fTO ELEMENTARY FftENGH COURSE '^XW'*?!*^^^^'^'' IMMM |LIBRylRYOFCONGllESS;i| I ^^e/,r^03 .^UNITED ST-X..O uii A:\iEnjCA ^' GASC'S F RENCH DICT IONftRIES. A new Dictionary of the French and English Langiiages. With more than fifteen thousand new vords, meanings, &c. By Ferdinand E. A. Gasc. 8vo. flalf roan, S3. 75. *'Just the dictionary needed here. I like it more and more." — Prof. F. JOCHER, Harvard University. "Admirable in its typography." — W. T. Harris, Supt. of Public Schools, '/. Louis. Improved Modern Pocket Dictionary of the French and English Languages. [French-EngUsh ind English- French.] For the ever}^-day purposes of Pravelers and Students. Containing more than five thou- and new words, meanings, idiomatic phrases and rendef- ngs. By Ferdinand E. A. Gasc. New edition^ i8mo. !^loth, $1.40. The Same. Tourist's Edition. Two vols., in a teat case. i8mo. Cloth, $1.60. •■' Am especially pleased with the pocket edition." — Prof. W. L. Montague, Xtnkerst College. The publishers feel secure in emphatically recom- nending these dictionaries^ and i?ivite detailed comparisons vith similar works. HENRY HOLT & CO., Publishers, 25 Bond St,, New York, I i i J THE yOYNES-OTTO ELEMENTARY FRENCH COURSE. INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER BY / Dr. EMIL otto EDITED With Notes and Vocabulary BY EDWARD S. JOYNES Professor of Modern Languages, Vanderbilt Univbrsity NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY F. W. CHRISTERN BOSTON: SCHCENHOF & MCELLER 1877 V "I" o U PEEFAOE. This Introductory French Reader is composed (by authority) of selections from the Franzdsisches Lesebuch of Dr. Emil Otto (sixth edition, Heidel- berg). The Notes are added by the American Editor, and the Vocabulary has been carefully re-written. The aim has been to offer a sufficient selection of Easy Reading, such as may be used after the first outline of the grammatical forms, and along with the further study of the grammar. With this view the successive Sections have been made easily progressive, and no aids have been withheld that were deemed useful to the pupil at this stage of study. Section I. is Interlinear, and may be used almost at the beginning of the course in grammar. Section II. presumes a knowledge of the regular grammatical forms, irregular forms being explained or indicated in the Notes. In the remaining Sections, the forms are presumed to be known, and the explanations are IV PREFACE. mainly confined to construction and idiom. All the selections are easy, and it is hoped will be found suit- able for beginners of every age. A list of Model Irregular Verbs is added for con- venience of reference ; but this, as well as other indi- cations of irregularities in Vocabulary or Notes, is intended not to substitute, but to assist, the study of the grammar, to which, in all cases, reference for details must be understood. The abbreviations em- ployed are only such as are generally well known. This Reader has been prepared to meet what was felt to be a want for the elementary study of French. The Editor only asks that his work shall be judged with reference to its object — as an Introductory Reader for Beginners. An Introductory Grammar, of like scope and purpose with the Reader, is in course of preparation. Vanderbilt University, April, 1877. INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. SECTION I. INTERLINEAR. I. I. Un ami sincere^ et vertueux est un grand tresor. friend treasure 2. Le fleuve des' Amazones est le plus grand de la river Amazon largest terre, 3. On^ raconte que Tullus a* ete tue d'un relate was killed by coup* de foudre, 4. On compte^ dans cette ville dix thunderbolt count mille habitants. 5. Louis Quatorze** accorda sa pro- inhabitants XIV granted tection aux^ peintres, aux sculpteurs, aux ecrivains, et to writers particulierement aux grands poetes. particularly Notes. — i. Let the adjectives precede the noun in translation. 2. Literally of the Amazons. 3. Ouy indef. pron., always takes its verb in the singular ; in English often translated plural, they. 4. a ///, perfect ; translated by past tense, was. 5. coup de foudre^ literally, stroke of thunder. 6. The cardinal numeral ; in English the ordinal, 7. auXy literally to the, the article omitted in translation. I 2 INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. Remark. — -The sentences, after translation, may be repeated orally to the pupil, for the exercise of the ear. Selections may also, from time to time, be committed to memory, and used for exercises in question and answer. I. Les tempHers ^talent a la fois pretres et guerriers. templars at once priests warriors 2. La riviere fourmille de^ poissons. 3. Le voyageur swarms with fish traveller se reposa^ a^ Tombre d'un beau chene. 4. Le plus in shade oak beau privilege des rois est celui de faire^ grace. 5. Nos of (the) that armees ont triomphe des^ ennemis de la patrie. armies triumphed over the country Notes. — i. se reposa, reflex, verb, reposed himself, or simply, rested, 2. faire grace, infin., literally, to do grace, depends on de ; "that of granting pardon.** 3. Note the various translations of prepositions, in different idioms. 3- I. Les^ chenilles se nourrissent^ d*herbes et de feu- ( ) caterpillars feed on illes. 2. Les^ hommes vivaient autrefois dans les ( ) lived formerly forets ; les pres et les vallees etaient leurs promenades. meadows walks 3. Ces rochers sont la retraite des faucons, des" hiboux, rocks hawks owls et d*autres oiseaux de proie. 4. Les richesses de birds prey r^Amerique n*ont pas enrichi les Espagnols. ( ) enriched Spaniards Notes. — i. The article is frequently omitted in translation. 2. Re- flex, verb, literally, nourish themselves ; note the sense of the preposi- tion de. 3. In hiboux, h is not silent. INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. 3 4. I. Les plantes des zones torrides sont admirables 2 I par leur forme, leur grandeur, et la variete de leurs for large size couleurs. Les Secambres formerent, sous le nom de Secambri formed Francs, un etablissement sur les bords du Rhin. Franks settlement banks Rhine 3. Les fabriques de Lyon nous^ fournissent les plus factories Lyons furnish beaux rubans. 4. Le sein de la terre renferme des' ribbons bosom encloses ( ) mines abondantes d^argent, de cuivre, et d*or. 2 I silver copper gold Notes. — i. Furnish us — the pronoun object precedes the verb. 2. des J the partitive article* frequently not translated. ^ 5. I, L'homme sage prefere la vie paisible de la cam- wise prefers peaceful coun- pagne aux agitations bruyantes de la ville. 2. L'ami- try to the noisy friend- tie de Damon et de Pythias nous offre le rare exemple ship offers d*une confiance mutuelle sans bornes. 3. II est plus confidence mutual bounds It facile de punir les fautcs que de les prevenir/ 4. Na- easy punish ( ) faults than them prevent poleon mourut dans Tile de Sainte-Helene ; il etait age died St. Helena aged de cinquante et un ans et sept mois. ( ) years months Note. — i. de les prSvenir ; the infin. depends on de ; les is the ob- ject oi prevenir : to prevent them. 4 INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER^ 6. I. A Pau on voit^ les debris du chateau ou naquit At sees ruins castle where was born Henri Quatre. 2. Christine, reine de Suede, parlait IV. Sweden spoke huit langues aussi couramment que la sienne. 3. Sous languages as fluently as ( ) hers (her own) under le regne de Charles Sept, les Anglais penetrerent en reign VII. English penetrated into France, at ne^ trouvferent d'abord qu*'' une faible resist- { ) found at first only ance. 4. Don Quichotte aiguisa son 6p6e rouill^e, et Quixote sharpened sword rusty dit a Sancho de^ se tenir pret pour une nouvelle expe- said hold ready new dition. 5. Diogene jeta sa coupe lorsqu^il vit un threw away cup when saw mendiant qui* buvait dans le creux de sa main. beggar drank hollow hand Notes. — i. on voit, one sees^ or we see. 2. que^ after ne before the verb, only, 3. de governs the infin.: *^ to hold himself ready," etc. 4. qui buvaity who drank^ or " drinking." I. Le travail assure a rhomme sa subsistance de labor ( ) chaque jour ; ir 61oigne la pauvret^, et prepare le repos each day removes poverty repose de la vieillesse. 2. Le loisir est un temps qu*^ on pent ( ) old age leisure time may employer a quelque chose d*' utile. 3. L'homme labo- something { ) useful rieux se procure* ce plaisir, mais le paresseux ne Tob- pleasure idle ( ) ob- tient jamais.* 4. Une vie tranquille et une vie oisive tains never life idle INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. 5 sont deux choses fort differentes. 5. Le travail mene very brings toujours a sa suite^ la satisfaction, Tabondance, et le always () () () respect. Notes. — l. 2'/ refers to travail. 2. qu* elided for que, object of em- ployer. 3. d' utile, of omitted in translation. 4. se proctire, reflexive indirect, procures for himself, 5. jamais^ with ne before the verb, never, 6. a sa suite — in its sequel — " brings after it. " 8. I. Avant la bataille d'lvry, Henri IV. dit a ses before battle quatre troupes: Je suis votre roi, vous etes Frangais; voila there is Tennemi, suivez-moi.* 2. Voyant son avant-garde plier, follow seeing advance-guard yield et quelques'-uns prets k fuir, il cria : Tournez la^ tete, some ( ) flee cried turn et si vous ne voulez pas combattre, du moins voyez-^ will fight at least see moi mourir. 3. Une autre fois, il dit : Enfants, si vous die perdez vos enseignes, tenez^-vous-en* a mon panache lose ensigns plume blanc ; vous le trouverez toujours dans le chemin de white will find always path Thonneur et de la gloire. Notes. — i. suivez-moi ; the imperat. affirmative takes its pronoun objects after it, with hyphen. 2. quelques-uns, literally, some-ones, 3. la tete, Y.ng\ish , your heads; the possessive for the article, and the plural for the singular. The student should note such differences of idiom. 4. tenez-vous-en, idiom, reflexive, sen tenir, literally, hold yourselves^ that is, "rally" — "to," etc. en, idiomatic. 6 INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. 9- I. Le roi Alphonse disait^ que la meilleure garde ( ) said best d*un roi etait Tamour de ses sujets. 2. On demanda asked a^ Agesilas, roi de Sparte, quelle vertu meritait la pre- Sparta which deserved ference, de^ la valeur ou de^ la justice. II repondit: ( ) ( ) answered Si tout le monde^ etait juste, la valeur serait inutile. useless 3. Quelqu'un demanda a Diogene comment on pouvait Some one how could se venger^ de ses ennemis. Le philosophe repondit : avenge on En devenant homme de bien.® 4. Fenelon avait perdu by becoming good lost tous ses livres par un incendie. J'aime'' mieux, dit-il, books fire better que mes livres soient brules que la chaumiere d*une should be burned cottage pauvre famille. Notes. — i. disaify imperf., used to say. 2. a A.y indirect object ; the prep, omitted in English. 3. de, omitted in translation. 4. tout le tnondey literally, all the world, "everybody." 5. se venger^ reflex., avenge ones self. 6. de Hen, translate as adjective. 7. J^aime mieux^ -— / love better — or, " I prefer." 10. I. Agis, roi de Sparte, disait : II ne faut' jamais de- Sparta mander, combien d'ennemis avons-nous a combattre ? how many ( ) fight mais; ou sont les ennemis?'' 2. Une mere lacedemo- where Lacedaemo- INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. / nienne dit a son fils, qui partait pour rarmee : Reviens nian was starting return avec ton boucHer, ou sur ton bouclier. 3. Lorsque with shield on Tarmee des Parses s'approcha^ des Thermopyles, on Persians approached ( ) Thermopylae rapporta a Leonidas, general des Spartiates, que reported Spartans Tarmee ennemie* ^tait si nombreuse que le soleil serait numerous sun obscurci par la grele des traits et des javelots. Tant obscured hail arrows javelins mieux/ dit Leonidas, nous combattrons a Tombre. shall-fight Notes. — i. II faut^ impersonal, it is necessary; here, "one must never," etc. 2. les ennemisy in English collective, "the enemy." 3. s^approcha ^(?, reflexive ; "approached." 4. ennemiejYvexQ adjective — translate "of the enemy." 5. Idiom ; **so much the better." II, Un courtisan dit un jour devant Louis quatorze, courtier before en parlant d*un certain seigneur, qu*on pourrait^ faire in gentleman could un gros livre de ce'^ qu*il ne savait^ pas. Louis qua- big what knew torze, qui n'aimait pas la raillerie, reprit aussitot : Et raillery replied immediately moi,* je crois qu'on ne pourrait' faire qu'un tres petit believe ( ) only livre de ce^ que vous savez. know Notes. — i. potirvaiiy conditional. 2. ce que, that which, or "what." 3. ne savait pas ; knew not^ or did not know, 4. Moi is the emphatic form — "for my part." INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. 12. Louis quatorze dit un jour a un de ses courtisans: Savez-vous Tespagnol? Non, sire, repondit le courti- ( ) Spanish san, mais je Tapprendrai. II s'appliqua^ done beaueoup will learn applied then very much a apprendre eette langue, paree qu'il eroyait que le roi because (that) believed avait^ dessein de le nommer ambassadeur a la cour design appoint court d'Espagne. Trois mois apres, il dit a Louis: Sire, je Spain after sais a present^ TEspagnol. Bon, reprit le roi, en ce know at present good cas vous pouvez lire Don Quichotte dans Toriginal. case can read Notes. — i. s'appliqua — applied himself ^ or "endeavored." 2. avait dessein — had design — or *' intended." 3. a present ; the adverb should come last in English ; " I know Spanish now." L^Empereur Joseph IL alia voir une pauvre veuve, went widow qui occupait, dans une rue etroite de la capitale, une narrow petite chambre au troisieme etage. Deux chaises, un third story chairs mauvais lit et une petite table^ de bois de sapin en^ bed wood pine composaient tout le mobilier ; c'etait toute la fortune furniture de la veuve d'un officier de merite. Touche ^ Taspect sight d'une^ telle misere, Tempereur lui accorda une pension ( ) such viagere. life-long INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. 9 Notes. — i. Literally, of wood of phu^ or " a pine-wood table." 2. en construed with the verb, but depends on mohilier ; " all its furniture '* 3. Literally, a such^ in English, such «, or simply such» 14. Joseph II. alia voir a Milan le premier chanteur de singer Topera, qui, la veille, avait joue le role de Tempereur evening before played aux applaudissements redoubles de toute la salle.^ II applause (s) redoubled ^tait encore en neglige,'* et I'apparition du monarque still appearance le mit dans un grand embarras. Mais bientot il fut put soon rassure lorsque Joseph lui dit: N'importe,^ entre nous reassured No matter between autres* empereurs il n*y a pas de^ ceremonial. ( ) there is ceremony Notes. — i. salle^ saloon^ here for theatre. 2. en n^glig^ ; the term neglige is anglicized, meaning undress, 3. N^importe — literally, imports not, 4. autres^ other ^ idiom, here not translated. 5. pas de, translate as adj. no, Au milieu de la grande crise de la guerre de sept midst crisis war ans, un des soldats de Frederic le Grand deserte. II deserts est pris, et on Tamene^ au roi. Pourquoi m'as tu taken quitte, lui'* demande Frederic. Ma foi, sire, repond him faith le deserteur, vos affaires sont si mauvaises que j*ai so pens6 qu'il fallait^ les abandonner. Eh bien, reste thought remain lO INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. encore jusqu^a demain (c'etait le jour d'une bataille) yet until (to) to-morrow et SI elles* ne sont pas meilleures, nous deserterons better will desert ensemble. together Notes. — i. The indef. may be here translated as passive : " taken and brought^^ etc. 2. lui^ indirect obj. 3. Impersonal — that it was necessary — or, that I had to abandon them, 4. elles refers to affaires, 16. Un grenadier du rol de Prusse portait, a d^faut^ de Prussia default montre, une assez grosse balle attach^e a un cordon. watch quite string. Frederic en fut averti. A la parade il demanda a voir of it informed la montre du soldat, qui se defendit^ d'abord, et finit ended par obeir.