery or pepper. Much more stimulating than either of the others, but must not be relied upon to sustain life during long periods. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 223 3Iilk Thickened.— Stir flour into cold milk to a thick paste, then stir the paste into boiling milk until thoroughly cooked, and salt to taste. Has a nutritious value between milk and bread, and is excellent in bowel complaint of adults or children. Mustard Dressing,— Boil one heaping tablespoon of butter, or beef fat, and add one tablespoon of flour; stir. Gradually add a pint of water, teaspoon of salt and a fourth of a teaspoon of pepper. Add a little mustard. Or, half teaspoon of beef fat can be used and one-half teaspoon of butter, cut in small pieces. Mntton Broth No. 1.— Take one pound of mutton, without fat, cut into thin slices. Pour over it one quart of cold water, let it simmer one hour and boil one hour. Stir. Strain and season. Belongs to the beef tea and meat extract varieties of food. Stimulating from its large proportion of mineral salts, but having no fiber element. Mutton Broth No. 2.— One pound of mutton from the neck, or bet- ter, the loin, one quart cold water, and teaspoon of chopped onion Remove tough skin, fat and all membranes, and cut meat into small pieces. Put all into saucepan and simmer three hours , strain out the meat, dip off the fat with a spoon, remove small particles with paper: season with salt and pepper Serve hot with toasted cracker. This gives zest to the crackers, which constitute the real nourishment of the meal and as far as they go, are about half as strong again as bread. The onion amounts to little more than flavoring. Nut and Fruit Pudding (Densmore's).-- A pound of shelled Brazil nuts, or walnuts, or filberts, or hazelnuts, may be added to a pound of dates, a pound of dried figs and a pound of raisins; the dried fruit well washed, sliced thin; stones removed from the dates, the nuts are also better sliced. Mix in a pudding dish, and cover with enough water to give the desired consistency to the pudding after baking two hours, or, the jar may be placed in boiling water and the water kept boiling two and a half or three hours. A portion of this pudding may be eaten with the more acid fruits, well ripened. If it be desired to eat only a small portion of the pudding and more of the fruit, it may be made with double the quantity of nuts, and thus the needed amount of oil can be obtained with a smaller bulk of pudding. This pudding made with one pound of hazelnuts and the dried fruits, gives 5,829 calories, or 1,457 per pound of ingredients besides water. About equal to fat beef flank Nutritive Enema and Embrocation No. 1,— One grain pure Papoid dissolved in one ounce of water (tw T o tablespoonfuls; mix six ounces of raw lean beef, chopped fine, keep two hours at a temperature of 130 degrees. Strain through cheese cloth, and add a little boiled water. If desired, five per cent, of brandy may be added. Use as an embroca- tion when absorption is wanted. 224 THE SECRET OE HEALTH. Nutritive Enema No. 2.— To equal parts of Milk Gruel and Beef Tea (stimulating) add a dessert spoonful of liquor pancreaticus, or its equivalent, and administer immediately. Nutritive Enema No. 3.— A tablespoon ful of Beef Pulp, one of Cof- fee Syrup, and two of sweet cream with a dessert spoonful of liquor pancreaticus. Oatmeal and Fruit.— Over one-half pint of oatmeal mush lay half a, pound of sliced fruit, bananas, oranges, peaches, etc., and over that pour four ounces (one-half cup) of cream and sprinkle on an ounce of pulverized sugar. Nearly the same as milk in fiber, and yields about 1,000 calories. Oatmeal Gruel.— Make a smooth paste with two tablespoonfuls of oatmeal and same of water. Stir m a pint of boiling water; boil half an hour. Salt, and strain through muslin. If too thick, thin with milk. Without milk its fiber value is a little less than two per cent., and its calories 230. Oatmeal Mush.— Boil in a double boiler five hours, one-half cup (four ounces) of oatmeal with one-half teaspoon of salt, with one pint of boiling water. Put upper vessel on stove for two minutes to start boiling. Serve with cream or jelly. If rolled oats are used three hours is sufficient to cook them. Estimating twelve ounces of the food, its fiber will be five per cent and its calories 460, aside from cream or jelly. Oatmeal Porridge.— Mix two ounces of oatmeal with small teacup of cold water until of uniform consistence Pour over it one pint boil- ing water. Boil, and stir for forty minutes It is now ready for use or can be kept simmering, adding more water as needed. Its fiber value is about 1.5 per cent., and it gives 230 calories. Oatmeal Porridge (thick).— Put two quarts of boiling water, salt, and six ounces of oatmeal into a farina kettle. Cover and boil one hour. Do not stir Eat hot with six ounces of sweet cream. Assum- ing that the porridge equals three pounds, its fiber value is nearly two per cent., its calories 690, which are raised by the cream to over 1,400 Oatmeal Pudding.— Take two pounds oatmeal porridge, add yokes of four eggs, three ounces of sugar, salt and lemon, and the whites of the eggs, well beaten. Bake one hour. Serve with five ounces of sweet cream. This gives a fiber percentage of about three per cent, and 4,842 calories ; that is in fiber nearly equaling milk, and in calories nearly four times as much as bread. Oatmeal Tea.— On a tablespoonf ul of oatmeal pour a pint of boil- ing water, sweeten with honey and flavor with lemon-rind, cut thin. Stir and stand till cool. Warm for drinking if desired. Before the addition of the honey its fiber value is one per cent., and its calories 115. FOODS ; AND THEm PREPARATION. 225 Oatmeal Water.— Stir a tablespoonful of oatmeal into a goblet of yroM water and stand an hour. Strain and drink cold. Fiber. value two per cent., calories 115. Orange Cream. — Squeeze the juice and pulp of three oranges into a bowl. Add the juice of half a lemon, three ounces of sugar, one and a half pints of cold water; boil and strain. Dissolve two tablespoon- r fills of corn starch in a little cold water; add to the juices; let it boil fifteen minutes to cook the corn starch. When cold, beat up the whites of three eggs to a foam and whip it into the corn starch. The liber element is but a fraction of one per cent., and the whole quantity yields less than a thousand calories, so that in small portions it is rather a pleasant amusement than a diet. Orange Sherbet. — To every quart of water add juice of four oran- ges and juice of two lemons. When nearly frozen stir in t lie beaten whites of three eggs. An albuminous food, with good sustaining prop- erties, when an acidulated fiber food is required in fluid form. But it should always be remembered that, in drinks, the food elements are greatly diluted. Our Coffee No. 1,— A favorite-mix is two-thirds Java and one-third Mocha. Should be ground just before needed. For a pot of coffee use one heaped tablespoon to a cup of water. Add a little yolk or white of an egg to the grounds, diluted with a spoonful of water. Mix thor- oughly, then pour on boiling water and simmer for five minutes, and steep ten minutes more. Should be served at once. A nervous stimu- lant. Our Coffee No. 2.— A tablespoonful of coffee soaked over night in one-half cup of cold water. Heat almost to boiling, add one-half cup of boiling water, and set back five minutes. Stir in one-half of the mixed white and yolk of one egg. Settle, and serve with one-half cup of scalded milk and loaf sugar. A nervous stimulant to which is added by the egg, milk and sugar about 100 calories of heat, and a fiber value over half bread. Oyster Broth No. 1. — Chop eight fresh oysters fine, and put into a saucepan with a cup of cold water. Slowly heat to boiling, and sim- mer five minutes: strain, flavor with salt, and serve hot. Supposing this to make seven-eighths of a pint, its food value as compared with milk is, fiber about one-third less and calories 85. While not the equal of milk in sustaining or heat-generating power it is a pleasant and appetizing variety for totally inactive conditions. Oyster Broth No. 2.— Oyster Broth No. 1 eaten with buttered toast (see B. T.). This adds to the nourishment of the broth 136 calories for each ounce of toast, and is subject to the same restriction as that toast but in a less degree. 15 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Oysters, Creamed.— Clean a pint of oysters and dry on a napkin „ then spread on a plate and season with salt, pepper, and a suspicion of cayenne. Make a rich cream sauce of one pint of cream, one even tablespoon (one ounce) of butter, and two tablespoons of flour. After cooking, pour over the seasoned oyster and bake ten or fifteen min- utes. This cooks, but does not harden the oyster. The mixing of oyster and sauce should be done quickly so that the sauce may not become cold before being put in the oven. Also requires more time for cooking. This gives a fiber food somewhat stronger than milk, and heat production nearly three times as great; being for the whole, 1,588 calories requiring about eighty-two pints of oxygen for its com- plete transmutation. Oysters, Broiled.— Drain large oysters on a cloth, and turn from one side to the other to make as dry as possible. Soften some butter, and season some cracker crumbs with salt and pepper. Then, holding each oyster, dip into the crumbs, then the melted butter, then the crumbs. Arrange on an oyster broiler and broil over hot fire for about two minutes. Turn the broiler frequently. Should not be shriveled, but soft, plump, tender and juicy. In fiber constituent midway be- tween milk and bread; fats and calories uncertain because of the variable quantity of butter and crumbs, but probably about midway between bread and meat. Unfit for feeble digestion. Oyster Stew.— One-third of a teacup of oyster liquor in a stewpau with half as much water; salt and pepper, and add one teaspoon of rolled cracker. Have ten oysters ready, and the instant the liquor begins to boil pour in the oysters, aud as soon as it begins to boil again count thirty seconds and pour immediately into one and a half table- spoonfuls (| ounce) of cold milk, and serve. Supposing the oysters of the same size as in Oyster Broth No. 1, the whole product will give about 160 calories, and is somewhat richer in fiber than is Oyster Broth No. 1. Oysters, Roasted.— Place twelve oysters in the shell upon the fire until the shells open a little. Take off, open, retaining juice; serve hot with pepper and salt. If the "hard part" is at all tough, do not eat it. Delicate, digestible, and of the nutritious value of oysters. Peach Bread Pudding. — Pour boiling water on a pint (eight ounces) of fine stale bread or cracker crumbs, with a small tablespoon of butter (one ounce). When thoroughly soaked, stir in two well- beaten eggs and half cup of sugar. Put first a layer of batter, then of peaches and sugar, until full. Eat with cream, four ounces. Peaches two pounds. This gives about three per cent, fiber constituent and 2,200 calories. Peach Foam.— Peel and cut ripe peaches into small pieces so the v e will be a cupful when done (eight ounces). Beat for half an hour with FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 327 lialf cup of powdered sugar and white of one egg. This gives about 1.& per cent, of fiber and 600 calories. Pie Crust, Hygienic, No. 1.— Mix equal quantities of graham and white flour together with cream, ir the proportion of three cups of flour to one scant cup of cream, tetir rapidly and lightly. Without kneading, set in a cool place half an hour before rolling out. Two tea- spoons of baking powder will make the crust lighter. In that case roll and bake at once. Pie Crust, Hygienic, No. 2,— Take equal quantities of white pastry flour, Indian and oatmeal, and wet with cream as above directed. Roll very thin. No. 1 has about 9 per cent, fiber and produces 3,077 cal- ories. No-2 has 9.3 per cent, of fiber and 3,143 calories. Peach Paste.— Pare half a peck of peaches, weigh them, and to each pound allow a quarter of a pound of sugar. Stew slowly. When cooked dry enough to spread in a thick paste, spread over a buttered board, and stand in the sun to dry; if necessary, put it out the second day. When dry, so that it does not stick, roll up like leather amd keep in a dry place. The sugar will add 450 calories to the 250 of each pound of the uncooked fruit, making 700 each. The condensation by drying it is difficult to estimate, but is not less than three-fourths, which would give the dried article a heating power of 2,800 calories, more than double that of bread, and a fiber element of about two per cent., or more than half that of milk. Peach Pie, Deep. —Fill dish with two quarts ripe, peeled peaches, leaving - in pits to increase the flavor. Fill half full with cold water, sprinkle in eight ounces sugar, and cover with a light paste of Pie Crust, Hygienic, No. 1, rolled to twice the thickness used for pies. Bake in a slow oven three-fourths' of an hour. Eat with cream, half pint. Sup- posing the water to measure one pint and the crust to weigh two pounds, the fiber element will be about 5.3 and the calories of the whole 5,579. Pomarius.— Filter new cider through flannel bag and heat until it begins to thicken. Finish drying in shallow dishes till it is of the con- sistency of jelly and about one-tenth of its first measure. Pack in glass or earthen, and it will keep during the summer. May be diluted for sauces or beverages. Potatoes, Creamed.— Cut boiled potatoes in half-inch dice, put in a pan with salt and pepper, and pour on milk until even with the sur- face of the potato. Simmer until all the milk is absorbed. For every pint of potatoes make a pint of white sauce, season with a saltsooon of salt and teaspoon of chopped parsley. Chopped onion may be used. Supposing eight ounces each of potatoes and milk to constitute the above ingredients, the fiber element will be 7.5, and the calories for the whole 1,078. 228 ; Til^ S1GEET: OP HEALTH. v White Sauce.-— Butter two ounces, two ounces fiouiv Cream thsm r and pour a cup of boiling water over them. Fiber element two per ^ent., calories 658. ..--.-. . Pudding, Strawberry.— Make a jam by mashing one quart fresh strawberries and sweeten to taste, say four ounces of sugar. Spread slices of wheat bread (one pound) with it, and pile one above the other in a pudding dish.. Pour over thin cream, one pint, to moisten well, and cut into pieces. Custard may be used in place of the cream. The fiber constituent of this pudding is 3.8, while the whole yields 3,286 cal- ories.— enough for three hearty meals at light labor for a woman. A Puree,— A tablespoon fui or two of water or bouillon in a sauce- pan over a fire, add chopped meat, stirring it until the red color has given place to a drab; season with salt and butter. One, two, three, or tour ounces of this meat should be given to the patient at a meal, its strength may warrant and stomach allow. No food when there is no appetite, and none after appetite has been satisfied. Raspberry Shortcake.— Rub three tablespoons (six ounces) of but- ter or lard into a quart of flour, sifted with three teaspoons of baking powder until it is fine, then add milk until it is as soft as can be rolled out. Handle as little as possible. Make about one-half inch thick, bake, and invert the bottom of the cake for the layer of berries. Pile them on an inch thick with bits of butter, dredge with sugar and put over them another layer like the first. Pour over whipped cream, or, in place of it, use a sauce made by creaming together three times as much sugar as butter. Then add an egg, and stir in, slowly, half a cup of rich milk. A delicious dish of which only those with strong diges- tion should partake, or, if the dyspeptic does indulge, it should be the sole food for that meal. Raspberry Syrup.— Six pounds of raspberries, one quart of water, and two and one-half drams of citric (or tartaric) acid, stand twenty- four hours. Strain without bruising the fruit, and to each, pint of the •juice add one and a half pounds of sugar and stir till dissolved. After a few days bottle securely. Makes a pleasant drink, or flavoring. Raw Diet No. 1.— Bovinine, oysters, lettuce, tomatoes, cabbage, fruits. Raw Diet No. 2.— Beef pulp, milk, fruits. Raw Diet No. 3.— Bovinine, milk, raw eggs. Raw Diet No. 4.— Fruits, nuts, milk. RaAv Diet No. 5.— Grapes, cereals. Raw Diet No. 6.— Bovinine. Raw Diet No, 7,— Mosquera's beef meal. The food value of all these will depend upon their combinations, and can be learned under the several articles named. FOODS; 1XD THEIR PREPARATION. %%& '■ '"■ Restorative Jelly.— Put one-half box of gelatine, one cup of port wine, and two cloves, and a half -inch square of cinnamon into a double boiler. &:t on the fire and when the gelatine is dissolved put in one tablespoonful of powdered gum arabic, two tablespoonfuls of lemon juice, and three tablespoonfuls of sugar. Stir thoroughly ; strain, and put into mold an inch thick. Cut in cubes; served two or three at a time: to be held in the mouth until melted. An aromatic stimulant, grateful to the stomach in certain conditions of weakness, affording a fair degree of energy, but not to be relied upon to replace wornout fiber. Rice, Boiled, — Boil in sufficient water to cover it, for one hour. Season with salt or butter, and serve with milk, or plain. If cooked properly, until the grains are soft, it is an excellent dish in bowel dis- eases. If the grain can be felt it is not done* Will support a life of no great activity, but needs to be combined with some strong fiber food for ordinary consumption. Rice Bread.— Make a sponge of one quart of warm water, one tea- cupful of yeast, one tablespoonfnl of sugar, two tablespoonfuls of lard and one quart of white flour. Beat, and in about five hours, when it has risen, add three pints of warm milk, and three teacupfuls of rice- flour wet to a thin paste with cold milk, and boil four minutes as you would starch. Should be a little more than lukewarm when stirred into the batter. If not thick enough to make into dough, add a little wheat flour. Knead and treat as wheat bread. This has about one per cent, less fiber than bread, but adds considerably to its heat production. Rice Gruel.— Boiling milk, one pint; ground rice, one tablespoon- fnl; wet the rice with cold milk, making a smooth paste, and stir into the boiling milk. Boil for ten or fifteen minutes and salt. Stir well for it will burn easily. About one-half of one per cent, stronger in fiber element than milk, and the whole yielding over 400 calories. Rice Milk No. 1.— Wet two tablespoonfuls of rice flour in cold milk and stir into two cups of boiling milk and boil ten minutes, stirring constantly. Sugar, one ounce, and eat warm with one ounce of cream, or fruit cream. A little over one per cent, stronger than milk in fiber constituent, and yields about 700 calories. Rice Milk No. 2.— Boil a tablespoonful of rice for an hour and a half in a pint of fresh milk. Rub through a fine sieve. Add a table- spoonful of white sugar and boil again for two or three minutes. Sup- posing the product to be reduced by the boiling to twelve ounces, we have about five per cent, fiber and 524 calories. Rice Water.— An ounce of well-washed rice soaked three hours in a pint of tepid water, then slowly boiled an hour. Add salt, sugar, or 230 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. nutmeg. About one per cent, of fiber, and 100 calories in the whole without sugar. A good drink in bowel diseases. Rusk.— Toast, .without burning, dry crusts of bread in a moderate oven until brown. When cold, pound in a mortar or grind fine in a coffee mill until reduced to a coarse meal. Eat with milk or cream. Sweeten if desired. Has the value of the milk or cream, plus the bread contained. An excellent light dish for warm weather for those with whom milk agrees. Smoked-beef Broth.— Cover one-half pound chipped beef with one, pint cold water in a double boiler. Simmer one hour. Add one pint of sweet milk that has simmered in another vessel; strain, and season. This affords, if not much concentrated by boiling, about 7.5 per cent, of fiber, and 720 calories for the whole. Strawberries and Whipped Cream. — Sift two ounces powdered sugar over a pint of hulled strawberries alternating, first the berries then the sugar, until the dish is full. Should be done before they are served. Pour over them a cup of whipped cream with the whites of two eggs and one tablespoonful of powdered sugar. This gives about the fiber strength of milk with nearly three times its energy, so that it will support far more active exertions than milk can. Tamarind Water.— Stir one tablespoonful of tamarinds into a gob- let of ice water, add a teaspoonful of sugar; strain, and drink cold. A pleasant acid drink in fevers. Tapioca Jelly.— Put in a two-quart dish, one cup of tapioca with water to cover it, and soak four hours. Put the dish into a saucepan of boiling water. If too thick pour more warm water over it. Boil and stir frequently. When clear, add juice of a lemon and sweeten to taste. Put in molds. Eat cold with cream, flavored to suit. Tapioca is, substantially, pure starch, and the addition of the sugar only increases its power of heat production. It is a dish on which child or man would starve if restricted to it alone. Good in small quantities with foods rich in fiber, but is unfit for feverish conditions, and for dyspepsias with fermentive flatulence, and for rheumatics with the uric acid tendency. Tea, Our.— Best black tea one heaping teaspoonful. Boiling, soft water, one cupful. Infuse three minutes in a covered earthen pot, previously heated, and pour off, and keep covered till used. Exhila- rating, socializing, and used at the end ofa meal of solids, not so strong as to affect the nerves, beneficial. Toast, Our.— Stale bread cut about one-fourth of an inch thick, and held just near enough to the fire to dry it through, then brought close enough to give a delicate straw color; this is toast, digestible and enjoyable, with much of its starch turned by heat into glucose. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 231 Sprinkle with a little salt, and butter after it reaches the invalid's plate. With the salt, less butter will be desired. Has the nutritive value of the bread partly predigested, plus the energy contributed by the butter. Toast Water No. 1,— Three slices of " Our Toast" broken into a pint bowl. Cover with cold water and soak an hour, then squeeze out, and serve cold with cream and sugar, or with fruit cream, or acidulated with lemon juice. Toast Water No. 2.— As above, except boiling water is used. Both are slightly nutritious but chiefly valuable as an agreeable drink in -sickness. Toinato Soup.— Peel and cut into small pieces six good-sized toma- toes (say 24 ounces); put m a pan with a quart of water, boil until ten- der; season with salt and pepper. Stir into the water half a teaspoon- ful of baking soda. Lift from the stove when stirring in the soda, or it will run over. Boil again and add a pint of sweet milk. Pour over one-half pound broken crackers. Excellent dish for convalescents and may be used in all cases except where there is a tendency to looseness of the bowels. Its fiber element is about three per cent., and it yields 1,450 calories as a whole. Unferinented Bread.— One ounce of bicarbonate of soda (baking soda) and one-quarter of au ounce of salt. Mix with four pounds of flour. Mix this with a quart of cold water containing half a fluid ounce of muriatic acid : make a thin dough with as little kneading as possible ; put in the oven without delay. Requires longer time for baking than it lakes for fermented bread. Has about the nutritive elements of wheat bread, and is better in fermentive states of the digestive organs. Unleavened Wafers.— Mix good, dry flour, little salt, to a stiff lough with milk. Roll thin. Cut into round cakes and roll again as thin as letter paper. Bake quickly. May be mixed with water. Easily digested, and fill an important place in the dyspeptic's dietary. Has the nutritious value of good bread made with milk. Wine Whey.— Bring to a boil, one pint of milk. Pour on one-half a gill of sour wine; let it simmer, and skim off the curd which rises. After a few minutes pour in another half gill of wine, skim the remaining curd, and add one teaspoonful of sugar, and when cold is ready for use. Good in fevers where its 300 calories of energy are not objectionable. Whisky Drink.— Whisky diluted to the taste with water. Allow- ing two ounces of whisky, at 50 per cent, alcohol, this will give 217 calories to each drink, with no fiber element. m§'' the secret of health, infant's- foods. Infants, — from birth to near the end of the second year. Some facts of prime importance should precede the discussion of this subject. Dr. W. R. Pritchard is authority for the statement that, in 1886, 500,000 children under five years of age died in the United States, and that more than 333,000 of them died in consequence of improper feeding. That year was not exceptionally fatal. Look at the appalling fact! Since that year more than two million children, under five years,, have died in the United States from improper feeding ! More lives than were lost by all the armies of the Union and the Confederacy during the entire four years' war of the Rebellion. Said Sir C. Clark, the eminent London surgeon, 4i The igno- rance of mothers in feeding their children is worth a thousand pounds ($5,000) a year to me." This ignorance is chiefly as regards proper substitutes for mother's milk, although the time of feeding and the quantity furnished are of great importance. Cow's Milk. — The first substitute usually thought of i^ cow's milk. Cow's milk contains more albuminous matter, and mineral constituents, and less fat and sugar than human milk, and is acid, while mother's milk is alkaline. A gallon contains seven pints of water and one pound of solid matter. The casein of cow's milk forms a hard, insoluble curd in the stomach of the infant. The calf has four stomachs, and exer- cises the day it is born and grows rapidly, is therefore in need of the extra fiber element, and capable of digesting the tough casein of cow's milk ; but it is not appropriate for the babe. Nature has prepared human milk for the infant, in which the casein is light and flocculent, and will not form into hard and indigestible curds in the stomach like the casein of cow's milk. The fact that rugged, country-born infants often thrive on cow's milk is no proof of its general adaptation to the needs- of infancy, particularly in cities. "The albuminoids in woman's milk are only about one- half the amount of those contained in cow's milk ; but the amount of albumen — that part of the albuminoids readily FOODS, AHD THEIK PREPARATION. 233 digestible and not coaguable by acids— is, in woman's milk, nearly double that in cow's milk ; while in cow's milk the caseine— that portion of the albuminoids difficult of digestion and coagulable by acids — is nearly fivefold greater than in woman's milk." These are differences of immense signifi- cance. Starch Foods. — The next substitute usually sought is some form of starch. But under about six to ten months the infant has no salivary ferment with which to digest starch ; therefore, indigestion niuGt result, with its consequent pain and bowel derangements. It is true that Dr. Christopher claims that all the ferments of the child are capable of digesting starch, but his admission that starch food is not proper as a continuous diet for the young child, robs his assertion of alL value, if quoted in favor of starch as an element of its food. There are a few fundamental principles to be observed in the production of a substitute for mother's milk, namely : 1. Human Milk is the Correct Standard.— Dr. A. V. Meigs has made a series of very carefully-conducted analyses, ten in number, comprising the milk of forty-three mothers, in which he has reached conclusions differing from all others. His reasoning in support of the claim that all oth- ers had followed defective methods does not seem decisive, yet his conclusions cannot be ignored. There is no dispute as to* the amount of water and fats in human milk. There is diver- sity of opinions about the amounts of fiber constituent and sugar. There is about the same range of variation between the total amounts of sugar and fiber element. L. 'Heritier found a difference between the fiber constituents of blonds and bru- nettes of six-tenths of one per cent., by the same methods of analyses. A. V. Meigs, himself, found a difference by his method between the milk of different women of over one-half of one per cent. The average of all analyses at hand (over 100) gives 2.3 per cent, of fiber element. Meigs claims that 1 is the correct fig- ure. It is evident, therefore, that from 1. to 2.3 is the range 234 THE SEOBET OF HEALTH. of variation. Enduring vitality unquestionably depends upon a sufficiency of the fiber element ; therefore, any food that does not contain one per cent, of that should be rejected at once, whatever may be its excellences in other respects. The fat and force elements may impart a seeming plumpness, the delusion of which is very apt to fade away before the ordinary diseases of childhood. Composition of Human Milk, — Allowing what may be termed a variable average obtained by comparison of the general average above quoted with the Meigs' table, we reach the following as the composition of human milk : Water, 87 ; fiber element, 1 to 2.3 ; fats, 4 ; force, 6.5 to 7.4 ; salt, .15. The complete digestion, assimilation and excretion of this evolves from 19J to 2l£ calories of energy per ounce, and requires the absorption of from 7-j- to 8 pints of oxygen per ounce. 2. Quantity of Food Required.— Mother's milk is the correct guide as to quantity as well as substance. On the average, healthy mothers secrete, and infants consume a little over two ounces of milk in every twenty-four hours for every pound of their weight. Hence a child at two months weighing 9£ pounds requires twenty ounces in seven or eight feeds ; at six months and fif- teen pounds, 31| ounces in six meals ; at ten months and nine- teen pounds, forty ounces in five meals, and at one year and three times its birth- weight (28| pounds), fifty-eight to sixty ounces. Parrot estimated 14| ounces at two months, Bon- chard twenty ounces, and A. F. Meigs 35 ounces, the mean of which is 23 ounces. It should be understood, however, that these are only averages, and the only true rule is, if a healthy child leaves a part of every feed, he is getting too much ; but if he cries after every feeding, evidently not from pain, but from dissat- isfaction, he is not having enough. 3. The Substitute Food should contain no elements not found in mother's milk. No mother's milk ever contains starch in any form ; therefore it should be excluded from the FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 235 substitute. No mother's milk contains cane sugar or ordinary table sugar, but instead lactose or milk sugar, which is readily assimiliable, while cane sugar must first undergo a special pro- cess of digestion into glucose before it can be assimilated at all, — a process which is in itself irritative to the delicate digestive organs of the babe. 4. The Elements in the Substitute Should be Proportioned as they are in mother's milk, except as differ- ent digestibility may require slight variation. For example, the albumen of the substitute may necessarily be a little less digestible than that of human milk, therefore its percentage should be correspondingly increased in order to compensate for that deficiency. So, likewise, the substitute must lack the animal vitality wdth which mother's milk is charged as it is drawn warm from the breast ; hence a slight increase of the fats in order to com- pensate for that deficiency, may also be allowed. From 1.5 to 2.8 for the protein, 4 to 4.3 for the fats, and 6.5 to 7.8 for the force element, should embrace the allowable range of variation. 5. The Energy Evolved by the working up of the substitute in the physiological processes, should correspond with that of human milk, that is, 19J to 21-J calories for each ounce consumed. Any considerable deficiency will necessa- rily entail corresponding lack of vitality, while a large excess will produce abnormal restlessness, inflammations and fevers. 6. The Oxygen Required for the generation of the above amount of energy must correspond with the amount required for the production of the same amount of energy from mother's milk, namely 7^ to 8 pints per ounce of food. Less than the normal demand will be attended with less seri- ous results than an excess, because the little exercise and feeble respiratory power of the infant render its procurement impossible, with consequent sub-oxidation of the blood and tissues. That the Construction of a Substitute that shall fulfill all these conditions is not easy, is evident from the 236 THE &E€liET OF HEALTH. ; almost uninterrupted series of failures of the past thirty years.* notwithstanding the chemical and physiological knowledge that has been brought to bear upon the subject. This fact might be less deplorable were the statements of the manufac-> turers of infant's foods more reliable. Their published analy- ses, unless very explicit, are of no account, because with infant's foods, as with baking powders and patent medicines, few are so poor that they cannot find some chemists venial enough to serve their purpose ; e. g. , it is easy to testify that a certain food has as much albuminous matter as human milk, which may be literally true as in the case of cow's milk, but a larger part of it may be in such an insoluble form as to be practically worthless. Says Dr. Stutzor of Bonn, "The analysis of this limited number of infant's foods shows how far incomplete and inferior most of theni- are, and how rarely they meet the requisite conditions of a rational food." Prof. Everhart says that, 1. Xo infant food now sold can be made up either with or without cow's milk into a liquid having as great an amount of total solids (13.75 per cent.) as are in woman's milk, unless they consist of starch or the casein of cow's milk. 2. The nitrogen of not one of them is as easy of digestion as that in mother's milk. 3. The percentage of fat is uniformly too low. 4. The soluble carbohy- drates are different in chemical properties, and most likely in physi- ological, from the sugar in woman's milk. 5. The most of them con- tain starch which is never found in mother's milk, and cannot be assimilated. 6. Where there is an approximation to woman's milk it is due to the use of cows's milk. These are sweeping statements, but we shall show that with few exceptions they are correct, yet it must be conceded that many children actually thrive on perhaps every kind of infant food ever largely sold, which proves not the good qual- ity of the food, for many diseased mothers nurse apparently healthy children, but that the vitality of the children is supe- rior to the defects of their diet, or that the time of the appear- ance of unfavorable symptoms has not yet come. In many cases that time is puberty. Substitutes are Needed.— None the less imperative is the demand for a substitute that shall be a substitute and not FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. %Wl a sham. Thousands upon thousands of anxious mothers are asking every day : " What and how much food must we give to our bottle-fed infants ? " The manufacturers have answered in the way indicated by the testimonies of Dr. Stutzer and Prof. Everhart. What, then, can the poor mothers do? Turn to their physicians? But they are just as much in the dark as are the mothers ! In demonstration of this statement we have tabulated many of the best foods that are recommended by physicians as follows, only promising that the Children's Hospital food is from the published formulae of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (after reducing it as far as practicable to definite standards) under the management of some of the most skillful physicians in the country. To the two fundamental tests formerly recognized by the most careful practitioners, namely, the presence of a suffi- ciency of fiber element, and the absence of starch, the advances made by chemists in physiological researches during the past fifteen years now enables us to add two more of very great, if not equal importance, namely, the amount of oxygen required to consume the food taken, and the amount of energy generated by the food elements, — that energy being estimated in calories. The fifth and sixth principles before mentioned as funda- mental, require close attention to these new tests of the adapt- ability of infant's foods. The Various Foods Compared. — It seems scarcely necessary to say that the following exhibit is made in the light of all the facts obtainable and with no prejudice against any, and with no interests to serve except those which are com- mon to every lover of humanity for humanity's sake. In a very few instances manufacturers have refused analyses or any specific information concerning the constituents of their products, and, in all cases, as far as practicable, the analyses of interested parties have been carefully compared with others, and corrections made if deemed necessary. 238 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ~ >» 8 ©I s o 3 ©'g * 1 »* © s ~ s o o © o © •e © © S-2© ->© 3 00 I w +s f-i rt oo ©5 ©W Oc8£ 03 &*£ © S 13 •3 ® © ** 2 C3 m OPS © ep ©^ I o © - © £ * © ft s^s C^ > CC : o -*^ ^ — ft 5 5 § £f &» .j *s 28S < hONS d uo -© H c8 c8^ ©1 w > ^ M r si .-'3 .• o .. ... J^TH 5^ 0) c8 ■-H 4-2 c5 « 5 ° © ^ CO QQ i: «^ h« coW CO ^^ S3 C3 © . «J a: sj t« © © c8 ■ .S£°©^n© ty i-t*!— 1 r © ^ »1 C8-5 g"*o = ft©^£ °rr- © 5^ g © n & X O .'-'oSOOtM ©73 .25 «T ft cft^ ft d 5 © ft © ^- © pq . . o r-i-s ©^ ftft^0^r-5ft ft OS © OO © © ©^-H^^© ^ © © ©^©-^^©©JO S r- c^ (Nhconooomh © ©©»0 *f © © 00 t- co »o th co c3r P o r* c8 i (NW-f lO t-OO ©© th M CO -f 1C CO N © C3: O ^ r - <3 FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 239 Of— *c O w N nnSnnn cn -* fe ~ x o s w ~ b © o -" ° § r ©^ as © • - © 5 £ C ^ ^^ ^ f j^g cc^=i ^^ © S cl N (NNNlNNiN CO CO CO C5 13 > > '- ?3 2 £> IS uw S3 O A al fl c5 u © C3 CO b£© V240 . , i THE r SECRET OF IJ^ALT II; ; The New York Infant Asylum is stated to have used nearly 1,000 pounds of one of these foods in 1889 in its undiluted form. Showing both their appreciation of the importance of good food, and their con- fidence that the particular kind used by them is the best that the mar- ket affords, yet that food shows only about one-half of one per cent, of fats when it should have four per cent., a little over one-half : the nec- essary calories and oxygen requirement, yet its full proportion of fiber element goes far toward making it superior to most other foods upon the market. Concl visions from the Table.— Omitting No. 11, which is designed only for special uses, and recalling the six princi- ples named on Pages 233-5, particular attention is called to the following conclusions established by the foregoing tabulation. 1. Of the whole thirty- two, seven are deficient in fiber elements, while five have an excess, and twenty have a suffi- ciency. The deficiency runs as low as 38-100 of one per cent. , which, expressed in plain words, means a lack of two-thirds of the most important constituent of human food, of which more is needed during the period of growth than in adult life. 2. Of the whole thirty-two. twenty-one have less than the normal amount of fats, while eleven have an excess (in two the excess is very slight), and none have this constituent in precisely the right proportion. The deficiency falls to 35-100 of one per cent, (excluding No. 11, also No. 21 as possibly a spe- cial food only), which is but about one-twelfth of the necessary amount. Babies fed on such foods may be fat, yet as Christo- pher has shown may be suffering from fat-starvation ; that is, the fat is unphysiological. The growth of bone requires in the child a relatively much larger supply of fat than the adult needs. A child a year and a half old requires about three- fourths as much fat in twenty-four hours as an adult. This necessity arises also in part from the fact that the force foods contain hydrogen and oxygen in the proper portions to form water, leaving the carbon, alone, available to produce heat, but the fats have an excess of hydrogen, which excess, during its combustion, produces two and a half times as much heat, or heat and force, as the force foods. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 241 3. Of the thirty-two, five have an excess of force ele- ments and twenty-four are deficient. Nine of them have less than half the needed amounts, thus entailing lack of energy and power to resist chilis and depressions, unless the deficiency is supplied by an excess of fat element. Three are right. 4. The lack of due proportion is most obvious. That of human milk, taking the mean of l.G for the fiber and 6.9 for the force element, is as fiber 1 to fat 2.5, and force 4.3. Not one of the whole thirty-two foods here tabulated exhibits this proportion, and most of them are glaringly wide of the mark. 5. Applying the fifth principle named (on Page 235), we find that 19i to 21} calories of energies, per ounce, should be produced by the food when worked up in the body of the child. Twenty-three of the 30 are deficient, six are excessive and three only are right. This may seem a small matter, but a deficiency of only five calories from the mean of 19.9 means one-fourth less than normal energy, — no insignificant thing with which to run the fearful gauntlet of the 20 to 100 chances at the best, against infant life. On the other hand, the more than five calories of No. 7 and No. 32 in excess, increase the heat generated almost one-half beyond the nor- mal, thus predisposing to conditions of inflammation and fever perhaps equally perilous to the health of childhood. 6. The sixth principle laid down by which to test the value of infant foods is the oxygen requirement of 7| to 8 pints for each ounce of food. Twenty-two of the thirty-two are deficient, ten of them more than fifty per cent., six are in excess, four only are right. Number 20 stands really as representative of the whole class of sweetened condensed milk ; so that if all the brands were separately added, our list would run up to forty-five or fifty instead of thirty-two, thus making the foregoing con- clusions still more striking. These Foods Often Satisfactory.— Notwithstanding all the deficiencies enumerated, the fact remains that nearly, if not quite, all of these foods have given satisfaction to some 16 242 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. mothers, and had the endorsement of some honest and skilled physicians. ^ Another fact equally apparent is that, in many instances, an inferior food has been successfully substituted for a disa- greeing superior food. These facts would seem to indicate upon the surface, that the quality of the food is really of but little moment. Not at all. Many healthy children grow up in the slums of cities, but that fact does not prove that such places are good for the rearing of healthy children. If it does, then all reasoning upon hygienic matters is mere folly. The second fact named, simply shows that personal idiosyncrasies in the matter of diet begin very early in life, and that when present, that which is insufficient for the average may be sufficient for the individual. Which Foods to Employ.— The great necessity remains for a substitute for human milk that will correspond with it both in chemical constituents and in physiological effects. Until that necessity is met, the best that we can do is to select from the foregoing table several manufactured foods that most nearly approximate mother's milk in their elements, and rely upon them until something better appears. The following table reproduces several of the foods named on Pages 238-239, concerning every one of which the manufac- turers affirm in substance, with great positiveness, that " It is the nearest approximation to human milk ever made." Protein. Fats. Force Foods. Calories per oz. Oxygen pints. an Milk, 1 to 2.30 4.00 6.5 to 7.40 19| to 21| 7J to 8 No. 2, .55 .69 .72 3 1 ' 13, 2.20 .70 6.40 12 41 1 15, 2.10 .55 7.50 m ^ 1 16, 1.50 4.10 4.30 1T| ^ ' 17, .38 .35 .57 2 1 1 20, 1.60 ".10 3.40 16£ 6i ' 24, 1.08 1.30 6.04 12 4 ' 26, 2.80 2.30 6.80 17 <% ' 29, .97 .58 3.40 H 2 ' 32,* 2.00 4.50 7.00 26 10 *Of this the peptogenic powder only is "manufactured." With these figures it is apparent that only one of the man- ufacturers of these articles speaks the truth, which one we FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 243 leave to our readers to decide ; but of this list of ten, Nos. 16, 20, 26 and 32 are chemically to be preferred. Errors in Choice of Foods. — As an illustration of the facility of error, the author may state just here, that not one of the three foods which, prior to this investigation, he has approved and publicly commended, appears among the four. Physiology vs. the Chemistry of Foods.— While this presents the purely chemical aspects of the question, it should be borne in mind that food may possess physiologial qualities of which chemical analysis can take no note. Such is the anti- scorbutic (anti-scurvy) property of human milk, and such is the same property of cow's milk which disappears, no chemist can tell how or why, upon its sterilization. Hence, beneficial as that process may be in some respects, the effects of the con- tinued administration of sterilized milk needs always to be closely watched, and the first appearance of rachitic (rickety) symptoms such as sweating (particularly about the head), rest- lessness at night, convulsive indications, delayed teething and bony deformities, should be regarded as a warning that must be heeded to restore the anti-scorbutic element by the use of unsterilized milk. True, scurvy and rickets are different dis- eases, but as both are diseases of innutrition, proper nutrition is the cure for both. Number 20 of the table, chemically one of the best of the foods tabulated, is open to this serious objection, and we have seen very grave, almost fatal results, follow from its continued use. The objection that is sometimes made that the malt-foods are peculiarly liable to fermentation is probably incorrect in those cases where maltose is the form employed, as that is a* saccharose, not a glucose, which, according to Bruce, is a form of sugar that does not ferment. The Question Properly Arises just here, how far we may accept the physiological tests of experience as against chemical errors in the constituents of an infant's food. The answer must be, if chemical analysis is of any worth, only to the extent that exceptions are con- ceded to all general laws, as for example those of personal idiosyn- 244 THE SECBET OF HEALTH. crasy in diet, after allowing for the known transformation of fats ancf force foods, and of the fiber foods into fat and force effects. But as there is no reverse transformation of either the fat or force elements into fiber element, it is clear that whatever modification of chemical formulae may be allowed, it must not materially change the normal proportion of the fiber. The experiments of A. Bechamp, confirmed by Leeds, prove that both human and cow's raw milk have a starch-digesting ferment (gal- actozymase) which goes far toward explaining the apparent anomaly of young infants' thriving on starch foods, when they have no starch- digesting saliva; the milk taken with the food acts in that capacity. But that does not remove the objection that starch is unphysiological for the infant. A Marketable Ideal Infant's Food should contain all the elements of nutrition in proper proportions, be suited to the infant's digestive capacity, be in a convenient form for use at home or abroad, not readily liable to deterioration or decom- position, and be inexpensive. Tested by these conditions, the candidates for the honor of being such can come from neither the farinaceous nor milk-foods in ordinary use, because the first contain from sixty -five to seventy-eight per cent, of starch, and the other from thirty to forty per cent, of starch and about as much cane sugar, both utterly unsuited to the digestive func- tions of the babe under six or eight months, yet they are freely recommended and prescribed by the profession. With such a showing what can the poor mothers do ? If they turn to the prepared infant's foods on the market • and take their directions as guide, they are only substituting a commercial ignorance in place of professional. Certainly, when God created the infant to draw from its mother's breast its own sustenance, He knew all the adaptations necessary, and His work must be the ideal standard for our imitation. Yet the attempts of honest and skillful men have gener- ally failed to even closely approximate it, which emphasizes the tremendous necessity of having healthy mothers who can nurse their children, and the terrible iniquity of the bottle- raising of infants whose mothers might, if they would, feed them in Nature's way. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 245> And it still further emphasizes the remark of Dr. F. T. Knight before the Climatological Association in 1890. " At present the usual preparation of food is so bad that after one has found out the class of nutriment a patient requires, it is well-nigh impossible to secure it to him," — as especially perti- nent to children. The Indices tibility of Cow's Milk can be overcome by peptonizing it, but Prof. Vaughan is authority for the statement that " milk digested with the pancreatic extracts of the markets swarm with bacteria." The following table, given in Konig's " Chemie der Mensch, Nahrungs-iind Genussmittel,' shows the variations between the component parts of woman's milk and cow's milk : — Components. Water — Sugar Casein, Albumen, Fat Ash Albuminoids Reaction.. Woman's Cow's Milk. Milk. 87.09 87.41 6.04 4.92 0.63 3.01 1.31 0.75 3.90 3.66 0.59 • 0.70 Alkaline. Acid. This table shows that condensing the cow's milk will only increase the disproportion, therefore, condensed milk must be discarded. The disparity will be only slightly modified by any food that requires the admixture with it of cow's milk to any considerable extent, unless the analysis shows that it is pre- pared expressly to make the compound like breast milk. Six cows in every hundred kept in the neighborhood of our large cities for milk have tuberculosis, and are capable of com- municating consumption by their milk. They only live from twelve to eighteen months, and the post-mortems of children who have died of marasmas show the bacilli in the absorbents and lymphatic glands of the intestines and nowhere else, thus proving that their food was the cause of their death. Hence, the importance of reducing the milk-product to a minimum, and also sterilizing it by heating. As milk so readily absorbs deleterious matters and even generates poisons under some 24:6 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. circumstances, the heating is also essential whether in the city or country. Substitutes for Cows' Milk.— Some other article not liable to these mishaps is certainly very desirable, provided its composition be such as is required by the conditions of the case. The claim is made that the malt in some prepared foods aids infant digestion of the casein in cow's milk, but we know of no fact in the chemistry of digestion that substantiates the theory, yet it is constantly put forward by the makers of foods that require the addition of cow's milk. Dr. H. C. Eouth says that sugar of milk "allays morbid irritation and will often check diarrhoea." Dr. T. C. Duncan says " sugar of milk is to be preferred to cane sugar because it is an animal product, undergoes no change in its assimila- tion, and contains phosphates and other salts." Prof. Kuss says that sugar of milk " is the principal element in woman's milk," and Dr. Euschenberger declares that "it allays even extreme irritability of the stomach. " Dr. F. Krauss of Vienna has used Mosquera's Beef Meal and Beef -Cacao successfully in many cases of disease, and many physicians have employed the whites of eggs as a substitute for human milk, while Bunge and others recommend the yolks as desirable in certain conditions. Our Own Formulae. — Profiting by all these hints, in the interests of the suffering innocents, and with no finan- cial interests to serve, we shall propose some formulas for trial as emergency foods. It should be understood in advance that these formulses are purely theoretical, having had no opportunity to observe their practical operation. But should their physiological effects harmonize with their chemical ele- ments, proportions, capacity of heat production and oxygen demand, we can see no reason why they should not meet a long-felt want. Yet it is very probable that they will need some modification to suit individual cases. Should they be too rich for certain conditions they may be diluted with soft boiled water. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 247 Palatability. — If means could be devised to improve their palatability without detriment to their constituents it would be very desirable. Yet the question of palatability is of only secondary consideration. Certainly the most unpalatable food that we ever tasted was Murdock's Liquid Food ; yet that at the time of its greatest use probably saved the lives of more children than any other food ever made within an equal period. We have seen it lift the wretched, diseased, syphilitic waifs of the poorhouse into stalwart health to a far greater extent than the better-born children of city hospitals have reached under their best dietaries. Another product far more palatable and quite similar Li chemical constituents is now known under the name of Bovinine. Yet the children who were fed on the Liquid Food seemed to relish it as well as nurselings do their mother's breast milk. Few adults, we fancy, would greatly relish that. The facility with which a taste is acquired for the nauseous tobacco proves but too well that relish is a thing of habit very largely. The Variety in the elements of the proposed foods ena- bles the parent to select from the number that one which j3romises best, aud to change from one to another as the exi- gencies of taste, disease, or circumstances may require, with the assurance that whichever one is adopted it approximates closely the chemical and, probably also, the physiological characteristics of breast milk, and is in strict harmony with all of the six principles named as fundamental in the construc- tion of a substitute for human milk. In all cases these foods should be strained before use for small infants. Uffelmann, the well-known authority on die- tetics, says: " There is no general diet for the sick,"' and Dr. Carl Rothe recommends the Mosquera preparations in alterna- tion and combination with other things for older children. The food captions are merely suggestive, and not to be rigidly adhered to. 1. When a Strong: Food Is Needed,— Whites of eggs 3 oz., yolks 2 oz., cream 7 oz., sugar of milk 4 oz., water 43 oz. This yields of fiber 1.5 per cent., fat 4.2, force 0.8, calories per oz. 2(H, oxygen per oz. 7k. 248 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Boil and cool the water to such a temperature as will equal blood- heat after the other constituents are stirred in. Make only such a pro- portion of the whole as may be needed for the time. Add soda bicarbonate as in No. 2 when it seems desirable. This food costs in the country about three mills per ounce. 2. When a Strong, Partly Predigested Food is Required. — Rose's Beef Peptones 1 oz., cream 51 oz., whey 32 oz., sugar of milk | oz. This. furnishes fiber 1.8 per cent., fat 3.9, force 6.6, calories per oz. 20£, oxygen per oz. 7£. It costs about two mills per ounce in the country. To a pint of fresh milk add two teaspoon fuls of liquid pancreatin or liquid rennet; heat gently until it begins to curdle, then stir until complete separation of the curd is seen, then strain off the whey. Dis- solve the peptones and sugar in a portion of the whey, add the cream and the remainder of the whey. If desirable to keep a portion until the next feeding, do not mix in the peptones until the time arrives. Make as needed. Ten grams of soda bicarbonate to the pint is a desirable addition if any tendency to acid fermentation is seen in the child. For an Inexpensive Rennet Preparation get a stomach of your butcher, turn inside out, rinse two or three times only, in soft water, sprinkle it freely with lable salt, draw over a forked stick, rub the outside well with salt, put a handful inside and hang in a cool place. When well dried, take from the stick, roll, and put in a tight box in a cool, dry place. For use. the night before it is wanted, cut off a piece about one-half inch square and soak in a teacup with just tepid water enough to cover it. In the morning, after wanning the milk to blood- heat, stir into every pint about a teaspoonful of the rennet-water and keep warm. If it does not begin to curdle in twenty minutes. add another teaspoonful, and so on. When the strength of the rennet is learned use just enough to cause the milk to begin to curdle in twenty minutes. The solution will keep through the day in any cool place. Prepare a fresh piece every night. 3. A Convalescent Food.— Mosquera's beef meal \ oz., cream G oz.,. sugar of milk 2| oz., water 32 oz. This contains of fiber 1.7 per cent., fats 4.2, force 6.2, calories per oz. 20^, oxygen per oz. 7=j, and costs about 2\ mills per oz. Boil the water and pour f into a separate dish, in which dissolve the sugar, and when cooled somewhat, the cream also. To the remain- ing \ add the meal and boil 23 minutes. Mix. If any is kept until the next meal, keep the meal broth separate until the time. 4. For Anaemic Conditions.— Bovinine £ oz., yolk of egg 1 oz., sugar of milk \ oz., water Coz. It yields of fiber 2.8 per cent., fats 4. force 6, calories per oz. 21, oxygen per oz. 8, and costs about 1% mills per FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 240 oz. in the country. Boil the water, dissolve in it the sugar, and cool until the addition of the bovinine and egg will make it about blood warm . 5. In Acute Diseases.— Bovinine 1 oz., cream 1£ oz., sugar of milk | oz., water G^ oz. It analyzes of fiber 1.8 per cent., fat 4.3, force 7.5, calories per oz. 22, oxygen per oz. 8; costs in the country nearly 9 mills per oz. Make in the same manner as No. G. 6. Chronic Affections With Amemia.— Beef cacao | oz., cream 1^ oz., milk 4 oz., sugar of milk § oz., water 7 oz. This gives of fiber 1.7 per cent., fat 3.7, force G.O, calories per oz. 20, oxygen per oz. 1\, and costs- about 2 to 2^ mills per oz. Boil the water, milk and sugar together, add the cream and cacao, and boil one to four minutes if preferred. A delicious food in conval- escence. 7. Anti-Scorbutic Food for young infants. — Milk 2 oz., cream ^ oz. sugar of milk \ oz., lime water 2j oz. Yields of fiber 1.7 per cent., fat 4„ force 7, calories per oz. 20}-, oxygen per oz. 7£. Notes on the Above.— Mosquera's Beef Meal and Beef Cacao and Bovinine may be obtained of any druggist. In cases of specially weak digestion, the peptonization of Nos. 1, 4 r 5 and 7 may be an advantage, in the same proportion as for milk; see Page 251. Two processes are nmch talked of in respect to cow's milk^ each of which is strongly advocated by high authority as sufficient to fit it for the sustenance of infants — sterilization, and peptonization. Sterilization. — A substance is deemed naturally sterile when the transplanting of bacteria into it will not form colo- nies of freshly-generated germs. It is difficult to say what fluid is absolutely sterile to all germs, but, practically a fluid is sterilized when the micro-organisms within it are destroyed', and it continues sterile so long as none are formed. Sterilization is ordinarily effected in milk by heating it one hour at a temperature of 190° F. in vessels with narrow mouths that are stoppered with long cotton wads. Repeat on the second and third days if the milk is to be kept ; but if for immediate use, it is sufficient to pour into a pitcher that has been thoroughly cleansed and then boiled, and cool quickly by setting in a pan of cold water. The latter purifies but does not 250 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. fully sterilize the milk. Indeed we question whether complete sterilization is desirable, for the following reasons : 1. Many instances are known where children have not thrived upon the best of foods ' 4 closely resembling human milk " (Christopher), but when put upon sterilized milk have improved, which would seem to favor the sterilized milk ; l>ut there are perhaps as many instances in which unsterilized milk has done as well for those who were "wasting away upon sterilized milk." (Dr. E. P. Davis.) 2. The experiments of E. Duclaux,W. D. Halliburton and A. Bechamp, as repeated and conclusions corrected by A. R. X 3.90 3.70 11.09 16.40 7.30 8.30 10.80 7.90 11.20 9.50 •06 .68 .55 .47 13.90 13.90 27.60 77.20 34 25 2.50 8.60 70. on 14.50 16.07 35.70 91.00 50.75 22.99 .25 1.02 1.20 2.00 4.90 6.60 4.60 5.00 .05 2.10 .60 1.20 2.57 .80 .91 1.20 .78 .85 1.40 5.70 2.90 13.60 3.00 1.50 9.30 9.40 12.30 12.10 0.50 4.18 3.00 2.40 .50 10.30 76.60 67.70 79.20 78.40 .79 84.03 76.03 78.80 27.00 8.80 44.50 10.30 63.60 38.80 .40 67.39 .27 .78 1.70 2.90 3.50 2.20 2.70 0.48 1.95 0.37 24.00 28.20 11.30 17.50 1.00 5.00 4.20 2.11 41.50 0.60 30.47 3.80 71 280 224 200 292 539 1,825 1,778 1,611 1,701 1,707 1.708 732 39 66 43 44 279 1,001 642 2,022 766 275 1 .380 1,890 1,972 1,532 604 1,721 944 1,857 - V 2 ■3 only one-third of one per cent, comx^ared with lean beef as 100. Useful to quicken appetite by the temporary stimulation of the vital functions* and possibly also to promote absorption, but must not be depended upon for nutrition. Dose, one teaspoonfnl or more in a little warm or hot water. It is composed mainly of the soluble extractives and inor- ganic salts of muscle tissue. The extractives are the waste products, of muscle transformation, utterly useless for nutrition although largely nitrogenous. According to Kemmerick, an animal fed on such beef extracts alone, will die of starvation sooner than if absolutely without food; yet they have some value as stimulants. Dr. Stutzer of Bonn has shown that a patient must drink two quarts of beef tea to get as much nourishment as is in one-fourth of a pound of steak. He also declares that Liebig "never intended his beef extract as a food but only as a relish." Liebig himself said " I have declared repeatedly that in the preparation of the extract the albuminoids remain in, th& residue, and that this certainty is a defect of the extract." Prof. Aus- tin Flint says, "Not very inaptly, beef tea has been compared to urine* and a few years ago a German experimenter, whose name I cannot recall, declared that he produced fatal toxaemia (poisoning) in dogs by feeding them with this popular article of diet." Beef Peptonoids (Budisches').— The albumen of fresh lean beef artificially digested. Nutritious value as compared with fresh lean beef at 100, is 14.3. Belongs to class 5 of beef preparations. Beef Peptone (Sarco Peptones).— A pure, soluble beef jelly contain- ing the nourishing elements of beefsteak predigested into peptones* one pound equal to eight pounds of beef . Palatable. Maybe sweet- ened for children. One-half to one teaspoonfnl every half hour, hour or two hours; rectal use, one tablespoonful in four oz. milk for an adult. Belongs to class 5 of beef preparations. Beef Peptonoids (Powder).— Lean beef separated from the larger muscular tissue, and an equal quantity of milk having seventy-five per cent, of its water removed, and gluten from wheat. About one- FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION. 255 fourth of the albumen is digested, and all the water except about four per cent, is expelled. Contains all the nutritive and stimulating prop- erties of beef and milk with the addition of the gluten. Contains nine- ty-five per cent, of nutritious matter, of which about twenty-seven per cent, is protein and the rest mostly starch and sugar; about 1.4 time> as nutritious as lean beef. Thoroughly sterilized. May be adde-l to broths, soup, punch, oatmeal, rice, etc. Belongs to class 4 of beef preparations. From one-half to one tablesrjoonful three to six times a day. Bovinine, — The juices of lean, raw beef expressed by a mechanical process yielding both the albuminous and extractive properties of the meat, to which is added the albumen of the eg*?, enough glycerine to make the compound bland and agreeable, and sufficient old whisky to aid in its preservation. It is a raw food giving in a twelve-ounce bot- tle the nutriment from ten pounds of steak. The blood corpuscles of the meat are preserved intact and ready for immediate absorption. Compared with ordinary beef tea, one bottle is equal to eighty pints prepared from eighty pounds of lean beef. As a local nutrient by sub- cutaneous injection around old ulcers, but five per cent, of failures are reported from 303 cases. Belongs to class 2 of beef preparations. Dose for babes from five drops every hour or two up. For adults, maximum, four tablespoon fills daily. Biardot's Concentrated Preparations for Invalids. — Beef tea, chicken broth, mutton broth, beef. To be reduced for use with seven times their quantity of water to retain their delicate flavor, and avoid the burnt taste of meat extracts. Class 1 of beef extracts. Bullock's Blood,— Defibrinated and dessicated. Used for wasting diseases. The removal of the fibrin prevents the clotting, but leaves the albumen and salts as a liquid beef, which is carefully dried, dessi- cated and packed in tin. Dose one-half teaspoonful prepared as directed on label. For rectal feeding, six teaspoonfuls as directed. Belongs to class 3 of beef preparations, practically. Carbon Wafers.— A food for acid states of the digestive organs, made with wheat charcoal and deemed almost a specific if the patient will avoid sweets, cakes, pastry, raw fruits, desserts, rich gravies, coarse vegetables, fried foods and fats. The charcoal prevents fer- mentation, and absorbs irritating acids. Carnrick's Soluble Food. — Solid constituents of cow's milk 37£ per cent. ; 37£ per cent, of wheat; 25 per cent, of milk sugar; cocoa butter in place of milk fat, partly digested; only three per cent, of moisture. Made of 50 per cent, of lacto-preparata and 50 per cent, wheat in which the starch is converted into soluble starch and dextrine, easily diges- tible ; the fat is nearly all removed. In hermetically sealed cans 256 THE SECRET-OF HEALTH. Designed to follow lacto-preparata as the exclusive food of infants (if healthy mother's milk is not available) from the first six or seven months to the end of the nursing period. Dextrine is a non-fermenta- ble form of carbohydrate, not irritating to the stomach and easily assimilated. In diluting children's foods only water that has been boiled should be used, and not cooled by putting ice into it. Claixi Bouillon.— A nourishing and appetizing canned clam broth or juice. One tablespoonful, more or less, in a glass of hot or cold water, and seasoned with salt, pepper or celery salt. Cod Liver Oil.— See Cod Liver Oil, also Hydrolcine in index. Condensed Milk.— Made by evaporating a large part of the water from milk and adding about 40 per cent, of cane sugar. Useful for cook- ing and on the table, but should not be used as an infant's food because its excess of saccharine material forms an unnatural appetite for sweets, and produces stomach and bowel troubles, while, as a whole, it is defective in some essentials of a complete diet. Open to all the objections to completely sterilized milk. See Page 250. Cream Milk. — A condensed milk from the Alps in Switzerland, of great richness and purity. Same uses as other condensed milks. Preferable to many others for many purposes because it is preserved without sugar. Cream, Highland Brand Evaporated.— This is really an unsug- ared condensed milk, with its casein mechanically broken up so that it is said to curd llocculently like human milk. If this be so it is far preferable to cow's milk and other kinds of condensed milk as a standard food for invalids and infants; but for the latter the effect of its sterilization should be watched, an 1 its defective elements should be supplied by the addition of cream and milk sugar. Diabetic Food.— This consists mainly of gluten and is designed as a perfect substitute tor lean meat and bread, Dukehart's Fluid Extract of Malt and Hops. — Claims the highest per cent, of diastase to be obtained from Canada barley, free from alcohol; very paiaiabie : not subject to fermentation One tablespoon- ful three or more rimes a day Fruit Crackers.— Made cf dried and preserved fruits, without lard, and of unadulterated sugar and flour While not good for dys- peptics, as a luxury tor those who can digest them ihey are unmatched Gluten Wafers.— A crisp, palatable cracker chiefly gluten, without lard, and very suitable for dyspepsia and nervous exhaustion accom- panied by inability to digest vegetable food, and as a substitute for a meat diet. Gofio.— The whole grain of wheat, rye, barley or corn parched, browned, then ground in a mortar. ' Contains a large amount of nutri- FOODS, AND THEIK PREPARATION. 25? merit in a given weight, partly digested, and in a very palatable form. We suggest its use in the place of coffee in cases where coffee does not agree. Ten cents per pound, Graham Crackers No. i.— Made of best Graham flour, granulated sugar and butter. For persons with fair digestive power, but inactive bowels, they are far superior to cakes and puddings. No. 2.— The same without the sugar. Very crisp and nice. Graham Grits.— Made of the germs of wheat, the most nutritious portion of the grain. A concentrated vegetable nutrient of the highest, value. Granula.— Prepared from the choicest portions of wheat, oats and ■corn, containing all the elements of adult nutrition in perfect propor- tion. Valuable for invalids, children (not infants), travelers, and all who are exposed to special exhaustion. Gelatine (All Makes).— " Another worthless product, though not pernicious, is the refined glue called isinglass, calf's-foot jelly, gela- tine, etc., used for invalids and in soups. It is no more food than is sawdust." (Dr. F. R. Lees, Leeds, England.) Hoff's Malt Extract (Tarrant's).— Alcohol four per cent. Extractive matters eight to eleven per cent. Pleasant appetizer and invigorant; ii digestive agent for starches, and easily assimilable. Good where a mild stimulant and a slight nutrient are required. Horlick's Malted Milk.— Cow's milk, malted cereals and sugar with the casein of the milk partly predigested, the malt digesting the starch of the cereals when in proper solution. The manufacturers claim that the casein is partly digested " not by animal pepsin or pan- creatin, but by the action of the vegetable ferments of specially malted grain." Hydroleine.— This preparation is named here (although it is partly a medicine, as each dose contains with its eighty drops of Nor- wegian cod liver oil, five grs. of soluble pancreatin, forty-three grs. of soda and one-fourth grn. of salicylic acid), because we regard it as the best form in which the nauseating oil can be used. Even this mix- ture is best used as a nutrient enema. Most human stomachs rebel against eod liver oil in any form. See Cod Liver Oil under consumption. Imperial Grauum.— As a flour-food it is useful for invalids and children, provided a sufficiency of mineral salts and fiber food can be obtained elsewhere, but its calories and oxygen requirement are excessive. Kefir, — A derivative food resulting from the fermentation of milk by the agency of the Dispora Caucasia, until the nitrogenous portions are peptonized. There is a kefir, so called, on the market, made by the agency of brewer's yeast, but that yields only an alcoholic fermen- 17 258 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. tation, which does not predigest the fiber elements. Dujardin-Beau- metz gives the constituents of kefir as in the table, 0.4 of the carbohy- drates being lactic acid and there being also 0.8 of alcohol. This gives nearly an ounce of alcohol per day if enough kefir be taken to give the normal quantity of fiber food, i. e., 110.5 ounces of kefir for 4.19 ounces of protein. The oxygen-demand is small and the stimulation consider- able, making it valuable in those cases where a milk diet is ordinarily deemed necessary, and its i^redigested state renders it preferable to skimmed milk. Koumyss- The original article is made in Tartary from mare's milk. In this country a number of products made from the milk of cows are now largely employed as a diet for the sick. According to the analysis of Prof. C. A. Doremus, nearly thirteen pints every twenty-four hours of Dr. Brush's koumyss Avould be requisite to furnish the normal quantity of fiber foods, for one in health. But in many cases of dis- ease it furnishes adequate nutriment for a brief period in an easily assimilable and agreeable form. Koumyss poured a few times from glass to glass becomes like whipped cream and is then most palatable. As ordinarily made its food value is seen in the table. Koumyss Cream.— Contains every element of pure milk in an easily assimilable form, with tonic, stimulant and diuretic properties that render it valuable in many cases of diabetes, dyspepsia, albuminuria, pregnancy, sea-sickness, amenorrhcea, malnutrition, etc. Half a pint or more at a time, from four to twelve times a day. Kumysgen (a Koumyss Powder).— The great objections to koumyss are, the necessity of frequent preparation, of ice for preservation, and the constantly increasing acidity the longer it is kept, hence its vary- ing acid character. These difficulties have been successfully overcome in the preparation of the powder kumysgen, which, besides furnish- ing a superior koumyss, makes the preparation of it as easy as the mak- ing of a cup of tea, and the powder is palatable, always the same in chemical and nutritive constituents, keeps perfectly, is ten times more nutritious than cod liver oil, is about thirty-five to fifty-five per cent, less expensive than ordinary koumyss (according to size purchased), about thirty per cent, of its casein in soluble form, and may be varied at pleasure in its lactic acid, carbonic acid gas and alcohol constitu- ents. It is diaphoretic in warm and diuretic in cold weather. Increases the flow of the gastric juice, increases flesh faster than many other foods, is tonic and stimulant, and adapted to a great vari- ety of conditions. One-half pint to four pints in twenty-four hours. Liebig's Food.— Kept at most drug stores. Malted barley, wheat flour, wheat bran, bicarbonate of soda. Its starch is converted into maltose by the action of the malt. Must add seventy parts cow's milk FOODS, AXD THEIR PREPARATION. 259 to five parts of the food. Has been much used in constipation and as an infant food. The maltose is in excess and is liable to produce diarrhoeas. When used for constipation it should be used alone rather than with milk. The hard coagula of the casein of the added cow's milk, the maltose has no effect upon. Therefore, the child is exposed to the double danger of indigeston from coagula, and diarrhoea from the maltose. L-acto-Preparata,— Cow's milk, milk sugar, cocoa butter substi- tuted for a part of the milk-fat which has been removed. The casein is partly digested, and the remainder coagulates in soft curds; a pow- der (only three per cent, water); add water, and it has the taste and appearance of mother's milk. From one even dessert spoonful in twenty-four hours in first week to thirty-six dessert spoonfuls at fif- teenth month. L,actated Food.— See table. Page 253, which shows its food-value to be almost precisely like that of sweetened condensed milk when both are prepared for infant feeding. Valuable as an adjuvant for inva- lids, while for infants its worth is represented in the tables on Page 238. L,acto-Cereal Food. — Powdered milk sterilized and partly digested, dextrinated wheat, malted barley, dessicated bananas, cocoa butter, manna, and some parched corn. It contains the ferment that digests starch, is nutritious, easily digested, neutral in its effects upon the bowels ; contains fruit to keep liver and bowels in a normal condition ; may be added to water, milk, soups, broths, milk punch, eggnogg, or mixed with any food. Valuable as a food for invalids. Maltine.