' -^ vV ^^ V ^ * ' Jl i ^N / ' ••'■ c * iV , ^ ,tf V . ^ v* v V ^ i 1 C* Cc ^ V \ v W ^ ■ V -v * v -V = =%:§&'-. "^ >* :£?&■■-' ,00. >o. ,0 ^> " / % "0, \ v GILDERSLEEVE-LODGE LATIX SERIES SELECTIONS FROM THE ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS With Introduction and Notes BY JESSE BENEDICT CARTER Assistant Professor of Latin in Princeton University THE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK • : • BOSTON • I • NEW ORLEANS I900 51609 |l_ibr*r y of Oori^»«e8ft SEP 25 1900 Copyright tntry tio SECOHD COPY. Delivered te OfiOES OtVISION, OCT 19 ibOu Q5 COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY *** 2303 PREFACE. Five years ago I tried the experiment of reading the Augustan Elegists with a Senior elective class, and except for the difficulty of obtaining a suitable edition the attempt met with no obstacles. In the absence of an edition in Eng- lish containing Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid I was compelled to use Teubner 'texts, supplementing the reading in class by a series of lectures and a running commentary. Out of these lectures and my marginal notes this book has arisen. In the case of a book thus produced it is almost impossible to designate particularly the dependence of the writer upon predecessors. As the course was repeated, new ideas sug- gested themselves, and use was made of available new material in the shape of commentaries and monographs until, after five years of such synthesis, a careful demarcation of borrowed material would necessitate a veritable Quellen- untersuchung. But I am deeply conscious of my indebted- ness in various parts of my work to the scholarly editions of Postgate, Ramsay, and Rothstein, and to the admirable practical text-books of Jacoby and Schultze. In the Introduction I have attempted something more than the customary biographies, in the belief that my theme ought to be the development of the elegy as a literary form rather than merely the lives of three individual authors. I have tried to sketch the history of the Roman elegy both before and after the classical period, and to show the inter-relation- ship of the elegists of the Augustan age with one another and with the other poets of the time, and their participation in the social reforms of Augustus. It is by thus emphasiz- ing the literary and sociological elements in antiquity more than by anything else that the average student may be kept IV PKEFACE. from the short-sighted policy of "dropping" the classics altogether in the latter years of his course. The commentary pretends to contain neither an applied syntax nor a system of antiquities. It is intended merely to clear up certain difficulties and to suggest certain parallels — in a word, to restore something of that atmosphere which made these authors so popular in their own clay. The shortness of the individual notes may prevent them from usurping the legitimate functions of the instructor, while at the same time it may encourage the student to read them. I have purposely avoided much translation, as this seems to me to lie in the province of the teacher rather than in that of the editor. In citing parallels I have followed two rules : to illustrate ideas and things rather than constructions and words, and, so far as possible, to choose passages from authors already known to the student, such as Catullus, Horace, Vergil, and Ovicl. The brief synopsis prefixed to each poem is intended to lessen the difficulty often expe- rienced by modern readers in following the abrupt transi- tions so characteristic of these poets of passion. If the introduction of some Greek quotations into the commentary needs a defence — and unfortunately it seems as if in certain quarters some explanation were expected — it is only neces- sary to say that, although for the majority of students Latin and Greek do indeed seem to have parted company, in that Latin, to the exclusion of Greek, has allied itself closely with French and German as a necessary instrument for historical research, such a divorce is impossible for any one to whom Latin is more than a mere tool. It seems to me that it is to be regretted that in academic chairs a divi- sion has been introduced, for the old-fashioned "'Professor of Ancient Languages/' in spite of his serious limitations, at least tried to be cloctus sermones utriiisque linguae. In editing selections from three different authors it seemed justifiable to limit the critical commentary to an inventory of the deviations of the present text from that of standard PKEFACE. V editions. Accordingly, in Tibullus and Propertius I have catalogued the variations of my text from that of Haupt- Vahlen (Leipsic, 1885), and in Ovid from that of Merkel- Ehwald (Leipsie, 1891), but I have not hesitated to differ from these texts (especially in Propertius) wherever it seemed to me that manuscript readings could be restored and con- jectures removed. A large part of the pleasure which the preparation of this book has brought me has come in the form of suggestions and advice from others. For these I am indebted to my colleagues, notably to Professor Westcott, and to the editors of the series. Professor Gildersleeve, Professor Lodge, and Professor Slaughter. Jesse Benedict Oakter. Princeton, New Jersey, August 1, 1900. . . . nee amara Tibullo tern pus amicitiae fata dedere meae. successor fuit bic tibi, Galle, Propertius illi ; quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui. Ovid, Tr., iv, 10, 51 seq. Elegia quoque Graecos provocamus, cuius mihi tersus atque elegans maxime videtur auc- tor Tibullus. sunt qui Propertium malint. Ovidius utroque lascivior sicut durior Gallus. Quiktilian, Inst. Or at., x, i, 93. Cynthia te vatem fecit, lascive Properti : ingenuum Galli pulchra Lycoris erat : fama est arguti Nemesis formosa Tibulli : Lesbia dictavit, docte Catulle, tibi : non me Peligni, nee spernet Mantua vatem, siqua Corinna mihi, siquis Alexis erit. Martial, viii, 73, 5. INTRODUCTION. What is an Elegy? 1. In his classification of poetry the ancient grammarian made his distinctions and gave his names primarily according to the outward form — the particular metre which was em- ployed or the musical accompaniment. The content was of secondary interest to him. 1 Modern writers, reversing this valuation, base their terminology largely on content and pay little heed to the form, retaining, however, many of the old terms and impressing on them a new meaning. The result is that, very often, a term whose connotation was originally purely formal has lost all its old significance and has come to represent a particular kind of content. 2. The term c elegy ' is perhaps the most conspicuous instance of this process and of the confusion which it has wrought. To the ancient world an elegy was a poem consisting of elegi (eXeYot), elegiac verses 2 — the familiar combination of hexam- eter and pentameter falsely so called. 3 It might have any theme whatsoever. Naturally, the character of the metre 1 Perhaps the best proof of this statement is found in the fact that even in the time of Aristotle there was no one single term for what we call ' lyric ' poetry, but instead three terms : ' elegiac, 1 'melic ' or ' lyric ' (in its proper sense — poetry of the lyre), and * choric,' all three derived from the metre or the accompaniment. 2 Elegia : tA eAeyela (sc. eVrj), later 17 eAe-yeia. The etymology of the word is extremely uncertain. 3 The best illustration of the effect of the metre in a modern language is the couplet by Schiller : Im Hexameter steigt des Springquells fliissige Saule, Im Pentameter drauf fallt sie melodisch herab ; which has been translated into English by Coleridge : In the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column, In the pentameter aye falling in melody back. Vlll INTRODUCTION. and the musical accompaniment soon made it evident that it was better adapted to the treatment of some themes than of others. An equipoise was. at last reached when, with the retention of the original metre, a particular kind of theme became customary. But the pendulum afterwards swung over to the other side, making a mournful, plaintive theme the essential feature, and paying less regard to the metre em- ployed. Our classic illustration of the elegy in modern times, 'Gray's Elegy in a Country Church-yard/ is written, as a matter of fact, in iambic pentapodies. Many of the links in the development are missing, but enough remain to enable us to trace the general trend. To do this, we must glance at the growth of the elegy among the Greeks. Relationship of Greek and Roman Literature. 3. In the history of Roman culture there are two great prob- lems which are yet far from solution : they concern the re- lationship of Greek art to Roman art and of Greek literature to Roman literature. To reduce Roman art or literature to mere imitations of the Greek — the favorite method of dispos- ing of the problem a short time ago — is to fail to comprehend the subtle but essential differences existing between the two products. In the matter of literature fortune has dealt most provokingly with us. There are two fields in which a com- parison, were it possible, would be most profitable — the drama and the elegy. In the drama Ave have Greek tragedy but only the merest fragments of the Roman, and an abundance of Roman comedy but only scanty remains of that later Greek comedy which served the Romans as a model. 1 In the Elegy the situation is similar to that in comedy : the oldest Greek forms which remained unimitated have been in part preserved, but the later products, where the Roman parallels are plenti- ful, have been almost entirely lost. However, even the little 1 The recently discovered fragment of the Teupyos of Menander is a great addition to our knowledge. (Edited by Nicole, Basel, 1898 ; and again, much better, by Grenfell and Hunt, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1898.) • INTRODUCTION. IX that is known about the history of the Greek elegy helps us in understanding the Roman, though it leaves many impor- tant problems unsolved. The Elegy among the Greeks. 4. The history of the Greek elegy begins ' in the Ionian colonies on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor during that wonderful seventh century before the Christian era, when the Greek world awoke to self-consciousness. The earliest name is that of Callinus 2 of Ephesns, who lived in the first half of that century {circa 700-650). Tyrtaeus of Sparta, 3 the ' lame schoolmaster/ the hero of the second Messenian war (circa 680) comes next. Close after him. in point of time, is the soldier-bard 4 Arcliiloclius of Paros, better known for his iambics. In Mimnermus of Colophon (end of the seventh century) we meet the same martial ten- dencies, but coupled with them the praise of love. 5 "With him and with the end of the seventh century closes the first period of Greek elegy. It developed on the coast of Asia Minor, and its character was predominantly martial. 5. With Solon of Athens (circa 639-559) a new period may be said to begin. By him the elegy was transformed from a vehicle of war into a means for conveying political and ethi- cal maxims. In a word, it became didactic. This develop- 1 I omit here as equally worthless the statement of Suidas that the younger Olympus had written elegies (cf. Suidas, s. r. 'OAu.u-o^ ; the discussions of the ancient gramma- rians as to who the discoverer (evperTjs) of the elegy was (cf. Hor., A. P., 77, 78 : qms ta- men exiguos emiserit auctoi\ ! grammatici certant et aclhuc sub iudice lis est) ; and the modern attempts to extract history from the etymology of the word (cf. Christ, Griech. Lit?raturgeschichte 3 , p. 124, 4). 2 The fragmentary remains of his elegies, as well as of all those who follow, down to (but not including) the Alexandrian age, are most conveniently accessible in Bergk's 1 Anthologia Lyrica ' (ed. iv, by Hiller, Leipsic, 1890 ; reedited by Crusius, Leipsic, 1S97). 3 He is identified with Sparta in history ; where his home was originally is another matter. Athens seems an easily explained falsification. Aliletus is. however, not impos- sible (cf. Suidas, s. v. TvpraZo?). 4 Cf. frg. 1 (Hiller): eip.1 6' eyto Qepairuiv fjikv 'EfuaAicuo avaKTOS ' koL Moucre'cut/ eparbv Supov e-icrTa/uLevos. 5 Cf. frg. 1 (H.) : «S 5e £tos, rt Se Ttpirvov arep xpvo-?]<; 'A^poStTTj?; j Te9vaL7]v, ere p.oi (XfjKGTl TQ.VTO. (J.4koi. X INTRODUCTION. ment was natural enough ; the elegiac metre, the combina- tion of hexameter and pentameter, forming a closed set of two lines (a distich), was especially well adapted for an}' thing of an epigrammatic nature. The ethical elegy of this period was closely akin to the epigram. Pliocylides 1 of Miletus (about the middle of the sixth century) used the elegy for a similar purpose. From the hand of Tlieognis of Megara there is a large 2 collection of ethical maxims. It is again a writer from Colophon, Antimaclms (end of the fifth cen- tury), who turns the elegy to the praise of love, like his countryman Mimnermus two centuries before. With him closes the second period of Greek elegy — the political-ethical elegy — falling in, roughly, the sixth and fifth centuries. 3 6. It was necessary to glance hurriedly at these first two epochs ; but it is with the third, the Alexandrian period, that we are really concerned, for the productions of this period gave the Eoman elegists their models. In the three centuries preceding the Christian era there existed in Alex- andria a large and wealthy leisure class, devoid of all politi- cal and national interests with which to fill up this leisure, possessed of a culture borrowed and superficial rather than indigenous, deep-rooted, and fruitful. Literature was en- couraged by the rulers, who acted as its patrons, and by a large class of women, who formed an appreciative audience — women so emancipated that their wit and their beauty were far more admirable than their morals. The poets, subsidized by the rich, wrote eulogies of their benefactors and retailed 1 He is the author of the original of Porson's famous lines against the German scholarship of his day : The Germans in Greek are sadly to seek, All— save only Hermann— And Hermann's a German. Cf. PllOCyl., frg. 16 (H.) : /cat ToSe cokuAi5oV Aepioi Ka/coi* ov^o /tief, 6? 8" ov' irdvT€<;,Tr\riv npo/cAeov? /cat IIpo/75 Aepios. v 2 About 1,400 lines. 3 This might be called the ' European ' period, as distinguished from the ' Asiatic ' period before it and the ' African ' (Alexandrian) period to follow ; but while Solon and Theognis would answer this description, Phocylides and Antimachus would not. INTRODUCTION. XI their own experiences, merely as a matter of art ; sometimes, though only occasionally, as an outlet to their feelings and passions. In poetry two decided tendencies, two very im- portant literary ideals, were making themselves felt — a desire for the miniature and a striving after originality. A reaction against the inflated epic, the turgid bombast of the Sophists, had set in; men conceived a dislike of anything large. 