^ Eh bien, lui dit le roi, quelle heure peut obey well what marquer* cette balle. Elle m'avertit, reprit le soldat, mark It qu'a toute heure je dois etre pret k mourir pour votre every must ready Majeste. Frederic, charme de la reponse, tire sa with draws out montre, et la lui donne. it him Notes. — i. " In default — for want — of a watch," the article omitted in French. 2. Defended himself^ or " declined." 3. Infin. — English, by obeyiftg. 4. ** Can this ball mark ? ** the subject being last. 17- Un homme fart occup6, voyant entrer' chez lui un much seeing Stranger, crut que ce pourrait bien etre un ouvrier thought it might perhaps laborer INTRODUCTORY FRENCH READER. II qui lui demanderait de Targent, et lui dit brusquement: would ask ( ) roughly Je n'ai pas le temps de m'occuper^ de vous, et je vous time prie de vous retirer^ sur le champ. Volontiers, lui dit pray ( ) retire on the spot Willingly I'inconnu ; je venais* seulement vous remettre une unknown came only deliver grosse somme d'argent qui vous est due. Ah, replique sum due replied Tautre, c'est une autre affaire ; dans ce cas je tacherai will try d'avoir le temps. Notes. — i. " Seeing a stranger enter his house " — the order of words different. 2. To occupy myself ivith — or — "to attend to you." 3. Re- flexive verb, translated without object. 4. Or, was comings imperfect. 18. Un homme bien vetu entra le soir^ chez' un juge, et well dressed evening judge lui dit : Monsieur, je viens^ d'etre vole d'une maniere Sir robbed in indigne. J 'avals sur mon bureau deux chandeliers en unworthy ( ) argent,* absolument comme les votres ; on me les a* absolutely like ( ) enleves sous mes yeux. Et comment? dit le juge. taken off under eyes How? Pardon, monsieur, reprit notre homme, voici comment here-is le fripon a' fait. En meme^ temps il prit les deux rogue did same took chandeliers, se dirigea vers la porte, eteignit les directed towards door extinguished flambeaux, et disparut. ^ lights disappeared Notes. — i. /^i«^ (of) it.* Note the infin. idiom. ®/^/^V, irr. pres. pouvoir. ^ jK, * into it,* pronoun, like en, construed with verb, in various meanings, generally corresponding to the senses of the prep, a, 30. Le lt07ty Vane et le renard, ^ Idiom : 'went a-hunting.* ^ Ind. object ; in English the prep, not translated, as in frequent similar idioms. ^ * flew into a passion.* * tout, as noun : 'the whole.' ^ Idiom: 'very little.* ® appris, irr. p. part. apprendre, ' mis^ irr. p. part, mettre : ' torn to pieces.* ® doit^ irr, pres. devoir, 31. Z^ charpentier et le singe, '^ Fait, irr. p. part, faire, idiom: 'half done.* ^ diner, infin., idiom: *to dinner.* ^ vouhit^ irr. pret. vouloir ; note omission of article in the NOTES. 101 predicate. '* Irr. venir. ^ sans remethr, infin., idiom, as usual with preps., * without replacing/ ® Idiom : in ?nan7ier that — * so that.* "^ Idiom ; * on the spot' — 'at once.* ^* fore feet.' ® //«^, irr. pret. tenir : 'held him there.' ^° Idiom : 'until/ here with subj., irr. ri?z/^^//r. ^^ s'etre inele\ reflex, infin. perf. : ' for having meddled with/ etc. 32. Le berger et son troiipeati. ^ Idiom, que construed with the adjectives : ' how cowardly, etc. you are ! * ^ voyezy irr. pres. voir^ idiom : ' you no sooner see — than/ etc. ^ preneZf irr. ^tqs. prendre ^ idiom: * take to flight.' ^ irr. tenir. ^ irr. pret. /'r^/;^^//;v, idiom : 'all promised.' ® Idiom, the negative repeated — not more — 'any more than a wall/ "^ faisaient^ irr. imperf. /(7/;r — idiom: in the time that — or, * while.' ^ paj-atty irr. -^x^^. paraitre , idiom : *lo ! a wolf appears.' ^ Idiom: 'at the sight of him.' ^^ Reflex., com- pound of en and fiiir : ' flees away.' 33. Le cerf prh d'tine foiitaine. ^ Bh, irr. p. part, boire : 'after having drunk.' ''Reflex, s'arreter: 'stopped there.' ^ en, 'with it,' or them, depends on conte^it. See note 2, No. 29. '^ irr. imperf. paraitre. ^ Idiom: 'all at once/ ^ mettre, reflex. : ' began.' ' Idiom : " f7vm the dogs/ " s*etant embarrasse', reflex, p. part., auxil. etre : ' having become entangled.' ** fut pris, pret. pass. irr. prendre. '^^ ?notirir, idiom: in, or, 'while dying.' " ()//^, 'how,' con- strue with 7fialheiireux : *- how unhappy — to know only,' etc. ^^ combien also constmed with utile : 'how useful to me.' *^ maux, pi. mal. The subject stands last : ' what I esteemed so much "djas to cause me.* 34. La dinde et la four mi. ^ Adj. as noun, * little ones.' ^ voici — see here — 'here is.' '^ crai- gnez, irr. \m\). craindre. * pouvoir : 'should be' — * if we could.' au, see note 7, No. 33. ^ Note the diff'erent preps, with the infin. ; English to in both senses. ^ Infin., idiom: 'before remarking.' ^ Cond. devoir: ' should not ' — ' ought not to.' •* Idiom : all a race — ' a whole race.' 35. La corneille et le cor beau, ^ Faites, irr. pres. faire. ^ voudrais, irr. cond. vouioir : ' should like.' ^ puis, irr. pres. pouvoir, idiom — cannot come to end of it — 'cannot suc- ceed in it/ Note omission of pas. ** Idiom : ' I pray you ' — dites (like faites), irr. di?'e. ^ Reflex,, idiom : seized himself of — ' seized.' 36. VaiglCy la corneille et le berger. * Vit, irr. pret. voir. ^ Compound, attre-p^endi'e. ^ convert, irr. p. part, couvfir. * put, irr. pret. pouvoir, * Idiom : 'you may well try ' — 102 NOTES. *in vain do you try.' "Idiom: *as a plaything.* ^ Comp. prep., 'above/ * beyond.* 37. Le chat, la belette et le lapin. ^ F, 'in it.* ^ Omit la. '^ Idiom : 'you don't think of it.* See note 7, No. 29. ** Idiom : let tis refer ourselves — 'let us appeal.' ^ Idiom, reflex. : ' without mistrusting anything ' — rien used with sa7ts, as hereto- fore. ® Idiom : * on both sides ' — ' in both directions.' "^ Irr. metU'e, construe with d'accordy ' reconciled,' — * by eating them both.^ 38. Le chat et la sour is. * Le^ * so,* refers to rusee, '^ Idiom, as heretofore : ' came and smelled.' ' Idiom : ' of making war upon you.' * ve'cii, irr. p. part, vivre. ^ Idiom : * as good friends.' * Idiom : ' what ! in good earnest ? ' "^ Irr. ouvrir; moi, indirect obj. : ' open (for) me.* ** 7ioiis nous, the reflex., in sense of reciprocal; subj. : * must embrace ^fl!^/^ ^///^r.' ''Idiom: ^ on the other side.* *" Irr. pret. courir. 39. Le loup et le jeune mouton. * Idiom : 'on the flute.' ^ ' who had never seen anything.* Note the idiom. ^ que de, idiom : ' than to,' before infin. * sa, here indef. : 'one's hunger.* ^ Impers., idiom : *\^at more do I need.' * se^ like sa above, indef. : ' to content one's self — be content — with little.* ' irr. paitre, * irr. sortir. 40. Laraignie et le ver h soie, ^ Idiom : 'silkworm.' "^ a, infin. idiom: * in stretching.* ^Reflex. se iaire. * Infin., idiom : *a fool to stay.' ^ Idiom : to give to eat — ' to give the silkworm something to eat.' " Literally — with a stroke of broom — ' she swept her down with the broom.* ^ Irr. pret. detruire, ® Reflex., idiom : ' boast of.' 41. Les memhres du corps humain. * Reciprocal : * each other.' ^ Irr. prendre. ^ Emphatic, * procure for yourselves.^ ^ Idiom : have need of — 'need them.' ^ faudrait,\rx. cond. falloir ; impers., idiom, with subj. , ' I should have to be.' ® puisse^ irr. pres. s\ih]. pozivoir, ' in order that it may.* '' Subj., construed with que; indirect reflexive; en refers io bouche ; lui-m em e , em-phatic repe- tition of the subject : ' Let him who, etc. — himself procure one (for himself).' ** Adverb, idiom : 'likewise.* ^ Impers., idiom : ' what hap- pened?' ^® Idiom : 'little by little.' "Irr. pret. reconnattre, *^ Irr. pret. convenir^ ' agreed.' " ' no more ' — ' for the future.* NOTES. 103* 42. Les sept batons. ' Dzi, p. part, devoir : note the accent ; idiom: 'which they should — ought to— have given/ ^ Idiom : * profited by.' ^ Reflex., idiom : * per- ceiving it.' ^ Irr. faire, idiom: made come — 'sent for.' ^ Compound prep., idiom : * he among you.* ® Irr. fut. coxn^. par-ve7tir, 'shall suc- ceed in breaking.' Note infin. idiom. ' Irr. pret. faire, idiom — made their efforts at it — ' tried it.' ® tout a fait, idiom : * quite.* * la-desstiSy comp. 'thereupon.' ^° Idiom : 'in truth.' "Idiom, reflex.: ivould acquit himself of it — ' would accomplish it — quite as well' — totit, adverb. " Idiom : * it is ivith you ' — en, as in many idioms, not translated. ^' Irr. fut. soutenir, reflex, in reciprocal sense. ■'^ Irr. pouvoir. ^^ Im- pers., idiom : * there will happen to you.' ^® qu^a, * as to.' 43. Le peintre et son inaitre, ' Irr. venir, idiom, as heretofore : * had just/ etc. ^ eiit, subj. avoir, limiting the superlat. ^ meme, after the noun: 'himself.' ^ Idiom : * found but little in it to censure.' ^ Irr. comp. accoiirir, idiom : ' when/ or, 'as he ran up.' ^ * anew.' 'Reflex., idiom: s'apercevoir. * Irr. pres. alter ; infin., idiom : ' goes and asks.' ^ Idiom : ' for acting thus.* ^•^ ' for the rest,' ' besides.' " anpres de, — near to — or ' to.' Note num- ber of compound forms with de. '^'^ Irr. comp. remettre, reflex., idiom. ^^ Subjunctive. ^* Iphigenia — Timanthes — Greek names. 44. La fidelity. ^ Irr. faire, here causative, with infin.; 'Ewg. passive — caused to be-— ' had brought,' etc. ^ Indirect, English direct object, as heretofore. ^ \xT. faire, savoir, pouvoir. "* Idiom: make die — 'put to death.' ^ In- direct — idiom : ' to make him betray,* etc. ^ lui, emphatic form, because separate from the verb. "^ Irr. prendre. ® Indirect — from, or off him. " Reflex, idiom : * ridiculing him.' The prep, en, with pres. part , often not translated. ^° Idiom : take as task — 'endeavor.' ^- Irr. vouloir, idiom : where will you come with it — ' what do you mean by it.' " vSubj. * that I should.^ " Idiom : make you grace, or gift — ' spare your life.' 45. L anabaptist e. ^ Idiom : ' to go foraging,' ' on a foraging expedition.* * Irr. pai-tir, ' guere, idiom : ' hardly anything but ; ' both guere and que limit 7ie. * Irr. sortir, impers. idiom : 'there comes out of it.' * a, idiom : ' with.' '^ Irr. potivoi?', subj., 'may.' 'Idiom: 'directly.*. ** Impers., idiom: ' here is what we need.' " Idiom : 'dismounts.' *" Idiom : ' remount' (their horses). ^Mrr. valoir, idiom: 'was better,' 7?iieux, adverb. " Idiom : ' mine.* 46. Les SO Mats gdn&eiix. 1 The Seven Years' War (in Germany). ^ Idiom : causative, * have himself cured.* ^ \\x, prendre, * Ivr. mett?'e. ^ Indirect obj.: 'had his 104 NOTES. address given them,* ' obtained his address,' ' Reflex idiom : ' praised.* ' Irr. parvenir, idiom, as heretofore : ' succeeded in learning.' ® Plu- perf., reflex., idiom : * had surrendered.' " Compound negat. without verb ; * no.' ^^ * not even ' — * iJt war.' ^^ Idiomatic use of de : ' to make them change ^/leir purpose.' ^^ Note the direct and ijidirect object, con- strued with yizzVry the ?;z^/>^t\i banished* Note the idioms. ' Construe as dependent on the following : * has not aroused ' — * to re- turn me,' etc. * ' the lilies ' — ensign of France — as wife of the king. * * they,* referring to pe up le. ® Indirect obj. ; in English, direct, f Fig- urative : 'youth.' ^'Caledonia,' ancient, now poetic, for Scotland. ** Depends on cours, inversion, ^" *I thought I saw.' See note 2, above. VOCABULARY. The abbreviations employed require no explanation. The references under irregular verbs are to the List at the end of the Vocabulary. A, a, to, at, in, with, by, from, etc., in various idiomatic senses. abandonner, to abandon, leave, forsake. abattre, irr., to strike down ; cast down; rejlex., to fall down, abate, despond. (See battre.) abbaye, /., abbey. abeille, /. , bee. aboi, w., bark, barking (of a dog). aboiement, m., barking. abon dance, /. , abundance. abondant, abundant, abounding. abord, ///., approach, arrival, at- tack ; d' — , at first ; des T — , from the first. aboyer, to bark. abreuver, to give to drink, water ; rejlex.y to drink, quench one's thirst. abri, w., shelter, protection ; k V — , sheltered, protected, safe. absent, absent. absence,/"., absence. accabler, to load, overwhelm. accent, w., accent. accepter, to accept. accident, w., accident. accompagner, to accompany. accomplir, to accomplish. accord, w., accord, agreement ; d' — , in accord. 115 accorder, to accord, grant ; reflex., to agree. accourir, irr.y to run up. (See courir.) accoutumer, to accustom. accueil, w., reception, welcome. accueillir, err., to receive, wel- come. (See cueillir.) acheter, to buy. achever, to finish, conclude. acquerir, irr., to acquire. acquisition,/., acquisition. acquitter, to acquit ; reflex,^ s'— de, to discharge. actif (/., ve), active. action,/., action, battle. activite, /., activity. activement, actively. adieu (^/., -x), adieu, farewell. admettre, irr,, to admit. (See mettre.) admirable, admirable, wonderful. admiration, /., admiration, won- der. admirer, to admire. adopter, to adopt. adoration, /., adoration, wor- ship. adorer, to adore, worship. adoucir, to sweeten, soften, miti- gate. adresse, /. , address, skill. ii6 VOCABULARY. adresser, to address ; also rejlex.j to address, apply to. affaire, y., affair, business. afifame, famished, very hungry. affection, /., affection. affectueusement, affectionately. affliger, to afflict ; reflex., to grieve. affranchir, to free, liberate. affreux(/., se), dreadful, terrible, awful. affront, ni., affront, insult. afin (comp. of a-fin), with de, in or- der to ; with que, in order that. agacer, to excite, set on. age, in., age. age, aged, old. agenouiller, reflex.^ to kneel ; age- nouille, kneeling. agir, to act ; reflex., to be concern- ed. Idiom., il s'agit de — , it concerns. agitation,/., agitation. agneau, (/>/., -x), ;;/., lamb. agrandir, to aggrandize, enlarge, increase. agreable, agreeable. aide, /., aid, help ; a 1* — de, by help of aide, ;;;., helper, aide; aide-de- camp, the same. aider, to aid, help. aigle, ;;/., eagle. aile, y*., wing. ailleurs, elsewhere ; d* — , besides, moreover. aimer, to love ; — mieux, to prefer. aine, elder, eldest. ainsi, thus, so ; pour — dire, so to speak, as it were. air, m., air, appearance, tune ; avoir 1' — , to look, seem. aisance, /., ease, comfort. aise, /.,ease ; a V — , at ease, care- lessly. aise, adj., glad, pleased. aise, easy. ajouter, to add. ' alarme,/., alarm. alentour, around ; a V — , around. aliment, ;;/., aliment, nourishment. alimentaire, nourishing, edible. allegresse, /. , joy, gladness. Allemagne, /., Germany. . allemand, German ; also as noun. aller, irr., to go ; as auxil., to be about to, going to ; reflex., s'en — , to go away ; allons, come ! allumer, to light, kindle. almanach, w., almanac. alterer, to alter, change ; irflex.y to grow worse, fail. amasser, to amass, heap up. amateur, ??i., amateur. ambassadeur, w., embassador. ambulant, walking, wandering, itinerant. ame, /., soul. amelioration, /. , amelioration, improvement. amener, to bring, carry, introduce, induce. amer (/., ere), bitter. americain, American ; also noun, Amerique, /., America. ami, VI., amie, /., friend. amitie, /., friendship, love. amnistie,/., amnesty. amour, w., love ; — propre, self- love. amputation, /., amputation. amuser, to amuse, entertain. an, 7?i,, year. anabaptiste, m., anabaptist. anatomiste, ;;/., anatomist. ancien (/., nne), ancient, old, for- mer. ane, m., ass. ange, m., angel. anglais, English ; also noun. Eng- lishman, ox f., — woman. Angleterre, /., England. animal {pi., -aux), animal. animer, to animate. anneau (//., -x), ring. VOCABULARY. 117 annee, /., year. annoncer, to announce. antique, ancient, antique. antiquite, y. , antiquity. anxiete, /., anxiety. apaiser, to appease, pacify ; reflex, , to become quiet. apercevoir, irr.