— A thick, syrupy extract of malt. Combines wheat and eats with the barley. Has the highest attainable diastastic power; is superior in palatability, uniformity and stability. Its nitrogenous constituents almost identical in composition with the chief constitu- ents of the blood. One part of maltine will digest thirty-two parts of starch, L e., convert them into dextrin and sugar. Also made with peptones. Two to four teaspoonfuls at a time. Matzoon.- Sterilized milk with its sugar converted into lactic acid by fermentation. Easily digested, nutritious and refrigerant; does not curdle like milk; its casein finely subdivided; very acceptable to the palate. An excellent preparation in all otherwise appropriate cases where its lactic acid is not objectionable. Dose one-fourth, to one-half pint up. Medium Oatmeal Crackers.— A combination of oatmeal with a cer- tain proportion of wheat flour. About the same as oatmeal biscuit, but not fermented; palatable and wholesome. >Iellhi's Food —Its starch predigested into maltose, entirely free from oane sugar; to be used mixed with cow's milk. One to four even 260 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. teaspoonfuls to one and one-half to four and a half ounces of milk for babes, and one to two tablespoonfuls to eight to twelve ounces of milk for adults. It is assumed that the malt will aid the digestion of the casein of the milk, which we regard as doubtful. 3Iosquera*s Beef-Cacao.— Made of equal parts of Mosquera's beef meal, Dutch chocolate and sugar. Combines the palatableness of a beverage with the value of a concentrated meat food. One to two teaspoonfuls in a cup of milk, A valuable addition to the food prod- ucts of the age. Mosquera's Beef Jelly.— The albumen (fifty-three per cent.) of the meat digested by a vegetable ferment into peptone. Contains all the stimulating properties of the beef extracts also. A concentrated nutri- ent; palatable, entirely devoid of bitterness and disagreeable odor. Class 5 of meat preparations. 31osquera's Beef Meal.— The elements of beef sterilized and par- tially peptonized by the addition of the pineapple, which possesses remarkable power to digest egg albumen and blood fibrin. Protein matter available for nutriment sixty-nine to seventy-seven per cent., d£ which thirty to forty-one per cent, is prepared for immediate absorption. The water is extracted leaving a highly concentrated nitrogenous food. Class 3 of beef preparations. One teaspoonf ul per nital. Vestle's Food.— A carbohydrate dextrinated food which has value /is a starch food for invalids in suitable cases, and as an adjunct for children over one year old, who obtain nearly a sufficient supply of »ftber foods from other sources. Murdock's Liquid Beef.— Has 14.31 per cent, of soluble albumin, and is an extremely valuable food, but its taste and odor are so objec- tionable that patients prefer other things. " The fresh blood of beeves and sheep defibrinated by churning, to which is added ten to fifteen per cent, of whisky and egg and blood-albumen. Raspberry leaf tea or other astringents are also added." (Boston Journal of Health.) Oatmeal Biscuit.— About twice the thickness of an ordinary cracker, slightly sweetened, shortened with butter and made light by yeast; very palatable. Highly recommended for persons troubled with constipation with no acidity or flatulence. Plain Graham or Dyspepsia Crackers.— Best graham flour and soft water subjected to processes that make them so crisp and palata- ble that one can hardly believe that they are not shortened. Some- times lose crispness somewhat by absorbing moisture in damp weather, but it can be restored by placing the crackers in a hot oven for ten or fifteen minutes. Plain Oatmeal Crackers.— Unfermented, and contain neither sugar nor shortening; exceedingly agreeable, crisp and nice. FOODS, AND THEIR PREPARATION 261 Poluboskos, a Gluten Food.— Most of the gluten foods in the mar- ket contain from twelve to fifty-four per eent. of starch. Polu- boskos contains only four-tenths of one per cent. Gluten is the element of the vegetable world which gives force and energy to animal life, and is the equivalent to the albumen of the animal kingdom. Poluboskos needs no special preparation; it is ready at a moment's notice. Mixed with milk it makes a nourishing, stimulating and refreshing food and drink for convalescents and dyspeptics ; readily assimilated by the weakest stomach. Valuable as a nerve food. Two teaspoonfuls contain as much nitrogenous matter as one pound of meat. Excellent for diabetics. Ridge's Food.— An oatmeal and barley preparation, neutral to the bowels, of utility when appropriately used for invalids, and, as a children's food to be estimated by the tables on Page 239. Rose's Peptonized Beef.— A therapeutic nutrient, primarily a food and secondarily a digestive agent. Each pound contains nearly five pounds of fresh lean beef, both the albuminous and extractive constituents. Useful in derangements of the digestive canal ; in dis- eases attended with elevation of temperature, conditions of debility ot tissue waste, as being assimilated with the least expenditure of force, and in all nervous maladies, as being the important factor in the elaboration and nutrition of fat. For alcoholism one-half teaspoonful in hot milk every two hours will be found of great service. Class 5 of beef preparations. One teaspoonful each dose ; begin with one-fourth and increase. Dose every one to three hours. For enemata, double the quantity. Rye Wafers.— Rye meal and whole wheat flour. Crisp and palata- ble. For all kinds of dyspepsia accompanied by eonstipat ion, except gastric dyspepsia when whole wheat crackers should be used. Universal Food.— A dry powder made from the germs of wheat and barley thoroughly cooked, ready to be eaten by simple maceration for a few minutes in milk. Easily digested, and taken with milk or cream, very fattening. AVagner's Infant Food.— A predigested milk food with the gluten of wheat and digested meat juice and mineral salts. Its true value as an infant food can be seen in the table of Infant Foods. Wheat Gluten.— Xearly all the gluten in the market contains sev- enty-five per cent, of starch. This, according to Prof. Atfield, has only a mere trace of starch. Diabetics who must use gluten will find this what they need. Wheat Preparations.— Wheatena i^ prepared from wheat exclud- ing the inert portions. One part of wheatena powder poured into six ^r seven parts of salted boiling water is ready for use in one minute. 262 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Appetizing, nutritious, easily digested. Wheat Granola, Arlington, Whole Wheat Meal, Sanitarium, whole wheat flour, etc. Zwieback No. 1.— Made of whole-wheat flour, sanitarium brand, containing more than fifteen per cent, of gluten ; nutritious, palatable and digestible ; said to be superior to the original Carlsbad manufac- ture ; with milk or cream it is a real delicacy. No. 2 is made of wheat flour and rye-meal bread for slow digestion, and constipation. No. 3 is specially prepared for acid dyspepsia with tenderness and painful digestion. Special Treatments. 1. The Faith Cure — 2. Mind Cure— 3. Christian Science Cure — 4. Hygienic Treatment — 5. Fasting Cure — 6. Abstinence Cure— 7. Dietetic Cure— 8. One Meal Cure— 9. The Salis- bury Treatment— 10. Grape Cure— 11. Fruit Method— 12. The Fruit-and-Bread Cure— 13. The Natural Method— 14. The Camp Cure— 15. The Rest Cure— 16. The Oxygen Treatment — 17. The Movement Cure — 18. The Massage Treatment— 19. The Magnetic Cure— 20. Electrical Method —21. The Hall Treatment— 22. Our Doctors Colon Flush, an Exhaustive but Plain Statement of the Simple but Ef- fective Treatment by Means of Bowel Injections — 23. The New Method Cure — 24. The Inhalation Treatment — 25. The Biochemic Cure — 26. The Densmore Preliminary Treat- ment— 27. The Kneipp Cure— 28. The Climate Cure, the Objects Sought by it, How They are Accomplished, and Where to Find the Desired Climate — 29. The Tractor Cure —30. The Earth Cure— 31. Our Doctor's Water Treatment, a Comprehensive Discussion of Hydropathy, Who May Employ It, When and How. Our purpose is not to sketch all the special treatments now recognized, to a greater or less extent, for the cure of disease, but simply to glance at those which have some particular merit that can be appropriated in a work like this, with more detailed directions concerning those treatments that are within the reach of ordinary families. These treatments should not be considered in the sense of different schools of medicine, but 203 264 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. particular applications of the healing art which all schools can., to a considerable extent, accept and practice. All schools agree in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, preventive measures, and the arts of obstetrics and surgery, but disagree as to the remedies to be employed and the method of their administra- tion. A momentary survey of the three leading schools may be of interest just here. The Allopaths, or "regulars," so-called, do not admit that there is any law of cure for disease, but believe in exper- imenting to find the effect of drugs, and give medicines, "be- cause they have been used with advantage in similar cases." The Eclectic believes that the law of cure is to produce an effect opposite to the diseased action, which is always an excess, defect or perversion. Hence, their remedies are se- lected according to the symptoms which indicate which of the three forms of disease is present. The Homoeopath holds that the law of cure is " similia similibus curanter." Like things cure like, i. e. 9 a drug that has produced like symptoms in a healthy man, will cure the same symptoms in a sic]: man ; and that the power of drugs is increased by subdivision. By carrying these principles out they have amassed a symptomotology that is almost unman- ageable, and have run their dilutions to such a degree that what part of the medicine is left is incomprehensible. Thus, the single remedy aconite has 2,400 symptoms and 800 condi- tions ; while the thousandth potency of some drugs is some- times recommended. Yet, absurd as this extreme may be, within reasonable limits homoeopathy is often more success- ful than the "regular" practice in its treatment of disease, as proven by hospital statistics and health-board returns. 1, Faith Cure. — By this is meant the cure of disease by the agency of faith in prayer. The method is founded mainly upon the passage found in James 5, 18-15: "Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church ; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil, in the name of the Lord, and the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 265 the Lord shall raise him up." The advocates of this method are divided into two classes : (1) Those who believe that the anointing should be literally accomplished, and that all sick- nesses of believers may be cured at any time ; (2) those who* hold that the healing is a special privilege of some, while others must suffer in common with other men. The fact of multitudes of cures through these means can only be denied upon grounds that would invalidate all histori- cal evidence. Many attribute the cures, however, to nientaL emotions, hopefulness, or other purely natural agencies. But this cannot be admitted ; because, however potent such agen- cies may be, there is a peculiarly Christian fact in these " faith- cures" that is entirely ignored by their assumption. This fact is the personal consciousness in the subjects of faith-healing* of an in-working, Spirit-helped faith. This consciousness is just as much a fact of experience in their case, as is the con- sciousness of personal salvation in the heart of the believer. No philosophy can ever account for these faith-cures upon any hypothesis that precludes or ignores this consciousness. And any denial of this consciousness, either as to its validity or value, as an element of proof, must be upon theoretical grounds, that would, with equal weight, bear against personaL salvation itself. Admitting, then, the fact that faith cures do occur, the question arises, what relation does that fact sustain to a book like this? The answer is, to Christian readers it may empha- size a possible privilege of any one of them. And therefore its mention, at this place, is proper, in order to suggest further reading of works specially illustrative of the subject. 2. Mind Cure.— This is based upon the creed of the German philosophy, which holds that there is no reality but mind. Matter has no existence. Pain is only an imagination.. Sickness exists only in belief. Therefore, cure consists in changing the conceptions of the mind, relative to its supposed physical state. That change to be accomplished by the im- pression which the healer produces on the mind of the patient. 266 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. When that impression is sufficient to work the necessary men- tal change, the cure is complete; but when obstructed by doubts and hesitancy on the part of the patients, the cure is but partial and unsatisfactory. That many cures are wrought by this agency, no student of science can deny. And to the extent that it can inspire hopefulness in disease, it is many times an agent of great value, but ought not to be relied upon to the exclusion of other measures which experience has proved of great service, even if not absolutely required. 3. Christian Science Cure.— Christian Science is a misnomer; for that which denies the fundamental postulates of Christian faith, ought not to bear the cognomen of " Chris- tian Science." In 1864, Mary Baker Glover made her first "discovery" concerning healing by this method. Her doc- trines, as stated by herself, are : "God is an impersonal principle; man is his idea. Matter is but a "belief, and mind the only reality. To believe in the possibility of pleasurable sin, makes all that is sin. Life is not structural and organic, but without beginning and without end. Soul is not in body, it is the unlimited intelligence. Man is an idea, and soul the principle that produces it; therefore, man and his maker are inseparable. "The five personal senses are beliefs. There is no personal sense. Hepulsion, attraction, cohesion and power, supposed to belong to mat- ter, are constituents of mind. Spirit cannot act through matter. Dis- ease is a belief only. Electricity is not a vital fluid, but an element of mind. Belief is mortality's self, nothing whatever but illusion. Man never dies ; it is only a belief of man (that dies). Man born to-day and -dying to-morrow, as if something was newly created and lost, is a dream and illusion. Mind, not matter, embraces all suffering. When the sick are made to realize the lie of personal sense, the body is healed. What if the lungs are ulcerated or decayed; mind has done •this. Change, therefore, your belief in the case, and you will form the lungs anew, and they will resume their healthy functions. It matters 2iot what the body indicates, in reality all is mind. The battle lies wholly between minds. Dismiss the first mental admission that you are sick; never admit sensation in matter, or that the body can be pained. Battle the old belief until you destroy it, and you will get well. Pains of the body are unreal, but not more so than its pleasures. Pood neither helps nor harms man. You can prevent or cure scrofula, SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 267 hereditary disease and the like, in just the ratio you expel from mind a belief in the transmission of disease and destroy its' mental images. For a broken bone or dislocated joint it is better to call a surgeon, until mankind is further advanced hi the treatment of mental science. The time approaches when mind alone will adjust joints and broken bones/' These verbatim extracts from ' ; Science and Health" pre- sent a condensed summary of the principles of this method of healing, based upon a pantheistic God, a Deified humanity, experience a universal lie, and the idealistic figment of one school of Germany philosophy the one saving truth of this universal sham. Yet its teaching has a place, to a limited extent, in leading the sufferer to match will-power against pain. 4. Hygienic Cure. — This consists in a careful conduct of the life, in accordance with the laws of health ; embracing eating, breathing, sleeping, exercise, baths, sanitary surround- ings, social relations and mental employment. Whatever careful adjustment of personal condition with these factors will not do towards the restoration of health, it is not deemed advisable to attempt by any other means. As an adjunct to other measures of established value, this system cannot be overestimated. But it has the disadvantage of supposing a knowledge and control of circumstances on the part of those who employ it, both of which are entirely beyond ordinary human attainment. Therefore, as a sole reli- ance, it will often be found most disappointing in the time of greatest need. 5. Fasting" Cure. — This is based upon the assumption that people ordinarily eat too much, and that the main cause of disease is the clogging of the fluids and tissues of the body with the surplus material of the food and the wastes from tis- sue change. Therefore, when sickness occurs, the proper thing to do is to cut off the source of superabundant supply. In other words, abstain from food until the system has not only appropriated all the surplus, but expelled the excrementi- tious matter, and thus restored the normal balance between the in-take and the output of the organism. 268 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. With this method, as with the last, held in a subordinate position, it may contribute largely toward recovery ; but when the blood is filled with the microbes of some diseases, starva- tion alone is likely to exterminate the patient much sooner than it will the parasites. As an illustration of the proper use of this method, we cite the following case : 6. Abstinence Cure.— A personal friend, who was at the head of a very large mercantile agency, the business of which required the constant expenditure of an excessive amount of brain vitality, was subject to occasional attacks of prostrating illness. His uniform practice, at such times, was to retire to his bed, in a partially darkened room, and there remain, without food, medicine, or any kind of employment, until his sickness passed away. He never failed to find relief within a few days. 7. Dietetic Cure. — The hope of the advocates of this system is, that by the careful adjustment of the diet to the needs of the system, the seeds of disease may be extirpated. Like other single agencies, it has a value not to be overlooked as an auxiliary, but as a sole contingent with which to fight the array of physical ailments that besets men, it is lacking in two fundamental elements of success. The first of these is the general, popular and professional ignorance concerning what constitutes the best diet in certain conditions. The sec- ond is the inability of the mass of people to regulate their diet according to the standards that may be deemed authoritative. For these reasons, it is unwise to trust to diet exclusively for the relief of most diseases ; although there may be dyspep- tic and kindred ailments that are amenable to it. Proper diet and forms of food, under various conditions, are fully set forth in previous parts of this book. 8. One Meal Cure. — This is recommended especially for those slaves of appetite who find all their good resolutions of prudence vanishing before the temptations of a well-spread table. The London Lancet says: By active employment or outdoor sport the patient can manage, for hours, to divert his mind from the thought SPECIAL ' TREATMENTS. 269 of the dinner-table, and when lie at last sirs down to a late meal, it is too late for the demon of the besetting vice to retrieve the lost oppor- tunity, and the invalid will be neither able nor inclined to eat more than his digestive organs can utilize in the course of the next twenty- four hours. By the simple plan of masticating every morsel of food slowly and thoroughly, a feeling of satiety can be made to assert itself before it is too late; and the idea that one meal a day might fail to supply the alimentary wants of the system is refuted by the experi- ments of modern sanitarians, as well as by the habits of the ancient ■Greeks and Romans, who, for a long series of centuries, limited them- selves to one daily meal, eaten in the cool of the evening, or, at least, not before the completion of the day's work. 9. The Saulisbury Cure.— In 1850 Dr. J. H. Saulis- bury began a very thorough coarse of microscopical and chem- ical analyses in order to discover the causes of the incurable diseases. In 185 1-7 he added many experiments made upon lii m self and upon men whom he hired for the purpose, in order to ascertain the effect of living exclusively upon one food at a time. In 1858 he amplified his experiments upon two thousand liogs, which he personally fed and dissected. In that year he discovered the cause of disease, as he believes, in unhealthy alimentation. The diseases thus caused are consumption, in all its phases, chronic diarrhea, summer complaint of children, dyspepsia in all forms, rheumatism of all kinds, gout, Bright's disease, diabetes millitus, locomotor ataxia, ovarian tumors, goiter, cretinism, all fibrous tumors, cancerous growths, all paralytic diseases. (1) softening of the brain, insanity, (1) pur- pura hemorrhagica, deafness, diseases of the eye, catarrhs, gravel, urinary and biliary diseases, asthma, (1) fatty diseases of heart and other organs, (1) most prolapse cases of bowels and uterus, most cases of dementia, loss of voice, erysipelas, eczema, scald head, Anaemia, etc. His system is epitomized in these words: "Healthfully feeding those tissues which require nourishing, and starving such as have been over and unhealthfully fed, will, in time, (1) Except when caused by injuries, poisons, infections, effusions or parasites. 270 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. restore the equipoise of an unbalanced organism." " By struc- ture we are two-thirds carnivorous and one-third herbivorous. ?r Sip one-half to one pint of hot water, 110° F., from fifteen to thirty minutes, about 6 and 11 a. in., and 4 and 9 p. m. A cup of clear tea, coffee or beef tea slowly sipped, near the close of each meal. Hot water or beef tea, if thirsty, between two hours after and one hour before meals. Preferably the center of the round steak, chopped; all the coarse portion removed, made into cakes one-half to one inch thick, and broiled. Put on hot plate, season with butter, pepper, salt, Worcester or Halford sauce, mustard, horse-radish or lemon juice to taste. After the urine becomes clear and free at 1.015-1. 020 r add side dishes of broiled lamb, mutton, game, chicken T oysters, fish, dried beef, boiled codfish (fresh or salt), baked fish, or soft boiled egg. Bread, toast, boiled rice or cracked wheat, one part by bulk to four to six parts of meat. No other food. Soap and hot-water bath twice a week, then oil the entire body with glycerine and water; rub well. Nightly sponge bath of hot water one quart, aqua ammonia one to four teaspoonf uls ; wipe dry and rub well. Every morning sponge off with hot water, wipe dry and rub well. 10. The Grape Cure in Germany and France con- sists in living exclusively, for several weeks, upon grapes, freshly picked from the vines. Several pounds a day are con- sumed at regular hours, and for some ailments it has proved very beneficial. But the small proportion of nitrogenous con- stituents renders it unfit for active life or for long-continued subsistence. Sometimes a little dry bread is allowed. 11. The Fruit Cure. — This is based upon the state- ment that fruits not only afford the needed carbon, with much less vital strain than is required for the digestion of bread and cereals, but supply the organism with the antiscorbutic fruit elements and phosphates that are absolute requisites to any complete system of nourishment. Fruits abound in elements whose office is to dissolve out and carry off many salts and earthy matters, that otherwise remain to obstruct, and induce SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 271 ossification. These fruits are also nature's aperient, and pro- mote the normal action of the bowels, and are the surest . means of overcoming constipation. The fruits preferred are figs, prunes, dates, raisins, peaches, pears, apples, berries, oranges, bananas, thus making this cure simply a broadening of the general idea of the grape cure, with this advantage in favor of the former, that whereas grapes have only fifty-nine one-hundredths of one per cent, of nitrogenous matter, figs contain over five per cent., and their force element is nearly three times as great, or forty-five per cent. , and the average of the fruits named give nearly one and a half per cent, fiber element, and one and one-half times more force constituents than grapes. Any greater variety than the fruits named is not deemed desirable. 12. The Fruit and Bread Cure of Dr. Gustav Schlickeysen is based upon the theory that the natural man- ner of living all over the globe, before the glacial epoch, was on fruits, nuts and grains, and that as the tertiary fossil-bones of man are larger and stronger than those of the historical period, therefore, their food was more favorable to physical development. The order of maturity of the fruits and nuts is adapted to the necessities of the seasons. Great variety should be allowed. They should be taken uncooked, mainly because cooking de- stroys the electrical vitality of the food, which is a quality entirely distinct from its nutritive element. Salt and other condiments should be rejected. Preferably the grains are eaten raw, but if bread be used, it is of the unbolted wheat, prepared with water, thoroughly kneaded, set to rise near the fire, then baked two hours. The only beverage allowed is pure water. An abundance of fresh air day and night is insisted upon. Ample experiment has demonstrated the curative virtues of this treatment, and it likewise possesses economical and labor-saving features, that strongly recommend its adoption ; but the reputation for oddity that, in the present state of soci- 272 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ety, must attach to those who depart so far from the ordinary customs of the people, is an insurmountable barrier against its being generally practiced. 13. The Natural Care of Dr. C. E. Page is substan- tially Dr. Schlickeysen's theory, but favoring the one meal a day system most of the time, as largely increasing the work- ing capacity. The following is Dr. Page's experience while living on a dozen meals a week : "I have walked in snow and slop with low shoes, until both shoes and socks were soaked through, and have sat thus for an hour or more ; after wearing all-wool flannels during moderate weather, I have, upon the approach of colder weather, removed my under-garments, and have then attended to my outdoor affairs, minus the overcoat habitually worn; I have slept, in winter, in a current blowing directly about my liead and shoulders; upon going to bed I have sat in a strong current, entirely nude, for a quarter of an hour, on a v ry cold, damp night in the fall of the year; I have worn a flannel gown, and slept under heavy- weight bed covers one night, and in cotton nightshirt and light-weight bedclothes the next. These, and similar experiments, I have made repeatedly, and have never been able to catch cold. I become cold, sometimes quite cold, and become warm again, that is all. On the other hand, changing the form of my experiments, returning to my old way, the prevalent style of living— a " generous diet," and a full meal every five or six hours through the day — I have found no diffi- culty in accumulating a cold; and within a reasonable length of time could count upon it." Lest the force of this example should be broken by the 23lea that Dr. Page was exceptionally rugged, it should be stated that he reached this degree of resisting power by sub- stantially this method of cure, from a state which he thus characterizes : ' ' Personally, I have been a lifelong sufferer from ''colds' in a variety of forms, from the * snuffles' of crammed infancy, and the 'hay fever' of adult age, to neural- gia, rheumatism and the like." 14. The Camp Cure. — This consists in living for sev- eral months under canvas, preferably in the forest, away from all the exactions of ordinary life, in the freedom and abandon of a vacation, in the company of congenial spirits, and with nothing to do but get strong. The merits of this cure are SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 273 known to many, but still remain to be illustrated on the large and systematic scale that the best interests of the people require. Elegance of appointments, fashionable attire, and the exacting conventionalities of social home-life, are all to be rigidly excluded. No book but the Bible; no used communi- cation save with companions and Heaven, and no luxuries but the pure air, the limpid water, good food, sleep and breath. If any invalids in the world can ' ' throw physic to the dogs" with impunity, it is those who have thus broken loose from the restraining, constraining and distraining duties of home and business life, and given themselves to a temporary nomadic kind of existence, that brings them back toward the healthfulness, buoyancy and gladsomeness of humanities' youth. To consumptives, especially, this method offers a most inviting and efficient remedy, particularly in the early stages. And the victims of stuffed stomachs, laggard livers and nerve- less nerves, may find in it something better than specialists' prescriptions, mineral waters or self dosing. 15. The Rest Cure of Dr. Weir Mitchell is especially for debilitated nervous systems. The cure consists in lying on a clean spring cot, in a perfectly lighted and ventilated room, with nothing to distract the attention, waited upon by a healthy young nurse of a disposition suited to the case. No letters, books or friends admitted. Absolutely nothing to do but rest. Daily massage, and warm sponging before 8 p. m. If the digestive organs be very weak, raw milk is the only diet. If that disagrees, boiled milk is substituted. If that cannot be borne, two ounces of skimmed milk every two hours for two or three days. Then the full milk diet of eight eight-ounce glasses of milk (64 ounces) a day. After a week or more, bread and butter. After a few days more farina, fruits, chops, oatmeal, chicken and vegetables. After a suitable time the patient is dressed and sits up for five minutes, which period is extended as the strength returns, until two hours are allowed morning and evening. Then one letter may be allowed a day ; later, a magazine, and so on. Then a walk of a single block, which is 18 274 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. gradually extended to three or four miles. Upon leaving the hospital, a schedule regulating hours of meals, exercise and sleep is given for future use. In cases of less digestive debility, the rest-diet consists, the first five days, of five and one-half pints of milk every twenty-four hours. This yields but 1705 calories of energy, and requires 946 pints of oxygen ; but as the rest is as nearly absolute as practicable, the diet is found to be sufficient, and the treatment has proved to be very efficient in a class of cases that has been the despair of nearly all other methods. 16. The Oxygen Treatment.— This consists in the inhalation of either pure oxygen gas, or a compound of oxygen and nitrogen, and, in some cases, medicating the gas. When this is judiciously done it is a most effective treatment, but a large proportion of the so-called oxygen treatments are unmit- igated frauds. We could name one largely used whose claims are endorsed by several reputable physicians, but whose circu- lars are tissues of falsehoods, and whose product has been proved by chemical analysis, to contain not one particle of oxygen that can be absorbed by the patient. Deep inhalations of pure air may accomplish most of the results arrived at by this treatment. About twenty per cent, of the oxygen inspired by an adult is absorbed directly into the blood, which has such an affinity for the oxygen that it absorbs two and a half times more than water does. Magnus has shown that arterial blood contains ten per cent, by volume of carbon dioxide, and twenty-five per cent, of free oxygen, and venous blood ten to forty per cent. The objection is made to all oxygen treatments, that the amount of free oxygen in the blood can not be increased be- yond the quantity which it receives by inspiration. If this were true it would still lack any force, because most people live in an habitual state of suboxydation. Yet there are very strong reasons for believing that it is not true, but that an indefinite quantity of oxygen may be taken up by the tissues. No atom of nutrition is ever converted into blood or tissue, and no atom of blood or tissue ever passes through the retro- SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 875 -gressive changes backward toward inorganic matter, without the agency of oxygen. Further, usually both the nutritive and excretive processes, in their activity, bear a direct relation to the amount of oxygen inspired. Therefore, the best of physiological reasons favor the employment of oxygen in nearly all forms of disease, and the weight of clinical testi- mony is overwhelming as to its efficiency. 17. The Movement Cure. — Ling, of Sweden, has the credit of introducing and systematizing this very efficient mode of treatment. It is based upon the fact that exercise strengthens. Hence, this system has elaborated special forms of exercise, adapted to the development of every muscle of the human body. It also recognizes the fact that, in order to strengthen by exercise, it is of imperative necessity to allow periods of repose. Great institutions, with elaborate and costly machinery, have been erected both in Europe and this coun- try, for treatment of disease and malformation by this method. Many books have also been written expounding the method. The institutional treatment is necessarily very expensive, on account of its immense outlays. But those who desire the system, and cannot afford the institutional treatment, will find adequate instruction in " Nisens' Swedish Movement and Mas- sage Treatment," "Taylor's Health by Exercise," or ;; Check- ley's New Method of Physical Training." The exercises found on Pages 29-36 of this volume are selected as adaptations of the general principles of the movement cure, and will be espe- cially applied in Part Eight, on diseases and their treatment. 1 8. The Massage Treatment.— Massage means knead- ing, handling, manipulating of the flesh. It is divided into pas- sive, in which the patient receives quietly the movements of the operator; and active, in which he resists those movements. It is estimated that there are one thousand miles of tubing in the human system ; that the sweat tubes alone are thirty miles long, and therefore, any manipulation that can effectually open all these miles of tubing, must have a pronounced physi- ological result. Experience has proved that the temperature 276 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. of an arm may be raised five degrees in a few minutes by the process. The primary movements are friction, percussion, pressure and movement. The effect of these is to stimulate the ter- minal nerve-fibers, quicken and tone the circulation in the skin, promote its secretions through those miles of tubing, and the interchange of gases. It should be applied from the ex- tremities towards the trunk. Deep massage is a combination of pressure and movement. Its effect is to improve the muscular circulation, tone th& motor function, stimulate the lymph glands, restore nervous energy, relieve pain and promote sleep. Massage of the abdo- men excites bowel movements, stimulates the genital organs, improves appetite and digestion, strengthens the heart, deep- ens respiration and increases oxygenation. The best method of performing massage is as follows: " 1. Sponge off the entire surface of the body of the patient, both morning and evening, with castile soap and water, and dry well. 2. The operator should be a young, healthy, vigorous person, full of vital force, intelli- gent and well posted in his or her work. Massage should last for half an hour in the morning, and the same length of time in the afternoon, increased daily until two and a half hours are thus occupied morning and evening, making Ave hours daily, and after its j)erformance, each time, one-half or three-quarters of an hour of electrical manipulation to follow. This massage is to consist of taking a leg and thigh, begin- ning at the toes, foot, leg, up to groin, first rubbing from the extremity up; then grasping the parts between both hands, from foot up, mov- ing each joint as you go along; then a careful painstaking kneading from the sole of the foot up, manipulating the joints well; this to be followed by beating, or patting with the fingers of both hands, coming down on the part at the same time, and the whole to be followed by a rubbing with the points of the fingers, always moving the joints. After one limb has been well done, then the other; then one arm; then the other; then the back; and, lastly, the abdomen, spending upon each .a little over half an hour. If there is great sensitiveness, it is often best not to spend the entire time on one member at once, but to go from one to the other, going over each several times. The intensity of mas- sage will depend altogether on the sensibility of the patient. In no case is there any violence or roughness to be used ; neither is the skin to be irritated nor much redness induced. During the manipulation, SPECIAL TREATMENTS, -*T the patient is to remain perfectly passive, not to make a single efforts All to be clone by the operator. This systematic shampooing, grasp-- ing. kneading, patting, beating and exercise of all the muscles and nerves of the body, extremities and trunk, has a truly magical effect Its advantages are. the periphera nerve stimulation, carried to brain, cord and other centers, raises the standard of central vitality, and the vital force and stamina of the operator is planted into the nervous sys- tem of the patient by reflex emanation. All his reserve vitality accu- mulated is thus given to the devitalized.'" Key Notes. It is a most successful measure for the amelioration or removal of nearly all the ailments of humanity. 19. The Magnetic Care.— Certain individuals are endowed by nature with a surplus of animal magnetism. So much so, that by contact with others they impart a measure of their supply. By some process of transformation not under- stood, this added increment of energy becomes increased vital- ity in the subject. Many cures, seemingly marvelous in their character, have been wrought by persons thus endowed. The ordinary experi- ence of the removal of headache by gentle touches of the hand of another person, is an illustration of the same process. In this case, all that is requisite is that the operator shall be at the time, more fully charged with magnetic influence than the patient. Nurses should always be selected for the sick with reference to their capacity in this direction. The treatment is particularly beneficial in nervous dis- eases, care being taken that the operator be of a congenial temperament, and not exhausted by previous treatment of other persons. If this cannot be assured in any other way. the patient should insist on being the first one treated on that day, and the treatment should be received often enough not to allow the system to drop to its old level in the interval. Exer- cise should be carefully adapted to the strength, especial care being taken not to waste vitality by useless activity when under the invigoration of a recent treatment. Food should be 1 increased as appetite and strength improves, and the habit of sleep should be cultivated- 2-78 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 20. The Electrical Cure, as properly employed. This consists in passing the current of a battery — either Far- adic, galvanic or frictional — into the body of the patient. The philosophy of the remedy lies in the general facts that such is the effect of the current upon the nerves that the application •of the positive pole reduces abnormal sensibility, dissipates congestion, and carries away obstructive material. On the contrary, the application of the negative pole increases the circulation of the part, quickens sensibility and exalts vital function. Undoubtedly, also, by the great law of conservation of energy, a part of the electrical force becomes transformed into nervous vitality. Hence, it is a potent factor in the relief of pain and cure of disease, when rightly applied. But the common practice of keeping a battery for home treatment, without the directions of a competent advisor, is often extremely detrimental, be- cause nerves tire as well as muscles, and over-treatment may cause nerve debility or excitability, that will be hard to over- come. The kind of electrical current, its direction, force, duration, intermittency, frequency of application, are all mat- ters of importance to be determined, in critical cases, only by the experienced. In his hands there is no mightier agency for the relief of human suffering. But just as gunpowder is not a suitable thing for children to play with, so electricity (notwith- standing the assertions of battery -makers) is not a proper agent for the untrained to employ. 21 . The Hall Treatment. — For many years physicians in various parts of the world have been experimenting with more or less flushings of the rectum and colon, in order to de- termine their precise value as curative measures. But it re- mained for a scientific layman experimentally to outline a sys- tem now known as the Hall treatment, which consists in the daily or tri-weekly injection into the colon of from three to four quarts of cold water, and its retention as long as practi- cable. The utility of the measure consists in these facts : First. — The highly concentrated foods of civilized life, com- bined with sedentary occupations and unphysiological dress, SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 279 produce, in the great majority of the people, a diminished per- istaltic movement of the bowels, which results in the accumu- lation of the feces in the colon and rectum, either packing the tube with a solid mass, or covering its interior with a pasty substance, leaving a sort of fluid core, which may be expelled in daily evacuations. Second— But in either case the mouths of the absorbents are furnished with the foul excreta of the organism, to be taken up and carried as a poison, throughout the entire system. Third. — Headache, foul breath, muddy skin, indigestion, liver complaint, palpitation and nervous disturbances are the result. Fourth. — The effect of the flushing is to soften and expel the impacted matter and take up and remove the pasty lining, thus making the colon what nature designed it should be, an organ of transmission, not a receptacle of decay. After many years' use of this method, Dr. Hall claims to have passed from the condition of a hopeless consumptive to that of the healthiest man of his years and generation, and thousands of others have employed it temporarily with great advantage. Yet, as a system of cure, we believe it to be essen- tially defective. First, because lacking in adaptation to very many cases. Second, because it neglects those means of cure which nature itself teaches us to employ. When the dumb animals are sick their instinct teaches them to find, in some growing plant or running stream, or elsewhere, a means of relief. Human reason and experience have proved the utility of sim- ilar agents, and while they have been many times abused, that is no reason why they should not be properly used. 22. Our Colon Flush.— This is a system of flushing the bowels employed by the writer for several years. It orig- inated in suggestions accompanying various clinical reports in different medical journals. In this treatment an attempt is made to adapt the quantity, temperature and frequency of the flushes to the condition of the patient, and special medication 280 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. is added as required. In order that the subject may have the comprehension which it merits, 1. The anatomy of the parts should be clear in the mind of the reader. Fig. 19, Page 64, shows the lower Jpart of the ascending colon in the right lower abdominal {hypogastric) region, and the place where the small intestine empties into the colon through the ileo csecal valve, which allows the passage of matter from the small intestine; but pre- vents its return. Fig. 40. This valve is a transverse fissure like a buttonhole, with flaps like eyelids, the upper projecting most. From the starting point, three inches below the valve, the colon passes up eight inches to the under THE BOWELS OR COLON. A. Ascending Colon. B. Transverse Colon. E. C. Descending- Colon. 1). Sigmoid-flexure. Bladder. surface of the liver, then across twelve inches, then down eleven- inches, then bends around twenty-two inches, and ends in the rectum eight inches, constituting a tube about five feet long, one and one-half to three inches in diameter, with an average capacity of about four quarts. See Fig. 34, Page 84. It should be observed that it comes in close contact with the under side of the liver, gall, bladder, stomach, spleen and pancreas, and the front of the kidneys, and borders the uterus and bladder. The struc- SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 281 ture of these organs is such that they have the power of osmosis (transfer of liquids through their membranes). An important feature of the descending colon is the sigmoid flex- ure (Fig. 36), named from its shape, resembling the Greek letter signia, and about twenty-two inches long. Possibly the design of that form maybe to partly hold back the crowding feces, and somewhat relieve the pressure that otherwise might be too strong for the sphinc- ter muscle. However that may be, it is an obstruction that must be carefully provided for in the administration of the flush. The feces are probably stored a few hours above the sigmoid, in order to give opportunity for the absorption of their fluids. The Bowels Consist of Three Coats. — The external perito- neal, or serous ; the middle, muscular ; and the internal, mucus. The object of the serous is the same as the serous mem- brane of joints, protection from friction. That of the muscu- lar is to produce the peristaltic movements that carry the con- tents on toward the exit, and that of the mucus, to lubricate. The colon readily absorbs watery solutions, although its ab- sorbents are not as numerous as those of the small intestine, "When the feces reach the rectum, the desire for defecation is felt, and, if not gratified, it is thought that the feces reascencl into the descending colon. The Small Intestine, fifteen to twenty feet long and one and one-half inches in diameter, is described on Pages 63-64. The inner membrane has a velvety appearance, from the great number of villi (small projections), each of which has an artery, a vein and capillary net work, as shown in Figs. 37 and' 39. These villi are estimated to number 10,125,000' in the small intestine. The glands of Brunner lie under the mucus membrane of the duodenum (for their use see Page 85), while "Peyers patches" are collections of so-called solitary glands in the lower part of the intestine, whose purpose is to secrete intestinal tin id. The follicles of Lieberkuhn (Fig. 38) are scat- FIG. 37. CAPILLA- RIES of THE tered through both large and small intestines, and SMALL intestine, secret c most of the intestinal fluid or ferment. 2. The Natural Physiological Processes of the intestines have been briefly referred to, Pages 85-88, in considering diges- tion, but we must now repeat and amplify. 282 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Some very recent discoveries of great importance have been made by Drs. Macfadgen, Mencki and Sieber, in a case of strangulated her- nia, in which it became necessary to remove about three inches of the tmiall intestine, and one inch of the colon, in Prof. Kocher's clinic at Berne. An artificial fistula was formed by connecting the small intes- tine with the wall of the abdomen, by which means the contents could be collected and examined at pleasure, and it was learned that a given article of food requires from two to five and one-fourth hours to reach the valve; that its complete passage may take much longer time, as in the case of green peas which are from fourteen to twenty-three hours FIG. 38. VERTICAL SECTION OF MEMBRANE OF RABBIT. a. Lacteal vessel. e. Epithelium. b. Capillary blood-vessels. /. Substance of a vilus. c. Small artery. g. Tubular glands of Lieberkulm. ower of the exhaled vapor transporting noxious matters out of the Jangs.J 310 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Dr. Boyd Cornick has ably controverted these views, affirming that, dryness is the only quality that is really beneficial, whether at high or low altitudes; and that the good arises, not as Dr. Dennison claims, from the increased transpiration of aqueous vapor from the lungs, but from the rapid evaporation of serum transuding from the engorged superficial capillaries of inflamed pulmonary areas. In our view, both are right, and the processes are, perhaps, equally valuable. Higher altitudes also enjoy immunity from bacteria. In July, 1883, Miguel found no bacteria in the air of Switzerland at an elevation of from 6,500 to 3,000 feet, but in 35 cu.bic feet of air on the Lake of Thun he found eight bacteria, near a hotel on the lakeside 25, in a room of the hotel 600, in the park at Montsouris 7,600, and in the air of Paris 50,000. 4. Sunshine.— The number of days in a year in which the sun is not obscured by clouds is important. The variation of cloudiness ranges from above 60 per cent, of the time over the interior lake-region, to less than thirty over Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. Dr. Miles asserts that the beneficial effects of sunshine increase with high altitudes. Lombard states that light stimulates and dark- ness impedes respiration, which is in accordance with the facts stated on Pages 8 and 9 of this treatise. 5. The Soil.— Remembering that for every inch of rainfall one hun- dred tons of water fall on es^ery acre, the character of the soil becomes of great importance in determining the healthfulness of any locality. Heavy clay soils retain a large portion of the surface drainage, to return its d leterious contents in unhealthful exhalations, or in the solutions which constitute the drinking supply. On the other hand, light sandy soils, being more permeable by the sunbeams and gases, undergo a constant process of purification, by which the decayed pro- ducts of vegetation and surface drainage become decomposed anj harmless. 6. The Water Supply stands closely related with the character of the soil, and from a hygienic standpoint is of no less consequence. Sandy soils allow the surface water to percolate long distances, becom- ing, thereby, natural filters which pour forth their purified products in sparkling streams of the purest water. If the reader will turn back to Page 11 he will find facts which strikingly illustrate the importance of this element in estimating the comparative advantages of different localities. 7. Shelter.— By this is meant not equability, but the proximity of mountain ranges protecting from cold and raw winds, also from the sudden and violent changes that come from being situated in ravines. Variability is desirable, violent changes the reverse. Variability and dryness go together, and often, from the damage that ensues, the change gets the blame that belongs to humidity, which is always SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 311 excessive when the change is injurious. A moderate degree of change is required, in order to properly tone the system, as no climates are so debilitating as those that are most warm and equable. 8. Ozone is nature's disinfectant, resolving all putrescent matter into its primitive and harmless forms. Dr. Shrieber, of Vienna, says that the turpentine exhaled from pine forests possesses, to a greater degree than all other bodies, the property of converting the oxygen of the air into ozone. The breaking of the water of falls into spray also produces ozone in large quantities. A stream of ozone passed through a mass of black, offensive and putrescent blood, effects a change in it as if by magic; immediately, as soon as the operation has commenced, all disagreeable odor is removed. If ozone be diffused through apartments or elsewhere, it not only disinfects by removing noxious vapors and poisonous germs, whatever their character may be, but being, itself, in the gaseous form, it is inhaled during respiration, and passing into the blood through the lungs, it oxidises the used-up and effete matters produced during assimilation and the renewal of various tissues, thus effecting a certain resistance to these pernicious influences if retained within the human body. (Dr. Day.) 9. Drainage is a very important factor, because when deficient, poisonous products are constantly exhaled in the air and taken into the system through the water supply, as already stated. Sandy and loamy soils, with mountainous configurations, furnish the best soil and advantages for complete drainage. 10. Clearness or Transparency of the Air.— This is a decided indication of its purity. As with water, the greater distance one can see through it the greater is its purity, so with air. Special Hints. — No climate should be regarded as curative, but simply palliative ; yet changes can often be made that will restore health and prolong life many years. Patients should rarely seek a change of climate after dis- ease has reached such a stage as to render home comforts absolutely imperative. These comforts may seem necessary, but many a consumptive owes his life to having left his luxu- rious New England home for a life on the plains of Colorado or Arizona. Patients afflicted with a particular disease should not seek a locality where that disease abounds. For example, in Flor- ence, Malta, and Maderia, consumption is prevalent among the native inhabitants ; therefore they are unfit refuges for consumptives from abroad. This reasoning has been abund- antly confirmed by experience. 312 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. At Nice, which has been a favorite resort of English invalids, espe- cially those afflicted with lung complaints, there are more native inhabitants that die of these maladies than in any English town of equal population. Naples (only mentioned here by way of contrast), the climate of which is the theme of so much praise, shows in her hos- pitals a mortality by consumption equal to one in two and one-third, whereas in Paris, — whose climate is so often pronounced villainous — the proportion is only one in three and one-fourth. In Madeira no local disease is more common than consumption. The principles deduced from the foregoing facts are as follows : 1. Concerning Humidity. — Consumption requires a dry air, because, as shown by Dr. Dennison, it has so much greater power to absorb the aqueous vapor from the lungs, and with it the germs of the disease. Thus, in 1883, with a mean tem- perature of 71.3° at Yuma, Arizona, and Jacksonville, Florida, a man at rest threw off 864 grains a day more at Yuma, which (on the basis of Dr. Edward Smith's calculation that a man walking three miles an hour at sea level consumes three times as much air as when at rest) gives about a gill more a day exhaled at Yuma than at Jacksonville. Dr. C. J. Williams, after a thorough analysis of 593 win- ters spent by 251 consumptive patients in foreign climates, says " the dry climates are the most likely to arrest the disease. ?r All invalids should seek the dryest air procurable, the rule being qualified only by these exceptions : First— In acute irritation of the respiratory passages, with dry, irri- table coughs and scant viscid expectorations. Second— In irritable, nervous diseases, with not much debility. Third— In old age, attended with nervous irritability or febrile tendencies. In the above conditions an atmosphere loaded with mois- ture may be a temporary benefit. The most desirable mean humidity is 68. Other local conditions of importance will be referred to in the following brief general rules, for guidance in the selection of an appropriate climate. 1. Concerning Humidity. — Humidity and equability being always associated, there is an absence of the nervous stimula- SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 313 •lion that characterizes dry and more elevated localities, and if the humidity be considerable it may have a sedative virtue. 2. Concerning Temperature. — In tuberculous diseases, the coldest temperature available should be sought, provided it possesses the other necessary conditions of the climate for such cases. Individual adaptability should always be consid- ered. This may be best learned, as to temperature, by one'^ own experience in health, i. e., he should seek a colder or warmer climate, according as he has felt best in winter or summer when in health. 3. Concerning Altitude. — When the usable area of the lungs barely supports respiration at low levels, it is unwise to seek higher, because the only compensation for the diminished oxygen (owing to the increased rarefaction of the air) is the added increase of the lung capacity. Only those invalids should seek high altitudes whose heart and blood vessels can bear the strain of the accelerated circu- lation, resulting from nature's effort to oxygenate the system with the diminished supply, excluding those who have serious heart weakness or existing pulmonary hemorrhage. Those of great nervous excitability should avoid high alti- tudes, because of their extra stimulation to the nervous system. 4. Concerning Sunshine. — As the chief value of the sun- shine to the invalid is outdoor life, if the case has become toe critical for that, a change of climate seems scarcely desirable. The extent of the outdoor life should be measured only by the opportunities afforded by the sunshine and the physical capac- ity of the individual. A gradation may sometimes be of bene- fit, increasing the habits of outdoor life as the health improves^ and corresponding climates may be sought. 5. Concerning the Soil, — A soil of sand or light loam should always be preferred to one of marsh or clay . for reasons already sufficiently detailed. An unfavorable soil may neu- tralize all the benefits accruing from other excellent climatic conditions. A favorable soil may secure benefits in the absence of other desirable conditions, that ordinarily would be attrib- uted to their operation. 314 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 6. Concerning the Water Supply. — Pure spring water should be preferred to that of large lakes, rivers, or excavated wells. This is especially important in rheumatic and kidney diseases. Where the speckled trout is found, we may be sure that the streams are pure. 7. Concerning Shelter. — Localities situated where, by the topography of the country, they are liable to become channels, through which storms gathered upon adjacent mountains are poured upon the plains below, should be avoided. Localities directly in the path of winds gathered over wide areas of cold water or snow-covered territory, should be shunned ; yet the shelter should not be so complete as to shut out the breezes necessary for invigoration. 8. Concerning the Ozone Supply. — Whatever may be the ailment, the larger the supply of ozone in the air, the better is that feature of the climate for the invalid. Hence, other things being equal, proximity to the long-leaf turpentine pine forests (not the white pine) affords the best attainable supply of health-giving air. 9. Concerning Drainage. — Where nature builds and flushes her own sewers independently of the effort of man, is where the invalid may be insured of immunity from the dele- terious effects of stagnation and accumulated decomposition. 10. Concerning Clearness of the Air. — An atmosphere so transparent and pure, that meat hung in the open air cures perfectly without putrefaction, must be more favorable for the perfect elimination of effete and poisonous material from the system, than one where sight and sound are both greatly cir- cumscribed, and nitrogenous material can only be preserved lyj use of antiseptics. In the Application of these Principles, we have not the .material at hand for anything more than a casual comparison of some of the more noted places within our own borders. Aiken, S. C— Six hundred feet above sea, surrounded by pine for- ests; pure, tonic air; loose soil; mean temperature of November, Jan- uary, 48 V2 F. Pure water supply and excellent drainage. Ashville, N. C— Altitude 2350 feet. An all-the-year resort. Aver- age rainfall, 40.2 inches per year; mean temperature, 55.3°. Sheltered SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 315 by mountain ranges on the east and west, soil sandy, excellent drain- age, and wind comparatively dry. Ratio of deaths for that vicinity, compared with New England, 30 to 250; compared with Minnesota and California, 30 to 150. California.— 1'aUeys wet and malarious. Daily variations of tem- perature from 80 to 100 days, to 40° or 30° nights. Mountains. High altitude and too great variation of temperature every twenty-four hours. Affects the nervous system and heart unfavorably. (Dr. Sam- uel Clark.) In the valleys of California the summer variations of temperature are from 100° in "the day to 30° in the night, causing rheumatism, neural- gia, and inflammation of the lungs. The mountains have but two sea- sons, the rainy and the dry. The daily variation of temperature is so great, together with the altitude, that nervous and liver diseases, rheumatism and inflammation of the lungs are prevalent. Some places in Southern California are free from these objections as a winter resort, and hence much frequented at that season and with benefit. Colorado furnishes almost any altitude or climate desired. Few changes or extremes are so severe as to prevent outdoor exercises, in •the more favored localities. Dry, sandy soil. Rains are short, and soon succeeded by bright sunshine. Winter temperature averages 29°. Drainage usually good; sheltered by the Rocky Mountains on the west. Altitude from 4,000 to 15,000. Little humidity and great clearness of the atmosphere. Water supply abundant and of the purest quality. Fogs and clouds are rare. El Paso, Texas.— Altitude 3,764 feet. Average of 53 days per annum when the temperature falls below 32°, the freezing point. Very dry; average cloudy days, 29.6 per year, or 2V2 per month. Annual rainfall is 12 inches. Least wind during winter months. An all-the-year cli- mate for invalids, and from Oct. 1 to May 1 almost perfect, with a mean temperature of 44 J in January. Denver.— According to the records of the signal service office of Denver, Col., from Jan. 1, 1873, to Sept. 1, 1878, sixty-eight months, there were but seventeen days during which the sun was invisible during The whole day. Dr. Baldwin has shown that Denver has about one- Third the moisture that New Orleans and Jacksonville have, and less than one-half that of Santa Barbara. Altitude over 5000 feet. Mean temperature, 49.2 ; moisture 51, rainfall 12 inches. Superb water sup- ply, sheltered from the cold winds of the Pacific by the Rocky moun- tains. Soil, drainage, and clearness of air as in other choice localities of Colorado. Florida.— Low altitude, raised comparatively but a few feet above the sea. Sunny, genial climate during the winter months, but oppres- sively hot and relaxing in the summer. Soil sandy. Water near the shore poor. Drainage imperfect. Humidity excessive. Las Vegas. New Mexico. — 6767 feet above sea level. Dry climate. August is the cloudy month. Total rainfall 20 inches. In a region of pines, air clear and pure, water good, drainage excellent. The hot springs are celebrated for the relief of chronic rheumatism, syphilis, asthma, chronic malaria and consumption. The hot spring waters have the qualities of dilute Carlsbad. Population 6000. Minnesota.— Cold, dry. The pine woods of the Minnesota Lake Superior region are better for consumptives than tropical places, and constitute a good medium between the sea shore and the higher alti- tudes of Colorado. Average altitude 1000 feet. Over 8000 lakes within its borders. Soil moist, with cold winters and warm summers. Aver- age temperature, 44°; rainfall, 35 inches. Nassau, New Providence (one of the Bahama Islands). Most equa- ble climate of any of the American sanitaria, the temperature f or a period of years not having risen above 88° F., nor fallen below 60° F., mean 78.3. During the winter months bright, clear weather, with little or no rain. Soil of coral formation, light, thin, low and flat. Southern New Mexico.— Moderate altitude, pure, dry air. Dr. A. Petin traveled all over the United States as commissioner of "The Societe Medicale" of Paris, in search of the best locality for a sanita- ( 316 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Tium for consumptives, and reported the vicinity of Los Crucces, N. M., as the best," and Dr. Brown, of Victoria, N. M., affirms that the area itwo or three hundred miles up and down the Rio Grande possesses the *«ame advantages. Heat is never oppressive, and the temperature seldom falls to 32°, averaging 50°. Sky usually cloudless. Rainfall from 10 to 30 inches. Air so pure that meat may be preserved without salt. No consumption among the natives nor among Americans born in the territory. The winds are chiefly in February and March, and are then dry and cool. Dr. Wrouth deems the climate bad for emphy- sema, bronchial dilatation, consumption in the aged or those too weak to take exercise, and when so much lung tissue is destroyed that the remainder is insufficient at lower levels. Rocky Mountains.— The western slope has a rainfall of 65 incites for the year, while in the same latitude and less than two degrees lon- gitude east, the average rainfall is but seven and one-half inches Dry, sandy soil. Protection is afforded by the mountains on the east and northeast. Special resorts described under their proper names. Santa Fe, New Mexico.— It has been said, the most important ele- ments in any climate for treatment of disease are pure air, free from dust and organic particles; an abundance of sunshine, so that the invalid may spend much time in the open air; equability of tempera- ture, that the body, weakened by disease, may not suffer from extremes, and a sheltered position from hot or cold winds. Santa Fe possesses all these characteristics to a great degree. It has the pure mountain air of the regions, in view of perpetual snow; shut in from the north, northeast and the east by the adjacent mountains. It i& never extremely hot; lowest winter cold 5° below zero, mean tempera- ture 49°. The valley has sunshine 360 days in the year. Southern Pines, North Carolina. — Protected from northwest winds by the Appalachian mountains. Mean annual temperature 58°, summer 77°, winter 44°; latitude 32° 12" north, and longitude 72° 21" west. Sandy soil of great depth, covered with long leaf pines; 600 feet above sea level; rainfall 45 inches; dry air; water abundant and fine; winter climate modified by Gulf stream. The drainage is perfect, forming the water shed between two streams. Ozone much greater in a coun- try covered with the long-leaf than one invested with the white pine. Tennessee.— The climate is mild both in summer and winter; temperature, winter, 38°; spring, 57°; summer, 75°; autumn, 57V2°. It might be termed the Eden of the South, if not of the whole country, owing to its altitude, eharacter of soil, and mild temperature. Alti- tude 7000 feet on the east to 300 feet on the west. Soil in the east rocky, in the west rich. River loam. Our Doctor's Water Cure.— This contains nothing mysterious nor outside the domain of ordinary laws. (1) The Qualities of Water. — Water has four qualities only that need to be considered, namely, moisture, tempera- ture, impact, and as a solvent. The moisture loosens and is absorbed, i. e., poultices and evaporates. The temperature ranges from the freezing point to 120° F, The impact is graduated by the force of the stream, and the amount of protection, and the time of exposure. The solvent property takes up and removes obstructive matters with which it comes in contact on the surface, in the pores and in the blood vessels. SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 317 As remedies these properties stand related to (2) certain- physiological phenomena, namely: Stimulation, reaction, relaxation, absorption, astringency, tonicity, secretion and elimination. The laws (that is. uniform sequence of facts) of their action are : (A) Concerning Moisture — 1. It poultices, that is, relaxes and absorbs, according to its temperature and the degree and time of its confinement upon a surface. The extent of the absorption is indicated by the fact that immersion of the whole body thirty minutes at $5° F., has increased the weight eight ounces. 2. Its evaporation cools or chills, in the ratio of the rapidity of the process, and the time of its continuance. 3. It loosens to the extent of its absorption by any tissue, (B) Concerning Temperature. 1. Cold applications — 33° to 55° F. — by the abstraction of the heat from the body drive the blood from the surface, hencfe -constrict the blood vessels because cold contracts, and astringe the tissues to which they are applied ; and if at all extensive r excite shivering, which is nature's effort to restore the balance of the circulation. Muscular contraction is the principle source of heat in the body. Billroth and Fisk noted more than 5° C. increase of heat in warm blooded animals from a spasmodic condition for ten minutes. 2. If the application be soon removed, a revulsive effort of the circulation returns the blood with such force as to expand the blood vessels to a greater extent than before the application, and increases the quantity of blood in the part, thus proving a tonic, because it increases the nutrition of the part, together with a slight molecular astringency. 3. If the cold application be continued, the abstraction of heat also goes on, prolonging the blood-expelling effect, and thus proves a vital depressent, because it robs of heat and nutrition necessary to vitality. 4. If the application be only cool— 55° to 65° F.— and for a short time, and if the power of reaction be good, there is 318 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. first a gentle abstraction of heat from the surface, then a slight increase of the local circulation. Cold air (much less efficient than cold water) at 64° to 68° F. so constringes the superficial vessels and contracts the muscular fiber of the skin that arterial pressure is raised from 200 to 300 grams — i. e.* from 7 to 10 ounces. (M. ch. Fere.) It is as a result of this increased pressure that the local circulation is elevated in the reaction which ensues. 5. If this be too long continued, or if there be deficient reactionary power, its effect will be the same as extended cold applications (3). 6. If the application be tepid only, 70° to 85°, it relaxes the skin and extremities of the nerves, and thus becomes soothing, in accordance with the law of relaxation, namely ; An impression made upon the nerves of a part by warmth, moisture or deficient vitality, temporarily abstracting the tonicity of the structures and thus loosening their fiber, is relaxation, which favors both secretion and excretion, but may vitiate the quality of the secretions. 7. If the application be hot, 95° to 100° F., it stimulates^ because it brings an abnormal degree of heat in contact with the surface, and also accumulates internal heat that cannot escape. The heat production of the body is 1° C. every 80 min- utes, enough were there no loss to raise the body to the boiling point of water in 36 hours. Three to 6 per cent, is lost in the urine and feces, 9 to 20 in heating the air that is inspired and vaporizing the water eliminated by the lungs, while 77 to 85 per cent, is lost by radiation, conduction and the evaporation of perspiration, all of which are stopped by the hot bath. This bath is not advisable when the skin is cold and clammy, unless the water is used as a vehicle for the strongest stimulants. In other conditions it is an excellent general stimulant. 8. If the application be speedily removed, the effect is only that of a local stimulant generally applied. 9. If the application be continued it astringes, because the nervous stimulation of the abnormal heat and accumulate SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 319* ing internal heat throws the circular fibers of the minute blood vessels into tonic spasm, thus reducing their caliber, condens- ing the tissues, and hindering both secretion and excretion. The Law of Astringency.—Asti'ingeney being the opposite of flaccid- ity or relaxation, is the compacting effect upon the fibers of the struc- tures of an impression made upon the nerves by cold, by extreme heat, or by the chemical effect of certain agents. It is, in its nature, the same as tonicity, only the latter indicates a permanent state, while the former is transient, and may also be excessive. 10. If continued over a large extent of surface, the water may induce faintness before the stimulation has given place to astringency, because the rush of blood to the capillaries of the ekin partially empties the brain and large blood vessels. This unbalanced condition of the circulation continued beyond a brief period, becomes prostrating, because the reversal of the natural process of importation of heat by the vital organs interferes with the molecular relations of the nervous centers. Yet Dr. Baelz asserts that the hot bath of Japan (106° F.) raises the body temperature to 104-105. 8° F., increases the pulsations and dilates the blood vessels, but does not depress or weaken as does the bath at 98° F. No explanation is offered. He recommends pouring hot water on the head on entering a hot bath, to prevent cerebral anaema, and prescribes it three or four times a day in capillary bronchitis, lobular pneumonia, rheumatism, nephritis, and the uterine colic of menstruation. Air may be borne ten minutes at 269° F., while water at 124.9° can- not be endured a moment. A bath at 113.9° F. may be endured for eight minutes, but it is dangerous. 12. If the application be warm, 85° to 95°, it has, to a modified degree, the effect of the hot application ; i. e. , there is dilatation of the blood vessels of the skin, softening of integ- ument, copious perspiration, quickened pulse and respiration, but with a slight general decrease of temperature ; because, as the heat is retained it soon relaxes the cutaneous tissues, and increases its circulation and expends the heat. In flashes of heat and sweat, this bath gives steadiness to arterial circula- tion of the surface. 320 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 13. This warm application, long continued, engorges the blood vessels of the surface, and by continuous distention ultimately weakens them, so that a state of passive congestion of the capillary circulation may supervene. 14. If the application be lukewarm, 65° to 70° F., its effect is the same as the tepid, to a modified degree (6). 15. The alternation of the hot and cold in quick succes- sion increases circulation, warmth and tonicity, provided the hot applications be as in No. 8, and the cold as in No. 2, and the cold end the series. 16. If the application be tepid, 70° to 85°, at 80° it is a mild yet efficient relaxant to the capillaries, nervous periph- eries and sebaceous glands. It reduces the temperature in fevers, cleanses the skin, produces capillary softness and dis- tention, obtains afflux of blood from any congested internal organ, and relieves the nervous system. This may be used three or four times a day in appropriate cases. Not suited to strong local or general congestion, to flaccidity of the struc- tures, a cool surface, a tendency to colliquative perspiration, threatening gangrene, or chronic reduction of vital energy. (C). Concerning Impact. 1. Impact arouses nervous action, and by it calls the blood to the impacted surface. 2. This effect is dependent in degree upon the force of the impact, the temperature of the water, and the reactionary power of the system. 