1 Then, too, the age was decadent ; it did not possess in quiet its soul of originality, but there was a feverish struggle to attain it. The old orthodox Greek mythology of classical times was discarded as worn out. In its place obscure local legends were sought for. 2 It was an age of encyclopaedic learning rather than of virile, salient intelligence. Thus was formed that curious mixture the 'doctus poeta/ the learned poet. Again, music had ceased to be the regular accompani- ment of poetry, and in its absence the popularity of lyric measures decreased. For the same reason the elegiac metre, closely resembling the intonations of the human voice, and admirably adapted to recitation, became more com- mon. 7. There are four poets in this period, who are important not only in themselves, but for their influence on Rome. Three of them follow one another at intervals of a generation, so that their combined lives just about fill out the century from 340 to 240 ; the fourth comes nearly two centuries later. Philetas 3 of Cos {circa B.C. 34:0-circa 285), the teacher of Theocritus, heads the list, with his elegies on Bittis. Among 1 Cf. the famous saying of Callimachus : ^eya fiiBXiov, /aeya kohcov. 2 This change is not altogether devoid of resemblance to the modern craze for dialect stories. 3 The little that we know of him piques our curiosity. Apart from the sort of l Brook Farm Community ' on the island of Cos in which he seems to have been the leading spirit, and which the seventh idyll of Theocritus has immortalized, his personal appear- ance must have been most remarkable. He is said to have ..been so thin and frail that he earned lead in his shoes so as not to be blown away by the wind (cf. Athen., 552B, and Aelian, V. 27"., ix, 4). If we may believe Suidas (s. v. $iA7?Tas), he wore himself out in the investigation of an absurd logical fallacy (the so-called \pev86nevos ; cf. Zeller, Phil. d. Griech.4, n, i, p. 264, 2). XII INTRODUCTION. the Eomans it is Propertius who especially admires him. 1 Greater than Philetas, though often mentioned with him/ was his successor, Callimaclms of Cyrene {circa 310-circa 235), school teacher and court tutor. His greatest work was the four books of the Afrta, a production typically Alexan- drian in its faults and its virtues. It consisted of a poetical exposition of a number of local aetiological legends. No Alexandrian poet exerted a greater influence on Eoman poetry. Ennius, Catullus, Propertius, and, most of all, Ovid are indebted to him. 3 Eupliorion of Glial cis (born 276), famed for his antiquarian allusions and his general abstruseness, showed more the ' doctus y than the ' poeta/ but this quality seems to have made his popularity still greater in Koine. So well known was he that Cicero could sum up all the Alexandrians of his day under the title ' cantores Euphorionis.' 4 His poetry seems to have found special 1 Cf. Prop., in, i, 1 : Coi sacra Philetae ; n, 34, 31 : tu Latiis Meropem Musis imi- tere Philetan ; in, 9, 43, 44 : sat erit. . . | .. .cecinisse modis, Coe poeta, tuis; in, 3, 51, 52: Calliope. . . \ ora Philetea nostra rigavit aqua ; iv, 6, 3 : serta Philetaeis certent Bomana corymbis ; and also Ovid, A. A., in, 329 : sit tibi. . . Coi notapoetae. . .musa. 2 Cf. Quintil., Inst. Orat., x, 1, 58 : elegiam .. .cuius princeps habetur Callimachus, secundas confessione plurimorum Philetas occupavit. The two are mentioned together by Propertius, n, 34, 32 ; in, 1, 1 ; in, 9, 43 ; iv, 6, 4 ; and by Ovid, A. A., in, 329 ; Bern. Am., 759, 760. 3 Ennius at the very opening of his ' Annales ] borrows a motif from him (cf . Vahlen, Enn. poes. rel.. p. 4, and Baehrens, FPU, pp. 58, 59). Catullus's general indebtedness to him can hardly be estimated. Cat. lxvi is a translation of Callimaehus's nAo/cajuo? Bepei/uo??, and probably the famous 'Attis' (lxiii) goes back to Callimachus. (Cf. Wilamowitz in Hermes, xiv [1879], pp. 194-201). Whether Cat. lxiv is also dependent on him is a disputed question (cf., for literature on the subject, Susemihl, Gesch. d. Gr. Lit. in d. Alexandrinerzeit, 1, chap, xin, n. 55, p. 357). Horace, who naturally prefers Mim- nermus to him (cf. Ep., n, 2, 100 ft'., and Kiessling's excellent comment), is still indebted to him, especially in his earlier writings (Sat., 1, 2, 105, 106, is a free translation of Calli- machus, Epigr., 31 [Wilam.] = a. p. xii, 102. Sat., n, 1, 42 = Call., frg. 35 c [Schn.] = Cat., lxvi, 48). Propertius mentions him constantly (cf . references in Note above and add 11, 1, 40 ; iv, 1, 64, for Callimachus alone) and calls himself the Roman Callimachus (iv, 1, 64). Ovid obtained from him the idea of the ' Fasti ' and one of the chief motifs in it (that of introducing the gods in person and letting them speak for themselves). He pre- sumably follows him in many passages in the Metamorphoses, and his Ibis is a pointless imitation of Callimachus's v I/3is (cf. Ovid, lb., 53 ff.). 4 Cic, Tusc, ih,45 (speaking of Ennius) : poetam egregium! quamquam ab his cantoribus Euphorionis conttmnitur. INTRODUCTION. Xlll favor in the eyes of Cornelius Callus/ who translated it into Latin. 2 Parthenius of Xicaea, the last of the Alexan- drian elegists, has a peculiar interest for us, because of his Roman connections. In the year B.C. 73 his town was captured and he was brought as a prisoner to Rome, where he was bought and set free by the father of the poet China. 3 He was especially intimate with Gallus, for whose use in writing erotic poetry he prepared a sort of syllabus to Greek mythology on the 'sufferings of love/ a series of myths dealing with unhappy love-affairs. 4 Pre-Augustan Elegy. 8. It was in its epigrammatic use that the eleo-y first appealed to the Romans. The love of maxims was inborn in the nation. From Ennius 5 down we have epigrams written in the elegiac metre, not genuine ones actually inscribed, but rather pseudo-epigrams, often with an erotic theme, in which case they can be distinguished from elegies proper only by their brevity and general pointediiess. To this class be- long an epigram by Quintus Lutatius Catulus 6 (cons. 102), joint conqueror with Marius in the battle of Verceliae, and one by Valerius Aeclituus. 7 Of genuine elegists, however, before Cornelius Gallus we have but four names, from only one of whom we possess more than a few lines. This is Catullus. Catullus's elegiac verse includes a large collec- 1 Cf. Diomed., in, p. 484, 17 [K.] ; Probus on Yerg., Buc, x, 50 ; Serv. on Yerg.. .4., vi, 72. 2 For Vergil's appreciation of him, cf. Quintil., x, i, 56. Ovid owes to him various phrases in the Metamorphoses. 3 Cinna the younger is indebted to this freedman of his father's for the original cf his Zmyrna, of which Catullus speaks so highly, and of his Fropemplicon Pollionis (cf. Kiessling, Commentat. in honorem Mommseni, Berol. 1877, p. 351). 4 -epi epoiTtKiov TTa.9-qiJ.a.-a)v, published in the VTythographi Graeci, n, 1, ed. P. Sakolow- ski, Leipsic, 1896 (Teubner Text). 6 Three of the epigrams attributed to Ennius are preserved to us in Cicero (Tusc, i, 15, 34 : v, 17, 49 ; Legg., 11, 22, 57), collected by Baehrens, FPR., p. 125. 6 Preserved in Gell., xix, 9, 14, and Cic, Nat. Deor., 1, 28, 79 = Baehrens, FPR., pp. 275, 276. 7 Preserved in Gell., xix, 9, 11 = Baehrens, 1. 1. xi V INTRODUCTION". tion of epigrams 1 (lxix-cxvi), but only four elegies proper (lxv-lxviii). Thus it is that the ancients, with admirable consistency, did not reckon him among the elegists. 2 The other three names are those of his contemporaries. Publius Terentius Varro Atacinus 8 (b.c. 82-2?), besides other writings, composed elegies in praise of Leucadia, 4 but the fame of his successors so eclipsed his own that but one line of his elegies has been preserved. 5 Cassius of Parma is also said to have written elegies p ; and. lastly, we have Catullus's most intimate friend, C. Licinius Calvus (82-47), who sang of his wife Quintilia. 7 9. But this little group w r ere, in the matter of the elegy, only the forerunners of the classic elegists of the Augustan age. Their interests lay principally along other lines. The greatest poems of Catullus were in other metres : Varro Atacinus was originally an epic poet, and obtained his richest mead of praise for a poem on the Argonauts 8 ; Cassius of Parma was celebrated for his tragedies and his satires ; and Calvus, apart from his preeminence as an orator, seems to have rivalled Catullus in polymetric experiments. This many-sidedness in poetical creation was a natural con- comitant of the first enthusiasm awakened by an acquaint- ance with Alexandrian models. It gave place, a generation later under Augustus, to a greater specialization, and a 1 One of these epigrams, the longest (lxxvi), illustrates well the arbitrary character of the distinction between epigram and elegy proper. 2 Modern writers are not so consistent ; e.g. Jacoby in his excellent • Anthologie aus den Elegikern der Romer ' devotes a quarter of his space to Catullus, and even makes his selections largely from the non-elegiac writings. 3 Not to be confounded with the more famous Marcus Terentius Varro Reatinus, the * Roman Aristotle.' 4 Cf. Prop., ii, 34, 86. 6 In Gram. Lat., iv, 564 (K.) = Baehr., FPR., p. 336: huic similis curis ex \ietra lamentatur. 6 Aero (it, p. 390, Hauthal) : Epicureus fuit et posta...satiras scrlpsit. ..aliquot generibus stilum exercuit, inter quae opera elegia et epigrammata eius laudantur. 7 Cf. Prop., ii, 34, 89 ff.; also Cat., xcvi. No traces of these elegies have, however, been preserved . 8 Cf. Prop., ii, 34, 85 ; and Ovid, TV., n, 439 : is quoque Phasiacas Argo qui duxit in undas, | nonpotuit Veneris furta tacere suae. INTRODUCTION. XV development which, though not so varied in the individual case, was richer and not less varied in its total product. 1 The Augustan Age. 10. The Augustan elegy, like all Augustan literature, is so deeply affected by the peculiar environment in which it was produced that it is more than ever necessary here to inter- pret the literature by its age as well as the age by its litera- ture. In certain aspects, Eome after the battle of Actium was not altogether unlike Alexandria under the Ptolemies. There was the same superabundance of riches and leisure, and the same embargo laid upon politics, although in Eome it was more gracefully enforced. The ideals of both cities lay in the past, and the intellectual activity which, under more favorable conditions, might have been a source of pro- gress, w^as employed in historical and antiquarian research. But there were two very essential differences. Rome was very much more energetic than Alexandria and incomparably more patriotic. Vapid cosmopolitanism was not yet the order of the day. In full recognition of these conditions, Augustus set about his task of reorganizing society. Keenly aware that some activity must be supplied as a substitute for the share in politics of which his rule necessarily deprived men, not failing to realize that patriotism existed though latent, and not mistaking the fact that men were more proud of their past than of their present and that the Golden age was a retrospect rather than a prospect, he entered upon his work, and, like all true geniuses, made his obstacles a means of progress. The love of the past was to be encouraged; men should worship the glories of Eome, but not as of a past which could not come again, rather as 'Eoma Aeterna/ 2 1 A similar change had taken place, more than a century before, in dramatic, com- • position. The many-sidedness of Livins Andronicus and Naevius gave place to the specialization of Plautus and Terence. The versatile Ennius, though probably younger than Plautus, belongs, in his literary affinities, to the older generation. 2 The actual phrase ' Roma Aeterna n is not found, to my knowledge, earlier than XVI INTRODUCTION. whose future fortune was to be yet more glorious : in working toward this ideal in literature and art the upper classes were to be given at once employment and inspiration. But his scheme was larger yet and more practical ; poets were to be employed to stimulate this adoration of Eome and things Roman — they were to be his court-preachers. And so it comes to pass that Vergil and Horace and Tibullus and Propertius, unlike as they are in almost all other points, agree in this homage to Rome's past and in their pictures of how the old glories can be, and are actually being, restored. Of more particular conditions which governed literary production two are worth noticing — the literary schools and the system of patronage. The Literary Schools. 11. The different directions and tendencies which had made themselves felt and formed literary schools in the Ciceronian age/ themselves the direct descendants of the old Alexandrian feuds, were still strongly marked. The gulf between the radicals, the imitators of Alexandria, and the conservatives, the admirers of Ennius, was still fixed as in the day when Cicero contemptuously dubbed the former ' cantores Eupho- riouis* ; but there had sprung up a compromise movement — a group of writers to whom the old wooden style of a Livius Andronicus and the decadent literature of Alexandria were equally distasteful — men who found their ideals most closely realized in the pre-Alexandrian classic poetry of Greece. Thus there were now three schools — the party of the extreme right, the conservatives, whose writings have almost entirely perished; the centre, the 'media via tutissima/ Horace, Had ian's time, bat the worship of the goddess ' Roma ' was very popular under Augus- tus. Perhaps it is not without significance in this connection that the ' eternal city ' is first mentioned by Tibullus (n, 5, 23, 24 : Romulus aeternae nondumfirmaverut urbis I moenia). 1 Catuilus's verse gives abundant evidence of the strained relations existing between the different circles. INTRODUCTION. XV11 Vergil, and Tibullus ; and tlie extreme left, the radicals, Gallus, Propertius, and Ovid. Patronage of Literature. 12. While the division into schools had existed in the time of Cicero, the system of patronage first arose in the Augustan age, though it was continued during succeeding reigns. Un- der an emperor who attempted tragedies, actually finished an epic, and composed epigrams in his bath, 1 literary patronage was to be expected. In truth, Augustus was himself chief patron, occasionally — as in the case of Vergil and Horace — admitting the poets to his own circle ; more often, however, allowing the direct patronage to come from his subordinates. To three of the little groups thus formed a special importance attaches itself. They centred about Maecenas, Messalla, and Pollio, and acquired in each case a distinctive character from their leader. This character was conditioned by the attitude of each toward politics, not by the preference of the leader for any particular literary school — in fact, each group contained great contrasts in point of literary ideal. 