^ to perceive ; also reflex., s' — de, to perceive. (See recevoir.) apothicaire, m., apothecary. appartenir, irr.y to appertain, be- long. (See tenir.) appel, ;;/., call, appeal, summons. appeler, to call, name. app^tit, ;;/., appetite. applaudir, to applaud. appointement, m., appointment ; //., salary, pay. apporter, to bring. apprendre, irr., to learn, to teach. (See prendre.) apprenti, w., apprentice. app^entissage, w., apprentice- ship. approche, /., approach. approcher, to approach, to bring or come near ; reflex., s* — de, to approach, come near. appuyer, to support; reflex.^ to support one's self, to lean. apres, after, afterwards ; d' — , ac- cording to. araignee, /., spider. arbitre, m., arbiter, judge. arbre, w., tree. arc, 771. y bow, arch, arc; en- ciel, w., rainbow. ardent, ardent. ardeur, /. , ardor, heat. argent, w., silver, money. arme, /"., arm, weapon. armee, /., army. armer, to arm. armure, /., armor. arpent, w., acre. arracher, to tear, tear away, res- cue ; reflex. , to get away, es- cape (a or de, from). arrestation, /., arrest. arret, ;;/., judgment, decision. arr^ter, to arrest, stop ; reflex. ^ to stop, halt, stay. arriere, behind, back, backwards. arriver, to arrive ; i??ipers., to hap- pen. arroser, to bedew, wet, water. art, 771. J art. article, w., article. artifice, ?«., artifice, trick. artillerie, /., artillery. artisan, w., artisan, workman. artiste, w., artist. Asie, /. , Asia. aspect, 771., aspect, right, look. assaillir, irr., to assail, attack. (See cueillir.) assassiner, to assassinate. assemblee, /., assembly. assembler, to assemble ; reflex. ^ s' — , to assemble, meet to- gether. asseoir, i7'r. {reflex. \ to sit. assez, enough, quite, very. assiette, /., plate. assignat, 771., bank-note, draft. assigner, to assign, appoint. assis (from asseoir), seated, sit- ting. assister, to assist, help ; — a, to attend (at). associer, to associate ; reflex. , s* — , to unite. assombrir, to darken ; reflex., to grow dark, or gloomy. assommer, to strike down, kill ; to overwhehn. assurer, to assure, insure; reflex. ^ s' — de, to make sure of, secure. Athenes, /., Athens. athenien, (/., nne) Athenian ; also 7lOJi7l. attachement, w., attachment. attacher, to attach, bind ; re flex. y ii8 VOCABULARY. to bind one's self, undertake, endeavor. attaque, /., attack. attaquer, to attack. attarder, to delay; reflex, y to be late, delayed. atteindre, irr.^ to attain, reach; strike, attack. (See peindre.) attendre, to wait, await, expect ; reflex. , s* — a — , to expect, de- pen d upon, prepare for; en attendant, while waiting ; as adv,^ meanwhile. attendrir, to soften, melt. attendrissement, ;;/., tenderness, emotion. attentif (/., ve), attentive. attentivement, attentively. attention, /., attention. atterrer, to strike down, prostrate, overwhelm. attirer, to draw, attract. attrapper, to catch, surprise. attrister, to sadden, darken. au, for a with le, def, art, (See 4.) aubaine, /., bonne — , windfall, godsend. aucun, any ; with ne, no, none. audace, y., audacity, boldness. audacieux (/. , se), audacious, bold. audience,/., audience. augmenter, to augment, increase. aujourd'hui, to-day, nowadays. auparavant, before, beforehand, heretofore. aupres (comp. au pres), near, near by ; prep.y aupres de, near, with, in comparison with. aurore, /., aurora, dawn, morn- ing. aussi, also, as. aussitot, as soon (as), immediately. autant, as much, as many ; so much, so many ; equally. auteur, ;;?., author. automne, in., autumn. autorite, /*., authority. autour, around, aDout;/;r/., — de, around. autre, other ; Tun 1' — , each other ; I'un et 1' — , both ; nous, vous — s ; emphatic, we, you, etc. autrefois, formerly. autrement, otherwise. Autriche, /., Austria. autrichien (/., nne), Austrian; also notm. autrui, others, other people {indef), aux, //. (See au.) avalanche,/., avalanche. avaler, to swallow, devour. avancement, ;;/., advancement promotion, progress. avancer, to advance ; also reflex. ^ to advance, proceed. avant, before ; -^ de, with infin.y before ; — que, as co7ij.^ be- fore ; en — , in front, forwards. avantage, w., advantage, profit. avantageux (/., se), advantageous, profitable. avare, avaricious, miserly ; as noun, m.y miser. avec, with. avenir, w., (the) future ; a 1' — , for the future, in future. aventure, /., adventure, incident. a venturer (reflex.) y to adventure, dare. avertir, to warn, inform ; faire — de, to send word, give notice of. aveu (//. -x), m.y avowal, confes- sion. aveugle, blind ; as nouriy m. or/., a blind man or woman. avide, greedy. avidement, greedily, with avidity. avis, in., opinion, advice, notice, warning. aviser, to advise, inform, warn ; reflex., s' — de, to bethink one's self, to take a notion to. avoir, 2Vr. and auxil. , to have ; VOCABULARY. 119 also in many idiomatic senses, il y a, there is, there are ; qu'avez-vous, what is the mat- ter with you ? vouz avez beau pleurer, in vain you weep, etc. avouer, to avow, confess, azur, m., azure, blue. B. bague,/., ring. baigner, to bathe ; also reflex, baionnette, /. , bayonet. baisser, to lower, let down, drop, to sink, fall ; reflex. ^ to stoop, bow. balai, w., broom. ballade, /., ballad. balle,/., ball. ballot, ;«., bale, package. banc, w., bench, bank. bandage, ;;^., bandage. bande, y*., band, company. bandit, w., bandit, robber. bannir, to banish, exile. barbare, barbarous, barbaric ; as noun^ barbarian. barbe,/., beard. baroque, odd, strange. barre, /. , bar. barriere, f. , barrier, fence, stile. bas (/., sse), low ; also adv. ; en — , below, downstairs ; au — de, at the bottom of, below. bataille, /., battle. batalllon, ;;/., battalion. batiment, m., building. batir, to build, baton, m., stick, staff, baton, battant, fii.^ fold, folding-door. battre, irr., to beat, strike ; reflex. ^ to fight. baudet, w., donkey. beau (bel, belle), fine, beautiful, handsome. (See avoir.) beaucoup, much, very ; — de, much, many, a great deal, beaute,/., beauty. bee, m., beak. b^che, y*., spade. bel, (See beau.) belement, m., bleating. belette, f. , weasel. belier, w., wether, ram. belliqueux (/. , se), warlike. benediction, /., benediction, bless- ing. benir, to bless. berceau (//., -x), cradle. bercer, to rock, soothe. berger, m., shepherd. besogne, y., business, work. besoin, w., need, necessity; avoir — de, to need, want ; au — , at need, in case of need. b^te, y. , beast ; as adj., foolish. bibliotheque, /., library. bien, m., good, benefit, welfare, property ; les — s, goods ; faire du — , to do good. bien, adv., well, right ; very ; (in quantity) much, many ; cer- tainly, indeed, forsooth ; well ! ou — , or else. bien que, conj. with stibj.^ although. bienfaisance, /., beneficence. bienfaisant, beneficent. bienfait, ;«., benefit, benefaction. bienfaiteur, m., benefactor. bienfaitrice, /., benefactress. bienheureux (/., se), happy, very happy. bientot, soon. bienveillant, benevolent. bienveillance, /. , benevolence. bijou, m. {pL, -ts), jewel. 120 VOCABULARY. billet, w., billet, note, letter. bise, /"., north- wind, breeze. blamer, to blame. blanc (/., che), white. ble, w., wheat. blesser, to wound. blessure, /., wound. bleu (//., -s), blue. blond, blond, fair. blondine, /., a blond (girl). bocage, ;«., wood, grove. bcBuf, w., ox, beef. boire, irr.^ to drink. bois, m.y wood, forest ; antler. bon (/., nne), good, tout de — , in all earnest ; de — heure, early. bonbon, w., bonbon, //., confec- tionery. bond, w. , bound, spring. bondir, to bound, leap. bonheur, m., happiness, good for- tune. bonhomme, w., good man, good fellow. bont6, y*., goodness, kindness. bord, ;//., border, shore, edge. bouc, ;;/., goat, he-goat. bouche, /., mouth. boucle, /. , curl, lock (of hair). bouger, to budge, stir ; also rejlex. bouillir, ir7\ , to boil. boulet, m., bullet, ball. bouquin, ;;?., old book. bourdonner, to buz, hum. bourreau (//., -x), m.^ executioner. bourse,/., purse ; exchange. bout, m,, end ; venir a — , to suc- ceed. bouteille, /., bottle. boutonniere, /. , button-hole. bracelet, ;;/., bracelet. braire, to bray. brancard, ;;/., litter, bier. branche, /., branch, bough. bras, m., arm. brave, brave ; good, honest. braver, to brave, defy. brebis, /., sheep. breche, /. , breach. bref (/., ve), short, brief. breuvage, m., beverage, drink, draught. brigade, /., brigade. brillant, brilliant. briller, to shine. brin, m., blade, stalk. briser, to break. brouillard, pt., fog, mist. bruit, m., noise, re2:)ort, rumor. bruler, to burn. brun, brown. brusque, sudden, abrupt, harsh. bruyant, noisy. bruyere, /., heath. bucheron, m,, wood- cutter. buisson, m., thicket. bureau (//., -x), pz., bureau, office, desk. but, m., end, object, aim. butin, w., booty. butiner, to plunder, rob, pilfer. butte,/., mound, hill. Oa, for cela, that ; as interj.^ well ! — et la, here and there. cabane, y., cabin, hut. cabinet, m.^ cabinet, office; — de travail, work-room. cable, m.y cable. cacher, to hide, conceal ; — a,from. cachot, m,^ dungeon, prison. cadavre, w., corpse, dead body, cage,/., cage. caillou (//., -x), m., pebble, flint- stone. VOCABULARY. 121 calamite, /., calamity. calice, w., calyx (of a flower) ; cha- lice, cup. calleux (/., se), callous, hard. calme, calm, quiet ; as iiouity ??i., calm, calmness. calmer, to calm, quiet. camarade, w., comrade, fellow. camp, j?i., camp. campagne, /, field, country ; cam- paign (military) ; a la — , in the country ; maisonde — , country- house. canal (//., -aux), m., canal, chan- nel. caniche, m., poodle-dog, lap-dog. canon, w., cannon, canon. canot, m., canoe, boat. capable, capable, competent. capitaine, w., captain. capitale, /. , capital. capitaliste, w., capitalist. captif (/., ve), captive; as notin, prisoner, captive. car, for {cojij.). caractere, ?n., character, mark, sign, letter (of alphabet). caresse, /*., caress. caresser, to caress. cargaison, /., cargo, freight. carre, square ; as noun, square. carriere, /., career. carrosse, /"., carriage, coach. carte, f. , card, map. cas, w., case ; faire — de, to make much of, esteem. casser, to break ; rejlex,, to break, be broken. catastrophe,/., catastrophe. cause,/"., cause, case ; a — de, on account of. causer, to cause. causer, to chat, talk. caution, /, caution ; surety, bail. cavalerie, /, cavalry. cavalier, ;;/., cavalier, horseman, cavalry-man. ce (cet, /, cette), this, that ; ce qui or que, that which, what. ceci, this (here). ceder, to yield, give back, give up, concede. ceindre, irr., to surround, enclose, gird. (See peindre.) ceinture, /., enclosure, girdle. cela, that ; comme — , like that, so, so so. celebre, celebrated, famous. celebrer, to celebrate. celeste, heavenly, celestial. cellule, /., cell. celui (/, celle), (//., ceux), that ; — ci, this, the latter ; — la, that, the former. censeur, w., censor, fault-finder. cent, a hundred. centaine, /, a hundred {colL). centre, m., centre. centurion, w., centurion, captain. cependant, meanwhile, neverthe- less, however. cercle, ;;/., circle. cerf, w., stag, buck. cerf- volant, w., kite. certain, certain, sure ; also, indef.y certain. certainement, certainly, surely. cerveau (//., -x), brain. cesse, / , cessation ; sans — , un- ceasing. ceux,//. of celui, those. chacun, each, each one. chagrin, /;/., chagrin, grief, sor- row. chaine, /., chain. chair,/, flesh, meat. chaise, /, chair. chaleur, / , heat, warmth. chaloupe, /, sloop, boat. chambre, /, chamber, room. chameau (//., -x), w., camel. champ, ;;/., field ; sur le — , on the spot, immediately. champetre, rustic, rural. 122 VOCABULARY. chandelier, w., chandelier, candle- stick. chandelle, /. , candle. change, w., change, exchange. changer, to change, exchange ; — de, to change. chanson, /., song. chant, 771,^ song, hymn, singing. chanter, to sing, chant. chanteur (/., se), ;//., singer. chapeau (//., -x), w., hat. chapelle, /., chapel. chaque, each, every. charge,/., charge, burden, load. charger, to charge, load ; reflex., se — de, to take charge of, undertake. charitable, charitable, charite, /., charity. charmant, charming. charme, ;;/., charm. charmer, to charm. charpentier, w., carpenter. charretier, w., carter, carman, charioteer. chasse, /., chase, hunt. chasser, to chase, hunt, drive away. chasseur, ;;/., hunter. chatj w. , cat. chataignier, w., chestnut-tree. chateau (//., -x), m., castle, palace, mansion. chatiment, w., chastisement, pun- ishment. chaud, warm, hot ; avoir — (of per- sons), faire — (of weather), to be warm. chaumiere, f., cottage. chauve-souris, /. , bat. chef, ;;/., chief, head ; — d^oeuvre, masterpiece. chemin, w., road, way, journey. cheminee, /., chimney, fireplace, mantel. chene, y., oak. chenille, /. , caterpillar. cher (/., ^re), dear, costly. chercher, to seek, look for ; aller — , to go for, fetch ; envoyer — , to send for. chere, /., cheer; bonne — , good cheer. cherir, to cherish, love dearly. cheval (//., -aux), w., horse. chevalier, w., horseman, knight, chevalier. chevet, vi. bolster, pillow, head of a bed. cheveux (//.), w., hair. chevre, /., goat, she-goat. chevre-feuille, honeysuckle. chez, at, or to, the house of, with, among. chien, ;;/., dog. chimie, /., chemistry. chimiste, w., chemist. Chine, /., China. choisir, to choose. choix, ;;/., choice. chose, /., thing ; quelque — , some- thing, anything ; peu de — , little thing, small matter. choyer, to pamper, pet. Chretien (/., nne), christian; as notm, Christian. chute,/., fall. ci, here. ciel (//., cieux), heaven, sky, cli- mate. cinquante, fifty. circonstance,/., circumstance. cire, / , wax. cite, / , city. citer, to cite, summon, quote. citoyen, m, (/., nne), citizen. civil, civil. clair, clear, light. clarte, /., clearness, brightness, light. classe, / , class. clef, / , key. clou (//., -s), m., nail. coaliser, to coalesce, form a league, coalition, /. , coalition, league. VOCABULARY. 123 coche, m., coach, stage-coach. coeur, 771., heart ; de bon — , cheer- fully, cordially. coin, 771., corner, angle, wedge. colere, y*., anger, passion ; entrer en — , to fly into a passion. collegue, w., colleague. collier, 771., collar, necklace. colline, /., hill. colonie, /, , colony. colonne, /*. , column, pillar. colorer, to color. combat, w., combat, fight, battle. combattre, irr., to combat, fight. (See battre.) combien, how much, how many, how ! comble, w., completion, sum, sum- mit. combler, to heap up, fill, over- whelm. commandement, jn., command- ment, order. commander, to command, order. comme, as, like, as if, how. commencement, w., commence- ment, beginning. commencer, to commence, begin. comment, how? commerce, w., commerce, trade, intercourse. commere, /". , godmother, gossip, old friend. commettre, irr.^ to commit. (See mettre.) commun, common, usual, vulgar ; j as 7101171, 771., the average. commune, y., commune, parish ; //. , les — s, the Commons. communiquer, to communicate. compagne, f., companion, consort. compagnie, /. , company. compassion, y., compassion, pity. compatriote, 771., compatriot, fel- low-countryman. compere, 771., godfather, comrade, good fellow. complaisance, /., complaisance. kindness. complet (/., ete), complete, en- tire. completer, to complete, finish. composer, to compose, compound, settle. comprendre, irr.^ to understand, comprehend. (See prendre.) compte, 771., account, reckoning. compter, to count, account, count upon, to pay. comte, ;;/., count (title). conceder, to concede, grant. concession,/*., concession, grant. concevoir, irr., to conceive, un- derstand. (See recevoir.) concitoyen, w., fellow-citizen. conclusion, f., conclusion. condamner, to condemn. condescendance, y., condescen- sion. condisciple, w., fellow-scholar. condition, /., condition. conducteur, 711., conductor, guide. conduire, 2>;-., to conduct, guide, lead. conduite, y. , conduct, behavior. confederation, /., confederation, league, union. conferer, to confer. confiance, /., confidence, reliance. confier, to confide, trust, entrust. confondre, to confound, confuse, mix. confrere, w., brother, fellow. confus, confused, confounded. confusion,/., confusion. congres, 771., congress. conjuration,/., conspiracy. conjurer, to conjure. connaissance, /., knowledge, ac- quaintance, consciousness. connaitre, /;-;., to know, learn, be acquainted with. connu {part.), known, well-known. conscience, /., conscience. 