3. This effect is governed by the law of stimulation, which is : We are organically constructed so that by reason of the alternate, molecular contraction and relaxation of the structures, an impression made upon the nerves of a part,-— whether by concussion, temperature or chemical excitation, if above the normal average,— immediately calls an increase of circulation to that locality and temporarily exalts its vitality, that is, stimulates it. The distinction should be clearly made between stimulation and tonicity; the last is an increase of the fiber-density, as well as of the vitality of the part, and has a character of permanence instead of being a mere transient condition. SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 321 ;ody wrap. ciaily good with appropriate foot applications to draw the blood from the head. Should be re-dipped every thirty to forty minutes, it it becomes very warm. Fomentations are hot applications kept on a part at a tempera- ture not below 99°, and must be kept at that temperature by frequent 330 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. dipping or by the application of the hot water bag or bottle. They have the local effect of the hot bath. The wet cloth should be of four to six thicknesses of flannel cov- ered with six to eight more dry and warm, and extending three inches beyond the wet on all sides, the whole should be bound on. Should be continued until the desired effect is decidedly seen. A brief fomentation is a local stimulant; a long continued, very hot fomentation is a local astringent; a long continued, not very hot fomentation is a relaxant. In applying hot vinegar, flannel should be FIG. 45. SHAWL WRAP. used but only two thicknesses of it, covering it the same as the water applications. Whenever the pad becomes cool it must be renewed or removed, but the covering must remain until perfectly dry. Hot water over the spine, contracts the peripheral blood vessels, checks hemorrhage from the nose and lungs when applied over the cervical and upper dorsal vertebrae, and of the uterus when applied over the lower dorsal and lumbar vertebrae. Dry Fomentations. When dry heat is desired, put a quantity of hot sand, hot salt, hot bran or hot corn meal into a flannel or a muslin bag. A hot plate wrapped in a cloth is good, a rubber bag filled with hot water is perfect. Put acetate of soda into a tin can tightly closed, SPECIAL TREATMENTS 331 set this in boiling water for thirty minutes, then remove it and wrap up in flannel and apply to the painful part. It will give out heat for many hours. Medicated Baths and Packs.— Hay Flowers, i. €., the seeds and Sowers that scatter on the barn-floor, boiled fifteen minutes in a bag, and the decoction added to the bath. Opens the pores and favors elimination. Oat Straw, boiled half an hour and the decoction used for the bath or added to it, stronger than the hay flower, and good for kidney and bladder diseases and rheumatism. Mustard Bath.— Two teaspoonfuls to two tablespoons of mustard Sour to hot water, two to four gallons. Stimulating to the skin and FIG. 46. HEAD VAPOR. capillary circulation. Draws the blood to the part to which it is applied. Mull fin.— Relaxing, soothing, antispasmodic. Promotes absorption. Sassafras Tea.— Aromatic, relaxant, stimulant to capillary circula- tion and absorbents. Must not be boiled. Smartweed Tea.— A diffusible stimulant with some relaxant power. Excites cutaneous action, relieves internal congestion. Pine Needle and Cones.— Promote the action of the skin, thus pur- ify the blood and relieve deep-seated congestions. Fennel Seed.— Aromatic, antispasmodic, carminative, soothing. Catnip.— Diffusive relaxant, mildy diarphoretic and antispasmodic. Tansey— Stimulating, diffusive and moderately relaxing. Extern- ally, stimulating, with a slight tonic after-effect. Wormwood.— Stimulating and relaxing tonic. Red Pepjyer—FuTe stimulant, persistent and intense. Lobelia.— A pure relaxant Relieves pain without narcotizing. Should not be used in putrid tendencies, as diphtheria, scarlet fever, 332 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. malignant scarlatina, etc. Not proper for extensive external use unless followed by cold stimulating tonic sponge. Bran Bath.— Four pounds of bran boiled in one gallon of water. Strain and add water enough for bath. Allays irritability of the skin and softens it. Salt.— Rock salt or sea salt, one pound to four gallons of water. Very invigorating. Taken hot, a quick and reliable stimulant. Soda.— One teaspoon!" ul of soda bicarbonate, warm water four gal- lons. Useful chiefly as an ant-acid. Sulphur Bath.— Twenty grains of sulphuret of potassium, to a gallon of water. For skin diseases and rheumatism. Vapor, Both Clear and Medicated.— Head Vapor. A small tub or a water pail, is filled two-thirds full of boiling water, instantly tightly covered with a thick wet cloth, and placed upon a chair beside which is a higher chair. Patient stripped to the waist and clothing protected by a towel, sits upon the high chair leaning forward over the pail. An attendant throws a large blanket over his head and both chairs, so as to make a tight tent, then uncovers the pail. Eyes and mouth should be opened to take in the vapor. The water should be flavored with a teaspoonful of ground fennel, sage or mint. Duration twenty to twenty-five minutes. They open the pores, aid elimina- tion, relieve humming in the ears, rheumatic and spasmodic com- plaints of neck and shoulders, asthma and catarrh. Should patient not perspire freely in ten minutes drop a piece of brick or stone well heated into the pail. Cold sponge at close, and if weather is cold or raw, remain in warm room several hours. One or two a week. For inflammation of eyes, etc., the same evening a hot foot bath with wood ashes and salt for fifteen minutes. Foot Vapor. — A wide thick blanket is placed lengthwise- across a chair upon which patient sits naked to the waist. A pail half full of boiling water, with a narrow board fastened across the top to prevent slipping, is placed before him. Feet rest on the cross board. Blanket then brought around so as to completely envelop the lower limbs of the patient. A hot stone or iron may be dropped in every ten minutes. Duration FIG. 47. FOOT VAPOR. fifteen to thirty minutes, followed with quick cold sponge, as far as perspiration has been abundant. Valuable for foul odor from the feet* swollen or cold feet, ingrowing nails, determination of blood to the head. One to three times a week. The latter but seldom. SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 333 Stool Vapor.— An ordinary chamber vessel one-third full of boiling crater or the desired decoction. Patient sits on the vessel fifteen to twenty minutes, followed with cold sponging as far as the perspiration has been abundant. Useful in diseases of the bladder. Bed Vapor Bath.— The bed clothing may be raised by chairs placed beside the patient or by barrel hoops, then proceed as for croup. Cover crib with a blanket, supported tent-like by the crib posts or by barrel hoops or chairs. Nurse sits with head under cover with the child. Then connect the spout of a teakettle by a pipe with the interior, the kettle resting on a gas or kerosene stove, or hot stones or pieces of brick are dropped into the kettle from time to time. Of course there should not be so much water in the kettle as to prevent the escape of the steam by the spout. Alcohol Vapor Bath.— Place patient with clothing removed in a large cane-seated chair, and surround both completely with blankets, <&MB^ FIG. 43. CROUP KETTLE. letting them extend to the floor and to be secured about the patient's neck ; under the chair place a basin of hot water with an alcohol lamp beneath it, bring water to a boil, and patient will soon be brought into a state of perspiration which may be carried to any desired extent. Use in uraemia, Bright's disease, and whenever diaphoresis is required. Domestic Turkish Bath.— Pin two large woolen blankets closely together lengthwise. Fasten one corner to the top of a pole about eight feet long. With two screws fasten this to the base-board in one corner of the room. The corner of the blanket will then be the peak of a tent roof. Weight two chairs so that they will not slip and draw the "blankets over them in such a way that they will constitute a tent covering. Close in the corner, set a basin of water in which stand a teacup one-third to one-half full. of alcohol. Now heat the room from 95° to 100°. Patient drinks a cup of hot water and sits naked on a blanket- covered chair in the room from fifteen to twenty minutes, wetting the 334 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. head occasionally if desired, and drinking more water if thirsty <- Then lighting a match in the room he steps inside the tent, drops the open curtain, leaving a very small space at the bottom for ventilation. Then drops the lighted match into the alcohol and seats himself upon a stool. If the heat becomes too oppressive, he should have at hand a towel wrung out of cold water with which to give himself a hasty ablution, and if necessary to avoid faintness, may stick his head outside the tent, but should keep his body in until perspiration is abundant. Then he should step out of the tent into a washtub, and hastily rub himself all over with some first-class soap; tiien with a flesh brush rub into a lather all over very thoroughly, rub it off with his hands and pour, at two or three dashes, six quarts of water over his head and shoulders; then wipe lightly and rapidly, wrap in one or two woolen blankets and lie or sit down to cool off gradually, which should take FIG. 49. SHOULDER SPRINKLE. one-half to one hour. The temperature of the room meantime having been gradually reduced to about 75°, or an adjacent room at that tem- perature being used for cooling. Then dress and avoid immediate exposure to chills and cramps. One or two a week. Turkish baths are excellent in melancholia, insanity from lead, gout, alcohol, rheumatism or syphilis. Valuable in chronic rheumatism, rheumatic arthritis, lumbago, sciatica, eczema, psoriasis, Bright's disease, uraemia, constitutional syphilis, obesity, quinsy, bronchitis, winter cough, early state of phthisis and bronchial asthma. The Sprinkle.— Provide a garden watering pot that will hold six to twelve quarts, and if no bath tub is in the house, a large washtub. Shoulder Sprinkle.— Patient bare to waist ; leans forward over tub;, attendant pours one to five cans on and between the shoulders, and one SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 335 on each arm. See Fig. 49. Strengthens the spine and aids the circula- tion of the blood. Follow with quick ablution of chest, and abdomen and dress quickly. Loin Sprinkle.— Patient stands in tub and attendant pours one to three cans on the hollow of the back and the hips. See Fig. 50, One to five cans on the lower back, each loin and abdomen, should fol- low the foot vapor unless the water tread be preferred. Strengthens the spine and aids the circulation of the blood. Knee Sprinkle. —Patient sits on stool, feet in tub and pours two to ten cans on knees, calves, ankles and feet, making the last can a pour by emptying it from the top. Begin with two cans and increase one or two cans each application. Useful for poor feet, poor blood, to harden in convalescence, and as a counter- poise to the shoulder sprinkle. Fig. 51. The Pour. — Pours are large streams as from the spout of a tea- kettle falling upon the patient. It FIG - 50 - L0IN sprinkle. powerfully arouses the capillary circulation and absorbent vessels. Also promotes innervation of the deeper parts, should never be long' continued— one to three minutes. The Sponge.— The sponge is a large sponge filled with water, or a towel dripping and applied rapidly to the whole surface, beginning at the back of the neck unless specially directed otherwise. When cold, should be undry, and done within a minute or two. In sickness, may be given under the bed clothes as often as the fever becomes high. Hot sponge checks hemorrhage, relieves pain and swelling of sprain, diminishes sweating in phthisis, and good for acne indnrata. Warm sponge relieves headache of acute catarrh, and aids the gran- ulation of ulcers. The Tread.— The method is sufficiently evident from Fig. 52 p. 336, but the temperature, time, and depth of water. all graduate its effects. Feeble patients should begin with one inch of cool water one minute. The robust can have fifteen inches of cold water three to eighteen minutes. Hardening to the system and draws the blood to the extremities. The Dash.— Patient stands in nightshirt or sheet; a bucket of 336 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. water is dashed over him downward, then he is vigorously rubbed until reaction sets in. The double dash repeats the dash as soon as reaction occurs. The triple dash adds the dash to the double dash. May be undry also. Powerfully arouses the energies of the whole system. The Plunge. — Patient dives into the water head first, or jumps in so that he is completely submerged. Body must be warm all over, may be perspiring to any extent. Cooling, refreshing. Out instantly. The Swim.— Patient is completely im- mersed except the head, and engaged in the vigorous exercise of swimming. Must not be protracted until chill is felt- Body must be warm but not perspiring. Should be. fol- lowed by rest. The Alternating is quickly changing from one temperature to another, and is single, double or triple, and according to 1 the number of changes made. For exam- ple, the alternating double is ten minutes FIG. 51. KNEE sprinkle. inwarmor hot, and one in cold. Ten min- utes more in warm or hot, and one in cold, always ending with cold. Injections.— These may be of any temperature needed and medi- cated or otherwise, and may be rectal, vaginal, urethral, bladder, nasal, ear or eye. See Our Colon Flush for particulars of application of bowel injections. Hot colon flush stimulates the small intestines, liver and pancreas, and is useful in extreme flatulence, strangury, prostatitis, phthisis, and urethral dis- eases; cold rectal flush, in the collapse of diarrhoea and enterocolitis of young children. Hot vaginal injections or bath excellent sedative in chronic pel- vic, uterine and ovarian ailments. FIG. 52. WATER TREAD. Rules For Bathing. — Page 23-24 should be read carefully before beginning water treatment, to which we add this important fact : The power of vital reaction in a patient, is a changeable quantity and should always be determined at the SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 337 time of the treatment, otherwise that which is ordered for one condition will be applied at another, possibly to the serious detriment of the patient. Remember. — That temperature in its relation to water treatment is a relative thing, depending on the vitality of the patient; that is, a cool or even lukewarm application to a very feeble patient, may be fully ■equivalent to a cold one for a vigorous person. Remember, also, that both age and childhood may be like feebleness as related to temperature. Remember, further, that nervous dreads may disqualify for cold applications almost as much as feebleness. Also, that great weariness, especially if long continued, stands related to temperature as feebleness. Spare patients, with skin in good order, do not need much sweating. The Special Uses of the Several Applications will be noted in the part on treatment of diseases. Prof. Winternits declares that after cold-water applica- tions the leucocytes in the blood increase to two, or even three times their original number. Hence the great value of these applications, especially in all infectious diseases, because the leucocytes are the natural defenders of the blood against microbial assailants. 22 :p.a_:r,t vii CAKE OF THE SICK. HINTS ON NURSING. 1. Hints on Nursing — 2. The Sick Room — 3. Bed and Cloth- ing — 4. Water Supply — 5. Giving Medicines — 6. Bed- sores — 7. Food — 8. Treatment of Patient — 9. Useful Facts — 10. Medication — 11. Respiration, Pulse and Weight — 12. Landmarks of Diagnosis — 13. Questions Concern- ing Remedies — 14. States and Indications — 15. Land- marks for Prescription — 16. Diet as a Remedy — 17. Walking as a Remedy. The Nurse. — One person only should have the care of the sick if practicable, receive directions from the physician, and report to him. That person should be collected, cheerful, sweet tempered, low voiced, not fussy, quiet but firm. Dr. Warren declares that many lives have been sacrificed to the peevishness of nurses. Should not permit the patient to help himself; should turn the pillows, and sponge the face and hands as often as may conduce to his comfort. Should see that his mouth is cleansed with a soft linen rag, and rinsed occasionally with water with a few drops of tincture of myrrh in it. Hair should be gently brushed daily. Should walk quietly and talk in a low tone, but not whisper. Should speak so that the patient can hear it if he wishes to and not let him feel that there is conspiracy to keep him in ignorance. On entering the room, open the door quickly and firmly, but silently. If sleepy, should lie down at once in sight of the patient and have a nap, for his sake ; a dozing nurse is neither soothing nor reassuring to the sufferer. 338 HINTS ON NURSING. 339 The Sick Room. — Should be the pleasantest one in the house. Should never be disfigured by an array of medicine bot- tles, or the sight of bed pans, urinal or slop-jars. Should be thoroughly ventilated all the time, and especi- ally aired twice a day. Pure air must come from outside. Once a day cover patient with sheet and throw the window open several minutes, or fill an adjoining room with outside air, then admit it. Should be adequately disinfected during the progress of, and after all contagious diseases, and in all sicknesses should be clarified as follows: Pure oil of tur- pentine mixed with about one per cent, of oil of lavender flowers, used in the form of a spray from an atomizer. It is surprising how refreshing this is for the occupants, the action being due to the ozone formed, and at the same time perfumed with fragrant lavender. Should never be entered (except as patients) by long-faced sympathizers who have a story to tell about somebody "handled just like you are." FIG 53< FQR DR0PPIKG Should be provided with a Japanese medicine. hot box for night use when it is inconvenient to procure hot water, and hot water bags, family syringe, medicine dropper, — a little vial wdth a bent strip of soft paper as seen in Fig. 53 if a bulb dropper is not at hand ; and for invalids not confined to the bed, in homes where there are no sanitary closets, a corner commode as seen in Fig. 54, with homemade upholstery is desirable, of course with deodorizers and disinfectants. Should never be "spread up a bit" before the doctor can enter. If it is in too much disorder for him to see, it is for the patient. It should be kept at a temperature suitable to the disease # visually about 70° days and 60° nights. Should be quiet and restful. Should be beautified with flowers and pictures. 340 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The colors of paint and paper (if there is any ; better have whitewashed walls,) should be of a quiet, cheerful tone. Should be swept only when the patient can be taken to another room, or with a broom wrapped in a damp cloth to keep down dust, or with a quiet carpet sweeper. Should never be opened to general visitors except by the direction of the physician. Bed, Bedding and Clothing-. — The bed-linen, change frequently. Hair or husk mattresses better than feather beds. Keep under-sheet smooth as possible. The covering warm, without being heavy. Light blan- kets and sheets. No sick person should sleep with the head under the bedclothes, for in doing so he will be constantly breathing air poisoned by exhalations from his body. Blankets allow these emana- tions from the body to pass through them, while heavy cotton counter- panes do not; besides, they distress the patient by* their weight. If possible, the bed should be made once or twice daily. Keep the cov- ering evenly and smoothly placed over the patient. Soiled sheets and every offensive thing should at once be removed from the bed and room. Do not air clothing in the sick room. If the condition of the patient will permit, have two nightgowns, — one for day and the other for night. Hang the one not in use by an open window, and warm it before using it again. If possible, have two sets of blankets — one set in the open air, while the other is in use. The Water Supply. — The addition of one per one-thou- sand 01 hydrogen peroxide to ordinary drinking water, to drinking water containing sewage, or to water containing typhoid bacillus or cholera bacillus, is quite sufficient to destroy the various saprophytic and pathogenic organisms contained under these conditions, if it is obtained perfectly fresh and HINTS OX XURSIXG. 341 kept in good condition, and if it is allowed to act for a period of twenty-four hours. It is specially valuable for the disinfec- tion of drinking water because it does not affect the taste, does not alter the color, and in the proportion mentioned is perfectly innocuous. Should always be used. Giving' Medicine. — Follow directions. Xever guess at size of dose. Write directions on bottle label. Write down the hours of giving and cross them off each time. Wash spoons and glasses after use. Xote down on paper every change, chill, bowel movement, etc., and report to the doctor, Disguise nauseous medicines as much as possible ; if very bit- ter, rinse mouth before and after with wintergreen water. If castor oil, thoroughly mix with four times as much hot milk by shaking in a bottle which they do not more than half fill. Bedsores. — Keep under-sheet smooth. Sponge spots where they are likely to occur, three or four times a day with alcohol, or witch hazel extract. If redness becomes constant, report it to the physician. Provide air cushions if necessary. Food. — Do not serve a large quantity ; the amount may produce aversion. If more is desired, serve it on a clean plate and freshly warmed, and in the daintiest manner possi- ble. If any remains, remove it from the room immediately. Give as much variety as the dis- ease will allow. Give a little the last thin g before sleep at night. Give something warm on waking in the morn- ing. Do not ask what he will have, but bring what is best. If able to help himself, provide a bed-tray as in Fig. 55. To feed insensible and delirious persons, attract the attention as much as possible, then glide the spoon back and forth upon the lip, and when they instinctively part, pass it well into the mouth and empty slowly. Xever hurry the sick while eating. Consult special foods and how to make them for FIG. 55. 342 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. appropriate foods. If food must be given before there is any relish for it, do not try to make it appetizing with flavors, but as near neutral as possible, and give it as medicine. The Patient. — Should be protected from uncongenial visitors and nurses. Should receive food and medicines regularly, except when. : asleep, and never be aroused from sleep except by direction of physician. Should be humored in unimportant whims and fancies, v and gently but firmly controlled in all essential matters. Should be made as comfortable as the circumstances admit, without fussiness and often being asked if he "will have any- thing," or disturbed by unnecessary arranging of bed cloth- ing, etc. Should have the physician of his choice, if practicable. Should not be deceived, either by physician, nurse, or friends. The whole case need not always be told, unless explicitly asked. Even then, it may be best sometimes to say, " It is not best to tell you all," but never misrepresent facts. There are higher interests than those of health, and they are often sacrificed by the deliberate prevarication of those who mean well, but make a fatal mistake. Should be gently and sweetly (not sanctimoniously) assured of God's interest in his individual case, and encouraged to trust in Him, not for the soul's welfare only, but for the sake of the healing influence of such sustaining confidence. If religious ministrations are desired they should be dis- creetly afforded, even though the case be so serious as to exclude all other calls. Mr. M. N. Acller read before the Oriental Congress, a paper illustrat- ing the power of religious habits by comparing the death rate of the Jews and of the general American population from phthisis, diabetes, and diseases of the spinal cord, and also of the number of the insane amongst people similarly classified. The figures are as follows : From phthisis the mortality amongst the Jews per 1000 was— males 36.5T, females 34.02; while amongst the general population it reached— males 108.79, females 146.12. From diabetes— Jews per 1000— males 19.85, females 19.59; and the general population— males 2.74, females 1.21. From diseases of the spinal cord— Jews per 1000— males 9.40, females HINTS ON NURSING. 343 €.18; general population— males 3.73, females 3.32. Although these dis- eases, spinal complaints and diabetes, have such an important influence on the mortality of the Jews, and are supposed to arise principally from nervous and mental strain (to which the exhausting business pursuits and head work of the Jews are supposed to subject them), the number of insane amongst them is only 44.5 per 100,000 of population, while amongst the general population of the United States it is 183. If sueh is the influence of special religious culture upon health, its effect in disease ought not to be overlooked. Useful Things Learned by Personal Sickness. — To Relieve a Hot A clung Back in Bed.— hie on one side and lift the cover just at the back so as to give it a cool air bath. To Rise From Bed Easily. — When suffering from lame back or weakness, turn on side facing the front of bed. Extend the under arm so that the elbow will be on the bed near the edge. Lift that fore-arm vertically with thumb and fingers torming a crotch. Now raise the other upper arm and, its hand crotched within the other crotch, pry down with the upper hand and roll the body forward at the same instant, and it will be gently but firmly lifted to almost the perpendi- cular with a very slight effort. To Walk up Stairs Without Needless Strain. — Keep the body perpendicular, and plant the heel as well as the ball of the foot upon the stair. To Relieve Uneasiness From Surface Heat. — Take the upper end of the bed FIG * 5Qm clothes in both hands and shake them up and down so as to make a billow motion toward the foot. If that is not sufficient, wring a towel out of cold water and iiastily rub over the surface under the underclothing, and lie down without drying. To Enjoy a Meal When Too Much Fatigued, or Stomach Too Feeble to Eat. — A glass of hot milk a few minutes before the meal ; or, stale bread crumbled into a cup of weak black tea. Reconstruction Must Be Upon the Principle of Construction : i. e. 9 what will build a baby into a healthy man, will re-build an invalid into health. 344 . THE SECRET OF HEALTH. To Relieve the Monotony of Beginning Convalescence. — Have a reading stand something like that in Fig. 56, on which to have a book of pictures, some illustrated papers, etc. MEDICATION. Health consists in an exact equipoise between the chemi- cal forces which seek to dissolve the physical structure of animal life back to its primal gaseous and mineral constit- uents, and the vital force which perpetuates that complex existence. Our condition varies from that medium normal line of exact equipoise, up to the most robust and exuberant vitality on the one hand when vital force is in excess, and down through derangements of vital functions, degradation of molecular structure, disease in all its multiform aspects, and death when the chemical forces prevail. De-vitalization then, means — in the hands of the enemy — disintegration already begun. It is always serious, very often fatal in its conse- quence. The instinct of self-preservation, as well as the warn- ings of experience, prompt men to seek a remedy. Too often they attempt to find it in drug-medication, by which is meant. the employment of drugs of unknown properties, or in mis- taken w T ays by physicians, and the haphazard use of patent and proprietary nostrums by self-prescription of people who know neither their own condition nor the nature of the com- pound that they purchase. The people of the United States spend eighty million dollars annually for such nostrums, a very large proportion of which adds to the torrent of disease that rages through civilized life. Drug-properties misapplied are always injurious, and usually in direct ratio with their good effects when rightly applied. The Value of Medicines. — The microscope, the spec- troscope and chemical analysis give clearer information now concerning the true condition of a patient than w^as possible in former years, when they are applied by experts. But not one case in 10,000 is thus scientifically investigated, so that the vast majority of cases must still be exposed to all the mis- chances of their condition. We could add whole chapters- similar to those on Pages 42-44 regarding the evils of dnujr HIXTS OX NURSIXG. 345 dosing and the uncertainties of medicine. But we protest that these statements should only be regarded as expressing the disappointment that their anthors (however eminent) met in their own practice, or the fact that they failed to get- beneath the prescribed formulas of their times to the reasons why. Medicine is not an exact science ; nor can the same cer- tainty reasonably be expected in its practice that is found in Z/w FIG. 57. REGIONS OF THE BODY OFTEN REFERRED TO IX TREATING OF DISEASE. the applied sciences, yet, notwithstanding this, there is enough of known cause and effect in it to entitle it to the confidence of the world in its time of direst need. Hence, in the follow- ing pages in addition to the treatment without drugs, for the 346 THE SECRET OE HEALTH. various diseases, in deference to the convenience of the many whose circumstances compel them to choose medicines, and our own conviction of the real value of correct medication, we shall add such prescriptions as may be required. Breathing, Pulse and Weight. — The weight of the body at birth is from 2 to 12 pounds, or an average of 7 J pounds, while the average weight of a grown man 5 feet 1 inch high is 120 pounds, increasing gradually to about 178 pounds, for 6 feet in stature. When the weight increases more than 7 per cent, above the average, respiration becomes diminished. Clothes average about 1-18 of the weight of the body in autumn and early spring. The pulse and respirations per minute vary as follows: The Pulse and Respirations Per Minute. Respirations. At birth 130 33 At puberty 90 to 80 22-20 From puberty to 45 or 50 80 to 75 20-18 From 50 up to old age, a gradual decrease 75 to 65 18-10 Some Landmarks of Diagnosis. — In the United States there are 18 deaths to every 1000 population, and 25 sicknesses to every death each year. This, at 60,000,000 population, gives 1,080,000 deaths, and 27,000,000 sicknesses each year. Counting 12,000,000 families, there are two and one-fourth disabling sicknesses in every family every year, that is, one sickness about every five months. If the periods of disability average two weeks, that will be about one week of every two and one-half months. Hence it is a matter of great importance to know how to shorten those sicknesses as much as possible. All sicknesses are either functional or organic derangements, or both. Functions, when not normal, are either excessive, dimin- ished or suppressed. Organs, when diseased, are in a condition of super-vitaliza- tion or de-vitalization. Functional: The functional states may be learned from their appropriate secretions, excretions and other products, such as sensibility in a nerve, thought in a brain, etc., which are excessive, diminished or suppressed according to the activ- ity of the function. HIXTS OX NURSING. 347 Organic: Organic super-vitalization is indicated by aug- mented circulation and temperature, and corresponding increase of functional activity. Organic de-vitalization is known (1), "by diminished circulation and temperature, with corresponding decrease of functional activity as in local paralysis, or (2), by increased temperature, with sluggish, plethoric circulation and partial or entire suspension of functional activity, as in abscesses, or (3), by reduced temperature, stasis of circulation, suspension of nutrition, and disposition to slough, as in old -ulcers. Systemic: When there is excess in one region there is usually corresponding deficiency elsewhere. Remedies : Therefore remedies for any of these conditions should be — (1). At the point of the disturbance, in order to correct the excess or deficiency agents, the effect of which is opposite to the condition to be changed. (2). Remote from the locality, in order to reinforce the local agent, means that will tend to restore the balance of circulation and temperature, e. g. a congestion about the chest should not only have a local relaxant, but a foot stimulant to act together toward the same object. Questions to be Asked in Selecting a Remedy: 1. Does the disease exhibit over-stimulation? If so, seek a relaxant. 2. Does the disease exhibit over-relaxation? If so, seek a stimulant. ;i. Does the disease exhibit deficient secretions? If so, seek a secernent. Secernents are remedies that excite the secretions, such as saliva, gastric juice, bile, intestinal fluid. Excernents are remedies that increase the excretions, perspira- tion, faeces, urine. 4. Does the disease exhibit retained excretions? If so, seek an excernent. 5. Does the disease exhibit both over-relaxation and over-stimulation ? Then combine relaxants and stimulants. 0. Does one exist in large measure and the other in small? Then adjust the combination accordingly. 348 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Nature can only be helped by giving the opposite of any surplus condition. States and Indications Classified. — States of Func- tional Excess: (1). Excess of secretions, ear-wax, tears, saliva* gastric fluid, bile, intestinal fluids, pancreatic fluid, mucus,, spermatozoa and ovules, known by comparison with normal average. (2). Excess of excretions. Perspiration, carbonic acid and water of expiration, urine, faeces, bile, and menses, known by comparison with the normal average. (3). Excess- of sensibility and thought, unless extreme, difficult to ascertain* Indications in Such Excess: Rule. The average normal quantity per day of any secretion or excretion, corrected by the peculiarities of the individual as learned from his experi-, ence, is a true guide as to his physical condition in those respects, e. g. the average secretion of urine is about forty ounces per day, but during a long period of health, Mr. A. has uniformly secreted but thirty-four ounces, therefore, the latter is his normal standard, and if at any time it be found to run for several days together at forty-four ounces while no change in diet or habits can account for it, he is justified in conclud- ing that an abnormal excess of action of the kidneys is present. So of any excretion or secretion that is open to observation. States of Deficient or Suppressed Secretions, etc., are the opposite of the foregoing, and of course require opposite treatment. Merely functional disturbances of whatever nature, are easily and safely curable by water applications alone, or rein- forced by simple teas, extracts, embrocations, etc. States and Indications of Organic Diseases. — These, particularly the de-vitalized conditions, are far more serious than the functional, because the more complete the devitalization the more do they approximate death. The first stage of congestion is one of supervitalization ; it is nature concentrating her energies for the expulsion of some foe or the repair of some lesion. Therefore, when the heat and pain are felt, they are nature's call for relaxants if there be obstruction or irritating foreign matters present, and for rest and invigora- HINTS OX XURSTXO. 349 tion if there be repair to carry forward. Hence the tepid bath, or the lobelia for relaxation, and the cool compress for the heal- ing. But when the foe has become too strong and is safely entrenched as in a chronic nicer, relaxation will only extend the area of his conquest. Super-vitalization must be restored by antiseptics and stimulants until the subjugated tissue shall be sloughed off, and new be formed in its place. These illustrations are designed to convey to the common mind the fundamental principles that underlie all arts of cure by whatever means effected. Organic change from disease to health, when not accomplished in the manner named, is wrought by the analagous process of metamorphosis of tissue ; in both sases the principle is the same. Landmarks for Prescription. — The reader should riot be troubled about names of diseases, but should seek to know the condition requiring treatment, and should con- stantly bear in mind the fact that treatment must be opposite to condition. As a guide to treatment, he may act upon the assurance that substances and power act upon the body in four general ways, namely: (1). Physically, as by blows, pressure, the expansion of heat, contraction by cold and the like ; (2), chemically, as in the corrosion of acids and alkalies ; (3), sup- portively. as in the nourishment of food, invigoration of air and sunlight, etc. ; (4), depressively, as in the prostration of grief, narcosis, etc. Vitality is measured by the degree to which the life-power can appropriate the friendly and react against the hostile effects of all these operations. Remedies are instruments in the hands of vital force. Therefore the vitality of the patient -hould be as accurately estimated as his condition should be -correctly observed, and the means of treatment carefully studied. These three vantage points being gained, any person •can be a successful home doctor. And these not being assured, no man can be a successful physician, though his walls be adorned with medical diplomas, and medical societies make haste to do him honor. Dr. Cook gives three tests of true remedies, which it would be well for the non-professional 350 THE SECRET OF HEALTH, reader to heed: (1). Their action is definite, and the vital response is definite; (2), can be given persistently and indefi- nitely until they accomplish their work ; (3), after their work is accomplished, the parts are stronger than they were before . Innervation is a word that expresses the degree of vitality of any part, because vitality is dependent upon the integrity of the nerve functions. Most remedies also act by direct impression upon the nervous system, although some neutralize morbific elements and others supply needed con- stituents. Diseases are marked by, even if they do not origi- nate in, derangements of innervation. These derangements affect the caliber of the blood vessels, thus modifying the cir- culation, temperature and functional activity of the organs and tissues. Normal innervation keeps up the alternate action which seems essential to life, as in the contraction and relaxa- tion of the muscles, the alternate contraction of the longitudi- nal and circular fibers as in peristalsis, etc., and likewise main- tains a similar alternate equipoise between the two systems of nerves, namely the cerebro-spinal and the sympathetic (or ganglionic). Important Facts: (1). Whenever a spinal nerve is excited., all the blood vessels supplied by that nerve will dilate, the blood pressure will increase, and the secretions augment. If the excitement be excessive, it overcomes the opposing action, and congestion results. In excessive spinal innervation, the flesh will be soft, full; pulse full, low and soft; secretions abundant and bland, tending to become alkaline and purulent, and predisposed to fevers r congestion, catarrhal affections r . glandular enlargements, and sluggish capillary circulation. Such will not bear opiates or sedatives, but require ganglionic stimulants. Bitter medicines energize the whole nervous sys- tem but particularly the cerebro-spinal. (2). If a ganglionic nerve be excited, the circular fibers of the blood vessels connected with it will contract and anaemia set in. If the excitement be excessive, fainting will result. Contraction of the circular fiber produces flexion and tends to atrophy. Excessive ganglionic innervation gives quick, wiry pulse ; hard, fine-grained tissues ; activity of mind. HINTS 03T NURSING. 351 and body ; great sensitiveness, inclining toward nervous affec- tions, neuralgia, anaemia of brain and cord, mental diseases, insufficient assimilation, scanty, acrid secretions and emacia- tion. Such bear sedatives and bitter tonics well; because sedatives relieve ganglionic tension and the tonics increase cerebro-spinal nerve energy. Acids, acrid vegetable remedies and many of the alteratives and tonics excite the ganglionic system. These illustrations show the extremes of antagonistic innervation. A careful observation of the patient will show whether functional disturbance is of the congestive or anaemic type, and indicate the appropriate treatment as above sug- gested. The foregoing facts should be borne in mind in the application of all remedial systems. Had Dr. A. B. Wood- ward had these in mind he would not have written : The practice of giving alterative medicine is perfect guesswork. . . I have always been taught by my teachers that it (the word alterative) was a kind of dark horse to be drawn in occasionally, with- out having, perhaps, a very definite idea of its meaning." Diet as a Remedy for Disease. — Bouchard's dis- coveries of the poisonous properties of the excretions of the body, especially that the greater part of the toxic ptomaines, upon which those poisonous properties depend, are generated by microbes in the alimentary canal, the existence of which may be very largely regulated by the diet of the patient, shows the special importance of diet in sickness, and his term, "Intes- tinal Asepsis," presents the object to be aimed at, namely — to clear the alimentary canal of germs and thus rid it of their toxic ptomaines, which are the cause of many maladies remote from the digestive tract as well as those within it. A re-read- ing of pages 284-287 will sufficiently emphasize this point. Walking as a Remedy: "If we could persuade every person who sees this journal to make a firm and solemn resolution, and to adhere thereto, that he would hereafter, rain or shine, hot or cold, walk five miles per day, we would feel that we had accomplished a task that would entitle us to a place among those individuals whom we would esteem as great. We would ask for no further epitaph than to have it truthfully engraved on our editorial tombstone: Here lies the body of the man who succeeded in persuading his fellow creatures to walk five miles every day." 352 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Thus writes the editor of "The Annals of Hygiene." Some get it in their daily work ; multitudes die prematurely for lack of it. The heat-producing function in full play within, and sensible clothing without, may safely defy weather, and the invalid should be taught to avail himself of this means of help in chronic ailments. PARTICULAR METHODS AND SPECIAL DIETS. Fifteen Methods of Treating Various Forms of Disease With- out Too Much Drug Dosing Fully Described, and Direc- tions Given for the Application of these Methods — Num- erous Special Diets Prescribed for use Under Certain Circumstances. In harmony with the plan of this volume to teach the intelligent use of healing methods, rather than reliance upon a particular drug-formula, the following graded methods have been elaborated and are commended to the careful study of the reader. The selection embraces a wide variety in order to suit the convenience of readers scattered all over this, and perhaps some foreign lands. The outlines are drawn for adults only ; therefore if chil- dren are to be treated, the same modifications are requisite as in drug dosing. (See Index). Particular reference should constantly be made to Our Water Treatment. Page 316. and Our Colon Flush, Pages 283-298. It is advisable never to employ strong methods when the average, mild, or very mild, will do as well. The brief notes that preface or are appended to the several methods, are of great importance, and should be attentively considered. In the succeeding part, the treatment of diseases, refer- ence will often be made to these methods, and should be always considered as an essential part of the prescriptions in which they occur. 353 354 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. 1. Rapid Blood-Making Method. — For exhaustion from hemorrhage, anaemic prostration, and similar cases, use the following treatment, graded as the case seems to require. Very Mild : Milk warm from the cow, every hour or two ; Bovinine in small doses added to the milk. Mild: Bovinine added to the warm milk in larger doses, or Mosquera's beet cacao. Average: Rose's or Budisches' beef peptonoids, with milk and dyspepsia crackers. Strong : Salted raw egg retained enema every four hours, Mosquera's beef meal every two to four hours. If stimulants be indicated, egg coffee by enema or stomach, also may be used. Secernent methods, No. 10, mild ; excernent method. No. 8, very mild; calcium lacto phosphate three times a day, one and one-half grains, or Hensel's Tonicum one to two tea- spoonfuls a day. Very Strong : Nutritive retained enema, No. 3, page 224, every three or four hours, and Mosquera's beef meal every two hours. Oxygen inhalations, or Therino-ozone battery. If stimulants be indicated, our milk punch, page 222, or wine whey, page 231, or liquid peptonoids. Inunctions of warm olive oil. Secernent method, No. 10, mild; excernent method, No. 8, mild; calcium lacto phosphate one and one-half grains six times a day, or Hensel's Tonicum two to four teaspoonfuls a day, or both the calc. lacto. and the Tonicum as in strong. 2. Nutritive Method. — In each case, colon flush as necessary to secure full regular movements of the bowels. See pages 284-286. Begular cool or cold baths adapted to the condition. See pages 19-20. Sun bath twice a week ; page 8. Exercise in the open air according to strength. Expend less vitality each day than is gained. In particular diseases see Special Diets. Always remember that a merely mild nutri- tive diet in one condition may be a very strong or even a pro- hibited diet in another condition. Therefore study condition as well as nutrition. Very Mild : Selections from corn meal gruel, our toast, unleavened wafers, egg and milk, dyspepsia crackers, Boston crackers, bovinine in small doses, mutton chops or side, beef flank, gluten gems or gluten bread. METHODS AND DIETS. 355 Mild: Gluten gems or gluten bread; beef neck or sir- loin; goose, mutton leg or shoulder; tongue. Oatmeal with our malt extract; sea bass, perch, porgy; canned salmon with our digestive salt : walnuts, hazelnuts ; chicken, chicken panada ; gluten cake. A verage : Gluten bread, beef round ; nut and fruit pud- ding; ox heart, smoked tongue, smoked herring, pigeon, wild duck, pike, beans, lentils ; liver, roach, hare ; sardines, almonds ; dried peas ; Mosquera's beef cacao, coffee, cream. Strong: Codfish creamed; Rose's, Kudisches' or the Arling- ton Co.'s beef peptonoids, small doses ; cottage cheese, beef smoked ; anti-anamiic diet ; Spanish mackerel, sausage ; peanuts. date pudding, peach pie deep, gluten gems. If stimulant is needed, eggnog, Nb.l. Our malt extract with sweets and starches, our digestant with meats, and our digestive salt with fish and nuts. Very Strong: Beef tea nutritive, Mosquera's beef meal, cottage cheese, Xo. 2, rapid blood-making method very strong, skimmed cheese, nut and fruit pudding, dyspepsia crackers. strawberry pudding, raspberry shortcake, tig pudding. If stimulant is needed, eggnog, Xo. 2. Digest ants as in strong, 3. Tonic Method. — In order to be permanently bene- ficial, the following points are to be gained, namely : (a) There must be consumption of oxygen beyond the habitual measure, page 107. (b) The amount of food taken must be graduated to the intake of oxygen. Pages 101-111. (V) The various food elements must be adjusted to the need as deter- mined by the nature of the disease, the age and sex, the amount of exercise, the degree of exposure, and the activity of the secreting and excreting organs, pages 117-121. (d) Cool or cold baths must be adjusted to the reactionary power so as to secure a free and somewhat rapid metamorphosis of tissue, (e) If tonics are employed they must be such agents as will moderately constringe the tissues without depressing the nerves or over-stimulating the glands, and must contain the cell constituents that are most disturbed, e. g., phosphorus for depleted nerve-cells, iron for anaemic blood, cells, etc. 356 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Very Mild: For the skin, partial cool ablution. For the nerves extra sleep and recreation. For the blood, nutritive method, No. 2, very mild. Secernent method, No. 10, very mild. For the muscles, extra outdoor exercise adapted to condition ; or if confined to the house, massage. Mild: Skin, whole cold ablutions. Nerves, kali phos. three times a day, or mag. phos. three grains three times a day. Blood, nutritive method, No. 2, mild. Secernent method, No. 10, mild. Excernent method, No. 8, as needed. Muscles, gen- tle muscle beating. By stomach or retained enema, hops, a mild infusion three times a day, or dandelion two ounces to the pint ; dose two to three ounces, three times a day. Average: Skin, partial cold showers. Nerves, scutellarin resin one-half to two grains every three hours, or caffeine (alk). one grain three or more times a day. Blood, nutritive method, No. 2, average. Secernent method, No. 10, mild, excer zient method, No. 8, as needed. Muscles, massage. By stomach or retained enema fl. ext. gentian or berberine (alk.) one-sixth to three grains before meals, or cascarilla powder twenty to thirty grains, or hydrastine (alk.) one-sixth to one-half grain twice a day. Strong: Skin, whole cold showers. Nerves, cypripedin {con.) one-fourth to two grains every two hours; or assoffce- tida ten to fifteen grains every four hours ; or valerianate of ainc one grain three times a day; or oil of valerian four or five drops every four hours. Blood, nutritive method, No. 2, strong. Secernent method, No. 10, as needed. Excernent method, No. 8, as needed. Muscles, systematic exercises adapted to condition ; outdoor athletic games ; by stomach or retained enema, quassin (neut.) one-twelfth to one-sixth grain in water before meals ; or cinchonine two grains three times a day ; or quinine sulphate two grains twice a day. Very Strong : Skin, cold whole baths. Nerves, phosphorus one-one-hundred and thirty-fourth grain three times a day for one week only; or strychnine sulphate (alk.) one- sixty-seventh to one-twenty-fourth grain every four hours; should be used but two or three weeks. Blood, nutritive method, No. 2, very strong ; secernent method, No. 10, and excer- METHODS AKD DIETS. 357 nent method, Xo. 8, as needed. Muscles, thorough gymnastic course for harmonious development ; by stomach or retained enema — nitric acid five to fifteen drops in four ounces of water, the whole given in divided doses during the day when there is looseness of bowels; or nitro-hydrochloric acid three to six: drops in plenty of water after meals, with teeth protected in both cases. 4. Blood-Cleansing' Method. — The process is the same for both acute and chronic cases, except that it must be pushed so much more rapidly in the first that it is here given separate consideration, and is designed to meet conditions of acute blood poison, malignant erysipelas, cancer, diphtheria, etc. The outline only indicates what should be aimed at as far as the circumstances allow. Of course not the whole of all the treatments here suggested are to be used in any case. but such features of each as seem best adapted, or are at com- mand. Much discretion should be exercised. Average: Head or foot vapor alternated with shawl wrap or nightshirt wrap. Excernent method. Xo. 8, average. Rapid blood-making method, Xo. 1, mild to average. One to four quarts of pure soft water drank daily. Strong : Excernent method, Xo. 8, strong : if necessary aid with diaphoretic method, Xo. 9, strong, or with stimulating method, Xo. 6, strong, and nutritive method. Xo. 1, strong. Peroxide of hydrogen thirty drops three times a day in water, or calcium sulphide one-twelfth grain six to twelve times a day. Very Strong: Excernent method. Xo. 8. very strong, rein- forced if necessary by diaphoretic method, Xo. 9, very strong. Also stimulating method, Xo. 6, very strong if needed, and nutritive method, Xo. 1, very strong. Baptism (glu.) one to three grains for typhoid, putrescent tendencies. Hensel's Iron Tonicum, large doses when the red blood corpuscles need to be increased ; potass, permanganate to burn out the impurities, one to two grains after meals. Resorcin one-half to one and one- half grains every two to four hours till stools are odorless, when -intestinal symptoms are grave. 5. Alterative Method. — This very vague word, as generally used, is considered in this treatment to embrace 358 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. excernent, secernent, and nutritive processes, and to be equiv* alent to a slow blood-cleansing. Very Mild : Excernent method, No. 8, very mild, except for the skin, which should be mild. Secernent method, No. 10, very- mild. Nutritive method, No. 2, mild. Mild : Excernent method, No. 8, mild, except skin, average. Secernent method, No. 10, mild. Nutritive method, No. 2, mild. Average: Excernent method, No. 8, average. Secernent method, No. 10, average. Nutritive method, No. 2, average. Strong: Excernent method, No. 8, strong, modified to suit anaemia and neurasthenic conditions. Secernent method, No. 10, strong, modified to suit plethoric conditions. Nutritive method, No. 2, strong, modified to suit plethoric conditions. Very Strong : Excernent method, No. 8, very strong, modi- fied like strong. Secernent method, No. 10, very strong, modi- fied like strong. Nutritive method, No. 2, very strong, modified like strong. When substantially the same thing occurs in Nos. 8 and 10, as adopted in the above gradations, the one most appropriate should be employed — not both. 6. Stimulating Method. — Designed to temporarily quicken the action of the vital force without any permanent augmentation of its power. Very Mild: Coffee weak, one-half strength of our coffee, No. 1, or beef tea, or mutton broth. Warm bath every other day. Mild: Wine whey, beef essence, ginger tea, our coffee, No. 1, warm bath every day. Average : Coffee, double or treble our coffee, No. 1 ; hot bath every third day; retained enema every day of beef essence; Virginia snakeroot, three drams to one pint steeped in covered vessel an hour, much below boiling point, one tablespoonful an hour. Hot, dry applications often renewed. Strong : Milk punch, or eggnog, No. 1. Hot bath every day, very short, and only for a few days. Retained enema night and morning of black coffee or Virginia snakeroot, tincture one-half to one teaspoonful; or tea of smartweed, or myrrh ten to thirty grains every four hours. Extensive mustard plasters. Carbonate of ammonia, five grains every two hours ; fomentations, poultices, etc. METHODS AND DIETS. 359 Very Strong : Whisky drink, or eggnog, No. 2. Hot salt or mustard bath two or three times a day, very short, only for two or three days, and retained enema every two to four hours of brandy or capsicum. Capsicum one to four grains often as necessary. This may alternate with prickly ash bark, ten to thirty grains three or four times a day. Hot and stimulating local applications — smartweed or pepper tea. Hypodermic injections of brandy. When the secretions are locked up, stimulants can be useful only to aid their ejection after relax- ants have opened the sluiceways. When the pulse is hard and fevered, stimulants will increase the difficulty. In these condi- tions, therefore, first use excernent and relaxing treatments until these symptoms disappear. 7. Relaxing* Method. — Large quantities of relaxants should not be used in dropsy, peritoneal effusion, congestive chill, delirium tremens, or any congestion with decided pros- tration. Relaxants are only useful in states of tension, and are always injurious if used when the tissues are already lax. Tepid is practically a relative term, and while 80° may be such for the average, 85° will be no more than tepid to others. Very Mild: Tepid sponge 80° once a day, warm clothing, warm, moist atmosphere, and warm water as a drink; tepid rectal flush. Mild: Tepid sponge 80°, two to four times a day, or vapor bath 110° to 115°, once a day. Tepid shirt wrap once a day 15 to 25 minutes; catnip tea, balm tea. Tepid sigmoid flush. Average: Tepid full bath, or vapor 115° to 125° once a day; tea of black cohosh for irritable nerves, irritations of serous membranes, rheumatism, uterine congestions, etc. Tea of valerian for nervousness, restlessness, hysteria, etc. Tea of boneset for inward muscular structures, stomach, gall ducts, bowels, uterus, etc., given cold. Tepid csecal flush. Strong: Body pack — tepid, once a day. Tea of plurisy root for febrile and inflammatory conditions. Tea of lady's slipper for hysteria, headache, sleeplessness, and spasmodic action. Very Strong: Full tepid pack, forty to eighty minutes. 360 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Tea of lobelia, or retained enema Nos. 7 and 23 mixed. If neces- sary, pack, tea and enema. 8. Excernent Method. — Increasing the products of excretion ; i. e., the elimination of matter no longer needed in the constructive vital processes, and that must be expelled to prevent the deleterious effects of their chemical or mechanical action, if retained. The excernent remedy should be selected with particular reference to the need, not goad all the functions for the relief of a single organ unless the danger be imminent. Sweet and. starchy food should be avoided when uric acid is to be expelled to an unusual degree. When the formation of urea is to be hastened, alcohol, colchicum, opium, morphine, iodide of potas- sium and quinine are to be avoided. Very Mild: For the skin, catnip or balm tea; kidneys., tepid compress thirty to sixty minutes daily, cleavers tea;, ureants, light exercise; uric acid, drink freely of soft water; for the liver and gall ducts, exercise 19 a. b., page 34; for the bowels, rectal flush, or figs, prunes, honey, olive oil or treacle- Mild : For the skin, extra clothing, very warm room, yel- low dock tea, warm sponge baths ; kidneys, tea of agrimony* or tag alder, or princes pine, or pumpkin seeds, or dandelion root ; ureants, average exercise ; uric acid, drink freely of soft water and take a cold sponge bath daily ; liver and gall ducts r chionanthus fl. ext. ten to thirty drops three times daily* exercise 11a., page 32. Bowels, rectal flush and fruit diet, or barberry five to ten grains three times daily, or ten to fifteen grains of rhubarb, or thirty to sixty grains of magnesia, or one to two teaspoonfuls of sulphur, or thirty to sixty grains of cream of tartar. Average: Skin, sunflower seeds — boil one ounce of seeds and husks in a quart of water to a pint, drink freely ; warm full bath, or quite warm sitz; sulphur one-half teaspoonful three times a day. Kidneys, peach leaf tea one dram to water four ounces, two ounces every three hours; or burdock root two ounces in one quart of water boiled to one pint. Dose one to four ounces three times a day. Or sweet birch leaves two ounces to one pint of water. Dose two ounces every two hours- METHODS AND DIETS. 361 Or juniper berries one ounce to one pint of water; steep ar_ hour. Dose two ounces every two hours. Ureants, vigorous exercise and the mild diuretics named for kidneys ; uric acid, soft water freely, cold sponge five times and cold plunge twice a week. Liver and gall ducts, beef gall three to five grains three times a day; or butternut ten to thirty drops of fl. ext- one to four times a day ; or retained enema Xo. 37. Bowels, sig- moid flush ; or thirty to sixty drops of butternut extract ; or four to six grains of aloes ; or phosphate of soda one teaspoon- ful every two hours ; or sulphate of magnesia one teaspoonful every hour ; or cascara sagrada ext. two to five grains ; or fl. ext. ten to twenty drops. Strong: For the skin, whole pack or hot sitz; composi- tion tea one teaspoonful to three-fourths pint of hot milk and water. Kidneys, Virginia snakeroot fl. ext. one-fourth to one- eighth teaspoonful; or false bittersweet — digest at low heat two ounces in a quart of water two hours; strain. Dose two to three ounces three times a day ; or fl. ext. gravel weed one to three teaspoonf uls ; or corn silk fl. ext. one-half to one teaspoon- ful three times daily. Ureants, Hensel's Iron Tonicum two to three teaspoonf uls a day ; or vigorous exercise and strong diu- retics ; or five to ten grains every two hours of ammonium chlo- ride. Uric acid, gravel root one-half to one teaspoonful fl. ext., and as much cold bathing as can be endured. Liver and gall ducts, leptandrin one-half to two grains; or plrytolaccin. crushed berries one pint, whisky one-half pint. Dose one tc two fl. ounces ; or sanguinarine nit. (alk.) one-eighth to one- twelfth grain every two to four hours. For the bowels, lep- tandrin; or euonymus thirty to forty drops three times a day: or caster oil one ounce ; or iridin one-half to three grains ; or colocynth fl. ext. fifteen to twenty-five drops ; caBcal flush plain but hot. Very Strong : For the skin, alcohol vapor bath ; or domes- tic Turkish ; or hot bath alternated with full packs ; pilocar- pine hyd. (alk.) one-twentieth to one-sixth grain in hot water every hour. Kidneys, tea of dwarf elder, infusion of root three to four ounces three times a day ; or queen of the meadow infusion four ounces three times a day; or citrate of 362 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. potash fifteen to sixty grains several times a day. Ureants, phosphoric acid five to ten drops three times a day, largely -diluted ; or phosphate of soda three-fourths to one teaspoonf ul in water three or four times a day, and vigorous exercise. Uric acid, gravel root tea of two to three teaspoonfuls fl. ext. in hot water ; inhalations of oxygen and cold bathing as in strong. Liver and gall ducts, bitter root fl. ext. one-half to one tea- spoonful ; or euonymus forty to sixty drops ; or iridin one to four grains ; or podophyllin (resin) one-twelfth grain two to four times a day. Retained enema Nos. 5 and 2 mixed. Bowels, podophyllin one-half grain ; or blue flag two to four grains ; or jalapin (con.) one-half grain or more ; or gamboge one to two grains of the powder ; or elaterine (alk.) one-sixty-seventh to one-twentieth grain, not for old or feeble; csecal flush, hot and salt, or with one-half cup of molasses. 9. Diaphoretic (Sweating) Method. — Use relaxing diaphoretics when the skin is warm and dry and the heart excited. Use stimulating diaphoretics when skin is cold and lieart feeble. Use stimulating and astringent diaphoretics when skin is cold and tissues lax. Very Mild: Warm sponge bath in very warm room. Warm tea of catnip or balm, or hoarhound (stimulo-relaxant) infusion one ounce to one quart of warm water. Dose one to three ounces every hour or two. Mild: Warm vapor bath or warm shawl wrap. Warm tea of feverfew (wild chamomile) — one-half ounce to one quart water, covered — two ounces every hour (stimulo-relaxant) ; or warm infusion of rosemary (stimulo-relaxant) ; or bayberry (myrica cerifera) warm infusion, twenty grains of powder to one pint. Dose four ounces every four hours (stimulo- astringent). Average: Warm nightshirt wrap; hot foot bath; quite warm tea of garden chamomile, one-half ounce to one pint "boiling water steeped ten minutes. Dose two to three ounces •every one or two hours (relaxo-stimulant); or catnip one-half ounce in one pint of hot, much below boiling, water ; use very freely (diffusive relaxant); or pennyroyal (relaxo-stimulant), two drams to the pint, two ounces every hour; or spearmint METHODS AND DIETS. 363 (relaxant), two drams to the pint, often; or boneset — warm infusion one ounce of powder to one quart of boiling water. Dose one to three ounces, frequently as needed ; a nearly pure Telaxant; or sassafras (stimulating), warm tea of bark used freely; or bayberry (stimulo-astringent), warm infusion twenty grains to pint, four to six ounces every two to four hours. Strong: Warm body pack. Hot tea of Virginia snake- root, two tablespoonfuls every forty minutes; steep crushed Toot three drams one hour covered in one pint of water (stim- ulo-relaxant); must not boil; or pleurisy root, (relaxing), an ounce to the quart of boiling water. Half a cupful every two hours. Very Strong: Quite warm full pack, with hot teas of Virginia snakeroot, three tablespoonfuls every twenty to thirty minutes ; or pleurisy root six ounces every hour of warm infu- sion; or pilocarpus pinnatifolius (jaborandi), solid ext. three grains ; or fl. ext. twenty to sixty drops. The jarborandi causes profuse perspiration and salivation. Sustain, if neces- sary, with stimulants. Do not give in low conditions of vital depression. Saliva should not be swallowed. A dose every two hours until effect is gained. 10. Secernent Method. — Increasing the secretions of the salivary, gastric and intestinal glands, liver and pancreas, 2. e. those fluids that have some physiological function that is needed constructively in the vital processes. It is difficult to classify remedies with much accuracy as regards their excer- nent and secernent effect, for both properties are usually found in the same agent. Most secernents become excernents by increasing the dose. When a secernent effect is desired chloride of potassa, or atropine should not be given. Very Mild : For salivary and gastric glands, appetizing flavors ; gentle exercise in open air while fasting or abstaining, dill, fennel, caraway; balmony five grains three times a day, For intestinal glands, beef gall three grains three times a day; liver, sour fruit, lemonade, barberry, three grains three times a day; pancreas, berberine (alk.) one-sixth grain before meals. Mild: For salivary and gastric glands, ginger, allspice, nutmeg, balmony seven grains three times a day; intestinal 364 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. glands, beef gall five grains three times a day ; liver, retained' enema No. 16 or 37 ; dandelion steep four ounces of bruised roots in one and one-half pints of hot water one hour, then boil five minutes. Strain, dose two ounces three times a day,. or Wahoo fl. extract thirty drops three times a day, or Roche lie salts small doses. Pancreas, berberine (alk.) one-third grain before meals. Average: For salivary and gastric glands, pepper, cinna- mon, balmony ten grains three times a day (relaxant). Intes- tinal glands, ipecac (relaxant), one-fourth to one grain three times a day; or yellow parilla (stimulo-relaxant) fl. extract thirty drops three times a day. Liver, retained enema No. 1 or 7. Sanguinarin one to three grains every four hours, (stimulo- relaxant). Pancreas, berberine two-thirds grain before meals. Strong : For salivary and gastric glands, horseradish, Wor- cestershire sauce, Our Digestive Sauce (the best), Leicester- shire sauce. Intestinal glands, berberis aquifolium fl. extract ten to twenty drops three times a day; or capsicum (pure stimulant) one to three grains daily. Liver, retained enema, No. 2 or 5; blue flag (stimulo-relaxant) two to three grain* three times a day. Pancreas, berberine (alk.) one and one-half grains before meals. Very Strong : For salivary and gastric glands, horseradish and mustard. Intestinal glands, blue flag three to rive grains three times a day ; or pilocarpine hydrochlorate one-twentieth every hour ; not to be given in fatty heart, impeded circulation in lungs from heart disease, emphysema and pleurisy. Liver,, retained enema, podophyllum (acrid stimulant) one-tenth to one-half grain — not to be given in irritated conditions of stomach and bowels. Pancreas, berberine (alk.) one and one- half to three grains before meals. 11. Emetic Method. — Always indicated when the stomach contains poison, or indigestible food, and whenever, as in croup and bronchitis, the mechanical effects of vomiting are desirable. Give with caution in hernia; avoid in extreme age,, and with tendency to hemorrhage of lungs. When emetics are called for, but arterial and nervous centers seem relaxed, known by cold skin, soft, sluggish pulse, and, if extreme, by METHODS AHD DIETS. 365 -sighing respiration, give stimulants by stomach and emetic by retained enema. See also head note to relaxant treatment. Mild: Mustard water, or table salt, four teaspoonfuls in two ounces of water. Act rage: Ipecac for hot, dry conditions. May need a stimulant afterward if it leaves skin cold and pallid, and with inability to throw off secretions. Bloodroot for very sluggish conditions, twenty-five to thirty grains aided with lukewarm -water and tickling the throat. Strong: Lobelia forty to sixty grains in eight ounces of water ; unless haste is essential, give in one to two ounce doses, ifive to ten minutes apart. Too rapid relaxation may cause •crampy pains, which will disappear as soon as the relaxation becomes equally distributed. Very Strong: Lobelia sixty grains in four ounces of water. A large teaspoonful infused in covered vessel twenty minutes (not boiled). A teaspoonful of composition infused in six ounces of water covered twenty minutes, then add three ounces of milk. If patient is feverish give first one ounce of the lobelia, wait ten minutes and give two ounces of the com- position. Wait eight minutes and give another ounce of lobelia; wait eight minutes and give two ounces of composi- tion. Wait five minutes and give another ounce of lobelia, and rive minutes later two ounces more composition. Five minutes later the rest of the lobelia, and in five minutes more two ounces composition. If still there is not full emesis, follow w'th copious draught of lukewarm water, and tickle the throat with a leather. But if at any stage vomiting has been suffici- ent, discontinue the teas. If the final effect desired is relax- ing, follow the emetic action by dessert or tablespoonful doses of lobelia tea as often as necessary. But if the final effect desired is stimulant or tonic, follow in the same way with com- position instead of lobelia. If the patient is relaxed at the outset, the emetic dosing should begin with the composition. Much better effect will be had by giving twenty to thirty grains of bicarbonate of soda in warm or tepid water before the emetic. 12. Cooling (Antiphlogistic) Method. — Very 366 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Mild: Cool air baths, amount of exposure and degree of tem- perature suited to the case. Mild: Sponge baths, tepid to cool. Tepid or cool rectal flush. Quinine sulphate two grains every four hours ; or cin- chonine two and one-half grains every four hours. Local applications of bay rum and borax, puff powders. Average: Diet deficient in fat and force elements; fre- quent sponging without drying ; tepid sigmoid flush ; aconite, seven drops tinct. in four ounces water, teaspoon ful every thirty minutes ; or salicin, two to eight grains every hour ; or quinine, three grains every three hours. Strong: Diet exclusively of buttermilk; tepid esecel flush; nitrous ether. Ether spray, see index; salicin six to twelve grains every hour, or quinine four grains every two hours. Very Strong: Diet of cold water or lemon and water only ; cold bath until the temperature is reduced ; tepid csecel flush of cream of tartar water, one to two teaspoonf uls to the pint; pilocarpus hydrochlorate (alk.) one-sixth in hot water r hourly. 13. Revulsive Method. — Very Mild : Surface stimu- lation at a little distance from the affected point by hot fomen- tations, mustard, etc. Mild: Gentle rubbing away from the place affected, beginning at a distance and working closer until it is included,, but always rubbing away from it as a center. While rubbing,, dip the hands frequently in cold water. Average: Cool compress on part affected, heat at some distant extremity. Strong: Cold compress on part affected. Heat on all dis- tant extremities, with No. 7 relaxing method, strong if needed in tense fevered conditions ; or No. 6 stimulating, strong in pros- trate conditions tending to gangrene or collapse. Very Strong: Cold dripping compress on part affected, heat on all distant extremities. Mustard on intervening sur- faces with very strong relaxing treatment, No. 7, if needed in tense fevered conditions; or very strong stimulating, No. 6, in prostrate conditions tending to gangrene or collapse. METHODS AND DIETS. 36? 14. Hardening Method. — Very Mild: Barefoot in the house one-half hour to two hours daily. Exposure of the whole skin (naked) to the air of the room at 70° to 95° F. fifteen to thirty minutes. Cool sponge bath daily in room 70° to 80° F. A brisk walk in the open air in clothing insufficient for comfortable warmth without the exercise ; must add more clothing instantly upon stopping ; or sectional ablution in room 60° to 70° F. as follows: 1. Plunge one foot into cold water on rising from the bed, wipe and dress it quickly as possible. Shawl over shoulders. 2. The other foot the same. 3. Wash head and neck, and dry hair thoroughly. 4. One arm. 5. The other. 6. Stripped to waist, wash chest and abdomen. 7. Take towel stringway, one end in each hand, throw the mid- dle over one shoulder, one hand up, the other down, and saw the upper back into a glow, then saw across the back down to waist. Then, leaning forward, throw^one handful of water over on the spine, having the towel around the body at the waist to protect the clothing, then saw it dry and dress. 8. Drop the clothing off one limb to the foot and wash and dry. 9. Then the other. 10. The whole process should not take over five minutes, unless the person is very feeble, in which case he should lie down a few minutes, well covered, as soon as he is dressed. Mild: Barefoot outdoors one-half minute to five min- utes. Air bath at 60° to 65° F. ten to twenty minutes, keep- ing in constant motion. Cold sponge bath daily in room at 60° to 65° F. Cold daily head ablution, drying thoroughly. Or, sectional ablution in room 50° to 60° F., same as very mild sectional, except both limbs are exposed at once, the water is dashed on with the hand, and no part is dried except the head, and three or more dashes are made on each place. Average: Cold water tread one to ten minutes daily. Cold arm plunge one-fourth to one minute twice a week. Cold ablution in cold room and dress without drying, and exercise till warm. Cold daily head ablution. Strong: The cold water tread, the arm plunge and head ablution as in average. Cold hip and thigh shower twice a week. Cold ablution on the days when the arm plunge and shower do not occur. 368 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Very Strong : Water tread and head ablution as in strong. Shoulder and back shower twice a week, and cold ablution on all other days. None of these should be carried so far as to reduce vital heat, or cause congestions anywhere. If not sen- sibly improving every week, fall back to the less vigorous treatment. 15. Astringent Method. — Should not be employed when inflammation or acute irritation is present. Very Mild: Internally or externally. Tea of chestnut leaves, or eyebright herb, or strawberry, red raspberry, or huckleberry bark, false wintergreen, life everlasting, sweet fern, yellow dock, or stone root. Mild: Tea of either agrimony herb, beech bark, sweet birch, bark and leaves, cinchona, dogwood, witch hazel, bugle- weed, rhubarb three to five grains every three or four hours, white willow, golden rod, queen of the meadow, Solomon's seal, tag alder, water or white pond lily. Average: Tea of either horse-chestnut rind, ambrosia leaves, uva ursi, shagbark hickory, — middle bark three to eight grains three times a day, — cranesbill, sumac, fireweed, bayberry fl. ext., five to ten drops, or rose willow. Strong : Tea or solution of either yarrow, gallic acid five to fifteen grains, tannic acid two to fire grains every six hours, alum five to fifteen grains every three or four hours, rhatany, hardhack, myrrh two to five grains three or four times a day, marsh rosemary, or pomegranate rind. Externally, hemlock bark, white oak bark, catechu, or tannic acid (five grains per ounce). Very Strong : Monsel's solution, five to ten drops to ounce atomized, or three to six drops by stomach; or alum root, or Heuchera Amer. (for external use), or kino five to fifteen grains every two to six hours, or stinging nettle five to ten grains. PARTICULAR DIETS. The whole medical world is aroused upon the subject of the proper feeding of the sick, so much so that the medical journals are teeming with articles discussing the theme. Not METHODS AXD DIETS. 