2 As was natural, Maecenas, Augustus's intimate councillor, encour- aged his proteges to support the imperial reforms, and his circle was marked by a distinctly political character. Pollio, on the other hand, had no political sympathy with Augustus, was at best only reconciled to his rule ; his instincts were purely literary, though he by no means refused to help the warmest supporters of Augustus. Messalla occupies a posi- tion midway between the two; his group was less politically colored than that of Maecenas and more so than that of Pollio. These patrons play such an important role in the 1 Sueton., Aug., 85 : pcetica summatim attigit. unus liber extat, scriptus ab eo hexa- metHs versibus cuius et argumentum et titulus est Sicilia ; extat alter aeque modicus epigrammaticm, quae fere tempore balne'i meditabatur. nam tragoediam magna impetu exorsus, non succedenti stilo, abolevit quaerentibusque amicis, quidnam Aiax ageiet, re*pondit Aiacem suum in spongeam incubuisse. 2 E.g. Horace and Propertius in the circle of Maecenas ; Tibulius and Ovid in that of Messalla. XV111 INTRODUCTION. writings of their proteges that it will repay us to look more closely at their lives and characters. Maecenas. 13. C. Cilnius Maecenas {circa B.C. 65-B.c. 8) owes his fame to-day largely to Horace and Propertius, who in their turn owed to him their first rise to fame among their contem- poraries. Of only equestrian rank/ but descended on his mother's side from an old Etruscan family of high nobility (the Cilnii of Arretium), 2 he became the right-hand man of Augustus, who employed him, not so much for affairs of war as for delicate diplomatic embassies. Effeminate and luxurious in disposition, he was, beneath all, shrewd and capable, and possessed of a deep knowledge of human nature. He dabbled in verse, and, in true dilettante fashion, produced a little of many different kinds of poetry. 3 Messalla. 14. Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (b.c. 64- A.D. 13), 4 friend and protector of Tibullus and Ovid, had a variegated but perfectly honorable political career. When a student at Athens he, like Horace and the young Marcus Cicero (son of the orator), had joined the army of the in- surgents, Brutus and Cassius. After the defeat at Philippi, in B.C. 42, he espoused the cause of Antony ; but, becoming 1 Hence he has been called ' the great commcner.' 2 Cf. Note on Prop., in, 9, 1. 3 Hendccasyllables (Isidor., xix, 32, 6 ; Sueton., vita ffor., p. 45 [R.]) ; glyconics (SeD., Ep., 101, 10) ; galliambics (Diomed., 514 [K.]) ; iambic trimeters (Caes. Bass., G. L., vi, 263, 1. [K.]) ; hexameters (Ssn., Ep., 92, 35 ; Charis., G. L., 1, 79. [K.]). Fragments col- lected by Baehrens, FPR., 1, 338, 339. 4 The date of his death is ordinarily given as in or before a.d. 8, but he was alive whan Ovid was banished (a.d. 8), for otherwise Ovid would scarcely boast that Messalla haJ not withdrawn his friendship (cf. Ovid, P., t, 7, 28 ff., where it is not necessary to suppose that Ovid was present at the funeral and that therefore he died before Ovid was banished). His successor as curator aquarum was not appointed till a.d. 13 (cf . Frontin., ag., 102). Besides this, Hieronymus, under the year a.d. 11, speaks of a disease which attacked him two years before his death. All of these considerations make for a.d. 13 as the year of his death (cf. Prosopographia Imperii Roman i, in, p. 366). INTRODUCTION. XIX disgusted with him on account of his relations with Cleopatra, he turned to Augustus, on whose side he fought in the battle Gf Acfcium. 1 After Actium, Augustus sent him on a diplo- matic errand to the East. 2 On his return 3 he went to Aqui- tania, where he put down a revolt. For this victory he enjoyed a triumph, September 25, B.C. 27. 4 In the follow- ing year (b.c. 26), having been appointed ( praefectus urbi' he resigned the office after six days because it seemed to him unconstitutional. 5 In B.C. 11 he was made ' curator aquarum/ 6 a very honorable office, and in B.C. 2 it was on his motion that Augustus received the title of ' pater patriae/ 7 He attained great fame as an orator, 8 in the matter of poetry he seems to have written some eclogues in Greek during his visit to Athens. 9 He was a thorough-going aristocrat, and was thus naturally drawn toward Tibullus, but he also showed no little kindness to Ovid. 10 He knew Horace 1X from the days of their joint experiences in Greece, and was also acquainted with Vergil. 12 Pollio. 15. C. Asinius Pollio (b.c. 76-a.d. 5) was the least po- litical and the most decidedly literary of the three patrons. 1 Cf. Appian., iv, 38, and Pint., Brut., 53. 2 Cf. Tib., i, 3. 3 That his eastern trip preceded his western one seems probable, in spite of Appian's statement (1. 1.) that he went west directly after the battle of Actinm. The fact that the temple of Janus was closed from b.c. 29 to 27 is not pertinent. 4 Cf. CIL., i 2 , p. 50 : m : valerivs m * f • m ' n • messalla ' a * dccxxvi corvInvs ' procos • ex • Gallia • vii ' K * oct. 5 Hieronym., a. Abr., 1991 =b.c 26 ; Tac, Ann., vi, 11. 8 Frontinus, aq., 99. 7 Suet., Aug., 58. 8 Tacitus {Dial., 18) prefers him even to Cicero, in respect to certain qualities. Cf. Cicero's own opinion of him {Brut., 1, 15, 1). 9 Pseudo- Vergil, Catalepta, xi, IT ff. 10 Ovid, P., 1, 7, 27 ff. : nee tuus est genitor nos infitiatus amicos, \ hortator studii causaque faxque met. Cf. also P., 11, 2, 1 ; Tr., iv, 4, 27 ff. 11 Hor., C, in, 21 : on his intended visit to Horace ; Sat., 1, 10, 85 : praises him as a good critic ; Sat., 1, 6, 52 : as a type of the old Roman nobility ; A. P., 370, 37! I as an elo- quent orator. 12 Cf. Serv.,,4., vm, 310. XX INTRODUCTION. So long as Caesar lived, lie was true to him ; after his assas- sination he joined the forces of Antony. Like Messalla he found it impossible to continue with Antony, but unlike him he could not persuade himself to take an active part under Augustus. After a successful campaign against the Dalma- tians in the year B.C. 39, for which he had received the honor of a triumph/ he withdrew altogether from politics, and devoted himself to literature. With the spoils of his Dalmatian triumph he established the first public library in Rome. 2 He was the first to introduce the custom that writers should read publicly from their own works — w r as, in a w T ord, the founder of the so-called ' recitationes/ 3 He was also interested in art, and opened his private galleries to the pub- lic. 4 But most important was his influence, direct and indirect, upon literature. His own literary work consisted of tragedies, love-poems, and a famous history of the Civil War ; as an orator and a critic he obtained even greater fame. 5 When a boy he had known Catullus, 6 in later life he had enjoyed the acquaintance of Horace, 7 but most of all is he famed for the friendly protection which he afforded Vergil. 8 Canon of the Elegy. 16. Such were the literary conditions and the leading men of the age in which the classic Roman elegy arose. There are four names which stand as its representatives in the opin- ion of posterity — Gallus, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid. These men formed what may be called the ' canon of the elegy/ The earliest reference to the four is by the fourth 1 CIL., i 2 , p. 50 (a. it. c. 715) : c " asinivs • cn • f ' pollio pro ' cos ■ an (dccxiii) | EX PARTHINEIS ' VIII K ' NOVE3I. 2 Plin., 2V H., xxxv, 10. 3 Sen., Controv., iv, praef. 2. 4 Plin., N. H., xxxvt, 33. 5 Cf. his famous criticism of Cicero (Sen., Suas., vi, 24), of Caesar's Commentaries (Suet., Jul.., 56), of SalJust (Suet., de Gram., 10), of Livy (Quintil., i, 5, 56 ; vin, 1, 3). 6 Cf. Cat., 12. 7 Cf. Hor., C., 11, 1 ; S., 1, 10, 42, 85. 8 Cf. Verg., 2?., in, 84, 86, 88 ; iv, 12. INTRODUCTION. XXI of them, Ovid himself. 1 His lines settle forever the chrono- logical sequence. That they continued to be considered as the typical examples is proved by a famous passage 2 from the manual of rhetoric which Quintilian wrote under Domitian. About the same time that this book was published, Martial gives us a similar list ; only that, as he is not speaking exclu- sively of the elegy but rather of lyric poetry in general, he adds Catullus and Vergil. 3 Motifs of their Poetry. 17. Individual as these poets 4 are, and with such different experiences in life, for all of them the great theme of their poetry is love. To be sure, they treat this theme in ways which differ widely, from the simple directness of Tibullus, through the histrionic passion of Propertius, down to the cynical sensuality of Ovid. Political themes come in occa- sionally, but it is generally by way of contrast, in which this poetry abounds ; for there are contrasts between the poet's poverty and other men's riches, between himself and his patrons, between his love of peace and other men's fondness for war, between the country and the city, between the past and the present, between the elegy and the epic. It is a nar- row circle into which it introduces us ; the themes are few in number, but they are often as deep as human nature itself. Use of Pseudonyms. 18. An unusual interest has always attached to the heroines of this poetry, the women about whom they wrote : the L,ycoris 1 7>., it, io, 51 ff. (quoted on the page facing the introduction). Cf. also Ovid, Lem. A?n., 763 ff. : carmina qitis potuit tuto legisse Tibulli, \ vel tua, cuius opus Cynthia sola fidtf | quis poteritlecto durus discedere Gallo? 2 Inst. Orat., x. i. 93 (quoted on the page facing the introduction). 3 Martial, vni, 73, 5 (quoted on the page facing the introduction) ; Martial's eighth hook was published about a.d. 93. 4 In what follows, my generalizations naturally apply only to Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid (as the author of the Amoves). Our knowledge of the character of Gallus's verse is limited to the merest hypotheses. XX11 INTRODUCTION. of Gallus, the Delia and the Nemesis of Tibullus, the Cyn- thia of Propertius, the Corinna of Ovid. These names are, of course, pseudonyms. Aero * gives us the formal principle on which they were chosen : eodem numero syllabarum com- mutationem nominum facit. That is, the poems were origi- nally written with the real name and were in this shape sub- mitted to the subject of them ; later, when they were to become public property, and discretion, or mere caprice, 2 dic- tated the substitution of a fictitious name, one was chosen which agreed with the original name in the number and the quantity of its syllables, so as not to disturb the metre. Fortunately, Apuleius (second century a.d.) gives us some of the real names (Apol., x.) 3 : accusent C. CatuUum quod Les- Mam pro Clodia nominavit, et Ticidam similiter quod quae Metella erat, Perillam scripsit, et Proper Hum qui Cynthiam diced Hostiam dissimulet et Tibullum quod ei sit Plania in ani?no, Delia in versuS In the only case in which these statements admit of verification (that of Lesbia = Clodia 5 ) they are found correct; it seems reasonable, therefore, to accept them in the other cases. The fact that Ovid's Corinna is not mentioned speaks in favor of the authenticity of the list ; for, as will be seen farther on, she was probably no real person. In general, it is remarkable that the real traits seem to grow more scarce with each succeeding poet : Catullus's Lesbia and 1 Schol. on Hor., S., i, 2, 64. 2 In the former generation in the case of Catullus's Lesbia (= Clodia) there was a real reason for concealment ; in the case of Tibullus and Propertius no such strong reasons seem to have existed. 3 Apuleius had won the affection of a rich widow and married her. Her relatives accused him of having used witchcraft in the process, and the ' Apologia ' (sometimes called the ' de magia ') is his self-defence. 4 In his choice of a pseudonym the poet strove to find a name connected in some way with poetry. Feminine adjectives derived from cult-titles of Apollo, patron god of poe- try, were especial favorites, e.g. Lycoris, from Apollo AvKcopelog or AvKwpev'9 : Delia, from Apollo A77A10S ; Cynthia, from Apollo KuV0io? ; Leucadia, from Apollo Aeu/caTa?. Lesbia and Corinna are also connected in the poetry ; the former refers to Sappho, poetess of Lesbos, and the latter is the name of a Greek poetess from Tanagra in Boeotia, who lived in the time of Pindar. 5 The identification receives its strongest corroboration from Cat. lxxix : Lesbius "pitcher" = Clodius Pulcher. INTRODUCTION". XX111 Galluses Lycoris are historic characters; Tibullus^s Delia, though still quite real, partakes slightly of the nature of a poetical apparatus ; his Nemesis is even less substantial, Propertius's Cynthia seems slightly more real, and yet we may doubt whether this is owing to her actuality so much as to the vigor of Propertius's style ; and, lastly, Ovid's Corinna is scarcely more than a literary fiction. Cornelius Callus. 19. Cornelius G-allus (b.c. 70-b.c. 27) was born at Forum Iulii ' (modern Frejus) in Gaul. At an early age he seems to have made the acquaintance of Vergil, who addresses to him the tenth eclogue (written about B.C. 39), and is said to have originally devoted the last half of the fourth book of the Georgics to his praise. It was in fact partly through his in- strumentality that Vergil was introduced to Augustus. 2 After fighting on Augustus's side at Actium, he was appointed to the important position of governor of Egypt. An inscription recently discovered there testifies to his prowess. 3 His sud- den rise to power and his immoderate success seem to have turned his head, 4 and he spoke against the emperor, so that the latter was compelled to break off their friendship and to forbid him his court and his provinces. 5 A trial by the 1 Over a century later (in a.d. 40) igriechi, the father-in-law of Tacitus, Vas born in the same town. 2 Cf. Probus onVerg., Bite, p. 6, i, K., insiriuatus Au gusto per Cornelium Galium condiscipulum suum. 3 A trilingual (Egyptian, Greek, and Latin) inscription found on the island of Philae in 1896. In the Latin and Greek versions he ascribes the credit for everything to himself ; in the Egyptian version, to Augustus. The Latin and Greek text and a translation were published by Mahaffy in the 'Athenaeum' of March 14, 1898. Moirmsen writes mest entertainingly on it in ' Ccsmopolis,' Nov., 1896, p. 544-551. 4 He set up statues to himself all over Egypt (cf. the inscription at Philae), and wrote his deeds en the pyramids (Dio Cass., liii, 23). 