124 VOCABULARY. consciencieux (/., se), conscien- tious. conseil, m., counsel, advice. consentir, irr., to consent, agree. (See sentir.) consequence, /*., consequence, se- quel, result. conserver, to preserve, keep. considerable, considerable, im- portant. consideration, consideration, re- gaixl. considerer, to consider, regard. consister, to consist. consolateur, m.^ consoler, com- forter. consolation, y., consolation, com- fort. constamment, constantly. Constance, /., constancy, consis- tency. constant, constant, consistent. consternation, yi, consternation, terror. construire, irr., to construct, build. (See conduire.) consul, //?., consul. consulter, to consult. contempler, to contemplate, re- gard, look at. contenance, f.^ countenance, ex- pression. contenir, zVr., to contain, restrain. (See tenir.) content, content, satisfied. contentement, m.^ contentment, satisfaction. contenter, to content, satisfy. continuel (/., lie), continual, con- tinuous. continuellement, continually. continuer, to continue. contraindre, irr.y to constrain. (See craindre.) contraire, contrary, opposite, op- posed ; au — , on the contrary. contre, against. centre e, /., country. con vainer e, irr,^ to convince. (See vaincre.) convenir, eVr., to come together, agree, confess ; to suit, fit ; re^ flex., to agree together. (See venir.) conversation, /., conversation. convive, m. , guest. convocation,/., convocation, sum- mons. coq, /;?., cock. coque, /., shell. coquin, m. (coquine, f.\ rogue, knave, knavish. cor, ;;/., horn. corbeau {pi. -x), raven. corde, y., cord, chord, string. cordial, cordial, hearty. cordon, ni.y cordon, band, rib- bon. corne, /*., horn, hoof. corneille, y., crow. corps, 7n. , corps, body, corpse ; — d'armee, army corps. corsage, ;;/., corsage, waist. cortege, w., cortege, suite, escort. costume, /. , costume, dress. cote,/., rib, side, coast. cote, m., side, direction ; a — de, beside ; du — de, in the direc- tion of, toward. cotret, m.y fagot, chip. cou, 771., neck. coucher, to put to bed, to go to bed, lodge, sleep ; reflex., to go to bed, lie down ; to set (of the sun). coucher, /??., lodging, bed, setting. coudre, irr., to sew. couler, to flow, lapse, elapse ; to pass. couleur,/, color. couleuvre, /, serpent, snake. coup, w., blow, stroke, cut, trick ; — de fusil, gun-shot ; tout ^ — , d'un — , at once, suddenly. VOCABULARY. 125 coupable, culpable, guilty ; as noun, culprit. couper, to cut, cut off, intersect, meet, cour, f. , court, court-yard. courage, w., courage. courageux (/., se), courageous, brave. couramment, currently, fluently. courir, zVr., to run, run about, circulate. couronne,/*., crown, courroux, m., anger. cours, w., course. course, y., course, running, gait, trip, court, short, curt. courtisan, w., courtier, cousin, w., cousine, /., cousin. couteau (//., -x), ;;/., knife. coutelier, w., cutler. couter, to cost. coutume, /., custom. couvercle, /"., cover, coverlid. couvert, w., cover, roof, plate. couvrir, irr.^ to cover. (See ouvrir. ) craindre, irr., to fear. crainte,/., fear. craquer, to crack, creak. createur, w., creator. creation,/"., creation. creature,/*., creature. creer, to create. creuser, to dig, hollow out. creux, ;;/., hollow ; also adj, crevasse,/"., crevice, split. cri, m., cry. crier, to cry ; to creak. crise, /., crisis. croire, irr., to believe, think. croiser, to cross. croitre, irr., to grow. croix, /*., cross, crucifix. croquer, to crunch, eat up: croyance, /., belief, failh. cruaute, f. , cruelty. cruel (/., lie), cruel. cruellement, cruelly. cueillir, irr., to gather, pluck. cuire, irr., to cook. (See conduire.) cuisant, biter, biting. cuivre, w., copper. culte, m., cultus, worship. cultiver, to cultivate. curieux (/., se), curious, strange, inquisitive. cygne, w., swan. D. daigner, to deign. dame,/., dame, lady. danger, th., danger. dangereux (/. , se), dangerous. dangereusement, dangerously. , dard, ;;/., dart, sting. dater, to date. davantage, more. de, of, from, with, by, in, etc., in various idiomatic meanings. debarrasser, to disembarrass, free; reflex., to get rid. debattre, zVr., to debate, contest ; reflex.^ to struggle. (See bat- tre.) debordement, w., overflow, flood. deborder, to overflow, flood, debout, standing, erect, up. decevoir, irr., to deceive. (See recevoir.) dechirer, to tear, tear to pieces.' decider, to decide, determine ; also 7'eflex. declarer, to declare, pronounce. decouverte, /., discovery. 126 VOCABULARY. decouvrir, zVr., to discover, dis- close. (See ouvrir.) dedans, within. defaite, /., defeat. defautj m., defect, fault ; i — de, in default of, for want of. defendre, to defend, forbid ; re- Jlex,y to defend one's self, de- cline. defense,/., defence. defenseur, ??t., defender. deficit, w., deficit, deficiency. defier, to defy, challenge ; reflex. ^ se — de, to distrust. defricher, to clear (a field). degre, /;/., degree, grade, step. deguiser, to disguise ; also rejlex. dehors, out, outside, without. deja, already. dejeiiner, to breakfast ; as noun, breakfast. delicat, delicate, delicious, fine. delier, to unbind, untie. delire, ;;;., delirium. delivrer, to deliver, liberate. demain, to-morrow. demande, y., demand, request, question. demander, to demand, ask, re- quest. demarche,/., gait, step, manner, measure. demettre, zVr., to dismiss, to dislo- cate, (See mettre.) demeure, /., dwelling, abode, stay. demeurer, to dwell, stay. demi, half (also in compou7tds) ; a — , half {adv.). demoiselle, / , young lady, miss. dent,/, tooth. Denys, w., Dionysius. depart, w. , departure. departement, m., department. depeinde, ?rr., to depict, describe. (See peindre.) deperir, to waste away, perish. depit, w., spite, anger. deplaire, hr.y to displease. (See plaire.) depiorer, to deplore, weep over. deposer, to lay down, deposit, depose. depot, m., depot, deposit, trust. depouille, / , spoil, booty ; skin. depouiller, to strip, spoil, rob. depuis, since, after, afterwards ; — que (cojtj.)^ since, after. dernier, last, extreme. derober, to rob, deprive, conceal, withdraw ; — (a, front). deroute, /, rout. derriere, behind, in rear ; de — , hind, hinder {adj.), des, the prep, de wilh art. les con- tracted. des, from, since ; — que, as soon as. desappointer, to disappoint. desappointement, ;;/., disappoint- ment. desavantage, m.y disadvantage. descendre, to descend, dismount, alight, land. desert, w., desert. deserter, to desert. deserteur, m., deserter. desespere, desperate, despairing. desesperer, to despair. desespoir, m.y despair. deshabiller, to undress. designer, to design, mark, desig- nate. desinteresse, disinterested. desir, ;;/., desire. desirer, to desire. desolation,/, desolation, ruin. desoler, to desolate, destroy ; re* flex., to despair. desole, desolate, despairing. desordre, w., disorder, confusion. desormais, henceforth, thence, in future. dessecher, to dry, dry up. dessein, m., design, purpose ; a — , designedly, on purpose. VOCABULARY. 127 dessin, m.y design, outline, draw- ing. dessous, under, beneath, below ; de — , from under ; au — de, under, beneath, below. dessuSj on, upon, over, above ; de — , from above ; au — de, above, over, in addition to ; la — , thereupon. destin, w., destiny, fate. destinee, /., destiny. destructeur, w., destroyer ; as adj.^ destructive. determination, /., determination. detour, ;;/., turn, bend, circuit. detourner, to turn off, turn away, divert. detresse, /. , distress. detrviire, irr., to destroy. (See conduire.) dette, /., debt. deuil, ;;/., mourning. deux, two. deuxieme, second. devancer, to advance, anticipate, outstrip. devant, before, in front of ; de — , fore, front {adj.) ; au — de, be- fore, in advance of. developper, to develop, unfold. devenir, irr.y to become ; que de- viendra — ? what will become of — ? (Seevenir.) devers, towards ; jusque — , to, near to. deviner, to divine, guess. devoir, z>r., to owe ; ought, must, have to, be destined to, in va- rious idiomatic uses. devoir, ;;/., duty, obligation. devorer, to devour, swallow, con- sume. devouer, to devote, vow. devouement, ;;/., devotion, sacri- fice. diable, w., devil, the deuce ! dieter, to dictate, compose. diction,/*., diction, speech, style. dieu (//., -x), god ; Dieu, God. difference, f., difference. differend, m.y difference, conten- tion. different, different. differer, to defer, delay. difficile, difficult. digerer, to digest. digne, worthy. dignite, /., dignity, worth, office. diligence, /. , diligence. diligent, diligent. dimanche, w., Sunday. dinde,/., turkey. dindonneau (//., -x), w., young turkey. diner, to dine. diner, w., dinner. dire, 2>;'., to say, tell; c'est a — ^ that is to say ; pour ainsi — , so to speak. direction, /., direction. diriger, to direct, guide. discorde, /*., discord. discours, m., discourse, speech, conversation. disette, y., famine. disparaitre, irr.^ to disappear. (See connaitre.) disparition, /., disappearance. disponible, disposable, available. disposer, to dispose, arrange ; re- Jiex., to prepare one's self, get ready. disposition, /., disposition, ar- rangement. dispute, /., dispute, debate. disputer, to dispute, debate. dissension, /., dissension, dis- agreement. dissimuler, to dissimulate, con- ceal, dissemble. dissiper, to dissipate, scatter. distinction, f., distinction. distingue, distinguished. distinguer, to distinguish. 128 VOCABULARY. distraire, irr.y to distract, divert, disturb. (See traire.) distribuer, to distribute, divide. distribution,/., distribution, divi- sion. divers, divers ; diverse, different. divin, divine, godlike. dix, ten. dixieme, tenth. dixaine, ten, group of ten. docteur, ;;/, doctor, physician. domaine, w., domain, possession. domestique, domestic, tame. domestique, w., servant. domicile, w., domicile, dwelling. domination, /., domination, do- minion. dommage,;;/., damage, harm; c'est — , it is a pity. don, ?;z., gift. done, then, yet, surely, I pray. donner, to give, grant ; also with various idiomatic uses. dont, whose, of whom, of which, from whom, from which, etc. dormeur, ;//., sleeper. dormir, irr., to sleep. dos, ;;/., back. dose, f., dose. double, double. doublement, doubly. doucement, sweetly, softly, gently. douceur, /., sweetness, softness, gentleness. douleur, /., pain, grief, sorrow. douleureux(/., se), painful, griev- ous, sorrowful. doute,/., doubt. douter, to doubt ; reflex,^ se — de, to suspect. doux (/., ce), sweet, soft, gentle. douzaine, /., dozen, douze, twelve. dresser, to dress, prepare, erect ; to train (of a dog). drogue, /., drug, trash, stuff. droit, straight, right, upright ; la droite, the right (hand). droit, 7n,, right, claim. droite, /., the right, right hand, right side ; a — , to the right, du, contraction for de le {article). dil (/., due), /. part, devoir ; due, proper. due, ffi., duke. ducat, w., ducat. dur, hard, firm, harsh, durable, durable. durant, during (as prep.). durement, hardly, harshly. durer, to last, endure. durete, /., hardness, hardship. eau (//., -x), /., water ; — de vie, brandy. ecart, w., digression, removal, de- parture ; a r — , out of the way, aside. ecarter, to discard, remove, ward off; reflex., depart, go astray. echafaud, m., scaffold. eehange, ;;?., exchange, change. echapper, to escape, make escape ; also reflex.^ — a, from. eclair, m., lightning. eclaircir, to enlighten, illumine, explain. eclaircissement, m.^ enlighten- ment, explanation. eelaire, enlightened, intelligent. eclairer, to light, illuminate, en- lighten. eclat, m.^ burst, outburst, bright- ness, splendor. eclatant, shining, brilliant. eclater, to burst, break forth, ex- plode. VOCABULARY. 129 ecole, y*. , school. econome, economic, economical. economie, f., economy. economiste, w., economist, pub- licist. ecossais, Scotch ; as noun, Scotch- man. ecouler, to flow away, elapse ; also reflex, ecouter, to listen, listen to, hear. eerier {reflex.)^ to cry, cry out, ex- claim. ecrire, irr. , to write. ecrit, w., writing, thing written. ecrivain, /;?., writer, author. ecu, ;;2., crown (a coin). ecurie, /., stable. education, /., education. eflfacer, to efface, wipe out. eflfectivement, actually, in fact. effet, w., effect, result. efforcer {reflex. ^^ to endeavor, try. eflfort, ;;?., effort, endeavor. efl&rayer, to frighten, scare ; reflex.^ to take fright, be frightened. efiroi, w., fright, terror. egal (//., -aux), equal, indiffer- ent. egalement, equally, likewise. egaler, to equal. egard, w., regard, respect; 4 1' — de, in respect to ; a cet — , in this respect. egarer, to mislead, lead astray ; reflex.^ to lose one's way, be lost or confused, to err. %glise, /., church. Egypte,/., Egypt. Egyptian, Egyptian ; also as noun. elancer {reflex.), to dart, start, shoot forth, spring. electricite, /. , electricity. elegant, elegant. eleve, ;;/. and/"., pupil, scholar. eleve, elevated, high ; reared, edu- cated. elever, to elevate, lift, raise, bring up; reflex.^ to rise, get up, ascend. elire, eVr., to elect, choose, select. (See lire.) elite, /., the elect (elite), choice, select ; d' — , of superior qual- ity, choice. 61oge, ;;/., eulogy, praise. eloigner, to remove; reflex., to withdraw, retire. emailler, to enamel. emanation, f. , emanation. embarras, ;;/., embarrassment. embarrasser, to embarrass. embouchure,/., emptying, mouth (of a river). embrasser, to embrace ; reflex. , to embrace each other. emigre (as notui), emigrant, re- fugee. emigrer, to emigrate. eminemment, eminently, exceed- ingly. emmener, to lead away, carry off, take away. emotion,/., emotion. emouvoir, irr., to move, excite, arouse ; reflex. , to be moved, or agitated, to rise. (See mou- voir.) empailler, to stuff. emparer {reflex.), to seize, take possession of (de). empecher, to hinder, prevent ; re^ flex., s' — de, to keep from, help. empereur, m., emperor. emploi, w., employment, use, office. employer, to employ, use. empocher, to pocket. empoisonner, to poison. emporter, to carry away, bear off; r — sur, to triumph over, sur- pass ; reflex. , to get angry ; to run off. empresser {reflex^, to be eager, hasten, vie. I30 VOCABULARY. emprunter, to borrow. emu, moved, touched; {part., emouvoir). en {p7rp.), in, into, on, as, like, etc., with various idiomatic uses. en i^pron.^ 3d pe7's. sing, and pl^, of, from, with, by, at, for, it, them, him, her, etc., any, some, thence, away, etc., in various idioms ; often not translated. enceinte, y., enclosure, circuit. enchantement, ??i., enchantment, charm. enchanter, to enchant, charm. enchanteur (/., eresse), enchant- ing, charn.ing. enclume,/, anvil. encore, again, still, yet, more. encourager, to encourage. endormir {reflex, iri-,)^ to go to sleep. (See dormir.) endroit, w., place, position. energie, y., energy, activity. enfance, /,, childhood, infancy. enfant, ;;/. and/*., child, infant. enfer, w., hell. enfermer, to enclose, shut in. enfin, at last, finally, in short, well. enflammer, to inflame, fire. enfler, to inflate, swell up. enfoncer, to sink, plunge, bury; also reflex. enfuir {reflex^, to flee, flee away, escape. engagement, m.^ engagement, ob- ligation. engager, to engage, pledge, bind, induce ; reflex., to engage, pro- mise, undertake. engloutir, to swallow, engulf, squander. engourdir, to benumb, dull. engraisser, to fatten, manure ; re- flex., to grow fat. enivrer, to intoxicate. enlever, to take away, carry off". ennemi, m.