369 less than three medical journals have been named expressly to be regarded as exponents of the subject : The Journal of Bal- neology and Dietary : Food, a Journal of Hygiene and Nutrition, each in its fifth volume, and The Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette, now in its ninth volume, all give particular prominence to the question. Yet the author has searched in vain through many hundred pages of these journals, and thousands upon thousands of others, to find a single article of practical value as a stand- ard, scientific expression of the physiological and therapeutic results of modern research in this direction. Dr. W. H. Porter, editor of the American Medico- Surgical Bulletin (formerly Merck's Bulletin), has done very val- uable service in a series of articles running through seventeen numbers on the "food values" of different foods, each consid- ered as an entire dietary in itself ; and Dr. James Wood, in the same journal, has emphasized the importance of avoiding the excessive use of sweets and starches in the feeding of the young. But beyond these contributions, the whole wilderness of matter published is the sheerest empiricism, as contradictory as can be imagined. Even the forty-seven large, double col- umn pages of Food's last issue contain but a single page (and that copied from "A Hand Book of Invalid Cooking") giving anything practical, and that is so unpractical that it merely enumerates certain articles as suggestive of what may be used on successive days — of precisely as much real value as the bill of fare of a restaurant. All writers express and reiterate the importance of correct feeding, but not one tells how to do it. How To Do It. — This universally felt need, the author proposes to meet in this section (in addition to Part III, on Diet) as far as in the nature of things it is possible for him to do this without personal investigation of each patient. Certain things must be premised. 1. The Standard of Construction in all the diet- aries is that of a man in full health, but doing no work. 2. For Women, — About one-fourth should be deducted for a woman in the same circumstances. 3. For Children.— Deduction must be made according to Prof. Atwater's table on page 371. 24 370 THE SECBET OF HEALTH. 4. For the Sick. — Further modification must be made* according to the case. In brief sickness, embracing reduc- tions in fiber, fat and force foods at pleasure ; but in lingering cases, holding the fiber foods up to the normal standard, while changing the fat and force elements to suit the exigencies as they arise. 5. The Quantities named in each dietary constitute the rations for twenty-four hours, to be divided into the three or more meals at the discretion of the nurse, or pleasure of the- patient. 6. Changing the Dietary. — Should an article of an approved diet be distasteful or otherwise unsuited to the patient, another may be substituted of the same elemental constit- uents as found in the working table ; but the necessary trans- position must be made from the pounds and grams of the table, into the ounces of the dietaries. 7. When a Reduction is Made in a dietary, it should not be by dropping out one or more of the articles entirely, but should be by a proportionate reduction of all the articles composing it, so as not to change the proportion of its elements. 8. Variety of Food. — In these dietaries, constant ref- erence is had to the importance of variety and of keeping the food value up to the full demands of the reparative processes, both of which are practically ignored in the ordinary provi- sions for the sick. 9. Avoiding Errors. — Should the objection be made that in the necessary adaptations of these dietaries to individ- ual cases, there is likely to be the same empiric guesswork that now dominates the whole field of invalid food-supply, the answer is : The difference is very great. In one case, there is no conception of what is needed, and no standard by which to rule the judgment. In the other, the exact need (in health) is specified in so many ounces of each food element, so many calories of energy and so many pints of oxygen, and that need is the standard of judgment with a sliding scale of adaptation equally exact for women and children, and capable of being applied to the sick with corresponding exactness whenever the METHODS AKD DIETS. 371 observer is competent to detect in the condition of the sufferer nutritive states analagous to those of infancy, childhood, youth or womanhood. Mistakes unquestionably will occur, but the standard is an ever present corrective, and the chances of serious mishap from them are a thousand fold less than under the haphazard custom now prevailing. lO. The Standard Required. — A man of average height and weight, at no work, requires in each day of twenty- four hours, food that' shall furnish in digestible form, of the fiber element 3.5 ounces, fat 3.5 ounces and of the force ele- ments (see definition on Page 100) 8.4 ounces, a total of 15.1 ounces of the actual nutritive elements of food. This fur- nishes 2,321 calories of energy, and for its proper assimilation requires capacity of inhalation sufficient to furnish 1312 pints of pure oxygen. Adding for women and children, we get this comparison : STANDARD OF ACTUAL FOOD ELEMENTS REQUIRED EVERY TWENTY- FOUR HOURS, STATED IN OUNCES. Fiber. Fat. Force. • Calories. : Oxygen. Man Woman Child 6 to 14 yrs Child 2 to 6 yrs Child 1£ yrs 3.5 2.8 2.6 1.9 1.0 3.5 2.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 8.4 6.3 11.4 7.0 2.6 2,324 1,743 2,041 1,418 767 1,312 1,036 1.367 871 371 These standards for children are for normal play condi- tions. "Xo work" with them would be no play. 2s o estimates have been made for that. 11. Oxygen deeded. — On pages 94, 104-112, the neces- sity of lung capacity, including both size and use, to digest- ive possibilities, has been shown and is recalled here because in these particulars mainly sickness may bring the adult to the state of childhood or even infancy. For example, a man with pneumonia may have his lungs so occluded by the disease that his real respiratory capacity is no more than that of a three-year-old child. Aside from the debilitating effects of his disease, his digestive capacity, from the mere lack of oxygen, must be reduced in the same ratio. Now add the debility and the poisonous accumulations of a suboxidized blood current, and the digestive capacity may be 372 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. cut down to the assimilation of a very small amount of predi- gested liquid pabulum only. On the other hand, the patient sometimes needs nourish- ment far beyond his seeming ability to dispose of it. For example: In the third stage of consumption, the nervous restlessness, coughing and uncompensating rapid breathing are all work done requiring sustainment. The breathing is called uncompensating, because it yields no proportionate oxygen iutake. Besides that work done, there may be the albuminous waste of a half-pint of pus matter from discharging abscesses, which calls for a corresponding supply of fiber element. Hence the food should be rich in predigested proteids and in those fat and force foods that require the least oxygen for their com- plete digestion. Hence the importance of a dietary exactly adjusted to the conditions of the case. 12. Interchange of Diets. — Except in diabetes, fevers, and some other extreme cases, the diets are largely interchangeable, thus materially multiplying the commissary resources of the sick ; but when made, the change should con- sist in the substitution of one entire dietary for another, not parts of one for parts of another, except as noted in No. 6. 13. Digestants. — Pepsin to aid stomach digestion. Pancreatin to assist pancreatic digestion. Oxgall to aid bile digestion. Papoid to supplement all the digestive processes. Peptenzyme is also claimed to have the same effect. Our Digestant has the same effect as papoid, together with peculiar appetizing and stimulant properties. Our Digestive Salt is similar to Our Digestant, but in a dry form. 14. Rating- of Foods. — Diets are rightly proportioned for no work when they contain of fiber one part, fat one part, and force 2.4 parts, but much latitude is allowable if the fiber and calories be sufficient. Diets are fiber when they consist of more than one part of proteids to 4.6 parts of fat and force elements combined. Diets are fat when they contain 1.5 parts of fat to one of fiber, and 3.6 of force constituents. Diets are force or starchy when their calories are more than 700 to each one part of fiber. METHODS AND DIETS. 373 Protein diet is appropriate whenever the fibrous tissues are wasted by disease or abstinence, or the system suffers an unusual drain of albuminous material, as in the third stage of consumption, in abscess, some of the catarrhs, or in the heal- ing of extensive wounds. Fat diet is needed in excessive emaciation, nervous pros- tration, when fat is needed for fuel without the intermediate process of digestion which the force foods must undergo, and when exposed to a low degree of temperature. Force diet should be resorted to when the energies of the system are greatly taxed by severe labor, great grief or anxiety, insufficient ferments to digest the fiber and fat elements, and states of prostration where the bodily heat must be maintained in the absence of ability to take other nourishment. Its extreme forms are only fit for emergencies when an extra strain is placed upon the vital powers. Liquid diets are designed for those conditions of inactivity and disease in which the digestive functions are too feeble to reduce solids, and in which the intake of oxygen is small. Useful in typhoid fever, dysentery, extreme nervous prostra- tion, collapse from shock, etc. Semi-fluid diets have the same purpose as liquid to a more limited degree. 1 Solid diets are appropriate in those cases where liquids increase fermentation, and in those where bulk is to be avoided, or where an excess of hydrochloric acid is to be employed in the work of digestion. Mixed diets approximate the normal, and are to be used especially in convalescence. Consumption is the only disease in which sufficiently numerous measurements have been taken to afford a basis for a pretty accurate general average of respiratory capacity, and Consequent digestive possibilities. The first stage has been found to have but 67 per cent., the second but 57, and the third but 46 per cent of the normal. Hence one who, in health with- out work, with 222 cubic inches of lung capacity, requires daily food in the proportions and quantity of fiber 3.5 ounces, fats 3.5, force 8.4 ounces, yielding 2324 calories of energy and 374 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. requiring 1312 pints of oxygen, would, in the several stages, need but the following. (These calculations assume that respi- ration and digestion are equal.) Fiber. 3.5 3.5 3.5 Fat. Force. Calories. 1559. 1329. 1088. Oxygen. First stage 2.3 2.0 1.6 4.5 3.3 1.9 879. Second stage Third stage 748. 003. Obviously, therefore, the patient's diet should be adjusted to these facts. The fiber constituent should be kept as near the normal requirement as possible, because the waste of nitrog- enous substance is so excessive, both from innutrition and pus-expectoration. The fats should be mainly animal because they are absorbed directly into the system, while the vegetable fats combine with soda salts in the duodenum into hard soap and are thus chiefly lubricants of the intestines, and the fuel value of the first is vastly in excess of the lubricant value of the last. The force element should be selected so as to yield the greatest number of calories of energy with the least expendi- ture of oxygen. With these principles in mind we proceed to construct some illustrative dietaries as suggestive of what should always be done for these sufferers. [The Figures in all these diets represent ounces or decimal parts of ounces. They are not per cents, or parts in 100. The analyses of foods have all been calculated over into ounces, because common people can estimate food more readily by weight, and they have not the time to figure out the weight of each food necessary to furnish the required elements. In these diets for consumption, Ave give the details of the calculation, but only the summaries are given in succeeding diets.] The First Stage of Consumption requires a daily ration that will supply of fiber or nitrogenous elements 3.5 ounces, of fat 2.3 ounces, of force elements 4.5 ounces, yielding 1559 calories of energy and requiring only 879 pints of oxygen for its proper assimilation. Such a ration may be thus composed : METHODS AND DIETS. 375 Diet No. 1. Food. Fiber. Ounces. Fat. Ounce*. Force. Ounces. Calories. Units. Oxygen. Pints. Beef 10 ozs. = 1.500 i 10 ozs. = 1.310 3 ozs. = .204 12 ozs. = .046 12 ozs. = .444 1 oz. = .010 loz. == .003 1.400 .300 .111 550. 230. 162. 186. 228. 226. 112. 230. Fish Gl. Bread .. Fruit .... .738 1.548 .588 .005 .967 100. 48. (p. 218) 60. Milk Butter Sugar .408 .850 84. 87. 36. Total 49 ozs. = 3.517 3.069 3.846 | 1694. 645. It will be seen that in this sample the fats are slightly in excess, while the force element seems deficient ; but it should be remembered that the fat and force constituents are in their physiological results interchangeable ; thus the calories show an excess by reason of the surplus fats. But this overplus of the calories is all right, so long as there is a good margin of oxygen intake above its necessary expenditure in the trans- formation of these food elements. In this case 234 pints of oxygen are to spare. The Second Stage of the disease having been reached, call- ing for a daily supply of fiber 3.5 ounces, fat 2, and force elements 3.3, yielding 1329 calories, and requiring 748 pints of oxygen — the following would be appropriate : Diet Xo. 2. Food. Fiber.! Fats. Force. Calories.; Oxygen. Egg coffee ! 9\ ozs. = 0.192 P. barlev 1 oz. — .116 .170 .021 .162 .655 '.104 ' '.387 ' .712 1.500 86. 95. 48. 127. 112. 536. 46. 158. 180. 135. 34. (p. 214) 33. Boviniue 3 ozs. = .417 Mosq. B. meal 1 oz. = .772 Creamed codfish. 4 ozs. = .252 Chops 8 ozs. = 1.200 Fruit 3 ozs. — .011 .042 .136 .260 1.496 '.228 '.'350* ' 27. 27. 44. (p. 212) 216. 15. Gl. gems 2 ozs. = .160 Peach foam 4 ozs. = .006 B'f lea, nutritive. 5 ozs. = .375 58. (p. 218) 56. (p. 226) 57. (p. 208) Total 4(>i; ozs . = 3.5oi 2.703 3.520 1523. 567. In this illustration the fat and iorce elements and calories are all in excess, but as there are still 181 pints of sur- plus oxygen, it may be considered a safe ration, and is pur- posely constructed with these deviations in order to show the latitude that may be allowed. The Third Stage is marked not only by greatly diminished respiratory capacity, but by a general breakup of all the vital forces. Hence the food must be adjusted, not only elementally and in quantity to the case, but in its form as well. The 376 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. following diet may be regarded as an example, to furnish the needed fiber 3.5 ounces, fats 1.6, force 1.9, calories 1088 r oxygen 603 : Diet No. 3. Liquid peptonoids Mosquera's beef meal Oyster stew Eggs Fruit Chicken panada Dyspepsia crackers... Butter Cream Total . Food. Fiber 2 ozs. = 1 1 oz. = 4 ozs. = 2 ozs. = 6 ozs. = 4 ozs. = 2 ozs. = h o r L. = 2 ozs. = 23^ ozs. = 3 .400 .772 .252 .236 .023 .498 .180 .005 ^54 C420 Fat. Force. Calo. .188 .206 236. .136 127. .008 .025 8. .204 .008 82. .774 93. .048 .126 45. .060 1.180 226. .470 .002 113. .534 1.648 .056 153. 2.377 1083. Oxygen. 27. 4. 36. 30. 18. (p. 211) 60. (p. 214) 43. 60. 374. The greater the prostration, the more should the food sup- ply fall within the oxygenating capacity in order to compensate for less vigorous elimination, and probable deficient ventila- tion. Hence 229 pints of oxygen are allowed in excess in this example. The greater the disturbance in the nutritive functions, the more carefully should both the average and the individual digestibility of the food be considered. See working table, page 133, for the average, and ascertain the experience of the patient for the individual, giving special emphasis to the fact that foods which are poorly digestible in health, will be much less so in disease. This diet has a high average digestibility. Another Example. — As it may be difficult in some parts of the country to obtain liquid peptonoids, Mosquera's beef meal and oysters, a substitute is added for the diet No. 3, as follows :. Diet No. 4. Food. Fiber 8 ozs. = .400 6 ozs. = .756 6 ozs. = .023 2 ozs. = .054 i oz. = .002 4 ozs. = .498 4 ozs. = 1.000 6 ozs. = .696 2 ozs. = 38£ ozs. = 3.429 Fais. Force. Calories. 144." 84. 93. 153. 56. 45. 116. 222. 217. Oxygen .376 .012 56. Whites of eggs — 42. .774 .056 .001 .126 30. Cream .535 .235 .048 .040 .426 60. Butter 21. Chicken panada .. Dressed game Dried beef stew... Whisky 18. 52. .282 .492 90. 73. Total 1.672 1.731 1130. 442. Oxygen surplus in this case 203. It may be thought impossible for the patient to consume this quantity in twenty-four hours. So it has been thought impossible for any to recover from this stage, yet many have. METHODS AXD DIETS. 37? It will doubtless require appetizers and perhaps digestants. with much outdoor air to enable one to digest this supply, but the nearer it can be approximated, the greater will be the chance of recovery. Having given these illustrations at length, the remaining* diets will be formulated more briefly, but all are worked out with equal care. For the composition of the particular articles named in these diets, see index in each case. PARTICULAR DIETS GROUPED BY CONSISTENCY. Fluid Diets. — Of the following rations, Xos. 5 to 11 inclusive, are only fit for inactive conditions, because of their deficiency in energy, but their small oxygen requirement spec- ially adapts them to states of extreme sub-oxidation, and as their full fiber constituents amply sustains the constructive processes, they are the best for extreme cases. The two last diets of this group, Xos. 12 and 13, have the same general characteristics as their predecessors, with the advantage of being appropriate in more active conditions ; hence may be relied upon sometimes in "about-t he-house" ailments, instead of being confined to bed sicknesses. Five. — Kumys, 125 ozs. This f uniislies of fiber 3.5 ozs or the correct amount, of fat 1.1 ozs and of force 8.8 ozs. It yields 1,750 calories of energy, a deficiency of 574, and requires for its assimilation sufficient air to furnish C25 pints of oxygen. Our standard of respiration being 1,312 pints in the twenty-four hours, gives a surplus of 687 pints of oxygen. Six, — Kefir, 93 ozs : Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 1.8, force 1.8, calories 1,162, oxygen 465. Fiber enough ; energy deficient, 1,162 calories ; oxygen surplus, 847 pints. Seven.— American Kumys, 127 ozs: Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 1.1, force 8.8. calories 1,778, oxygen 635. Fiber sufficient; energy deficient 546 cal- ories ; oxygen surplus 677 pints. Eight.— Milk, 95 ozs: Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.2, force 4.6, calories 1,805. oxygen 665. Deficient in force 519 calories; oxygen surplus 647 pints ; fiber sufficient. Nine.— Skimmed milk 88 ozs : Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 1.5, force 4.7, calo- ries 1,232, oxygen 528. Deficient in force, 1,092 calories ; oxygen surplus. 598 pints; fiber sufficient. For temporary use in bed when pancreatic and biliary functions are mostly suspended. 378 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Ten.— Buttermilk 88 ozs: Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 0.6, force 5.6, calories 1,232, oxygen 440. Fiber just enough ; calories deficient, 1,092; surplus oxygen 872 pints. This has the same characteristic as No. 9, to a greater degree, and is preferable to that when fats cannot be tolerated and very little energy is required. Eleven.— Matzoon, 90 ozs: Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 4.4, force 4.5, calories 1,620, oxygen 630. Fiber correct; energy deficient, 704 calories; oxygen surplus 692 pints. Twelve.— Homemade Kumys, 103 ozs: Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.1, force €.7, calories 2,060, oxygen 721. Fiber correct; deficiency in energy 264 calories ; surplus oxygen 591 pints. Thirteen.— Homemade Kumys, 115 ozs. This supplies of fiber ele- ments 3.9 ozs, fat 3.6 and of force elements 7.8 ozs, yielding 2,300 calories of energy and requiring 805 pints of oxygen. The fiber is present to a Blight excess, calories are about right, and the oxygen surplus is 507 pints. Semi-Fluid Diets. — The rations JSTo. 14 and 15 are appropriate in early convalescence from acnte gastritis, in chronic gastritis, some stomach derangements of pregnancy, some cases of nicer or cancer in stomach, etc. Nutri- tive enemas or bowel injections are added, No. 17. In order to give their food valne and show to what extent they may be depended upon to support life, assuming that they are entirely absorbed, while in reality only from one-fourth to three-fourths are assimilated. Xo. 4 D is absorbed to a greater extent than the others. Fourteen. — Clabbered milk 16 ozs, iced milk with lime water 16 ozs, whites of eggs 4 ozs, beef tea nutritive 24 ozs, pure ice cream 6 ozs, oatmeal mush 12 ozs, grape juice, No. 2, 5 ozs. This yields of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.7, force 6.2, calories 2,338, oxygen 855. The fiber and calories are right, oxygen surplus 457. Fifteen. — Egg and milk 10 ozs, malt infusion 1 oz, cracker gruel 8 ozs, blanc-mange 8 ozs, Rudishe's beef peptones 2 ozs, rice milk, No. 2, 12 ozs, oatmeal mush 16 ozs, hot milk 8 ozs, corn meal gruel 8 ozs. This •gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fats 2.6, force 10.4, calories 2,341, oxygen 852. The Hber is correct, with a deficiency of only 17 calories and surplus of 460 pints of oxygen. Sixteen.— Boiled milk 32 ozs, beef scraped 8 ozs, blackberry cordial 5 ozs, thickened milk 10 ozs, astringent food 6 ozs, creamed codfish 8 ozs, butter £ oz. This yields of fiber 3.6 ozs, fat 3.8, force 9.2, cal- ories 2,319, oxygen 821. The astringent food is thus made: Pure pow- METHODS AND DIETS. 379 dered chocolate 8 ozs, rice flour 8 ozs, sugar 8 ozs, tannin 120 grains; cook 30 minutes. Seventeen. Nutritive Enemas.— A: Beef 6 ozs, papoid 1 grain, water 2 ozs; divide into three portions. Thirty-two ounces of this food would contain of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.2, force 0.0, yielding 1,312 calories and requiring 544 pints of oxygen. B: Milk gruel 2 ozs, beef tea stimulating 2 ozs, pancreatin 5 grains. Tifty ounces of this would supply of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 1, force 2, calories 1,500, oxygen 550. C: Beef pulp 2 ozs, coffee syrup 1 oz, pancreatin 5 grains. Thirty- five ounces would supply of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.2, force 8.1, calories 2,240, oxygen 770. D: Whites of eggs 2 ozs, salt one-half teaspoonful, pancreatin 5 grains. Twenty-eight ounces of this would furnish of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat .05, force 0, calories 392, oxygen 196. E: Milk gruel 1 oz, beef tea nutritive 2 ozs, pancreatin 5 grains. Porty ounces of it would yield of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 2.8, force 0.1, calories 1,260, oxygen 520. F : Grated oysters 3 ozs, cream 1 oz, papoid J grain : Twenty-four ©zs; gives of fiber 1.2 oz, fat 1.8, force .7, calories 714, oxygen 288 pints. Nutrient Suppositories : Beef tea nutritive one pint evapor- ated in a double boiler to the consistence of molasses, add as much cacao butter as there is of the concentration, melt together, and cool in a shallow dish. Cut with a warm knife, and shape into cones. Use in place of nutritive enema. In all cases, the bowels should first be cleansed by an injection of warm water or castile soap water, then slowly inject two to four ounces as far up as possible at blood warmth, every two hours. After the first cleansing, if the bowels are empty of foecal matter, it should not be repeated oftener than once in a day or two. Solid Diets. — An exclusive meat diet has been largely relied upon by Drs. Saulisbury and Cutter and their admirers, with gratifying results in many instances, but the almost irresistible craving for something else which this food causes, renders it extremely difficult to hold patients to it, and suggests the query whether there is not a sound physiological reason for that longing, aside from mere taste. Recent experiments have proved that a diet of nitrogenous substance exclusively is assimilated only to the extent of about one-fifth, while one .380 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. with carbohydrates added, is absorbed to the extent of sixty per cent. Assuming for the moment entire absorption, Diet No. 18— chopped steak 23y 2 ozs, butter 1 oz— gives of fiber 3.5, fat 4, force 0, calories 1518,. and requires 627 pints of oxygen. This is so defective in energy that it is unfit for active conditions, and may thus answer the above question. If the quantity be increased to the normal demand for force, still sup- posing complete absorption, it will become a strong protein diet as in No. 33. It is impossible to make both fiber and force elements right, when but one or two articles constitute the diet. Making due allow- ance for want of absorption, No. 18 should be raised to,— steak 280 ozs* which would yield nearly the right increment of force, but is obviously an impracticable amount to ingest. Nineteen. — Chopped steak 23 ozs, butter 1J ozs, fruit 26 ozs: Fiber 3.5, fat 4.4, force 3.3, calories 2006, oxygen 789. Deficient in force 300 ; oxygen surplus 523. Twenty. — Chopped steak 13 ozs, butter 1J ozs, mutton 7£ ozs, bread 6 ozs, fruit 19 ozs : Fiber 3.6, fat 4.6, force 3.7, calories 2342, oxygen 895 pints. Calories right ; oxygen surplus 417. Twenty-one. — Chopped steak 7 ozs, butter l£ ozs, mutton 8 ozs> chicken 3^ ozs, bread 4 ozs, grapes 27 ozs, Boston crackers 3 ozs : Fiber 3.7, fat 4.1, force 6.7, calories 2333, oxygen 882 pints. Fiber and force substantially correct; oxygen surplus 430 pints. Convalescent Diets. — When a person has sufficiently recovered to no longer require a sick-bed diet, a ration is needed that will please the appetite and strengthen the patient, without over-taxing the digestive functions. After a sickness in which an all-fluid diet has been used, employ a selection from Nos. 22 to 30. Where a meat diet has been used in sickness, the convalescent may be given No. 30, 31, or 32. When the patient has had no exclusive diet, any of the rations from Xos. 33 to 64 may be employed, except that No. 36 to 42 inclusive, 47, 55, 58, 61-2-3, are hardly appropriate for convalescent conditions, unless prescribed by the physician. Twenty-two.— No. 13,97 ozs, our toast 4 ozs. This yields of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.7, force 6.5, 2372 calories, and 839 pints of oxygen. Fiber right, energy very slightly in excess; oxygen surplus 473. Twenty-three.— Our toast 6 ozs, fruit 4 ozs, bovinine 2 ozs, No. 15 81 ozs : Yields of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.7, force 6.1, calories 2362, with oxygen requirement 845. Fiber right, calories very slightly in excess, oxygen surplus 479, This small excess of calories is an advantage in cases of METHODS AXD DIETS. 381 recovery from sickness when there is no fever, so long as there is a surplus of oxygen. Twenty-four.— Entire wheat bread 6 ozs, chopped steak 4 ozs, fruit € ozs, butter 1 oz, Xo. 13, G5 ozs. Yields fiber 3.5, fats 3.5, force 8.3, calo- ries 2319, oxygen 832. Fiber and calories right; oxygen surplus 486 pints. Twenty-five.— Poultry 6 ozs, fruit 8 ozs, egg coffee 9^ ozs, creamed. oysters 6 ozs, entire wheat bread 4 ozs, butter 1^ ozs, Xo. 13,55 ozs: Gives of fiber 3.5, fat 4, force 7.3, calories 2338, oxygen 857. Fiber and ■calories right ; oxygen excess 455 pints. Twenty-six.— Our toast 4 ozs, whisky drink 2 ozs, Xo. 12, 83 ozs : Yields of fiber 3.6, fat 1.3, force 6.4, calories 1810, oxygen 647. Fiber suffi- cient, calories short 514, oxygen surplus 665. Should there be much muscular emaciation, Xo. 34 may be better, if the digestive functions are competent. This is only for inactive conditions where stimula- tion is necessary, and is compatable with still further stimulation on account of its defective calories, although that defect may be a merit in some fevered conditions of short duration. Twenty-seven. — Our toast 6 ozs, fruit 8 ozs, pure ice cream 4£ ozs, sugar 1 oz, Xo. 12, 73 ozs : Yields of fiber 3.4, fat 2.5, force 8.3, calories 2330, oxygen 829. Fiber and calories right ; oxygen surplus 483 pints. Twenty-eight.— Entire wheat bread 6 ozs, chopped steak 4 ozs, fruit 12, butter J oz, sugar If ozs, cream 4 ozs, Xo. 12, 52 ozs : Gives of fiber 3.6, fat 2.5, force 10.6, calories 2344, oxygen 846. Energy and fiber correct ; oxygen surplus 466 pints. Twenty-nine.— Xo. 12, 46 ozs, sherry wine 8 ozs, poultry 6 ozs, egg coffee 9\ ozs, creamed oysters 6 ozs, fruit 15 ozs, butter 1 oz, wheat "bread 4 ozs : Fiber 3.5, fat 3.7, force 7.8, calories 2324, oxygen 867. Fiber and energy right; oxygen surplus 445 pints. Thirty.— Convalescence ; after meat diet during the sickness. For one or two weeks — lean meat 20 ozs, our toast 2 ozs, milk 12 ozs : Yields of fiber 3.5, fat 3.5, force 6, calories 1444, oxygen 624. Fiber right, calo- ries too deficient for any active exertion, or for a long time; oxygen surplus 688 pints. Thirty-one. — For the next two weeks. Lean meat 16 ozs, our toast 4 ozs, milk 16 ozs, Boston crackers 3 ozs, chicken salad 2 ozs, butter If ozs : Fiber 3.7, fat 5, force 3, calories 2326, oxygen required 858. Very slight excess of fiber, calories right; oxygen surplus 454 pints. Thirty-two.— Our toast 6 ozs, milk 16 ozs, chicken salad 2 ozs, garden vegetables 6 ozs, steak 8 ozs, chops 8 ozs : Yields of fiber 3.5, fats 5.7, force 1.2, calories 2386, requiring 876 pints of oxygen. Fiber right; calories properly in slight excess, and oxygen surplus 436. 382 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. GROUPED BY CONSTITUENTS. Fiber Diets. — Thirty-three.— Chopped steak 38 ozs, butter 1 oz : Yields of fiber 5.7 ozs, fats 6.1 ozs, force ozs, 2316 calories and 911 pints of oxygen. The calories are about right, but the fiber is largely in excess. This- with some fruits added to secure the absorption of the nitrogen, makes a suitable diet for great albuminous losses, as from abscesses, etc., with not much fever. Thirty-four.— Chopped steak 8 ozs, kumysgen 16 ozs, celery toast- 3 ozs, creamed codfish 8 ozs, chicken 6 ozs, buttermilk 8 ozs, berries 6 ozs, canned tomatoes 4 ozs, butter 1 oz, sugar 1 oz, graham crackers 3 ozs, whole wheat crisps 2 ozs, creamed potatoes 3 ozs : This comprises of fiber 4.3, fat 2.7 and force 7.4 ozs, and 2346 calories, requiring 1035 pints of oxygen, which still leaves a surplus of 277 pints, with a slight excess of energy and fiber element. Thirty-five. — Buttermilk 8 ozs, beans 4 ozs, eggs 3 ozs, apples 14 ozs, wheat bread 6 ozs, butter 1 oz, beef 8 ozs, fish 6 ozs: This has of fiber 4.3 ozs, fat 2.7 ozs, force .8 ozs, 2336 calories, and requires 884 pinta of oxygen. The fiber is mildly in excess, the calories are right, and the oxygen surplus 428 pints. Fat Diets. — Thirty-six. — Fat pork 4 ozs, potatoes 3 ozs, gluten gems 4 ozs, butter 1 oz, sugar 1 oz, pie 4 ozs, mutton chops fat 6 ozs, boiled ham 6 ozs, cheese 1 oz, our coffee 10 ozs, milk 12 ozs, bread 2 ozs : This gives 3.6 ozs of protein, 10.6 ozs of fat, 5.9 of carbohydrates, 3907 calories and 1493 pints of oxygen. The fiber is correct, energy 583 in excess, requiring 181 pints of oxygen more than our standard, for no work; therefore only fit to be used with considerable exertion temporarily; or to supply great waste of fat tissue. Thirty-seven. — Nuts 6 ozs, butter IV2 ozs, cheese 1 oz, whole wheat crisps 6 ozs, pure ice cream 8 ozs, dressed game 6 ozs, and nutritive beef tea 5 ozs: This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 7.6, force 5.7, 3,114 calories and 1,235 pints of oxygen. The same characteristics as No. 36, except that the oxygen supply a little exceeds the demand. Thirty-eight.— Our toast 4 ozs, fat mutton chops 6 ozs, chicken milk creamed 8 ozs, oysters creamed 8 ozs, cheese creamed 1 oz, egg toast 3J ozs, fig pudding 4 ozs, game (dressed) 5 ozs: Fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 7, force 2.2, calories 2,756, oxygen 1,081. The fiber is right, the oxygen surplus 243 pints. Thirty-nine.— Egg toast 3V2 ozs, fat pork 4 ozs, lean veal 5 ozs, apples 4 ozs, coffee creamed 9y 4 ozs, chicken salad 2 ozs, butter 1 oz,, steak 8 ozs, dried peas 3 ozs : This gives of protein 3.6 ozs, fat 8.3, force METHODS AND DIETS. 383 2.7, calories 3,033, oxygen 1,143 pints. Oxygen surplus is 169 pints ; same characteristics as No. 36. Force-Foods. — Forty. — Bread and milk 16 ozs, fruit minute pudding 6 ozs, boiled rice 8 ozs, potatoes creamed 8 ozs, oatmeal mush 6 ozs, gluten bread 6- ozs, butter 1 oz, sugar % oz, cream 3 ozs, steak 7 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.4 ozs, fat 4.37, force 11, calories 2,877 and 1,033 pints of oxygen. The fiber is about right, calories 553 in excess, making a good force diet in view of the surplus of 279 pints of oxygen. Forty-one.— Stimulating.— Beef tea nutritive 24 ozs, oyster stew 8 ozs, bread and milk 16 ozs, egg and brandy 4 ozs, graham gems 4 ozs, butter 1 oz, coffee creamed 11 ozs, mutton chops 4 ozs: This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 5.7, force 7.9, and calories 2,890, requiring 1,075 pints of oxygen. The oxygen surplus is 249 pints, making not only a safe force ration , but adding a strong stimulating quality. Forty- two. —Hominy 4 ozs, dried beans 4 ozs, oatmeal mush 8 ozs, rye bread 4 ozs, fat pork two ozs, round steak 5 ozs, simple pudding 2 ozs, macaroni 2 ozs, snow drift sauce 1 oz, our coffee 8 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.6 ozs, fat 2.4, force 13.1 and calories 2,709, with oxygen demand of 984 pints. The fiber is practically correct, calories in excess 385, same characteristics as No. 38. Oxygen surplus 328 pints. Forty-three.— Mosquera's beef meal 2 ozs, pure ice cream 8 ozs, but- termilk 20 ozs, smoked beef broth 8 ozs, fruit 10 ozs, our toast 3 ozs, dys- pepsia crackers 4 ozs : The constituents of this are fiber 3.6 ozs, fat 2.7, force 7.7, calories 2,329, oxygen required 764 pints. The fiber and calo- ries are about right, the oxygen surplus 548 pints. Forty-four.— Egg milk 8 ozs, cracker gruel 8 ozs, blanc- mange 8 ozs, rice milk No. 2, 12 ozs, French custard with jam 4 ozs, baked potatoes 4f ozs, dyspepsia crackers 4 ozs, dressed game 5 ozs, butter 1 oz: This yields of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3.2, force 8.3, calories 2,359, oxygen needed 827 pints : The fiber and calories are substantially correct, the oxygen 485 pints in excess. Forty-five. — Apples 6 ozs, bovinine 3 ozs, milk 60 ozs, bread 9% ozs, cream 2 ozs : This contains of fiber 3.6 ozs, fat 3.3, force 9, calories 2,349, oxygen required 863 pints. The fiber and calories are practically right, the oxygen surplus 449 pints. Forty-six.— Sweet potatoes 4 ozs, malt and milk 18 ozs, creamed codfish 8| ozs, beef steak 8 ozs, fruit 8 ozs, our coffee No. 2, 9 1 4 ozs, scram- bled egg and our toast 9 ozs, oat meal porridge thick 6 ozs, cream 2 ozs, sugar £oz : This contains of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 4.3, force 5.3, calories 2,372, oxygen required 908 pints. Calories a little high but amply provided for by the excess of 404 pints of oxygen. 384 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Forty-seven.— Chopped steak 16 ozs, our toast 6 ozs, apples 12 ozs, simple pudding 8 ozs: This yields of fiber 3.4 ozs, fat 4.04, force 6.05 cal- ories 2,466, oxygen required 940. Same general characteristics as No. 45. Forty-eight.— Steak 10 ozs, milk 12 ozs, bread 6 ozs, fruit 12 ozs, oat- meal 2 ozs, butter y% oz, fat mutton chops 6 ozs, sugar 1 oz: Compris- ing of fiber element 3.5 ozs, fat 3.7, force 4.7, calories 2,326. Oxygen required 704. Energy and fiber element are correct, oxygen surplus 608 pints. Forty-nine.— Bread 4 ozs, beef cacao \ oz, cream 4 ozs, pears 3 ozs, eggs 2 ozs, green vegetables 4 ozs, steak 4 ozs, grapes 4, peaches 4 ozs, crackers 2 ozs, butter 1 oz, sugar \ oz, milk 4 ozs, chops 6 ozs, dressed game 4 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.6 ozs, fat 4.3, force 3.3, calories 2,339 and requires 903 pints of oxygen. Oxygen surplus 409 pints. Fifty.— Mosquera's beef meal \\ ozs, entire wheat bread 3 ozs, lamb chops 12 ozs, gluten gems 2 ozs, whole wheat crisps 2 ozs, French cus- tard 5 ozs, butter \\ ozs : This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 4.5, force 3.6, cal- ories 2,335, and requires 855 pints of oxygen. Surplus of oxygen 457 pints. Fifty-one. — Mosquera's beef meal \\ ozs, entire wheat bread 3 ozs, lamb chops 12 ozs, gluten gems 3 ozs, whole wheat crisps 3 ozs, French custard 2 ozs, butter 1 oz : The constituents of this are fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 5.4, force 4.2, calories 2,321. Oxygen required 847. Fiber and calories correct, oxygen surplus 465 pints. Fifty-two.— Oatmeal pudding 8 ozs, butter 1 oz, fish 7 ozs, fruit 12 ozs, eggs 4 ozs, fat mutton chops 6 ozs, sugar 1 oz, gluten bread 6 ozs, milk 12 ozs, cream sauce 2 ozs: This contains of fiber 3.4 ozs, fat 4,8, force 4.8, calories 2,347, and requires 705 pints of oxygen. Fiber and calories practically correct, oxygen surplus 607 pints. Fifty-three.— Porter's beef tea 16 ozs, smoked beef broth 8 ozs, eggs 4 ozs, cream 1 oz, butter 1 oz, oysters creamed 8 ozs, oatmeal and fruit 8 ozs, beef scraped 8 ozs, graham crackers 4 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 5.1, force 4.9, calories 2,318, oxygen requirement 905 pints. Energy and fiber constituents correct, oxygen surplus 407 pints. Fifty-four.— Mutton chops 4 ozs, chopped steak 6 ozs, roast meat 4 ozs, unfermented bread 4 ozs, Boston crackers 3 ozs, limed milk 8 ozs, butter | oz, oatmeal mush 8 ozs, creamed codfish 5 ozs : This consists of fiber food 3.5 oz, fat 4.6, force 4.4, calories 2338, and demands 894 pints of oxygen. Oxygen surplus 418 pints, energy and fiber right. Fifty-five. — Hot lemonade 9J ozs, tomato soup 8 ozs, green vege- tables 16 ozs, apples 12 ozs, rye bread 6 ozs, graham crackers 2 ozs, stewed rhubarb 8 ozs, beans 4 ozs, scraped beef 8 ozs, butter \ oz : This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 2.4, force 10.5, calories 2332, and requires 866 pints of oxygen. Right in fiber and calories, with an oxygen excess of 446 pints. METHODS AXD DIETS. 385 Fifty-six. — Meat 8 ozs, fish 7 ozs, onions 2 ozs, butter 2 ozs, wheat Thread 2 ozs, buttermilk 16 ozs, apples 12 ozs, hominy 4 ozs, graham crackers 2 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.5, fat 3.4, force 8.6, calories 2349, oxygen 872 pints. Fiber and energy correct, surplus of oxygen 440 pints. Fifty-seven.— Fish 12 ozs, eggs 4 ozs, peaches 8 ozs, green vegetables 8 ozs, unfermented wafers 4 ozs, butter If ozs, sugar 1| ozs, macaroni 2 ozs, entire wheat bread 4 ozs, baked Indian pudding 4 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 2.8, force 10.3, calories 2326, oxygen 890 pints. Calor- ies and fiber are correct, oxygen excess 422 pints. Fifty-ejglit.— Bovinine 1£ ozs, fruit 6 ozs, eggs 2 ozs, sugar 1 oz, butter 1 oz, Boston crackers 4 ozs, milk 12 ozs, Mosquera's beef meal 1 oz, dried beans or peas 4 ozs, hominy 4 ozs, cream 3 ozs : This contains of fiber food 3.4 ozs, fat 2.9, force 7.9, calories 2326, oxygen 828. Energy and fiber are right, oxygen surplus 484 pints. Fifty-nine. — Chops 3 ozs, eggs 4 ozs, milk 8 ozs, butter | oz, sugar 1 oz, baked apples and bread and milk 16 ozs, chicken 8 ozs, gluten gems 3 ozs, vegetables 4 ozs, cream 2 ozs : This yields of fiber 3.6 ozs, fat 3.3, force 8.9, calories 2344, and requires of oxygen 866 pints. Strong in energy and fiber and with an oxygen surplus of 446 pints. Sixty. — 6 a. m.; our coffee 8 ozs, with 2 ozs raw white of eggs: breakfast; smoked beef broth 8 ozs, cream 1£ ozs, Boston crackers 2 ozs: 11 a. m. ; grape juice 2 ozs: Dinner; raw beef pulp 8 ozs, grape juice 2 ozs, rice milk 8 ozs: 3 p. m. ; restorative jelly 5 ozs: Supper; Raw oysters grated 4 ozs, Boston crackers 2 ozs, cream 2 ozs; bedtime : Thickened milk 5 ozs. This is a diet for appropriate conditions in typhoid fever, and other exhausting diseases. It gives of fiber elements 3.5 ozs, fat 3.9, force 4.9, calories 2328, and requires 831 pints of oxygen. Energy and fiber are right, and oxygen surplus is 451 pints. This seems like a formidable ration for the conditions named, but when three-fourths have been deducted to adapt it to the digestive childhood state of the patient (as in many cases must be done) it leaves but 15 ounces for 24 hours. Sixty-one.— Gl uten gems 6 ozs, beans 9 ozs, nuts 4 ozs, apple and Indian meal pudding 4 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3, force 9.5, calories 2439, oxygen required 866. The fiber is right, force 115 calories in excess, with oxygen surplus 446 pints, which renders the excess of force favorable for exposures, cold states, etc. Sixty-two. — Beans 4 ozs, peas 3 ozs, nuts 4 ozs, oatmeal 2 ozs, entire wheat bread 4 ozs, gluten gems, No. 1, 4 ozs : This gives of fiber 3.5 ozs, fat 3, force 9.4, calories 2366, oxygen required 871. The fiber is right, force only 42 calories in excess, with oxygen surplus 441 pints. Sixty-three.— Gluten gems 4 ozs, butter 1 oz, dates 2 ozs, beans (dried) 2 ozs, bread 2 ozs, hominy 3 ozs, rice 2 ozs, graham crackers 25 386 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ozs, suger i oz, milk 8 ozs, fruit 6 ozs : This ration is inserted in order to show how defective is the nutrition ordinarily given to the feeble* Very many invalids would deem themselves incompetent to ingest these 32J ounces, yet they afford but ^ the necessary amount of fiber food, and are defective nearly 1-7 in force. The only merit of the diet is the small oxygen requirement,— but little over one-half the normal supply, i. e. 699 pints. Sixty-four.— Beef 8 ozs, mutton 4 ozs, skimmed milk 24 ozs, green vegetables 28 ozs, bread 4 ozs, apples 12 ozs, butter 1 oz, horse-radish freely : This gives of fiber 3.8 ozs, fat 3.7, force 6.5, calories 2316, oxygen 907. The oxygen surplus is 405 pints. Designed for rheumatic ten- dencies, and made strong in fiber element in order to sustain the tissues under the use of the baths that are often necessary. Mixed Diets will be found among all the foregoing: classes, excepting the fluid. SPECIAL NOTE. On page 371 it is stated that 1312 pints of oxygen capacity r are required to effect the complete assimilation of the quantity of food adopted as the standard for a man at no work ; yet the reader can not have failed to notice that most of the diets made require less than 900 pints, the average of the whole forty-seven, not including the four for consumption, nor the thirteen fluid and semi-fluid bed diets, being but 865, while the average of the first sixteen is only 629 pints. The explanation of this seeming incongruity, is that the oxygen capacity noted on page 106, reaching even to 1642 pints, is Nature's provision for the larger oxygen requirement of the increased rations which work, and hard work make necessary. Should the objection be urged that this excess of oxygenating capacity over the nutritive oxygen requirement practically nullifies the point so strenuously urged on pages 111-112 and 129, the answer is : (1) The rations in ordinary use require much more oxygen for their assimilation than do these specially prepared diets, as is practically illustrated in the rich dinner on page 125, which requires 568 pints, and that is often matched in the dinners of the middle class by reason of the large proportion of fat and sweet compounds which they consume ; e. g. pud- METHODS AXD DIETS. 387 dings with their sauces and pies demand from 36 to near 50 pints per oz, while beef needs but 23 and lean chicken but 9 per oz. (2) On page 121 it is stated that every 100 pints of oxygen required for the reduction of food, calls for 17£ cubic inches of lung capacity. Of course it is assumed that this capacity is used. If, then, a man at no work uses 222 cubic inches in health, it is far from improbable that in diseased, bed conditions he will approach dangerously near to the $0 cubic inches absolutely necessary to prevent suboxidation of even these carefully prepared diets requiring only 629 X3ints,. Therefore as wide a margin of oxygen surplus as practicable,, is always to be sought in these circumstances, with due regard to the evolution of sufficient force to sustain animal heat and the various vital processes of the system. IF^A-IR/I 1 I2C. DISEASES AND THEIR TREAT- MENT. All the Principal Diseases and Most Common Ailments De- scribed so that They May be Recognized — The Cause Pointed Out — The Best Treatment in Each Case Given in Detail, Including Full Directions as to Diet, Hygiene, Exercise, Baths and Similar Common Sense Methods, as well as Proper Medicines when Physic is Needed. Important Notes. — In order to save space and avoid numerous duplications, the particular methods and special diets of Part 8, are often referred to in the treatment of dis- eases, and should always be carefully consulted in such cases. These methods and diets are a new departure of vast utility to all who would be guided by principles, instead of going blindly by mere directions; because the last always must have a certain combination of conditions to be appropriate, which in practice is found as often absent as present. In grading the remedies in these particular treatments, their position is not always fixed by their real relative potency, but often according to their appropriate use in different strengths. When homeopathic remedies are named, the usual strength as put up in family cases is indicated. Dosimetric remedies are occasionally prescribed and can be readily procured of any druggist. Biochemic remedies are often prescribed because perfectly safe, and can be procured of any wholesale homeopathic pharmacy ; six x is the usual strength, and three tablets two or 388 DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 389 three times a day in chronic cases, and three to six times a day in acnte cases is the ordinary dose, but may be given every half hour if necessary. Botanic agents are often prescribed, and can be gathered from the fields or procured of any good druggist. O^p^When a number of remedies are named for the same condition, it is not intended that all of them shall be used in one case, but the one most readily procurable or best adapted. "When reference is made to any matter, as of diet, hygiene, etc., but no page named, see index for page on which that topic is treated. Remedies that are to be taken in alternation, or rotation are to be used one at one period, the other at the next, and so on. Two remedies may be alternated, three or more may be rotated. "When remedies are named for stomach use, and others by retained enema for the same disease, either may be employed, but not both at the same hour unless one proves ineffective. Objections. Some may object that this arrangement requires too much careful study. Our answer is, no person is fit to use a home doctor book who is not willing to study it; for if he does, as much harm as good is likely to result. Diets for sickness can only be accurately constructed upon the basis of the average for a man in health at no work. Deduction can then be made for women and children as stated on page 371. Then, the further modifications of quantity necessary to adapt them to disease, must be left to the skill of the physicians or the common sense and experience of the nurse, because the same quantity of a given food that at one stage of a disease would be beneficial, at another might be very harmful. Abortion. — The loss of the foetus before the sixth month of pregnancy ; most common between third and fourth months. Symptoms: Hemorrhage, labor pains. If in fourth month or later, chills, lassitude, paleness, palpitation, flacci'd breasts, sinking abdomen, bloody discharge. Cause: Predis- position from weakness or chronic disease, acute diseases, accidents, mental excitement, over-fatigue, drugs such as ergot, fiavin, etc. Sometimes diseases of the foetus. 390 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Treatment: Unload the bowels with an injection of starch water and ginger. If able to sit, take tepid hip bath fifteen minutes, and vaginal injection of tepid beth-root, geranium, or witch-hazel tea every three hours. Patient must keep in bed. If hemorrhage occurs, get the blood to the surface. Bathe limbs and feet in strong pepper tea; heated bricks at feet and hips. Internally a tea of black or red pepper, or strong, warm composition tea every one-half hour. If rest- less, add scullcap or ladies' slipper. If lips get blue, cheeks and fin- gers cold, inclination to faint,— strong or very strong stimulating method. If hemorrhage continues, give strong or very strong emetic method until nausea is decided, then continue the composition alone until free vomiting occurs. Repeat if necessary; the danger is in not using it. Or, three to five drops of fluid extract of false unicorn (helonias dioica), in water Repeat, if necessary, once or twice. Or, tea- spoonful doses of black haw (viburnum prunefolium) 11. extract, or the same of high cranberry (viburnum opulis), every hour. Or a bowel injection of forty drops of laudanum in starch water. Abscess. — A cavity or tumor containing pus. Symptoms: Heat, swelling, pain, redness, pointing (i. ile itself. 4. The pouring back of the bile from the duode- num into the stomach. 5. Overproduction of bile. Causes. 1. Anything that will repress the functional activity of 1 he organ. 2. Inflammation, viscid condition of the bile itself, colds, semi-paralysis from constipation, sedentary habits, etc. 3. Overwork of the liver by excess of sugar and starchy foods, excess of poisonous substances in the blood, deficient food elements. 4. May be sea-sick- ness, reverse peristaltic action in consequence of constipation. 5. Usually the same as No. 3. Symptoms: 1. Dullness, blotched skin, probably headache, some- times deranged appetite and digestion. May be overwork of the kid- neys, bowels or skin in the effort to throw off the noxious material ; stools clay colored, or dark. 2. Sickness of stomach, headache, dizzi- ness, constipation, slate colored stools, yellow eyes, bitter taste, pain in right side or under right shoulder blade. 3. Mucli like No. 1. 4. Eructations of bile or vomiting of bilious matter. May be sickness at stomach and headache. 5. Morning dizziness, may be headache and fever, nausea, vomiting, tongue yellowish Avhite, breath offensive, bit- 408 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ter taste. The repetition of the acute attacks is apt to induce chronic- biliousness with muddy skin, yellowish eyes, headache, etc., more or less constant. Treatments: Avoid the cause if practicable ; if not, treat it. For No. 1, much exercise in the open air, exercise, Nos. 11 and 12 b; csecal flush three times a week with retained enema No. 37 and 7; daily com- press of one hour, of vinegar one part to water three parts; daily sponge bath, full pack twice a week; diet of meat, fish, green vegeta- bles and acid fruits. Avoid sugars, starches and alcoholic and malt liquors. Anti-bilious diet: Leptandrin extract two grains as often as- necessary; or euunymus extract; softened with essence of peppermint and stiffened into a pill mass with equal parts of powdered bitter root and golden seal, and one-tenth part capsicum. No. 2: Full pack once a week; csecal flush with retained enema No. 2, or a fomentation daily for one hour over the gall bladder of No. 23 one day, and No. 26 every alternate day; exercise No. 12 b; daily sponge bath and one-half pint of hot water sipped slowly before meals and on retiring. Apocynim (when piles, feverishness and hard pulse are absent) one-third to three grains as often as necessary. When these are present, treat fever and give ext. of butternut eight to twelve grains or fl. ext. thirty to sixty drops with a little ginger. No. 3: Treat as for No. 1 if abstinence from food for twenty-four hours and then a diet of skimmed milk, buttermilk, beef, poultry, and raw or stewed fruits is not effective. No. 4: Secure a normal peristaltic movement of the bowels by hot csecal flushes as often as needful. Knead the colon beginning low in the left groin by a downward, pushing movement of the knuckles, repeat three times; then two inches higher, carrying the downward movement as low as possible, three times; then 'two inches higher* and so follow the tract of the colon all the way round to the right groin, always making the motions in the direction of the space already passed over. Then from the right groin, with a digging, pushing, for- ward motion, retrace the steps to the left groin ; then knead and shake the central bowels for five minutes. Do this daily, but not until all impacted foeces are removed by flushing. No. 5: Tepid compress on liver one-half hour daily. Bowels kept active with colon flush, even if loose, but with baking soda one tea- spoonful to the pint in it. Much outdoor air. In chronic biliousness* apply the same methods with a vigor proportioned to the severity of the disease and the strength of the patient. Bites. — See accidents, etc. Bladder, Inflammation of. — See cystitis. Bladder, Irritation of. — Caused by intense prolonged erotic excitement, especially if unrelieved. Contracted meatus,, strictures, congestion of the deep urethra left by inflammation. Symptoms: Desire to urinate frequently, with smarting during the act, especially towards its close. Pain in the urethra and back. The expulsive power is generally weakened at first, later increased into spasmodic, painful, crampy action. Treatment: "When due to* phosphatic deposits in the urine— R. Acid benzoic, two drams; soda, borate, three drams; water, 12 ounces. Mix; tablespoonful three times a day. In other cases treat as a mild chronic cystitis, which see. Bladder, Paralysis of. — In spinal disease with reten- tion of urine, cannabin (alk.) one-sixth to one grain every two hours. For sphincter-palsy, distention-palsy and paretic dysu- ria (impeded and painful urination), ergotine (Bonjean's), one- "DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 409 half to two and one-half grains hypodermically. For palsy of detrusor (expulsive) muscular fibers, arnicin (giu.), one-sixth grain every one-half to two hours, or Brucine (alk.) one-sixty- seventh to one-twelfth grain as required. For atonic paresis (lack of power without paralysis), cantharidin one-five-hun- dredth of a grain every three hours. Blood I>iseases need not to be enumerated, nor their symptoms given, since the following treatment is effective for all, except anaemic and poisoned conditions (for first see anaemia). For poisoned see blood poison. Treatment : Nutritive method average or strong, or blood-cleansing- method as needed ; daily ablution the first week, head vapor once, foot vapor once, whole pack once, hot water one-half hour before each meal. Second week — Shirt wrap three times, sitz bath twice, whole shower twice. Third week and later — Shawl wrap once, loin shower twice, arm plunge twice, whole ablution daily, coecal flush two to live times from tne beginning, No. 42. Rest and* sleep abundantly. Air and temperature should be fresh, abundant and comfortable, no chills ; diversion, as active as circumstances permit. Make free use of comp. oxygen or the Thernio-ozone battery; with sufficient oxygen in the system the blood becomes so saturated* that bacteria cannot propa- gate in it, which is called sterilizing it. Blood Poisoning". — Wrap the injured part in a hot fomentation of hay flowers, to be renewed as often as the pain increases. If there are other than local symptoms, treat with wraps, packs, ablutions, etc., according to the symptoms. The usual general symptoms are chills or chilly sensations, fever which may run very high, sweating, face pale, pinched, delirium, diar- rhoea, vomiting, red spots over the skin. Treatment : Rapid blood- cleansing and tonic methods, control excessive exhausting sweating by quinine, one to two grains every hour or two, or hyoscyamus fi. ext- five to fifteen drops. Treat other complications as they arise. Boils, Furuncles and Carbuncles. — An oil gland of the skin filled with lymph interspersed with the staphylo- coccus or streptococcus pyogenus aureus. Cause: Anything that depresses the stomach and produces mal- nutrition. Change of habit. Too exclusive meat diet, diabetes, albu- minuria cachectic conditions. Exciting cause may be friction. Treatment: To abort boils before suppuration, camphor one part f . chloroform two j^arts, applied with the tip of the finger hourly for a day and take calcium sulphide one-twelfth three to twelve times a day. Or, calcium sulph. three grains every two hours. If in crops silecia same dosage. Bowels kept open by cgecal flush, No. 42 : nutritive method average or strong. As a special tonic, comp. tinct. of cinchona and simple syrup each two ounces, nitro-muriatic acid two drams; mix. Dose one teaspoonful every four hours. One-half wineglass of fresh yeast taken night and morning is effective. Compound oxygen to vitalize the system and sterilize the blood; a good lobelia emetic followed by alcohol sweat and dose of salts if the system is plethoric. Brain, Concussion of. — See brain shock. 410 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Brain, Inflammation of. — May be of the fibrous dura mater membrane, or of the serous arachnoid membrane, or of the vascular pia mater membrane, or of one or more of these (cerebral meningitis), and of the substance of the brain (phre- nitis). Inflammation of the dura mater rarely occurs except from injuries or from otitis. The symptoms of congestion fol- lowing either, should be vigorously treated as for congestion. Arachnitis is inflammation of the arachnoid and pia mater mem- branes—almost always associated. The irritation stage lias the symp- toms of congestion of the brain. The inflammatory stage has transient pains in the head alternated with others in the bowels, quick, tense pulse, greater irritability, eyebrows knit and frowning, eyelids half closed, retching and vomiting, deep sighing and torpid bowels. The depressing stage is characterized by delirium, surprised yet stupid look, pupils contracted or dilated, red eyeballs, pupils rolled up during sleep, sleepiness, inattention, mental torpidity, coma. Encephalitis, phrenitis, inflammation of brain and membranes. The stage of excitement is marked by intense and deep-seated pain in the head, tightness across forehead, throbbing of temporal arteries, flushed face, wild, brilliant and injected eyes, with contraction of pupils, great shrinking from light and sound, violent delirium, want of sleep, general convulsions, parched and dry skin, hard pulse, white tongue, thirst, nausea, vomiting, constipation. The stage of collapse is marked by indistinct mutterings, dull and perverted hearing and vision, double vision, twitching of the muscles, tremors and palsy of some of the limbs, ghastly and cadaverous countenance, cold sweats, profound coma and death. The disease will not show all these symp- toms in any one case. It runs a rapid course, causing death sometimes in twelve or twenty-four hours ; it may run two or three weeks. Treatment : First stage, treat as congestion. Second stage — Band- age feet and legs to the knees, and hands and arms to the elbows, in cloths dipped in hot water, one-fourth vinegar. Re-dip in cold water when the extremities become thoroughly warm, then renew every one- half hour to one hour. Put under the patient folded wet sheets, and a folded wet towel laid on abdomen (both to be re-wet in three-fourths of an hour). Bathe the head often with warm water; tie a wet cloth around the neck and renew every one-half hour; coverall wot applica- tions so as to give them a fomenting, not a cold-compress effect. The object is to draw the blood away from the brain. Give pure water to drink often, but in small quantities. To abort — Jalapim(con.) one-half grain or more as required as a revulsive. Pilocarpine one-sixth grain in hot water every hour until free perspiration is induced. (Contra indicated in emphysema, plurisy and heart disease). Veratrine (alk.) one-twelfth grain every two to four hours in most acute cases. Nickel bromide one grain three or more times a day for convulsions. Eregotin (Bonjean's) one to two and one-half grains hypodermically to lessen blood in brain and subdue excitement (Waugh)*. Homeopathic Treatment: Aconite for high fever, sleeplessness, etc. J3ell.: For throbbing in head, boring head into pillow, furious delir- ium, aversion to light and noise, starting during sleep. J>ry.: For pain as if skull were pressed asunder, night delirium, lips dry and parched, worse by least motion, sitting up in bed causes nausea and faintness, dry, hard stools, great irritability. ■Oicuta. : After concussion, pupils dilated, face bluish and puffed, grind- ing teeth, thirst with inability to swallow, spasmodic drawing of head backward. Olonoine: After sunstroke, throbbing in whole head, sore eyeballs. Verat. Vir. : Dim vision with dilated pupils, red streak down center of tongue, congestion from high living or abuse of stimulants. Opium: Lethargy, stertorious breathing, eyes half closed, delirious talking with eyes wide open, acuteness of hearing, stools round, hard, black balls; after grief, fright or violent mental emotions. DISEASES AKD THEIR TREATMENT. 411 Hyoscyamus: Drowsiness and loss of consciousness, rolling the head, delirium with wild, staring look, jerking limbs and throbbing carotids, white tongue, frothing mouth, muttering, picking bed clothes, involuntary stools and urine. Stramonium: Stupefaction of senses, loquacious delirium, shrinking look on waking, talks, sings, makes verses, teeth grind with shud- dering, lips sore and cracked, sordes on teeth, glistening, staring look. Helleborus : Face pale and puffed, soporous sleep, screams, starts, head rolls constantly, lower jaw sinks, chewing motion, squinting, pux^ils dilated, one arm and one leg move. "Keep room quiet; warm fomentations to head; keep feet warm, and for restlessness give warm baths and wrap in dry sheets without rubbing." (Johnson). Brain Fag 1 . — Caused by overwork, the tire of worry and anxiety, sleeplessness, etc. Symptoms are morning tire, lack of ambition, easily wearied by mental work, may be head- ache. Treatment : Xutritive diet, average or strong, rest from business, pleasant recreation, abundant sleep, general tonic method, outdoor life, kephaline. Brain, Congestion of (hyperemia). — Symptoms: Con- stipation, feverishness, severe headache, shrinking from light, noise or sudden motion, face flushed, noises in ears, pressure behind eyeballs, irritability and restlessness. Cause, active : Caused by two great pressure of blood in capillaries of brain. Passive : Blood flows slowly, but in excess, poisons in blood, blows on head, excessive fatigue or excitement, teething, whooping cough paroxysms, mental over-exertion. Treatment : First week— Foot vapor twice, shawl wrap twice, water tread six times, shoulder shower once, hip and knee shower once, as equally distributed as practicable. Abstain from all mental work and excitement. Second week — if necessary, foot vaj)or once, shawl wrap once, water tread six times, knee shower once; cold ablu- tion once. After that, if chronic, the same, modified according to violence of symptoms; csecal flush from the first, to keep bowels free. Or, aconite for the fever, belladonna for the congestion. Or vera- truni. rive to twenty drops in water four ounces. Dose a teaspoonful every hour, if the pulse is full or aconite five to ten drops in water4ozs. Dose, a teaspoonful every hour, if the pulse is small. Warm bath. If complicated with irritation of bowels, give enema of elm mucilage as for diarrhoea. Sponge face and head with warm water. Tongue broad, pallid and dirty — sulphite of soda ten to thirty grains, every two or three hours. Broad, expressionless tongue, with fullness of veins and tissues — podophyllin, one-tenth grain, two or three times a day, for one to three days. Pulse small and sharp, contraction about the eyes, sudden cry in sleep, or starting from sleep. — Rhus five drops in water four ounces. Dose one teaspoonful every hour or two. Should proper treatment not have checked the disease, there may be (1) a con- gestive apoplectic attack (see apoplexy); or (2) a maniacal attack ossible conditions of health. Increase the store by studiously expending less nervous energy than is made day by day by a most generous diet of beef, game,, milk, cream, raw eggs, etc. Nutritive diet, strong or very strong; and such regulated exercise and baths as will secure the utmost possi 4 - ble assimilation. See blood-making treatment strong. Much outdoor- air, deep breathing, the hot colon flush three times a week, full pack once or twice a week, avoidance of all causes of depression, and all unnecessary drains upon the vital force. Try to kill the germs in the blood by the use of ozonized chian turpentine, one teaspoonful before meals, gradually increased to three for two weeks, then change to phytolcca berries, ozoned fluid extract five to ten drops in water before meals, three times a day, for two weeks more, and in urgent cases after meals also, then the turpentine again, and so on. If the- tumor is very small, apply an ointment of stramonium during the day r and an ointment of phytolaeca at night. These failing to arrest the growth, services of a" competent physician must be secured without delay. Particular care should be taken to protect the growth from all irritation, as there is reason to believe that many benign tumors have been made malignant by injudicious irritation. Too much importance- cannot be attached to a strictly animal diet, which should be reinforced by the other hygienic agents named with heroic persistence. When- ever there is discharge, an ounce of listerine to a quart of water, as a dressing to kill the odor, or Piatt's chlorides diluted with an equal part of water on absorbent cotton as near the sore as possible, and towels wet with the chlorides (one to four of water) wafted about the room ; solution of eucalyptus is also good. Cancer, Gastric. — Cause unknown. Rare under forty, tumor in three-fourths of cases, duration two years and under. Symptoms: Hemorrhage frequent, vomiting, free hydrochloric acid absent, secondary cancer in liver, peritoneum or lymphatic glands, loss of blood and strength, cancer cachexia marked, pain anterior and posterior and more continuous, less depend- ent upon food, less localized and less relieved by vomiting than in ulcer. Cancer germs in vomit. Only temporary improve- ment if any generally, but it is claimed that it is sometimes cured by recent methods. Treatment: Liquid animal diet, ozonized clay applied locally to the stomach, and removed as often as it reddens the surface, and re-applied as soon as it disappears. Europhen one-half grain, three or four times a day. Papoid two to five grains, or papoyotin one to four grains, after meals. Carbuncle. — A hard and circumscribed inflammatory tubercle, like a boil, on the cheek, neck or back, and in a few days becomes highly gangrenous. The anthrax of medical books, not anthrax the sheep disease. Treatment: A poultice of rye flour and old fashioned soft soap ; or electricity positive on the sore, negative at a distant point, one-half to one hour twice a day, galvanic current; and take internally ferrum Diseases and their treatment. 419 phos. and kali nmr in alternation, one dose every hour; or, calcium sulphide one-twelfth grain three to six times a day. This for the early stage. If pus forms, inject the cavities with per oxygen of hydrogen, take silicea three grains every two hours internally, and apply to the sore a cloth wet in a fifty per cent, solution of carbolic acid, diminish- ing the strength after the first three to six applications. Renew as often as it dries. For the fever, quinine in one to two grain doses three to six times a day ; or, cooling method, No. 12, as needed, Cardialgia. — Pain in the stomach existing- independent of any group of symptoms. Treatment : For a hard, painful pressure after a meal — bella- donna, Pulsatilla. For contractive pains — bryonia. For violent spasms or cramps of the stomach with frequent eructations, and tast- ing the food — calc. carb. or mag. phos. For spasm in the stomach with a sense of pressure — carbo. veg. or mag. phos. For painful dis- tension of the stomach, or a bloatedness in region of stomach, — cham, or rhus tox. For fine, stinging pain in the stomach — ignatia; intense pain in stomach, lycopidium ; aching, drawing pain increased by motion, pnlsatilla; cramping, burning pain in stomach, sepia; violent pressure in pit of stomach with severe sharp, cutting, piercing pain, veratrum. Carditis (Inflammation of the heart). — Does not fre- quently occur; very dangerous; runs a rapid course. Cause: Taking cold ; cold applications to the chest when heated and perspiring freely ; large potations of ice water when the body is heated by exercise, or exposed to extreme heat ; falls, con- tusions, and metastasis of rheumatism. Symptoms: Fever; pains around the heart, with palpitation, at times most violent and irregular, anxious and oppressive breathing; pulse small, tense, irregular and tremulous; difficulty in swallowing, fainting, and sudden starting in sleep. Treatment: — Ferrum phos. three tablets every hour, or aconite tinct. ten drops in four ozs of water, one teaspoonful every one-half hour or hour until some relief; then once in two, four or six hours, revulsive methods, average to very strong. Diet as in other serious inflammations of the trunk. Caries (Fever sores) and Necrosis. — The former con- sists of ulceration of bone tissues, characterized by molecular death and loss of substance ; the latter of the death en masse of bone and tissue-like gangrene in soft tissues. The bacillus of saprogenes is the microbe. Cause. Of caries — injury, debilitated condition of the system, but most commonly from tubercle, struma or syphilis; of necrosis — cut ting- off of blood supply by injury or inflammation, certain poisons as from specific fevers, scarlet fever, and mercurial and phosphorous, poison . Treatment: Remove the cause. Diet: An exclusive meat diet. Colon flush often enough to secure complete emptying of the colon,, two or three times a week. Full pack once a week. Wrap the diseased part several times a day in bandages dipped in oat straw decoction:, syringe out all ojDenings with peroxide of hydrogen once a day, andi 420 THE SECRET OP HEALTH. apply constantly to their outlets absorbent cotton saturated with glycozone. Build up vital force in every possible way, especially by the nutritive and tonic methods, average to very strong. Catalepsy. — Symptoms: Peculiar rigidity of muscles, often taken for death; partial or complete loss of conscious- ness. Attacks are usually preceded by premonitory symptoms as yawning, eructations, palpitation of the heart, sense of pres- sure in head, vertigo and change in disposition. One limb or whole body may be affected. Patient can swallow. Sensitive- ness of skin is diminished. Attacks vary from several hours to two to four days. Cause : Mental depressions, exhausting intellectual labor, violent passions, domestic afflictions, preg- nancy, hysteria, chorea, fevers, suppressed menses, etc. Cases of trance are usually cataleptic. Treatment: Remove the cause if practicable ; mild, alterative and tonic treatment to correct the tendency ; hot colon flush, No. 46, repeated if necessary until the colon is emptied, 'then retained sigmoid flush, No. 23. Soldier Martin in hospital in Havana, after fifteen days' treatment in vain, was cured almost immediately by a bagpipe played near his bed.— Dr. J. R. Buchanan. In a young, nervous, irritable, plethoric girl— aconite; cold extrem- ities, eyes half closed, pupils dilated and lusterless — chamomile. Patient lies as if dead, countenance sunken, after depression, yawning and drowsiness — laurocerasus. Preceded by jerking of fingers, with deadly paleness — cicutae. Diet must be suited to the condition, and nutritive, tonic, secernent or excernent methods as required. Cataract. — Opacity of the crystalline lens or its capsule, from defective nutrition. Cause: Injuries, strains, deep- seated inflammations of the eyes, heredity, more frequently without any assignable cause. Treatment: Calc. phos. and kali, sulph. 3 tablets of each once a day. Massage of forehead, head and eye, with building up of general health. With dry coryza, itching nose, a web or mist before the eye — causticum, silex, baryta carb. Sight obscured in open air, or clouds, motes or specks before eye — Pulsatilla, conium-mac. lachesis. Eyes sore and scrofulous, sight imperfect with black spots or luminous vibra- tions—phosphorus. Vision indistinct, black spots, itching lids, dry, burning sensation — hepar-sulph, sulphur, calc. carb. From injury, 1st, arnica, 2nd, conium. With syphilis, mercurius, nitric acid. Two drops three times a day in the eye, of the juice of the ciuerariae maritiniae plant of Venezuela has cured cases of great obstinacy. Catarrh. — Inflammation of the follicles of a mucous mem- brane with excessive discharge of mucus. The vital processes become degraded into the formation of disease germs, the amoeba, the lowest and simplest form of microscopic life instead of renewal of healthy tissue. Cause : Diminution of DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 421 nerve force either local or general, or both. May be occasioned by rapid alternations of temperature, long continued chill, mechanical or chemical irritation, indigestion, constipation, etc- Treatment : There are certain general principles that should gov- ern the treatment of all catarrhs, and that may be comprehensively stated here to avoid repetition under the treatments for its various forms. 1. The special causes must be removed. 2. The general health must be improved to the greatest possible degree. 3. All causes of nerve depression must be avoided. 4. Local treatment must be adapted to the amount of inflammation present, the degree of devitalization or destruction already experi- enced, and the recuperative energies of the patient. 5. The immediate aim should be to destroy the disease germs and vital- ize the membrane above the point of germ-production. 6. A membrane once devitalized, remains for a long time more subject to fresh attacks than is one that has remained healthy. Hence one catarrh may be cured, but another may soon be devel- oped. Therefore special care should be taken not to expose a recently weakened membrane to unnecessary danger, and to cure it as quickly as possible should another attack occur. Catarrh, Aural. — The irritation of the eustachian tube by the amoeba of nasal catarrh. Spray several times a day with ozonized distillation of witchhazel. (Dist. witch-hazel three parts, peroxide of hydrogen one part). Head vapor once or twice a week ; throat compress thirty minutes every day, followed by cold ablution of the part; knee shower twice a week, not on the same days as the head vapor. Build up gen- eral health by nutritive and hardening methods, which see. Open the tube several times a day by holding the nostrils and mouth tightly closed and blowing quickly. A snapping and sense of fulness in the ear will indicate success. Catarrh of the Bile Ducts. — A relaxed, devitalized condition of the mucous membrane of the bile ducts. Cause: Duodenal catarrh, gouty and rheumatic state of blood, calculi, and disease germs. Symptoms : Loss of appetite, coated tongue, nausea, vomiting, pain, constipation except when there is intestinal catarrh, then diar- rhoea; clay colored feces, urine dark green, tendency to jaundice, liver enlarged and tender, headache, vertigo and debility. Treatment: Bathe the region every morning with water made just stinging acid with nitro-muriatic acfd. Every evening a tepid com- press thirty to fifty minutes wet in water one-third cider vinegar. Colon flush daily containing one-half teaspoonful of peroxide of hydrogen thrown in first in a syringe of cool water, afterwards the full flush. Retained enema of a teaspoonful of phosphate of soda to liquify the bile every night. 