5 Suet., Aug., 66 : neque erdm temere ex omni numero in amicitia eius ajlicli repe- rientur praeter Salvidienum Bufum, quern ad consulatum usque et Cornelium Galium quern ad praefecturam Aegypti, ex infima iitrimque fortuna provexerat. Quorum alterum res novas molientem damnandum senatui tradidlt, tdteri ob ingratum et mali- volum animum domo et prorinciis suis interdixit. Bed Gallo qaoque et accusatorum denuntiationibus et senatus consultis ad necem conpulso, laudavit quidern pietatern XXIV INTRODUCTION. Senate followed, wherein he was accused of maladministra- tion in his government as praefectus Aegypti. Finally, in B.C. 27, at the age of forty-three, he committed suicide. His writings have altogether perished, except for a half-line quoted by a writer on geography. 1 The object of his affec- tions was a freed woman, whose own name seems to have been Volumnia; she was an actress (mima), and her stage name was Cytheris. G alias's pseudonym for her in his writings was Lycoris. Besides Gallus, Marcus Brutus and Antony were her lovers, and the story goes that she left Gallus to follow Antony to Gaul. 2 He seems to have written in true Alexandrian vein, and to have been greatly influenced in style by Euphorion, 3 whom he admired and whose writings he translated. We may gain an idea of his fondness for mytho- logical apparatus from the book of 'illustrations' which Parthenius dedicated to him. 4 In spite of the fact that his work has perished, his immediate fame appears to have been very considerable. Ovid 5 could say of him : Gallus et He- speriis et Gallus notus Eois, et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris exit. Quintilian, 6 however, with the more refined taste of a later age, found' him durior. 1 tantopere pro se indignantium, ceterum et inlacrimavit et vicem suam conquestus est, quod sibi soli non liceret amicis, quatenus vellet, irasci. 1 Vibius Sequester, p. 11 (Oberl.) (= Baehrens, FPR., p. 336): uno tellures dividit amne duas. Many attempts have been made to prove Gallus the author of various extant poems ; e. g. in the case of two epigrams from the Greek Anthology (AP., v, 49 ; xvr, 89), one from the Latin Anthology (Riese, AL., 242 (= Baehrens, PLM., iv, 183) ; even forgeries have been exploited in his name (cf. four poems published by Riese, AL.,914- 917). 2 Servius on Verg., B., x, 1 : Gallus amavit Cytheridem meretricem libertam Volum- nii, quae, eo spreto, Antonium euntem in Gallias est secuta. Cf. de vir. ill., 82, 2. 3 Cf . Probus on Verg., B., x, 50: Euphorion. . .cuius in scr'ibendo secutus colorem xidetur Cornelius Gallus. 4 Cf. Parthen., Praef. : ai)T(2 ., n, 445 ; iv, io, 51. 3 a.d. 75-160. Vahlen regards the ' vita 1 as of little value. 4 This famous section was the source of the ' vitae 1 of Terence, Horace, and Lucan, which have come down to us. 5 An epigrammatist and satirist of the Augustan age, who seems to have enjoyed con- siderable fame in his day and to have stood in close relationship to Augustus and Mae- cenas. It is, however, at least questionable whether the epigram is his work. 6 The MSS. read eques regalis, from which Baehrens has ingeniously conjectured regalis, corrupted through r. e gains from R. e Gabiis, i.e. (eques) Romanus e Gabiis. 7 MSS. originem, evidently a corruption. XXVI INTRODUCTION". possibly in the town of Gabii, 1 originally possessed of wealth, Tibullus, like Vergil and Propertius, seems to have lost a large part of it in B.C. 41, when the farms of Italy were dis- tributed among the veteran soldiers. His passionate love for the country in later life can best be accounted for by sup- posing that he was born and bred a country lad.' 2 The chief external events of his life are connected with his friendship for Messalla, who was about ten years his senior. Tibullus was indebted to his friendship probably for material support in carrying on a literary career, and certainly for many of the experiences which he chronicles in his verse. He was with Messalla at Actium in B.C. 31, and afterwards started for Asia in his company, but owing to illness at Corcyra was compelled to abandon the project. 3 On Messalla's return to Borne, Tibullus, having in the meantime recovered, was able to join him in the expedition to Aquitania in B.C. 28. After the victory at Atax they returned to Borne, and Messalla celebrated his triumph in B.C. 27. 4 22. If the outward events of Tibullus's life were influenced by Messalla, its inward struggles were caused by his love- affairs. He tells us of two of the objects of his love, first of Delia (in Book i), and second of Nemesis (in Book n), and speaks indefinitely of others. Horace (C, I, 33) refers to one of these under the name of ' Glycera/ As we have already seen, Delia's real name was Plania. She seems to have been a simple and beautiful woman in spite of all her superficiality. Nemesis, on the contrary, appears as mercenary and avari- cious but extremely fascinating. The characters of the two women are reflected in the manner of Tibullus's love for them. He feels for Delia a 'sincere affection, capable of rational expression, while Nemesis seems to have aroused in him a fiercer but less enduring passion. 1 If we accept Baehrens's conjecture (cf. p. xxv, Note 6). 2 His love for the country is a fixed, steady preference and not like that of Propertius, merely a desire for relief from the gayety of the city. 3 Cf. Tib., i, 3. 4 Cf. Tib., i, 7. IXTRODUCTIOX. XXV11 From the statement of Ovid 1 and the epigram of Domitius Marsiis, we learn that Tibnllus died almost at the same time with Vergil — that is, toward the close of B.C. 19. 23. Tibullus is the most gentle of all the poets of Rome, a man of peace, not of war, a lover of nature and the country, not of fashion and the city, reposeful rather than energetic. The vein of melancholy that runs through his poetry and his tendency to fondle the anticipation of death, in so far as this is not merely the conventional role of the elegist, may find their explanation in a w r eak physical constitution. The real elevation of his love, its almost chivalric nature, and its thoughtfulness for the happiness of its object point to a fundamental purity of character certainly not excelled among the Roman poets of love. 24. Tibullus was a thorough aristocrat ; exclusive in his intimacies, he occupied probably a higher position socially than any of the poets who were his contemporaries, with the possible exception of Gallns. It is hard to realize that he was looked up to by Horace, who was about eleven years his senior. That Ovid, who was eleven years his junior, should have done so, too, seems natural enough. Horace valued his literary judgment, and Ovid lamented that death put an end to their friendship before it was fully developed. It seems probable that Tibullus knew Propertius, who was five years his junior. Vergil was sixteen years his senior, but the word ' comes ' as used in the epigram upon Tibullus's death may indicate that they knew each other. It is notable that he mentions none of these men. Our knowledge of his friend- ships (except that for Messalla) comes in every case from the other side. 2 25. There has come down to us under the name of Tibullus a collection of poems arranged in the manuscripts in three 1 Tr , iv, io, 51. 2 This condition of affairs may be purely accidental; some scholars see in it a deeper meaning, an indication of his preeminent social position. But this theory recoils upon • : self, for not even Augustus is mentioned by him. XXV111 INTRODUCTION. books, which most modern editors have divided into four by cutting the third book into two parts. 1 These poems are the work of at least three writers besides Tibullus. The bond of unity seems to lie in the fact that these authors were all connected with the circle of Messalla. Books I and II are certainly from the pen of Tibullus, and in Book iv poems 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, are also his. 2 Book I consists of ten poems 3 and was published by Tibullus himself, probably about B.C. 27. Book n, which contains six poems, was written later than Book I, and was published by Tibullus's friends after his death. 4 Of the poems by Tibullus in Book IV, ISTos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, deal with the love of Sulpicia, and are therefore closely connected with ]N T os. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Sulpicia's own poems. 5 Finally, in iv, 13 and 14, while rightly ascribed to Tibullus, present no clue as to their date. 26. An examination of the opening poem of either the first or the second book discloses the four motifs which are forever recurring in Tibullus's poetry — the eulogy of Messalla, the praises of the country, the expression of love whether incar- nate in Delia or in Nemesis, and the veneration for all that is antique and quaint, all that concerns the past, especially the surviving remnants of ancient Roman religious rites and customs. Apart from Tibullus's own natural conservatism, the influence of Augustus is accountable for the last of these themes. His friendship with Messalla, his life in Rome, and the recollection of his boyhood passed on the farm are the sources of the other three. The style is in harmony with 1 It is undoubtedly to be regretted that this departure from the manuscript ' three- book division ' was ever made, but a return to it now (as Hiller does in his edition, Leipsic, 1885) is still more to be regretted, as introducing a confusion into the system of citation, similar to that which has created such havoc in the case of Propertius. 2 The writers of the other poems are discussed below, § 43. 3 The number is scarcely accidental. Vergil had set the fashion with his tsn Bucolics in b.c. 39, and Horace had published ten Satires in b.c. 35. 4 The proof of this is found not only in the evidently unpolished character of these six poems, but much more forcibly in a passage of Ovid (Am., in, 9, 55 seq.; see the Note on the passage). 5 Cf. below, § 43. INTRODUCTION. XXIX the subject matter. It is simple and direct, at times almost naive. He is not afraid to use the immemorial common- places of pathos, and yet a certain realistic originality is often apparent. Perhaps the greatest charm of his writing lies in its quaint touches — for example, the soldier illustrating his story by dipping his finger in the wine-drops and drawing a camp on the table/ or the grandfather talking ' baby-talk* to his grandson. 3 His vocabulary is small, but carefully chosen. Greek words are few, and colloquial expressions, so common in Catullus, are rare. In ,his use of verbs he is extremely conservative, using only in their proper and literal meanings many verbs which in his day were frequently employed metaphorically. Tibullus is a master in the art of placing words in such positions as to bring out strong contrasts. To read him without constantly noticing the order of the words is to lose a great part of the beauty of his verse. The structure of the poems is, in the main, simple ; there are very few of the complicated responsions so characteristic of Catullus and Horace. Long digressions are not uncommon; occasionally they seem thoroughly irrelevant. The simplicity of his thought is so completely reflected in the mechanism of his expression that he is enabled in a large degree to carry out what is known as the £ law of the distich/ i.e. the completion of the sense within the couplet, and the avoidance of running the thought over into the next distich. This very simplicity has proved a bane to him, in that it has rendered the trans- position of distichs so easy a matter that many critics have found it more economical of labor to rebuild the poem after their own fashion than to follow the thought of Tibullus and preserve the traditional order. 27. Tibullus is more thoroughly Roman and less Alex- andrian than either Propertius or Ovid. His writings are almost free from the chief characteristic of Alexandrian poetry, abstruse erudition manifested especially in the heap- 1 Tib., i, 10, 31. 2 Tib., n, 5, 93. XXX USTTBODUCTIOK. ing up of mythological parallels. He may thus be said to represent a form of pre- Alexandrian elegy transplanted to Eoman soil in much the same way that Horace represents the pre-Alexandrian lyric in Borne. This similarity of atti- tude may account for the sympathy between them which led Horace to address Tibnllus as candide index, ' fair-minded critic/ In spite of its gentle unobtrusive ness, his genius did not fail to gain the appreciation of his generation. Ovid, his younger contemporary, says l donee eruntignes areusque Cupi- dinis anna \ discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui. His glory had not yet departed fifty years later when Velleius Paterculus, referring to him and Ovid, wrote 2 : Tibullusque et Naso, per- fectissimi in forma operis sui. More than a century had passed since his death, when that most conservative of literary critics, Quintilian, wrote his famous criticism 3 : cuius {— elegiae) mild terms atque elegans maxime videtur meet or Tibullns. This popularity did not, however, con- tinue during the Middle Ages. Apart from an entry in a library catalogue of the ninth century, ' Albi Tibulli libri n/ 4 we have no trace of him up to the beginning of the fourteenth century. The first important- text is that of Scaliger 5 and the first really critical edition is that of Lachmann. 6 Sextus Propertius. 28. Any sketch of the life of Propertius is in the main merely the editing of a very fragmentary 6 autobiography/ for there is practically no source of information other than his 1 Am., 1, 15, 27. 2 11, 36, 3. 3 Inst. OraL, x, i, 93. 4 Cf . M. Haupt, Opuscula, in, 42G. 6 Paris, 1577 (with Catullus and Propertius). His father, Julius Caesar Scaliger, the physician, gives an opinion of Tibullus which is not devoid of interest (Poetices, vi, cap. 7) : urdformis ilia paene totus est, vixque discedens db se ipso eodem paenegyro concludi- tur. Audis enim casas,focos, rura nemora, praela, spicas, sacra turn saepe turn multum. Omnium vero cidtissimus, nee redundans in elegia. , 6 B:rlin, 1829. INTRODUCTION. XXXI own writings. 