^ enemy ; //., les — s, the enemy. ennemi {adj.), hostile, of the ene- my. ennui, m., weariness, annoyance, ennui. ennuyeux (/., se), tedious, annoy- , ing. enorme, enormous, monstrous. enrager, to enrage, be enraged, rage, enrichir, to enrich. ensanglante, bloody. enseigne, /., sign, ensign, flag. enseigner, to show, teach, instruct. ensemble, together, at the same time. ensevelir, to bury. ensuite, then, afterwards, next, in consequence. entamer, to cut into, penetrate. entasser, to heap up, hoard, accu- mulate. entendre, to hear, understand, mean. enterrer, to inter, bury. enthousiasme, m., enthusiasm. entier (/., ere), entire, whole, com- plete. entierement, entirely, wholly, com- pletely. entourer, to surround. entrain er, to drag off", draw away, attract. entre, between, among ; d' — , from among, of. entrecouper, to cut into, interrupt, cut short. entreprendre, irr., to undertake (See prendre.) entreprise, y., enterprise. entrer, to enter ; — en colere, to fly into a passion. entretenir {irr^, to entertain, main- tain, keep ; reflex.^ to enter- tain one's self, converse, stay. (See tenir.) VOCABULARY. 131 entretien, ?;/., entertainment, con- versation, maintenance. entrevue, y. , interview. enveloppe, /"., envelop, cover, en- closure. envelopper, to envelop, cover, wrap, enclose. envers, towards. envie,/". , envy, desire ; avoir — , to desire. envieux(/., se), envious. environ, about, near. environner, to surround. environs, //., environs, surround- ings. envoler {reflex^, to fly away. envoy er, irr., to send ; — cher- cher, to send for. epais (/,, sse), thick, close, dense. epaisseur, /. , thickness, density. epaule, /., shoulder. epee, /*., sword. eperda, distracted, wretched. epine, /., thorn. JBpire, /., Epirus. eplore, weeping, in tears. epoque, /., epoch, time. epouse, /. (See epoux.) epouvante, /., terror, fear. epouvanter, to terrify, frighten. epoux, w. (/., se), husband,/., wife ; //., man and wife. epreuve, /., proof, trial, test. epuiser, to exhaust. equivoque, equivocal, ambiguous. eriger, to erect. errer, to wander. erreur, /. , error, mistake. escarpe, steep. esclave, m. and/"., slave. espace, in., space, room. Espagne, /., Spain. espagnol, Spanish ; as 7ioiin^ Span- iard. espsce, /., species, kind, sort. esperance, /. , hope. esperer, to hope, hope for. espoir, m., hope. esprit, w., spirit, mind, talent, wit ; bel — , wit. essai, w., essay, trial. essayer, to essay, try. essor, m., swing, flight. essuyer, to dr)% dry up, wipe ; to bear, endure. estime, /., esteem, regard. estimer, to esteem. estomac, 771. , stomach. estropie, crippled, lame. etable,/., stable. etablir, to establish. etablissement, m., establishment. etage, /;/,, story (of a house), floor. etaler, to display, exhibit. etang, ;;/., pond. etat, ;;/., state, condition, position, profession ; en — , hors d'^ (de), able, unable ; homme d* — , statesman. ete, ;;/., summer. eteindre, zVr., to extinguish, put out ; rejiex.j to become extinct, go out. (See peindre.) etendre, to extend, stretch ; also reflex. etendue, /., extent. eternal (/., lie), eternal. etincelle, /. , spark. etoflfe,/., stuff. etoile, /., star. etonnement, 7;/., astonishment. etonner, to astonish, astound. etouflfer, to suffocate, stifle. etourdi, dazed, giddy. etrange, strange. etranger (/., ere), strange, for- eign, another's ; as 7ioimy 771. and/!, stranger, foreigner. ^tre, irr., to be (also auxil.). etre, ;;/., being, creature ; charac- ter. etroit, strait, narrow, close ; as 7101171, strait. etude,/, study. 13.2 VOCABULARY. etudier, to study. etuve, /., stove. evanouir {rejlex.), to faint away, swoon, vanish. eveiller, to wake, awake, arouse ; also rejlex, evenementj m., event, occurrence. 6veque, 7?i., bishop. exact, exact, precise. exactement, exactly, precisely. examiner, to examine, investigate. exaucer, to hear, hear favorably. excellent, excellent. exces, 7?i,, excess, surplus. exciter, to excite, rouse. exclusivement, exclusively, solely. excuse, y., excuse. excuser, to excuse. executer, to execute, accomplish. execution, y., execution, accom- plishment. exemple, m., example, copy ; par — , for example. exemplaire, exemplary. exercer, to exercise, exert. exercice, ///., exercise, practice. exiger, to exact, require. exil, m.y exile, banishment. exiler, to exile, banish ; /. part, as noun^ exile, exile. existence, y., existence. exister, to exist, subsist. expedier, to expedite, dispatch. expedition,/., expedition. experience, /., experience, experi ment. expirer, to expire. explication, /. , explanation. expliquer, to explain. exploit, m.y exploit, deed. exposer, to expose, set out ; also reflex, expres (/., esse), express, ex- pressly. expressif, expressive. expression, /. , expression. exprimer, to express, utter. exterieur (/., e), exterior, exter- nal. extraordinaire, extraordinary. extreme, extreme. extr^mement, extremely. fabricant, ;;/., manufacturer. fabrique, /. , factory, manufacture. face, y"., face, front ; en — , in front, opposite. fache, sorry, angry. facher, to grieve, offend ; re flex, y to be sorry, angry. facheux (/., se), grievous, vexa- tious, difficult. facile, easy. facilement, easily. fagon, _/., fashion, form, manner ; de — que, so that. faction, /., faction. fagot, w., fagot, chip. faible, feeble, weak ; as noun^ m.^ foible, weakness. faiblesse, f. , feebleness, weakness. faim, /., hunger ; avoir — , to be hungry. faire, irr., to make, do, act, effect, cause ; with various idiomatic uses and meaning's ; also re^ flex., to be made, become, happen ; il fait chaud, it is warm ; e'en est fait, it is over. faisceau (//., -x), m.^ bundle ; //., fasces (Roman). - faiseur (/., se), maker, doer. fait, 771., fact, deed ; tout a — , quite, entirely. falloir, irr. i77tpers.j to be neces- sary (needs, must) ; il me faut, I must ; I need. VOCABULARY. 133 fameux (/., se), famous. familier {/., ere), familiar, inti- mate. famillej /. , family. faquin, ;;/., rogue, fop. fardeau (//., -x), w., burden, load. farine, /., flour, meal. farouche, fierce, wild. fatal (//., -s), fatal, fated. fatigue, /., fatigue. fatiguer, to fatigue, weary ; also refiex.y to grow weary. faucher. to mow. faute, /., fault, mistake, default ; — de, in default, for want of. fauvette, /., warbler (bird). faux (/., fausse), false. faveur, /., favor. favorable, favorable. favori (/., te), favorite, favored; also as noiin^ favorite. favoriser, to favor. fecond, fertile, fruitful, prolific. fecondite,/., fecundity, fertility. feindre, irr.^ to feign, pretend. (See peindre.) femme, y., woman. fendeur, ;;/., splitter, wood-cutter. fendre, to split, cut through. fenetre, /*., window ; par la — , out of the \Tindo\v. fente, y*., split, crack, crevice. fer, m., iron; sword; //., irons, chains ; — acheval, de cheval, horse-shoe. ferme, firm, fast, solid ; also ad- verb, firmly, etc. fermer, to shut, close. fermete,/., firmness, solidity. feroce, fierce, ferocious, wild. fertile, fertile, productive. fertiliser, to fertilize. f6te, y., feast, festival, holiday, ce- lebration. feu (//.,-x), w., fire, heat, ardor. feu, late, deceased. feuillage, w., foliage, leaves. feuille, /., leaf, sheet (of paper). fidele, faithful, true. fidelite, /., fidelity, faithfulness, truth. fier {rejlex.)j to trust, rely ; — a, upon. fier (/., ere), proud, haughty. fierte, f. , pride, haughtiness. fievre, f.j fever. figure,/., figure, face. filet, w., net. fille, /. , daughter, girl. fils, 771. y son. fin, /., end, object ; k la — , at last. finances, //.,/., finance, finances. finir, to finish, end ; to cease. fixer, to fix, fasten, appoint. flacon, w., flagon, bottle. flairer, to smell, scent. flamme, /., flame. flatter, to flatter, caress. fleau (//., -x), w., flail, scourge. fletrir, to wither, blight ; rejiex.y to fade, wither away. fleur, /., flower, bloom. fleuri, in flower, blooming. fleuve, w., river. flot, w., wave, flood. fluide, fluid, flowing ; as Jiotut^ m., fluid. flute,/., flute. foi, /, faith, belief. fois, /, time (in occurrence, or suc- cession) ; a la — , at one time, at once, together. fol, folle. (See fou.) fonction, /, function, office, duty. fond, ffi., foundation, bottom, back- ground. fonds, ;;;., land, property; //., funds, capital. fonder, to found. fondeur, w., founder, caster (of metals). fondre, to melt, cast ; pour ; to sink ; — en larmcs, to burst 134 VOCABULARY. into tears ; reflex. , to break in, rush. fontaine, f., fountain, spring, well. force, y., force, strength, power, violence ; — de, much, or many, of ; i — de, by force of, dint of; //., forces. forcer, to force, compel, take by force. for^t, /., forest, woods. forgeron, m., smith, blacksmith. forme, /"., forme, shape. former, to form, shape, train. formule, /., formula. fort, strong ; as adv,^ very. fortement, strongly. fortifier, to fortify. fortune, /., fortune, fate, good for- tune, luck. fortune, fortunate, lucky. fou (fol, folle), foolish, silly, mad. fou {pl.y -s), 711. y fool, madman. foudre, /., lightning; coup de — , stroke of lightning, thunder- bolt. fouine, f. , marten. fouler, to trample, crush. fourmi, /., ant. fournir, to furnish, supply. fourrage, w., forage, foraging. fourrager, to forage, go foraging. fourre, furred, brushy, thick. fourrer, to stuff, cram ; reflex.^ to get in, intrude. foyer, w., fireside, hearth. fraicheur, /. , freshness, coolness. frais (/., fraiche), fresh, cool. franc, w., franc (coin). franc (/., che), frank, free, open. fran9ais, French ; as noun, French- man, or -woman. franchir, to pass, cross, leap over. frapper, to strike, hit, knock, wound. frayer, to cut, beat, fray, wear away. frayeur, /., fright, terror. fremir, to shudder, tremble, shake. frere, w., brother. frise, /., frieze. froid, cold, cool ; as noun^ cold ; avoir — (of persons), faire — (of the weather), to be cold. froidement, coldly, coolly. froment, w., wheat. front, w., front, forehead, brow. frontiere, /., frontier. fronton, w., pediment, gable. frotter, to rub, wipe ; se — les mains, to rub one's hands. fruit, ni., fruit. fuir, irr.y to flee, flee from. fuite, /., flight ; prendre la — , to take to flight, flee. fumer, to smoke ; to manure. funebre, funeral, mournful, dismal. funeste, fatal, deadly. fureur, /. , fury, madness, rage. furieux (/., se), furious, mad, raging. futur, future ; le — , nouny the future. G. gage^m., pledge, wager ;//., wages, pay. gagner, to gain, win, earn, reach. gal, gay, cheerful. gaiement, gaily. gaiete,/., gaiety. gar9on, m. , boy, fellow ; servant, waiter. garde, /., guard, protection, care, custody. garde, m.^ guard, watch, keeper. garder, to guard, protect, watch, keep. VOCABULARY. 135 gauche, left (hand). geler, to freeze. gendre, in., son-in-law. general (//., -aux), w., general; also adj.^ general. genereux(/., se), generous, noble. genereusement, generously. genie, w., genius.. genou (//., -X), knee ; a — x, on one's knees. genre, w., kind, sort, style. gens,//., ni. or/., people, persons. gentilhomme, w., gentleman, nobleman. gesir, irr.^ to lie ; ci-git, here lies. geste, ;;/., gesture. gibier, w., game. git. (See gesir.) glacer, to freeze. glacier, w., glacier. gland, 711., acorn ; du — , acorns. glisser, to glide, slip; rejiex., to slip, creep. gloire,/.,glor\'. glorieux (/., se), glorious, proud. gloaton (/., nne), gluttonous, greedy ; as noun, m., glutton. gourde,/., flask, wicker-bottle. gourmand, greedy ; as noun, gour- mand, greedy person. gout, ??i., taste, enjoyment. gouter, to taste, enjoy. goutte, /., drop. gouvemement, w., government, governorship. grabat, ;;/., pallet. grace, / , grace, charm, favor, par- don, thanks ; — a, thanks to; rendre — ^-s, to give thanks ; faire — , to pardon. gracieux (/, se), gracious, graceful, grade, 7;^., grade, degree, step. grain, fn., grain, corn. grand, greal, grand, large ; pas — ' chose, not much ; — ' peine, much trouble. grandeur,/, greatness, grandeur, grange,/, barn, granary. gras (/, sse), fat. graver, to grave, engrave. graveur, ?n., engraver gre, 7?i., will, pleasure. Grece, /, Greece. grenadier, w., grenadier, grenouille, /, frog. grievement, grievously, severely. griflfe, /., claw, talon. grippeminaud, w., grimalkin. grognement, ?>/., grunting, groan- ing, whining. gronder, to scold, growl, mutter, gros (/, sse;, large, big, gross, grosseur, /., bigness, large size, grossier (/., ere), rude, rough. groupe, /., group, guepe, /., wasp, guere (with ne), hardly, but little, not very. guerir, to heal, cure ; to get well, recover. guerison, /., cure. I guerre, /, war ; faire la — , to make war. g^etter, to watch, watch for. gueule, /., m9uth, jaw. guide, ;//., guide. H. habile, skillful, clever. habillement, w., dress, clothing. habUler, to dress. habit, ;//., coat, dress, habitation,/, habitation. habiter, to inhabit, dwell. habitude, /., habit. habituel (/., lie), habitual, cus- tomary. habituer, to habituate, accustom, hache, /., axe, hatchet. haie, /, hedge. 136 VOCABULARY. haine, /. , hate. hair, to hate {pres. je hais). hameau (//., -x), hamlet. hanche,/., hip, haunch. harangue,/"., harangue, address. haranguer, to harangue, to ad- dress. hardes, //., /., old clothes. hardi, bold. harmonieux (/., se), harmoni- ous. hasard, w., hazard, risk, chance. hasarder, to hazard, risk. hate, /. , haste. hater, to hasten ; also reflex, haut, high, loud ; as adv,^ above, aloud. he, ah, eh ! helas, alas ! herbe, /., herb, grass. heritage, ;;?., heritage, inheritance. heriter, to inherit. h6roique, heroic. heros, w., hero. hesiter, to hesitate. heure,/., hour (o'clock) ; de bonne — , early ; a 1* — , immediately. heureusement, happily, fortunate- henreux (/., se), happy, fortu- nate. heurter, to hit, strike, shock. hier, yesterday. histoire, /. , history, story. hiver, w., winter. homme, ?/?., man. honn^te, honest, polite, clever. honneur, w., honor. honte, f. , shame ; avoir — , to be ashamed. honteux (/., se), shameful, asham- ed. horreur, /. , horror, terror, awe. horrible, horrible, awful. hors, without, outside, except. hospice, m.y hospital, asylum, con- vent. hospitalier (/., ere), hospitable. hote, w., host, guest. hotel, 7n., hotel, mansion, hospital. hottee,/., basket, basketful. huit, eight ; — jours, a week. huitre, /. , oyster. humanite, /. , humanity. humain, human, humane. humide, moist, damp. hurlement, m.^ howling, growling. hussard, w., hussar. ici, here ; d' — , hence, henceforth, idee,/., idea, vision. idole, w.,idol. ignorance,/., ignorance. ignorant, ignorant ; also as noun, ignorer, not to know, be ignorant of. il, ilSj he, they. ile, /., island, isle. illustre, illustrious. imaginer, to imagine ; also reflex, imbecile, imbecile, silly ; also, as 7ioun, imiter, to imitate. immense, immense. immobile, motionless, immovable. immortaliser, to immortalize. immortel (/., He), immortal. impatience,/, impatience. impetueux (/, se), impetuous. impetuosite, /, impetuosity. importance,/, importance. important, important. importun, importunate, trouble- some, wearisome. importunite,/, importunity. imposer, to impose, put upon. impossible, impossible. VOCABULARY. 137 imprimer, to impress, print. imprimerie, /., printing-house. imprimeur, printer. imprudent, imprudent ; improvi- dent. incendie, m., burning, fire. incertain, uncertain. incliner, to incline, bow ; also reflex. inconnu, unknown ; as noun, stranger, incognito. inconsolable, inconsolable. inoulte, uncultivated, wild. independant, independent. Indes, //.,/., (the) Indies. indigence,/., indigence, want. indigne, unworthy. indigne, indignant. indiquer, to indicate, point out. indiscret (/., ete), indiscreet. indubitable, indubitable, undoubt- . ed. inegal (//., -aux), unequal, uneven. inepuisable, inexhaustible. inevitable, inevitable. inexorable, inexorable. inexprimable, inexpressible, unut- terable. inexpugnable, impregnable. infatllible, infallible. infailliblement, infallibly, certain- mfantene, /. , infantry. infatigable, indefatigable, untiring. inferieur (/., re), inferior; also as 7ioiin. infidele, unfaithful. influence, influence. information, /., information ; prende des — , to make inqui- ries. I informer, to inform; rejlex., to get information, inquire. infortune, /. , misfortune. infortune, unfortunate, unhappy. infructueux (/., se), unfruitful, ; barren. " 1 ingrat, ungrateful ; as 7ioun^ in- grate. inhumain, inhuman. inimitie, /., enmity. injuste, unjust. injustice,/., injustice. innocent, innocent. inondation, /., inundation, over- flow. inonder, to inundate, flood. inquiet (/., ete), unquiet, restless, uneasy. inquieter, to disquiet ; reflex. ^ be anxious. inquietude, /., inquietude, anxi- ety. insecte, m., insect. insense, senseless, foolish, mad. insensible, insensible ; dull, stu- pid. insigne, signal, notable. insolence, insolence. insolent, insolent. inspirer, to inspire. installer, to install, inaugurate. instance, /., entreaty, urgency. instant, w., instant, moment; ^ r — , instantly. instinct, m., instinct. instruction,/, instruction. instruire, irr., to instruct, teach. (See conduire.) instruit (as«^'.), learned. instrument, w., instrument. insulter, to insult. intellectuel (/, lie), intellectual. intelligence, /, intelligence, un- derstanding, knowledge. intentioni/, intention. inter^t, ;;/., interest, interests. interieur (/, re), interior, in- ternal. interroger, to question, ask. interrompre, to interrupt. intervalle, ;//., interval. intrepide, intrepid, bold. intrepidite, intrepidity, boldness. 