422 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. If these are impracticable, give chloride of ammonium five to ten grains every two to four hours, and fluid extract of fringe tree (collin- sonia) fifteen drops, two or three doses each day. Diet of vegetables and fruits until relieved, avoiding starchy vegetables and sweet fruits. Any vegetable may be considered starchy if by the working table, pages 133-137, it be found to contain over fifteen per cent, of starch, and any fruit may be deemed sweet that contains over twelve per cent, of sugar. These elements being given in the table at so many per 100 grains of carbohydrates, is the same as the same per cent, of either or both starch and sugar. Catarrh of the Bladder. — See cystitis. Catarrh, Bronchial. — The devitalized condition of tha membrane of the bronchial tribes which develops the amoeba instead of the conferva, bacillus of tubercle, etc., which mark bronchitis. Symptoms : Same as chronic bronchitis, which see. Treatment: Make the blood so healthy that no micro-organism can live in it; this not practicable, then saturate the blood with harm- less germicides with the same object. Peroxide of fiydrogen one-half teaspoonful two or three limes a day. Distillation of pine needles one to two dessert spoonfuls every four hours. Omit every seventh day. Glycozone sprayed into the nos- trils three times a day. Daily compress on chest wet in tea of pine needles. The odor of turpentine constantly in the room ; may be made fragrant with lavender or cinnamon. Nutritive treatment average or strong. Nightshirt wrap wet in pine needle tea twice a week. Cold ablution five times a week. Water tread daily, each suited in temper- ature and length of application to the case so that benefit, not harm shall be seen very soon. Catarrh, Cervix.— A catarrhal condition of the large gland cervix uteri. Cause : Any source of irritation. Treatment: Remove the cause; rest; pack the vagina every other night with boroglyceride paste, or daily use a saturated solution with a fountain syringe. Blood treatment as for bronchial catarrh; hot hip shower twice a week followed by a rapid cold ablution of the show- ered parts. Avoid chills, damps, all causes of nervous depression, and harden the system with water treads, cold sponge baths and cool or cold shawl wraps according to the vigor of the patient. Catarrh, Duodenal. — See intestinal catarrh. Catarrh, Gastric. — A weak condition of the mucous membrane of the stomach with excessive secretion in which the sarcinaB ventriculi and yeast plant (criptococcus cerevisia) propagate in enormous quantities ; constitutes two-thirds of all cases of dyspepsia. Cause: Defective mastication, drinking at meals, especially cold drinks; beer, tobacco, ice cream, sugar and starch foods, alcohol, alkalies and other drugs ; also anything that will irritate the stomach, as chills and diseases of adjacent organs. Symptoms: Prostration, faintness, goneness, general dyspeptic symptoms, flatulence, acid eructations, heartburn, water brash, cold extremities, white, slimy tongue, sour breath, head, heart and liver trouble, craving, capricious appetite, fulness, usually spells of vomiting or diarrhoea. DISEASES AXD THEIU TREATMENT. 423 Treatment : The sareinae must be washed out, starved out or destroyed. To wash out.— Insert a flexible stomach lube, three to five feet long, about four or five hours after the last meal, twenty to twenty- five inches into the fauces and stomach; hold the upper end above the mouth, and through a tunnel adjusted to that end, pour a solution of sodium or potassium carbonate, thirty grains to the pint ; or sodium -salicylate, one per cent. ; or resorein, two per cent. ; or thymol, one per cent.; or sodium silico-fluoridc one per cent., until the stomach is full; then the patient, leaning forward, lower the end over a receptacle and the contents of the stomach will run out as from a syphon. Repeat the charge until the return is free from mucus; repeat the washing from two to six times a week. The lube should be well oiled with olive oil or cacao butter, and the patient should attempt to swallow as the tube glides down. To starve out.— Diminish the secretion of mucus by the use of an emetic of lobelia leaves, one ounce to eight ounces of boiling water every four days, preceding each by copious draughts of bicarbonate of potassa water, thirty grains to the pint. After the emetic drink fieely <>f kaki tea one ounce to the pint, with two to four grains of capsicum added. Also avoid fluids at or near meal times ; all easily fermentable food, such as sugars, starches, beers, wines, etc., and eating when much worried or wearied, or until the previous meal has digested. To destroy Hie genus. — Peroxide of hydrogen ten to thirty drops in water one-half hour before meals, and papoid two to ihree grains after meals. The csecal flush should be crowded as far as the strength will bear in order to free the system from the fungoid mass that may pass downward devitalizing the whole intestinal tract. Blood-cleansing method as in bronchial catarrh; general tonic method as needed, and hardening method as far as can be borne. Catarrh, Gastric, in Children. — The same disease as the gastric catarrh of adults, with the special aggravations of generally easily fermentable food, and less vigor. Cause: Hand feeding, sweet and starchy diet, irregularity of meals, over-stimulated brain and nerves. Symptoms: Same as in adults, with greater irritability and other nervous symptoms, and more rapid physicral waste. Treatment: Blood and tonic treatments as far as they are appro- priate, as in adults. Peroxide of hydrogen and glycerine equal parts; fifteen drops in an ounce of water after meals. Before meals some mild, bitter tonic as sulphate of cinchona. Diet of milk, bovinine, "toast . Soon as tongue cleans, boiled fish, white of chicken, lean broiled mutton. Flannel bandage from armpits to groin. Hand massage often : as near a cold bath daily as the strength of the child will permit. Catarrh, Laryngeal. — The irritation of the fauces and larynx by the amoeba of nasal catarrh. Cause: The natural tendency of all irritations of the mucous membranes to work downward; sleeping with mouth open; sudden and excessive change of temperature after vocal exercises; irritants. Symptoms : Fauces red, follicles swollen, covered with mucus, hawking, spitting, frequent efforts to clear the throat of some clinging obstruction. Treatment : Same as for aural catarrh, except that the opening of the eustachian tube should be omitted provided it is clear of the catarrhal irritation. 424 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Catarrh, Intestinal (including duodenal). — This is the sarcina of the stomach, but of smaller size, located in the duode- num and intestines. Cause: Catarrh of the stomach, cold, mechanical irritation of undigested food, or of the gases generated by fermentation of food,, degenerated intestinal secretions, mental depression. Symptoms? Constipation, gaseous distention, pain, loss of flesh and strength,, stomach usually complicated, with dyspeptic symptoms. Treatment: Daily full colon flush of No. 31 (in bad cases may be- nearly double strength), followed by retained enema of fluid extract of Virginia stone crop, thirty drops, or fluid extract of bay berry sixty to eighty drops in two ounces of water. Salol five to teii grains tliree times a day by the stomach. It passes through unchanged and is dis- solved in the duodenum by the pancreatic secretion and kills the germs. Diet of meat and non-starchy vegetables exclusively, or dys- pepsia diet, apeptic; no tea, coffee, tobacco or fermented drinks. Blood-making and tonic methods as far as appropriate with the diet- restrictions named. Catarrh, Acute Nasal (coryza). — Symptom*: Patient feels indisposed, chilly, slight headache, sneezing. May have pains in back and limbs, and slight fever; pulse quick, skin dry, mucous membrane of nose swollen. There is a thin, clear irritating secretion which in a day or so becomes muco-purulent. Eyes are "weepy," slight sore throat, sense of smell and taste somewhat lost. Cause: Cold and exposure, also irritating: fumes as of iodine or ammonia. Treatment: Hot colon flush, followed by foot vapor bath prefer- ably, or by hot foot bath. Temperature of the room should be kept above the point where the inspired air irritates the nasal passages^ Ferrum plios. every hour until relieved, or aconite six to ten drops in. four ounces of water. Dose one teaspoonful every hour for fever with small pulse. For fever with strong pulse, veratrum viride five to- twenty drops in water four ounces. Dose one teaspoonful every hour;; revulsive method mild to strong. Rest in bed without food until the inflammation subsides; or should it prove very obstinate, only a koumyss, or buttermilk, or skim- med milk diet. This for well-conditioned patients. The very aged and anaemic, and puny children, should have rapid blood-making: method, which see, with rest in bed, and other treatment as above- Warm local douches of pinus canadensis one to two teaspoonfuls to* the pint, two or three times a day ; warm tea of balm or hot lemonade- A spray of potass, iodide one dram to one ounce of rose water has been found useful, so has a snuff of lobelia powdered with one-tenth borax. Sometimes it is well to keep the whole head covered. Anoint the nose of nurslings with lobelia ointment. Quinine one to two grains every hour or two will generally abort an attack. Eupatorin (con.) one-fourth grain every hour in hot water until free perspiration, will break up ara attaek. Bryonin (con.) one-half grain every one-half hour till it purges, relieves burning in eyes and nose and acrid discharge. DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 425 Catarrh, Nasal, Chronic (disease-germ amoeba). — Symptoms: Inflammation of mucous membrane of nose and upper and bac*k part of throat ; tightness across forehead, clos- ure of nostrils, lack of appetite, may create a diathesis marked by debility, lassitude, pasty skin, pains in limbs, mueo-purulent discharges, etc. Contagious and infectious. Cause: Repeated attacks of acute catarrh, or an acute attack pro- longed by neglect and bad conditions; exposure to cold and damp after being closely confined in hot and badly ventilated rooms ; inclines, to descend to lungs, when pulmonary disease may follow. Dr. T. V. Gifford contends that all chronic nasal catarrhs are mainly caused by the urea which should be eliminated through the kidneys, remaining too long in the system, and being expelled by the lungs, their exhalations poison the membranes wherever they touch. Treatment: Cleanse the blood of excessive waste by exeernent method average or strong. Restore the functions of the kidneys. If the exeernent should fail to do this, add exeernent method very strong for kidneys. Locally, glycozone sprayed upon the membranes several times a day. When the discharge is rapidly oxidized, hard scabs are formed. Cleanse well two or three times a day with a solution of bicar- bonate of soda one to ten grains to the ounce of warm water, then syringe with one ounce each of 11. ext. of eucalyptus and listerine, two ounces of glycerine, and twelve ounces of soft water; or pin us canadensis one ounce, glycerine half an ounce, soft water ten ounces; or apply oil eucalyptus one part and petrolatum sixteen parts; or for cleansing, use a warm spray of soda bicarbonate and soda biborate, of each half an ounce, glycerine two ounces, listerine one ounce and water five ounces, and follow with a snuff of aristol, pulverized boric acid, and subnitrate of bismuth of each nine grams, pulv. elm bark one and one-half ounces; or, in advanced cases, a spray of flu. ext. hydrastis and oil of eucalyptus of each one dram; or, Lloyd's hydrastis and listerine of each one dram and water two ounces, in very severe cases a spray of balsam of copaiva one dram, sulphuric ether one-half dram, carbolic acid two drams may occasionally be required. The cleansing solution should never produce i^ain beyond a few seconds. It is often necessary to change from one preparation to another to find the one best adapted to the case, hence ot hers that have proved efficacious are appended: — Soda bicarbonate and soda biborate each one dram, carbolic acid one scruple, glycerine and rose water each one ounce, water one pint ; use as a spray. Wash. Table salt five to twelve grains to the ounce of tepid water. Begin with the least ; or potassa bicarbonate one to eight grains to the- ounce. Nostrils sensitive and discharge profuse — use snuff of borax three (bams, cypiipedium and hamamelis, each one dram. Omit the haniamelis it* discharge becomes too dry. Another: Borax nine parts, lobelia'one part, for cases that require relaxation. Pure lanoline used as an ointment is excellent in some cases. For strumous or cachectic cases, and for youths who inherit phth- isis or have overgrown their strength calcium lacto phosphate. For cases with suppuration calcium sulphide. For fetid discharges, eucal- yptol one to five grains every two to four hours; or menthol one grain or more as needed; or thymol one to two grains as needed. For Catarrh of Xo.se and Throat. — Vaseline spray. White fluid vase- line one ounce, eucalyptol or menthol one-half drachm, oil sandal wood pure one-half dram ; use warm morning and night in a sprayer. Gargle throat with cold salt water and eject through nose by putting tip of tongue against upper front teeth and tipping head forward quickly. 4r2t) THE SECRET OE HEALTH. Catarrh of the Prostate Gland Cause: Debil- ity, relaxation, the sequel of gonorrhea, masturbation, sexual perversion or excess. Symptoms: Seminal weakness, discharge of a ropy viscid fluid from the urethra after urination or stool, and sometimes during the day with nocturnal involuntary losses of spermatic fluid. May involve the sphincter muscle of the bladder and cause stoppage in the act of urinating, dribbling after with more or less pain. Treatment: Absolute avoidance of sexual excitement; keep blood free from the lactic acid of rheumatism and the lithiate of soda of gout; no horseback or bicycle riding or any other mechanical irrita- tion of ihe perineum. Blood, hardening, revulsive and tonic methods as far as they can be applied to the case, and fluid extract of black willow thirty drops in water three times a day ; or, if there be atrophy of the gland, sixty to ninety drops of fluid extract of saw palmetto three times a day in water. Diet, anti-rheumatic. Catarrh of the Rectum. — Catarrhal irritation of the membrane of the rectum, with a great variety of disease germs and their ptomaines ; very common and dangerous because the germs and their ptomaines so easily enter the blood. Cause: — Torpid liver, alcoholic drinks, malaria, sedentary habits, some drugs, cold, damp, tight lacing, pregnancy. Symptoms: Diarrhoea or dysentery or constipation With itching, heat, burning, soreness — muco-purulent discharges, rectum relaxed, blood and nerve derange- ment proportioned to the extent of the absorption of the poison. Treatment : Remove the cause if possible. A rectal retained enema of distillation of hamamelis G ozs, fluid extract of hydrastis '2 ozs, tincture of calendula 2 ozs, a tablespoonful in three or four of thin starch water, three times a day ; or, fluid extracts of butternut, Virginia stone crop and stone root equal parts, a teaspoonful to one- half cnp of slippery elm water three times a day. And three times a week 20 drops of oil eucalyptus 2 drams, phenol sodique 4 drams, and glycerine 3 drams in thin starch water. If there be intestinal catarrh, treat that; if not, the general regimen suitable for all catarrhal conditions. Catarrh, Uterine (endometritis). — Catarrhal irritation cf the lining membrane of the uterns. Acute: Cause: Ovarian disease, abortions, instrumental irritation, retention of placenta, bromides, aloes, savin and some other drugs, sudden suppres- sion, masturbation, torpid liver, tight lacing, gout, rheumatism, marriage incompatability. Symptoms : Fever, high temperature, rapid pulse and respira- tions, general irritation, sallow complexion, loss of appetite, headache. DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 427 pain in The loins and lower part of the abdomen, sacrum, groin and inside of the thighs; a sense of great heat and tidiness about the pelvis, and bearing-down; bladder very irritable; desire to pass water every few minutes, which is loaded with uric acid; diarrhoea and tenesmus, and subsequently constipation; tenderness on pressure over ovaries and uterus; alter a day or two, thick, ropy, tenacious discharge, which, alter a while, becomes muco-purulent, tinged with blood, and imparts a greenish-yellow or greenish-red stain to clothing; often attended by piles. Treatment: Rest in bed; foot vapor bath followed by sponging the limbs with cool or cold water every two to four hours in bed; shawl wrap the second day, wet in tepid or warm hay tea; cieeal flush, No. 7, daily. Excernent method, mild to strong according to violence of symptoms; nutritive mild, revulsive method mild to strong as needed. When acute stage has passed, give tonic method average or strong, with nightly retained enema of a tea, two drams to the pint of aletris farinosa (unicorn root, ague root,) or the fl. extract, ten to thirty drops in starch water. Chronic: Symptoms: Headache, languor, lassitude, debility, great mental depression, obstinate dyspepsia, flatulence and constipation ; sense of weariness, if not pain, about loins, sacrum, groin, inside of the thighs, and bearing-down; thick, ropy, tenacious, very abundant, glairy dike white of egg) discharge; discharge most abundant in the morning accumulating in uterus over night, or after lying down awhile; as debility increases, hysteria, convulsive affections, nausea, vomiting, tympanitis, tenderness of breasts, and menorrhagia if the lining covering the fundus is involved. Treatment: General regimen as for other catarrhal conditions. Insert into the uterine cavity once a week for three weeks, a soluble gelatinized bougie of papoid; repeat for two more months if there is a vestige of the disease remaining; bowels kept open with sigmoid or esecal flush; retained enema every other night of the aletris as in acute cases, and on each intervening day thirty drops of the fluid extract of black willow in water by the stomach. Diet nutritive, average or strong. Catarrh, Vaginal (leucorrhea). — Catarrhal irritation of this cavity is extremely frequent and attended with the deleterious effects of various disease germs, the amoeba, sarcina and different streptococcus. Cause: Much the same as catarrh uterine. Symptoms: Discharge of a mucus or muco-purulent character, with constitutional symptoms proportioned to its virulence. Treatment: Diet and general regimen, a* in other catarrhal states. Three tablets three to six times a day as follows, viz. : If discharge be milk-white, non-irritating mucus kali mur; if scalding and acrid, kali phos.; if yellow greenish, shiny or watery, kali sulph.; if watery, 428 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. scalding, greenish after walking, with headache, colic, and bearing- down, natrum mtir; if cieamy or honey-colored, or acid and watery* natrum phos.; if in an over sensitive, imperfectly nourished condi- tion, silicea; as a constitutional ionic, once a day with the chief remedy, calcaria phos.; vaginal injections of one to two pints of hot. water twice a day, with a syringe having a stem so constructed that its use will open all the interior folds of the passage; or, the hot water once a day, and once a day a bactericide solution of boroglyceride (satu- rated), or resorcin one per cent., or iodine tincture thirty" drops to the pint, or napthaline thirty grains to the pint, or permanuganate of pot- ash five grains to the quart. Many times a simple tonic or astringent solution will suffice. White pinus canadensis, or red gum fl. extract, or sumach fl. extract, or hydrastis fl. extract, or witch-hazel 11. extract, one to two teaspoonfnls to the pint or quart; or oak bark one-half oz to the quart; or tannin one dram to the quart; or a strong tea of rasp- berry, witch-hazel or white pond lily; the thermo-gaivanic battery. For fat, flabby patients, hydrastine (alk.) one-sixth to one-half grain, one to three times daily. For relaxed, anemic, sterile patients, san- guiuarine (alk.) one-eighth to one-twelfth grain every two to four hours. Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. — Inflammation of mem- brane covering brain and spinal cord. Epidemic and slightly contagions, often fatal. Cause: Supposed to be a germ, not yet isolated. Symptoms : Fever, chill followed in children by convulsions, stupidity or delirium, vomiting, headache, pain in neck and spine so severe that It often produces an arched position of the body (opistho- tonos) also in pit of stomach great weakness, and sometimes delusions. During first and second weeks, skin exhibits purplish spots which are distributed all over body. When symptoms are slowly developed the disease is likely to be mild. Treatment: Revulsive method, according to the severity of the attack and blood-making as needed, with natrum sulph. every one to two hours; or, veratrum viride five 1o twenty drops in four ozs. of water, a teaspoonful every hour. Absolute quiet, and treat attending symptoms as they occur. For sleeplessness, warm baths and dry sheet without rubbing. Tonic method, average to strong after acute symp- toms subside. Chafing* of Young* Children. — Treatment: Sub- nitrate of bismuth, one dram ; pulverized gum acacise, seven drams ; mix, and apply dry, after washing the parts with castile soap, or anoint with lanoline. Chicken Pox (varicella). — Symptoms: Fever followed by rose-red spots on second day scattered irregularly over body, usually over back first, elevated above skin and rapidly change from pimples to minute blisters filled with watery fluid. Every day a fresh crop of spots appear, converted in time to blebs of milky appearance, with great irritation. These fall off entire as crusts ; last about two weeks, and often leave child debilitated. Treatment: Colon flush, or a gentle cathartic if DISEASES AND THEIK TREATMENT. 429 needed. Treat fever with cooling method mild to strong, or ferrum phos., or aconite. Diet light and easily digested. Chilblains. — Sub-acute inflammatory swelling caused by cold and rapid restoration of the circulation by external heat instead of gradually from within. It is a sort of chronic burn. Treatment : Avoid mechanical irritation, cold and damp; revul- sive treatment three times a day proportioned to the severity of the case; also apply locally two or three times a day, zinc sulphate thirty grains, tannic acid thirty grains, rose ointment one dram; or, tannic acid two parts, alcohol five parts, collodion twenty parts, tincture benzoin two parts. Apply with brush. If itching is troublesome apply ichthyol and spirits of turpentine equal parts. Camphorated oil is sometimes beneficial. Chloasma. — See skin diseases. Chlorosis (green sickness). — A form of anaemia in the young of both sexes, occuring about puberty, and consisting in excess of blood serum, and red corpurcles dwarfed and dimin- ished in number ; nervous bankruptcy. Causes : Deleterious trades, indoor life, solitude, masturbation, undue precocity. Symptoms : Wax-like face, yellow pallor of skin, poor appetite, fetor of breath, coated tongue, dry skin, constipation, abundant urine, weak, quick pulse, hysteria. Treatment: Same as anaemia. Cholera (Asiatic). — Cause: The evolution of the microbe comma-bacillus in the intestines which excretes a deadly tetanizing ptomaine, much like the alkaloid strychnine. It is a filth disease born amid the sensualities and unhygienic customs of oriental life, and propagated by the specific germ gaining access to the stomach and bowels of those who are already predisposed to it by a bad physical condition. Healthy gastric juice instantly destroys it. It cannot be induced by inoculation or contact. Treatment: 1. Preventive.— Dwellings, outhouses and surround- ings must be kept clean and disinfected, decaying organic matters burned, drinking and cooking water boiled; daily bath and movement of bowels; flannel clothing changed night and morning and well aired and sunned; good ventilation, proper food, no excesses; a clear con- science and trust in God. 430 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. First Case: Keep calm and use the right means and it will prob- ably be the only case. First Stage: Premonitory, sometimes absent in severe cases. Symptoms: Irritability, languor, sleepiness, con- fusion, paleness, nausea, diarrhoea. Prepare the following disinfect- ants, namely : No. 1. Five pounds of copperas and three ounces of strong: sulphuric acid in four gallons ot water. Stir with a stick. No. 2. One ounce of strong sulphuric acid, to one gallon of water. No. 3. Sulphuric acid half ounce to a gallon of water. No. 4. Strong cider vinegar. From the very beginning mix all diarrhoea discharges and all vomit with one-fourth their bulk of No. 1, and pour into a distant hole,, or into the sewer drain. Wash all soiled clothing in No. 2. Keep two» bowls of No. 3 in the room, one for bathing the hands of nurses and the other the body of patient. No. 4 maybe used until No. 3 can be procured. Remember that the ptomaines cause so much irritation in. the intestines as to prevent reaction, and end in collapse, therefore- two definite things must be arrived at, namely: (1) Neutralize or expel the ptomaines and sterilize or kill the germs; this is accom- plished by one or two full, hot caecal flushes of strong coffee, two to four quarts, through a flexible pipe inserted into the sigmoid flexure, i. e. eight to twelve inches long, and after the colon is emptied inject, a gallon of warm water containing four per cent, of peroxide of hydro- gen (5| ozs to the gallon of boiled water). Repeat if necessary. Also, give by stomach 2 ozs in 8 ozs of boiled water, a cupful every two hours.. If the 'peroxide of hydrogen is not at hand, give the coffee injection,, and by stomach one-half teaspoonful of dilute sulphuric acid in plenty of water every ten to twenty minutes. (2) Promote reaction. As soon as the injections have cleansed the bowels, wrap in two sheets wrung: out of hot water, with an extra cloth dipped in hot vinegar, all over the abdomen, and cover with a feather bed; rewet the sheets in thirty minutes, and keep in until the cramps cease, then give one-half cup of hot milk. Repeat the w T et sheets one hour a day until well, but gradu- ally cooler. Second Stage: Profuse, odorless, serum-like diarrhoea with white* flakes, called rice-water discharges, watery vomiting, cramps, intense thirst, sunken abdomen cheeks and eyes, nose pointed and cold, voice- whispering, hands pale, dry, wrinkled, icy, nails blue, extremities cov- ered with dark patches, icy, pulse imperceptible, temperature sinks- even to 12° below normal." The blood thickens by loss of its serum,, and there is total absence of urine. If this treatment in the preparatory stage has failed, repeat it with the sheets wet in strong red pepper or capsicum water, blister from behind each ear to the angle of the jaw to cause inhibition of the sympathet ic nerve, and in place of the peroxide of hydrogen or carbolic acid, give salol, five to fifteen grains every hour, diminishing as rapidly as improvement goes on. If this is not at hand, give equal parts of tinctures of lobelia, capsicum and American valerian (lady's slipper) a teaspoonful every fifteen to thirty minutes, until temperature, pulse and respiration become normal, then give tablespoonful doses every thirty to forty-five minutes of table salt one tablespoonful, blaek pep- per one teaspoonful, cider vinegar one-third tumblerful, water two- thirds tumblerful. Third Stage: Skin cold, clammy, bluish, pulse and voice gone, intense thirst, breathing shallow and difficult, breath icy. Add to the blisters behind the ears, mustard paste from the roots of the hair down to between the shoulders; keep up the packs and the administration of the tinctures, and add every hour a mixture of tinct. of capsicum one-half ounce, oil of cajeput twelve drops, tinct. of camphor one dram, chloroform twenty drops and ether one-half ounce. Shake. Dose one-half to one teaspoonful; or, give atropine, hypodermati- cally one-two-hundredths to one-sixtieth of a grain. The administra- tion of oxygen has sometimes cured when all other means have failed. Patient must keep his bed for a day or more after the last symptom disappears, and diet in convalescence should be hot milk, liquid beef foods, kumyss, semi-liquid diets, and return with great caution to ordinary food. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 431 Cholera Infantum. — Symptoms : Frequent stools, vom- iting, elevation of temperature, rapid emaciation and loss of strength. Usually under two years. May begin abruptly or be preceded by diarrhoea. Stools are watery and like chopped spinach after the first few ; have musty odor. Stomach is very irritable rejecting all drinks, abdomen swollen. Appetite lost and thirst intense, pulse accelerated, urine scanty and high colored, skin lies in folds. If eyes become sunken and hollow and mouth remains partly open from feeble contractile power, death is pretty certain to result. Cause : Neglect or ill treatment of simple diarrhoea, indiscretion in diet, or digestive disturbance of the mother; sudden changes arresting: perspiration. A temperature of ninety or over favors its occurrence and increases its fatality. May be caused by retrocession of rash, also the germs of decaying organic matter in the atmosphere. Treatment: Preventive: Pure air, proper diet at regular intervals. if bottle fed, a clean bottle at every meal, absolute cleanliness in per- son and surroundings. Give cool water before each nursing. If fresh cow's milk is used, have as many bottles as the child takes meals in twelve hours, each holding just one meal. Strain while warm directly into the bottles; cork and put in a cool place; shake, warm, dilute and sweeten as necessary and give through a plain nipple without any tube. Precautions: Select the coolest place in the hottest part of the day ; wear light clothing with woolen belly bandage; give one or more cooling baths each day; give freely, but a little at a time, water that lias been boiled and kept in bottles on ice ; protect from draughts at night. Curative: Must have three objects— (1), to restore the blood to llie surface; (2), stop the vomiting; (3), regulate and tone the bowels. But as every case has fermentive matter, undigested matter and septic matter in which the germs of the disease propagate, it is necessary to expel them all. Give neutralizing cordial one to two teaspoonfuls every hour, until the bowels move freely from it, then follow if neces- sary with listerine, elixir of lacto peptine and cinnamon Avater equal parts ; a teaspooniul every one, two, or three hours. This failing, give a hot bath five to ten minutes and wrap in warm, dry flannels, but not to cause free perspiration. 2. Tinct. of ipecac five to ten drops in four ounces water. One teaspoonful every twenty to sixty minutes. 3. If with green discharges, a dessert spoonful of a two per cent, solution of lactic acid after each nursing; not green, hot bath of dilute alcohol, and then warm mattress in the open air. Ointment of dilute alcohol, quinine and lard to be rubbed in the armpits and over the body every two hours; colon flush as warm as can be borne, given through soft rubber catheter eight to twelve inches long, one-half to a gallon at a time, allowing it to return as injected; then a retained enema, tepid water one pint, sub. nit. bismuth four drams, boracic acid one dram and listerine two drams. If necessary compress rectum to prevent return . This failing withdraw all milk, and feed bovinine or essence of beef or mutton broth well salted, given cold if preferred. For pain, listerine and paregoric each two drams; simple syrup twelve drams; teaspoon- ful every two to four hours. If the fermentation is putrid give carbo- hydrate diet exclusively; if acid, give albumens only. Stimulants and antiseptics must be continued. Both are combined in listerine and brandy equal parts. Dose twelve to thirty drops every two to six hours. 432 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. If stools are lumpy and offensive, give full injection of hot water with a grain of bicarbonate of soda to the ounce, or castor oil and pure glycerine each one ounce, cinnamon water one-half ounce with enough bicarbonate of soda or potash, to emulsify: A teaspoonful every one or two hours. Keep warm applications to extremities. If stools be watery and but little tenderness to abdomen give enemas of dark pinus canadensis one teaspoonful to the one-half pint. Keep down fever with tepid spongings. If discharges are bloody, euphorbia hyperi. fl. ext. in five drop doses every two hours. If possible give oxygen twice a day by means of a paper funnel over the mduth and nose. If necessary retained enema, listerine one dram and starch water two ounces. Should there still be un expelled fermented matter, give every one to three hours, the following: Dilute alcohol three drops, listerine twenty drops, hot castor oil one teaspoonful; or one teaspoonful of hot castor oil with one-four Mi drop of carbolic acid in fifteen drops listerine every two hours until it operates; follow with listerine, glycerine, simple syrup, cinnamon water each one ounce; mix. Dose, teaspoonful every one, two or three hours. Or, glycerine five ounces, borax one ounce; twenty drops everyone to three hours; or, tinct. of nux vom. one or two drops in two ounces of water; a tea- spoonful every one to three hours; or tinct. belladonna, three to five drops in four ounces of water; a teaspoonful every two to four hours. The elm mucilage colon flush as for diarrhoea and dysentery is spec- ially recommended. Cholera Morbus. — Symptoms: Extreme nervous pros- tration, cold skin, feeble pulse, cold breath, interrupted respi- ration, cadaverous face, blue extremities, nausea, vomiting, diar- rhoea, cramp and cholera germ in stools. Cause : Depression of great sympathetic, eighth pair of nerves and brain. Treatment: Emetic of equal parts of lobelia and capsicum repeated until vomiting is very thorough. Bowel injections of the same. Heat to abdomen, feet and limbs. If procurable, comp. oxygen fully and repeated until perfect quiet is secured. Call physician if necessary. Electrical — positive pole between shoulders; negative over stom- ach and bowels twenty to thirty minutes. Repeat as necessary. If ease is severe, treat as for cholera. Cliordee. — An erect and rigid condition of the penis, during which it is curved in the form of a bow or arch ; exceed- ingly painful ; a complication of gonorrhea. Treatment : Rectal retained enema of lobelia, repeated often enough to relax the system. Hot colon flush, No. 41, at bedtime, hard mattress, cool bedroom, avoidance of sexual thoughts. Hot genital baths of lobelia water; or, if necessary, camphor water four ounces, bromide of potassa one-half ounce, nitrate potassa two drams, tincture gelsemium one ounce. Dose one teaspoonful in water afternoon, after supper and at bedtime. Chorea (St. Vitus dance). — Symptoms: Irregular invol- untary contractions of more or less of the voluntary muscles. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 433 Cause: Anything that so shocks the nerves as to cause want of "harmony between gray and white matter of the spinal cord, such as over education, passion, blood diseases, skin diseases, etc. Treatment: Complete change of habits and occupation, fresh air, abundant exer- cise, daily stimulants each side spinal cord, free and persistent use of oxygen to enable system to appropriate foods; nutritive diet, average to strong; massage if practicable. A tincture of the green (or recently dried) root of gelsemium five drops every four hours, diminished to one drop at a dose, is regarded by some as a specific. The thermo- galvanic battery. Cliyluria. — The urine loaded with chyle. Syrup of iodide of iron fifteen to forty drops an hour before meals has "been successful. Climacteric Disorders. — Those which precede the last monthly sickness and end with the re-establishment of health on a basis somewhat similar to that previous to puberty. Three million women in the United States are constantly pass- ing through them, called "change of life," "turn of life," " critical period," etc. Usually thirty-two years after puberty, at the age of forty-five or forty-six. Cause: The periodicity of nature causing a failure of the repro- ductive center in the brain; hence lack of nerve stimulus to the ova- ries, which wither, causing structural changes in all the related organs. Symptoms : Nervous debility, flushes of heat, perspiration, leucor- rhea, hemorrhage, headache, drowsiness, giddiness, hypochondriasis, melancholia, hysteria, epilepsy, apathy, peevishness, neuralgia — may be apoplexy and paralysis. More or less of these in connection with gradual diminution of the menses after forty and a gradual extension of the intervening time, especially .if the skin loses its softness and elasticity, may be considered decisive. Treatment: Preparatory: special hygienic course to free the system from existing ailments. Alterative (Xo. 5) and tonic (Xo. 3) methods suited to the case. Nutritive method (No. 2) mild or average with abundance of ripe fruits: flannel clothing next the skin; alcohol vapor bath twice a week: warm alkaline bath on all other days; all the open air exercise that can be taken without fatigue: well ventilated rooms : abundance of sleep, change of scenerv. and recreations that rest, not irritate. For the nervous debility, if caused by excess of blood: Fast, and take coid sponge baths. If by too little, more nutritive, even rapid blood-making method (Xo. 1^ and rest. K °*i ] l? at_flusn es : Avoid emotions and external heats. Cooling method (No. 12, mild. Macrotin (con.) one to two and one-half grains three times a day. Sweats (passive permeabilitv of skin from loss of nerve-power): Tonic method (Xo. 3) average or strong. Aromatic sulphuric acid ten to thirty drops and quinine one to three grains three times a day. 28 434 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. For leucorrhea: Vaginal injections three times daily of tea of white pond lily, witch-hazel or strawberry leaves. For hemorrhages : Unless excessive, should not be entirely checked, except in the anaemic. If vaginal, local vinegar pledgets changed every three hours, head low, feet elevated. Tinct. of ipecac one to three drops alternated with distillation of witch-hazel five to ten drops ; a dose every ten to twenty minutes. For headache, see headache. For sleeplessness, see sleeplessness. For giddiness, see giddiness. For neuralgia, see neuralgia. For flat- ulence and fluttering in epigastrium : Cajeput oil, five to twenty drops three times a day. For hysteria, zinc valerianate one grain three times a day. For muscular debility, brucine (alk.) one-sixty-seventh to- one-twelfth grain, or berberine (alk.) one-sixth to three grains before meals. Coccyodynia (painful coccyx). — Cause: Blow, injury during childbirth, or sitting on hard, cold seats. Treatment: When caused by a blow or strain, treat as for contusion or strain. When caused by cold, give revulsive method as needed. Colds. — A vapor bath of hemlock leaves, with rest in bed, fasting a whole day and night will cure nearly all cases within forty-eight hours. Free inhalations of comp. oxygen immediately after the cold is contracted is usually effective. Diaphoretic treatment strong is a certain cure if taken in time. Ferrum phos. every hour or two aborts a cold in a few hours if used as soon as the cold is felt. In Head : Put a pint of vinegar into an old teapot on an oil stove, and add a teaspoonf ul of spirits of camphor, and replenish as it evapo- rates. Inhale the steam until the head is clear. Or, sodium salicylate and syrup of orange peel each one-half ounce, peppermint water four ounces. Dose a dessert spoonful every three hours until the ears ring. In Throat : Treat as for cold in head. Also compress on throat, and if it continues steep a dram of bloodroot in half a pint of good cider vinegar sweetened into a syrup; a teaspoonf ul frequently. Cold in Head, Acute Rhinitis (child) : "Warm bath ten to twenty min- utes. If nostrils are irritated, cosmolene warmed and sprayed up the nose; nostrils dry and filled, apply frequently a warm, weak solution of baking soda and follow with cosmolene; "snuffles" (nasal catarrh), cosmolene spray, following an alkaline solution, or listerine reduced with from four to seven parts of soft warm water ; body pack daily until cured. Colic. — Cramp or spasm of the bowels. Numerous varie- ties, some due to indigestion, flatulence, worms ; others to acrid states of the bile, with nausea, vomiting, yellow skin ; others to gout or rheumatism ; to obstruction ; to neuralgia. Treatment : Cover patient warmly in bed, then give a pint of water as hot as can be taken; place patient on left side with hip& raised and give copious injections of warm water with one-half cup of molasses in each; hot fomentations of hops to abdomen. These DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 435 failing, give dose after dose of lobelia in warm soda water, then hot drinks, and add lobelia enemas if necessary. Colic, Bilious: Full caeca! flush, large quantities of hot water drank, COlocynth and podophyllin in alternation every thirty minutes. If with lever, full pack, or frequent spongings under bed clothing. Colic, Obstruct ire: Place patient in knee-chest position, or lying With hips elevated as high as possible, and give an injection of a pint or more of warm sweet oil ; retain as long as possible. Colic, Pictonum (lead colic) : Emetics and injections of lobelia and opium if necessary to relieve the pain, if warm body packs, or hot fomentations of hops fail. In enema treatment, use hot annis seed, peppermint, spearmint, caraway, fennel, or catnip tea as the fluid instead of hot water. Or put a dessert spoonful of table salt into the hot water Colitis (inflammation of mncons membrane of colon V— See dysentery. Colitis, Chronic. — See chronic dysentery. Coma. — Lethargy or sleep deeper than stupor. Cause i Fracture of skull, effusion, softening with paralysis, microbes, gases, acro-narcotics, urea. Treatment : Remove the cause. Rouse the vital force by rubbing, electricity, oxygen, injections of glycerine and peroxide of hydrogen, or of two to four grains of capsicum in elm or starch water. In uremic coma give long continued inhalations of oxygen. Condyloma (a hard tumor about the anus or pudenda). — Thuja thirty drops internally in water three times a day and apply locally thuja and sweet oil. Congestions. — Revulsive method according to locality and severity. Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). — - Hot water fomentations to back of neck, and two drams of boric acid to a pint of warm water used freely on the eyes ; or, Lloyd's Hydrastis four drams, Lloyd's belladonna twenty drops, boiled water three and one-half ounces applied on absorbent cotton. General revulsive method. Consumption, Pulmonary (pulmonary tuberculosis, phthisis). — Nature : Digestion having prepared the elements of food, they are poured into the blood and there raised by vital- ity to the condition of cell growth suitable to supply the wastes of the tissues. If the vitality be deficient, the food elements, too little vitalized to make animal tissue, yet vitalized too much to perish, produce specific vegetable parasites, the bacilli-tuberculosis. These germs proceed to consume all the 436 THE SECRET OE HEALTH. vital elements of animal life for their own nutrition; and secrete a " cadaveric alkaloid," the poisonous effects of which are seen in fever, hectic, night sweats, etc. Some weakened patch having offered opportunity for the transudation of some of the bacilli from the blood into a lymph space or air cell, there they nest and the epithelial cells harden about them. If vitality be sufficient, these germs may be encysted (cased in) with walls of nbrillated network and thus be made harmless. Failing in this, the bacilli or germs multiply with enormous rapidity and their poisonous ptomaines or excretions kill the tissue in immediate contact with them and inflame that which lies just beyond, thus producing consolidation. By chemical action, this dead tissue becomes pus, and the inflamed tissue soon degenerates into the same product. Nature now makes an effort by expectoration to clear the sys- tem of the rottenness. If successful, she may then heal the cavity by a scar ; if unsuccessful, the cavity remains a pool of purulent matter. This matter may be absorbed into the cir- culation and cause blood poisoning. The imprisoned pus con- stantly eats away the w^alls of its cavity, thus enlarging its area. Sometimes cavities work by extension into each other ; these processes waste the serum of the blood to the point where the lymph canals and pink morrow fail to produce it in normal condition. Nutrition becomes less and less able to supply material for the repair of these destructive wastes, and hence emaciation and decline go steadily on. Causes of Consumption: (1) The direct transmission of its predisposing causes from a diseased parent. (2^ The pro- duction of its predisposing causes by incompatibility of tem- perament of parents; (3) their production by the union of physiologically adverse peoples, as Indians and whites; (4) their production by waste of vitality ; (5) their production by unfavorable physical conditions ; (6) contraction by infection, or (7) contraction by contagion. The statistics of this disease justify the following average statement : In the whole world one is destined to die with it out of every family of seven ; and of every family of four, three will be smitten with a predisposi- tion to it, and one must die from some form of tubercle. DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 437 Symptoms; first stage.— Breathing hurried on exertion, inspira- tion harsh, expiration prolonged; cough dry, hacking in the morning; expectoration not relieved by ordinary remedies; wanting at first, then colorless, frothy, glairy or sticky mucus; spirometer measure about one-third less than normal, i. e. the capacity of the lungs is reduced to that extent. Weight slightly diminished; appetite and digestion somewhat impaired; aversion to fats; pulsations slightly accelerated; extremi- ties cold; palpitation upon slight exertion ; constipated; urine dimin- ished; irregularity or suppression ; skin sluggish, clogged and pallid. Second Stage.— Breathing more hurried on exertion, cough some- what wearing; expectoration yellow and more or less watery; some- times mucous. Spirometer measure about three-sevenths less than normal. Weight decreasing; appetite poor or variable; digestion slow and imperfect; strong dyspeptic symptoms; pulsation still more rapid, with a marked difference between night and morning; cheeks flushed when fever is on; chills, not malarial; bowels constipated, sometimes alternating with diarrhoea; urine diminished and frequently turbid; night sweats ; suppression. Third Stage. — Breathing rapid and abdominal, foetid; cough severe and exhausting; expectoration thick and if with little mucous, sinks in water; is sometimes pellet, or coin shaped, yellow and puru- lent; sometimes green and offensive; later copious and sticky; ina- bility to retain a forced inspiration ; spirometer measure about seven- twelfths less than normal; emaciation; frequent vomiting from the cough; appetite very poor; pulsations one-hundred to one-hundred- sixty per minute and very weak; regular afternoon increase, and later preceeded by dumb chill; hectic glow; diarrhoea: night sweats; kidneys variable; usually complete suppression. Treatment must be carried on with two cardinal principles in view : Xutrition must be restored, and respiration must be ample to oxidize the nutrient material or food consumed. Nature requires an average food consumption of sixty ounces every twenty-four hours for an average weight of one hundred and forty-eight pounds. The oxidation of that food impera- tively demands the intake of the tidal air of two hundred and twenty-two cubic inches of lung capacity, eighteen times every minute, in order to work that food into its ultimate excre- mentitious products. 438 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Statistics show the respiratory capacity of consumptives in differ- ent stages of disease to be as in the following table : Capacity in Health. Capacity in Consumption. Height. Cubic inches. 174 First stage. 117 Second stage. I Third stage . 5 feet 1 inch 99 82 5 " 2 .«• 182 122 102 86 5 " 3 " 190 127 108 89 5 " 4 " 190 133 113 93 5 " 5 " 206 138 117 97 5 " 6 " 214 143 122 100 5 " 7 " 222 149 127 104 5 " 8 " 230 154 131 108 5 " 9|" 238 159 136 112 5 " 10 «.« 24G 165 140 116 5 " 11 ki 254 170 145 119 6 " 262 176 149 126 This demonstrates the absolute incapacity of the consumptive to make use of the normal quantity of food, even if it could be consumed. The Diet in Consumption is therefore of the utmost import- ance, and thousands upon thousands every year forfeit their lives because of ignorance of the essentials of a helpful dietary. One set of doctors make appetite the only umpire, "eat when and what you crave," forgetful that the appetite is as much diseased as the lung. Another class stuff with enor- mous quantities of fats, ignoring the fact that fats can neither make good blood, renew wasted tissue, nor replenish exhausted digestive ferments. Another class feed green vegetables, blind to the fact that these require far more labor of the debili- tated digestive organs than do the animal foods. The real problems are : 1. To give nearly a normal average of the fiber element, upon the assumption that, although the work done may not be as much as the average of the healthy, the wastes already suffered will fully average the necessity for these elements. 2. To supply as nearly the normal quantity of fats as the dimin- ished respiratory power will oxidize ; because, although they have the disadvantage of locally raising the temperature in the lungs, they also possess the vastly preponderating advantage (when not in great excess) of yielding heat and energy without digestion, thus saving a heavy drain just where the organism is weakest. But that cod-liver oil is not an appropriate fat is apparent for these reasons, summarized from Wood, Porter and others: (a) The oil contains the excretive nitrogenous products of the liver, designed for expulsion as unfit for further use in the animal economy, (b) Its emulsification increases the danger of exhausting the oxygen supply, because of its rapid absorption, (c) Its rapid transformation in the lungs into carbon dioxide and water, tends to increase the local con- DISEASES AXI) THEIR TREATMENT. 439 gestions there, (d) Its alterative action is in the direction of depres- sion, because it decreases the urea in the urine, and increases the deleterious products of deficient oxidation. 3. To use the force element only as appetizing and supplementary — to fill up the calories of heat and energy to the measure of the full oxidizing capacity of the system and enable it to appropriate more of the fiber-element and no further. 4. To make actual increase in respiratory capacity the standard of a corresponding increase in food supply 5. To make no account of the increased number of respirations, because they are fully balanced by the diminished area of oxygen rption, and by the augmented impurity of the blood. It will thus be seen that the adjustment of the diet must have a constant relation to the respiratory power, and should be specific as to kind and quantity in each several phase of the disease, to increase the respiratory capacity is the FIRST NEED. THEN TO FEED UP TO ITS LARGEST MEASURE IS THE SECOND. The kind of food is also of utmost importance. An excess of fats overtaxes the emulsifying functions, and their point of oxidation being in the lung-tissue, their transforma- tion increases the heat where it is already too high, by reason £)f the inflammatory processes already described. The physiological nutritive demand is for nitrogenous sub- stances to supply the wastes of tissues and the digestive ferments, and carbohydrates to give requisite heat, but not in such excess as to cause the imperfect oxidation of the nitrogen into its proper excrementitious products. The nitrogenous substances should be in the most easily digested forms, and such carbohydrates selected as are capable of yielding the necessary amount of heat without a bad effect upon the organs. These rules are plain, scientific, and practical, and should be rigorously enforced so long as there is hope of recovery. When that is abandoned, the old guesswork or whimsical em may be readopted. On pp. 373-376 some dietaries may be found constructed in accordance with these rules. - . The Hygienic Measures necessary have reference to : First, the danger to the patient of reinoculatioii by himself; second, the peril of infection : third, the possibility of cure. 440 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. The first two may be summarized thus: All expectorations should be immediately distroyed by five, or by disinfectants. All dishes or utensils that have been used by the patient should be disinfected. Bedding, clothing and room should have a sulphur fume every few days. The cuspidor should constantly contain a solution of carbolic acid, one ounce to one and one-half pints of water, and should be washed twice a day with boiling water. When away from this recep- tacle, the patient should carry little squares of cloth to receive the sputa, and each should be wrapped immediately in j)arafnned paper and turned on the first opportunity. The urine and faeces should be disinfected by mixing with each discharge one ounce of powdered chloride of lime, or one quart of a solution of four ounces of chloride of lime to one gallon of soft water. Let stand an hour before emptying any- where. Rooms should be disinfected by exposure for twenty-four hours to the fumes of burning sulphur, (three pounds for every ten feet square size or room) then to currents of fresh air sev- eral hours, then the walls should be rubbed with bread crumbs, which should be burned. The Inhaling Tube.— From what has already been said concerning the relation of lung capacity to nutrition, it follows that lung expansion lies at the root of possible cure in all cases. Therefore the inhaling tube, or more properly the respirator systematically used, is the supreme hygienic measure,, never to be omitted. The construction of the inhaling tube is such that when held between the lips, and the breath is drawn through it very deeply; it en- T'bar to'stopThe valvl^ ^^ ter * b Y an orifice large enough for com- fig. 64. A, side orifice. fortable inspiration, but when expelled, by the operation of an interior valve, it is diverted through an aper- ture so much smaller that the rebound of the air from the effort to force it through rapidly, dilates all the air cells, and thus accomplishes three very important purposes namely: 1, Breaks up the tendency to mat or consolidate like a hard dry sponge, which is the first step tow- ards ulceration. 2, Gives the cells a gymnastie exercise by which they are greatly strengthened and made more hardy. 3, The slow expiration. OB FIG. 63. FIG. 64. BREATHING TUBES. DISEASES AKD THEIR TREATMENT. 441 affords ample time for the complete absorption of all the oxygen of the inspired air. The tube should always be used in the open air or by an open window, from two to many times a day. The patient should stand erect if able, with shoulders thrown well back, and breathe as deeply as possible from one to twenty minutes at a time. Should any dizziness be felt, rest a minute. If predisposed to hemor- rhage, it should be used if at all with great caution. Theie are many forms of the tube, most of which are needlessly r expensive. One of the simplest is illustrated in Fig. 64, and consists of a glass tube with a side orifice for expiration, the tongue being placed against the interior and acting in place ot a valve. Another also of glass with a valve is represented in lig. Co. One can be made by boring a three-sixteenth inch hole through the length of any piece of hard wood three inches long, then about one-half of an inch from one end, bore a one-sixteenth hole through one side into the lengthwise hole. Place the end with the side-hole in the mouth, so that the hole shall be between the throat and the front teeth, and draw the breath through it. To expel, clap the tongue against the end, and at no cost whatever one can have practically as good an inhaler as any that costs two dol- lars, so far as the lungs are concerned, but it should be carefully cleansed every day with menthymos solution, or some other disinfect- ant, and care must be used to have the end smooth lest the tongue become sore. Habitual Outdoor Air, with as much of the right kind of physi- cal exercise as can be taken without exhausting the vital force, are imperative co-requisites. Rut how to secure that exercise is th« per- plexing xn*oblem. The following objections hold against horse locomotion: The exer- cise is too passive lor the most curable stage, when its benefit is most required; the expense and care are prohibitive in the majority of cases. The following objections hold against bicycles: They do not admit of enough companionship; they afford no shelter from the sun; they tax the heart and large blood vessels 1oo much ; they can be used comfortably only in favored localities, and in the most pleasant season of the year. Summer Camping parties, which. should extend from June to Octo- ber in the Northern States, moving southward as the season advances, and passing the winter in California, Texas or New Mexico, are the best form of life and exercise. Expensive? Yes, but what is human life worth? The day is not distant when such parties or something equiva- lent will come to be recognized as the reasonable thing for the cure of this dire malady. Rut what shall the poor victim do who cannot go camping? Do as the author did forty-seven years ago, when physicians and friends despaired of his life, because consumption had fastened upon him (early second stage). Keep up a running fight with Death— a desperate purpose to live to do good in the mind, trust in God in the heart, and with the inhaling tube as the chief reliance, FIGHT to win! Then if you fall, it will be because God has a better place for you. Medical Treatment — Its first aim should be to heal sup- purations if they exist. Its second should be alterative and 442 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. tonic as far as the system will respond favorably to such agents. In all cases medicines should be germicidal, only such drugs being used as have power to kill or sterilize the germs, or neutralize their ptomaines, or both, and at the same time not prove devitalizing. Guiacol, creasote, calomel, chlorides of gold, antimony, arsenic, turpentine, cinnamon— these and many others have been used with success in different cases. Our judgment is that the particular remedy employed is not of so much consequence as its careful adjustment to the vital force and the use of the hygienic means previously named. "Without them, all medication is useless; with them, medicine rightly selected and administered may play a subordinate role, but must never be allowed the chief place. The simple fact that in spite of all the varied medication of the past, the disease still holds sway is proof that drugs cannot cure it. On the other hand, a strictly scientific diet has had no chance to try, because until very recently its elements have not been sufficiently understood. But it is fair to assume that since a certain percentage of cases recover in spite of positively wrong diet, if that be corrected and &dd#d to the other means named, a much larger proportion will cast off the disease. Tonic and alterative treatment according to the case. Some prep- aration of tar for the cough, when needed, and creosote carbonate as a germicide is probably the best treatment that can be given. Ozone or oxygen inhalations in all cases. Constipation (diminished peristaltic action of the bowels). — Cause: Lack of bile, stricture of large intestines, or growths from its surface ; more commonly sedentary habits, neglect of the calls of nature, certain diseases — anaemia, hyste- ria, etc., and acute diseases. It is normal; (1) after free evac- uations from diarrhoea, enemas or cathartics ; (2) during pro- tracted fasting ; (3) from three to ten days after child-birth ; (4) in serious sickness when nature uses all her energies in saving. The stool consists of waste matters secreted from the b>lood by the glands of the colon. For the effects of the undue retention and resorption of such matters, see our colon flush. Dr. Turner, of Washington, examined the colons of three hun- dred persons and found two hundred and ten of them consti- pated, and containing disease germs that were being absorbed into the system. Treatment : 1. Knead the abdomen with a deep, shoving move- ment, in the direction of the intestinal peristalsis, i. e., beginning in DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 443 the right groin and moving around over the colon, five to ten minutes every day. Should this prove ineffective, anti-constipation diet and avoid tea, gin, beer, cheese, milk, salt and smoked meat, pickles, pas- try, fresh bread, beans, peas, nuts, rolls, waffles, and all milk com- pounds with farina. Or. eat one or two oranges on rising, followed by one-half pint of water, cold or hot. For breakfast, eggs or fish, and oatmeal mush or hominy ; no bread, rolls, griddlecakes or gems, unless they are oatmeal and take the place of oatmeal mush. Two hours before dinner, one or two apples followed by one-half pint hot water. For dinner, meat, poultry or game, green vegetables, such as greens, cresses, squash, turnips, spinach, cabbage, tomatoes, asparagus, cauliflower; no desserts, no bread. Every one-half hour from dinner to supper take a teaspoonful of cold water and drink whenever thirsty. For supper, stewed fruit, or figs, pears, prunes, peaches, apples, oranges, melons, grapes, cherries, berries, toast, cold meat ; no cake nor sweetmeats. Can use brown bread, corn meal mush, or hominy in place of toast. At bedtime, one-half pint of hot water. The only drink allowed at meals is buttermilk at the end. 2. Make the effort to stool at a regular hour after breakfast. 3. Stool whenever the desire occurs. 4. Csecal flush every night as long as there are dark, hard or mucus covered discharges and until they are yellow. Then, two or three times a week until cured. 5. Massage, (a) Uub the whole abdomen with a compound of lanoline two ounces, sweet oil four ounces, oil of sassafras two ounces, gently pinching the skin for ten minutes, (b) Gently tap with the ends of the fingers all over the stomach and bowels, four or five minutes, (c) Standing, clasp the bowels in both hands and shake up and down and from side to side four or five minutes, (d) Kneed as first directed, but this pro- cess should never be employed vigorously if the colon is packed with hard faecal matter. First unload it with flushes. 6. The colon flush. When the cause is inactivity of the liver, ox-gall pills will supply the deficiency until the liver can be set right. "With dry stools, cas- cara cordial four ounces, fl. ext. of lobelia two drams; one to two teaspoonfuls. Constipation, Habitual: Podophyllin one grain, malaga wine two ounces : one teaspoonful at bedtime. Constipation of Children: Mux at night, bryonia in the morning. A tablespoonful of fine bran night and morning in a cup of warm milk, poured on bread. In all cases with heat in lower bowels, or red line in center of tongue, ferrum phos. With clear slimy tongue, bubbles on edges, involuntary tears or other waterv discharges, or frothy saliva, natrum. mnr. Witli white tongue, light stools, fat and pastry disagree, kali mur. With yellow, slimy tongue, sticky, thin, yellow secretions of watery matter, any attendant symptoms worse in evening and in a warm room, or with retrocession of eruptions, or itching pimples, or peeling skin— kali sulph. Three grains of either, three to six times a day. Contortions (chronic, from rheumatism). — Treatment: Give lobelia until complete relaxation is produced, then straighten. Repeat every week. 444 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Contusions. — When of the flesh, see bruises. When of the bone, see peritonitis. Convulsions, Infantile. — Symptoms : Spasms of mus- cles, general or partial. May come suddenly, but usually pre- ceded by restlessness with twitching and grinding of teeth. Spasm usually begins with hands, eyes fixed and rolled upward, body stiff and breathing suspended for a moment, face congested. Cause: Peculiar excitability of nervous system; reflexly from gastro-intestinal disturbances, especially with debility; seldom from dentition alone; rickets, fever, congestion of brain as in whooping cough. May be due to irritation of the brain, or at a distance, as a worm in the bowels, or a burn on the hand or foot, or to fright. Treatment. Remove the cause. Hot baths ten to twenty minutes. Sponge the spine with cold water. Mustard 10 the extremities. Warm water on head, allowed to evaporate freely. Enema of lobelia and skull cap tea. Give passiflora in earn at a five to twenty drops, or catnip extract one teaspoonful. Or, calc. phos. and mag. phos. in alternation, one dose every hour. Or, if from worms, salt and water, and as soon as the paroxysm is over, a dose of belladonna and santonine as for worms. If at the beginning of ague, give aconite and belladonna, a dose every thirty minutes, four times, then give baptisia in place of the belladonna. If from diarrhoea, belladonna and camomilla. If from whooping cough, belladonna. Convulsions, Puerperal (occuring during child- birth). — Symptoms: Convulsive movements of the limbs, mus- cles of the face, dilated pupils, red or livid countenance, fixed or convulsive eyes, foam at the mouth, involuntary escape of urine and faeces. Treatment: Empty the bladder and rectum, place a piece of rub- ber between the teeth, give infusion of lobelia freely by mouth and rectum as soon as possible; if the urine is albuminous and scanty, give diuretic teas, then administer peroxide of hydrogen, thirty drops in water; or resorcin, five to fifteen grains every three hours; or, sal- icylate of soda, fifteen to thirty grains three or four times a day ; with passiflora, one teaspoonful every four hours, to neutralize the pto- maines; or, give hypodermic injections of veratrum viride every thirty minutes, five drops of the tincture. Treat other symptoms as they occur with packs, compresses, fomentations, bed sponges, etc. Corns (indurations of the skin caused by irritation). - Soft: Harden by applications of tannin, and treat as hard. Hard: Soften by the hot foot bath, or by wrapping in lint soaked in a solution of washing soda, then scrape away ; repeat. Or, salicylic acid thirty parts, extract cannabis indica five parts, DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 445 collodion two hundred and forty parts. Apply with small brush; in four days rub off in hot foot bath and repeat until cured. Or, soak in very hot water a few minutes, then protect surrounding parts with iodoform, and apply salicylic acid and lactic acid, each one-halt dram, collodion one-half ounce ; protect from further irritation. Cough, Whooping (pertussis). — A contagious and infectious disease chiefly of childhood, caused by the presence in the blood of the micrococci parasite, localizing in and around the cervical spinal cord and giving the nervous symptoms ; and upon the membrane of the air passages, giving the catarrhal symptoms. Symptoms: Languor, fretfulness, symptoms of a cold, periodic and spasmodic closure of the glottis on deep inspiration, which, if long-continued, causes a sense of suffoca- tion; convulsions, attacks often end in vomiting. Complica- tions are extremely dangerous. Treatment: Keep quiet, give nutritive diet, daily antiseptic bath. Keep atmosphere of room antiseptic with cresolene vapor constantly. If that cannot be procured, spray glycozone, naphthaline, or eucalyptus about the room every hour, and every third day remove the child and fumigate room and furniture with burning sulphur. See fumigations. Give internally, of syrup of tolu four ounces, resorcin one-half ounce, mix. Dose, one teaspoonful every three hours when awake. Treat complications as they arise. Mild tonic method, Xo. 3. Warm, not sweltering clothing; open air in pleasant weather. Sea air i> especially beneficial. Dobell's solution as a spray is of great utility— crystals of carbolic ar-id three grains, biborate of soda and biearbonate'of soda, of each twenty grains, glycerine one ounce, water five ounces. Or, use in the same way thymol fifteen grains, alcohol three drams, glycerine four drams, water thirty-four ounces. An emetic of one-fourth to one-half teaspoonful of powdered alum in syrup or honey occasionally is help- ful. After giving the dose, hold the child on its stomach with head lowered until it operates. At night give an enema of one ounce of lac asafoetida to promote sleep. Listerine one teaspoonful to two ounces of water sprayed into the throat is beneficial. Coryza. — See catarrh, acute nasal. Cramp (a spasmodic action of the nerves, causing invol- untary muscular contractions). — Cause: A disturbance of the molecular motion of the salt magnesia phos. in the tissues. Treatment: Magnesia phos. three grains every thirty minutes to three hours. Fomentations of smartweed, or a foot bath of a handful of salt and two of wood ashes in warm water. Or, specific aconite ten drops, sanguinaria nitrate one grain, glycerine one ounce ; ten drops every ten to twenty minutes as required. Cross Eyes. — Treatment: Cover the eyes with a mask 446 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. having an orifice at such a point as will compel the eye to turn straight in order to see out. Croup. — Under this name three separate diseases occur : 1st. Laryngeal: See laryngitis. 2d. Spasmodic : Cause: Reflex irritation, as teething, worms, and derangements of the digestive tract. Symptoms: Short, barking cough and difficult, hoarse breathing. Treatment: Give enema of No. 4, fol- lowed as soon as it is expelled by a warm mustard bath of twenty to thirty minutes, and give lobelin (cone.) one grain in warm alkaline water every ten to twenty minutes, or magnesia phos. three grains every ten to thirty minutes. 3d. Membranous or Diphtheretic Croup: Symptoms: Croupy cough by day, slight fever, rapid and wheezy breathing, prolonged jump- ing inspirations, redness and swelling of tonsils and palate, increased fever, pulse irregular, great thirst, false membrane on tongue, tonsils,, palate, larynx and trachea (bacillus indicum). Fatal Symptoms: Drowsiness, wakes in terror, breathing becomes gasping, congestion of lungs, skin cold and clammy, suffocation, con- vulsions, death. Treatment: Temperature eighty degrees, moist with steam of vine- gar, or slack lime in bucket and cause vapor to be breathed; make sheet tent and fill with vapor, keeping the child in it. Long flannel wrapper, high neck and long sleeves; nutritive method mild to strong. Immerse in hot water until sweating then rub dry; put cold com- presses on throat, of vinegar and water and manipulate the limbs, or put mustard fomentations on them and heat between shoulders. If not soon relieved, alternate fomentations and compresses on throat and chest, and give hot foot baths. (Distinguish from diphtheria, in which never foment). Or, aconite, phosphoric acid and spongia in rotation, every ten, thirty and sixty minutes as improvement contin- ues. If fever subsides, but throat trouble and cough continue, give ipecac in place of aconite. If cough be deep seated, give bryonia. instead of spongia, keep in warm room with no draughts, feet warm, head cool, compress on throat. One-half teaspoonful alum and same powdered sugar if suffocation seems at hand, and blow into the throat a little pure powdered alum. Cyanosis (blue disease) — A condition of the heart or blood vessels that mixes venous and arterial blood. Congen- ital : Keep thoroughly warm and give a drop or two of digi- talis twice a day. Symptomatic: Treat the original disease. In either case the thermo-galvanic battery two to four times a day. Cystitis, Acute (inflammation of the the bladder). — Cause : Injury from operation ; irritation from pieces of crushed calculi; results from certain drugs as cantharidis. In gouty subjects from exposures to cold ; from too long retention DISEASES A^D THEIR TREATMENT. 44T of urine; may be due to a stone, foreign body, or growth in the bladder obstructive to the outflow of urine, or to stricture or enlarged prostate. Symptoms : Burning, piercing and throbbing pain in the region of the bladder extending to the perineum and in some cases to the testi- cles and thighs, increased by pressure; ineffectual desire to urinate; nausea, vomiting and great anxiety are common; constipation, pulse full, hard and frequent; skin hot and dry, thirst urgent, and patient restless and dejected. Treatment : Remove the cause. If urine is retained, draw it off with a catheter; sigmoid flush of warm water with thirty drops to the pint of tincture of lobelia; cool compress on bladder. Fomentations of limbs with mustard water, warm hip bath, or body bandage fomen- tation, two or three times a day. Injections into the bladder of warm, pure milk; revulsive method strong; the pain suppository in the rec- tum every four hours. Keep urine alkaline with tea of linseed or marsh mallow containing nitrate of potash one-half ounce and cream of tartar one ounce to two pints. Take enough for that purpose; mus- tard over stomach if there is vomiting. If perfectly pure milk is not at hand for the injection, wash the bladder thoroughly with clear, warm water until tile water comes away clean and odorless, then rinse out with a very weak solution of soda bicarbonate, after which inject five grains of papoid dissolved in two to four ounces of warm water. Repeat from once in two days to five or six times in one day according to the severity of the case. Give water freely to drink. Repeat the flush and the bladder injections as often as required to keep down fever and subdue the inflammation, and give tepid spongings as often as may conduce to comfort. (Cooling method.) Absolute rest, diet nutritious, but unstimulating. Internally the following have been used successfully: Fluid ext. collinsonia canadensis given in fifteen drop doses every four or six hours. Or, tincture of eryngium three drams, tincture of aconite ten drops, and water five ounces. Dose one teaspoonful every one to three hours. Eucalyptus in from twenty to thirty drop doses of the tincture three times a day, well diluted. When the urine is neutral or alkaline one to three bladder injections of resorcin two to fifteen percent., at intervals of two to three days, usually cures. A No. 1 capsule of ammo- nium chloride, swallowed, three or four times in twenty-four hours, followed by a glass of cold water, is superior for cystitis arising from stone in the bladder, influenza and uterine diseases. Ten grains of bicarbonate of soda in a half-ounce of an infusion of uva ursi every two hours, is said to relieve immediately. Five grains of carb. of lithia, or six grains of benzoate of lithia in a glass of water, will give relief in most cases. If this fails, give tinct. gelsemium twenty drops, alternated with five grains of benzoate of soda, or lithia, every three hours, in water. Cystitis, Chronic. — Cause: Mechanical and irritating substances in the bladder; retained urine; external injuries, irritating and acrid substances ; or by colds, suppressed perspi- ration, or hemorrhoidal discharges, or by metastasis of gout and rheumatism. Symptoms : Violent burning, lancinating, or throbbing pain in the region of bladder. Pain increased by pressure made over the pubes; the perineum and adjacent parts are tender to touch. Frequent efforts to urinate, without success; the little voided passes off in drops, 448 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. attended with severe stranguary or dystiry; deep red color often tinged with blood; or sometimes depositing a milky, turbid sediment, particularly if the inflammation is of a catarrhal character. Bowels constipated, pulse hard and full, skin hot and dry, urgent thirst, some- times sickness at stomach and vomiting. Diet: Generous to a fault; linseed or marsh mallow tea, for drink; flannel clothing, external warmth, bactericides as injections, com p. oxygen to sterilize blood and support nervous strength. Avoid reach- ing upwards, rapid walks, lifting, damp or chilled feet, and everything that experience proves to be injurious. Keep bowels open with csecal flushes, No. 41. Retained enema of mullein tea; watermelons eaten freely, if they agree otherwise are beneficial, producing a bland urine. Tepid hip baths two to four times a week; much quiet rest; tepid compress on bladder nightly, or hop fomentation. Hot alkaline sponge baths frequently. Full pack once a week. One to two gallons of water drank daily. One teaspoonful of fluid extract of corn silk in water three or four times a day. Locally : Empty the bladder with a flexible catheter, then keeping the catheter in position inject through it from a glass syringe two or three ounces of tepid water containing one-half of an even teaspoon- ful of borax. Let that pass off, and then inject one ounce of warm, soft, white vaseline, pinch the end of the catheter and withdraw it. Repeat once or twice a day, until cured. Or, stool vapor three days; then for three weeks, upper shower and water tread morning and afternoon; then sitz one day and shower alternately; tea of juniper berries and mullein. Or, after the cleansing wash, inject warm water containing a teaspoonful of fl. extract of corn silk, and take one to two teaspoonfuls in water every three or four hours, or take five to eight drops of oil of mullein three times a day. Old men with enlarged prostate will find five to fifteen grains of ammonium benzoate every four to six hours of benefit. If there is much pain, warm and inject and allow to remain twenty or thirtv minutes, one ounce of this mix- ture—sodium benzoate one dram, tincture of gelsemium two and one- half drams, water enough to make six ounces. The following has been used with much success: Iodoform thirteen drams, glycerine ten drams, distilled water two and one-half drams, gum tragacanth four grains; mix. First wash out the bladder then inject half a dram in two to four ounces tepid water Listerine one ounce, water one pint, is also a good remedy as a bladder injection. Also, one-tenth of one per cent solution of permanganate of potassium. Orally, eryngmm aquaticum half an ounce, water three and one-half ounces, a teaspoonful four times a day. Correct acidity of urine with one-half to one dram of acetate of potash daily. In mild cases this may be sufficient: Aconite, arsenicum and baptisia in rotation every half hour until better, then less frequently. Drink hot water freely. Dandruff .