1 Suetonius must surely have treated of him, but scarcely a trace of what he said has been preserved 2 to us. It is not to be wondered at, then, that the time and place of his birth, and even his name, are disputed. Sextus Propertius — for that seems to have been his name 3 — was younger than Tibullns and older than Ovid. He was born, therefore, after B.C. 54 and before B.C. 43 ; we may say, roughly, about the year B.C. 49. We have his own testimony that he was born in Umbria, 4 but no less than four Umbrian towns claim the honor of being his birthplace — Assisi, Mevania, Ameria, and Spello (ancient Hispellum). The question would seem to be settled by Lachmarm's brilliant conjectural restoration of iv, i, 125 : scandentisque Asisi consurgit verticemnrus, \ murus db ingenio notior ille tuo. 5 Added proof is given in the fact 1 Cf . especially the last poem of the first book and the first poem of the last book (Prop., i, 22, and iv, i). On the question whether Propertius should be divided into four books or five, recent editors are about 'tied,' Mueller and Vahlen adopting the five-book system, Baehrens and Rothstein the four-book system. In the interest of uniformity of citation, a speedy decision and agreement are much to be desired. Throughout this edition the four-book division has been employed. This seems to me the only rational one, for it is in agreement with the manuscripts and with the quotation of Nonius (p. 249, Mueller) : Propertius elegiarum lib. in, iam liquidum nautls aura secundat iter (=Prop., in, 21, 14. Mueller has, however, inserted the conjecture mi in the text). The division into five books by cutting Book n into two parts, between poems 9 and 10, originated with Lach- mann. In justification it is maintained (1) that Bk. 11 of the MSS. is too long (in reply we" may equally well say that Lachmann's Bk. 11 is too short) ; (2) that poem 10 is addressed to Augustus, hence must have- been the opening poem of a book (but this is a danger- ous criterion to generalize on) ; (3) that 11, 13, 25, 26 (of the MSS.) speaks of ires libelli, an expression which would be more appropriate in Bk. in, but compare my Note on the passage. 2 Apuleius's statement that Cynthia's real name was Hostia may be a trace of Sue- tonius. 3 lie calls himself Propertius some eight times (11, 8, 17 ; 11, 14, 27 ; 11, 24, 35 ; 11, 34, 93 ; in. 3, 17 ; in, 10, 15 ; iv, 1, 71 ; iv, 7, 49); Sextus rests entirely on the authority of Donatus (vita Verg., 45). The name Propertius Aurelius Nauta^ which occurs in a num- ber of manuscripts, has a curious history. Aurelius seems to have arisen from a confu- sion in an alphabetically arranged list of authors, by which the Aurelius which properly belonged to Aurelius Prudentins came to be connected with Propertius, the name before it on the list. Nauta is a misreading of 11, 24, 38 : nobilis et quamvishaud ita dives eras, where hand ita was corrupted into navita, i.e. nauta. The last act of this comedy was reached when certain inscriptions were forged l. avrelio propertio, etc., and sext. AviiEL. propert, etc. Cf. M. Haupt, Opuscula, 1, 280. 4 Cf. 1. 22, 9 ; iv, i, 64, 121. 6 The MSS. have a&zs (FN) and axis (DV) ; the only objection that can be urged XXX11 INTRODUCTION. that there was found at Assisi an inscription to a certain Passenus Paulhis Propertius, 1 a contemporary of Pliny, whom the latter calls a townsman of the poet. 2 Propertius was of good provincial family, originally possessed of prop- erty, which he lost in the allotment of lands to the veterans in B.C. 41. 3 The chief event of his boyhood seems to have been the siege of Perusia, where a relative \ Gallus, was killed. Like many another poet since his day he began to study law, but finding it uncongenial gave it up and devoted himself to the pursuit of literature. 5 Unlike Gallus, Tibullns, and Horace, he does not seem to have taken part in any military campaigns. At the age of fifteen or sixteen he fell in love with a woman named Lycinna. 6 But this fascina- tion was of short duration, and was succeeded in B.C. 30 or 29 by the great passion of his life, his love for Cynthia, an attachment which lasted for five years. 7 Of this Cynthia we know little save that her real name was Hostia. 8 It was against Lachmann's conjecture is that the first syllable of Asisium is usually long, while here it would be short. But in proper names change of quantity is not uncommon (cf., however, Ramsay, In trod., p. xxxv). 1 CIL., xi, 5405=Dessau, Inscript. Sel., i, 2925 : c. passenno c. f. serg. pavllo pro- PERTIO BLAESO. 2 Plin., Ej)., vi, 15 : est enini municeps Properti atque inter maiores suos Propertium numerat. 3 Cf. Prop., iy, i, 129, 130 : nam tua cum multi versarent rura iuvenci, \ abstulit excultas pertica tristis opes ; and n, 34, 55 : adspice me, cut parva domi fortuna relictas. 4 Cf. 1, 21 and 22. Sellar (Roman Poets, Horace, etc., p. 227) thinks Gallus was his uncle. 5 Cf. Prop., iv, 1, 133, 134 : turn tibi pauca suo de carmine dictat Apollo \ et vetat in- sano verba tonareforo. 6 Prop., in, 15, 6, 43. 7 Prop., in, 24, 23. Whether the 'five years ' includes the periods of separation and estrangement (cf. e.g. in, 16, 9) is difficult to decide ; it is not, however, of great impor- tance. Plessis (Etudes, p. 224 ff.) thinks that it does ; Lachmann (Prop. Carm., Leipsic, 1816, Praef., p. 23 ff.) thinks it does not. 8 This statement seems very meagre when contrasted with the detailed accounts usually given in commentaries on Propertius and in histories of Roman literature. But these descriptions are based on material which is doubly untrustworthy, first because much that Propertius tells us may be nothing more than poetic fiction, in which respect, as I have pointed out above (§ 18) Cynthia is much less historic than Lesbia ; secondly, we have no guarantee that Propertius is always referring to Cynthia unless he specifically mentions her name. But her name is mentioned far less often than is supposed, especially INTRODUCTION. XXX111 Cynthia that made him a ' stay-at-home ' and kept him from accompanying Tullus to Athens 1 ; it was Cynthia that made him write of lovers' quarrels rather than of the glories of Augustus's reign. Yet his success at the latter task, when he attempted it, is so great that we might almost feel as though we owed Cynthia a grudge ; but, after all, it was in the man, and if Cynthia had not been there, some Lesbia or Delia or Corinna would have taken her place. The time and the fashion of Propertius's death are unknown to us, but it seems probable that he died about B.C. 16, which is the latest date referred to in his poetry. 2 29. It was Cynthia who inspired his first book. The ' Cyn- thia Monobiblos ' — for so it seems to have been called 3 — was published alone about the same time as the first book of Tibullus, B.C. 27, 4 when the poet was twenty-one or twenty- two years old. It is dedicated to a certain Tullus, 6 probably the nephew of a Lucius Volcatius Tullus who was consul in seldom in the latter books (in Bk. i, in 13 poems out of 22 ; Bk. 11, in 12 out of 34 ; Bk. in, in 2 out of 24; Bk. iv, in 2 out of 11). A casein point, illustrating the danger of neglecting this caution, is the story that Cynthia-Hostia was the grand-daughter of a certain Hostius who wrote an epic, the Bellum Histricum, celebrating the exploits of Sempronius Tuditanus (b.c. 125). The only foundation for this combination is Prop., in, 20, 8 : splendidaque a docto fama refulget avo^ but there is no mention of Cynthia's name in the whole poem. 1 Prop., i, 6. 2 In it, ii, 65 there is a reference to the consulship of P. Cornelius Scipio (b.c. 16) and in iy, 6, 77 he probably refers to a victory over the Sigambri in the same year (cf . Note on the passage). 3 This is a fair deduction from the fact that Propertius seems to refer to Bk. i as 'Cynthia 1 (cf. n, 24, 2 : et tua sit toto Cynthia lecta foro), and Martial calls it 'Monobi- blos Properti,' and writes of it (Mart., xiv, 189) : Cynthia, facundi carmen iuvenale Pro- perti 1 accepit famam, nee minus ipsa dedit. Finally, the title occurs in some of the MSS. (AF.) : incipit monobiblos Propertii, etc. 4 This date may be arrived at in two ways : First, in 11, 3, 34 he says Bk. 11 appeared within a very short time after Bk. 1 ; but Bk. 11 can be dated, as is shown below, at the end of b.c. 27 or the beginning of b.c. 26 ; accordingly, Bk. 1 was written in b.c. 27. Second, the date of Bk. in is almost certainly b.c. 22 (see below) ; but in m, 24, 23 he speaks of his passion for Cynthia having lasted five years. It began therefore in b.c. 27; and Bk. 1, which was written at the beginning of this relationship, must be dated about b.c. 27. 6 The opening and the closing poems of the book are dedicated to him, and in ad- dition poems 6 and 14. For the details of his life, cf. Note on 1, 1, 9. XXXIV INTRODUCTION. B.C. 33. Propertius seems to have been almost unknown/ and in the last poem he introduces himself to the public. If he wrote the book with the desire to become known, his wish was abundantly fulfilled, for it won him the friendship and patronage of Maecenas, through whom he came into touch with Augustus. Shortly after this, probably in the same year, he published a second book. 2 Five years later (b.c. 22 or 21) 3 came the third book. The relationship to Cyn- thia is past ; she begins to play a very minor part in his poetry, and he turns to more earnest themes. About the same number of years passed between this and the last book. During this interval he was devoting himself to the study of Eoman customs. The last book, containing the results of these investigations, was published about B.C. 16/ most certainly during the lifetime of the poet, as the special intro- ductory poem conclusively proves. Cynthia has passed out of his life ; the fiction is nearly dead, as well as the woman who incorporated it ; she is mentioned only a propos of a comic recollection, in poem 8, and of the appearance of her ghost, in poem 7. 30. If Propertius's writings had perished, and we were, as in the case of Gallus, dependent on what his contempora- ries and successors told us of him, we should be greatly at a loss, for among all the writings of his contemporaries his name occurs only in Ovid. 5 On the other hand, he himself mentions contemporary poets, apart from his friends Ponticus and Bassus, only in one place, 6 and there, of those who were 1 He mentions, however, among his associates, Ponticus and Bassus, two friends of Ovid. Cf. Ovid, Tr., iv, 10, 47, 48 : Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis \ dul- cia convictus membra fuere met. 2 ii, 34, 91 refers to the poet Gallus, who died in b.c. 27, as modo mortuus, hence the book must have been published at the end of b.c 27 or the beginning of b.c 26. 3 in, 18 is on the death of Marcellus, which occurred in b.c 23. 4 Cf. Note 125, above. Accordingly, the dating of the four books may be summarized as follows : Bk. i, circa b.c 27 (cf. n, 3, 3, 4 ; in, 24, 23) ; Bk. 11, circa b.c 27-26 (cf. n, 34, 91) ; Bk. in, circa b.c 22 (cf. in, 18) ; Bk. iv, circa b.c 16 (cf. iv, n, 65 and iv, 6, 77). 5 7V., iv, 10, 45, 53 ; v, 1, 17.; cf. 11, 465. 6 11, 34, 61 ff . INTRODUCTION". XXXV strictly contemporary, only Gallus and Vergil. He never mentions Tibullus or Horace or Ovid, and yet he must have known them. The absence of Tibullus's name is scarcely surprising. The two men were too different in their literary tastes to have had much sympathy, and Tibullus was too great a personage to be intimate with Propertius, and too small to be his patron ; besides, he belonged to Messalla's circle, and Propertius to that of Maecenas. With Ovid and Horace the case is different. Propertius's friends, Ponticus and Bassus, were also friends of Ovid ; and Ovid boasts ex- pressly of being intimate with him, and hearing him read his elegies 1 ; and that he was well acquainted with his verse Ovid's own works show. 2 The difference in age may help to account for Propertius'' s silence, for when he wrote II, 34, Ovid was only sixteen years old, and could hardly be men- tioned in the company of Vergil and Gallus. The absence of all references to each other in Horace and Propertius has always been a puzzle, and has given rise to some strange the- ories. They were undoubtedly acquainted, belonged, in fact, to the same circle — that of Maecenas. The simplest and more likely explanation seems to be that they were not attracted to each other ; their characters were very different, and they had little else but their patron in common. It was Horace's task to introduce the older, more classical poetry of Greece to Eoman audiences, while Propertius boasted of being the Eoman Callimachus. The strangest suggestion is that Pro- pertius was the bore the encounter with whom is the theme of one of the most clever of Horace's satires 3 ; but aside from the inherent improbability, Propertius was only about four- teen years old when this book of satires was published. It 1 Tr.. iv. 10, 45 : saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes | iure sodaliti'i, quo mild iunctus erat. 2 Cf. especially A. Zingerle, Ovid und seine Vorgdnger, Innsbruck, 1869. 3 Sat.,i,g. This suggestion was first made by Vulpius in the eighteenth century. For a criticism of it, cf. Palmer's edition of the Satires, p. 219. XX XVI INTRODUCTION. is barely possible that Horace had Propertius in mind when he wrote carmina compono, hie elegos. 1 31. The composition and publication of Propertius's four books extended over more than ten years. Accordingly, it is quite natural that they should show a decided development, and that the boy of twenty who wrote the first book should have sounded a different note from the man of thirty who wrote Book iv. This development can be traced not only in the style, but even more obviously in the choice of subject mat- ter. The theme of the first book is love : every one of its twenty-two poems sings of it except the last two, xxi being addressed to his uncle and xxn being about himself. The second book is not very different, except that in two poems (i and x) he seems to feel that an apology is necessary, and in xxxi, the description of the Palatine temple of Apollo, we have the first indication that he was interested in the national greatness of Rome. These first two books were published so close together that we could expect no great development, but the last two books present a different picture. In Book in the influence of the five-year interval is unmistakable. His admiration for Rome's national glory has begun to demand expression : in, 4 is on the Parthian expedition ; in, 11 is on the triumph over Cleopatra, and III, 22 is in praise of Italy. The sorrows of others are becoming his own; the death of Marcellus calls forth in, 18; that of Paetus in, 7 ; and even when he deals with his own affairs, it is in quite a different spirit from that manifested in the first two books. He cheerfully plans a trip to Athens, III, 21, and jokingly deplores the loss of his writing-tablets, in, 23, with almost as much flippancy as Ovid. After the lapse of another five years comes Book iv, whose open- ing poem contains the programme for the fulfilment of his new ideal, to describe the old sacred places of Rome and tell 1 Ep., ii, 2, 91. Cf. J. P. Postgate, Select Elegies of Propertius, p. xxxn. As this epistle was written about b.c. 18, Propertius would have been over thirty years old at the time. INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 their stories. 