138 VOCABULARY. introduire, irr. , to introduce. (See conduire.) inutile, useless, vain. inutilement, uselessly, vainly. invalide, invalid, sick ; also as noun, invention, /., invention, discovery. inventeur, m., inventor, discover- er. inviolable, inviolable, sacred. inviolablement, inviolably, sa- credly. invitation, /., invitation. inviter, to invite. irai, irr. , fuL aller. irriter, to irritate, excite, arouse, issu, issued, descended, issue,/"., issue, exit, end. J. Jacquot, m., Jack, Jock. jadis, formerly, of old. jamais, ever ; ne — , never. jambe, /., leg. Janvier, m., January. japper, to yelp, bark. jardin, ?n., garden. Jeter, to throw, cast. jeu (//., -x), game, play. jeune, young. jeunesse, /., youth. joie,/.,joy. joindre, zVt^., to join, add, unite. joli, pretty. jonc, pz.y bulrush. joue, /. , cheek. jouer, to play ; — de, to play on ; reflex.^ to amuse one's self, jest. jouet, w., plaything, toy. jouir (rejlex.)j to rejoice ; — de, to enjoy. jour, m,, day, light, life ; il fait — , it is day ; se faire — , to come to light, to pierce ; mettre au — , to bring to light. journee, /., day, (day of) battle. journellement, daily, day by day. juge, ;;/., judge, justice. jugement, ??i., judgment, decision. juger, to judge, decide. juillet, m. , July. juin, w., June. jumeau (//., -x), m,, twins. jurer, to swear. jusqu'a, up to, to, until ; — Ik, thus far, until then. juste, just, right, exact ; as adv.^ just, exactly. justement, justly, exactly. justesse, /., justice, justness. justice, f., justice. justifier, to justify. Iia, there ; — bas, below, down there ; — dessus, thereupon. laboratoire, m., laboratory. laborieux (/*., se), laborious. laboureur, ;;?., laborer. lac, ;;/,, lake. lacedemonien, Lacedsemonian, Spartan ; also as noun. lache, base, cowardly ; as noun, coward. laine,/., wool. laisser, to let, allow, leave. lait, m.y milk. lambeau (//., -x), rag, tatter. lampe, /., lamp. lance,/., lance, spear, lancer, to lance, shoot. langage, m., language. langue, /., tongue, language. lanterne, /., lantern. lapin, m.j hare, rabbit. lard, m.y fat, grease. VOCABULARY, 139 large, large, broad. larme, /., tear. las (/., sse), tired, weary. lasser, to tire, weary; reflex. y\.Q tire, grow weary. latin, Latin. laurier, w., laurel. laver, to wash. le, les, the ; it, him, them ; so ; aj-t. and pron. lecher, to lick. le9on, y., lesson. lecture,/., lecture, reading. leger (/. , ere), light, slight, legerete, /., lightness, levity, dex- terity. legion,/., legion. legs, w., legacy. leguer, to leave, bequeath. lendemain, ;;/., next day, morrow. lent, slow. lentement, slowly, lenteur, /, slowness, delay, lepre,/, leprosy. lequel, laquelle, ) , . , lesquels, lesquelles, p^^^^^' lettre, /, letter. leur, their, to them ; //., leurs, their. lever, to lift, raise, rise ; reflex, y to rise, get up. levre,/, lip. liaison,/, connection, relation. liberte, /, liberty. iibre, free. librement, freely. lien, m.y bond, tie, band, lier, to bind, tie. lieu (//., -x), ;;/., place, occasion ; au — de, instead of; avoir — , to take place. lieue, /, league. lievre, m., hare, ligne, /, line, lion, ;;/., lion. liqueur,/, liquor, fluid. lire, h'r.y to read. lis, ;;/., lily. lisiere, /., border, edge. lit, /;/., bed. litiere, /, litter. livre, ;;/., book. livre, /, livre, franc. livrer, to deliver, surrender, offer, give (battle). loge, /, loge, box (of theatre). loger, to lodge, take lodging. loi,/, law. loin, far, afar ; de — , from a distance ; au — , afar, in the distance ; — , de, far from (infln.). lointain, far, distant. Londres, w., London. long (/, gue), long; le — de, along. longtemps, long (time). lorgner, to ogle. eye. lors, then ; — meme, even then. lorsque, when. louange, /, praise. louer, to rent. louer, to praise ; reflex. ( — de), to rejoice in, boast of. louis (d'or), ??i.j louis, louis d'or (gold coin). loup, ??i., wolf. lourd, heavy, dull. louvetier, ;;/., wolf- slayer. loyal (//.. aux), loyal. lueur, /., light. lugubre, lugubrious, mournful. lui, him, to him, to her {pron.). luire, irr., to shine. liuniere, /, light ; //., enlighten- ment, knowledge. lune, /, moon- lutte, /, struggle, effort, strife. lutter, to struggle, contend, strive. luxe, ;;;., luxury. 140 VOCABULARY. M. macher, to chew, macerate. machine,/., machine. madame, /. , madam, Mrs. mademoiselle,/., Miss. magistral, ;>^., magistrate, officer. magistrature, /., magistracy, of- fice. magnifique, magnificent. maigre, lean. main,/, hand. maint, many a, many. maintenant, now. mais, but. mais, 7n. , maize, corn. maison, / , house ; a la — , at home. maitre, //?., master, teacher. majeste, /, majesty. majestueux (/, se), majestic. mal (//., maux), w., ill, evil, harm, misfortune, suffering ; avoir — , to suffer pain, be ill; faire — , to hurt ; faire du — , to do harm. mal (as adv^, ill, badly, poorly. malade, sick ; as nouuy sick person, invalid. maladie, / , malady, sickness. m.ale, male, masculine. m.algre, in spite of, despite. mialheur, w., misfortune, unhappi- ness. m.alheureusement, unfortunately, unhappily. malheureux (/., se), unfortunate, unhappy. maman, /., mamma, ma. mander, to send word, notify, sum- mon. manger, to eat. mangeur, m.^ eater. maniere, /., manner, way ; de — de, so as to ; de — que, so that. manquer, to fail, lack, want, miss. marais, w., marsh, morass. maraudeur, m.^ marauder. marbre, m., marble. marchand, w., merchant. marchandise, /, merchandise ; //., wares. marche, / , march, walk, gait, pro- gress ; en — , on the march ; se mettre en — , to start. , marche, w., market. marcher, to march, walk, proceed. marechal, m.y marshal. marl, m,, husband. marier, to marry ; refiex.^ to be married, marry. marque,/, mark, sign. marquer, to mark. marteau (//., -x), hammer, matelot, w., sailor, material (//., -aux), m., material. materiel (/, lie), material. matiere, /, matter, stuff, material. matin, w., morning ; le — , in the morning ; de bon — ^, early in the morning. maudire, irr. , to curse. mauvais, bad, wrong. maxime, /, maxim. mechant, bad, wicked ; also as noun. medecin, m.^ physician, doctor. medicament, w., medicament, medicine. meditation,/, meditation. megarde, /, mistake, disregard. meilleur (co??ip. , irr.)^ better ; le — , the best. m^ler, to mix, mingle ; se — de, to meddle with. membre, m.y member, limb. m^me (as adj.)^ same ; (after nouns or pron.) self; (as adv.) even ; de — , likewise, also. memoire, / , memory, remem- brance. memoire, w., memoir, petition. memorable, memorable. VOCABULARY. 141 menace,/., menace, threat. menacer, to menace, threaten. mendiant, ;;/., beggar. mendier, to beg. mener, to lead, take, carry, mentir. irr., to lie. (See sentir.) menu, slender, slight, pretty. mepris, w., contempt. mepriser, to despise, contemn. mer, /, , sea. merci, w., thank, thanks. mere,/., mother. merite, w., merit. meriter, to merit, deserve, earn. merveille, /., marvel, wonder ; i — , wonderfully. merveilleux (/., se), marvelous, wonderful. mesaventure, /., misadventure, misfortune. mesintelligence, /, misunder- standing. messire, vi. {vulg. for monsieur), Mr., sir. mesure, /., measure ; a — que, in proportion as, as. metal (//., -aux), ;;/., metal. metier, w., trade, business. metropole, /., metropolis, mother- country. mettre, zVr. , to put, place, set, put on ; reflex., to begin (a). meurtrir, to mangle, bruise. midi, 7;/., midday, meridian, south. mie, /, dear, love. miel, ;;/., honey. mieux {adv., cotnp.^ irr.^ bien), bet- ter ; le — , best. mignon (/., nne), pretty, dear, lit- tle ; as noun, little darling. mil. (See mille.) milieu, m., middle, midst ; au — de, in the midst of, amid. militaire, military ; as iioiiUy sol- dier. mille, a thousand, thousand (/;; dates written mil). mille, m.y mile. mine, /., mien, appearance, expres- sion. mine, mine. miner, to mine ; undermine. ministre, m,^ minister. minute, /., minute. minutieux (/., se), minute, pre- cise. miracle, m,y miracle, wonder. mis^ pa7't., irr.y mettre. miserable, miserable, poor ; as 7ioun, wretch, poor creature. misere,/, misery ; poverty. misericorde, /., pity, mercy. mis.sion, /, mission. modele, ;;/., model. modeste, modest. modestie, modesty. moeurs, //.,/, manners, customs. moindre {comp., irr.y petit), less ; le — , the least. moine, w., monk. moins {adv., covip.^ irr.y peu), less ; le — , least ; au — , or du — , at least ; a — que, unless (subj.), mois, ;;/., month. moisson, /., harvest, mowing. moitie, /., half; a — , as adv.^ half. mol. (See mou.) moment, ;;/., moment. monarque, w., monarch. monde, rn., world, people, society ; tout le — , everybody. monseigneur, ;;/., my lord, sir. monsieur, w., Mr., sir, gentleman. montagne, /, mountain. monter, to mount, ascend, get on, or ride (a horse). montre, /, watch. montrer, to show, point out. monument, ;;/., monument. moquer {reflex.) de, to mock at, laugh at, ridicule. moquerie, /., mockery, ridicule, jest. 142 VOCABULARY. morale, /*., moral, morals, moral- ity. morceau (//., -x), ?;?., piece. mordienne ! zounds ! mort,/., death. mort {irr. mourir), dead. mortel (/., He), mortal, fatal. mortellement, mortally, fatally. mot, 7n.y word, answer. motif, 7?i.y motive. mou (mol, molle), soft, tender. mouchoir, w., handkerchief. moudre, irr,, to grind. mouiller, to moisten, wet. mourir, 2>r., to die ; reflex. ^ to be dying. mousquet, w., musket. moustique, /. , musquito. mouton, w., sheep, mutton. mouvement, m.^ movement, mo- tion, emotion, impulse. mouvoir, irr,^ to move. moyen, w., means. muet (/.; tte), mute, silent. munificence, /., munificence. munir, to fortify, provide, furnisli. munition, /., munition, provision. mur, w., wall. mur, ripe, mature. murmure, w., murmur. murmurer, to murmur. museau (//., -x), w., muzzle, nose. musee, w., museum. mutuel (/., He), mutual, recipro- cal, common. mutuellement, mutually, mystere, w., mystery. mysterieux (/., se), mysterious. N. naguere, lately. naif (/., ve), simple, candid. naitre, iVr., to be born, spring up, arise. natal (//., -s), natal, native, nation,/"., nation. national (//., -aux), national, natte, f. , mat. naturaliste, w., naturalist. nature, /. , nature. naturel (/., lie), natural. naturellement, naturally, of course, naufrage, w., shipwreck. naufrage, shipwrecked. ne, /. part., naitre. neanmoins, nevertheless. necessaire, necessary. neglige {part, negliger), neglected ; en — , in undress. negliger, to neglect. neige, /., snow. net (/., tte), neat, short. nettement, neatly, briefly. neuf (/., ve), new. neuf, nine. neuvieme, ninth. neveu (pi., -x), nephew. nez, m., nose. ni — ni, neither — nor. niaiserie, /., awkwardness, sim- plicity. nid, m., nest. nier, to deny noble, noble. noir, black, dark ; as noun, negro. noircir, to blacken, darken. noix, f., nut, walnut. nom, m., name. nombre, m., number. nombreux (/., sej, numerous. nommer, to name, call ; reflex., to be named. non, no, not ; — seulement, not only. nord, m., north ; du — , North. nos (//.), our. notifier, to notify. notre, notre (poss.), our, ours. VOCABULARY. 143 nourrir, to nourish, feed, sup- port. nourriture, /., nourishment. nouvel l(y ue),new. nouveau) ^-^ ' " nouvelle, /., news. nu, naked ; — pieds, barefooted. nuftge, m.^ cloud. nue, /., cloud. nuire, irr,^ to hurt, injure. (See luire.) nuitj/., night. nul (/., lie), no, none, nul. nullement, not at all, by no means. obeir, to obey. objetj w., object. obligation,/., obligation. obligeant, obliging, accommodat- ing. obliger, to oblige, comply, accom- modate. obscur, obscure, dark. obscurcir, to darken. obscurite, /., obscurity, darkness. obstine, obstinate. obstiner {reflex. \ to be obstinate, persist ; — a, i7t. obtenir, irr.^ to obtain. (See tenir.) occasion, /., occasion, opportu- nity. Occident, w., west. occuper, to occupy ; reflex.^ s' — de, to be occupied, busy, with. odeur, /., odor, smell. odieux (/., se), odious, hateful. ceil (//., yeux), eye ; aux yeux, be- fore the eyes. oeuf, VI., ^^^. ceuvre,/., work. oflFense, /., offense. oJBfensive, offensive ; as noun^ V — , the offensive. officiel (/., lie), official. officier, w., officer. cfficine, f. , office, laboratory. offirande, /"., oifering, sacrifice. oflfrir, irr., to offer. (See ouvrir.) oiseau (//., -x), w., bird. oisif (/., ve), idle ; as fioun/idler. oisivete, /., idleness, leisure. ombrage, w., shade, umbrage. ombrageux (/., se), shady. ombre, m., shade, shadow ; k 1 — , under the shade. on {indef.), one, people, they, we, etc. onde, y., wave. onereux (/., se), onerous, burden- some. opera, w., opera. operation, f. , operation. operer, to operate, work, effect. opinion, /., opinion. opposer, to oppose ; also reflex,^ — a, to oppose. opprimer, to oppress. or, w., gold. oracle, w., oracle. orage, w., storm. orageux (/., se), stormy. ordinaire, ordinary, common ; i r — , ordinarily. ordinairement, ordinarily, com- monly. ordonnance, /., order, prescrip- tion. ordonner, to order, prescribe, ordre, w., order, arrangement, rank. oreille, /., ear ; a 1' — , in one's ear. orge, /., barley. orgueil, w., pride. orgueilleiix(/., se), proud, haugh- ty. orient, //;., east. 144 VOCABULARY. original (//., -aux), original ; also noun, m, orme, ;;?., elm. ormeau (//., -x), m., elm. orphelin, /«., — e,/., orphan. oser, to dare. osier, m., osier, wicker, otage, 771., hostage. on, or ; ou — ou, either — or ; — bien, or else. ou, where, whither; at, in, to which, etc. ; d' — , whence, from which. oublier, to forget. oui, yes. outre, beyond, besides, outside of. ouvrage, m.y work, labor. ouvrier, w., workman, laborer. ouvrir, irr,, to open. P. page, w., page, attendant, page, /. , page (of a book). paie,/., pay. paien (/., nne), pagan, heathen ; also notai. paille, /., straw. pain, ;;/., bread. paisible, peaceful, quiet. paitre, err., to feed, graze, (See connaitre.) paix, /. , peace. palais, w., palace. pale, pale. palefrenier, w., groom. palir, to grow pale, pale. panache, w., plume. panier, w., basket. panser, to dress (a wound), bind Pantheon, w.. Pantheon. papa, w., papa. papier, w., paper. papillon, m. , butterfly. paquet, in., package, packet. par, though, by (in various idioms) ; — la, thereby. parabole, /., parable, fable, parade,/., parade. paraitre, irr.y to appear, seem. (See connaitre.) paralytique, paralytic ; also as noun. paratonnerre, w., lightning-rod. pare, m.,, park. parce que, because. parcourir, irr., to run through, traverse, pass through. (See courir.) pardienne, zounds ! pardon, w., pardon. pardonner, to pardon. pareil (/., lie), like, equal. parent, w., relative ; //., relatives, parents. parente, /., relationship, kinship. parer, to adorn, dress. paresse, /., laziness, indolence. paresseux (/. , se), lazy, indolent. parfait, perfect. parfaitement, perfectly. parfois, sometimes, at times. parfum, w., perfume. parfumer, to perfume. parler, to speak, talk. parmi, among. parole,/., word, language, speech, parole. part, /., part, share ; avoir — a, to take part, interest in ; faire — de, to communicate ; a — , apart, peculiar ; de ma — , for my part ; de toutes — , on all sides ; quelque — , nuUe — , somewhere, nowhere. partage, m., share, division. partager, to share, divide. VOCABULARY. 