—With excess of watery secretions from nose and eyes and white scales, natrum mur, three grains four times a day ; with yellow scales, kali sulph. three grains four times a day; with white secretions and tongue, kali mur, three grains four times a day. Wash scalp daily with a solution of menthymos ten grains to one-half pint of water, or use Our Doc- tor's hair preparation, or a solution of listerine. Deafness. — Causes: Ansemia, congestion or softening of the brain; drugs — quinine, chloral hydrate, opium, bella- donna, tobacco; reflex — from teething, worms, etc; micro- bial — catarrh, tubercle, syphilis, rheumatism, typhoid and DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 449 typhus fevers, scarlet fever, etc. Treatment: For anaemia, treat as for anaemia; for congestion, treat as for congestion; for softening, treat as for softening; for reflex, remove the cause ; for drug, stop its use. If no relief, consult an aurist. For microbes, three or four drops of pure mullein oil dropped in the ear night and morning, and alterative and tonic treat- ments as needed. This failing, consult an aurist. Debauch. — Warm bath, rest, diet No. 14. Ten to twenty drops of cone, tincture of oats in hot water every three to six hours. Avoid the cause. Debility, Sexual. — See sexual diseases. Deglutition (swallowing) difficult. — With impaired innervation, stramonium five drops, water four ounces, tea- spoonful every two or three hours; general tonic treatment. Kali phos. three grains every two to four hours. Delirium Tremens. — See acute alcoholism. Dengue (break-bone fever, eruptive rheumatic fever, dandy fever). — Cause: The same as yellow fever modified by a strong rheumatic diathesis. Symptoms : Great prostration, pain in bones, excruciating pain in forehead and eyes, delirium, sleeplessness ; incubation forty-eight hours, then rigors and fever; about the fourth day of fever tempera- ture declines and rash appears and continues two or three days. Treatment: Copious lobelia emetic, saline cathartic and alcohol chair bath, or full pack. Diaphoretic and cooling methods as needed; nutritive beef tea; ten drops of peroxide of hydrogen six to eight times a day, and three times a day a teaspoonful of eucalyptol. Anti- septic precautious as in yellow fever. Tonic method in convalescence, with diets No. 13, 22, 26 or 34. Dermatalgla (neuralgia of skin) — Cocaine one grain to one dram of water applied with earners-hair brush ; general nutritive and tonic treatments. Diabetes Insipidas (non-saccharine diabetes). — Differs from d. mellituria by the absence of sugar from the urine and its low specific gravity. Symptoms : Excessive thirst and copi- ous urine ranging from 1.002 to 1.006. Treatment : Central galvanism six minutes, then faradism over kidneys twenty minutes daily, or positive at cocyx, negative over kid- neys four minutes then positive between shoulders, negative still on kidneys, five to eight minutes daily for three days, then three times a week. Internally rhus aromatica, five to thirty drops every three 29 450 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. hours ; or, solid extract of celastrus scan, one ounce, extract liy drastic six drams, soften to consistency of molasses with whisky tincture of columbo and dogwood. One teaspoonful three times a day. Diabetes, Mellituria. — A disease in which grape sugar exists in all the fluids and solids of the body. Symptoms : Onset gradual, either persistent thirst or frequent micturition first calls attention. Appetite usually increased with marked and rapid emaciation. Urine varies from six to forty pints according to severity of case, and is pale, with sweetish odor and taste, and acid reaction containing sugar from one and one-half to> ten per cent. Thirst greatest about an hour after meals ; saliva may he scanty and tongue dry, red and glazed ; constipation common ; sugar fungus in the blood ; urine ferments with yeast ; extreme nerve depres sion; breath is chloroform ; often cataract. May run along for years r and usually terminates either in a deposit of tubercle in lower lobe of right lung, or in Bright's disease. Cause: Heredity; more frequent in men, rarely in the young; injury to nerve centers, brain and cord. More carbohydrates are ingested than can be accomodated by the liver as glycogen. General Diet for Diabetics: Allowed: All kinds of meats (except liver), poultry, all kinds of game; all kinds of fish, fresh or salt, sar- dines; oysters and clams; eggs in any style (without addition of flour, starch or sugar); fats and fatty meats, sparingly; butter, cheese, not very old; soup (without flour or the prohibited vegetables); celery, cabbage, cauliflower, string beans, asparagus, lettuce, spinach, mush- rooms, radishes, cucumbers (green or pickled), young onions, water- cresses, slaw, olives, tomatoes; wheat, gluten, graham and rye bread, acid fruits, such as oranges, lemons, apples, plums, cranberries, cur- rants, cherries, strawberries, gooseberries (sweetened, not with sugar, but with saccharin and sod. bicarb, or with glycerine ;) gelatin (without sugar); almonds, walnuts, Brazilnuts, hazelnuts, filberts, pecans, but- ternuts, cocoanuts ; salt, vinegar, pepper. Drinks: Coffee, tea, (with- out sugar), skim milk, buttermilk, cream, soda water (without syrup); mineral waters of all kinds, but especially vichy ; claret, Rhine wine. Prohibited: Liver; sugar, in any form; starch in any form; sauces containing flour, sugar or starch; cakes of all kinds; all cereals such as cracked wheat, oatmeal mush, cerealine, etc. ; potatoes (either Irish or sweet), corn, carrots, turnips, hominy, parsnips, beans, peas, beets r lice; white bread, corn bread, white buscuits ; pears, peaches, grapes, sweet jellies; chestnuts; malt liquors, beer, ale, spirits. If it can be afforded levulose (diabetin) is the best sweetening. Treatment: Oxygen in large quantities to burn up the sugar. Pan- creatine after each meal to aid the pancreatic secretion to transform the sugar. Colon flush daily to expel the ptomaines ; daily cold sponge bath; flannel clothing; long continued alterative and tonic methods. Sodium sulph. (No. 11), as chief remedy. Kali phos. (No. 6), for nervous weakness, voracious hunger, sleeplessness. Ferr. phos. (No. 4), for quickened pulse, pain, heat or congestion. Calc. phos. (No. 1), for thirst, dry mouth and tongue, flabby, sunken abdomen, weakness, polyuria, when bacon and salt are craved, and in glycosuria when the lungs are involved. Kali mur (No. 5), for excessive sugary urine, great weakness and somnolence. Natr. mur (No. 9), for polyuria, unquench- able thirst, emaciation, loss of sleep and appetite, great debility and despondency; give according to indications. Should these fail to cure, sambul seed finely pulverized, five grains in a capsule after each meal, will greatly relieve while its use is continued. Peroxide of hydrogen, teaspoonful dose in water after meals. DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 451 Diarrhoea. — Too frequent movements of the bowels with or without pain. Cause: Undigested food undergoing chemical fermentation, impure air or water, or irritating drugs. Treatment : Stop the use of the drugs, get out of the air, drink no more of the water, expel the ferment and perfectly digest additional food. Abstain entirely from food, until the tongue cleans and hunger comes: drink freely of very hot water; take full ca?cal flush, warm with ten grains of menthymos to the quart; abdominal compress, with rest in bed. If this does not soon relieve, take neutralizing cordial in tablespoonful doses every hour, until the bowels move freely from the action of the medicine. Then if the movements do not cease at once,. give cinnamon or kali tea, or tincture of camphor, opium, rhubarb and capsicum, equal parts; dose twenty-five drops every fifteen to sixty minutes; or dark pinus canadensis, fifteen to thirty drops by stomach or one teaspoonful in retained enema. Saracenia flava, fl. extract after each evacuation; said to be sure. Horn, verratrum alba and phos. acid alternated after each movement. If nausea, vomiting or cramps in the bowels, ipecac alternated with one of the two. If thirst and burning in the stomach, arsenicum alternated with one of the others. Food : Milk thickened with flour and salted ; rice boiled until soft, with salt or butter; rice gruel, or diets Xo. 16, or 43, or 45, or 51. Mullein root tea simmered to a paste; make into pills and take one ; repeat if necessary after next move- ment of the bowels. Electricity: Negative pole on back, up and down, posi- tive pole all over abdomen. Treat severe cases four to six times a day, five to ten minutes each time. Biliary Diarrhoea is indicated by yellow eyes, heavily-coated tongue, excess of bile in stools. Rest in bed, put hot fomentations over liver as well as bowels, hot bowel flushes of salted water. Drink lemon water, preferably hot, and abstain entirely from food. Or, lac- tic acid three to four drams, simple syrup seven ounces, boiled water ten ounces. Dose four ounces between meals. Feculent Diarrhoea: Surface cold and the pulse feeble, absolute rest and copious hot colon flushes, the bowels at the same time being swathed in a compress of hot mustard water for an hour, followed by a flannel bandage sprinkled with dry mustard and pinned quite tight* Mississippi River Fever Diarrhoea : Horn, podophyllum and leptandra in alternation every two hours, and treat with colon flush as in dysentery. 452 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Nervous Diarrhoea: Caused by nervous excitement; treat the nervous debility. General faradization three times a week, with reversed current, five minutes, on any tender spots in the abdomen. Chronic Diarrhoea : Rest the bowels as much as possible by giving diet Nos. 22, 23 or 24, and three to five grains of papoid after each meal, both to aid digestion and as an antiseptic ; a daily colon flush of tepid or cold water, and control pain, if any, with fomentations of hops. Dark pinus canadensis fifteen to thirty drops by stomach, or, tempo- rarily, diet No. 16. Dr. C. Page once cured himself of a very serious chronic diarrhoea of long standing, contracted in the army, by eating watermelons and nothing else. If change of climate be sought, one of low temperature, equable, dry, with clear sky, porous soil, good scenery and agreeable society should be selected. Body ablution of vinegar and water daily; sitz baths twenty min- utes every other day are beneficial; warm wormwood tea twice a day, is sometimes curative. Aromatic sulphuric acid fifteen drops every two hours, with one tablespoonful of magnesia sulph. every other morn- ing, rarely fails. General faradization fifteen minutes, then negative up and down on spine, positive on abdomen five minutes, daily, excel- lent. Cockle burr and sage one ounce of each to one pint of water sweetened with honey, a teaspoonful three or four times a day; or epilobium, a teaspoonful every three hours, good. If with full mucus discharges, podophyllum one to one-hundred, one to ten grains twice a day. Or, horn, podophyllum alternated with veratrum. Diarrhoea, Children's : With flatulence, griping, green discharges, sore stomach — neutralizing cordial every three to six hours. With watery discharges, neutralizing cordial nine drams, tinct. of myrrh one dram, dose according to age every three to six hours. With liver obstruction, neutralizing cordial four drams, fl. extract of leptandrium four drams, dose according to age every four to six hours. With severe flatulence neutralizing cordial four drams, fl. extract of diosc. one dram, dose according to age every two to four hours. With convulsive symptoms, neutralizing cordial four drams, fl. extract of valerian forty drops, essence of anise twenty drops. Dose for age every hour until relieved. One papoid and soda bicarbonate tablet dissolved in two table- spoonfuls of water. Dose one teaspoonful every fifteen minutes, should not be omitted in any form of the disease; or this may be sub- stituted for a child one year old: Sulphocarbolate of zinc five grains, subnitrate of bismuth fifteen grains, saccharated pepsin thirty grains. Divide into fifteen powders, one every hour until stools become inodor- ous; then every two to four hours. Stools sour smelling, allow no starchy foods: stools putrid smelling, allow no albuminous foods. When starch must be prohibited, scrape raw beef with a spoon, and season with salt. Diarrhoea, Children's Chronic : Horn, with greenish, slimy dis- charge, camomilla and ipecac. Yellowish discharges with distress in DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMEXT. 453 stomach, podophyllum. Preferable to any other treatment in all forms of diarrhoea, is the hot elm mucilage colon flush, No. 50, as in dysentery, with heat to the abdomen and rest. If not effective alone alternate enemas of hot water six parts, peroxide of hydrogen one part. Diarrhoea of Last Stage of Phthisis: Subnitrate of bismuth twenty to thirty grains after meals, is an old remedy. Much better, see consumption. Diphtheria. — Symptoms: Resemble at first a cold fol- lowed by false membrane on tonsils, and in throat and bron- chial tubes; profound prostration. Incubation is from four to twelve days. Temperature usually rises to 103 or more. Con- vulsions may occur at the beginning. By the second day the membrane usually covers the tonsils and pillars of the fauces and sometimes the palate. It is grayish-white at first, and may turn to a dirty yellowish-gray. Membrane is adherent. and when torn off leaves a bleeding surface underneath. Xew membrane rapidly forms again. If the case ends favorably, about the fourth or fifth day the symptoms subside and con- valescence sets in. If this does not occur, there is either an extension of the local trouble or the infection has become systemic. If the former occurs, the posterior nasal passages may be affected, and the ears through the eustachian tubes, and the eyes through the tear ducts. It may also extend into the larynx and trachea. If the latter occurs, the systemic symptoms are in proportion to the local trouble. There is marked prostration, pulse frequent, temperature may be very high or sometimes even subnormal. Cause: Uncleanliness, lack of nutritious food, exposure to cold, anything that lowers the tone of the system. Hence scrofulous children and those of consumptive parents, children who have partially recovered from measles, whooping cough and scarlatina, and women who have been recently delivered are specially liable to it when exposed to the contagion — the diptheretic bacillus extremely infectious. Use utmost pre- cautions of disinfection. Treatment: Hot sitz bath, 98° to 110°, until profuse per- spiration. May use a washtub with a block under the back side to tip it forward, the feet in a pail of hot w T ater, and a heavy blanket enveloping all but the head, which is wrapped 454 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. in a cold, wet towel. Increase the heat by adding hot water if necessary. Follow immediately with cool or cold full pack forty-five to ninety minutes if sleep does not come on, if it does, continue until he wakes. Keep room warm until patient is in pack, then ventilate thoroughly and cool. Warm up again before unpacking, throw oft* the blankets, etc., and rub off all moisture with dry towels, then rub with dry hand until the entire skin is dry and velvety. Then wrap throat and chest with wet bandages well fitted, and cover with dry ones of the same shape. Then put in bed with a wet cap on head and dry heat to the feet. Perfect quiet; no visitors. The same nurses with as little change as possible, and no unneces- sary number. Pure air, oxygen if procurable. Hydrogen per- oxide by stomach and rectum, and spray with it and an equal quantity of water often. Then keep the circulation on the surface and at the extremities. If this treatment cannot be throughly carried out, or if something more seems needful (which will rarely be the case), give kali mux. (No. 5), and ferr. phos. (No. 4), twenty-four grains of each in separate glasses, each with one oz of water. One teaspoonful in alternation, one dose every fifteen to thirty minutes. Also gargle with kali mur. fifteen grains in a glass of water every thirty to sixty minutes, and if the membrane persists in forming, alternate with borate of soda (borax) gargle, one teaspoonful to the glass of water. If this is not sufficient, wipe off the mucus, and with a camel's-hair pencil paint the patches with papoid two and one-half drams to the ounce of water, or, powder one-half of a papoid and s. bicarbonate tablet (Johnson and Johnson, and place dry on the tongue every two hours. If the membrane is in the nostrils, dissolve one tablet in one-half cup of warm water, and hold- ing the child's face downward, throw the solution up the nostrils from a syringe. Give whisky and milk for great exhaustion, and warm oil inunctions. If watery vomiting or diarrhoea, or if face is puffy and pale, drowsiness and much saliva, nat. mur. (No. 7.) If vomit is green with bitter taste, nat. sulph. (No. 11.) For exhaustion or prostration, malig- nant symptoms, and all after-affects, kali phos. (No. 6.) If the disease is in the trachea, calc. fluor. (No. 3), in alternation with calc. phos. (No. 1.) Dr. Robert Walter's very successful treatment is: Place an ice bag on the throat, and refill as often as the ice melts, keep the feet warm, empty the bowels by tepid enemas, tepid bath once a day, or tepid body pack one to three hours. No food until appetite craves it, then gruels, fruits and homemade bread. As a substitute for the DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 455 ^whole of the above, twenty to thirty grains every two hours of sulphite of sodium internally, and apply a gargle of chlorate of potassa two drains, hydrochloricacid twenty drops mixed in a well stoppered eight ounce vial, and when decomposed add through a glass funnel two ounces of glycerine and fill with water; apply as often as the mem- brane forms. Tonic treatment in convalescence. Dr. A. Murison's method is to give one part of eucalyptus oil and three parts of almond oil, one teaspoonful of the mixture every hour. Before the mixture is given a gargle of pure oil is used if the child is old enough, and if not a spray instead, and both if it can be managed ; also saturating the shirt and pillow of the patient with pure oil, and placing plates filled with the oil about the room. The ordinary rules of attending to the bowels, giving as much food as possible, securing plenty of pure air by open doors and windows, and maintaining cheer- ful surroundings, are to be observed. If signs of intoxication appear, reduce the dose to one-fourth the quantity. This has proved very suc- cessful. Diet bovinine, or nutritive beef tea, milk and fruit juice. To Prevent Diphtheria : Three grains of kali mur (So. 5) three times a day, or a teaspoonful of listerine after each meal for an adult. False Diphtheria. — Symptoms : Tonsils covered with a yellow, creamy coating, back part of roof of month creamy, tongue moist, creamy or gold colored (consnlt tonsilitis). Cause: Deficiency of alkaline salts in the blood. Treatment: ^s"at. phos. (Xo. 10), three grains every hour. Drowsiness during the day and mental activity at night. Cause: Lack of vascular tone ; cold shower on shoul- ders and back ; nutritive method average or strong ; tonic treat- ment as needed. Hensel's tonicum one to two drams in sweet- ened water in the course of the day. Drunken Stupor. — Pour cold water on the chest. Dislocation. — Bend the joint so the muscles will pull 'the bone in place. If very rigid give lobelia to the point of muscular relaxation, then proceed as above. Diuresis. — Excessive urinary secretions ; urine very lim- pid, pale, with low specific gravity, less than distilled water : often present in neurasthenia, nervous disease, masturbation, debility, loss of flesh. Remove cause. Tonic and alterative treatments as indicated. Secure free action of the skin. Equalize the circulation. Dropsy, Cellular (anasarca). — Cause: Bright's dis- ease, intestinal degeneration, debility, heart disease. Dropsy of Brain (hydrocephalus). — Effusion of ceruni into the cavity of the arachnoid, following inflammation. Symptoms : Enlargement of head with violent pain ; scream- ing, impaired senses, uncertain gait. 456 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Dropsy of the Chest (hydrothorax). — Cause: Pleu- risy, heart disease, poverty of blood. Symptoms : Livid face, swollen face and feet, dullness of chest. Dropsy of Scrotum (hydrocele). — Symptoms: Pear shaped, smooth, fluctuating, transparent, without pain. General Treatment for all Forms: General alterative and tonic treatments according to the case. Apocynum Cannabinum (specific), ten to sixty drops in four ounces of water; a teaspoonful every three hours. Or, three ounces of milk sugar dissolved in two quarts of water, the whole taken in twenty-four hours. Or fl. extract of hair cap moss three ounces, fl. extract apocynum and fl. extract of juniper berries, each one-half ounce. Mix ; one-half to one teaspoonful three or four times a day ; and enough sulphur and cream of tartar dissolved in Holland gin to keep the bowels freely open. Or, oxydendron aborendum one drop before breakfast, two before dinner, three before supper, and so on until eighteen drops are reached, then reverse the process until one drop is reached, then stop. Dropsy, Post-scarlatinal. — Treat as for disease of kidneys. Treat the cause. Better than medication is the full pack two or three times a week, knee shower and shoulder shower each twice a week, local wrap daily on the seat of the disease. Excernent treatment as needed. The following is a broad rule : Dropsy of the feet alone means heart, dropsy of the abdomen alone means liver, and dropsy of all the- body means kidneys. Dysentery. — An epidemic disease due to microbial irri- tation. Cause: Malaria, impure water, especially that con- taining organic matter. Symptoms: The acute catarrhal form is the most frequent. May be dyspepsia or slight abdominal pains, first diarrhoea, with or without pain at first. In about thirty-six hours colicky pain in abdomen and frequent stools with straining. At the beginning fever may be 102°-103°_ Tongue furred and moist, and later becomes glazed and red- Sometimes nausea and vomiting; usually great thirst. At first the stools contain mucus mixed with blood and some f cecal matter, later gelatinous and bloody. May be very fre- quent. In about a week the mucus may become ojmque, not so bloody, and may contain shreds. Fcecal matter appears as the disease subsides. Treatment : Mix four tablespoon fuls of powdered elm bark into a paste in cold water; then add iliree pints of boiling water, cool with DISEASES A.XD THEIR TREATMENT. 457 soine cold water and strain through a coarse towel; repeat until a clear mucilage results. First, give a full colon flush of warm water, containing half of an even teaspoonful of menthymos, or a teaspoon- ful of listerine; after that has been expelled, pass the point of the syringe through a folded cloth, then into the rectum, holding the cloth in position so as to prevent back-flow; then inject two to eight pints or more of the elm mucilage, if an adult, or if a child, one-half of one to three pints according to age; repeat three or four times a day if necessary ; fifteen to thirty drops of laudanum may be added for an adult, if needed in bad cases; repeat as often as pain requires, and foment the abdomen with vinegar and water, equal parts. Should the mucilage not be procurable, irrigate the rectum and colon with cold or even ice water as often as the symptoms require, but very gently so as not to excite instant expulsion. Smooth lumps of ice in the rectum often relieve. Medical: Give a tablespoonful of neutralizing cordial every hour for six hours, unless it operates as a cathartic sooner, then give colon flush Xo. 50 (the elm flush above) as often as pain requires. If neces- sary give ten grains of saltpeter (nitrate of potassa) with ten to fifteen drops of laudanum after each flush, or, if the pain is severe add thirty drops of laudanum to the flush. Keep in bed, with foot of bed elevated eight or ten inches; no food but bovinine or nutritive beef tea and milk, until foecal matter appears, then cautiously go from fluid to semi-solid, then solid diet as strength returns. Great prudence in exercise and diet must be observed, or relapse will occur. Chronic Dysentery: Daily colon flush of hot, slightly salted water, and follow with melted white vaseline or sweet oil retained as long as possible, the patient lying on face with hips elevated. Tepid sitz bath every other day, fifteen minutes; water tread and arm plunge on alternate days. Diet, as to kinds of food, what exx^erience has proved to be best ; as to quantity be guided by the construction of our dietaries. Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation). — Symptoms: Fainting spells, severe pains in pelvic nerves, sometimes com- plete scaling off of the thick mucous membrane lining the womb, pain increasing until it is all expelled by labor-like pains. The flow may be scanty, profuse or normal in quantity. Six forms. 1. Xeuralgiac, from spinal anaemia. 2. Conges- tive, from plethora. 3. Mechanical, from cartilaginous thick- ening of the neck of the uterus. 4. Spasmodic contraction of the neck. 5. Imperforate hymen preventing its escape. Cause : The flow is caused by changes in the lining membrane of the uterus, those changes being attended with an influx of blood causing tension of the blood vessels. The pain is caused by the pressure or by the irritating character of the discharge. 458 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Treatment : 1. General nutritive, tonic and alterative treatments, together with special sexual tonics to increase the nutrition of the undeveloped or atrophied genital organs. Saw palmetto three-fourths to one teaspoonful three times a day for a long time; mustard four drams, lobelia two drams, applied as a hot poultice to the lower spine when pain begins. This form of the disease should be suspected if the bust be undeveloped, especially with the absence of amative feelings. 2. Anti-pletlioric diet; excernent treatment according to case; revul- sive treatment as needed. 3. Surgical, if suppositories or other appli- cations of lobelia fail to relieve. Lobelia suppositories. Three grains lobelia seeds mixed with simple cerate and stiffened with pulverized gum arabic, and made into a cone. Insert one every six to twelve hours into the vagina against the mouth of the uterus, or into the bowel after a colon flush has cleansed it. 4. Mag. phos. three grains four times a day, or nightly retained enema of No. 22, or tinct. cannabis indlca twenty to sixty drops to allay pain. 5. Laceration. Some one of these forms should always be suspected when pain precedes the discharge. In all cases hot colon flush to unload the bowels one or two nights before the flow begins, followed in 1. with a retained enema, No. 6, in 4. with retained enema, No. 22, and in 2. with vaginal injection of hot water. In any case it there is much heat and congestion, ferr. phos. three grains every twenty minutes to two hours. If pain is severe, a retained enema of one-half teaspoonful each of powdered skull cap and lady's slipper in starch water. In bed with heat to feet. Repeat injection every two hours if neuralgia is severe. If there is fever not relieved by ferr. phos., add to the retained enema a fourth of lobelia herb : Hot fomentations of tansy or wormwood over pelvis. Diseased complications treated according to case. For profuse and exhaustive discharge, treat as for profuse menstruation. 6. Cases where there is no impediment to the flow, produced by diseases of the ovary, gouty, rheumatic tendency, digestive derange- ments and the like. In the interval between the periods: Pulsatilla, caulophyllum, and podoph ; one medicine each night for three weeks, then morning, noon, and night, until time for menses; then if there is pain, caul., puis., and cimicifuga, in alternation every one-half hour. If there is excessive flow ipecac, and the tincture thirty drops to one- half pint of hot water injected into the vagina. If there is constipa- tion, mix. in place of puis, in the intermediate treatment. Treat the complications : See ovaritis, gout, rheumatism, dyspepsia, etc. If pain is very severe, apply extract of belladonna to the neck of the uturus if lobelia is not at hand. Dyspepsia (chronic defective digestion). — Its several varieties may be appropriately named from the particular organ or function implicated in each case. Cause: (1.) Supplying to the digestive organs at a time more food than they have fer- ments to digest it with. (2.) Furnishing the food in so great variety that the digestive fluids cannot separate them before chemical fermentation begins. (3.) Mingling foods of such varying digestibility that the more readily digestible exhausts the supply of digesting ferments and leaves the others as an DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 459 irritating load upon the exhausted organs, and source of chem- ical fermentation. " Indigestion is charged by God with enforc- ing morality on the stomach." — Tholemyis. (4.) Defective innervation of the digestive organs preventing the secretion of a proper supply, or deteriorating the quality of the digestive fluids. This innervation may be the result of general exhaus- tion of nerve vitality, or local because of the blood being habit- ually drawn elsewhere. A few General Rules for Dyspeptics. — 1. Eat only when the previous meal has digested, and the stomach has been well rested from the muscular labor involved in the process. 2. Xo severe exercise, strong emotions, bad temper, or great anxiety immediately after a meal, because they divert the circulation and nervous energy into other channels. If these are unavoidable, fast, or if food is required, take a liquid beef preparation or hot milk. o. Hearty suppers are consistent only with outdoor life and long intervals between meals. 4. The thorough mastication of all food into a soft pulp before it is swallowed is important, with the possible exception of fiber-foods in superpepsia. 5. A wineglassful of ice water will reduce the tempera- ture of the stomach thirty degrees, and it will take from one- half to three-fourths of an hour before it will recover its natural warmth, meantime the progress of digestion will have been seriously impeded, and perhaps fermentation set in. Therefore, no cold drinks with food, but freely, if desired, between meals. Apeptic Dyspepsia.— A deficiency of tlie gastric fluid, or of the hydrochloric acid that naturally exists in it. There may be atrophy of the mucous membrane of the stomach, or the deficiency may arise from carcinoma, or cartarrh of the stomach, or from severe nervous depression. Treatment : If there be atrophy, treat as for atrophy. If the case be simply one of deficient acid, the symptoms are — indigestion; load in the stomach; headache; impaired or deranged appetite. Diet: Xo. 20 taken at two meals, or Xo. 13, taking a portion every two hours for a short period only, if at work. Alkalies in contact with acid-secreting membranes stimulate the acid secretion. Therefore a mild alkaline drink or powder taken just before meals is often effectual. Peptonize fiber-foods, because two percent, of pepsin will digest food in one-third the time that 0.125 per cent. will. Or muriate of liydrastine and pepsin, each one dram, one pint of water, and one of whisky. One tablespoon- ful in a glass of hot water after meals. Xo drink with meals. Or nitro- muriate acid, three to six drops in a glass of water after meals. Pro- tect the teeth. 460 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. An Acid Form: Apeptic dyspepsia sometimes occurs in which the natural lactic acid stage of digestion is unduly prolonged in conse- quence of the deficiency of hydrochloric acid; or the lactic acid becomes excessive because of the transformation of the grape sugar into lactic acid. Symptoms : Acid eructations an hour or more after meals, aggravated by milk and sweets. Treatment: Supply the deficient hydrochloric acid. Dilute hydro- chloric acid one ounce, saccharated pepsin two drams, glycerine six ounces, soft water one pint. Dose, one tablespoonful after meals in one- fourth glass of water. Hot water one-half pint slowly sipped half an hour before meals to stimulate the gastric follicles. Diet without milk. No. 51. To neutralize the acidity, make two and one-half grains of magnesia into a lozenge with gum arabic, and let it dissolve in the mouth. Natram phos. three to six grains, three to six times a day. Forty per cent, of brandy, whisky, or gin, extends the period of stomach digestion three-fold, while fifty per cent, almost entirely prevents it (Roberts.) Thus favoring the formation of the acids of chemical fermentation. 2. Atonic Dyspepsia.— From partial paresis or over-distent ion of the walls of the stomach, impairing the muscular tone and debilitating the contractions of the organ. Symptoms: hame as Apeptic, with the addition of a lifeless feeling of the stomach ; may be sour and contain much gas ; tongue pallid, or coated white or yellow. Treatment: Avoid stretching the stomach by full meals. Eat con- centrated foods like Bovinine, Mosquera's beef meal, eggs, etc. Take fluids sparingly. General tonic treatment, hydrastine. A dash of cold water against the stomach twice daily. If there be paresis, use capsi- cum freely on food, and nutritive treatment as needed. Pepsin to aid digestion until improvement is decided. If this be the only form of dyspepsia suffered, eat starchy foods, and what nitrogenous foods are taken should be in the forms already named. Hot water one-half hour before meals to improve the circulation and nutrition of the stomach. The thermo-galvanic battery thirty to sixty minutes daily. Mountain climbing or sea bathing. Lloyd's hydrastis and water, of each two ounces; Tinct. mix vomica, twenty drops; fi. ext. podophyllum, thirty- drops. One teaspoonlul before meals. After meals, one teaspoonfiil of saccharated pepsin sixty-four grains, glycerine three ounces, water five ounces, hydrochloric acid ten drops. 3. Gastric Dyspepsia.— Chronic irritable condition of the stomach with soreness on pressure (chronic gastritis). Sy7nptoms: Appetite lost ; habitual thirst; burning; dull pain, often a sickish, distressed feeling; may be vomiting; slight feverishness; palms and soles burn; slight hectic ; hot, disagreeable breath ; emaciation ; nervous and melancholy* Treatment: Revulsive treatment to suit the conditions. Rest, avoid worry, sleeplessness, and unventilated rooms. Alterative and tonic treatments as fast as the revulsive restores the balance of the circula- tion. In general, eat milk, bovinine, soft boiled eggs, toast, etc., but the solids should be sparingly used, and most of the food such as is digested below the stomach; no more to be eaten at one time than can be retained. As soon as digested and the stomach rested, eat again. Rub the stomach gently with olive oil morning and evening with the hand heated. Keep bowels open with colon flush. Sip a glass of hot water an hour before each meal and at bedtime. In bad cases give nutrient enemas. Ferr. phos., three grains, three to six times a day, or hydro- chloric acid, dilute ten to thirty drops in four ounces of water, two teaspoon f'uls every two hours. The remedy is indicated whenever the tongue is deep red in color, and is dry and constricted, as these are the DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 461 signs of undue alkalinity of the blood. A brownish coated tongue also requires it. Give a tea of the leaves and bark of last year's peach twigs. Diet, Nos. 10 or 14, until very much improved, then Nos. 22, 23, 24 and 25 in order, if necessary. 4. Superpepsia, or excessive hydrochloric acid in the gastric fluid. Above .4 per cent, or below .08 per cent, is abnormal. Symp- toms: Sour stomach immediately after eating without regard to sweets; burning and soreness of stomach; may be too quick digestion ; hungry before meal time, and must eat or the stomach burns ; but the digestion of starchy foods is hindered because the excess of acid neutralizes the flow of saliva, and that of fats is deficient because the bile is precipitated. Treatment: Acids brought in contact with acid-secreting membranes decrease the acid secretion. Therefore an acid before meals, nitro- hydrochloric acid three to six drops in one-half glass of water. Pro- tect the teeth. Alkalies only give temporary relief. Seek to correct all abnormal action by hygienic methods. Eat little salt. If the stomach burns, protect its membranes by diluting the acid with albuminous food or drink rather than by alkalies. Diet: Nos. 20, or 31 or 33, as best suits. Pepsin injurious; easily digested foods to be avoided. 5. Apancreatic Dyspepsia, deficient pancreatic secretion.— Symp- toms: Not generally constipated; gas in colon increased by eating milk, fats and starchy foods ; bloat just below the stomach; may be pain in colon or small intestines, usually an hour or more after eating; may be palpitation or heart pain from gas pressure ; headache ; irrita- bility, etc. Treatment : It is doubtful whether this secretion is often deficient except as the result of some general derangement of the system, or as a local effect from the action of poisons resulting from constipation. Therefore, correct the general abnormality, and especially remove inaction of the bowels by full colon flushes of hot water. Berberine (alk.) one-sixth to three "grains before meals as a stimulant to the gland, or sulphuric ether for the same purpose, ten drops in water. One to four grains of pancreatin in capsule one-half to one hour after each meal to aid digestion. Diet No. 33, or peroxide of hydrogen (Oak- land Chemical Co's.,) one teaspoonfui in water after meals. In general reduce the starches, peptonize the proteids and panceatinize the fats. The pancreatic digestion of starch is prohibited by twenty per cent, of alcoholic drink. (Roberts.) Therefore avoid them. 6. Abiliary Dyspepsia, from deficient bile.— Symptoms: Consti- pation from dryness of the membranes of the bowels, and deficient peristaltic stimulation; may be alternated with diarrhoea; flatulence from decomposition because of lack of the anti-septic action of the bile; liver symptoms predominate, sleej)y, bad taste mornings, food regurgitates, heartburn, furred tongue, loss of appetite; headache; pain in region of liver; stools clay colored, or hard, and may be lumpy and almost black. Treatment: Liver pack thirty minutes daily of water, one-fourth cider vinegar. Alterative treatment as needed. Papoid one dram, podophyllum two grains, hydrastine two grains, extract hyosciamus one scruple. Make into twenty pills, and take one before each meal, or purified ox-gall five to ten grains after each meal and keep bowels open with hot colon flush. Extract of butternut bark freely. Discrim- 462 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ination must be made between deficient secretion of bile and sufficient secretion held back by clogged gall ducts. The following medicines increase the secretion : Dandelion, yellow parilla, blue Hag and podophyllum in small doses; chionantlms, sanguinarin, leptandrin? euonymus. The following open the gall-ducts : Chionanthus, butternut, purified ox-gall, yellow parilla, blue flag and podophyllum in larger doses; phytolaccin, sanguin- arin, bitter root, euonymus. With these at hand there is no excuse whatever for the use of the dangerous mercurials in any form in liver troubles. What some of these, in conjunction with the colon flush, cannot safely do, cannot be done by the murderous calomel. 7. Duodenal Dyspepsia (catarrhal).— Both pancreatic and bile secretions defective, and having the symptoms of both probably inten- sified. Symptoms: Tongue coated, bad taste in the morning, may be fetid breath, urine high colored or clouded; sweets and starches cause bloating and pain; palpitation or heart pain from upward pressure of gas. Heartburn from the acrid fumes of butyric acid. Treatment: Foods that are mainly digested in the stomach— meat, fish, eggs and milk. Two meals a day. See treatment for catarrh. Hydrogen peroxide, one teaspoonful after meais. Wear abdominal compress several hours daily. Asofoetida two grains three times a day for flatulence, or oil of cajeput five to twenty drops on sugar. Papoid after meals, three to five grains ; if there is acidity, add soda bicarbonate ten grains. Or, one to three pancrobilin pills after meals, or five to ten grains of purified ox-gall. Five grains of sub-gallate of bismuth after meals sometimes effective when other remedies fail. One teaspoonful a day of creosote carbonate is very efficient, but medicines must not be expected to take the place of the hygienic measures advised for the general catarrhal condition. With much wind- pain, Lloyd's hydrastis one ounce, tincture dioscorea three drains, tincture podo- phyllum one dram, water two ounces. A teaspoonful every four hours, or Lloyd's hydrastis four ounces, bismuth subnitrate two drains, lactopeptin four drams, tincture podophyllum two drams, water to make one pint. One teaspoonful before and after meals. If there be bloating, belching and cramps— an emetic of lukewarm water, then three doses of podophyilin one-fiftieth to one-eighth grain one hour apart, then a dose night and morning for a month or more. If the tongue be dirty white, a full dose of phosphate of soda, followed by one-fourth dose every second day for three times, then eat it on food in place of salt. Diet: No. 19, or 24, or 34 as best may agree. The force foods should be in the form of rice and cooked fruits. When there is flatulence, the vise of ale and beer increase it, because of the quantity of fixed air in them, and also because the yeast in them aids the fermentation of the food. 8. Intestinal Dyspepsia. — Deficient intestinal secretion, or catarrhal condition of bowels with diminished normal absorption. Symptoms: Lack of nutrition and bowel disturbance of various sorts. Treatment : Rub the bowels twice a day with a tincture of smart- weed and sassafras, made as follows: Mix a strong tea of sassafras bark with an equal part of a tea of smartweed, made by infusing it twenty minutes in a covered vessel of half vinegar and half water; do not boil. Body pack twice a week; water tread daily; colon flush three times a week; catarrhal treatment, alterative and tonic treat- DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 463 ments as needed. Berberis a qui folium fl. extract fifteen drops in water, or hydrastine (alk.) one-sixth to one-half grain, or cascara sag- ruda fl. extract ten to thirty drops in water, or emetine (alk.) one- one-hundred-thirty-fourth to one-sixty-seventh grain to increase the intestinal secretions. Avoid starches and sweets until cured; use glycerine for sweetenings. One to three pancrohilin pills, or ox-gall purified five to ten grains, before meals; boneset and red raspberrydeaf tea, and red pepper freely on food; papoid or peptenzyme, or ingluvin as a digestant. A glass of hot water before rising, retir- ing and before dinner and supper, followed by the ball rolling over the stomach and bowels for five minutes. Finish five to ten minutes before the meal. Pan- creatinize milk and avoid malt preparations and cane sugar. Diet No. 25 or 31. 9. Complete Dyspepsia, stomach, duodenal and intestinal.— Symptoms: A combination of all the foregoing dyspepsias excluding the necessary absence of those arising from opposite conditions, e. g. t if there is deficient gastric acid, there cannot at the same time, be an excess of it. Treat as for anaemia as far as its want of assimilation requires. Treat as for catarrh when catarrhal symptoms prevail; as for neuras- thenia and nervous debility when their symptoms are prominent; as for the individual dyspepsias, when their symptoms are pronounced. Papoid one-half dram, pancreatin one-half dram, soda-bicarbonate two drams, made into twelve powders; one after each meal, or papoid and soda bicarbonate, one or two tablets after meals, as digestants. The thermo-galvanic battery thirty to sixty minutes daily. Molecular Dyspepsia, from ulcerous or cancerous affections of the stomach. — Treat the ulcers or cancer. Diets Xo. 5 to 13 as preferred, or No. 17 if required. Nervous Dyspepsia, deficient nervous energy to excite the secre- tion of the digestive fluids.— May manifest itself in any of the forms of dyspepsia named, except superpepsia. Stop all drains upon the nervous system by overwork, anxiety, care, sexual excesses, tobacco, chloral, morphine, etc. Sleep much and once in the daytime, but not after meals. Rest often; live in the open air. Treat for nervous debility and the particular dyspepsia concerned. Bouliinic Dyspepsia,— An unnatural, craving appetite from a per- version of the natural appetite for food.— Differs from the craving of superpepsia in that it does not express a real need, and is a symptom only of some form of dyspepsia. Calc. fleur, three grains three to five times a day. Ascertain the variety to which it belongs and treat that. Dyspnoea (Difficult breathing). — Symptomatic in asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, consumption, etc. Fl. extract of quebracho two and one-half drams, mucilage of gum arabic one ounce, soft water five ounces. One to two teaspoonfuls a day regularly. Fifteen to forty drops of fl. extract when the diffi- culty occurs: or. aspidospermine (alk. from quebracho), one- 464 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. twelfth grain every fifteen minutes until relieved ; or terebene fifteen drops every four hours ; may be increased. Ear Diseases. — Earache. — Hot foot bath, and dry heat to the ear. Hop bag wrung out of hot water and applied, or bran bag heated in the oven and applied. The heart of a roasted onion placed hot in the outer ear ; tobacco smoke blown from the stem end of a pipe into the ear ; should not be used often nor for a long time. FIG. 65. M, Concha, outer ear; G, External auditory meatus; T, Tympanis or drum membrane; T, Cavity. From T to o is the chain of tympanic bones; R, Eustachian tube; V-B-S, Bony labyrinth; V, Vestibule ; B, Semicircular canal ; 8, Cochlea; b, s, s, Membraneous semicircular canal and vestibule; A, Auditory nerve dividing into branches for vestibule, semicircular canal, and cochlea. If there are evidences of inflammation, revulsive method average to very strong as needed. Hardening method suited to the case to protect against other attacks. For burning, throbbing pain, ferrum, phos. Purely nervous, mag. phos. Head vapor. One part of menthol in twenty parts of oil of sweet almonds often brings almost instantaneous relief when dropped in the ear. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 465 Homeopathic: If the ear is red or that side of head is hot, bell, and baptisia in alternation, every hour or less, and the head steamed or fomented. If chronic and occurs on change of weather, especially if worse at night in bed, mere. If from shock or blow, arnica. Deafness : Impairment of the sense of hearing may come from : 1. Stoppage of the eustachian tube, the function of which is to admit the air to the back of the ear drum (see R, Fig. 65), just as the orifice in a military drum admits air to its interior and thus makes the head reso- nant when it is struck. If that be stopped the sound is dead. So with the ear. See Fig. 65, F. 2. Thickening of the drum diminishes the sharpness of its vibra- tions, and thus prevents the transfer of the sound to the tiny bones within the tym panic cavity (the inner ear). See T to o Fig. 65. FIG. 66. Tympanic cavity C C\ and its bones considerably magnified; G, the inner end of the external auditory meatus, closed internally by the conical tympanic mem- brane ; Z, the malleus or hammer bone ; H, the incus, or anvil bone ; S, the stapes or stirrup bone. 3. The mobility of the chain of bones designed to convey the sound to the auditory- nerve may be diminished by inflammation, or even the bones themselves destroyed by ulceration. See L, H, S, Fig. 66. 4. The sensibility of the auditory nerve may be impaired by over- strained nervous conditions or extinguished by local paralysis. See A, Fig. 65. Treatment : 1. Head vapor. Force the air through the tube by hold- ing the nose, closing the mouth and blowing until a crackling noise or sense of pressure in the ear shows that the air has penetrated. Deaf ness from swollen eustachian tubes, kali. lnur. For swollen glands or membranes of the throat or ear, the same. 30 466 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. 2. Head vapor once a week. Head ablution daily with very careful drying of the hair. Two or three drops of pure mullein oil dropped upon the drum twice a day. 3. Same as 2, with daily water tread. Mustard back of ears. With swelling of the cavity, kali, sulph. With swollen cavities and watery discharge, natr. mur. 4. Improve nervous condition. If paralysis, treat as such. Deaf- ness from weak auditory nerve, magna, phos. With noise in ear from nervous exhaustion, kali. phos. Ear, Foreign Substances in. — Place the pipe of a tightly working syringe against the substance and draw back the piston so as to suck the object firmly as the syringe is withdrawn. To poultice the ear, first fill the external auditory canal (see G, Fig. 65), with lukewarm water, the head resting on the unaffected side upon the pillow. Then a large flaxseed poultice is applied over the ear as hot as can be borne. The column of water is thus kept warm and acts as a conductor of heat between the poultice and the inflamed surface. Ulceration: Pus, dirty, yellow, offensive, kali phos. With thin yel- low, watery matter, kali, sulph. With swollen glands in scrofulous- children calc. phos. Discharge of thick and sometimes bloody matter,, calc. sul. General remedy : Mullein oil three or four drops twice a day in the ear. Ear, Wax in. — Pure peroxide of hydrogen warmed in a water bath sprayed into the ear for about five minutes ; remove with ear-spoon; cleanse with a little more of the spray; or boric acid fifty-five grains, -glycerine one and one-half ounce, distilled water one and one-half ounce. Warm and drop into the ear with a pipette, several times a day. This softens the waxy secretion which can then be removed by syringing with warm water. Eczema. — See skin diseases. Elephantiasis. — See skin diseases. Elevator Dizziness. — Brought on by the stoppage of the elevator car. Place the head and shoulders against the car frame. Emaciation. — When not due to fatal organic disease, may usually be corrected by a diet of kumys or kaffir. Kaffir ferment for home manufacture may be had of any whole- sale druggist. Embolism; a thick, clotty condition of the blood; Cause: malarial or other poisons, non-aeration of the blood, defective action of the liver, skin, congestion of the lungs, and disease of the supra-renal DISEASES AXI) THEIR TREATMENT. 467 Capsules. Symptoms: Blueness of the ears, nose, lips, nails, peculiar sensations about the heart, fainting fits, etc., etc.; the bacillus indican in the blood. Treatment: Avoid iron and mineral acids. Carbonate of ammonia five grains with bicarbonate of potassa five to ten grains every two hours. Oxygen freely. Empyema. — See pleurisy, chronic. Emphysema. — Dilatation and may be coalescence of the air cells of the lungs. This is vesicular, while inter-lobular is an infiltration of air into the tissues of the lungs. Caust : Inter-lobular ; violent coughing, or straining, or puncture of the lungs. Vesicular; bronchitis, impaired nutrition, pneu- monia, consumption, pleurisy, excessive strains. Symptoms :■ Debility, short and difficult breathing, distress, feeble expec- toration of frothy spittle, dusky countenance, weak voice. loss of flesh and strength, temperature eighty-five degrees^ pulse fifty to sixty, respiration about twelve, constipation, asthma, barrel-shaped chest, slight movement of the intercostal muscles in breathing. Treatment : Mainly palliative in the inter-lobular form. No severe muscular efforts, or strained inspiration or expiration; warm flannel clothing; generous proteid diet; open air life; avoid overloading stomach. Medical : One grain each of lobelia, quinine, and hyosciamus, three times daily; quebracho for the difficult breathing; Hensel's toni- cirm as an iron tonic ; climate as for chronic bronchitis or asthma. Endocarditis, Acute (inflammation of the lining mem- brane of the heart). — Symptoms : Palpitation, dyspnoea and pain. Pulse increased and is full and strong. May have fever. Face flushed and looks anxious. Respiration is accelerated. May have anorexia and gastric disturbances. Chronic dys- pnoea on exertion, also palpitation. Pain of a piercing charac- ter occasionally. Headache, pain in shoulders, and over body. Digestion disturbed. Heart's action irregular. Skin may be bluish : chronic congestion of liver, spleen, and kidneys. Cause: Acute — Infective from emboli as in rheumatism, tuberculosis, blood poison, etc. Chronic — May follow the acute, or recurrent attacks «f rheumatism arthritis deforinaus. From repeated irritations, as use of alcohol, nicotine, tobacco in excess, poison of syphilis or immod- erate muscular exercise. It may follow chronic inflammation of the kidneys. Treatment: Perfed rest of mind and body; diet nutritious ; ascertain and treat the cause; flannel clothing; avoid all causes of nervous debility and all stimulation ; protect surface from cold ; passiflora incar- nata as a sedative, revulsive treatment as needed. 468 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Enlarged Veins. — See pregnancy. Enteritis (inflammation of the large intestines).— Cause: Uterine disease ; nervous states ; local irritations. Symptoms : Depression, headache, hysteria, colic pains around the navel, worse by pressure, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, rigors, fever, pinched features, buff-coated tongue, and great restlessness and prostration. Muco-enteritis : Inflammation of the mucous coat alone, with diarrhoea. Treat as for enteritis. Peritoneal and Muscular Coat Inflamed : Obstinate constipation, patient on back, knees drawn up, delirium, vomiting highly offensive matter. Treatment: First, a cleansing colon flush followed by the elm bark mucilage, as for dysentery, cool or cold. Repeat as often as fever or pain increases. Cool compress on abdomen; feet wrapped in flannel, wet in vinegar and water, covered warmly, re-wet as often as dry^ arms and chest sponged often to keep down fever; cold water as often as desired in small quantities ; or Medical: Turpentine over the abdomen; and water four ounces, tinct. of aconite thirty drops, tinct. of white bryonia one dram. Mix. One teaspoonful every hour until relieved. Warm water enemas with twenty to thirty drops of laudanum in each. Homeopathic: Aconite, arsenicum and baptisia in rotation every one-half hour until better, then at longer intervals. Drink frequently and copiously of hot water. If vomiting is severe, bowels loose, and pain burning, tart, emetic; cold wet cloths covered with two or three thicknesses of warm, dry flannel over whole abdomen, and heat to feet. After the acute inflammation has subsided, open the bowels with injec- tion, or with mix three times a day. Chronic Enteritis : Usually located in a single spot, indicated by soreness. Pure mucous stools indicate the sigmoid flexure as the loca- tion. Hardened lumps in mucous point to the colon as the seat of the disease. Treatment: Sitz bath every other night; chest and abdomen ablu- tion with water and vinegar twice a day ; the elm bark mucilage enema two or th ree times a week. Medical : Virginia stone crop in alternation with aromatic sulphuric acid and compound tincture of chinchona. Enteralgia (neuralgia of the intestines). — Cause: Irri- tants, improper food, hardened f ceces, foreign bodies, flatulence, cold, cathartics, reflex irritation, lead, copper, etc. Symptoms: Griping about umbilicus, hands on abdomen, vomiting, eructa- tions of gas, pulse small and weak, surface cool, abdomen hard or retracted, rarely tender, urine abundant and pale. Treat- merit : Remove cause ; caecal flush of valerian or scullcap tea ; bowel fomentation of hops, and see neuralgia. Enteric Fever. — See fevers. Entozoa. — See worms. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 469 Epilepsy (falling sickness). — Paroxysmal convulsions, "usually preceded by nervousness, confusion, drowsiness, cold- ness, griping, flash of light or some other disorder. Cause : Intemperance of parents, anything that can cause a weakened patch of brain structure; immediate cause may be a reflex irri- tation from worms, piles, masturbation, uterine derangement. or a direct irritation from a germ in the blood. Symptoms: Epileptic cry, head thrown back, hands clinched, first pallor, then a dusky look caused by contraction of the chest muscles obstructing respiration, then intermittent twitching and contrac- tions, especially of the face, eyes roll, tongue maybe bitten, mouth troths, breathing is noisy, then follows a deep sleep that may last for hours. Treatment: Loosen clothing; protect the tongue by placing a cork between the teeth; hot lobelia enema; remove the cause; gen- eral alterative and tonic methods; sambul in alternation with large doses of passiflora incarnata to keep off the fits; tinct. of oats and aro- matic phosphates to repair the brain lesion ; compound oxygen to keep nerves un excitable ; diet suited to the constitutional requirements. Enuresis: Incontinence of f>i«c may be first, from nervous weak- ness of the sphincter muscle; second, irritation of the lining mem- brane of the bladder; third, reflex irritation from worms, etc. Treatment : First, for nerves, kali. phos. Second, irritability of the «-oat, ferrum phos. Third, reflex irritation, natr. phos. Rhus aromatica five to fifteen drops three or four times a day. Child should empty bladder before retiring. If the trouble persists, notice whether it occurs at about the same hour; if so, arouse him with an alarm clock the hour before for the purpose of urination. Every night set the clock a little later. See that his feet are warm on retiring, and never allow him to get into a very cold bed, nor drink much late in the day. Enure- sis-sennile: Fluid extract of rhus aromatica twenty drops in water four times a day. Electrical treatment for children: Positive at the feet and treat all over; then positive at the small of the back and negative on the perineum, pubes and genitals three or five minutes, three or four times a week. Epistaxis (bleeding from the nose). — To prevent — head ablution, and upper shower three times a week. To stop — .press a clothespin down astride the nose. Put a cold cloth to the base of the brain. Raise the arms above the head. Spray a solution of perchloride of iron tip the nostrils, or pack them with cotton saturated with it. Spray far back with peroxide of hydrogen. With throbbing temples and red face and eyes, bell. With fever, alternate aconite witli the bell. In females and chil- dren with habitual nosebleed, puis, and pod. alternated night and morning. To stop the bleeding, arnica every one-half hour, or hania- melis. If caused by over-exertion, rhus. Id late stage of fever, rhus. and phos. 470 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Erysipelas (an infectious and contagious inflammation of the skin and cellular tissue beneath). — Cause: Damp, dirty, ill-ventilated dwellings, local injury, anything that can throw out of the blood a portion of the organic matters designed to build tissues. These organic matters under such conditions, become non-functional, foreign, irritative, and break down into the microbe streptococcus. Symptoms : Chilliness, loss of appe- tite, muscular pains, restlessness, fever, oppressed respiration. Inflamed skin, usually bright red, sometimes yellowish, or pinkish, and puffy. Body hot and dry, tongue coated, stools often green, small vesicles often on skin. Acute : With heat, redness, fever and pain, ferrum phos. With ves- icles, kali mur. in alternation with ferr. phos. With blisters, kali sulph. With smooth, red, shiny, tingling, or painful swelling, natr. phos. Homeopathic : For the simple, bell, and aconite in alternation. For the vesicular, rims tox and bell, in alternation. For phlegmonous (when the cellular tissue is involved), bell., rhus. and apis mel. one hour apart. Cover with dry flour, eat sparingly, keep temperature at sixty- five to seventy degrees. Germicidal : Keep constantly wet with a saturated solution of bore- glyceride covered with oiled silk. Internally, brewer's yeast, resorcia five grains three times a day; or ichtliyol one dram to the ounce of soft water, painted on every four hours. Or, paint over and around the infected area ichthyol, two drams, ether two drams, collodion four drams. Many times fomentations of lobelia, or a poultice of cranberries and powdered elm or flour, or of dried hop yeast will cure. The eruption may be limited by bounding it with tiiiet. of iodine, nitrate of silver, or a narrow strip of fly blis- ter. Dr. H. Kraell (Therapeutische Monatsch), encircles the head with an elastic band to be retained at the edge of the hair until the swelling and bluish-red color have disappeared from this artificial border, and thus prevents infection of the scalp. Erythema, — See skin diseases. Eyes, Diseases of. — For blindness from disease of- retina, see amaurosis. For dim, red edged, discharging, a pinch of aloe powder in a cup of hot water; stand till cool and wash eyes within and without three or four times a day. Granular Lids : Pulverize sixteen Jequirity beans and stand twenty-four hours in eight ounces of water. Then add eight ounces of hot water, cool and filter at once. Brush on inner surface of lids. — De Wecker. This is severe, but effective. A milder way is to drop into the eyes twice a day peroxide of hydrogen in an equal part of distillation DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 471 of witch-hazel. Or, tinct. of iodide of potassa five to twenty-five drops to the ounce of clean rain water. Must not be strong enough to inflame. Ectropion and Entropion : The former is eversion of the eyelids, so that they do not close; the latter a turning in of the lids; both affec- tions are usually the result of effusion of lymph. Apply boroglyceride paste to the lid daily. If this does not relieve consult a surgeon. Inflammation of the Cornea (Keratitis): Nearly one-half of all eve dis- tlect the cornea. Very important because if its transparency or wrvature is modified, the vision is impaired. See Fig 67 Inflamma- tion or ulceration Symptoms : Dull, deep seated pain in the eve, intol- eranee ot light, abundant tears, minute blood vessels in edjie of cornea and in sclerotic coat. See Fig. 67. Treatment: Build up the general TENDON OF RECTOS CH.IARY PROCESSES CIRCULAR 5 N.5 CAHAL OF PETIT FIG. 67. SECTION OF AX EYEBALL. health. Protect the eye from all light that pains, dnst, wind, tobacco smoke, etc. Desist from use on near-by objects. Revulsive method strong or very strong. Inflammation of forma (Phlyctenular Keratitis): Scrofulous keratitis ■ Minute bladders on the eyes of poorly fed children. Are soon covered' with blood vessels, or change to ulcers with swelling of lids and intol- erance ot light. The discharge differs from that of ophthalmia (which m that it is water, not matter. treatment: Same as keratitis, with the addition of alterative and tonic methods strong as case will bear. Keratitis syphilitic: When one or both parents are syphilitic, the children may Inherit the disease of the cornea. Treatment : As for syphilis inflammation. Ophthalmia, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye— pink eye, acute conjunctivitis.— Contagions and infections. Symp- toms: Redness, intolerance ( >f light, sensation of sand in ihe eve muco «>r sero-pumlent discharge. Cause: Colds, wet. irritating snb- stances, excessive nse. Treatment: Real Hie eye; protect it from all light that pams or gives uneasy sensations, (old dripping compress 472 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. very thin. Avoid poultices; revulsive treatment average to very strong. At the beginning a head vapor, followed a few hours later by a hot foot bath, will cut short the attack. Medical: Lloyd's hydrastis four drams, Lloyd's belladonna twenty drops, distilled water three and one-half ounces. Apply on absorbent cotton, and three times a day drop into the eye three drops of Lloyd's hydrastis four drams, Lloyd's ergot one dram, distilled water three and one-half ounces. Clean rain water may be used in place of distilled water. Chronic : Lobelia and golden seal tea, three or four drops in the eye three or four times a day. Infantile Ophthalmia: Usually begins from two to four days after birth. Cause: Cold, light, irritating soaps or some secretion from the skin. Symptoms: Spasmodic closure of lids, lids stick together, hard crusts on edge of lids and conjuctiva swollen full with transparent, yellowish colored serum and mucous; later muco-purulent matter. Treatment: Great care lest the pus inoculate the other eye; darken the room; open bowels with enemas; control fever with spongings and packs; wash out the eye every hour with a saturated solution of boroglyceride, and keep same applied all the time; drop into the eye three or four drops of a solution of atropia after each washing, two- grains to one ounce of water. If improvement does not occur immedi- ately, call physician. Purulent Ophthalmia: Cause: Overcrowding in workshops, jails, etc. Symptoms: Same as simple ophthalmia, with profuse muco- purulent discharge, prostration, rigors, violent fever, agonizing pain r great swelling, if not arrested, extensive sloughing. Treatment: Bed in well ventilated, dark, disinfected room ; boroglyceride and atropia as for infantile; cooling method, average to very strong; colon flush; diaphoretic method, average to strong; quinine three to five grains every four hours; nutritive treatment strong; sulphonal enough to insure sleep at bedtime; blisters to the nape of the neck; alterative and tonic treatment in convalescence. In purulent ophthalmia: Dis- charge yellowish green, give kali mur. Golden yellow cream, natr. phos. ; white, kali mur; yellow, purulent, kali sal.; thick yellow pus r calc. sul., silica. Gonorrheal Ophthalmia: Cause: Inoculation. Treatment: Same as for purulent, only more prompt and heroic. Tubercular Ophthalmia: Common from first to tenth year. Symp- toms: No soreness, sensations of sand, nor purulent discharge^ but great intolerance of light, spasmodic contractions of lids, secretion of hot tears. Treatment: Protect with green shade; keep applied a wash of salt water strong enough to barely feel it; frequently destroy the cloths; emetic twice a week for six weeks of half teaspoon fill of the wine of ipecac every five minutes until thorough vomiting, after drinking freely of tepid bicarbonate of potassa water; flannel cloth- ing; bowels kept open with flushes; nutritive diet; alterative and tonic treatment as needed. Granular Ophthalmia: Inflamed mucous follicles like grains of sago. Treatment : Alterative and tonic locally ; solutions of iodide of potassa five to twenty-five grains to the ounce, brushed over the eye; must not be strong enough to produce irritation; nutritive treatment; warm clothing. Rheumatic Ophthalmia: The bacillus amylobacta of rheumatism lodging in the sclerotic coat of the eye. Symptoms: Sharp lancinat- ing pains in eye and side of head; fever, white of the eye a pale red. intolerance of light, contracted pupil, dim vision, watery or serous discharge, no sensations of sand, soreness, rawness, nor muco-purulent discharge; always worse at night. Treatment: General as for rheu- matism; atropia solution morning and night; warm bag of camo- mile flowers applied dry to the eye. Exhaustion. — Recumbent position, warmth. Hot milk, hot coffee, hot beef tea if nutrition is good, if not, hot nutri- tive beef tea, or beef cacao; or clam broth followed with egg coffee. DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 473 Foeces, Impacted. — Cause: Old age, paralysis, seden- tary habits and neglect of defecation, deficiency of rectal mucus- Symptoms: Uneasiness and distention of rectum with inability to expel its contents. Treatment: Injections of warm flax- seed tea and oil, or of warm glycerine. Xot successful, dilate the sphincter and break up the mass with an iron spoon handle and repeat the enemas. Give them in knee chest position, or with hips elevated. Fainting' (swooning, syncope, sudden overwhelming depression of the hearts action, by reason of which the blood is not sent to the brain, and consciousness is lost). — Cause: Anything that arrests the contraction of the heart, lack of blood in hemorrhage, poisons, excess of emotion of any kind, lightning, blows on pit of stomach, even the association of painful ideas, and particular idiosyncrasies, as from the fra- grance of the rose, etc. Treatment : Lie on back, head lower than heart, loosen dress about the chest, dash cold water into the face, slap chest over heart, apply weak ammonia to nostrils, and if unsuccessful give an enema of four tablespoonf uls of hot whisky or brandy in as much water. Falling- Sickness. — See epilepsy. Farcy and Glanders. — A malignant, contagious microbial disease called glanders when confined to the nose, and farcy when the lymphatics are infiltrated. (Exists as an epidemic under the name epizooty.) Cause : Unsanitary con- ditions and infection. Symptoms : Farcy.— A spreading ulcer with a Laid base and a crop of smaller ulcers close by, langour, dibility, rigors, fever, glands- swell. Glanders.— Secretion of a thin, tough mucus, followed by swell- ing and redness, then pustules, ulceration of the skin, nasal cartilages- and bones. Death occurs from pyaemia and exhaustion. Treatment: The same for man or horse. Douche the nostrils three times a day with peroxide of hydrogen, full strength or half water, and give teaspoonful doses every four hours to a man. Open enlarged and painful glands, and syringe with the peroxide and dress with glycozone. Favus. — See skin diseases. Feet, Blistered. — Rub the blistered spot gently for some time on retiring with spirits mixed with tallow dropped from a candle into the palm of the hand. Or, take common 474 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. baking soda, dampen the surface of the blister, and apply fre- quently during the day. To prevent, bathe the feet a few minutes only every evening, wipe and rub in neat's-foot oil. Feet, Frosted (see chillblain). — Acid carbolic one dram, tincture iodine two drams, acid tannic one ounce, simple ointment four ounces ; mix. Apply twice a day FIG. 08. Feet, Perspiring- — Daily water tread; barefoot as much as practicable ; wash daily with a strong tea of oak bark ; avoid clothing the feet too warmly. Feet, Malodorous. — Shirt wrap twice a week, daily sponge bath and water tread ; wrap the feet every night for one-half hour in bandages wrung out of hot hay or oat straw DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 475 tea. with cold ablution afterward. Dust a very little menthy- mos in the stockings. Or, bathe the feet with equal parts of peroxide of hydrogen and water, and take one-hall teaspoonful three times a day until cured. Feet, Tender. — Treat as for perspiring feet. Wear hygienic shoes as in figures 68. D Fshow soles of the "Meyer" -hoe. it represents the axis of an ordinary shoe, s that of the -•Meyer" shoe, while the dotted line is the same shoe with a broader toe. C is a foot nearly normal, but M shows that the axis of the toe does not correspond with the axis of the foot as it should. A and B are ordinary distortions of the FIG. 69. ieet. The dotted line in A shows how great is the divergence from the correct form. Fig 69 outlines a pair of soles suitable for the relief of bunions. Nails Ingrowing: Causes: Too narrow shoes and faulty manner of cutting the nails. The nail is bent down at its edge and the flesh crowded up over the nail. Inflames, enlarges and ulcerates. Treat- Widen the shoe, leave the nail uncut, stuff a little cotton under ;t- edge and apply water dressing. If ulcerated treat as for ulcer, which see. Felons: A simple localized periostitis. Cause: Generally the r^-ult of an injury, a blow of some kind. Symptoms: Acute throbbing pain, worse at night. If the bone is superficial, there will be redness heat and swelling, and if suppuration oceurs, fluctuative. Treatment: First stage ferrum phos.. later, silicea. Wrap the part in three thick- 476 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. nesses of linen clipped in cold mullein tea, or tea of hay flowers, Repeat as soon as it begins to warm. Or roast poke root in hot ashes. When soft, pound it and form a poultice with hot water, or make one of equal quantities of elm bark and lobelia; add enough hot, weak lye to form a poultice. Or, take of grated wild turnip about the size of a bean, saturate it with turpentine and apply. Allow to remain about twelve hours, then dress with a healing salve. Or, in first stage, when feeling as if a sliver were in the place, a hot bath of the part for an hour, three times a day in a satu- rated solution of table salt, then apply finely pulverized salt, and keep wet withspts. of turpentine. If it suppurates, open, continue the hot bath with calendula (marigold) flowers in the water. For restlessness and irritability, aconite one drop in a gill of water, a teaspoonful every one or two hours, and the same applied to the sore. Fever Sore (cold sore). — See herpes in skin diseases. Fever Sore. — See nicer, old. Fever. — An effort of nature to expel fonl matters from the blood, usually attended with irritation of the nerve centers. Blood vessels of skin distended, chemical changes very active, blood dark and with little oxygen, and when temperature reaches 109.4°, molecular decomposition occurs. A high degree of fever causes muscular tissue, especially the voluntary muscles and the muscular coats of the blood vessels, to undergo fatty and granular change. Same effect on the liver and kidneys- The oxygen-carrying functions of the red blood corpuscles become impaired, waste elements accumulate in the blood, until from the suppressed secretions it becomes a toxic, rather than a nutrient fluid. Symptoms: Languor, debility, frequent pulse and respiration, high temperature and pain. The key of all treatment is found in the fact that fever indicates an expulsive effort of nature; therefore correct treatment consists in aiding those efforts by cool spongings of the sur. face, cool compress over abdomen and chest changed every three to five minutes, frequent cool packs, cold water drinking, and cleansing- enema, followed by siphon enemas; this consists in injecting from a fountain syringe into the bowels from one pint to a quart or more of water at seventy to eighty-five degrees, retaining for five or ten min- utes, then lowering the reservoir of the syringe to the level of the floor and thus allowing it to pass out without the necessity of using the bed- pan. Repeat until six to eight quarts of water have been used, then an interval of rest for a half -hour or hour, and then repeat again. Should this cause chilliness while the fever is still high, apply a hot pack or fomentation to the spine or pit of the stomach. See cooling treatment, average to very strong. Excernent method as needed. General diet: Milk and seltzer water, clabbered milk, clam broth, bar- DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 477 ley water, tamarind water, lemonade, current jelly water, toast water- cracker gruel ; liquid diets, Xos. 5 to 13 inclusive, according to cas^s. Fevers with irritability of the nerve centers, unnaturally bright eyes, flushed face, contracted pupils— gelsemium. Bilious Fever, Remittent, and Bilious Remittent. — Cause: Blows, dress irritating the liver, microbes in the blood, excessive eating and drinking of carbonaceous articles. Symjrtoms: Those of simple fever, together with nausea, vomiting, brown coated tongue, yellow skin, constipation or diarrhoea, itching of skin, dullness, and stupor. Treat- ment : Colon flush No. 7 ; vinegar and water fomentations over the liver ; lemonade freely; No. 4 ferr. phos. every hour, and Xo. 11, nat. sulph. three to six times a day ; or phosphate of soda in mild cathartic doses, or euonymin (con.) one-fourth to three grains, as needed. Tonic treat, ment in convalescence. Bilious Fever, Malignant.