1 An old image of Vertumnus in the Vicus Tuscns calls out iv, 2 ; Tarpeia, the heroine of the Tarpeian Hill, is woven into a romance in IV, 4 ; the Palatine temple of Apollo, already the subject of one poem (11, 31), is again treated in iv, 6 ; certain peculiar rites obtaining at the great- altar of Hercules in the cattle-market is the theme of iv, 9 ; and TV, 10 tells the story of the Spolia Opima and explains why Juppiter was called Feretrius. As in the third book, the people about him are of interest to him : iv, 3 is a letter of a certain Arethusa to her husband Lycotas ; and IV, 11 is a sublime elegy on the death of Cornelia. In the whole book there are but three poems (5, j, 8) which remind us of the first two books. 32. Propertius repeatedly professes himself a follower of Callimachus and Philetas/ but inasmuch as their poetry has not been preserved we can scarcely hope to institute a com- parison^ unless Egypt shall restore to us some of their writings. His indebtedness to his predecessors in Eome is difficult to trace, especially in regard to Catullus 3 and Tibullus. 4 There are several instances in which his phraseology seems to have been influenced- by Vergil, 5 and we are still more often re- minded of Horace. 6 The style of Propertius impresses one with a great sense of power ; it seems as though he might have accomplished almost anything. But the power is 1111- 1 He is in this the forerunner of Ovid in the 'Fasti,' but Ovid's principle of arrange- ment is chronological (in this he maybe following the M^ve? of Simmias of Rhodes), while that of Propertius is topographical. 2 The references are given above. § 7. 3 Cf. especially H. Magnus in Fleckeisen's Jahibiicher, cxv, 418. 4 Cf. A. Zingerle, Ovid und seine Vorgdnger. 5 Cf. M. Pothstein in Hermes, xxiv, 1. The principal parallels are : Prop., in, 13, 41 : clique deaeque omnes. quibus est tutela per agios j and Verg., &., 1, 21 : dique deaeque omnes. studium quibus arva ten en ; Prop., in, 24, 15 : ecce coronatae portum tetigere cari- nas j and Verg., G., 1, 303, 304 : ceu pressae cum iam portum tetigere carinae j puppibus et laeti nautae inposuere coronas ; and, in general, Prop., ni, 5, 25-46, and Verg., G.. 11, 475-486. 6 The most striking instances are : Prop., 11, 24, 17 : hoc erat in primis ; and Hor., #., 11, 6, 1 : hoc erat in votis ; Prop., in, 23, 23 : i puer et citus haec aliqua propone columna ; and Hor., S., 1, 10, 100 : i puer atque meo citus haec subscribe libello ; and, in general, Prop., ni, 2, 17-22, and Hor., C, in, 30, 1-5. XXXV111 INTRODUCTION". controlled ; no reasonable restraint is put upon it ; its only hindrance is the great mass of mythological learning with which he weights himself down. This mythological tendency is his greatest curse. But here we must not be unjust to him, and must distinguish between the quality and the quantity of his mythological allusions. It is customary to take him to task in both these respects, but only in the matter of quantity is there just ground for complaint, while the quality of his allusions, their recondite character, ought not to be emphasized in the indictment against him. That the public, for whom he wrote, were acquainted with these lesser versions of the myths may be most easily seen by examining the subjects represented in the paintings at Pompeii — paintings intended for the decoration of the living- rooms. 33. Perhaps Propertius's rarest gift was his power of using words. For him, as for Carlyle, language was still warm from the making ; it was there to be twisted into new shapes, and old-fashioned words fitted with new meanings. Another great secret of his power lies in his economical use of materials to produce dramatic effects. His is the poetry of suggestive allusion, the expression of an age which was suffering from hyperculture, to whom all chords were fa- miliar — all poetic metaphors, truisms, and platitudes. His poems fairly bristle with suggestions the carrying out of which is left to the reader. But even this was abused ; so that a too great conciseness and an uncomfortable abruptness resulted. What Macaulay said of Thucydides is true of him — to understand him we need a commentary rather than a lexicon. 34. To appreciate the character of Propertius we must think of him as a hot-blooded, affectionate Italian, dying at the age of thirty-three, never having reached his full develop- ment, hampered by falling too early a prey to the allurements of a woman older than himself, living in abject slavery to one who taught him to be untrue to her by being untrue to INTRODUCTION. XXXIX him. Add to this the picture of a thin, wan face, a small stature, a sickly body, a nervous disposition, a constant dread of premature death, a mood wavering between the ecstasies of a seething passion and a melancholy which drove him to dictate his epitaph and give directions for his funeral. 35. Propertius's genius was not unappreciated. Ovid 1 praises him as tener and tlandi oris, Martial, 2 to be sure, dubs him lascivus, but calls him facundus as well, and Quintilian, 3 Martial's contemporary, tells us that there were those who preferred him to all other elegists. The best proof of his immediate popularity is found in the frequent recur- rence of quotations from him in the inscriptions of Pompeii. 4 He was too obscure a writer to find favor in the Middle Ages, and the first reference to him in modern times is by Petrarch, who possessed a manuscript of him. 5 As in the case of Tibul- lus, Scaliger 6 produced the first notable edition and Lach- mann 7 the first critical text. Publius Ovidius Naso. 36. Of all Eoman writers, Cicero and Ovid are most given to speaking of themselves. Accordingly we know more about the details of the life of Ovid than of any other Eoman, with the single exception of Cicero. Apart from constant references to himself in his other works, he has given us in the 'Tristia' 8 a formidable poetical autobiography of over a hundred verses. He was born March 20, B.C. 43, at Sulmo in the territory of the Paeligni. 9 His parents, 1 A. A., in, 333 ; Tr., v, i, 17. 2 viii, 73, 1 ; xiv, 189. 3 Inst Or at., x, i, 93. 4 Cf. CIL., iv, 1894 = Prop., iv, 5, 47 ff.; 1850 = Prop., m, 16, 13 ff. With 1520 ( = Buecheler. AL., 11, 354), cf. Prop., 1, 1, 5 ; and with 1118 add. p. 203 ( = Buecheler, AL., 952), cf. Prop., ill, 23, 6. 6 Cf. M. Haupt, Opusc, 1, p. 277 ff. 6 Paris, 1577 (with Catullus and Tibullus). 7 Leipsic, 1816, with commentary. Text only, Berlin, 1829. 6 IV. IO. 9 7>., iv, 10, 6 : cum ceciditfato consul uterque pari ; cf. below, § 43. xl INTRODUCTION. well-to-do people of equestrian rank, had an older son who died at the age of twenty. Ovid's poetical gifts showed themselves when he was still very young, and he says that when he studied rhetoric his- speeches ran into verse. 1 His parents destined him for a public career, and to this end lie began to study law, but after holding certain minor offices, the lowest steps in the ■ cursus honorum/ 2 he abandoned this pursuit and devoted himself exclusively to poetry. At some time during these early years he made a foreign tour in com- pany with Macer 3 to Athens, Sicily, and Asia Minor. After being twice married and twice divorced, he married Fabia, a widow with a daughter, who was faithful to him to the end. We hear of but one child of his own, a daughter, who was herself twice married. After enjoying a marvellous popularity as a poet for nearly thirty years, he was suddenly, in a.d. 8, banished by Augustus's decree to Tomis on the Black Sea, not, however, as 'deportatus/ but only as 'relegatus/ so that his property was not confiscated, bat he fell into such dis- repute that all his writings were removed from the public libraries of Rome. The cause of this banishment was, on his own assertion, 'duo crimina, carmen et error/ The 'car- men' was the ' Ars Amatoria/ but as this had been written some ten years before, there must have been another and im- mediate cause. The second and direct cause, the ' error/ has always been somewhat of a mystery. It seems to have been a personal, not a political, offence against Augustus, and it was in what he had seen 4 that his wrong-doing lay. It has been conjectured, with a high degree of probability, thai: his banishment was connected with a court scandal, the 1 Sen., Contr., n, 10, 8 : oratlo eius iam turn nihil aiiud jooterat videri quam solutum carmen. 2 He was twice a ' xx vir ' : (onco a l in vir capitalis ' and once a ' x vir stlitibus indi- candis 1 ), and besides this, a member of the Centnmviral court and a civil judge. 3 This Macer is to be distinguished from Aemilius Macer, the didactic poet and friend of Vergil. 4 Tr., ii, 103 : cur aliquid vidi, cur noxia lumina feci! Tr., in, 5, 49 : inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector \ peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum ,* and TV*., in, 6, 27 : nee breve nee tutum, quo sint mea, dicere, casu \ lumina funesti conscia facta mali. I^TKODUCTIOX. xli intrigue of Augustus's grand-daughter Julia with Decimus Silanus. Julia was banished in the same year,, and Silanus went of his own accord into exile. For about nine years Ovid lived at Tomis, dividing his time between writing lamentations to his friends at home and appeals to the emperor for pardon and the more healthful occupation of studying the language and the customs of the natives. 1 Once it seemed not impossible that he would be recalled, but just then Augustus died, and from Tiberius he could hope for nothing. 2 Iu a. d. 18 he died, and was buried at Tomi. 37. Ovid's literary career extended over a period of about forty years. His love-poetry belongs to the first two decades, the time between B.C. 19 and a.d. 1 or 2, or, measured in years of his own life, between the age of twenty-four and forty- four. To the next decade, the first of the Christian era, belong his mythological poems, the c Metamorphoses ' and the specifically Eoman -'Fasti/' This period was cut short by his banishment, which gave the tone to the poetry of his last period, his letters from exile — the ' Tristia ' and the 'Ex Ponto/ the works of a broken man in a premature old age. 38. We are interested here in the poetry of the first period. Five works of erotic poetry have been preserved from his pen ; arranged in chronological order, they are the 'Amores/ the ' Heroic! es/ the treatise * DeMedicamine Faciei/ the ' Ars Amatoria,' and the ' Eemedia Amoris.' It is with the first of these that we have to do. The * Aniores/ in its original form of five books, seems to have been the poet's earliest published work. Later, after writing the * Heroides/ he revised it, reducing it to three books. 3 It is this second edition in three books that has come down to us. The 1 He even wrote poems in the language — had they been preserved to as, they would be more valuable, considered from a philological standpoint, than all of his writings that have come down to us. 2 P., iv, 6, 15. 16 : coeperat Augustus deceptae ignoscere culpae j spem nostram terras deseruitque simul. 3 Cf . the introductory epigram. A??i., n, iS, 21 refers to the nereides as already £ ished. xlii INTRODUCTION. earliest date which can be extracted from any of the poems in the extant collection is that for in, g, written shortly after Tibullus's death (b.c. 19). On the other hand, the whole collection in the second edition was published before the ' Ars Amatoria,' i.e. before B.C. 2 or l. 1 39. The heroine of Ovid's verse is Coriima, but Corinnais as different from Delia or Cynthia as the poetry that sings her praises is from that of Tibullus or Propertins. The ' Amores' is the product of art, not of feeling, and though there may well be a certain foundation of fact, it is in the main fanciful, and contains abundant recollections of motifs that are common in Greek epigrams and in the late comedy, as well as in the verse of Tibullus and Propertius. In like manner, Corinna was a lay-figure rather than flesh and blood. The difficulty that contemporaries experienced in discover- ing her identity is thus easily comprehended. 40. The ' Amores ' presents us with the starting-points for almost all of Ovid's late development. Thus, the poem on the 'races' (in, 2) contains in embryo the 'Ars Amatoria,' the soliloquy of the river (in, 6) is the germ of the ' Meta- morphoses,' and the account of the festival of Juno at Falerii (in, 13) is the forerunner of the 'Fasti.' In point of style the ' Amores ' is worthy of comparison with any of his other works ; his later writings, those from Tomi, are greatly inferior. Outwardly, but only in what concerns the external form, he is a follower of Tibullus ; there is the same striving after smoothness and perfection of metre, in which, however, Ovid is even more successful. His fondness for the elegiac metre needs no stronger attestation than the fact that he used it almost constantly, except in the ' Metamorphoses/ even in a poem like the ' Ibis/ where iambics were properly in order, or in the 'Fasti,' where we should certainly expect hexameters. He is especially fond of dactyls, and devotes 1 While engaged in writing the 'Amores ' he was also at work on the ' Ars Amatoria, 1 cf. Am., 11, 18, 19: quod licet, aid artes teneri profit emur Amoris. But the 'Amores' was published first ; cf. A. A., in, 343 : libris, titulo quos signat Amorum. INTRODUCTION. xliii great care to the end of the verse. The ( fatal fluency 9 is less manifest in the 'Amores 3 than in his later works. 41. If we may trust his own accounts, Ovid's life in Borne up to his banishment was one of almost unparalleled popu- larity. He enjoyed the patronage of Messalla, the acquain- tance of Tibullus, and the friendship of Propertius, in addition to that of minor poets — Macer, Ponticus, Bassus, and others. His morals were probably not beyond reproach; he finds it necessary to defend himself against the charge that the char- acter he gave himself in his writings was his actual one in real life. 1 In things spiritual he is thoroughly irreverent ; his own religious views were an extreme rationalistic utilita- rianism — expedit esse deos, et, ut expedite esse putemus.* In some respects he reminds one of Byron. The great popular- ity of Ovid is, as in the case of Propertius, attested by the inscriptions of Pompeii. It was on his power as a love-poet that Ovid's reputation among his contemporaries and imme- diate successors rested. If we are more apt to think of him primarily as the author of the 'Metamorphoses/ that is only the survival of a preference felt by the Middle Ages. Vel- leius Paterculus 3 mentions him along with Tibullus &sperfec- tissimi in forma operis sui, while the staid and respectable Quintilian 4 applies to him twice the same adjective that Martial uses of Propertius — lascivus. Minor Elegists of the Augustan Age. 42. Besides our knowledge of these four great masters, and the possession of the poetry of all but the first, there have come down to us certain minor productions in the elegiac metre, which, though their authorship is unknown, seem for the 1 7>., ii, 354. 