145 parti, m,^ part, party, side, match ; prendre un —^ to take a step. particulier (/., ere), particular, private ; as nouHy private per- son. particulier ement, particularly, es- pecially. partie, /., part, party. pgtrtir, ir?'., to set out, start, depart. partout, everywhere. parure, y. , ornament, dress. parvenir, to arrive, reach, succeed. (See venir.) pas, m., step. pas {with ne), not ; — de, no, not any ; — meme, not even ; non — , no. passage, w., passage, pass. passant (as nomi)^ 7?i.y passer, pass- er-by. passer, to pass, pass by, pass away ; reflex. , to happen ; se — de, to do without, dispense with. passion,/., passion. patient, patient ; as noim^ m,y pa- tient, sufferer. patrie, /., country. patriotisme, w., patriotism. patriotique, patriotic. patron, w., patron, master, em- ployer. patte, y., paw; — de devant, fore- paw ; — de derriere, hind-paw. pature, f., feeding, food, pasture. pauvre, poor ; as ^louriy poor man. pauvrement, poorly. pauvrete,/., poverty. payer, to pay, pay for. pays, fti.y country. paysage, m., landscape. paysein, ;;;., peasant, countryman. paysanne, /*. , peasant woman. peau (//., -x), skin, hide. peindre, h-r., to paint. peine, f., pain, punishment, trou- ble, pains ; a — , hardly ; grand' — , much trouble. peintre, m., painter. pelerin, w., pilgrim. pelerinage, w., pilgrimage. pencher, to incline, bend, bear; also reflex, pendant, during ; — que, while. pendre, to hang. penible, painful, hard. penser, to think. pension, /., pension, allowance, board. pensionnaire, w., pensioner, board- er. percer, to pierce, penetrate. percher, to perch. perdre, to lose, destroy, ruin : also reflex., to be lost. pere, 7n. , father. perfection,/., perfection. perfectionner, to perfect. perfide, perfidious, faithless. perfidie, /., perfidy, falsehood. peril, ;;/., peril, danger. perilleux (/., se), perilous, dan- gerous. perir, to perish. permettre, h-r.^ to permit, allow. (See mettre.) permission, /. , permission. Perse,/., Persia ; w., Persian. persecuter, to persecute, prose- cute. persister, to persist, insist. personnage, 7n., person, person- age, character. personne, /, person, anybody ; with ne, nobody. persuader, to persuade. perte, /, loss, ruin. pesant (as adv.)y heavy. peser, to weigh. petit, little, small. petit-fils, w., grandson ; — e-fille, /, granddaughter ; — s-en- fants,//., grandchildren. peu {adv.), little, but little ; — de, little, few ; a — pres, almost, 146 VOCABULARY. nearly ; — k — , little by lit- tle. peuple, m., people. peupler, to people. peur, /., fear ; avoir — , to be afraid ; faire — , to frighten. peut-^tre, perhaps. phalange, /., phalanx. pharniacie, /., pharmacy, apothe- cary shop. pharmacien, m., pharmacist, apothecary. phenomene, m., phenomenon. philanthrope, m., philanthropist. philosophe, m.y philosopher. philosophie,/., philosophy. phrase,/"., phrase, saying. physicien, m., physicist, natural philosopher. physique, /., physics, natural philosophy. pie, y*., magpie. piece,/., piece ; mettre en — s, to tear to pieces. pied, w., foot, fooling; k — , on foot. piege, m.f snare, trap. pierre, /., rock, stone. pillage, m., pillage, plunder. piller, to pillage, plunder. pinceau(//., -x), m., pencil, brush. piquet, m., picket, stake. piteux ( /. , se), piteous, pitiable. pitie, /, pity, compassion. place, /., place, position, public square. plage,/, shore. plaider, to plead. plaideur, m., pleader, suitor. plaie,/, wound. plaindre, irr., to pity; reflex. ^ to complain. CSee craindre.) plaine, /., plain, level. plainte, /., complaint. plaintif (/, ve), plaintive, com- plaining. plaire, irr.y to please. plzusaminent, pleasantly, jocosely. plaisant, pleasing, pleasant, jocose. plaisir, ;;?., pleasure. planche,/, plank. plancher, w., floor. planer, to hover, soar. plante, / , plant. planter, to plant. plein, full. pleurer, to weep. pleurs,//., m.y tears. pleuvoir, irr. impers.y to rain. plier, to fold, bend, to yield. plonger, to plunge. pluie,/., rain. plume,/, feather, pen. plupart, /., greater part, majority, the most. plus {adv.)y more ; with ne, no more, no longer ; de — , more, moreover ; plus — plus, the more. plusieurs (//.), several, many. plutot, rather. poche, /., pocket. poeme, m., poem. poete, 7?t.y poet. poids, VI., weight, burden. poil, m.y hair (of animals). point, m., point ; k ce — , to that degree, so, that. point {adv.), not, not at all ; — de, no, not any. poison, m., poison. poisson, m., fish. poli, polite, polished. poliment, politely. politique, politic, political ; as noun,/., politics. poltron, m., poltroon, coward. pomme, /, apple ; — de terre, potato. pommier, m., apple-tree. Pompee, m., Pompey. pompeux(/, se), pompous, splen- did. pont, m., bridge. port, m.y port. VOCABULARY. 147 porte, /!, door, gate. portefaix, w., porter. porter, to carry, bear, wear ; to bring, deliver, direct, aim ; re- flex. ^ to be, do, fare, tend. portiere, /., doorkeeper, door, curtain. portion,/., portion, share. portrsiit, w., portrait. poser, to put down, set, lay down. posseder, to possess. possesseur, m., possessor. possession, /"., possession. possible, possible. poste, w., post, position. poste, y., post, post-office. posterite,/., posterity. potion, y*., potion, drink. poudre, /. , powder, dust. pcule, /., hen. pour, for, to ; luiih mfln., to, in or- der to. pourceau (//. , -x), hog, porker. pourquoi, why, for what. poursuite, /*. , pursuit. poursuivre. z>r., to pursue, con- tinue. (See suivre.) pourtant, yet, however, neverthe- less. pourvoir, irr., to provide. pousser, to push, urge, utter ; to grow, shoot. poussiere, /. , dust. poussin, w., chicken. pouvoir, if-r., to be able, can, may ; reflex, y may be. pouvoir, m., power, ability. prairie,/., prairie. pre, w., meadow. prealable, previous, preliminary ; au — , at first. precaution,/, precaution. precautionner {7'eflex.), to take precaution, provide. preceder, to precede. precepteur, /;^, preceptor, teach- precieux (/, se), precious. precipitamment, precipitately, hastily. precipiter, to precipitate, hasten. precisement, precisely. preference, /, preference. preferer, to prefer. prefet, w., prefect, officer. premier (/, ere), first ; au — , on the first story. premierement, firstly, in the first place. prendre, irr., to take, seize, catch, take up, assume ; reflex., to be- take one's self, take to, under- take. preparatif, m,, preparative, pre- paration. preparer, to prepare. pres, near, nearly ; — de, near, near by ; a peu — , alm.ost. presage, ;;/., presage, prophesy. prescription,/, prescription. prescrire, zVr., to prescribe. (See ecrire.) present, present ; a — , at present, now. present, m., present, gift. presenter, to present, represent. preservatif (/, se), preservative. preserver, to preserve, keep. presque, almost. presse, /, press, printing-press. presse (as adj.), pressing, hurried, close. presser, to press, hasten ; reflex. ^ to hasten, make haste. prestige, w., splendor, prestige. pr^t (/, ^te), ready, prepared. pretendre, to pretend, claim, mean, intend. preter, to lend. pretexte, /;/., pretext. pretre, w., priest. preuve, /., proof, trial. prevenance, /., kindness, atten- tion. 148 VOCABULARY. prevenir, ir)'. , to prevent, antici- pate, inform, warn. (See venir.) prevention,/., prevention, antici- pation, warning. preventivement, by anticipation, precaution. pre voir, irr.y to foresee. prevoyant(as adj,), prudent, care- ful. prier, to beg, pray. priere, /., prayer. prince, ;//., prince. princesse, /., princess. principal (//., -aux), principal, chief. principalement, principally, chief- ly, especially. printemps, w., spring. prison, /., prison. prisonnier (/., ere), prisoner. privation, /. , privation. prive {as adj.), private, secret. priver, to deprive. privilege, w., privilege. privilegie, privileged, licensed. prix, y., price, prize, reward. probable, probable. probabilite,/., probability. probite, /"., probity, honesty. precede, f?t., proceeding, pro- cedure. proces, m., law-suit, process. prochain, near, next ; as noun^ neighbor. proche, near, neighboring. procurer, to procure. prodige, w., prodigy. prodigeux (/., se), prodigious. prodiguer, to lavish. production,/., production. produire, irr,, to produce. (See conduire.) produit, m,^ product, produce professeur, w., professor. profit, m., profit, advantage profiter, to profit. profond, profound, deep. profondement, profoundly, deeply, profondeur, /., profundity, depth. programme, w., programme, plan. progres, ;«., progress ; //., les — , progress. proie, /, prey, booty. projet, ;;/., project, plan. projeter, to project, plan. promenade, / , promenade, walk. promener, to lead, escort ; reflex.^ to walk, take a walk. promeneur, w., promenader, walker. promesse, /, promise. promettre, irr.^ to promise. (See mettre. prompt, prompt, quick. promptement, promptly, quickly. prononcer, to pronounce, pro- claim. propagation,/, propagation. proportion,/, proportion. proportionne {adj.), proportionate. proposer, to propose. proposition,/, proposition. propre, proper, peculiar, own ^ clean. proprement, properly. propriete,/, property, propriety. proscription, / , proscription. proscrire, irr.^ to proscribe. (See ecrire.) prosperer, to prosper. prosperite, /., prosperity. protection, /. , protection. protege (as noun), m., protegd, ward. proteger, to protect. providence, providence, fore- sight. provoquer, to provoke, challenge. Prusse,/, Prussia. prussien (/, nne), Prussian public (/., que), public ; as noun, m.y the public. publir, to publish. puis, then. VOCABULARY. 149 puiser, to draw, derive. puisque, since, because. puissance,/"., power. piiits, w., well; — fontaine, /., well, spring. punir, to punish, punition, /., punishment. pupitre, w., pulpit, desk. pur, pure. pyramide, /"., pyramid. qualite, /. , quality, rank. quamd, when. quant a, as to. quantite, y. , quantity. quart, w., quarter, fourth. quartier, w., quarter, neighbor- hood. quatre, four. quatorze, fourteen. que {ifite7'rog.), what? (re/at.), which, that ; ce — , what. que (cofij.), that, as, how, when, etc. in various idiomatic senses. quel (/., lie), which, what. quelque, some, any ; (//.), a few ; {adv,)y however. quelqu'un, some one, any one ; //., quelques-uns, some, a few. question, /., question. questionner, to question. queter, to seek, search, queue, /. , tail. quiconque, whoever, quinze, fifteen ; — jours, a fort- night. quitter, to quit, leave, leave off. quoi, what, which ; de — , where- with, the means (of) ; — que, whatever, however. quoique, however. quotidien, daily, day by day. race,/., race. raconter, to relate, narrate, radieux (/., se), radiant. rafraichir, to refresh, revive ; also 7'ejiex. rage,/., rage, madness. raide(roide), stiff, rigid ; — mort, stone dead, raison, /., reason, right ; avoir — , to be right. ramage, w., warbling, ramasser, to heap up, collect. rameau (//., -x), w., branch, bough. ramener, to lead back, bring back, restore, rang, w., rank, row. ranger, to range, arrange ; rejlex.y to raake room. ranimer, to reanimate, revive, cheer. rapide, rapid. rapidement, rapidly. rappeler, to recall, call back, re- mind ; rejlex.y to remember. rapport, w., report, relation, con- nection, regard. rapporter, to bring back, report, relate; rejlex.y to relate to, refer to, appeal to. rare, rare, infrequent. rarement, rarely, seldom. rassasier, to satisfy, satiate. rassembler, to assemble, collect. rat, ;;/., rat. ravir, to snatch away, ravish, de- light. raviver, to revive. ISO VOCABULARY. rayon, m,^ ray, beam. rebelle, rebellious ; as noun^ re- bel. recevoir, irr.y to receive. rechauffer, to warm over, warm up, warm ; also reflex. recherche,/"., search, research. rechercher, to seek, search for. recit, m.y recital, stoiy. reclamer, to claim, reclaim, ask for. recolte, /., harvest. recommencer, to recommence, begin again. recompense, /., recompense, re- ward. recompenser, to recompense. reconciliation, /"., reconciliation. reconduire, irr., to reconduct, lead back. (See conduire.) reconnaissance, /. , gratitude. reconnaissant, grateful. reconnaitre, irr., to recognise, acknowledge. (See connaitre.) recouvrer, to recover, to regain. recueillir, irr.y to gather, collect, receive, adopt. (See cueillir.) redingote, /., riding-coat, over- coat. redoubler, to double, redouble. redouter, to fear, dread. reduire, to lead back, reduce, compel. (See conduire.) reel (/., lie), real. reellement, really. refermer, to reclose, shut again. reflexion,/., reflexion. reformer, to reform, amend. refuge, w., refuge. refugier {reflex.), to take refuge, refugee. refuser, to refuse, reject, decline ; also reflex. regagner, to regain. regard, w., regard, look. regarder, to regard, behold ; to concern. regiment, m.y regiment. regie,/., rule. regler, to rule, regulate. regne, ;;/., reign, rule, kingdom. regner, to reign, rule. regret, m., regret. reine, /., queen. rejoindre, irr., to rejoin, overtake ; reflex.^ to meet again. (See joindre.) relache, /., relaxation, intermis- sion. relacher, to relax, remit, release. relation, /., relation, connection, narrative. relever, to lift up, erect, relieve ; reflex. , to rise again, arise. remarquer, to remark. remede, w., remedy, medicine. remedier, to remedy, cure. remercier, to thank. remerciment, w., thanks. remettre, irr., to put back, bring back, restore, remit, deliver ; reflex., to recover, compose one's self; to begin again. (See mettre.) remonter, to remount, re-ascend. remplacer, to replace. remplir, to till, fulfil. remporter, to carry away, bear off. remuer, to move, stir, shake ; wag (the tail). renard, w., fox, reynard. rencontre, /., meeting, rencoun- ter ; aller a la — , to go to meet. rencontrer, to meet, meet with. rendre, to return, restore, render, make ; reflex. , to surrender, make one's self, become, be- take one's self. rendez-vous, in., rendezvous, place of meeting, meeting. renfermer, to shut in, enclose, con- tain. renforcer, to reinforce, strengthen. VOCABULARY. 151 renom, m.^ renown, fame. renomme, renowned, famous. renommee, y., renown, fame. renoncer, to renounce (a). renouveler, to renew. rentrer, to re-enter, go in, return. renverser, to overthrow, cast down. renvoyer, zVr., to send back, send away. (See envoyer.) repandre, to shed, spread, shed abroad. reparaitre, irr.^ to reappear. (See connaitre.) repartir, irr.^ to set out again, to reply. (See partir.) repas, w., repast, meal. repentir {reflex. ^ irr.)^ to repent. (See sentir.) replier, to fold over, bend back ; reflex, y to coil, recoil. repliquer, to reply. repondre, to answer, respond, cor- respond ; en — , to answer for. reponse, /., response, answer. repos, w., repose, rest. reposer, to repose, rest ; reflex., to rest, rely. repousser, to repel, repulse, re- ject. reprendre, irr., to take back, re- sume, recover ; reply, blame. (See prendre.) representant, 771. , representative. representer, to represent. reprise,/., resumption, recapture, renewal, repetition ; a plusieurs — s, repeatedly. reproche, /. , reproach. reprocher, to reproach. republique, /., republic. repugnance, /., repugnance, reluc- tance. repugner, to resist, be repugnant to, disgust. residence, /., residence. resider, to reside. resignation, /*., resignation. resign er, to resign ; reflex.