— Intermediate between malignant chills and fever and dengue. Symptoms ; Those of bilious fever aggravated, heavy brown coat on tongue, black at the root. Treat as bilious fever very energetically, and add hydrogen peroxide a teaspoonful three times a day by the stomach, a teaspoonful in all enemas and spray frequently at the nostrils, also a teaspoonful in all sponge baths. Fever, Catarrhal. —Bap. copaiva and phos. every hour in rotation until fever abates, then cimicif . in place of the bap. and give every two hours. For the chronic cough, copaiva, cimicif. and phos. Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis or Spotted Fever. — Cause: Shattered vitality and the germs streptococcus. Symptoms: Rigors, fever, pros- tration, coma, head and heels thrown back, often purple spots on body, otherwise pallor, flushed cheeks, often convulsions. Treatment: Hot colon flush Xo. 4, mustard from the root of the hair to between the shoulders, followed by hot fomentations, peroxide of hydrogen, as in malignant bilious fever, full pack with mustard water. Glycerite of sulphur one teaspoonful every three hours, nutritive enemas, bovinine and nutritive beef tea by stomach. Constipation Fever. — The fever resulting from the absorption of poisonous matters from normal faeces. See pages 284 to 286. Treatment : Remove the cause. Dengue Fever.— See dengue. Exhaustion Fever differs only in degree from fatigue, which see. Treatment the same, but more heroic. May be mistaken for typhoid. Enteric Fever.— See typhoid. Ephemeral Fever.— Cause : Cold, wet, exposure, overwork, mental depression. Symptoms: Those of simple fever, pain in head, back and limbs, constipation, scanty urine, after a few days sweating or diarrhoea. Treat as simple fever. Fatigue Fever.— Cause: The decomposition of the blood from the excessive infiltration into it of poisonous substances from the tissues. 478 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. Symptoms : Temperature one to three degrees above normal, loss of appetite, incapacity to sleep. Treatment; Rest, warm bath, our coffee hot, or hot milk, liquid foods until relieved. Gastric Fever.— Peculiar to children, or as a result of strong stomach irritants like alcohol. Usual Cause: Eating pastry, cabbage, nuts, candies, etc. Duration seven to fourteen days. Treatment: Drinks of tepid water with bicarbonate of soda live to ten grains to the ounce followed by an emetic, warm bath, compress on stomach, spongings as required, peroxide of hydrogen one-fourth teaspoon ful doses three to six times a day, fluid diets; otherwise treat as simple fever. Hay Fever.— See acute nasal catarrh. Intermittent Fever.— See ague. Malarial Fever.— See ague. Measle Fever. — See measles. Phthisical Fever.— A vigorous cool or cold ablution of back, chest and abdomen. Puerperal Fever, or Metria. — See parturition childbed fever. Pernicious Fever.— See ague. Remittent Fever.— A continued fever with remissions. Symptoms : Same as bilious fever, with signs of pulmonary congestion, great diffi- culty of breathing, cough, livid color, urine scanty, high colored, loaded with lithates, but increased during remission ; remission usually in the morning, from six to twelve hours, or from twelve to twenty-four hours; usually runs fourteen to fifteen days, and ends in sweating, or merges into typhoid or cerebro-spinal meningitis. Treat the lever as for simple fever; bilious symptoms as for bilious fever. Relapsing: Fever.— Malignant, remittent or recurrent fever. Cause : Malaria and decomposing animal matter. Symptoms : Usually three or four days of prostration, headache, rigors, high fever, excruciating pains, temperature often 107, pulse over 160, great aggravations at night ; about fourth or fifth day profuse perspiration, subsidence of fever; about fifth or seventh day, recurrence of all the symptoms in aggra- vated form ; this continues until the sixth or seventh week when the patient succumbs or becomes convalescent. Treatment: As malarial, and typhoid symptoms as typhoid, which see. Scarlet.— See scarlet fever. Smallpox— Variola. Cause: A specific poison. Symptoms : Ten to thirteen days incubation. Then chill, fever, head and back ache, tongue white-yellow, breath offensive, nausea, and vomiting common ; sleeplessness, may be delirium. Throat red, swollen, initial rash on abdomen and thighs. Eruption from third to fourth day ©f red spots, which burn and itch, which on fifth day of disease become dark red pimples, which fill with milky fluid the next day and enlarge DISEASES AN"D THEIR TREATMENT. 4?9 $ne or two days, pit, and on the eighth day change to thick, yellow matter. If these pustules run together, it is confluent. The early symp- toms subside with the appearance of the rash, but the fever returns on the eighth day and runs three to eight days. Pustules begin to dry about the twelfth day, forming one to two days later, hard, brown scabs, which fall off with intolerable itching later. Mucous membrane of mouth and throat goes through the same process. Treatment: Kali mur. to control the formation of pustules. Ferr. phos. for fever. Kali phos. for exhaustion and putridity. Calc. sulph. for discharging pustules. Nat. mur. for confluent pustules and drowsi- ness. Kali sulph. to aid the falling of the crusts and give healthy skin. Feed generously on fluid diet. Call physician early. Surgical Fever. — From the shock of surgical operations. Treat- ment: In simple form, rest, baths, fluid nourishment, peroxide of hydro- gen ; irritative form, retained enemas No. 22, warm baths, sulphonal if necessary; intermittent form, treat as ague; hectic form treat as fever ©f phthisis; typhoid form, treat as typhoid. Typhoid, Enteric, or Nervous Fever. — Contagious and infectious. Its nature is unsettled ; its predisposing causes are nervous prostration mental strain, worry, exhaustion, overwork, solar heat, chills, exposure to damp. Symptoms: Languor, debility, headache, sharp features, pain in back and calves, nausea, diarrhoea, chilliness, usually from ten to twenty-one days. Rigors increase, may be vertigo, deafness, nose- bleed, great headache, intolerance of light, thirst, loss of appetite, great nervous irritability, nostrils pinched, often flush on each cheek» tongue first white with red tip and edges, later red and glazed, buff, dry or brown, sordes on gums, pulse small, wiry, 100 to 120 or higher, tem- perature 101° to 104°, breath offensive and ammoniacal. These symp- toms slowly increase, tendency to diarrhoea becomes greater. About the commencement of the second week, typhoid rash — rose-colored spots on chest and abdomen, circular, disappearing on pressure; no rash in some cases. After middle of second week tympanitis, gurgling in right groin on pressure, pea-soup diarrhoea, may be watery blebs on skin, spasmodic contractions of muscles, picking at bedclothes, hic- cough, deafness, hemorrhage from the bowels. Duration two to six weeks. The germ growth vibrios is greatest in the ileocaecal valve. To prevent: Avoid water, milk, food, and air contaminated by the germ; all secretions of the patient should be thoroughly disinfected, then buried at a distance from any water supply. If water supply is suspicious, thoroughly boil it before using, and cool by packing'ice around its container. Isolate the patient three months. Treatment direct: Place him in a well ventilated apartment with a fire in an open fireplace if possible, no curtains, carpets, or superfluous furniture; air constantly disinfected. Sustain with nutritive beef tea, and sterilized milk; sponge three times a day with castile soap water, dry well and rub with the dry hand of a strong, young nurse; once a day sponge with warm vinegar with a teaspoonfnl of peroxide of hydrogen to the ounce in it. Keep down fever as in simple fever. Elm mucilage flushes as in dysentery. Peroxide of hydrogen in one-half teaspoonful doses 480 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. every two hours, also spray into the nostrils frequently. Also tea- spoonful added to eacli elm flush. Retained enema No. 22 to secure sleep. Da Costa gives three pints of milk and one of broth every twenty-four hours, with a midday meal of arrowroot or other thick- ened food. Feeds every two hours during the day, and three at night. Typhus.— Putrid, jail, plague, pestilence, malignant, ship or hospi- tal fever. Contagions and infectious. Cause: Absorption of the excre- tions of animal bodies. Symptoms: Incubation from three to ten or twelve days in which there is languor, debility, headache, pain in back or limbs, bleeding from nose, perhaps deafness; then rigors, greater headache, fever, chilliness, stupor, thirst, constipation, pros- tration, irritability, sleeplessness, and measly rash, which when dark eolored shows that the blood is being disorganized by the abstraction of its oxygen. Pulse eighty to one hundred and sixty, temperature 100° to 105°, steady, not variable like typhoid. Tongue brown and dry. Stupor much like sleep but not refreshing. Retention of urine common, may be often suppression of, albuminuria and uraemia. Second week great prostration, muscular twitching, delirium, coma, and convulsions, may be bronchitis, pleurisy or pneumonia. Convalesence very rapid, generally beginning on the fourteenth day. Fatal period from the ninth to the twelfth. Duration fourteen to twenty-one days. Very nutritious diet ; room disinfected constantly; peroxide of hydrogen as in typhoid ; all antiseptic precautions ; supply oxygen in every possible way ; tinct.of iodine or resorcin to sterilize the blood. Yellow.— See yellow fever. Fishskin Disease. — See skin diseases. Fissures. — Deep cracks penetrating the skin. Treat- ment: Calc. phos. internally, and externally as an ointment with vaseline. Fissure ani. — Usually at the posterior external border. Intensely painful, and reflex effect upon nervous centers extremely damaging. Cause: Scratches, lacerations, straining at stool, etc. Treatment: Cleanse the colon thoroughly with full csecal flush. Then inject into the fissure from a syringe with a small nozzle warm castile soap water until every particle of loose matter is expelled. Then follow with peroxide of hydrogen and dress with equal parts of white pine canadensis and fluid extract of mullein, or with glycozone. Use only concentrated foods until it is soundly healed. If the bowels must be relieved before that occurs, fill the fissure with vaseline and use the flush again, then repeat the treatment. Fissure, Lachrymal. — Solid extract of bugle-weed trit- urated into a strong ointment with lard and kept constantly applied. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 481 Fistula. — An abnormal sinus or channel in the tissues. Cause: Abscess, bruise, pressure, the irritation of a foreign body. F. in Ano— In three forms, viz.: Complete, blind internal, and blind external. Complete, connects the rectal cavity with the skin by a tube leading outside of the sphincters. Blind internal when it has no internal opening; blind external when it has no external orifice. Treat as for fissure, and if not successful call a surgeon. F. in Urethra. — Known by dribbling of urine. F. recto-vaginal : Known by escape of gas from the vagina. F. vesico-vaginal : Known by dribbling of urine from the vagina ; for these consult surgeon. Fits. — See epilepsy. F, of Children : Red in face, jerk all over. Warm bath; warm enema. If not thus relieved, specific gelsemium twenty drops, aconite two drops, Lloyd's asepsin three grains, water four ounces; one-half teaspoonful every fifteen minutes. Flatulence. — See dyspepsia. Flooding'. — See hemorrhage. Flushes, Heat. — See heat flushes. Foreskin, Diseases of. — See sexual diseases, male. Gallstones (cholelithiasis). — See calculi biliary. Gangrene (death of a part). — Cause: Inflammation or any agent which destroys the vitality of the tissues or cuts off the supply of blood, as injury, excessive heat or cold, chemicals, etc. Symptoms: First that of acute and extensive inflamma- tion, then death of tissue, and a consequent sloughing. Gangrene of Mouth; Usually occurs between two and twelve years of age, and as a sequel of measles or scarlet fever. Symptoms; Inflammation, sloughing. Treat as for ulcers, with utmost nutritive support, and large doses of capsicum. Gangrene of L,ung: Cause: Local obstruction of blood vessels, blood poisoning, dementia, epilepsy, chronic alcoholism, etc. Symptoms: Very fetid breath and expectoration of dirty black or brown gangrenous material, containing small black masses* The last is the only symptom distinguishing it from fetid bronchitis. Treat- ment: Peroxide of hydrogen by stomach, inhalation, enema, and externally. I lie utmost nutrition without fats, and one to three grain doses of capsicum every four to six hours. Gastralg'ia. — Pain at lower end of breast bone. Symp- toms: Pain independent of digestion, may often be relieved by eating. Relieved by firm pressure, vomiting, and is complete 31 482 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. between the paroxysms. No fixed point of tenderness, nutri- tion usually good, generally associated with hysteria, neuralgia or ovarian tenderness and benefited more by nerve treatmentr than by dieting. Treatment: Hot bath, or hot fomentations on stomach. Retained enema, No. 33. Treat nerves. Gastric Ulcer. — Symptoms : Pain upon taking food and its intensity graduated by the quantity. Increased by pressure,, usually at a fixed point, relieved by vomiting, but continuous in less degree, nutrition affected, neuropathic states not always present, benefited by diet rather than by nerve treatment, dilatation of stomach may follow. Tumor rare. Any age after childhood, one-half the cases under forty. Cause unknown. Treatment: Absolute rest in bed. Nutritive enemas; tea of hydrastis. Nat. plios. three tablets four times a day. Creosote one-twelfth to one grain three or more times daily, or zinc sulphocar- bolate one-half to five grains until stools are odorless, then just enough to keep them so. Ergotin for hemorrhage, Bonjean's one-half to two and one-half grains hypodermically. Cocaine hydrochlorate (alk.) to relieve pain and vomiting, one-twelfth to one grain every two to four hours as needed. Gastritis. — Inflammation of the stomach. Cause : Exposure, irritating food, overloading the stomach when much fatigued, liquors, condiments, etc. Symptoms: When from poison, violent, burning, stabbing pain, tenderness on pressure r short, rapid breathing, retching long after the stomach is empty, excessive thirst; tongue like raw beef; later pulse feeble, surface cold, faintness, hiccough, perhaps diarrhoea* When from other causes, the same stomach symptoms in less severe form. Treatment; First cleanse the stomach thoroughly, then give it rest. Revulsive treatment as needed. Nutrition entirely by the bowels. Compresses on stomach. Cold water in small quantities often as desired. Hot water four times a day slowly sipped. Gastritis chronic, see dyspepsia gastric. German Measles. — See measles. Gin-drinkers Liver. — See liver, gin drinkers. Glanders. — See farcy and glanders. Glaucoma (green tumor of the eye). — Begins with intense pain in the eyeball during the night, throbbing in eye and DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 483 temple, eye congested, sight lost, iris motionless, cornea dim, pupil dilated, ball hard, prismatic colors. Cause unknown. Lose no time in applying to the best oculist within reach. Gleet. — See urethra, stricture of. Glottis, Spasm of. Warm bath ; magnesia phos. Glycosuria. — See diabetes Mi Goitre (enlargement of thyroid gland). — See bronchocele. Gonorrhea. — See sexual diseases. Gout. — Uric acid, or the elements out of which it is formed, and soda exist separately in the blood. Certain food- elements, nervous conditions or functional abnormalities cause a combination of the uric acid and soda into urate of soda r which is generally deposited in the tissues most remote from the brain, in the most weakened parts. Cause: Heredity, male sex. alcohol, over-eating, working with lead. Symptoms : Usually preceded by debility, flatulence, etc. The attack may come suddenly; acute pain in great toe, heel, instep or wrist, rigors, fever, irritability, restlessness, swelling and tenderness. Duration of attack five to ten days, longer the more frequently they occur. Treatment: Rest in bed. Affected parts swathed in hay-flower tea, re-wet every hour or two until the pain ceases. Shawl wrap in hay- flower or oat straw tea every other day. Hot knee shower followed by (told dash every other day two to five minutes. Excernent method freely. Cooling treatment if there is fever. If medicine be required, keep bowels soft with Epsom salts, and take wine of colchicum fifteen to thirty drops every three hours, and phosphate of quinine one to three grains in alternation. Alcohol and fruit sugar together in the diet predispose to the disease. Avoid pastry, malt liquors and sweet wines. Drink much pure, soft water. Try diet as for chronic rheuma- tism, or strictly vegetarian, or fish, fats and vegetables. No single diet suits all cases. Chronic Gout: Xatr. sulph. with ferr phos. in aggravations. Granular Eyelids. — See eyes. Gravel. — See calculi, renal. Graves's Disease (Basedow's disease, exophthalmic goitre). — Canse obscnre. Symptoms: Pulse ninety to one- hundred and fifty, enlarged thyroid, soft and pulsating, eyeballs prominent, lids fail to follow motions of the ball, conjunctivi- tis, irritability, vertigo, headache, wakefulness, indigestion, anaemia. Treatment : Extract of thyroid gland internally, iodine locally. May add to the extract ten grains of bayberry three times a day : scull- cap for the wakefulness ; rest ; heart sedation if necessary. 484 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Gum-boil (alveolar abscess). — Decomposition in a canal of a tooth or of the tooth structure. Symptoms: Soreness, pain, swelling, suppuration discharging through the gum. Treatment: Consult a dentist before the swelling begins. For soreness mag. phos. To prevent swelling kali mur. For sup- puration silicea, frequency governed by urgency of symptoms. Gums, Bleeding*. — Kali phos. Hsematidrosis. — Hemorrhage from the skin. Rare. Treat on general principles. Hematuria. — Bloody urine, from kidneys, bladder, or nrethra. Treatment : Vapor bath ; absolute rest ; linseed tea ; bladder injections of warm water; if bladder is filled with thick blood that cannot be passed or drawn, inject two ounces of w T arm water with five or six grains of papoid. If from blad- der or urethra, urine is clear and blood follows. If from the kidneys, blood is diffused, giving a port wine tint to the urine. If there are inflammatory symptoms, give revulsive treatment average to strong, and hamamelis internally. Haematemesis (bleeding from the stomach). — Bio- chemic treatment as for haemoptysis. Haemoptysis (hemorrhage from the lungs) Cause: The iron cell salt gives toughness and elasticity to the blood vessels, while nat. mur. furnishes moisture to them. One or both cf these being deficient, weakness and brittleness of their walls result, and they give way under a local strain from heat, too much food, excess of waste matter, etc. Treatment : With bright red blood that coagulates quickly, ferr. phos.; thin, pale-red blood not coagulating easily, nat. mur.; dark, thin, blackish red blood not coagulating, kali phos.; dark, black, clot- ted or tough, kali mur. A dose every one-half hour to two hours. Rest, recumbent posture, cold foods and drinks. If these remedies are not at hand, hot water on the cervical and dorsal vertebrae, and drink a strong solution of salt water. If case is urgent, ligature the upper part of the left arm, then upper part of right thigh, and if necessary, right arm and left thigh in the sanie way. Loosen bandages gradually as soon as bleeding stops. Bleeding follow- ing bubbling in chest, ipecac. Profuse bleeding without effort, ham- amelis. Constant tickling, with cough and expectoration of bloody mucus, belladonna. Hair, Diseases of. — Baldness: Cause: Debility, local inflammations, vegetable parasites, dandruff, etc. Treat the cause. When the hair is falling out, apply to the scalp once a DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 485 day with friction, tinct's of cantharides and mix vomica of each one and one-half drams, tinct. cinchona ten drams, glycerine one to two ounces, alcohol sufficient to make a pint. Dandruff : To cleanse the scalp, wash the head thoroughly with warm or tepid water six pints and one teaspoonfnl of borax, rinsing it with clear water. Rub a little bay nun into the roots of the hair after it has been washed and dried, to prevent taking cold. Then dampen the roots of the hair two or three times a week with the following prep- aration : Flour of sulphur two ounces, water one and one-half pints. Shake frequently for three or four days, then let it settle and pour off carefully. If any of the sulphur comes away with the liquid, it may be strained through a linen cloth or run through a filter. Premature Graying: Wash once or twice a day in strong sage tea. Avoid all dyes — they are chiefly composed of acetate of lead, or nitrate of silver, and often cause disease. Hallucinations. — Deceptions of one of the special senses. For example, seeing objects in utter darkness, etc. See insanity. Hands, Sweating of. — Tinct, of belladonna one dram, cologne water one ounce. Add a little glycerine at the moment of using, and with the mixture rub the hands thoroughly. They should first be washed in soft water and thoroughly dried. Chapped.— Potassa caustic, one part, glycerine forty parts, alcohol forty parts, water one-hundred and twenty parts. Bathe the hands in warm water, then rub mixture in ; or compound tinct. benzoin one dram, glycerine one-half ounce. Use as a lotion. Or, glycerine one-half ounce, tint, hydrastis two drams, rose water four ounces. Use as a lotion. The last is the most elegant preparation. Calc. fluor. internally three times a day. Hangnail. — A little tongue of flesh turned up by the side of the nail and inflamed. Treatment : Clean and cover with adhesive plaster until cured. Change and clean daily. Hay Fever (summer catarrh, autumnal catarrh, hay- asthma, rose-cold, grape or rag-weed fever). — Symptoms: Vio- lent sneezing, running of hot water from eyes and nose, head- ache, debility, irritation of nose, ears, throat. Cause: Action of pollen of certain plants on lining membrane of nose and head, that membrane being in a nerve-devitalized condition. Treatment: Restore the local vitality ; remove super sensitive- 486 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ness of membrane, and thus render it insensible co the peculiar irritating properties of the pollen floating in the air. Com- pound oxygen treatment inhaled through the nostrils is an excellent preventive and an efficient restorative. Catarrhal Form; Head vapor and full pack each once a week; water tread daily; sprays of peroxide of hydrogen three times a day; atmosphere of room ozonized by frequent sprays of turpentine. Ferr. phos. and nat. mur. in alternation, one dose every hour or two. Asthmatic Form; Combine treatment for asthma with that for the catarrhal form. Headache. — 1. Ansemiac : Diminished supply of blood to the brain, marked by depression of spirits, brooding over events not likely to happen, dizziness, bad tongue, constipation. Cause: Debility, exhaustion, poor blood, hemorrhage, over-lactation. Treatment: A cup of coffee on rising, and treat as for ensemia. 2. Hyperaemic (congestive,: Too great blood supply. Indicated by throbbing, pain increased when lying down, restless sleep, dim eyes. Treatment: Revulsive treatment average to strong. Ferr. phos. every hour or two. No stomach symptoms, glonoin; with stom- ach symptoms, cim. rac. or bell. In severe cases have several large pitchers of water as hot as can be borne, poured on the base of the brain, to break up congestion* The patient should lie across the bed, with head extending beyond the edge, and hanging a little lower than the body, with a towel snugly pinned around the neck so as not to wet the clothes, and a basin placed below to catch the water. Then one should support the head while another pours a small stream npon the base of brain, allowing it to run over entire head, after which the hair should be carefully dried with a soft towel. Then wrap it in a dry towel, and let the patient sleep. 3. Bilious ; Pain is diffused over head with vertigo, constipation, stools dry, in balls, or clay-colored. Treatment: See biliousness. With gray coat on tongue, kali mur. "With vomiting of bile, bitter taste, and greenish-gray tongue, natr. sulph. 4. Nervous Headache : May be from poverty of nerve force, or reflex from some distant point of disturbance; marked by depression, shrinking from noise, light and exercise. Treatment: Kali phos. 5. Malarial (periodical): See ague. Arsen. or china, or phos. or sanguin. or sulph. 6. Sick Headache; Modification of nervous headache. Symp- toms: Faintness, chilliness, pallor, paroxysmal pain usually in one side of the head, face flushed and anxious, pain dull and throbbing. Treatment: Guarana thirty to sixty grains in water every hour until five or six doses are taken. Or, muriate of ammonia twenty grains in same way. Or, one-half to one teaspoonful of powdered charcoal, stirred well in half a glass of water, with ten drops of DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 487 aromatic spirits of ammonia. Or, mix every hour before the pain, macrotys and pod. in alternation every thirty minutes during the pain. Hot loot bath. Before, during and after menses, nat. niur., with pain in back every week, phytol. 7. Uterine: Worse on awaking and intense on the top of the head. May be soreness of the scalp, lump in the throat. Treatment : Menses too soon, profuse and long, calc. carb. or phos. acid; too late, scanty or suppressed, puis. With labor-like pains, cham. With nerv- ous, rheumatic pains, bell., or cim. rac. or phos. acid. 8. Crown: On awaking with moist, yellow, creamy coat on the back of tongue, natr. phos.; with great weight, cactus grandor arson ; much heat, sulph ; as if nail were driven in, nux. 9. Acid: Cause: Excess of acid in the stomach. Treatment: Compound tinct. of cinchona six ounces; aromatic spirits of ammonia two ounces. Dose, one-half to one teaspoonful. 10. Foul-air: Compound oxygen; peroxide of hydrogen. 11. Suii-headaclie.— Begins with sunrise, hardest at noon, ends with sunset. Nat. mm, or sanguinaria or spigelia. 12. Miscellaneous Headaches. — Worse in heated room and in the evening, and better in cool air— kali sulp.; worse in open air, caffea or ignatia. With darting pains relieved by heat and aggravated by cold, specks before the eyes— magnes. phos.; with cold feeling in head — kali phos. or calc. carb.; with small lumps on the scalp— silicea. Dull, heavy headaches with drowsiness — water secretions — natr. mur. Headache of children— ferr. phos.; vertigo and vanishing sight— bell, •or phytol ; head feels too small— caff ea ; as if back head were crushed — nat. sulph; throbbing all day — cocculus or puis ; worse after sleep — lach. Heart, Diseases of. — Dropsy of the Pericardium (hydrops pericardium): Cause: Peri- carditis. Symptoms: Difficult breathing, cough, general debility, muffled heart sounds, pale face, no numbness in left hand, respiration and pulsation low. usually dropsy of feet and legs. Treatment: Same as for dropsy, with addition of irritating plaster over the heart; per- sistent use of hair cap moss infusion; blood-making treatment. Endocarditis simple (inflammation of the serous lining membrane of the heart.: Cause; Rheumatism, Blight's disease, pericarditis, pleurisy and pneumonia. Symptoms: Similar to pericarditis. Treat- ment: Like pericarditis. E. Ulcerative (diphtheretic. septicemic, malignant). Heart, Enlargement of: Cause; Obstruction to the circulation, or over-exertion. Symptoms: Increased force of the heart-beat, may be ringing in the ears, spots before the eyes. Treatment: Remove causes when practicable ; avoid unnecessary excitement, over-loading 488 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. the stomach and severe exertion. Calc. fluor in alternation with ferr* phos. Heart Failure ; A convenient phrase to express vital exhaustion ; many times from causes unknown, and often really remote from the heart itself. When vitality is expended much faster than it is gener- ated, the heart is likely to feel it most because of its ceaseless mus- cular work. Symptoms; Palpitation, irregular pulsation, sense of tire in the region of the heart, general nervous lack of tone, etc. Treatment: Stop. Letup. Rest. General invigorating treatment. Careful study of Figs. 70 and 71 will show the necessity for this advice concerning so complicated an organ. FIG. 70. HEART. Fig. 70. 1, front of right ventricle; 2, left ventricle; 3, pulmonary artery,, cut short; 4, 4', 4", the aorta; 5, part of right anricle ; 6, part of left auricle; 7, 7, right and left veins which unite to form the upper vena cava; 8, lower vena cava; 9, one of the hepatic veins; xx, left coronary artery; Fig. 71. 1, 2, 3, arch of aorta; 4,thoraric aorta; 5, innominate artery; 6, right carotid; 7, right subclavian; 8, axillary; 9, the brachial; 10, pneumogastric nerve on right side; 11, left carotid; 12, left subclavian; 13, left pneumogastric nerve; 14, 15, pulmonary artery; 16, 17, its branches to lungs; 18, 19, pulmonary veins; 20 r trachea; 21, 22, large bronchial tubes; 23, 23, intercostal (between the ribs) arteries. H. Myocarditis: Inflammation of the substance of the heart, not distinguishable by laymen, from pericarditis. H., Neuralgia of : See angina pectoris. Palpitation : Remove cause. Regulate heart-action by cactus grand, caffeine, or kola. If nervous, cold compress to the heart twenty DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 489 minutes twice a day. If from weakness of heart, kali phos. If spas- modic, magn. plios. If anaemic, natr. mnr. General Treatment: Shawl wrap, body bandage, and foot vapor once a week ; sponge bath daily. Pericarditis : Inflammation of the sack covering the heart. Causer Usually an accompaniment of some general disease. Symptoms: Fever of the causative disease increased, may be pain and tenderness in the heart region, breath short, pulse varies, may be dry cough and diffi- culty of swallowing, skin pale and blue. Treat the causative disease: keep quiet ; stimulants if necessary, irritating plaster over heart. Heart-Pang: See angina pectoris. H„ Valvular Disease of: First, insufficient. Second, thickening. Cause: Acute articular rheumatism, fevers, etc. Symptoms: Palpita- tion, short breath after exertion, suffocative feeling, bronchitis, dys- peptic symptoms, urine scanty and high colored, dropsy, and many other symptoms. Treatment: Quiet life; flannel clothing; good rich blood; temperate eating; medical treatment must depend upon the precise nature of the disease. Mo^t of the diseases of the heart are so obscure that to the non- professional observer all seem alike, so that the treatment of pericar- ditis, valvular lesions, palpitation, and heart failure substantially cover all the ground except by medical advice. Heartburn : A butyric acid fermentation of starchy food, or its lib- eration in the stomach from food in which it previously existed. If temporary it may be relieved by an alkali. If habitual, salicylic acid, thymol or resorcin six to ten grains three times a day, or guiacol. Heartburn with biliary troubles, nux and pod. for a male, puis, and pod. for a female. Heat Flushes : A complication of the climacteric. See climacteric disorders. Rhus. Heat Rasli (or prickly heat). Cause: Excessive work of the sweat-glands. Treatment: Avoid the cause, frequent bath- ing without drying the surface, dusting with face or starch powder. Heat Stroke (sunstroke, or coup de soleil). — A devital- ized condition of the brain, caused by sudden abstraction of moisture from the tissues, producing dryness of the membranes. Symptoms: Violent: Active delirium, great restlessness, may be combativeness. Violent - passive : Sudden insensibility* great rise in temperature, pulse feeble. Symptoms of paralysis and insanity may be developed after apparent recovery. Milder : Great weakness, feeble pulse, cold, clammy face and extremi- ties, nervous depression, vertigo, tightness of chest. Treatment: Tepid dripping sheet ; full tepid enemas; wet cap on 490 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. head; natr. mur. every hour or two; if much exhaustion, kali phos.; patient still insensible, mustards to feet, hands, and inside of thighs, and a long one between the shoulders ; call physician. Hemiplegia (paralysis of one-half of the body). — Two varieties. Cause : Embolism or thrombosis. Congestive; Cause : Falls, mechanical violence, effusion of blood or lymph; tubercular, cancerous, or syphilitic deposits. Anaemic t Cause: Defective nutrition from masturbation, sexual excesses, and various diseases. Symptoms : Embolism — sudden paraly- sis, rarely loss of consciousness, aphasia, or loss of power of speech. The congestive form is accompanied by convulsions, cramps, twitch- ing, priapism, itching, crawling, prickling sensations, pain, tenderness on pressure. In the anaemic form the symptoms are less decided, but worse in lecumbent posture. To determine which, apply a sponge wrung out of hot water to the spine. The congestive form gives a burn- ing or sore feeling at the damaged place. Treatment must be exactly opposite. In congestion, get the blood away from the brain and spinal cord; in anaemia, get it to them. To get it away, apply heat at a dis- tance for long periods, alternated with cold for short periods, because when the heat is abstracted from a part, the blood rushes there to make good the loss. Then keep it there by dilating the blood vessels by heat. But lest they be dilated into weakness, apply the cold at intervals to preserve their contractility, and bring a fresh supply of blood again. To get the blood to a part, make a full supply of good rich blood by adequate nutrition. Muscular movements are the best agents to draw blood to a part; therefore, motions timed and gradu- ated to the case are demanded ; voluntary action if possible, or made active by external force applied as in massage. Hemorrhage. — Escape of blood from the blood vessels. Traumatic or active when from a wound. Idiopathic or pas- sive when from degeneracy of the blood vessels, as explained under haemoptysis. Hemorrhage from Rectum : May be from injury to the glands of Brunner andPeyer in typhoid fever, from tuberculosis, the congestion of inflammation, the rupture of pile-sacs, the cancer germ or the rupture of a blood vessel by a foreign body. Treatment : Rest ; recumbent pos- ture; fomentation of abdomen; enemas of witch-hazel, or a teaspoon- f ul of Monsul's solution of iron to an ounce of water, or, by stomach or enema tincture of shepherd's purse; or, biochemic remedies as for lisemoptysis. Hemorrhage in Skin: See purpura. Hemorrhage, Uterine: Always severe and dangerous after abor- tion. May occur in childbirth, and prove fatal in a few minutes because the uterine contractions fail to close the open blood vessels in the womb. Symptoms: Great pallor, sighing respiration, prostration, the iiow. Treatment: Foot of bed elevated; uterine contractions secured by grasping it firmly with the hand, then give injections of hot water (110° DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 491 to 115°) into the uterus. If necessary, plug with a handkerchief. Inter- nally, ergot fluid extract one-half teaspoonful every three hours. Revulsive treatment as far as practicable; or calc. fluor. in alternation with kali phos., and hot water to the lumbar vertebrae; or ipecac ten to twenty drops in four ounces of water. Dose, one teaspoonful every ten minutes. In urgent cases, ligature the limbs as in haemoptysis. H. U. in Change of Life. See climacteric. Lobelia and composi- tion equal parts four to eight tablespoonfuls every ten minutes till well nauseated, then composition alone till free vomiting. Repeat every «lay it' necessary. Hemorrhoids (piles, varicose veins of the rectum). Cause : Heredity, constipation, high living, and sedentary habits, tumors, pregnancy. Treatment : Keep liver and bowels active, skin healthy, and circu- lation well to the extremities. Cal. fluor. internally and in vaseline as an ointment to external tumors. In alternation, ferr. phos. when blood is bright red, kali mur. when it is thick and dark, kali sulph. with yellow, slimy tongue, nat. sulph. in bilious conditions. Calc. phos. if anaemic, nat. mur. when stools are hard, dry, and crumbling with excess of saliva, mag. phos. with eutting, darting pains in external tumors. Fluid extract of yerba santa one teaspoonful three times a day cures some cases. Cold, wet compress three-fourths of an hour the whole length of the spine, three or four times weekly; cold sitz bath, one to two min- utes, three or four times weekly; or. inject into the rectum twice a day one teaspoonful of fluid extract of hamamelis and hydrastis three •drams each, olive oil two ounces; or, if external, use mullein and white pinus canadensis as in fistula; or, take a tepid sitz bath, after which apply to the tumors a sponge or cloth wet hourly in potassium iodide two grains, iodine one-fifth grain, glycerine thirty-five grains ; should that fail, use potassium iodide three grains, iodine' one grain, glycerine thirty-rive grains; or bitter sweet ointment— simple cerate four ounces, fluid extract bitter sweet one ounce; evaporate the moisture. Or, digest eight ounces of the fresh root in one-half pound of lard, strain and add two ounces of beeswax. The above are nearly all palliative, sometimes curative ; but a cer- tain cure in all eases belongs only to surgery. Hernia, Rupture. — A tumor formed by the protrusion of a viscus from its natural cavity. Reducible : One that can be returned to its cavity. Irreducible : One that cannot be returned. Strangulated : Constricted so that it cannot be pro- pelled outward, and the venus blood cannot return. Inguinal : That which bursts through the abdominal ring. Femoral : That which descends on the thigh; almost peculiar to females. Umbilical : Rupture at the navel. Treatment: On back, feet elevated, head low. make gentle pres- sure on the part until it returns, then bind a pad on it until a suitable truss can be secured. Failing to return it, give lobelia to the point of entire boddy relaxation, apply a cold local compress for fifteen to 492 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. thirty minutes, then try again to return it. This failing, call a physi- cian at once. Herpes. — See skin diseases. Hiccough. — A convulsive, noisy, inspiration caused by spasm of the diaphragm. Cause : Violent laughter, temporary indigestion, great prostration. Treatment: A tight bandage around the abdomen, or a deep inspiration retained as long as possible, or a fright, or blow on the back, or eating pounded ice or ice cream, or the pressure of a finger upon the throat just above the sternum. Hives. — See skin diseases. Hoarseness. — See aphonia. Hob-nail Liver. — See liver diseases, gin drinkers. Homesickness, Nostalgia. — Symptoms: Fondness for solitude, indulgence in grief and despondency, loss of appetite, pain in stomach, difficult breathing upon exertion, face and palms cold, white tongue with dark stains, white lips, drowsi- ness, unwillingness to attempt and inability to perform motion. Treatment : Tinct. of oats, or fluid extract of coca. Hydrocephalus. — Water on the brain, one form of tuber- cular meningitis (acute) ; basilar meningitis. See meningitis. Hydrocephalus Spurious. — Hydrocephaloid disease, pseudo, or false meningitis, a dropsy of the head as a compli- cation of summer complaint of infants in cities. Cause : Heart debilitated, blood thickened by the discharges, finally blood coagulates in the great veins of the head. Symptoms: Face pale, may be bluish and cold, fontanelle sunk inward ; stupor, pulse and respiration more and more feeble, convulsions, death. Treatment : Distinguish from inflammation. Lose no time. It is sometimes fatal in twelve hours. Stimulation and nutrition are the only hope. Hot mustard baths. See the stimulative treatment of cholera infantum. Also see prostration. Do not treat as a fever. Hydrophobia. — One of the most virulent of microbial diseases. Cause : Inoculation from rabies in an animal. Symp- toms: Great nervousness, irritability, despair, haggard look, sharp pains run up the limb from the point of inoculation, aversion to liquids, slight spasms increasing in severity, length DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 493 and frequency, during which features are livid or purple, eyes protrude, thick, ropy saliva is abundant, muscular spasms> delirium. Treatment : As soon as possible after the bite ligate between the wound and the heart thoroughly; then cut all around and below it so as to take out every particle of flesh that came in contact with the tooth, then foment with hot water to promote bleeding, then cauterize the whole wound with lunar caustic, aqua fortis, or a red hot iron, then keep patient thoroughly stupefied with skullcap tea until a phy- sician can be called, or if one is not procurable, give lobelia by stomach or enema to the point of nausea and an alcohol vapor bath or full pack, repeating the lobelia until physician comes. The poison may be absorbed through a mucous membrane without a wound, in which case give the skullcap or lobelia and bath treatment while waiting for the doctor. If within reach of an institute seek inoculation by Pasteur's method. Hydrocele. — See sexual diseases, male. Hyclrotliorax (dropsy of the chest). — Cause: Pleurisy, or organic disease of the heart. Symptoms : History of the case, difficulty of breathing when in bed, lungs clear on percussion from top to bottom in recumbent position, but dull up to the water level in upright position. Treatment: As for dropsy. Hyperesthesia (acute sensitiveness of skin to external impressions). — Treat the disease of which it is a symptom. Hypermetropia (hyperopia) Far-sightedness. Rem- edy, proper glasses. Hypertrophy (enlargement). — Of breast: Cause, obscure. Treatment, alterative and tonic ; not encouraging. Of Heart: Cause, tobacco, tea, alcoholic stimulants, worry, mental strain, diseases of brain and blood, violent muscular exercises, sexual excitement, and malt liquors. Symptoms : Vertigo, noises in the ear, redness of face, or plethora; respiration, pulse, and temperature high, numbness in left hand and arm, difficulty of breathing, fulness about the heart. Treatment: Avoid the cause ; nutritive diet; flannel clothing; fresh air, mountain- ous region, general massage; calc. flnor.in alternation with ferr. phos., or heart regulated with digitalis and strophanthus in alternation. Of Liver; Cause, long continued congestion from the irritation of malaria and whisky. Treat as for chronic inflammation of lirer. Of Muscles: Cause, growth beyond adequate nerve supply, Treat- ment: Kali phos. and rest. Of Prostate, rest and alteratives.— See sexual diseases, male. 494 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Hysteria (a form of neurasthenia, characterized by vari- able motor, sensory and intellectual disturbances). — Cause: Inheritance, anaemia, overwork, anxiety, grief, prostration, excessive sexual indulgence, masturbation, continence, fright, religious impressions, disappointed love, jealousy, uterine or ovarian diseases, digestive disturbances, etc. Symptoms: May simulate almost any disease, yet its sufferings are very real. Treatment ; As it depends on a perversion of function or of nutri- tion or of both of the central nervous organs, nutritive treatment and; moral influence are of supreme importance. Correct bad habits, estab- lish all good hygienic conditions, tepid sitz bath four to seven times a week, shoulder shower once or twice a week, general faradization and central galvanization every other day, or kali phos., and if sad, moody with irregular menstruation, natr. mur. Hysterical Fit; Cold douche to the head, ammonia to the nostrils,, firm pressure over the ovarian region; internally, valerianate of ammonia, or asafcetida. Icliorrhaemia. — A state of the blood in which it is charged with the germs of pus. Called septicaemia when fatal with no local formation of pus, and pyaemia when secondary abscess follows. General Symptoms : Rigors, sweating, rapid pulse, sallow skin, hay-like odor of breath, diarrhoea, dysentery, inflammation of serous. membranes, rapid emaciation and prostration. Treatment: The bacillus pyocyanes must be destroyed in the blood* Peroxide of hydrogen sprayed frequently in the room, one-half tea" spoonful taken every two hours, one-half to one ounce in a colon flush twice a day; or take lactic acid one and one-half drains to one-half pint of sweetened water twice a day. Open any abscess, wash out with, peroxide of hydrogen and poultice with charcoal, yeast or wild indigo.. Nutritive and rapid blood-making diets. Diaphoretic and excernent methods, strong as can be borne. Inanition, failure of nutritive functions. — Symptoms .- Feelings of malaise, and inability to do as much as usual. Heat reduction, diminution first of fat, then of muscular, and finally of nerve-center structures. Cause : Insufficiency of food, impaired digestion, catarrhal obstruc- tions to absorption. Treatment : Remove the cause. Adapt the diet to the condition. Give nutritive, blood-making, alterative and tonic methods as required. Incontinence of Urine. The causes are various. Excessive acidity of urine, over-irritability of the muscular coat of bladder, weakness of the restraining muscles, irritation of some part of the genital tract> DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 495 too much urine, calculi, malformation of bladder, contraction of walls of bladder. Treatment: Treat the cause; see that the bladder is emptied the last tiling before retiring; if the wetting occurs with regularity at a certain time, wake him one-half an hour before that time for urina- tion ; little fluid at supper and in the evening; supper must not excite thirst; he must not get between cold sheets in winter; use blankets and avoid all causes of nervous tire; build up the nervous system by nutritious diet, not pastry and sweets, abundant sleep and not too much study, a daily rapid wash with cold, wet towel, dressing without drying, and taking" good run to get warm; much outdoor air. If a drug is needed, give five to fifteen drops of fluid extract of rhus aromatica three times a day and keep bowels open. If the cause be nervous, give kali phos.; if from weakness of muscular coat, ferrum phos. ; if from worms, natrum phos.; if all the above fail, belladonna every afternoon sufficient to dilate the pupil, usually one-eighth to one-fourth grain; if the afternoon dose does not accomplish it, repeat at bedtime. Indigestion. — May be gastric, or intestinal and hepatic. If in stomach, pepsin ; not relieved, an emetic with more frugal diet for a few days, or diet of carbo-hydrates with very little albuminous substance. If intestinal and hepatic, pan- creatine and ox gall ; not relieved, csecal flush and liquid diet excluding the carbo-hydrates. Either, not thus relieved, — see dyspepsia. Inflammation. — An excess of heat and congested circulation, may be either acute (active), or passive, or chronic. Acute when accompanied with rigors and fever; sub-acute when there is no fever ; chronic, a sequel of either of the others, or may come without them. All terminate either by resolution, — that is, general dissipation of the effects and restoration of nor- mal condition, or any other one of five ways. First, effusion of serum, that is dropsy ; second, effusion of blood, hemorrhage ; third, effusion of lymph, causing induration, thickening, mechanical obstructions ; fourth, formation of pus ; fifth, gan- grene, mortification. Treatment: To secure resolution, continued application of cold locally to astringe the vessels and abstract the heat, together with general revulsive treatment strong, to draw the circulation elsewhere; cooling treatment as needed for the fever; aconite or ferrum phos., according to the symptoms. This failing, treat effusion with rapid blood-making diet; kidney, skin and bowel excernent strong, see dropsy. Second, see hemorrhage. Third, seek to cause its absorption by local packs, and general alterative and tonic treatment. Fourth, see abscess. Fifth, see gangrene. Inflammation of Bone.— Cause: Injuries, poisons, the microbes of 496 THE SECRET OE HEALTH. syphilis, rheumatism and tubercle. Symptoms: Deep, dull, severe pain, swelling of soft parts, rigors and fever, tends to caries or necrosis. Treatment: Rest, cooling method as needed, excernent active. Fomentations of lobelia days, chloroform liniment nights. If throbbing sets in, poultice and open as soon as indications are clear and inject peroxide of hydrogen. If necrosis occurs, known by gritty pus, treat as necrosis. Inflammation of the Covering: of the Bone (periostitis). — Cause: The same as inflammation of the bone, recognized by the history of the case and its sharp lancinating pain. Treatment: Lobelia in non- nauseating doses internally and keep fluid extract or oil of lobelia applied locally. Inflammation of the Brain. See page 411. Inflammation of the Brain, chronic— Cause: Shocks, blows, sun, mental strain, worry, depressing passions, drugs, rheumatism, gout, syphilis, tubercle. Symptoms: Pain in head, aggravated by noise, light, heat and motion; irritability, restlessness, sleeplessness, mental depression, pallor of skin, anxious countenance, arrested secretions. Treatment : Rest, avoidance of the cause ; excernent treatment average to strong; revulsive treatment mild to strong; alterative and tonic treatments ; nutritive diet. Inflammation of Membranes of Brain, acute, simple (meningitis). — See Page 411. Inflammation of Membranes of Brain (tubercular meningitis).— Simple meningitis with tubercular effusions. Next to cholera infantum one of the most fatal diseases of city children. Predisposing cause, tubercle; exciting cause, blows, falls, shocks, etc., city life and solar heat. Symptoms: Hot skin, malnutrition, short, dry cough, restlessness* irritability, headache worse by motion, light and noise; skin variable* tongue furred, breath offensive, constipation, drowsy, rolls head in sleep with eyes partially open, wakes screaming. If case progresses, child very quiet, countenance flushed or pale, eye-brows knit, pupils contracted, sensitive to light and noise, retching, pulse variable, fever high, stupor, head and heels thrown back, insensible, convulsions, paralysis, coma. Treatment: Insure sleep with sulphonal; cooling treatment for fever; quiet well- ventilated room; diet, mother's milk, or infant's food Nos. 4, 5, or 6, page 248-249; revulsive treatment so far as can be borne ; secure the best medical treatment obtainable. Inflammation of the Bladder.— See cystitis. Inflammation of the Bowels.— See enteritis. Inflammation of the Breast.— See breasts, inflammation of. Inflammation of Cellular Tissue.— Cause : The microbe of erysipe- las, the germs of the cadaver in post-mortems and poisonous bites. Symptoms: Erysipelatous inflammation of the skin with its burning and tingling, also throbbing; stiff, brawny swelling, irritated lym- DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 497 phatics, rigors, fever, abcess in lungs, liver and other parts; perspira- tion offensive, stools fetid, stupor, delirium, difficult breathing, exhaustion. Treatment: Free incision and suction cups, warm water co promote bleeding; hot fomentations of solutions of boroglyceride; internally peroxide of hydrogen, or brewer's yeast one ounce doses, or resorcin. Inflammation of the Cornea.— See eye (cornea). Inflammation of the Eye.— See eye, diseases of. Inflammation of the Middle Ear (otitis media), including the membrane tympani, the tympanitic cavity, the mastoid cells and chain of ossicles with their muscles, vessels and nerves.— Cause : Cold, damp, rheumatism, gout, boils, injuries, use of hair-pins in the ear, also from inflammation of the pharynx, from scarlet fever, quinsy, diphtheria, and other diseases. Every inflammation of the lining membrane of the ear is a true periostitis, and every ulceration is a caries. Symptoms: The general symptoms of inflammation: Locally, lan- cinating pain in inner ear, impairment of hearing, giddiness, fullness in the head, increase of pain in moving jaws, head, or blowing the nose; great depression, suppuration sometimes in from twenty-four to forty- eight hours. Treatment: Give head vapor, followed by hot foot bath, then csecal flush; to bed; quiet well-ventilated room; heat to feet; two or three drops of pure mullein oil containing eight parts to 100 of peroxide of hydrogen, in the ear twice a day; ferrum phos. with kali mur. in alternation, dose every half hour; if suppuration occurs, then give calc. sulph. every hour until improved, then less frequently; follow with tonic and alterative treatment mild to strong. Inflammation of the Heart.— See carditis. Inflammation of the Kidneys (acute nephritis).— Cause: Tuber- cular diathesis, mental depression, poor living, cold, damp, exposure, injuries, strains, blows, calculi, beer or whisky drinking, drastic drugs. Symptoms: Generally as of fever and constipation, pain over kid- neys increased by pressure, sometimes even extends to bladder, groin, or testicles, numbness of front thighs, retraction of testicle, tympanitis, frequent micturition ; there may be casts, or blood or pus in the urine. Treatment: Lobelia emetic; full caecal flush; alcohol vapor bath, then to bed; cool compress to kidneys; strong revulsive treatment; cooling treatment according to fever; fluid diet. Elderberry syrup for a drink, after inflammation has subsided, or epsom salts one-fourth teaspoon ful largely diluted, or peach leaves, one dram infused in four ounces of tepid water. Two ounces every three hours cold. Inflammation of the Mucous Membrane of the Larynx (acute laryngitis).— Cause: Adult male sex, inhalation of hot or acrid sub- stances, abrupt exposure to excessive changes of temperature, some- times in typhoid fever, small- pox, etc. Predisposing cause, depression of the great sympathetic; very dangerous. Symptoms: Rigors, high fever, fauces red and swollen, pain over cartilaginous part of the throat, difficult breathing and swallowing, soreness, loss of voice, brassy cough, long inspirations, paroxysms of threatened suffocation, face and neck first flushed, then livid, later purple; eyes protruding, 3-2 498 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. great distress, chest heaves, patient grasps at throat, soon becomes delirious or comatose from non-oxygenation of blood, — duration of disease forty-eight to seventy-two hours. Treatment: Most heroic a» for croup, and secure best medical aid as soon as possible. Chronic (simple). — Soreness, rawness, redness. Cause: A succes- sion of acute attacks, or extension of chronic pharyngitis, or the same causes that produce the acute. Symirtoms: (Syphilitic) Copper-colored, dry, huskiness, microbe syphilitica. (Tubercular) Mottled appearance, bacillus tubercle. Treatment: Best hygienic conditions, diet nutri- tive and blood-forming, mouth and throat gargled daily with solution of boroglyceride or permanganate of potassa; spray two or three times daily with terebene, resorcin or menthymos; alterative and tonic treatments strong; compound oxygen daily; neck bandage forty minutes daily, re-wet once; daily water tread; body bandage twice a week. Inflammation of Liver (acute hepatitis). — Cause: Obstruction of bile ducts, or of hepatic and portal veins, mechanical irritation, heat. malaria, drugs, tight lacing, excess of carbonaceous food. Symptoms, Generally as of jaundice, with enlargement of liver, inability to lie on right side, high fever and pain worse by pressure. Treatment: Diaphoretic treatment strong, excernent liver and bowel strong, cooling as needed; copious drinks of hot water; com- press of vinegar and water one hour daily; revulsive treatment aver- age to strong; fluid diet. (Chronic hepatitis): Shirt wrap twice a week ; hot water three times a day ; caecal flush to secure free bowel movements ; china one hour before breakfast, mere. sol. one hour before dinner, lep. one hour before supper, pod. at bedtime; daily bath of warm weak lye, followed with sponging of equal parts of alcohol and water in which forty grains of quinine to the pint are dissolved; plain animal food, milk, eggs, white fish, fruit and vegetables; phosphate of soda used in place of common salt, or white mustard seeds whole, one to two teaspoonfuls in water an hour before each meal. Inflammation of the Lungs (acute pneumonia).— Cause: Cold, wet, inhalation of irritants, mechanical violence. Symptoms: Great lassi- tude, languor, debility, extreme difficulty of breathing, cough, prune- juice expectoration, flushed cheek, rigors, fever with evolution of the pneumococcus: called lobular when confined to one lobe; single when confined to one lung; double when both lungs are affected; pleural when the pleura is first affected; typhoid when complicated with typhoid fever. Has three stages.— First, congestion ; pulse 140 to 160, temperature 105, respiration 40; may continue from a few hours to a week or more. Second, red hepatization; all the symptoms of the first stage together with blueness or lividity of the skin, delirium or coma, strangled breathing; may continue one week or longer. Third, gray hepatization; fever less, heat, pulse and respiration low, rigors, colliquative sweats, almost incessant cough, thick, ropy, tena- cious pus ; if typhoid complication, tongue buff-leather appearance, very DISEASES AX1) THEIR TREATMENT. 499 dry, or beef-red, or red at tip and edges with elevation of papillae; pulse small, wiry, frequent; diarrhoea, sordes on gums, eyes sunken, nostrils pinched, face white, tympanitic abdomen. Treatment: Perfect rest in bed, atmosphere kept moist, tempera- ture of 70 degrees; if constipation, enemas ; ferrum phos. every fifteen minutes. If with white tongue, mucous white and viscid, kali mur. ; with much loose phlegm, clear, frothy, worse in morning, natr. mur.; With wheezing, yellow, loose phlegm or watery mucous, cough in children, kali sulph. Neglected pneumonia, or in acute suppuration, With fetid expectoration, silicia. Revulsive treatment average to very strong; oxygen in some form almost constantly; dripping compress to chest continuously ; fluid diet ; treat fever as fever. Chronic Pneumonia: General tonic and alterative methods; if consumptive symptoms appear, treat as consumption. Inflammation of the Mouth (stomatitis).— Cause : Unsanitary modes of life, insufficient or deleterious food, over-crowding, infection. Three forms; first, follicular. Little blisters on the lips, cheeks, gums,, fauces. Second, ulcerative, when the blisters break. Third, gangre- nous, when the ulcerated patches deteriorate instead of improve. Symptoms : Copious saliva, fetid breath, mal-assimilation, restlessnessj fever, loss of appetite, offensive stools ; the patches first dirty yellow slough, later purplish with pulpy, gray matter; still later gums spongy, teeth loose. Treatment: Wash mouth and gargle throat every hour with tea- spoonful of a saturated solution of boroglyceride in half a tumbler of sage or thyme tea, and internally every three hours five to ten grains of resorcin in water, or a few drops of peroxide of hydrogen ; blood- making diet. Or, in place of the above, for redness and heat, ferrum phos.; white ulcers and fetor of mouth, kali mur.; ashy gray ulcers and fetid breath, gums bleed easily, kali phos.; for salivation, natr. mur.; peeling of lower lip, kali sulph.; anaemia, and pale, painful gums, calc. phos. Inflammation of the Nails (onychia). — Cause: Mechanical inju- ries, broken down states of the constitution. Symptoms: Suppuration at the root with a foul ulcer spreading in all directions. Treatment: Drip solution of hot permanganate of potassa on it night and morning; poultice with linseed and yeast in the intervals, or wash out with peroxide of hydrogen and dress with the same mixed with one or two parts of glycerine; nutritive diet ; tonic and alterative treatment. Inflammation of the Nose, see acute catarrah. Inflammation of Pituitary 3Iucous Membrane (traumatic rhin- itis.) — Much like acute coryza.— Treatment : Frequent sprays of alkaline solutions for cleansing, and wear plugs of absorbent cotton to protect from irritants; general alterative and tonic treatment. Inflammation of the Parotid Gland (mumps). — Symptoms: Those •f fever with pain and swelling over one or both parotids, stiffness of jaw, soreness in swallowing. Treatment: For the swelling, kali mux, every one-half hour to every two hours; if there is fever, ferrum phos. in alternation; with much saliva, or swelling of testifies, natr. mur., or swelling of breasts or testicles apis. mel. 500 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. Inflammation of the Pleura (acute pleuritis). — May be acute, .sub- acute, or chronic; on one side or both. Cause: Exposure or fractured ribs. Symptoms : Those of mild pneumonia with a stitch or catch in the side, aggravated by expansion of the lung, coughing, moving or lying on affected side, or by pressure; frothy expectoration, friction sound to be detected by the hand over the affected place; may end in dropsy of the chest or emphyema. Treatment : Treat as for pneumonia with the addition of a flannel bandage pinned every inch from the armpit to the lower rib so as to prevent motion of the ribs. Chronic Pleuritis : Alterative and tonic treatment ; excernent treat- ment average to strong; applications of pustulent lotion every day or two until the catch is no longer felt. Inflammation of Peritoneum (peritonitis).— Predisposing Cause: Depression of the great sympathetic. General Cause; Severe parturi- tion, abortion, exposure to cold and fatigue after confinement or during menstruation, or by fluids thrown into the womb, finding their way to the peritoneum; injury. May occur in the course of Blight's disease. Symptoms: May have a gradual onset, first abdominal pain and soreness, or it may come on suddenly being ushered in by a chill; a burning lancinating pain over the abdomen increased by deep inspirations, and the respirations shortened and increased in fre- quency; any movement or pressure of bedding causes intense pain; Eatient lies'on back with legs flexed; vomiting, may be stercoraceous; owels generally constipated; temperature raised, pulse small, wiry, quick, face drawn, mind clear, sometimes retention of urine. Treatment: Most constant and persistent. Call physician soon as possible. Meantime empty the colon thoroughly with hike-warm csecal flushes. Then wrap the feet to the ankles and the hands to the wrists in coarse cloths wrung out of vinegar and water equal parts and covered with three or four thicknesses of flannels. Re-wet every hour. Place a rubber under the patient, and with as long a tube as can safely be inserted, run a continuous flow of water five to ten degrees below the temperature of the body into the colon, and let it find its own exit to the rubber and thence into a pail below. At the same time keep a dripping compress of vinegar and water same temperature all over the abdomen. Ferrum phos. every one-half hour. Keep up the dripping compress and inner flow resolutely until the inflammation yields, then discontinue gradually. Sustain with very small portions of bovinine or nutritive beef tea. In convalesence feed very cau- tiously a liquid diet. Inflammation of the Rectum (recti tis).— Cause : Violence or foreign bodies in the bowel. Treat as dysentery. Inflammation of the Retina (retinitis).— Cause: Vivid light. Seek the best medical aid immediately. Inflammation of the Stomach.— See gastritis, acute. Inflammation of the Spinal Cord (myelitis). — Cause ; Blows, shocks, microbial diseases. Symptoms : If located in the cranial portion, convulsive movements of head and face, inarticulate speech, difficult swallowing, spasmodic breathing, paralysis. If in the cervical portion, difficult breathing, impossible to raise the head, pricking in arms and hands, paralysis of arms. If in the dorsal portion, pain over affected part, or pricking in fingers and toes, great difficulty of breathing, paralysis of arms and legs. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 501 If in the lumbar portion, paralysis of lower extremities, abdominal pain, corded sense about the body, first retention Then incontinence of urine, involuntary stools; wherever located, pain increased by pressure. Treatment:* Seek best medical aid immediately. Meantime, give strong revulsive treatment, and sustain with fluid diet. Inflammation of the Tonsils (acute tonsilitis).— Predisposing Causes : Constitutional weakness, tubercular tendency, mercury and other poisons. Exciting Causes: Cold, damp, cold drinks when body is warm, changes of temperature. May be in one or both tonsils, or in one then in the other as the first gets better. The tonsils are composed of follicles or secreting sacks bound closely together and ending in about fifteen ducts which discharge their lubricating fluid. Three stages : 1st, inflammation of the outer surface ; 2d, more deeply seated well down the ducts; 3d, the whole structure inflamed. Symptoms : First, languor, debility, chills, pressure, and stinging in parts, difficult to swallow, pain in eustachian tube, stiff jaws, fever, loss of appetite, hawking and spitting, tonsils swollen. Children may be delirious; lasts three to six days. Second, follicles involved, dis- charge offensive, symptoms same but more severe, deafness sometimes, temperature 102 to 103, tenacious, partly opaque mucus over the parts', fixed, oval, yellowish spots on membrane; lasts five to eight days. Third, when inflammation reaches the tissues of the glands the symptoms are still worse ; suppuration in a few days, lasts indefinitely, but usually relieved as soon as it discharges. Distinguish from scarla- tina by absence of strawberry tongue, exposure, absence of rash, etc. Distinguish from diphtheritic sore throat by the ovoid form of the patches instead of the roundish, very white and spreading patches distinctly upon the surface and soon elevated above it as in diphtheria, Treatment: First, keep in room; hot colon flush; compress of cold mullein tea on throat well covered with flannel; hot lemonade freely as a drink, hot foot bath; inhale hot vapor every few hours. Second*, keep in bed in warm room filled with vapor of vinegar water, one part to four; head vapor bath daily; frequent gargles of hot milk alter- nated with tepid gargles of sage tea with ten grains chlorate of potash to the ounce; hot colon flusli and hot foot bath; over the tonsil put a plaster of lard thickened with lobelia powder, over which and envelop- ing the throat, continue the mullein compress; diet of milk, bovinine, clam juice, beef tea, etc. Third, if throat is dull red, inhalations of camomile steam and continue treatment as in No. 2; if pain becomes throbbing, change the compress to linseed meal poultice, and when the abscess points, i. e., shows a yellowish ovoid spot soft to the touch, give a smart lobelia emetic to break it and eject its contents. Use camo- mile and peruvian bark tea all through as a tonic. Follow the dis- charge with gargles of peruvian bark and golden sea!, alternated with gargle of permanganate of potash four grains to the ounce. The attending fever should be treated with full, warm baths, or sponging under the bed covering at such temperature as will not cause chills, lemonade drinks and tincture aconite seven drops in a tumbler of water, dose one teaspoonful every one, two or three hours, according to the fever. Inflammation of the Tongue (glossitis).— Cause : Usually some irritant poison. Symptoms: Those of intense inflammation. Treat- ment: Very thorough csecal fluph; diaphoretic treatment, especially jaborandi; fever symptoms treat as fever. Inflammation of Veins (phlebitis). — Cause: Infection from the germs of puerperal fever, erysipelas, pus and venereal diseases. Symp- toms: Pain in the course of the veins, veins thick, cordy, swollen, red, 502 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. rigors and flying pains in body, irritant fever; veins may suppurate;, may cause embolism. Treatment: Suction and cauterization of the' wound; leeches along the engorged vein ; follow with hot fomentation of permanganate of potassa or peroxide of hydrogen ; or, paint the vein with creosote, then poultice with tincture of iodine in lime water, belladonna to keep the blood fluid, or permanganate of potash ; rapid blood-making diet, and seek best medical aid as soon as possible. Influenza. — Infusorial catarrh, the disease-germ amoeba enters the blood and gives rise to languor, debility, fever, colic* diarrhoea, dysentery, bronchitis. Symptoms : Besides severe nasal catarrh symptoms, sore throat, nervous disorder, fever, very high temperature, great depression of the heart, and distress in breathing from accumulation of carbonic acid in blood; expectoration slight at first, then stringy, often bloody; bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, gastritis, neuralgia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea are common complications. Treatment: If vigorous, sponge bath of vinegar and water every hour and remain in bed in the intervals. Add diaphoretic method strong as can be borne without debilitating; particularly jaborandi'. If feeble, warm baths, heat to feet, strong antiseptics, iodine, sulphide of lime, etc., in room, air kept moist. Peroxide of hydrogen and glyc- erine equal parts, internally one-half to one teaspoon tfhree to six times a day; cactus grand, for heart; kali phos. for nerves. Menthol sprays of one to ten per cent, in fluid vaseline often beneficial. Conv- pound oxygen inhalation gently, two or three inspirations every hour through the nostrils, water in inhaling bottle being kept warm; avoid breathing cold air or sleexnng in cold room until recovered. Fever diet; treat complications as they occur. Alterative and tonic method* in convalescence very thoroughly. v Insanity. — That condition of mind in which the ins- pulses irresistibly override the restraining faculties of wilt, judgment, reason and conscience, or in which certain feelings^ affections or impulses are perverted, but with power of correct reasoning on other things, or in which there is a general wreckage of intellect, and madness or vacuity supervenes. Cause : Predisposing ; inheritance, nervous shock, brain dis- ease : exciting ; anything that tends to weaken the regulative faculties. Symptoms : Delusions: i. e., False beliefs relating to something that has a real existence, as that of the possession of a royal title, ete. Illusions; i. e., False interpretation of the true reports of the senses, e. g. y a reed is a scepter, etc. Hallucinations: False reports of the senses, i. e., things are heard or seen that have no existence. Actions against self-interest, with no justifying motive; as indecent exposure, self-mutilation, suicidal attempts, acts of violence against others, or DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 503 ^as in pyromania, to set things on fire. Mania: Delirium, or violent actions and words. Kleptomania and monomania are mild types of this kind of insanity. Melancholia: Woe-begone feelings and expres- sions, delusions of the most depressing nature, as that of having com- mitted the unpardonable sin, etc. Treatment: If predisposition is known to exist, promote the general health by the hardening, secernent, excernent and nutritive methods, and specially guard against all exciting causes. If insanity is already established, removal of the exciting cause, sleep, mental rest or diver- sion, nutritious food, and the normal action of the excreting organs, are the objects to be secured by the best means within reach until competent medical supervision can be secured. Warm baths, some- times full packs; sultonal if ladies' slipper or scull-cap prove too weak to secure sleep. Insomnia (sleeplessness). — Cause : Either a hvper- semic or anaemic state of the Jbrain, transient, or more or less permanent. Treatment : Remove the cause. Secure the best conditions of sleep. These are perfect quiet, or monotony of sound, like the surf; fatigue to some extent, but not enough to induce fatigue-fever, dark- ness, satisfied appetite, freedom from pain, warm extremities, favor- ing position. This should be on the right side, so that the heart can recline on the middle lobe of the right lung as on a cushion without cramping the other lobes, and the pyloric orifice of the stomach allow reads passage of the food into the duodenum; head slightly drawn down on the pillow, which should compress only to a thickness corres- ponding with the distance from the neck to the point of the shoulder, to give free action to the respiratory muscles and throw the stomach and liver downward and relieve the diaphragm from pressure; the right arm by the side and the left on the thigh, and every joint flexed enough to insure unobstructed flow of arterial blood, and no joint resting on another so that the flow of venous blood be unchecked, and the nerves be not obtunded. If hypercemic: there is an over-supply of blood, as from excessive study, reading by a heating gas jet or lamp, congestion of the brain, etc. Warm water to the head, allowed to evaporate freely, heat to the feet, general revulsive method as needed. No reading or study in the evening. Ferr. phos. Un-dry cold sponge bath daily. Nerves*tend to sleep by absorbing more water than when active, therefore a tepid or warm full bath at bed-time. If anevmic ; blood-making diet, alterative and tonic methods average to strong, kali phos. A little liquid food at bedtime. Further treatment needed, see neurasthenia. Sulfonal if positively necessary. The blood stimu- lates the nerves in waking hours and feeds them during sleep, there- fore sleep much in anaemic conditions. If with spasmodic twitches, mag. phos. Sleeplessness of Children.