2 A. A.. 1,637. 3 n, 36, 3. 4 Inst. Orat., x, 1, 88 : lascivus quidem in herois quoque Ovidlus et nimium amator ingenii sui, laudandus tamen inpartibus. Ibid., 93 : Oridius utroque (i.e. Tibullus and Propertius) lascivior. xliv INTRODUCTION. most part to belong to the Augustan age. The first of these collections is the ' Priapea/ * poems in honor of Priapus, the god of gardens and fertility, whose worship had been im- ported into Rome from Lampsacns on the Hellespont. An individual with rather perverted literary taste seems to have made a collection of these poems, copying them from the walls of the shrines of Priapus, some time in the first cen- tury of our era. 2 Eighty poems have been preserved to us in this fashion, besides five through other channels. Thirty- four out of the collection of eighty, and two out of the other five, or thirty-six out of the collection of eighty-five, are in the elegiac metre. They are, however, more akin to the epigram than to the elegy, and scarcely concern us here. The poems in the other two collections were attracted by the magnetic power of two great names ; they are known as the ' Pseudo- Vergiliana ' and the ' Pseuclo-Tibulliana/ because they have been preserved to us under the shadow of the names of Vergil and Tibullus respectively. The so-called Pseudo- Vergiliana 3 is a considerable collection of poems of various degrees of authenticity, from those which are certainly by Vergil down to those which were written long after his death. We are concerned only with those in the elegiac metre, namely, the ' Copa ' and JSTos. 1, 6, 9-14 of the c Cata- lepta/ The ' Copa ' is a genuine elegy; its authorship is very uncertain, but it is not impossible that Vergil wrote it. The 'Catalepta' partake rather of the nature of epigrams. 4 The last and, from our point of -view, most important collec- tion is the ' Pseudo-Tibulliana/ in which all the poems, 1 Best edition by Buecheler in his Petronius, ed. min., p. 13? ff. (Berlin, 3d ed., 1895); also printed in Baehrens, PLM., I, p. 54 ft", (with a good introduction). 2 Cf. the second of the epigrams which the editor prefixed to his collection, 11. 9, 10 : ergo quicquid id est, quod otiosus \ templi jxirietibus tvi notavi. 3 Published in Ribbeck's editions of Vergil, in both the larger and the smaller (Teub- nerText) edition, and also in Baehrens, PLM., n. 4 Of the elegiac poems, Nos. 9, 13, and 14 are not by Vergil, while the others may well be his. If we could prove that Nos. 6 and 10 were by him, it would be especially interesting, because they show strong traces of the influence of Catullus. IKTKODUCTION. xlv with the exception of the ' Panegyricus/ are written in the elegiac metre. They belong, all of them, to the circle of Messalla, and are, accordingly, from the Augustan age. 43. We have already seen that, of the four books which pass under his name, Tibullusis the author of I and n and of iy, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14. * It remains to discuss the authorship of Book in and of Book iv, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. The author of the third book is a man who calls himself Lygdamus. 2 We know nothing certain of him except what he tells us of himself, that he was born in B.C. 43. 3 Neaera, the subject of his verse, is a pseudonym, not, as in the case of the other elegists, for his mistress, but for his wife, from whom he is divorced. The poems are an attempt to bring about a recon- ciliation. Lastly, iy, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, is a series of love- letters, coming from the hand of a woman, Sulpicia, and addressed to a certain Cerintlius. Sulpicia is the niece of Messalla., being the daughter of Servius Sulpicius 4 and Messalla's sister Valeria. Who Cerintlius was is not known, though an attempt has been made to identify him with Cornutus of 11, 2 and 3/ There were undoubtedly many 1 iy, 1, the panegyric on Messalla, does not concern us here, as it is neither by Tibullus nor in the elegiac metre. 2 This is in all probability a fictitious name, and may have been chosen to symbolize his dependence upon Tibullus— AuySivo? from AuySo? = albus (cf . Albius Tibullus). 3 Cf. in, 5, 17, 18 : natalem primo nostrum videre parentes \ cum cecidere fato consul uterque pari. Ovid, who was born in the same year, uses in part identically the same words (cf. TV., iv, 10, 6) to indicate the date of his own birth. As the l Tristia ' was not published till a.d. 12, it is usually considered that the expression was originated with Lygdamus and borrowed by Ovid (the identification of Ovid and Lygdamus, which has been suggested as another way out of the dilemma, is absurd). The fact that the lines in Lygdamus which precede and follow this statement also recur in Ovid tends to render the situation even more complicated (Lygd., v, 16 = Ovid, A. A., n, 670 ; Lygd., 19, 20 = Ovid, Am., ii, 14, 23, 24). It is at least possible that Lygdamus is the plagiarist in all three cases, and that Ovid had used the phrase preserved in TV., iv, io, 6, in some earlier work which has been lost ; for instance, in the first edition of the ' Amores.' From this earlier source Lygdamus would have obtained it. 4 This Servius Sulpicius seems to be identical with the man mentioned by Cicero pro Murena, 26, 54 ; by Horace, #., 1, 10, 86 ; by Plin., Ep., v, 3, 5, in his list of poets of lighter vein ; and, perhaps, by Ovid, TV., n, 441. On his marriage to Valeria and her relationship to Messalla, cf. Hieronym. adv. Iovin., 1, 46. 5 This identification is, however, far from certain : the fact that some interpolated xlvi INTRODUCTION. other elegies written in this same period, but they are irre- trievably lost. Either then or a little later those elegies were produced which, Suetonius ' tells us, were passing in his day falsely under the name of Horace. Whether Horace ever wrote elegies is a question that cannot be answered. Post-Augustan Elegy. 44. The history of the Post-Augustan elegy can be told in a few words. It is, perhaps, owing to the influence of Ovid that the elegiac metre begins to be used in all kinds of poetry, not only in epigrams but in didactic poems, in riddles and in all sorts of fancy versifying. Aside from this, however, we have a number of genuine elegies whose writers are unknown and the names of a number of writers whose elegies have per- ished. In only one case have we any considerable collection of elegies the authorship of which is known. To the class of adevirora, or anonymous writings, belong the 'liber nucis^ 2 (the plaint of the nut-tree) and the ' consolatio ad Liviam/ 3 both of which have been without foundation attributed to Ovid, the two elegies 'ad Maecenatem/ 4 and the one on ' Spes/ 5 They belong, all of them, to the first century. Over against these anonymous verses may beset three authors MSS. read Cerinthus instead of Cornutus in Bk. n proves only that the correctors identi- fied the two ; and the etymological argument, Cornutus = Cerinthus, cornu = /cepa?, is very specious. On the other hand, the argument against identification based on the fact that in that case he would be addressed in the one place by his real name, in the other by a pseudonym, is worthless. If the two be the same, Bk. n, 2, which portrays a happy married life, must have been written later than Bk. iv, and at that time concealment by the use of a pseudonym was no longer necessary. As far as the chronology of Tibullus's writings is concerned, there is no difficulty in supposing that his share of Bk. iv was written earlier than Bk. 11. 1 Sueton., vita fforat., p. 47 (Reiff.): renerunl in manus meas et elegi sub tltulo eius et epistola prosa oratione quasi commendantis se Maecenati, sed utraque falsa puto, nam elegi vulgares epistola eliam obscura, quo ritio minirne tenebatur. 2 Published by Baehrens, PLM., p. 90, and with a critical commentary by Wilamowitz in Commentat. Mommsen, p. 390. 3 Sometimes called the 'epicedhim Drusi. 1 Published by Baehrens, PLM., 1, p. 104, and by M. Haupt, Opuscula, 1, p. 315. 4 Published by Baehrens, PLM., 1, p. 125, and by Riese, AL., 1, 779. 6 PLM., iv, p. 65 ; AL., 1, 415. INTRODUCTION . xlv ii whose elegies have been lost — Arruutius Stella, Passenus Paulus, and the younger Pliny, all three of whom lived under Domitian and Trajan. Arruntius Stella, 1 the friend of Statius and Martial, sang of his lady-love, a rich widow of Naples. We cannot judge of his poetry, but Martial 2 ap- plies to him the adjective facunclus, which he used also of Tibullus. Passenus Paulus, the descendant and imitator of the poet Propertius, whose townsman he was and whose name he bore, is known to us only from the writings of his friend Pliny 3 and from an inscription, which, however, con- tains merely his name. 4 The third of the names is that of Pliny himself. With him, however, the writing of elegies was at best a mere pastime. 5 Finally, in the middle of the sixth century there stands a solitary figure, that of Maxi- mianus, commonly called the Etruscan, whose elegies have been preserved, and who, while he is far from being a great writer, is decidedly superior to his surroundings. 6 1 Consul Suffectus in a.d. 101. The widow's real name was Violentilla ; he called her Asteris ; Martial calls her lanthis. Statius and Martial both celebrate his marriage to her, each in thoroughly characteristic ways : Statius by a great ' epithalamium ' (Silv., i, 2), Martial by an epigram (vi, 21). 2 xii, 3, 11. 3 Cf. Plin., Ep., vr, 15, 1 : Passenus Paulus, splendidus eques Bomanus et in primis eruditus, scribit elegos. Gentilicium hoc illi : est enim municeps Properti atque etiam inter maiores suos Propertium numerat ; and Ep., ix, 22 : vir est optimus, honestissimus, nostri amantissimus, praeterea in litteris veteres aemulatur, exprimit, reddit, Propertium in. primis, a quo genus ducit, vera suboles, eoque simillima illi in quo ille praecipuus. Si elegos eius in manum sumpseris, leges opus tersum, molle, iucundum, et plane inPropertii domo scriptum . 4 The inscription has been quoted above ; see Note on § 28. 5 Eight couplets have been preserved in Ep., vn, 9, 11. In another letter {Ep., vir, 4) he gives an amusing account of trying his hand at various metres, among them the elegiac, to while away an enforced stay on a small island : cum emilitia rediens inlcaria insula vends detinerer, Latinos elegos in i'Jud ipsum mar-e ipsamque insulam feci, ex- pertus sum me aliquando et heroo, hendecasyllabls, etc. 6 His poems are in Baehreus, PLM., v, p. 316, and have also been edited separately by M. Petschenig (Berlin, 1890). A new critical edition, with explanatory commentary by R. Webster, will appear shortly. Curiously enough, the first editor, Pomponius Gauricus (Venice, 1501) asserted that Cornelius Gallus was their author — another of the vain at- tempts to find something from the pen of Gailus. SELECTIONS FROM THE ELEGIAC POETS ALBII TIBVLLI LIBER PRIMVS. I. Divitias alius fulvo sibi congerat auro et teneat culti iugera multa soli, quern labor adsiduus vicino terreat hoste, Martia cui somnos classica pulsa fugent : me mea paupertas vita traducat inerti, . 5 dum mens adsiduo luceat igne focus, ipse seram teneras niaturo tempore vites rusticus et facili grandia poma manu : nee Spes destituat, sed frugum semper acervos praebeat et pleno piuguia musta lacu. 10 nam veneror, seu stipes habet desertus in agris seu vetus in trivio florea serta lapis : et quodcumque mihi domim novus educat annus, libatum agricolae ponitur ante deo. flava Ceres, tibi sit nostro de rare corona 15 spicea, quae templi pendeat ante fores : pomosisque ruber custos ponatur in liortis, terreat ut saeva falce Priapus ayes, vos quoque, felicis quondam, nunc pauperis agri custodes, fertis munera vestra, Lares. 20 2 TIBVLLI I, i, 21-56. turn vitula innumeros lustrabat caesa iuvencos : nunc agna exigui est hostia parva soli, agna cadet vobis, quam circum rustica pubes clamet 'io messes etbona vina date/ iam modo iam possim contentus yiyere parvo 25 nee semper longae deditus esse viae, sed Canis aestivos ortus vitare sub umbra arboris ad rivos praetereuntis aquae, nee tamen interdum pudeat tenuisse bidentes ant stimulo tardos increpuisse boves, 30 non agnamve sinu pigeat f etumve capellae desertum oblita matre referre domum. at vos exiguo pecori, furesque lupique, parcite : de magno praeda petenda grege. hie ego pastoremque meum lustrare quot annis 35 et placidam soleo spargere lacte Palem. adsitis, divi, nee vos e paupere mensa dona nee e puris spernite flctilibus. fictilia antiquus primum sibi fecit agrestis poeula, de facili conposuitque luto. 40 non ego divitias patrum fructusque requiro, quos tulit antiquo condita messis avo : parva seges satis est, satis est, requiescere lecto si licet et solito membra levare toro. quam iuvat inmites ventos audire cubantem 45 et dominam tenero continuisse sinu aut, gelidas hibernus aquas cum fuderit Auster, securum somnos imbre iuvante sequi ! hoc milii contingat : sit dives hire, furorem qui maris et tristes ferre potest pluvias. 50 o quantum est auri pereat potiusque smaragdi, quam neat ob nostras ulla puella vias. te bellare decet terra, Messalla, marique, ut domus hostiles praeferat exuvias : me retinent victum formosae vincla puellae, 55 et sedeo duras ianitor ante fores. TIBVLLI I, i, 57-78 ; 2, 65-74. 3 non ego laudari euro, mea Delia : tecum dum mo do sim, quaeso segnis inersque vocer. te spectem, suprema mihi cum venerit hora, te teneam moriens deficiente maim. 60 flebis et arsuro positum me, Delia, lecto, tristibus et lacrimis oscula mixta dabis. flebis : non tua sunt duro praecordia ferro yincta, neque in tenero stat tibi corde silex. illo non iuyenis poterit de f unere quisquam 65 lumina, non yirgo, sicca ref erre domum. turn Manes ne laede meos, sed parce solutis crinibus et teneris, Delia, parce genis. interea, dum fata sinunt, iungamus amores : iam yeniet tenebris Mors adoperta caput, 70 iam subrepet iners aetas, nee amare decebit, dicere nee cano blanditias capiti. nunc levis est tractanda Venus, dum frangere postes non pudet et rixas inseruisse iuyat. hie ego dux milesque bonus : yos, signa tubaeque, 75 ite procul, cupidis yulnera ferte yiris, ferte et opes : ego conposito securus aceryo despiciam dites despiciamque famem. II. Ferreus ille fuit, qui te cum posset habere, 65 maluerit praedas stultus et arma sequi. ille licet Cilicum yictas agat ante cateryas, . ponat et in capto Martia castra solo, totus et argento contextus, totus et auro, insideat celeri conspiciendus equo, 70 ipse boyes mea si tecum modo, Delia, possim iungere et in solito pascere monte pecus : et te dum liceat teneris retinere lacertis, mollis et inculta sit mihi somnus humo. 4 TIBVLLI I, 2, 75-98; 3, 1-8. quid Tyrio recubare toro sine amore secuncjo 75 prodest, cum fletu nox vigilanda venit ? nam neque turn plumae nee stragula picta soporem nee sonitus placidae ducere posset aquae. num. Veneris magnae violavi numina yerbo, et mea nunc poenas inpia lingua luit ? 