^ to be resigned, submit. resine, /., resin. resistance,/"., resistance. resister, to resist (a). resolution, /"., resolution, solu- tion. resonner, to resound. resoudre, irr. , to resolve, solve ; reflex., to resolve. respect, m., respect. respectable, respectable, worthy. respectueux (/., se), respectful. respirer, to respire, breathe. ressembler, to resemble (a). ressentiment, w., resentment. ressortir, 2>r., to come out again, spring out, jut out. (See partir.) ressource, /"., resource, means. restaurer, to restore. reste, w., rest, remains, relic ; du — , au — , for the rest, more- over. rester, to remain, be left. resultat, w., result. retablir, to re-establish, restore. retablissement, m-., re-establish- ment, restoration. retenir, ?>r., to retain, restrain, detain. (See tenir.) retentir, to resound, re-echo. retirer, to drive back, withdraw, draw out ; 7'eflex.y to retire, withdraw. retour, w., return ; de — , back ; en — , in return. retourner, to turn back, turn around, return. retraite, y"., retreat, retirement. retrouver, to find again, recover. reunion,/., reunion, union. reunir, to reunite, unite. reussir, to succeed. revanche,/., revenge, return ; en — , in return. 152 VOCABULARY. reveiller, to awake, arise ; rejlex.y to wake up. reveler, to reveal. revenir, irr.y to come back, return, recur, recover. (See venir.)^ reversible, revertible, with rever- sion. revdtir, irr.y to clothe, dress ; re- flex., — de, to put on, dress in. (See vetir.) revoir, eVr., to see again. (See voir.) revolution, /., revolution. riche, rich. richesse, /., riches. rideau (^/.,-x), w., curtain. ridicule, ridiculous ; as notin, m., ridicule. rien, anything, nothing ; with ne, nothing. rire, ?>r., to laugh. rire, w., laughter. rivage, w., shore, bank. rive,/., shore, bank. riviere,/., river. riz, w., rice. robe,/, robe, dress. rocher, w., rock. roi, 771. y king. role, ;;/., role, part, character. romain, Roman ; also as noun. rompre, to break, burst, inter- rupt. rond, round ; k la ronde, around, in a circle. ronger, gnaw, eat, consume. rose,/, rose. roseau (//., -x), ?/^., reed. rosee, /., dew. rouet, ;«., wheel, spinning-wheel. rouge, red. rougir, to redden, blush. rouille, / , rust. rouleau (//., -x), m.y roll route, /, route, way, road, course ; en — , on the way. rouvrir, fVr., to reopen. (See ouvrir.) royal (//., -aux), royal. royaume, m.y kingdom. royaute, / , royalty. ruche, / , hive, bee-hive. rude, rude, rough. rudement, rudely, roughly. rue, /, street. ruisseau (//., -x), w., brook, stream. ruse, / , ruse, trick. ruse, tricky, cunning. russe, Russian ; also noun Russie, /., Russia. rustique, rustic, rural. sable, m.y sand. sablon, m.y sand-heap, sand. sabreur, w., swordsman. sac, 77t.y sack, bag. sacrifice, m.y sacrifice, offering. sacrifier, to sacrifice. sage, wise, good ; as notmy wise man, philosopher, sagesse, /, wisdom, goodness. saint, holy, sacred, Saint. saisir, to seize, catch ; reflex, y — de, to take possession of. salle, /., hall, apartment, salon, 771. y saloon, parlor. saluer, to salute, greet. salutaire, salutary, wholesome, sang, m.y blood. sanglant, bloody. sanglot, 771., sob. sangloter, to sob. sanguinaire, bloody. sans, without. sante,/, health. Saragosse, / , Saragossa. VOCABULARY. 153 satisfaction,/*., satisfaction. satisfaire, irr.^ to satisfy. (See faire.) sauter, to leap, spring. sauvage, wild, savage. sauver, to run ; reflex, ^ to retreat, run away. savant, learned ; as noun, scholar. savoir, 2>r., to know, know how, be able. savoir, m., knowledge. savon, w., soap. scene,/., scene, stage. sceptre, m,, sceptre. scie, /. , saw. science,/., science, knowledge. scintiller, to sparkle. scrupuleux (/. , se), scrupulous. sculpteur, vi., sculptor. seance,/, sitting, session. sebile, /., wooden bowl, tray. sec (/, seche), dry. secher, to dry. second, second. secouer, to shake, shake off. secourir, irr., to succor, help. (See courir). secret (/., ete), secret ; as noun^ secret. secretement, secretly. seigneur, m., lord; le Seigneur, the Lord. sein, 7)1., bosom. seize, sixteen. seizieme, sixteenth, selon, according to. semaine, /., week, semblable, like, resembling, sembler, to seem, semence, /., seed. semer, to sow. sens, w., sense, thought, meaning ; //., senses, en tous — , in all directions. sensible, sensitive, feeling, sentier, ;;/., path. sentiment, ;;/., sentiment, feeling. sentir, irr,, to feel, to perceive, to smell (of). separation,/, separation. separer, to separate. sept, seven. septieme, seventh. sergent, w., sergeant. serie, /, series. serieux (/, se), serious. serpent, m,, serpent. serre, /., talon, grasp; enclosure, conservatory (for flowers). serrer, to press, close, grasp, en- close, lock ; part.y serre, close. servant, w., servant. servante, /., maid-servant. serviable, serviceable, obliging. service, w., service. servir, h-r., to serve, be of service, serve up ; — de, to serve as ; reflex. , se — de, to make use of, employ. seuil, w., threshold. seul, only, alone, single. seulement, only ; non — , not only. si, if; elided, s'il, s'ils. siecle, m,, century, age. siege, w., seat, siege. siffler, to whistle. signal, w., signal, sign. signaler, to mark, signalize. signe, 7)1., sign. signifier, to signify, mean, make known. silence, w., silence ; garder le — , to keep silent. silencieux (/, se), silent. simple, simple, single. simplement, simply. simplicite, / , simplicity, sincere, sincere. singe, 7)1., monkey. singulier ( /., ere), singular. singnlierement, singularly. sinon, if not, unless, except. sire, ;//., sire. sitot que, as soon as. 154 VOCABULARY. situation,/., situation situe, situated. six, six. sixieme, sixth. sobre, sober. soeur, /. , sister. soi (^rejiex. pron.), one's self. soie, /., silk; ver k — , silkworm. soif, /., thirst ; avoir — , to be thirsty. soin, w., care ; avoir, or prendre — , to take care. soir, m.y evening ; le — , in the evening. soit, so be it, well ; as conj., soit — soit, either — or, whether — or ; soit que, whether. soixante, sixty. sol, w., soil, ground, earth. soldat, m., soldier. solde, /. , pay, wages. soleil, m,, sun. solennel (/., lie), solemn. solennellement, solemnly. solennite, /., solemnity. solide, solid. solidite, /., solidity. solitaire, solitary, alone, lonesome; as nouiiy hermit. sollicitation, /., solicitation, en- treaty. solliclter, to solicit, entreat. sollioitude, /., solicitude, anxi- ety. sombre, dark, gloomy. somme, /., sum, amount. sommeil, m., sleep. son, ;;/., sound, tone. son, sa, ses, /^j-j. adj.y his, her, its, one's. songe, m., dream. songer, to dream, imagine, think, remember. sonner, to sound, ring, strike (of clock). sort, w., fate, lot. sorte,/., sort, kind. sortir, irr., to come out, go out, issue, project. (See partir.) sot (/., tte), foolish, stupid. sot, w., fool, blockhead. sottise, /., folly, foolishness. sou (//., sous), sou, cent. souci, w., care, anxiety. soucieux (y.jSe), careful, anxious. soudain, sudden ; also adv.^ sud- denly. soufHer, to blow, whisper ; ne — pas, to say not a word. souffrance, /. , suffering. souffrir, irr, , to suffer. (See ouvrir.) souhaiter, to wish. soulagement, m,, relief, consola- tion. soulager, to relieve, comfort. soulever, to lift up, raise; reflex.^ to rise, revolt. soumettre, zVr., to subject, submit ; reflex. ^ to submit. (See met- tre.) soup9on, w., suspicion. soup9onner, to suspect. soupir, w., sigh. soupirer, to sigh. source,/., source, fountain. sourd, deaf, dull, deep (in sound). souriciere, / , mouse-trap. sourire, irr. , to smile ; — i, to please. (See rire.) sourire, w., smile. souris,/, mouse. sous, under, beneath, below. soutenir, irr.y to sustain, maintain. (See tenir.) souterrain, subterraneous. soutien, w., support, maintenance. souvenir, irr.^ to remind ; reflex, y se — de, to remember. (See venir.) souvenir, m., remembrance, me- morial. souvent, often. souverain, sovereign, supreme ; nouHy sovereign. VOCABULARY. 155 Sparte, /., Sparta. spectacle, w., spectacle, sight, play. spectateur, w., spectator. sphere,/., sphere. spirituel (/., lie), spiritual, intel- lectual, witty. splendeur, /. , splendor. statue,/., statue. sterile, sterile, barren. stimuler, to stimulate. stratageme, w., stratagem, strat- egy- stupefait, stupefied. style, m.y style. suave, suave, pleasant. subjuguer, to subjugate, subdue. subsistance, /, subsistence. substance,/, substance. subtil, subtle, keen. subtilement, subtly, keenly. succeder, to succeed, follow, hap- pen. succes, w., success. successeur, m.^ successor. succomber, to succumb, yield. sud, /;/., south. Suede, /, Sweden. suffire, irr.y to suffice, be suffi- cient. suffisant, sufficient. suite,/, sequel, continuation, con- sequence, succession ; de — , afterwards, then ; tout de — , immediately. suivant {^part. as prep), according to. suivre, irr., to follow, sujet (/.,tte), subject, liable. sujet, w., subject, object, cause. superficiel (/., lie), superficial. superflu, superfluous. superieur (/, re), superior. supplier, to supplicate, beg. supporter, to support, bear. supposer, to suppose, assume. supreme, supreme, sur, upon, on, over, by, towards, siir, sure, secure. silrement, surely, safely, assured- surete,/, security, safety, surety; mettre en — , to secure. surpasser, to surpass. surprendre, irr., to surprise. (See prendre.) surpris ( /^zr/. adj.), surprised. surprise, /., surprise. surtout, above all, especially. survenir, zVr., to come upon, fol- low, succeed, happen, arrive. (See venir.) survivre, /m, to survive (a). (See vivre.) suspect, suspected, suspicious. suspendre, to suspend, hang up, defer. suspicion, / , suspicion, systeme, w., system. tabac, m.y tobacco. tabatiere, /., snuff-box. table,/, table. tableau (//., -x), picture, ing. tablier, w., apron. tache, /., spot, stain. tache,/, task, trial, work. paint- tacher, to try, endeavor, taille, /., figure, stature, waist, taillis, ?n.^ thicket, undergrowth. taire, irr., to keep silent ; rejlex., to keep silence, hush. (See plaire.) talent, ;//., talent ; also, of money. tandis que, while, although. 156 VOCABULARY. tant, so ; — de, so much, so many ; — mieux, so much the better. tant que, as long as, while ; with ne, until. tantotj sometime, by and by ; tantot — tantot, now — now. tapis, m., carpet, tapestry. tard, late. tarder, to be late, delay, be slow. tarir, to dry up, wither. tas, ;;/., pile, heap. tatons (a), by touches, feeling one's way. teinture, y., tincture, color, dye. teinturier, m.^ dyer. tel (/".,lle), such, such and such ; un — , such a. tellement, so, in such manner, or degree. temeraire, rash, bold, temoignage, m., testimony. temoigner, to testify, bear witness, temoin, ^//., witness. tempete, /., tempest, storm, temple, w., temple. templier, w., templar. temporaire, temporary. temps, w., time, weather; beau — , fine weather. tendre, tender, delicate, affection- ate. tendre, to stretch, tend. tendrement, tenderly, affectionate- ly- tendresse, /., tenderness. tenebres,//., darkness. tenir, irr., to hold, keep, take, con- sider, depend ; — a, to depend upon ; — de, to belong to ; re- flex., to be held, kept, to re- main, stand, stop. tentative, tentative ; as noun, ex- periment, effort. tenter, to try, test, tempt. terminer, to terminate, end ; also reflex, terrain, m., earth, soil, territory. terre, /., land, earth, ground, farm, region ; a — , par — , on the ground. terrestre, terrestrial, worldly. terreur, /. , terror. terrible, terrible. territoire, w., territory, region. testament, w., testament, will, tete,/., head. the, ///., tea. theatre, w., theatre, drama. tien (/., nne), thine. tiens {imp. tenir, as interj.), hold, come, stop, now ! tiers, m., third ; au — , in the third story. tige, /., stalk, stem. timide, timid. tirer, to draw, draw out, derive ; to aim, shoot. titre, w., title, toge, /., toga (Roman dress), toile, /., linen, web, net. toison, w., fleece, toit, VI. y roof. tombeau (//., -x), m.y tomb, tomber, to fall. ton, m.y tone, sound, ton, ta, tes (poss.y adj.), thy. tonnerre, m., thunder. torche, /"., torch. torrent, m., torrent, stream, torride, torrid, hot. tort, m., wrong, harm ; avoir — , to be wrong, torture,/., torture, tot, soon, early. touchant, touching, concerning, toucher, to touch, to approach, toujours, always, ever, tour,/., tower. tour, m.y turn, trip, trick ; — a — , by turns. tourner, to turn, turn round ; also reflex. tout (//., tous), all, whole, every, any ; — s les jours, every day ; VOCABULARY. 157 as noun^ all, everything ; le — , the whole ; du — , at all. tout {adv\ all, entirely, quite, very, just ; — a coup, sud- denly ; — a fait, quite, entirely ; — a I'heure, immediately ; — en, with pres. part,^ while, though. toutefois, nevertheless, yet. trace,/., trace, track. trahir, to betray. trainer, to drag, draw ; to lag ; also rejiex. traire, irr.^ to draw, milk. trait, ;;?., arrow, stroke, trait, fea- ture. traite, w., treaty. traiter, to treat, deal with ; — de, to treat as, call. traitre, 7n., traitor. trancher, to cut through, cut off. tranquille, tranquil, quiet. tranquillement, tranquilly, quiet- tranqiiillite, /. , tranquillity, quiet. transmettre, irr.^ to transmit, send, convey. (See mettre.) tiansport, w., transport, rapture. transporter, to transport, transfer, enrapture. travail (//,,-aux), w., labor, work. travailler, to labor, work. travailleur, m.^ laborer, work- man. travers, m., breadth, crossing ; a — , au — de, across, through ; de — , crosswise, awry. traversee, /., crossing. traverser, to cross, cross over, traverse. trebuchet, ;//., trap, fall. trembler, to tremble. tremper, to wet, soak, dip. trentaine,/., thirty. trente, thirty. trepas, w., death. tres, very, very much. tresor, w., treasure. tressaillir, irr., to start, thrill, tremble. (See cueillir.) tresser, to weave, plait. tribut, m., tribute, tax, reward. triomphe, w., triumph. triompher, to triumph; — de, over. triste, sad, gloomy, dark, poor. tristement, sadly, sorrow^fully, poorly. tristesse, /., sadness, sorrow. trois, three. troisieme, third. tromper, to deceive, cheat, betray ; reflex, f to be mistaken. trone, ;;/., throne. trop, too, too much, very. trotter, to trot, run. trou (//., -s), hot. trouble, w., trouble, disturbance, confusion. troubler, to trouble, disturb, con- fuse ; reflex,^ to be troubled, etc. troupe, /., troop, company ; les — s, troops. troupeau (//., -x), flock, herd. trousse, /., bundle. trouver, to find ; aller, or venir — , to go, or come, to see ; re- flex. ^ to be found, to be. tubercle, w., tubercle. tuer, to kill. turc (/., que), Turkish; as noun^ ^Turk. tutelaire, tutelary, protecting. typographe, w., printer. typographie, /., printing. typographique, typographical. tyran, ;/;., tyrant. 158 VOCABULARY. un, one ; iiidef. art., an, a ; les — s, some. unieme, first {in compounds), union,/., union. unique, peculiar, sole, only. uniquement, peculiarly, solely, only. unir, to unite. univers, m.y universe. universalite,/., universality. universel (/. , lie), universal. universellement, universally, user, to use, wear, wear out. usuel (/., lie), usual, usuellement, usually. utile, useful. utilite, utility, usefulness. va, imp. irr. of aller ; go, come, well! vache, f. , cow. vagabond, m., vagabond ; as adj.^ wandering, vagrant. vagabondage, w., vagrancy. vague, vague, vague,/., wave. vain, vain, useless ; en — , in vain, vaincre, irr., to conquer. vainement, vainly, in vain. vainqueur, w., conqueror. vaisseau (//., -x), vessel, ship. valet, m.y footman, servant. valeur, /, value, worth, valor. vallee, /, valley, vale. vallon, 771. y valley, vale. valoir, irr.^ to be worth, be equal, avail ; — mieux, to be better. vanter, to vaunt, boast of ; refiex.^ to boast. vapeur, /., vapor, steam. varie (as a;^'.), varied, various. varier, to vary, change ; reflex. , to change, variete, /, variety, vaste, vast. veau (//., -x), calf, veal, vecu, / "5 CC.3 rt -"''''■' '^ '^ K s i i ^ is ^ o ,^ ^^^2 <3 I I I I I I H.S OQ O }H OS (d I o o - y 3 rt -a t: <=> ^ > Q ^ K rt5,„ . o J "^ ooQiagoooojH^H *'i5oi3 t: ^^ (s|«ja)l,Q|oooooo !3 rs w S 5-< -^ r- -ii . ego > "^ o JS -S" o o o o o o '^ "" ^ «« P e 'S 2 s -s ^ X ^ ^ I : ^ I e I > ^ ^ O V 1 62 IRREGULAR VERBS. •(8 ■a ^ i^eiiie'S-S'df'5iiiis§iiiiiB5h!i> S '-^ .M iJ . 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