— Coffea and bell, in alternation. With flatulency and green stools, cham. If from overloading stomach, ipecac and pulsatiila. Intestinal Obstruction (invagination or intussuscep- tion). — Symptoms: Sudden, severe, persistent colicky pain, remitting, then returning again and again, vomiting, tenesmus, constipation or diarrhoea, hemorrhage ; diagnosis difficult. Treatment : Place patient with hips high and shoulders low, and give three quart enemas of mild lobelia tea lukewarm, or catnip tea with boneset and lobelia ; pressure upon the anus 504 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. and kneading of the abdomen ; retain three or four hours. Call physician. Ivy Poisoning. — See poisoning. Jaundice is marked by a yellow skin, with or without itching ; sweating is frequent, pulse slow, irritability and depression, secretions colored with bile and stools clay-colored, while hemorrhage may occur as tiny spots under the skin. Cause: Obstruction to the gall duct, as the pressure of foreign bodies, or a swelling and inflammation of the duodenum, stricture of the duct, tumors pressing upon it, faecal accumulations and ihe pres- sure of a pregnant uterus. May occur without obstruction, as in acute yellow atrophy and the poisons, as of malarial typhoid fever, blood poison, etc. Treatment : Exercise 13 a, drawing in a deep breath as body is- bent forward. Wear over the gall duels an ointment made by stirring into lard as much pulverized lobelia seed as it will hold and remain an ointment. Retained enema No. 7 or 9 twice a day. Colon flush No. 10 every other day. Nightshirt wrap twice a week, sponge bath daily. Diet mainly of' green vegetables, fruits and cold water, and very sparing. Further treatment should be directed to the cause. For obstructive, use kali mur. and nat. mur. or, fi. ext. of hydran- gea thirty drops twice a day, or chloride of ammonium twenty grains in water every four hours. Kidney Diseases. — Acute nephritis, see inflammation of kidneys. Kidneys. — Chronic nephritis, or chronic Bright' s disease, is a degeneration, or breaking down of the epithelium of the lin- ing membrane of the uriniferous tubes, which chokes them up and obstructs secretion ; finally they become either perma- nently filled or collapse. Cause: Acute inflammation excited by the micro-organisms of serious diseases, such as scarlet fever, diphtheria, etc. Irritation from the excessive elimination of poisons, such as uric acid, lead, etc., and mechanical irritation from obstructed flow of urine by strictures, enlarged prostate, cystitis, tumors and pregnancy, and from valvular disease of the heart. Symptoms: General languor and debility perhaps for years, then loss of flesh, prostration, vertigo, spots before eyes, noises in ears, uriniferous skin, pearly conjunctiva, large flabby tongue, feeble pulse, cold extremities, weight and may be pain in kidneys; urine free, copi- ous, pale, albuminous, and of low specific gravity: towards the end may be scanty and high; dropsy, blood loaded with urea, its walls degenerated and arteries narrowed; casts, dyspepsia. Treatment: Unload the blood through the lungs, skin and bowels ,r and leave the kidneys as little to do as psssible; flannel clothing day and night; tepid baths daily; the home Turkish bath or an alcohol vapor once a week twenty to thirty minutes, or a full pack thirty to forty-five minutes twice a week ; the respiration tube freely; as much exercise as can be taken without fatigue; nightshirt wrap, cool, cold or hot according to the reacting power, once a week. The kidneys require rest, protection and innervation. The diet should give these things: Sustain animal heat and force largely by the fats, because they are burned and eliminated in the lungs. Reduce the force foods to the lowest quantity, and select them from those foods that are blood-purifying instead of excessively carbonizing, i. e.. the fruits instead of sweets and starches. Give only enough albumen DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 505 to maintain the constructive work of the system, and in a form con- taining little mineral salts and no animal excreta, such as beef tea lias: i. e., confine the nitrogenous supply to milk and eggs strictly, and be sure that it is thoroughly oxygenated by deep breathing in the open air, and, if necessary, by the inhalation of oxygen or its absorp- tion in the stomach, or by retained enemas. If the fruit supply be short, entire wheat bread may be used moderately. Keep bowels very act ive with caeca] flushes at such a temperature as will not irritate the kidneys, which ean only be determined by experiment in each ease. The prominent characteristics, albumen, dropsy and uraemia, are mere ejects that will pass away of themselves upon removal of their causes. A compress of vinegar and water, one part to three, an hour each day on the kidneys, followed by quick ablution of the place in cool water. If the innervation be not sufficient from the food alone, add kali phos. in alternation with the calc. phos., and for heat in kid- neys, ferr. phos., a dose every one to two hours; for the albumen, calc phos. four to six times a day. Neuralgia of.— See neuralgia of kidneys. Lactation, Deficient. — Use ditania digitifolia. Laryngitis, Acute. — See inflammation of the larynx- Laryngismus Stridulus. — Spasm of the larynx in teething infants and neurasthenic females. The cause, in children, is irritation of special nerves ; in women, anaemia of the spinal cord. Treatment : Warm alkaline baths, hot fomentations to chest and throat, dry mustard in socks, com- pound syrup of lobelia freely, nutritive diet and tonic method. Leanness. — Local, as of breasts and chest under collar bones. Dr. Roussel, of Paris, treats successfully by injecting a feeble solution of eucalyptol in olive oil into the localities. Saw palmetto fl. ext. in teaspoonful doses three times a day % and the oil made into an ointment and rubbed on the breasts once or twice a day, is better. Hypodermic injections of bovinine should be tried. General, when the result of bad assimilation, see malassim- ilation ; when constitutional, no help but easy living, gradually inducing the lymphatic temperament. Lightning Stroke. — Excite breathing by a dash of cold water. This failing, resort to artificial breathing, as in drowning. Then perfect rest, gentle stimulants, bodily heat kept up by hot applications. Special injuries should be treated according to their nature. Liver, Diseases of. — The symptoms of cancer in the liver are those of liver and stomach ailments, pinched features, dejected expression, no fever, liver hardened and irregular, pains increased by pressure; death certain within a year. 50(3 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Congestion of the Liver.— Symptoms same as for enlargement, with probably some jaundice. Treatment: For acute cases— injection of one piht of warm water, a .table-spoonful of epsom salts and one ounce of sweet oil. As soon as it has passed off, give a lobelia and composition emetic, and follow it with a warm bath and hot teas until perspiration is free. Ferr. phos. every twenty to sixty minutes. Kali mur. if tongue is white and stools light. Kali phos. if nerves are depressed. Nat. sulph. with green evacuations and sallow skin. Nat. mur. if with jaundice. After first day, the emetic, flush and bath as often as needed to keep up their general effects upon the system without weakening the patient. Fluid diet. Chronic Congestion of the Liver.— The emetic, etc., every week or second week. The appropriate medicine three times a day. A liver pack ol vinegar one-third and water two-thirds, half an hour daily. Drink hot water four times a day. Sponge bath daily. Diet free from sweets and starches, the carbohydrates being supplied in cooked fruits. Enlargement of Liver.— Symptoms : The early stage is like Indi- gestion ; later, loss of flesh, strength and appetite, pains about liver or right shoulder, and tenderness on pressure. Treat medically as for congestion of the liver, with occasional baths, etc. Liver, Fatty, is due to infiltration of the liver cells with globules of fat. Caused Wasting diseases, overfeeding, alcohol, acute phos- phorus poisoning. Symptoms: None characteristic. Treatment: If suspected, treat the cause. Gall Stones.— See calculi, biliary. Liver, Waxy, amyloid, scrofulous, albuminous, or lardaceous liver. Cause: Infiltration into the liver of the products of suppura- tion from some other part. Symptoms: Dyspepsia with diarrhoea, urine pale, increased and albuminous, emaciation, anaemia, enlarged spleen, short breath. Treatment: Cure the causative suppuration. Tonic treatment strong, with hygienic measures. Diets No. 12 or 13, or the more solid diets that are destitute of starch, fat and sugar. Inunctions of vegeta- ble oils. Excernent and secernent methods, as the case requires. Locomotor Ataxia. — A disease of the posterior part of the spinal cord. Can be treated only by a physician. Usu- ally deemed incurable, but in 347 cases in which Dr. Brown- Sequard's " elixir " was used, 314 were cured or greatly- improved. LiOck-jaw (tetanus). — Due to a specific micro-organism localizing in the medulla and extending down the spinal cord. Symptoms : Headache; in a short time the muscles of the face, neck, jaw, back and abdomen become rigid; there may be paroxysms; sensation and intellect not impaired ; great pain ; contraction of chest muscles may cause difficult breathing; pulse small and quick; tem- perature high. Patient often unable to take nourishment, any attempt increasing the paroxysms. Death follows from inanition. Duration usually three to five days. Treatment: Call physician as quickly as possible. Meantime, give very full csecal flush* of lobelia tea. Follow immediately with a hot bath, thirty minutes, containing a pound of lobelia herb pulver- ized, and give every ten to twenty minutes a teaspoonful of the fol- lowing: A heaped teaspoonful of lobelia seeds crushed, the same of the fresh plant, one tablespoonful of American valerian, and the same of powdered capsicum in half pint of brandy; shake well and settle. Should the bath not be practicable, apply cloths wrung out of hot lobelia tea to chest, abdomen and thighs; change frequently and con- tinue until physician arrives, unless spasm breaks; even then, con- DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 507 tinue the stomach remedy in smaller closes at longer intervals, and alternate with it full doses of peroxide of hydrogen if possible. Cleanse the wound and inject peroxide of hydrogen, then poultice with tobacco and slippery elm. Keep room perfectly quiet and sus- tain with nutritive beef tea if possible. As much promptness and energy are required as in a case of hydrophobia. jLumbag'O. — Gouty or rheumatic neuralgia in the small oi the back, worse by bending the body forward. Cause : Anything that can prevent the proper nutrition of the nerve. Treatment : Tie on a cloth dipped in hot water and vinegar ; renew every hour ; or apply an ointment of three or four ounces lard, one-half ounce pulv. lobelia and one-fourth ounce capsicum ; or give ten drops fl. ext. of geisemium every four hours, or the negative pole of the faradic current strong, the positive at feet. Lungs, Bleeding From. — See Haemoptysis. Lungs, Cancer of.— Pulmonary carcinoma. Usually secondary to cancers elsewhere. Can only be determined or treated by a physician. Lung-s, Congestion of. — Cause. The active form is arterial, due to violent exercise, great altitude, inhalation of irritants; the passive is venous, due to regurgitation of blood from the heart, obstruction of the circulation. Symptoms: Blood-stained, watery expectoration and 1 he symptoms of dropsy of the lungs: sudden, rapid, dangerous. Treatment: Revulsive method, average to very strong. Perfect quiet, free ventilation, frequent change of position; fluid diet; ferr. phos. every half hour; call physician. 3Ialassimilation (malnutrition), words that express a defective appropriation by the tissues of the elements of food .lid consequent loss of vigor. May be slight, as in mild dys- ; : or extreme, as in severe anaemia and marasmus. Cause : Anything that lowers the tone of the nervous system. Treatment : When apparently uncomplicated, tonic method according to the case. Treat complications as separate disea-H<. 3Ialaria. — See ague. 3Iammary Undevelopment. — This is often the case with girls of nervous temperament, especially if the mind be highly cultured. It may result from disease, or want of devel- opment of the reproductive system. In any case, it is not only a serious deficiency in the attractiveness of the form, but augurs poorly for success in the possible future maternal func- 508 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. tion of nursing her children. Xo young woman ought to con- sider herself justified in remaining in this condition, since th^ proper use of an appropriate massage brush, together with the internal and local use of the serenoa serrulata is almost cer- tain to correct the deformity at a small expense, together with a fair share of painstaking trouble. Masturbation is the excitation of the genital organs by the hand, by pressure, by friction, or by any means that pro- duces the pleasurable sexual orgasm in either sex. Ignorant nurses practice it upon restless children to keep them quiet, youths upon themselves and others, and even adults resort to it by perverted choice or as a makeshift for the natural inter- course that their instincts crave. If a male calf be castrate'! while young, he will make the patient, meek-eyed ox ; it' not until adult form has been obtained, he will become the slow, stupid, lifeless stag — the bull fire, courage and combativeness all gone, although the muscular form will be retained. So of other animals, and so of man. Eunuchs rarely ever exhibit even the average ability of men. The lesson taught by these facts is that the vim, enterprise, aggressiveness of men centers in the sexual system, and that anything that depletes that, robs the man of the noblest possibilities of his nature. Upon this point such prudish notions have been entertained by most parents that their boys have been allowed to go into the world uninstructed as to the facts of their sexual organism, and the result is that the ranks of civilization are crowded with half wrecks of man- hood surviving the innocently acquired and ignorant ly practiced self- abuse that has hurried other myriads through the gates of consump- tion and acute diseases into the other world. It is a sickening and horrid spectacle to the professional observer, and the worst hell that this world knows to its victims. One of the worst features of the case is that designing villains play upon the fears of these awakened but helpless sufferers, and by mag- nifying all the bad indications, cause them to almost despair ot help at all, then promise all sorts of impossibilities, for the sake of gain. The real truth is that physical, and, perhaps, mental damage will run all through life, regardless of the repentance of the subject. But, putting the soul right with God, and with all moral relations, confid- ing in Him for help, and then adding appropriate medical treatment, the majority of cases can so far recover as to reduce the lifelong dam- age to a small per cent. We write thus plainly just here because of the tremendous import- ance of the subject. The possibilities, perils and conquests of man- hood circle right about this pivotal point. The evil not only blasts young manhood, but enters the marriage circle with withering power and plants decay upon the very shrine of adult power. Disappoint- ment, disgust, alienation, separation, divorce, or an unnatural con- strained partnership without conjugality, are the successive steps that mark the downward progress from the altar to the welcome grave. But this is not all. Children are born emasculated of all the vim and DISEASES A^D THEIK TREATMENT. 509 reserve power of normal childhood, who, if they survive the acute attacks of children's diseases, are nursed along only to slide at puberty, or later, into the many forms of decline that men deem so mysterious, but that God, in mercy to humanity, has established in order, by "the survival of the fittest," to keep virility in the race at all. Maiiia-a-potu (delirium tremens). — See alcoholism. Marasmus. — A disease of the mesentery glands, whose function is to raise the blood discs from white to red. In cholera infantum this function is destroyed and the tissues starved. Treatment : For the diarrhsea, elixir of coto bark ten drops or more each hour until checked. For the maras- mus, quebracho fl. ext. one to five drops three times a day. Blood-making diet, inhalations of oxygen. Mastodynia. — See neuralgia of breast. Measles (rubeola). — Symptoms : Fever, skin hot and dry ; restlessness, rash fourth day ; dry, ringing, croupy cough ; tongue coated, appetite lost, intense thirst. Rash first on tem- ples, forehead, neck, down to chest and arms, body ; suffused eyes, swollen lids, intolerance of light, puffy face, nasal dis- charge. The rash fades after three or four days, and the skin sheds in bran-like scales. Treatment: Guard against lung complications. Keep room dark- ened. Ferr. phos. frequently in first stage, less often later. Kali mnr. for hoarse cough and glandular swellings. Kali snlph., with warm covering, every hour, if rash recedes, and skin is harsh and dry. Nat. mur. occasionally for excessive tears or other watery secretions. With these remedies, and free spongings under bedclothes with tepid lye water, there are rarely any complications. Should any occur, treat each as a separate disease. Or, in place of above salts, give Helenine, one granule every hour. Drink cold water freely, a little at a time, and take puis, every two hours. If high fever, aconite in alternation. For sudden recession of rash, bry. and puis. ; eruption slow, gels, five drops in four ounces of water, dose one teaspoonful hourly. Melancholy. — See insanity. Meningitis. — See brain, inflammation of, and inflam- mation of spine. Menopause (change of life, climacteric, turn of life). — Natural cessation of menstruation, usually between forty-five and fifty, generally preceded by irregularity for a year or more. Sometimes attended with flushes of heat, colds, nervous pros- tration, uterine hemorrhage, and a great variety of unpleasant symptoms. One decisive symptom, viz., an accumulation of fat which often grows to form two distinct prominences on a level in the back of the neck with the two lower cervical vertebrae. 510 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Treatment: More depends upon hygiene than medicine. When medicine must be used, the most mild and quieting articles suited to the case are the best. Avoid mental excitement and heavy labor, coffee and all fermented and alcoholic drinks. A hard bed, early ris- ing and early retiring for the fleshy, but slender and nervous women should sleep all night and after dinner. Avoid wet feet, damp cloth- ing and houses, and close rooms; also avoid sexual intercourse until the period is past. Nutritious diet, flannel clothing, general tonic treatment, change of scene if practicable, if not, change of reading, and, to some extent, occupation. Not often fatal. Fewer women than men die between forty-two and forty-nine. For constipation, rectal flush of sugar or molasses and water, or of boneset tea, fifteen minutes before stool. Ripe fruits, succulent vegetables and brown bread. If not sufficient, hot eaecal flush twice a week. For dizziness, headache and flashes of heat, drinks of whey, tepid or warm sponge baths with light friction. A lobelia pill every four or six hours. For cold feel , cold water tread daily, when there is sufficient power of reaction ; in other cases warm foot baths with mustard or capsicum. For apoplectic symptoms, a, retained enema of a teaspoon ful of lobelia, and lady's slipper. Tepid baths once a week, followed by light friction from the bare hand of a friend. Milk-leg* (phlegmasia dolens). — See parturition, disei of. Miscarriage. — See abortion . Mouth, Diseases of. — For Aphthce, see Aphthe : for gangrene, see gangrene of mouth ; for nurse's sore mouth, see par- turition ; for salivation of pregnancy, see pregnancy, diseases of. In salivation mercurial, the gums, salivary glands, mucous mem- brane of the mouth and tongue become excessively inflamed, saliva and mucous flow sometimes several pints a day, breath fetid, copper taste, may lead to ulceration of the gums, loss of teeth, and even portions of the jaw bone. Use as a gargle every hour one-half teaspoonful of chlorate of potash to an ounce of water. Thrush is an inflammation of the mouth with curd-like patches, and sometimes extends down the throat, with symp- toms of simple inflammation. Attend to the infant's diet; improve the general health ; wash the mouth every second hour with one dram of borax to one ounce of glycerine and water, or with one dram of borax in an ounce of strained honey. Ulcer (canker ; cancrum oris). Grayish or yellowish white ulcer with red margin, painful, may be fever. The treatment is the same as for thrush, with the addition of smearing the ulcers, between the other applications, with hydrogen peroxide and glycerine in equal parts. Mumps. — See inflammation of parotids. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 511 Myopia (nearsightedness). — Wear concave glasses. Nephritis. — See inflammation of the kidneys. Nervousness and Nervous Prostration. — Words that indicate different degrees of the neurasthenic condition. Slight nervousness indicates but a transient deficiency in the storage of force in nerve tissues. Needs rest, nutritious diet and general hygienic and tonic measures. Nervous prostration may be practically regarded and treated as neurasthenia. A diet exclusively of wine whey is sometimes appropriate until able to take the neurasthenic diet. This may be aided by the following nutritive enema : Two eggs, one-half teaspoonful salt, one tablespoonful of warm water. Beat well and inject three times a day, one hour after cleansing the rectum with hot water. Neurasthenia. — A lack of nerve force manifesting itself through the organic functions, as nervous dyspepsia, diarrhoea, vomiting, amenorrhcea, retention of urine, etc., or through the sensory functions, as neuralgia, anaesthesia, or paralysis of special senses, or through the muscular functions in general or local convulsions, or through the psychical func- tions, as hysteria. Cause: Degradation of the primary molecules of nutrition of brain and nerve tissue into diseased germs, in consequence of sexual abuse, the use of narcotics, worry, care, excessive brain work, insuffi- cient sleep, social dissipation, unhygienic habits, following the over- developed intellectuality of childhood. Symptoms : According to the particular functions implicated. Treatment: In extreme cases, the rest cure, see page 273. For ordinary cases, as much rest, with good ventilation, as can be secured. Begin treatment with a thorough colon flush ; massage after thorough sponging with castile soap and water, by a young, vigorous person half an hour twice a day over the entire frame, followed by electricity, faradic current from one-half to three-fourths of an hour twice a day, sponges moistened with salt water, placed about four inches apart and moved slowly up and down the muscles until they fully contract; to be used all over except neck and head. The massage to be gradually increased to five hours a day. Diet : At 5 a. m. a cup of nutritive beef tea with a dyspepsia cracker, to be followed by the first massage and electrical treatment of the day, and those to be followed by oatmeal porridge and cream. Breakfast at 9 a. m.; our toast, soft boiled eggs or broiled beefsteak and our coffee. At 11 a. m. a goblet of milk, kumyss, matzoon or kumyssgen. One p. m. dinner; boiled white fish or chicken, or mutton chop, with bread, fruit and cream. At 3 p. m. lunch as at 11 a. m., followed by massage and electricity, and these followed with beef tea or Mosquera's beef cacao. At bedtime a cup off hot. milk or two ounces of grape juice. As patient improves, the lunches can be diminished in quantity, and finally omitted entirely, and the meals correspondingly augmented as well as more varied. Neurosis. — Any disorder of the nervous system, as hys- teria, epilepsy, etc. Treated under the respective names. 512 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Neuralgia, — Nerve pain. Cause : Defective nutrition, overwork, worry, mechanical injury, chemical or disease-germ irritation, exposure to cold ; certain diseases predispose to it, anaemia, malaria, etc. Symptoms : May have chilly feelings and pain first, then sharp, burning, acute pain, increased on exertion. May come in paroxysms. Skin over pain may be less sensitive, or the sensitiveness may be greatly increased. Attacks may be at intervals, or not for a long time. Treatment: First, or the irritative kind: Locally, fomentations of lobelia and retained enemas of lady's slipper, and lobelia emetic if necessary ; warm bath ; non-irritating food and drink. Second, the defective nutrition kind: General nutritive and blood- making methods; locally, rub with hot vegetable oils; retained enema of skull cap; warm clothing; hardening or tonic, methods as required; subcutaneous injections of bovinine near the seat of pain; tapping massage, force gradually increased, but not so as to cause pain. General Treatment: Rest from care and worry. When worse in evening and in heated atmosphere, better in cool, open air, kali, sulph. When cold relieves, ferrum plios. When heat relieves, and cold aggra- vates, magne. phos.; but with excess of tears, natr. limr. In anaemia* sensitive to light and noise, relieved by gentle motion or pleasant excitement, kali phos. Night periodical neuralgia with crawling cold- ness, numbness, worse in bad weather, calc. phos. With white tongue, kali mar. As a general application, menthol crystals one dram, oils of cloves and cinnamon twenty drops each, alcohol four ounces, applied locally. Neuralgia of Anus.— Commonly from fever or irritable ulcer, or reflex from some genital disturbance. Treat the cause. Neuralgia of Breast (mastodynia).— Cause: Corsets, reflex from irritation of the genitals, occupation. Treat the pain according to the general methods specified under neuralgia; remove the cause; general tonic and alterative methods. Treatment: One teaspoonful of fl. ext. of passiflora every three hours, and tinct. of oats ten to twenty drops every three hours. If nec- essary apply chloroform, aconite and belladonna liniment, or bella- donna plaster. Locally fomentations of lobelia, or menthol mixture, as in neuralgia. Neuralgia, Cervico-Tracheal. — Treat medically as for cervico- occipital. Electrical: Treat through and through both ways, light cur- rent five minutes, then hands holding negative, treat affected parts with positive ten minutes. Neuralgia, Cervico-Occipital (upper part of the neck and base of the brain). — Tincture of oats ten to twenty drops in hot water every three or four hours for the anaemic variety. For the irritative cool compress locally and hot foot bath. Electrical, negative at base of spine, dampen hair and treat with positive over seat of pain and around the ears very light current fifteen minutes. For the anaemic reverse the currents. Neuralgia of Coccyx. — Cause: Blows, fractures, horseback riding, parturition. Symptoms: Pain and soreness on sitting down and rising, in walking, defecating, or any pressure on surrounding parts. TreaU ment: Nutritive diet; alterative and tonic methods; bowels opened with colon flushes; warm hip baths; retained enemas of lady's slipper. Neuralgia, Crural.— Medically, as in sciatica. Electrically, sponge electrode, negative pole, upper outside of thigh, positive p'ole from inside of upper thigh down, move negative down and treat through and through. 2. Treat as No. 2, in sciatica. Neuralgia of Ear (otalgia).— Rapid blood-making food. Thermo- ozone battery. Neuralgia, Facial (tic douloureux).— Treat the pain as for cerebro- occipital; or thermo-ozone battery; or aconite seven to ten drops in six ounces of water, dose one teaspoonful every twenty to sixty minutes ; or citrate of caffeine. DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 513 Neuralgia of Heart.— See angina pectoris. Diet Nos. 21, or 32, or 43, •or 48, etc. Neuralgia, Hemicrania.- One side of the face. Treat as facial. Neuralgia, Hysterical.— Fomentations of smartweed; internally tea of smartweed and lady's slipper, or valerian steeped, an ounce of the dry herb to a quart of water, without boiling. Dose one-half cup every one, two or three hours. Neuralgia, Intercostal (pleurodynia).— Paint with menthol one ounce, alcohol one ounce, oil of cinnamon thirty drops. Electrical: negative at base of the spine, treat affected side with positive pole, ten to twenty minutes. Or, if there be anaemia, apply the negative to the side, and use tonic method. Neuralgia of Kidneys (nephralgia).— Fomentations of hops locally; esecal flush of lobelia tea. Neuralgia, Rheumatic and Gouty.— Salicylate of quinine in six grain doses, two or three times a day. Neuralgia, Sciatic. — Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve. Medically treat as rheumatism. Electrically, first negative at feet, treat from feet all over. Second, negative at heel of affected leg, treat locally. Rub sulphur daily into the underclothing over the locality. Neuralgia of Stomach, — See gastralgia. Night Sweats. — Hot sponge bath, or inunction of qui- nine two drams, oil of cinnamon one dram, lard four ounces. Apply with brisk friction. Nipples, Excoriated. — Tannic acid and glycerine one part to four, applied frequently. Nipples, Fissured. — Calc. fluor. three times a day, or balsam peru one-half dram, tincture arnica one-half dram, almond oil one ounce, lime water one-half ounce. Apply locally. Noises in Head. — From blood pressure, inflammatory states, ferrum phos. ; with stuffy sensation, swelling of eu- stachian tubes, kali mur. ; in watery conditions, natrum niur. ; with weakness, confusion, general exhaustion, and for the aged, kali phos. ; ears open at times with loud report, silicea. Nose Bleed. — See epistaxis. Mustard over the stomach and on the calves. Nose, Red, not alcoholic. Bathe it in hot five per cent, solution of boric acid. Nostalgia. — See homesickness. Obesity. — Obesity is of three kinds : 1. Caused by too much fat in the food, which is incompletely oxidized in the system — over-fed corpulence. 2. Fatty degeneration in which the normal tissue is replaced by deposits of fat: — diseased cor- pulence. 3. The retention in the system of water, the unused products of digestion, and the broken-down tissue which should be expelled — cloister corpulence. 33 514 THE SECKET OF HEALTH. Certain physiological facts are observable in corpulence. The blood vessels are smaller than the normal average, and pulmonary respiration is below medium ; short breath ; spas- modic respiration and suffocation result when pushed. Hence cutaneous respiration is more imperative, and ability to wear warm clothing correspondingly diminished. Hoarseness, ten- dency to sleep and disinclination to activity are marked. Digestion is frequently very rapid and there is a strong desire for meats. There is special danger of heart affections and apoplexy. In some cases corpulence persists, even on almost a starvation diet. Causes : In determining these regard must be had to two facts r (a) Cloister corpulence is the direct result of insufficient oxygenation^ (b) over-fed corpulence is often the result of a constitutional tendency by reason of which it is overfed, even though the real supply be less than the average, (c) Diseased corpulency may be the final product of either of the others. Of two monks, both on the same abstemious diet, one will remain spare and become almost shadowy, while the other waxes to enormous proportions. Our explanation is this: By consti- tutional tendency the respiratory process in some eases may be under- operative in the presence of conditions that make it normally active in others. In both cases, therefore, whether overfed or under-oxygen- ated, constitutional tendency is the prime cause. But what is consti- tutional tendency ? There are three kinds of nutrition, viz.: (1) Heat and energy nutrition, which keeps up the animal heat and supplies working power; (2) reparative nutrition, which replaces the wear and tear of the system; (3) growth-nutrition, which adds to the amount of tissue — normally confined to childhood and youth, except as seen in the healing of wounds by new tissue. By constitutional tendency in the overfed, we mean the growth-nutrition of childhood perverted and excessive in childhood, or perverted and prolonged beyond child- hood, the perversion consisting in the assimilation of fat mainly, instead of fat and bony and muscular tissues in due proportions. This tendency is sufficiently accounted for in all cases of obese inheritance, but when it originates in the individual, to explain it would require a careful scrutiny of all the dietetic, respiratory and active forces of his childhood. The Cure must be considered under two aspects, viz: (1) That which relates to the constitutional tendency, and (2; the merely inci- dental — i. e., diet and hygiene. Suppose a child abnormally fat were to be treated. Obviously the thing to be done is to exalt every other vital function than that of fat production until the proper balance becomes normal and continued; then the perversion has ceased. Those vital functions are other tissue production, tissue metamorpho- sis and elimination. The adult in the same condition has only perpet- uated that perversion of growth-nutrition beyond childhood and needs precisely the same treatment, with the added vigor necessary to overcome an established physiological habit. But, as these vital functions are best exalted by what we have termed the incidentals of diet and hygiene, so both may be embraced within the incidentals. Diet. Breakfast: Five ounces of lean meat or the yolks of two eggs, two ounces of stale bread or toast with a little butter, tomatoes, radishes or lettuce and a cup of clear coffee. Dinner: Seven ounces of lean meat or fish, spinach, string beans, beet tops, cabbage, asparagus, onions, cauliflower, celery, cresses, squash, turnips and cooked tart fruits as desired, rice or macaroni three ounces, lemon-water sparingly if urea is in excess, and plentiful if it is deficient. DISEASES AXD THEIR TREATMENT. 515 supper: Yolk of an egg or one ounce of lean meat, two ounces of stale bread or toast with butter, four ounces of grapes, oranges, cher- ries, berries or sour apples and a cup of clear black tea. Avoid tat., thick soups, sauces and spices, hominy, oatmeal, white and sweet pota- toes, beets, carrots, starches, parsnips, puddings, pies, cakes, all s\\ milk, water if urea is in excess, alcoholic drinks, malt liquors, wine* and cider. If necessary, eat but one article at a meal. Hygiene: 1. Air of purest quality and in largest measure: system- atic out-door exercise, the most violent and long continued that pru- dence will allow, with all necessary out-door rest intervals. Liebig held that obesity consisted in a "want of equilibrium between res- piration and nutrition," therefore, help respiration up and put this kind of nutrition down. In other words, deepen respiration, which burns off the fat and removes solids from the body. Once every hour stand with hands pointing upward and ringers extended, then rise on tiptoe and stretch every muscle from toes to finger tips in the effort to reach higher. Once every hour stand on the right foot, take a deep inhalation and strike with the fist of the right hand straight out from, the shoulder three times before expiration. Rest one minute and in the same way strike with the left. Repeat two to six times. These exercises will be useless if taken in corsets or tight dresses. For this purpose any dress is tight that preyents the fullest possible expansion of the short ribs. 2. Much perspiration by forced exercise in warm garments, followed by sponging off with cold water, two or three times a day. This exercise' should be taken regularly, and may consist of a rapid walk, gymnastics, wood-pile, wash-tub, or anything that excites free perspiration and that can be repeated at the same hour every day. If the obesity be considerable, before resorting to any yiolent exercise a physician should be consulted, to be sure that the case is not diseased obesity, for if so, no self-treatment is safe. 3. Bowel cleansing three to 1 Buckwheat 169 Bullock's blood 256 Bunions 416 Butter 1<;8 Buttermilk 209 Buttered toast— (our toast) 210 Page. Butyric acid— an acid having a strong rancid smell and acrid taste, derived from butter, or the fermentation of sugar with putrid cheese Butyric fermentation — a fer- mentation producing butyric acid Cabbage 168, 199 Cachexia— a state of impaired nutrition and impoverished blood caused by some specific poison Cachexias 416 Caecum — the large intestine below the ileo csecal valve. .. Caffeine — a feeble organic base, obtained from tea or coffee. . Calorie — a heat unit represent- ing the heat that would raise a kilogram of water one de- gree Centigrade, or 1 pound 4 degrees F. —1.52 foot tons, 133- 137; table of 95, 119 Calves feet milk 210 Calculi —biliary, 416; oxalic, 417; phosphate, 417; renal, 417 ; uric acid 417 Camp Cure 272 Cancer — (carcinoma 1 u p u s) (malignant tumor), 417; gas- tric 418 Candle power— the intensity of the light of a standard candle at the distance of one foot. . . 2 Canned goods, precaution in using 168 Cane sugar— the sugar of cane, maple, beet-root, and Indian corn Capillaries (d) 59 Capillary — hair-like, pertain- ing to the capillaries Carbuncle 418 Carbonic acid — amount re- spired, 1; expired, 2, 70; high- est permissible quantity 3 Carbonic oxide 4 Carcinoma— a hard tumor affecting the glands, ending in an ulcer Cardialgia 419 Carditis (inflammation of the heart) 419 Care of the sick 338 Caries (fever sores) and Xecro- sis 419 Cardiac— belonging to the heart Carbon— an elementary com- bustible substance, not me- tallic in nature, which pre- dominates in all organic com- pounds and forms the base of charcoal and mineral coals.. t Carbohydrates — starches and 560 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Page, sugars containing exactly enough oxygen to saturate the hydrogen Carbon wafers 255 Carnrick's diet 210 Carnrick's food 255 Carrots 169, 199 Cartilages 53 Casein— the proteid of milk, nearly pure in the curd of skimmed milk Cassava— a kind of starch or fecula, obtained from the root of the Janipha Manihot Catabolism (see metabolism).. . Catalepsy 420 Cataract 420 Catarrh, 420; aural, 421; of bile ducts, 421; o!' bladder (cysti- tis), 440; bronchial, 422; cer- vix, 422; duodenal (intestin- al), 424; gastric, 422; laryn- geal, 423; intestinal (duoden- al), 424; acute nasal (coryza), 424; chronic nasal, 425; of prostate gland, 426: of rec- tum, 42(5; Uterine (endome- tritis), 420; vaginal (leucor- rhea) ^427 Catamenia— the monthly peri- ods Catheter — a rubber or metal tube to pass UltO the bladder and draw oil" urine Celery, 190; toast 210 Cellar 17 Cellulose— the woody fiber of plants; the walls of vegeta- ble cells Cellular— made of cells Centimeter, cubic, 30 equal 1.01 ounces. Practically to reduce C. to ounces divide them by 30 Cereals, 169; nutritive value of 156 Cerebellum (the little, lower brain) 75 Cerebrum (the upper part of the brain) 75 Cerebro-spinal meningitis 428 Cess pools, how to make . 10 Chafing of young children 428 Chamber-vessel closets 19 Chalybeate— impregnated with salts of i ion ... . Chancre— a sore resulting from syphilitic poison Cheese 171 Chemism— the force which holds molecules and atoms together, and cannot be over- come mechanically Cherries 179 Chest (thorax) 60 Chestnuts 192 Chicken pox 428 Chicken panada, 211; use and Page, proportion, 171; broth, 210; jelly, 210; milk No. 1, 210; milk No. 2, 211; salad 553 Children's food (infant's food) 232 Chilblains 429 Chlorosis (green sickness) 429 Chlorine— a heavy gas of a greenish color, having a dis- agreeable suffocating odor, and destructive of life Chloroform— an oily liquid, of an aromatic, ethereal odor, consisting of carbon, hydro- gen and chlorine. Valued chiefly as an anaesthetic Chocolate 172 Cholesterin— a crystal lin body in the i»ii<" resembling sperm- aceti. Sometimes forms bil- iary Calculi in the gall blad- der Cholera. (Asiatic) Cholera and the drink habit, 38; infantum, i:;i : morbus . . . Chordee 432 Chorea (St. Vitus Dance) .... Chyle (<■. ; of various places 314-316 Climacteric disorders 433 Closets— earth, 15; absorbents for 16 Clothing— use of, 24; non-in- flammable, 25 (loves 172 Coagulnm — a clot of blood Cocoa 172 Cocoanut 172 Coccyx — the tip end of the spine Coccygeal— pertaining to the coccy x Coecyodynia (painful coccyx). 434 Cod.. 176 Cod liver oil 176, 212 Codfish creamed 212 Coffee, 173; adulterants, 173; cream, 212: syrup 213 Collapse— (failure of strength; loss of vital power), 524; pul- monary (atelectasis) 405 Colloids— forms of food that will not readily permeate through animal membrane, I5JDEX. 561 Page. e. g., gelatine, starch, albu- men, gum arabic, etc Colds 434 Colic 434 Colitis (dysentery), 456; chronic (chronic dysentery) 457 Colon, 64; Hush described . 279 Colostrum— the first milk se- creted after delivery Colliquative — melting; exces- sive discharge Coma (d) 435 Comatose— resembling coma.. . Commissure — the place where two parts of a body unite in a seam — Compresses, 21, 328 ; ice-cold ,329 ; chest, 329; neck, 329; sweat- ing 329 Concomitant — accompanying. . Condensed milk 256 Condyloma 435 Confluent — running into each other; united Congestion — overf ulness of the blood-vessels 435 Congenital— an y peculiarity developed before birth Con j unctiva— t h e membrane which covers the eye and lines the eyelids Conjunctivitis 435 Connective tissue, (cellular or areolar tissue) a meshy tissue consisting of yellow and white fibers with blood ves- sels and nerves and used to bind together other struct- ures Constructive energy — the building and re-building powers of the system Consumption, pulmonary (pul- monary tuberculosis, phthi- sis), 435; diet in 373 Constipation, 284; remedy for, 286; flush 297 Contagion from wall papers, 44; household pets, 44; kiss- ing the dead, 44; bowel dis- charges 44 Convulsion — violent, involun- tary contraction of any mus- cles Cooling, how done, 10; method (antiphlogistic) 365 Co-ordination — holding e qu a 1 rank, or standing in the same relation to something higher or lower, or a state of harmony Corpuscles— atoms or minute bodies, as cells, red blood, from j^g lo y^ff of an inch in diameter; composed of oxv- hsenioglobin 86.8 to 94.3 parts 36 Page, in 1000 of organic matter, nor- mal quantity 130 parts in 1000 ; white, (leucocytes) ^sVs of an inch in diameter. Ratio to the red 1 to 400 after a meal to 1 to 1500 some hours later. . Corn, 169; coffee, 213; meal gruel. 213 Cornea— the horny, transpar- ent coat of the eye ball Coryza (catarrh, acute nasal).. . 424 Corrosive — su bstances which destroy the flesh Cosmetics and skin ointments, 41 Cottage cheese No. 1 and No. 2, 213 Cotton seed oil 174 Cough, whooping (pertussis). . . 445 Cow's milk, indigestibility overcome, 245; substitutes for 246 Cracker gruel 213 Cranberries 165 Cramp 445 Cream, 174; milk, 256; High- land Brand Evaporated, 256; sauce 553 Crowd poison 2 Cross eyes 445 Croup 446 Crystalloids— food substances which are diffusible through animal membrane, e. g., min- eral salts, cane-sugar, glu- cose, and peptones Cucumbers 199 Currants 165 Custard, 213; French, 213; and egg powder 174 Cuticle — the scarf skin Cyanosis (blue disease) 446 Cystitis, acute (inflammation of the bladder), 446; chronic, 447 Dandruff 448 Dash, the 335 Dates 179 Date pudding 213 Deafness 448 Death-rate from poorly con- structed dwellings , 4 Death-rate from poorly venti- lated dwellings, 4; corre- sponds with density of popu- lation 45 Deaths, preventable 130 De bauch 449 Decoction — the liquor in which any medicinal sub- stance has been boiled Deglutition (swallowing), diffi- cult 449 Degenerations.. 78 Delirium tremens (acute alco- holism) 394 Demulcent drink No. 1 214 Demulcents— bland substances that soothe inflamed and ir- 562 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. ritated parts Dengue 449 Deusmore Preliminary treat- ment 304 Deodorize — to neutralize foul effluvia by chemical agents. . Dermatalgia(neuralgiaof skin) 449 Desserts, when to take 149 Dextrin or dextrine — same composition as starch, but very fluid and soluble in cold water; formed by the action of heat, acids or dias- tase on starch Dextrose— grape-sugar, or clex- tro-glucose, the sugar of grapes, honey, etc., and found in the animal body — Diabetes Insipidus, 449; Melli- turia 450 Diagnosis — determining the nature of a disease; some landmarks of 34G Diaphragm (one of the chief muscles by which we breathe) constituting the floor of the lungs 60 Diaphoretic (sweating) method 362 Diaphoresis— perspiration Diabetic food . . 256 Dietetic cure 268 D iaphoretics — medicines which cause perspiration — Diathesis — a state of the sys- tem peculiar to certain dis- eases Diarrhoea 451 Diastase— a nitrogeneous fer- ment found in germinating grain and some animal fluids. Dietary (A prescribed regimen of food and drink), 92; basis for, 132; examples of, 142-145; how to make, 122; necessity for, 122; rules for home, 146; working table, 133-137; work- ing table, its availability ill- ustrated 138 Diet, 93; a remedy for disease, 351; adjusted to oxygen in- take, 104; anti-ferment, 299; anti-oxalic, steak 16 ozs, fish 8 ozs, eggs 4 ozs, milk 16 ozs, gluten bread 2 ozs, sour ap- ples 12 ozs, butter 2 ozs ; anti- rheumatic (No. 61), 385; cor- rect, general principles of, 146; changes of, 151; defec- tive, table of, 131; governed by circumstances, 118; ideal, 145; not ideal, 145; National examples of, 144; of fruits and nuts, 159; of common people (Old World), 154; of the Minister's widow, 142; of the young student, 143; ta- Page- bles, 119; tables (Vaughan's), 139-142; vegetable and meat, relative cost 155 Diets, convalescent, 380; fluid, 377; semi-fluid, 378; solid, 379; how to select, 203; fiber, 382; fat, 382 ; force-foods, 383 ; mix- ed 386- Digestants 372 Digestant— ours, 372; No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3.. 214 Digestion — a chemico-vital pro- cess by which food is made semi-fluid, its inappropriate elements rejected and its appropriate elements chemi- cally changed and fitted for nutrition Digestion abnormal — failure of because of disease or defi- ciency of proper ferments, so that "the chemical process goes on more or less out of the control of vitality Digestion, 81; affected by food, 112; chemistry of, 89; gastric, 83; machinery of, 62; organs of, 84; pancreatic, 86; related to lung capacity, 110; sys- temic, 86; time required for different articles of food 152 Digestive ferments and their action 85 Dilated— expanded, made larger Dinner — poor, 124; rich 125 Diphtheria, 453 ; false 455 Dipsomania (alcoholism, chronic) 394 Disease from wrong feeding. . . 129 Diseases and their treatment, 388 ; important notes 388 Dislocation 455 Disinfectants — (substances that destroy the virulence of infecting materials) . 45 Disin tegrat ing— s epa rating into parts Distilled water — (good clean rain water can be used in- stead) Diuresis 455 Diuretics— (remedies which in- crease the activity of the kid- nevs) 177 Domestic Turkish bath 333 Doses of remedies 546 Drainage 311, 314 Dress and breathing 110 Dropsy — abdominal (ascites), 405; cellular (anasarca), 455: of brain (hydrocephalus), 455; of chest (hydrothorax), 456; of scrotum (hydrocele), 456; post-scarlatinal 456 Drowsiness 455 INDEX. 563 Page. I Drunken stupor 455 j Drug-dosing, 41; discussed by physicians 42 l Dry sheet — wrap dry sheet around after a bath, and not dry by rubbing Duck— wild 175 Dukehart's fluid extract of malt and hops 25G Dwellings— poorly constructed 4 Dysentery 456 Dysmenorrhea (painful men- struation) 457 Dyspepsia, 458; apeptic, 459; atonic, 460; abiliary, 461; apancreatic, 461; boulimic, 463; complete, 463; duodenal, 462; gastric, 460; intestinal, 4t<2; molecular, 463; nervous, 463. superpepsia 461 Dyspepsia crackers, 214; plain 260 Dyspnoea— (difficult breathing) 463 Earth-closet 15 Earache 464 Ear diseases, 464; deaf ness. 465; foreign substances in, 466; wax in 466 Eating— right, 148; too much... 120 Eclectic, the 264 Eels 175 Effete — worn out, not capable of further production Effluvia— a foul exhalation from animal or vegetable matter Effusion— the pouring out of the blood or other fluids into any portion of t he body Eggnog— No. 1, 214; No. 2 215 Eggs —albumen in, 175; and milk, 214; and brandy, 553; boiled, 214; scrambled 215 Egg— coffee, 214; how to test, 175; lemonade, 214; toast 215 Elderberry syrup 215 Electrical* cure 278 Elements in a human body 07 Elevator dizziness 466 Elimination 89 Emaciation, (becoming lean by a gradual waste of flesh). .. 466 Embolism 466 Embryo— the earliest stage in which animal organization may be discerned; in the human being, limited to tne first two months of gestation Embryonic— belonging to the embryo Em unctories— applied to ves- sels or outlets of excretion. . . Emesis— 1 he act of vomiting. . . Emetic method 364 Emmenagogue tonic— recipe... 306 Empiricism — a practical famil- iarity with medicine and the Page, treatment of disease, without a thorough theoreti c a 1 knowledge of the same, or excluding the theories Empyema (pleurisy, chronic). . 519 Emphysema 467 Emulsify— to soften a fat or resin into a solution holding it suspended in minute globules Emulsionizing or emulsifying —the sub-division of oil glob- ules until they become milky instead of oily in ap- pearance. Usually effect ed by the action of some alkali Encephalitis— {inflammation of brain) 410 Endometritis — < catarrh, uter- ine) 426. Endocarditis— acute 467 Enema — retained, 290; re- tained nutritive, 291 ; siphon, (fl) 476; elm- bark, (in dysen- tery treatment) 4">t3 Energy — conservation of, the law of t lie perpetuity of the sum total of all potential and all kinetic energy ; expended, 94; evolved, 235;* units of, see calories; kinetic, work being done; potential, work possi- ble to be done Enlarged veins (pregnancy) 522 Enteritis— (inflammation of the large intestines), 468; liuico, 468; peritoneal and muscular coat inflamed, 468; chronic... 468 Enteralgia (neuralgia of the intestines) 468 Enteric fever 479 Entozoa (worms) 543 Epilepsy (falling sickness) 469 Epistaxis (bleeding from the nose) 469 Epidemics — diseases, the poison of which is diffused through the atmosphere Epithelial — relating to the epithelium Epithelium— -the thin cuticle thai covers the lips, nipples, etc., thai arc destitute of the ordinary skin Epigastrium— the upper region of the abdomen, below the sternum, and between the costal cart ilages Epidermis— the cuticle or scarf skin of the bod y Epizooty (farcy and glanders) . 473 Equivalent — the amount by weight of any element that can replace one part of hy- drogen by weight in a com- pound 564 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Page. Eradicate— to thoroughly de- stroy Erysipelas 470 Evacuate— to make empty; to discharge Excoriate — to wear off the skin and make raw Ex cement (rf), 347; method .... 360 Excreted — any matter thrown out of the living body as use- less Excretion — the throwing off of useless matter from the body Excretions, 69; bowel, 71; kid- ney, 71; lung, 70; poisonous, 90; skin, 69; table of 90 Exercise, 29; bicycle, 36; how to take, 29; special, 30-35: special, when to use 35 Exhaustion — temporary pros- tration of vigor 472 Expectorants— medicines that increase the secretions of the respiratory membranes Extra-uterine gestation; preg- nancy outside the womb Extra 3tives— about 1% of nitro- genous substances extracted from animal tissue They constitute the substance of most beef teas and beef ex- tracts, but are stimulants only Extravasation— forcing or let- ting out of the proper vessels Exudation— sweating or soak- ing out of a liquid through the membrane that contains it Eyes— diseases of, 470; ectro- *pion and entropion, 471; granular lids, 470; inflamma- tion of cornea, 471; ophthal- mia, 471; infantile, 472; gon- orrheal, 472; granular, 472; purulent, 472 ; rheumatic, 472 ; tubercular 472 Fa?ces, impacted 473 Painting 473 Faith cure 264 Falling sickness (epilepsy) 469 Fallopian tubes— the tubes be- tween the womb and ovaries Farcy and glanders. 473 Farina, 177; gruel 215 Faradization — the interrupted current of the electric bat- tery ; general, positive at feet, negative over whole surface Fasting cure 267 Fat— an oily, solid substance, the chief part of the adipose tissue; fat nitrogenized and phosphorized — protogon, lec- ithin, cerebrin, etc.; sup- posed to be the physical ba- Page. sis of mentality Fat diet . 373 Fatty degenerations— a condi- tion in which the place of the muscular fibers is usurped by fat Febrile — pertaining to fever. . Fecundated— made fertile Feet — blistered, 473; frosted, 474; perspiring, 474; malodor- ous, 474; nails ingrowing, 475; tender 475 Felons 475 Ferments, digestive or organ- ized — substances which have the power, when mixed with food, to break up its chemi- cal combinations, out of which other combinations are formed, without being permanently changed them- selves; unorganized —the lowest order of microscopic- al fungi Fetid— having a strong, offen- sive smell Fever sore (ulcer, old) 538 Fever, 476 ; bilious, 477 ; catarrh- al, 477; cerebro-spinal menin- gitis, 477; constipation, 477; dengue, 449; exhaustion, 477; enteric (typhoid), 479; ephem- eral, 477; fatigue, 477; gastric, 478; hay (acute nasal catarrh), 424; intermittent (ague), 392; malarial (ague), 392; measle (measles), 509; phthisical, 478; puerperal (childbed fever, parturition), 518; pernicious (ague), 392; remittent, 478; re- lapsing, 478; scarlet (scarlet fever), 529; smallpox, 478 ; sur- gical,479 ; typhoid, 479 ; t yphus, 480; yellow, 545; treatment for cold stage, 393; hot stage, 393; sweating staae 393 Fibrin— the proteids of food or- ganized into flesh Fibri Hated— having a fibrous structure Figs 180 Fig pudding, 215; water 215 Filberts 192 Filters 12 Fish,175,215; boiled,215; broiled, 216; creamed, 216; when in season 216 Fissure (a crack), 480; ani, 480; lachrvmal 480 Fistula*. 481 Fits (epilepsy) 469 Flaccid— soft, weak and flabby Flatulence (dyspepsia) 458 Flatulent— the production of an undue amount of gas in the stomach or bowels INDEX. 565 Pago. Flaxseed lemonade 216 Flour. 177; graham. 177 Flour-ball 216 Flooding (hemorrhage). 490 Flushes, heat 489 Flushes— classified, 288; csecal, 289; colon. 279 ; effects of, 291 ; Nos. 1 to 49, 294-299; No. 50 (in dysentery treatment), 456; po- sitions for, 289 ; rectal , 288 ; sig- moid, 289; various tempera- tures, 293; when needed 293 Fluorine — an element in the form of a yellowish, brown gas, with the odor of chlorine and burnt sugar; one of the acidifying and basifying principles of organization. The only element that forms no compound with oxygen. . . Fceces — excrement Foetus — the child in the womb Foetal— belonging to the foetus Follicle — a tube-shaped gland or cavity Fomentation — the application of cloths which have been dipped in hot water, or water containing medicine Fomentations, 329; dry 330 Fontanelles— sof t places on the top of infants' heads Foods, 92, 98 ; average composi- tion of, 98, 99; adulteration of, 159; American waste of, 120; classified, 98, 100; cost of, 125; comparative expensiveness, 126-128 ; description of, 101-104 ; elements required for adult, 119; extractive, 117; for the sick, how to serve, 341 ; in- fants', 232; needed to sustain waste, 98; our nomenclature of, 100; prepared, 251; semi- liquid, 153; special, 204; sub- sidiary or incidental, 112; starchy— those that contain over 15 per cent, of starch; sweet — those that contain over 12 per cent, of sugar Force diet 373 Foot pound— the work done in raising a pound weight through one foot Fruit, 177; canning, 182; crack- ers, 256; curt*, 27'>; and bread cure, 271; how to serve, 217; minute padding. 217 ; oatmeal soup, 217: pudding,217; pastes stewed, 218; sulphuring and bleaching of, 17s ; tem- perance beverage, 218; tapi- oca 218 Fundus— the large part of the womb Fungus — plains ot the mush- Page. room tribe Furuncles (boils) 409 Gall-bladder 67 Galvanism, central, the gal vanic current applied through the great nerve cen- ters down to the feet; gener- al, the galvanic current ap- plied generally to the surface Gallstones (calculi biliary) 416 Game 183 Gangrene 481 Gangrenous — mortifying, de- caying Ganglionic— knotted, enlarged Gastralgia 481 Gastric— belonging to the stom- ach ; ulcer 482 Gastritis 482 Gelatine (all makes) 257 Gelatinoids — nitrogenous mat- ters which are changed to gelatine (glue) upon heating with water. The body is 6% gelatinoids, i. e., resembling gelatine Generation 79 German measles, (measles) 509 Germination — growing of a seed Gestation — pregnancy Ginger 184 Giving medicine 341 Glanders (farcy and glanders) 473 Glaucoma 482 Gleet (urethra, stricture of) — 539 Glottis, spasm of 483 Glucose— see grape sugar Gluten— the proteids of wheat flour chemically identical with fibrin, remaining as a tough mass after washing the flour in water; bread, 218; cake, 218; gems, 218; wa- fers 256 Glycosuria (diabetes M.) 450 Glycocin — a crystalline sweet- ish compound found in bile, called also, glycocoll, glycin, glycoine, etc. Glycogen— a white, mealy compound found in animal tissues and called animal starch; the form in which excess of carbohydrates is stored up for future use when food is deficient Gofio 256 Goitre (bronchocele) 410 Gooseberries 165, 180 Goose 184 Gout 483 Graham crackers No. 1 and No. 2, 257; crackers plain, 260; grits, 257: gems Gram— one equals 15.432 grains. 566 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Page. Practically to reduce grams to grains multiply them by 15y 2 . There are 28.35 to the oz Grape sug;ar— the sugar of grapes, fruits and honey ; cure, 270; juice No. 1, 218: juice No. 2 .' 219 Grapes 180 Granula 257 Granular eyelids (eyes) 470 Gravel (calculi, renal) see kid- neys 417 Grave's disease 483 Green sickness (chlorosis) 429 Growth 54 Gruels, 219 ; fortified 219 Gums, 184; bleeding 484 Gum arable 219 Gum-boil 484 Gypsum— sulphate of calcium. Habit, drink, 37; opium and chloral, 39; tobacco 39 Haddock 176 Haematine (hematine) — the col- oring matter of the blood de- composed by acids into a brown pigment Haemoglobin— the red coloring matter of the blood ; con- tains 0.049 to 0.051 % of iron and has at least 700 atoms of carbon in its molecule. An albuminoid Hsematidrosis 484 Hematuria 484 Ha3niatemesis 484 Haemoptysis 484 Hair, diseases of (baldness), 484 ; d a n d r u ff, 485 ; premature graying 485 Hallucinations 485 Hall treatment, see Errata, last page of book 278, 287 Halibut 176 Ham 184 Hands, sweating of, 485; chap- ped 485 Hangnail 485 Hardening method 367 Hares 184 Hav fever , 485 Hazel-nuts 192 Head 50 Headache, 486; acid, 487; anae- mic, 486; bilious, 486; crown, 487; Foul air, 487; hyperaemic, 486; malarial, 486; miscellan- eous, 487; nervous, 486; sick, 486; sun, 487 ; uterine 487 Health, 1; affected by wall pa- per, 44; affected by carpets, 19; its triple counterpoise — 111 Heart, 57 ; atrophy of, 406 ; burn, 489; daily work of, 94; dis- eases of, 487; enlargement of, 487; failure, 488; neuralgia of Page, (angina pectoris), 399 ; palpita- tion of, 488; pang (angina pec- toris), 399; valvular disease of 48$ Heat, body, the heat generated by the chemical transforma- tions which food undergoes in digestion, assimilation, elimination and excretion; produced by the living ma- chine, 96; produced by oxy- gen, 111; flushes, 489; rash, 489; stroke, 489; equivalent, 772 foot pounds, or the energy that will lift 772 pounds one foot transformed into heat will raise one pound of wa- ter 1° F. ; units of, the quan- tity of heat required to raise one pound of water at 29.1° F. 1°F Heat equivalence— the amount of mechanical energy that will produce 1 heat unit— 772 foot pounds Heat unit, (see calorie) Hemiplegia (d) 490; anaemic, 490; congestive 4iK> Hemorrhage, (d) 490; from rec- tum, 490; uterine, 490; uterine in change of life 491 Hemorrhoids (piles) 491 Hepatic— belonging to the liver Hernia (rupture) 491 Herring 185 Hiccough 492 Hickory nuts 192 Honrsehess (aphonia) 402 lloif's malt extract 257 Homesickness 492 Home Turkish bath 333 Homeopath 264 Honey, 185; tea 219 Horlick's malted milk 257 Horseradish 186 House building, 17; warming.. 1& Hydrocephalus, 492; spurious.. 492 Hydrochloric acid — commonly called muriatic acid, and composed of equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine united by chemism Hydrophobia 492 Hydrothorax 493 Hydro-carbons— any com- pound consisting of hydro- gen and carbon alone Hydroleine 257 Hygiene 1 Hygienic — belonging to health, both of the individual and of communities; cure 267 Hypodermic— under the skin .. H V p e r se in i a (congestion of brain) 411 Hyperaesthesia ..,,,.,,, 493 1XDEX. 567 Page. Hypermetropia 493 Hypertrophy, 493: of heart, 493; of liver, 493; of muscles . 493 Hysteria 494 Hysterical fit 494 Huckleberries 165 Humidity 9, 308, 312 lee-cream 186 Ichorrhaemia 494 Idiosyncrasy — a peculiarity of constitution or temperament Ileo-csecal— pertaining to tbe ileum and csecum Ileum— the p;irt of the small intestine between the jeju- num and the colon Impact ^packed together) 320 Imperial granum 257 Impinging— striking against. . . Imperforate— having no open- ing Inanition —being empty for want of food; usually means exhaustion from partial star- vat ion 494 Incontinence of urine 494 Indigestion 495 Infants' foods, 232; compared, 237; human milk correct standard, 233 ; marketable ideal, 244: our own formula?, 246; prepared, table of. 253; physiology vs. chemistry, 243; quantity required, 234: re- cipes for, 247-249; substitutes, 234; table of, 238-239; conclu- sions from table, 240; which to employ 242 Infuse — to make tea by steep- ing in hot water Infectious— a disease which is communicated from one per- son to anotiier Infection— the virus of an in- fectious disease 44 Inflammation, 495; of bone, 495; of bone covering, 496; of brain, 410; of brain, chronic, 496; of bowels (enteritis) 468; of bladder (cystitis), 446; of breast, 412; of cellular tissue, 496; of cornea. 471 ; of eye, see eye, diseases of, 47<»: of heart (carditis), 419; of kidneys, 4!»7; of liver, 498; of lungs, 498; of middle ear, 4'.»7 : of mucous membrane of larynx, 497; of mouth, 499; of nails, 499; of nose (catarrh, acute), 424; of pituitary mucous membrane, 499; of parotid island (mumps), 499: of pleura, 500; of peritoneum. 500; of red uni, 600; of retina. 500; of Stomacii (gastritis , 482; »l spinal cord, 500; of tonsils, 501 ;*of tongue, Page. 501 ; of veins 501 Influenza 502 Inhalation cure 300 Inhibition— act of prohibiting Injections, 336 Innervation —invigorating with nervous energy 350 Insanity (d) 502 Insomnia, (sleeplessness) 503 Intestinal juice or fluid, the fluid secreted by the intes- tinal glands Intestinal obstruction 503 Intestine— large. 64; small. ..63-281 Intercostal— lying between tl e ribs Intussusception— the falling or sliding of one portion of an intestine into another 515 Inunction— the act of anointing Invertin — a chemical ferment, produced by some yeast plants, which changes cane sugar into invert sugar Invert sugar, equal parts of dextrose and levulose, the chief constituent of honey. . . jaundice 504 Jejunum 64 Jelly 219 Jelly water 219 Joints 53 Jug inhalations (d) 413 Kefir 219, 257 Kidney diseases 504 K o u m y s s, 258 ; cream, 258 ; homemade 219 Koumysgen 259 Kneipp cure 305 Knee-chest position— the body resting on the left side with the knees drawn up to the chest Labium— the folds of integu- ment at the opening of the vulva Lacteals — lymphatic vessels that convey chyle from the small intestines through the mesentery to the thoracic duct 65,67 Lactates— salts of lactic acid Lactation deficient 505 Lactic acid — the acid of sour milk. Formed also by the fermentation of somevege- table juices, and the put re- faction of some animal mat- ters Lac i at ed food 259 Lacto -preparata, 259; cereal food 259 Lactation— wet nursing Lacerated— a torn or mangled n>ni or wound Larynx 60 568 THE SECEET OF HEALTH. Page. ] Laryngitis (inflammation of larynx) 497 Laryngismus stridulus 505 Lard 186 Lardaceous — resembling lard. . Laxative— a gentle cathartic.. . Laxatives 177 Lead 12 Leanness— being without fat- ness or plumpness 505 Lecithin— a nitrogenous phos- phori zed fatty substance, especially abundant in brain and nerve tissue Leeks 187, 199 Leguminous— p er t a i n i n g to two valve, pod-bearing plants, as peas, beans etc.; seeds 199 Lemons 180 Lemonade — barley, 220; cream, 220; egg, 220; elm, 220; flax- seed, 220; gum, 220; hot 220 Lesion— any morbid change in the texture or 1 unctions of organs Lettuce 199 Leucorrhea (1 he whites) catarrh, vaginal 427 Leucomaines— a 1 k a 1 o i d s ap- pearing during life, in dis- tinction from ptomaines or alkaloids appearing a f t e r death. They result from tis- sue-metabolism, and may be physiological or pal liological Leucocytes (d) 391 Leucocythemia (rf) 391 Levulose — fruit sugar Liebi g's food 258 Ligature — a string with which to tie anything; tightly banded Lightning stroke 505 Limes 180 Lime water 221 Limed milk 220 Linseed tea 221 Liquid diets 373 Liver, C6; cancer of, 505; con- gestion of, 506; enlargement of, 506; fatty, 506; gall stones, (calculi, biliary), 416; waxy, . 506 Lobelia suppositories, how to make 458 Lobster 187 Lochia — the discharges after childbirth Lockjaw 506 Locomotor ataxia 506 Locucin — a white crystalline substance in composition and properties much like sugar of gelatine Lumbago 507 Page, Lungs, 60 ; atrophy of, 406 ; bleeding from (haemoptysis), 484; capacity and digestion, 110; cancerof, 507; congestion of, 507; dropsy of (hydro- thorax) 493; infiarumation of, 498 ; gangrene of. 481 Luncheon 150 Lymph — a fibrinous lluid exuded from the blood ves- sels in inflammation 67 Lymphatics— glands or vessels containing or conveying lymph 67 Machine— our living, 49, 53, 93; onr living, work done by, 94- 97 ; repair shop wit h in 100 Macaroni 187 Mackerel 176 Macerate — to steep in water until soft Magnet ic cure 277 Malt, 187; and milk, 221; infu- sion 188 Maltine 259 Mal-gcncration — (gen eration aside from, or below the nor- mal type) 79 Mal-assimilat ion— i in pe rf e c t appropriation by the tissues of the nutritive materials brought to them by the blood 507 Malaria (ague) 392 M ilformation — wrong co n- ] urination or structure de- formity Malates— salts of malic acid and a base Malic acid— an acid found in the juice of rhubarb stalks, unripe apples, gooseberries, etc Malignant — a disease of a very serious character, threaten- ing the life of the patient — Maltose — a crystalline sugar formed from "starch by the action of diastase; resembles dextrose Malic acid 160 Mammary un development 507 Mania-a-potu (alcoholism) 394r Manganese — an e 1 e m e n t a r y substance of steel-gray color when crystallized Marasmus 509 Mastodynia (neuralgia of breast) 512 Masturbat ion— a r t i fi c i a 1 ex- citement of the sexual organs 50S Mastication 116 Massage treatment 275 Maternal — belonging to motherhood Maturation— the formation of IXDEX. 569 Page, pus or matter in any part of the body Mat zoon 259 Measles 509 Meal— broiled and chopped, 221; infusion, 188, 221; powder, 188; use of 154 Medicines, doses of 546 Medication, 344; the value of.. 344 Medium oatmeal crackers 259 Medulla— short for medulla ob- longata Medulla oblongata 75 Melliifs food 259 Melons 188 Melancholy (insanity) 502 Menopause ^the change of life) 509 Meningitis (inflammation of brain), 410; spinal (inflamma- tion of spine) 500 Menstruation, painful (dys- menorrh ea) 457 Menstrual — belonging to the monthly periods Mesentery — a thick sheet of membrane attached to the spine and holding the bowels in place; has many glands between its layers called mesenteric glands Methoinania (alcoholism, chronic) 394 Metamorphosis of tissue — the process of metabolism in both forms, anabolic and cata- bolic 62, 100 Metabolism — the process by which living cells transform the nutritive elements of food into themselves; also by which they change their own protoplasm into secretions for special functions or ex- cretions to be expelled. The first process is called anabo- lism; the second is called catabolisin Metamorphosis— c hanges of form Metastasis— transfer of a dis- ease lo another organ Micrococci — bacteria in the form of dumb-bells, or globu- lar or oval cells without the power of motion Milk-leg (parturition, diseases of) 523 Milk, 189,221; adulterants, 190; clabbered, 211; diet, 221 ; for infant feeding, 190; gruel, peptonized, :^2 ; peptoniza- tion of, 250; peptonized, 222; punch, 222; sterilized, 190; substitutes Nos. i. 2 and :;. 222: sterilization of, 249; thickened 223 Page. Mind cure 265 Miscarriage (abortion) 389 Mixed diet 373 Moisture 317 Molecules — the smallest parti- cles of matter that can exist in a free state Monomania (insanity) 502 Morphiomania — a d*i s e a s e d craving tor morphine caused by its use Mosqu era's beef cacao, 191; jelly, 260; meal 260 Moot h, 02; diseases of, 510; aph- thae (apt he), 403; gangrene, 481; salivation of pregnancy (pregnancy), 523; salivation, mercurial, 510; thrush, 510; ulcer 510 Movement cure 275 Mucous— a fluid secreted or poured out by the mucous membrane, serving to pro- tect it Mucous membrane — the mem- brane lining some of the eav- ites of the body, as the mouth, throat, bowels Muco-purulent — r esembling both mucous and pus Mumps (inflammation of parot- ids) 499 Murdock's liquid beef 260 Muscles, 52-53; atrophy of, 406; beater, how to make 517 Mushrooms 191 Mustard, 191; dressing 223 Mutton, 191 ; broth, Nos. 1 and 2 223 Myelitis (inflammation of spine) 500 Myosin— the clot formed by the coagulation of the muscle- plasma in death Myosis — unusual contraction of the pupil of t he eye Myopia (nearsightedness) 511 Narcotics — medicines w hich relieve pain and produce sleep Xa^cent — elements just freed from chemical combination; then their chemical affinity is most active Nat ural cure 272 Nectarines 180 Nephritis (inflammation of kid- neys) 497 Nerves 71-73 Nervousness 511 Nestle's food 260 Neurosis 511 Neurasi henia 511 Neuralgia, 512; of anus, 512; of breast, 512; cervico tracheal, 512; cervico occipital, 512 ; of coccyx, 512 ; crural, 512 ; of ear, 570 THE SECRET OF HEALTH. Page. 512 ; facial, 512 ; of heart (angi- na pectoris), 399 ; hemicranial, 513; hysterical, 513; intercos- tal, 513; of kidneys, 513; rheu- matic and gouty, 513; sciat- ica, 513; stomach (gastralgia) 481 }few method cure 299 Night sweats 513 Nightshirt wrap 327 Nipples, excoriated, 513; fis- sured 513 Nitric acid— a combination of N O s with hydrogen, making H N G 3 . One of the stronger caustic acids, Nitrogen — an element of the atmosphere, and constitut- ing a large portion of all or- ganic bodies Noises in head 513 Nomadic— wandering Normal—natural, healthy Nose, 59; bleed (epistaxis), 469, 513; red 513 Nostalgia (homesickness) 492 Nuclein — kernel or central point Nurse, the 338 Nutrition (the vital process by which the chemical constitu- ents of food are transformed into living tissue), 89, 155; units of, 96; standards of 119,120,371 Nutritive ratio— one part by weight of fats equals 2\ or carbo-hydrates Nutritive enema and embro- cation No. 1, 223; Nos. 2 and 3, 224 ; method 354 Nuts 191 Nut and fruit pudding 223 Oatmeal, 170; and fruit, 224 ; bis- cuit, 260; gruel, 224; mush, 224; porridge, 224; pudding, 224; tea, 224 ; water 225 Oats 170 Obesity 513 Obstruction of bowels (intus- susception) 515 Obstetrics (midwifery) Obstetrical— belonging to ob- stetrics Occipital— related to the back part of the head Oidium albicans — a disease germ found on the mucous membrane of the mouth, tongue, tonsils Olives 192 Olive oil 192 Olein— the pure oils, as olive oil, oleate of glyceryl Omentum— the folds of the per- itoneum that cover the bow- els Page. Onions 192, 200 One meal cure 268 Opacity— want of transparency Oranges 181 Orange cream, 225; sherbet 225 Organic— animal or vegetable existence dependent upon or- ganization Organization— an arrangement of parts for the performance of the functions necessary to life Organic disease— disease of the structure of an organ in dis- tinction from its functions... Organism— a living body com- posed of different organs with separate functions, but mutu- ally dependent and essential, to the life of the individual. . Os — opening Osseous— relating to bone Ossification— turning into bone Our coffee No. 1 and No. 2 225 Our flush, 287; essentials of, 288; modifications of 288 Our colon flush, 279; digestant 372 Our Doctor's water cure, 316; milk punch, 222; toast, 210; tea 230 Overwork 516 Oxaluria 516 Ozoena 516 Oxidation, 61; deficient , 108, 109, 111 Oxygen, 90, 104-107, 109-111, 307; required daily, 94; required by infants, 235; treatment.. .. 274 Oxygenating capacity— see air, and respiration 109, 386 Ox y haemoglobin— a loose com- pound of haemoglobin with oxygen 1 gram to 1.59 c. cen- timeters. The red blood cor- puscles contain in 1000 parts 86.8 to 94.3 parts of oxy haemo- globin ; the oxygen carrier of the body Oxygen units, the number of molecules with which it al- ways combines with other substances 15, 96 Oxygenate or oxidate, to com- bine a substance with oxygen Oxidized, the condition of a substance after oxidation Oysters, 193; broiled, 226; creamed, 226 ; roasted 226 Oyster broth No. 1 and No. 2, 225; stew 226 Ozone (a form of molecular ex- istence of oxygen by which one molecule contains three atoms of oxygen, by the agency of electricity ; weight 47.88) 311, 314 Pabulum— food in the widest IXDKX. 571 Page. sense ; sustenance •. . Packs, 326 ; part 327 Pain, 516: urethral :>17 Palate, elongation 517 Palpitation (heart) 488 Palmetic or oleic acid — the acid of fluid oils Pancreatic digest ion 80 Pancreatinize — the change ef- fected in food by the action upon it of pancreatin Papayotin — the watery part of the' milk of the papaw tree contains 10. <* % or more of ni- trogen called p. or papain; used as a digest ant Papoid— a form of papayotin.. Paralysis 517 Parasite— animals living upon other animals Paresis. 517; atonic— lack of power without paralysis Parotid s — glands secreting saliva Parotitis (inllammation paro- tid gland) 400 Parturition, diseases of, 518; child-bed fever. .318; colic, .">18: convulsions, puerperal, 518; Hooding 518 Paroxysm — a periodical fit of a disease Particular methods and spec- ial diets, 353; diets, 308; diets, standard of construction 300 Paretic dysuria — impeded and painful urination Pastry 149 Patient, the 342 Pathological— relating to dis- eases; their nature and re- sult a 181 103, 100 Peaches 181 Peach bread pudding, 220; foam, 220; paste, 227; pie. . . 227 PectiC acid 100 Pelvis— the cavity containing the womb * Pelvic— belonging to the pelvis Pepsin. 83 Pepper, 193; adulterants. 193; red (cayenne) 194 Peptone-— 1 i The end product into which the albumens of the food are converted by, the digestive process— albu- minose. 2 Dextrose, grape sugar. (3 Diastase, allied to gluten— made by macerating sprouting m.iit 24 hours al inn F. in double it- weight of water, filtering, replacing the filtrate with alcohol, fil- tering the deposit and dry- Page. ing. Called also maltine and vegetable ptyaline Pepiogens— soluble substances which excite the formation and excretion of pepsin. Among the best are dextrine, soup, green pea soup, bread, gelatine and peptones Peptonization (v lead, 12; qualities of, 310; supply, 310: solvent properties. 321; tread 335 Waxy liver 506 Weeping eye 543 Wells often but drain pipes 14 Wellesley female college . .108, 110 Wheat, 170; gluten, 261; prepa- rations 261 Whey 201 Wheal— an elongated elevation of the skin, like that caused by a stroke from arod White swelling (tuberculosis of knee joint) 537 Whitlow ("felon) 475 Whisky drink 231 White sauce 228 Whole wheat crisps 553 Whortleberries 165 Whooping cough (pertussis) 543 Wines, 201; sweet 201 Wine whey 231 Womb, diseases of. See ante- version, anteflexion, prolap- sus uteri Worms, common, 543; pin or thread, 543; tape 544 Work clone by the human ma- chine . . 94—97 Wraps, 327; body, 329; shawi. . 329 Wrinkles 544 Writer's cramp 544 Wry neck (torticollis— caput obstipum) 544 Yeast fungi 544 Yellow fever 545 Zwieback No. 1, 2 and 3 262 Errata. Page 278, fourth line from bottom, read warm instead of "cold." Page 287, ninth to fourteenth lines mistakenly copied from a med- ical journal. They do not apply to the Hall system. 7— " ■■■'