80 num feror incestus sedes adiisse deorum sertaque de Sanctis deripuisse focis ? non ego, si merui, dubitem procumbere templis et dare sacratis oscula liminibus, non ego tellurem genibus perrepere supplex 85 et miserum sancto tundere poste caput, at tu, qui laetus rides mala nostra, cayeto mox tibi : non in 110s saeyiet usque deus. yidi ego, qui iuyenum miseros lusisset amores, post Veneris yinclis subdere colla sen em 90 et sibi blanditias tremula conponere yoce et manibus canas flngere yelle comas : stare nee ante fores puduit caraeye puellae ancillam medio detinuisse foro. hunc puer, hunc iuyenis turba circumterit arta,, 95 despuit in molles et sibi quisque sinus, at mihi parce, Venus : semper tibi dedita servit mens mea : quid messes uris acerba tuas ? III. Ibitis Aegaeas sine me, Mess'alla, per undas, o utinam memores ipsi cohorsque mei: me tenet ignotis aegrum Phaeacia terris : abstineas ayidas, Mors precor atra, manus. abstineas, Mors atra, precor : non hie mihi mater quae legat in maestos ossa perusta sinus, non soror, Assyrios cineri quae dedat odores et Seat effusis ante sepulcra comis, TXBVLLI I, 3, 9-44. 5 Delia non usquam ; quae me cum mitteret urbe, dicitur ante omnes consuluisse deos. 10 ilia sacras pueri sortes ter sustulit : illi rettulit e trinis omina certa puer. cuncta dabant reditus ; tamen est deterrita numquam, qirin fleret nostras despueretque vias. ipse ego solator, cum iam mandata dedissem, 15 quaerebam tardas anxius usque moras, aut ego sum causatus aves ant omina dira, Saturnive sacram me tenuisse diem. o quotiens ingressus iter mihi tristia dixi offensum in porta signa dedisse pedem ! 20 audeat invito nequis discedere Amore, aut sciat egressum se prohibente deo. quid tua nunc Isis mini, Delia, quid mihi prosunt ilia tua totiens aera repulsa manu, quidve, pie dum sacra colis, pureque lavari 25 te (memini) et puro secubuisse toro ? nunc, dea, nunc succurre mihi (nam posse mederi picta docet templis multa tabella tuis), ut mea votivas persolvens Delia voces ante sacras lino tecta fores sedeat 30 bisque die resoluta comas tibi dicere laudes insignis turba debeat in Pharia. at mihi contingat patrios celebrare Penates reddereque antiquo menstrua tura Lari. quam bene Saturno vivebant rege, priusquam 35 tellus in longas est pat ef acta vias ! nondum caeruleas pinus contempserat undas, eflusum ventis praebueratque sinum, nee vagus ignotis repetens conpendia terris presserat externa navita merce ratem. 40 illo non validus subiit iuga tempore taurus, non domito frenos ore momordit equus, non domus ulla fores habuit, non fixus in agris, qui regeret certis finibus arva, lapis. 6 TIBVLLI I, 3, 45-78. ipsae mella dabant quercus, ultroque ferebant 45 obvia securis ubera lactis oves. non acies, non ira fuit, non bella, nee ensem inmiti saevus duxerat arte faber. nunc love sub domino caedes et vulnera semper, nunc mare, nunc leti mille repente viae. 50 parce, pater, timidum non me periuria terrent, non dicta in sanctos inpia verba deos. quod si fatales iam nunc explevimus annos, f ac lapis inscriptis stet super ossa notis : ' hie iacet inmiti consumptus morte Tibullus, 55 Messallam terra dum sequiturque mari/ sed me, quod facilis tenero sum semper Amori, ipsa Venus campos ducet in Elysios. hie choreae cantusque vigent, passimque vagantes dulce sonant tenui gutture carmen aves, 60 fert casiam non culta seges, totosque per agros floret odoratis terra benigna rosis : at iuvenum series teneris inmixta puellis ludit, et adsidue proelia miscet Amor, illic est, cuicumque rapax mors venit amanti, 65 et gerit insigni myrtea serta coma, at scelerata iacet sedes in nocte profunda abdita, quam circum flumina nigra sonant : Tisiphoneque inpexa feros pro crinibus angues saevit, et hue illuc inpia turba fugit : 70 turn niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore stridet et aeratas excubat ante fores, illic Iunonem temptare Ixionis ausi versantur celeri noxia membra rota, porrectusque novem Tityos per iugera terrae 75 adsiduas atro viscere pascit aves. Tantalus est illic, et circum stagna : sed acrem iam iam poturi deserit unda sitim : TIBVLLI I, 3, 79-94 ; 5, 1-16. 7 et Danai proles, Veneris quod numina laesit, in cava Lethaeas clolia portafc aquas. 80 illic sit, quicumque meos violavit amores, optavit lentas et mihi militias, at tu casta precor maneas, sanctique pudoris adsideat custos sedula semper anus, haec tibi fabellas ref erat positaque lucerna 85 deducat plena stamina longa colli, at circa gravibus pensis adfixa puella paullatim somno fessa remittat opus. turn yeniam subito, nee quisquam nuntiet ante, sed videar caelo missus adesse tibi. - 90 turn mihi, qualis eris, longos turbata eapillos, obvia nudato, Delia, curre pede. hoc precor, hunc ilium nobis Aurora nitentem luciferum roseis Candida portet equis. V. Asper eram et bene discidium me ferre loquebar : at mihi nunc longe gloria fortis abest. namque agor, ut per plana citus sola verbere turben, quern celer adsueta versat ab arte puer. ure ferum et torque, libeat ne dicere quicquam 5 magnificum post haec : horrida verba doma. parce tamen, per te furtivi foedera lecti per Venerem quaeso conpositumque caput, ille ego, cum tristi morbo defessa iaceres, te dicor votis eripuisse meis, 10 ipseque ter circum lustravi sulfure puro, carmine cum magico praecinuisset anus : ipse procuravi ne possent saeva nocere somnia, ter sancta deveneranda mola : ipse ego velatus filo tunicisque solutis 15 vota novem Triviae nocte silente dedi. 8 TIBVLLI I, 5, 17-36 ; 7, 1-12. omnia persolvi : fruitur nunc alter amore, et precibus felix utitur ille meis. at mihi felicem vitam, si salva fuisses, fingebam demens, sed renuente deo. 20 rura colam, frugumque aderit mea Delia custos, area dum messes sole calente teret, aut mihi servabit' plenis in lintribus uvas pressaque veloci Candida musta pede, consuescet namerare pecus, consuescet amantis 25 garrulus in dominae ludere verna sinu. ilia deo sciet agricolae pro vitibus uvam, pro segete spicas, pro grege f erre dap em. ilia regat cunctos, illi sint omnia curae : at iu vet in tota me nihil esse domo. 30 hue veniet Messalla meus, cui dulcia poma Delia selectis detrahat arboribus : et tantum venerata yirum, hunc sedula curet, huic paret atque epulas ipsa ministra gerat. haec mihi fingebam,, quae nunc Eurusque ISTotusque 35 iactat odoratos vota per Armenios. VII. Hunc cecinere diem Parcae fatalia nentes stamina, non ulli dissoluenda deo ; hunc fore, Aquitanas posset qui f undere gentes, quern tremeret forti milite victus Atax. evenere : novos pubes Eomana triumphos 5 vidit et evinctos bracchia capta duces : at te victrices lauros, Messalla, gerentem portabat niveis currus eburnus equis. non sine me est tibi partus honos : Tarbella Pyrene testis et Oceani litora Santonici, 10 testis Arar Ehodanusque celer magnusque Garumna, Carnuti et flavi caerula lympha Liger. TIBVLLI I, 7, 13-48. 9 an te, Cydne, canam, tacitis qui leniter undis caeruleus placidis per vada serpis aquis, quantus et aetherio contingens yertice nubes 15 frigidus intonsos Taurus alat Cilicas ? quid referarn, ut yolitet crebras intacta per urbes alba Palaestino sancta columba Syro, utque maris yastum prospectet turribus aequor prima ratem yentis credere docta Tyros, 20 qualis et, arentes cum findit Sirius agros, fertilis aestiya Nilus abundet aqua ? Nile pater, quanam possim te dicere causa aut quibus in terris occuluisse caput ? te propter nullos tellus tua postulat imbres, 25 arida nee pluyio supplicat lierba IovL te canit atque suum pubes miratur Osirim barbara, Memphiten plangere docta boyem. primus aratra manu sollerti fecit Osiris et teneram ferro sollicitayit humum, 30 primus inexpertae commisit semina terrae pomaque non notis legit ab arboribus. hie docuit teneram palis adiungere yitem, hie yiridem dura caedere falce comam : illi iucundos primum matura sapores 35 expressa incultis uya dedit pedibus. ille liquor docuit yoces inflectere cantu, moyit et ad certos nescia membra modos, Bacchus et agricolae magno confecta labore pectora tristitiae dissoluenda dedit. 40 Bacchus et adflictis requiem mortalibus adfert, crura licet dura compede pulsa sonent. non tibi sunt tristes curae nee lectus, Osiri, sed chorus et cantus et leyis aptus amor, sed yarii flores et f rons redimita corymbis, 45 fusa sed ad teneros lutea palla pedes et Tyriae yestes et dulcis tibia cantu et leyis occultis conscia cista sacris. IO TIBVLLI I, 7, 49-64 ; 10, 1-16. hue ades et Genium ludo Geniumque choreis concelebra et multo tempora f unde mero : 50 illius et nitido stillent unguenta capillo, et capite et collo mollia serta gerat. sic venias hodierne : tibi dem turis honores, liba et Mopsopio dulcia melle feram. at tibi succrescat proles, quae facta parentis 55 augeat et circa stet, venerande, senem. nee taceat monumenta viae, quem Tuscula tellus candidaque antiquo detinet Alba Lare. namque opibus congesta tuis liic glarea dura sternitur, hie apta iungitur arte silex. 60 te canit agricola, e magna cum venerit urbe serus inoflensum rettuleritque pedem. at tu, natalis multos celebrande per annos, candidior semper candidiorque veni. X. Quis fuit, horrendos primus qui protulit enses ? quam ferus et vere ferreus ille fuit ! turn caedes hominum generi, turn proelia nata, turn brevior dirae mortis aperta via est. an nihil ille miser meruit, nos ad mala nostra 5 vertimus, in saevas quod dedit ille feras. divitis hoc vitium est auri ; nee bella fuerunt, faginus adstabat cum scyphus ante dapes, non arces, non vallus erat, somnumque petebat securus varias dux gregis inter oves. 10 turn mihi vita f oret dulcis, nee tristia nossem arma nee audissem corde micante tubam : nunc ad bella trahor, et iam quis f orsitan hostis haesura in nostro tela gerit latere, sed patrii servate Lares : aluistis et idem, 15 cursarem vestros cum tener ante pedes. TIBYLLI I, 10, 17-50. 1 1 neu pudeat prisco yos esse e stipite factos : sic Yeteris sedes incoluistis avi. turn melius tenuere fidem, cum paupere cultu stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus. 20 liic placatus erat, seu quis libaYerat uvam, sen dederat sanctae spicea serta comae : atque aliquis voti compos liba ipse ferebat post que comes purum filia parYa faYum. at nobis aerata, Lares, depellite tela, 25 hostiaque e plena -rustica porcus liara. hanc pura cum Yeste sequar myrtoque canistra Yincta geram, myrto vinctus et ipse caput, sic placeam Yobis : alius sit fortis in armis, sternat et adYersos Marte faYente duces, 30 ut milii potanti possit sua dicere facta miles et in mensa pingere castra mero. quis furor est atram bellis arcessere mortem ? inminet et tacito clam venit ilia pede. non seges est infra, non Yinea culta, sed audax 35 Cerberus et Stygiae naYita turpis aquae : illic perscissisque genis ustoque capillo errat ad obscuros pallida turba lacus. quam potius laudandus hie est, quern prole parata occupat in parva pigra senecta casa ! 40 ipse suas sectatur OYes, at filius agnos, et calidam fesso conparat uxor aquam. sic ego sim, liceatque caput candescere canis, temporis et prisci facta referre senem. interea Pax arYa colat. Pax Candida primum 45 duxit araturos sub iuga curva boYes, Pax aluit vites et sucos condidit irrae, f under et ut nato testa paterna merum : pace bidens Yomerque Yigent, at tristia duri militis in tenebris occupat arma situs. 50 12 TIBVLLI I, io, 51-68. rusticus e lucoque vehit, male sobrius ipse, uxorem plaustro progeniemque domum. sed Veneris turn bella calent, scissosque capillos femina perfractas conqueriturque fores : flet teneras subtusa genas, sed victor et ipse 55 flet sibi dementes tarn valuisse manus. at lascivus Amor rixae mala verba ministrat, inter et iratum lentus utrumque sedet. ah, lapis est ferrumque, suam quicumque puellam verberat : e caelo deripit ille deos. 60 sit satis e membris tenuem rescindere vestem, sit satis ornatus dissoluisse comae, sit lacrimas movisse satis : quater ille beatus quo tenera irato flere puella potest, sed manibus qui saevus erit, scutumque sudemque 65 is gerat et miti sit procul a Venere. at nobis, Pax alma, veni spicamque teneto, perfluat et pomis candidus ante sinus. ALBII TIBVLLI LIBER SECVKDVS. Quisquis adest, faveat : fruges lustramus et agros, ritus ut a prisco traditus extat avo. Bacche, veni, dulcisque tuis e cornibus uva pendeat, et spicis tempora cinge, Ceres, luce sacra requiescat humus, requiescat arator, 5 et grave suspenso vomere cesset opus", solvite vincla iugis : nunc ad praesepia debent plena coronato stare boves capite. omnia sint operata deo : non audeat ulla lanificam pensis inposuisse manum. 10 yos quoque abesse procul iubeo, discedat ab aris, cui tulit hesterna gaudia nocte Venus, casta placent superis : pura cum veste venite et manibus puris sumite f ontis aquam. cernite, fulgentes ut eat sacer agnus ad aras 15 vinctaque post olea Candida turba comas, di patrii, purgamus agros, purgamus agrestes : yos mala de nostris pellite limitibus,, neu seges eludat messem fallacibus herbis, neu timeat celeres tardior agna lupos. 20 turn nitidus plenis confisus rusticus agris. ingeret ardenti grandia ligna foco,, turbaque Yernarum,, saturi bona signa colonic ludet et ex virgis extruet ante casas. 14 TIBVLLI II, I, 25-60. eventura precor : viden ut felicibus extis 25 significet placidos nuntia fibra deos ? nunc mihi fumosos veteris proferte Falernos consulis et Ohio solvite vincla cado. vina diem celebrent : non festa luce madere est rubor, errantes et male ferre pedes. 30 sed ' bene Messallam ' sua quisque ad pocula dicat, nomen et absentis singula verba sonent. gentis Aquitanae celeber Messalla triumphis et magna intonsis gloria victor avis, hue ades adspiraque mihi, dum carmine nostro 35 redditur agricolis gratia caelitibus. rura cano rurisque deos. his vita magistris desuevit querna pellere glande famem : illi conpositis primum docuere tigillis exiguam viridi fronde operire domum, 40 illi etiam tauros primi docuisse feruntur servitium et plaustro supposuisse rotam. turn victus abiere feri, turn consita pom us, turn bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, aurea turn pressos pedibus dedit uva liquores 45 mixtaque securo est sobria lympha mero. rura ferunt messes, calidi cum sideris aestu deponit flavas»annua terra comas, rure levis verno flores apis ingerit alveo, conpleat ut dulci sedula melle favos. 50 agricola adsiduo primum satiatus aratro cantavit certo rustica verba pede et satur arenti primum est modulatus avena carmen, ut ornatos diceret ante deos, agricola et minio suffusus, Bacche, rubenti 55 primus inexperta duxit ab arte choros. huic datus a pleno, memorabile munus, ovili dux pecoris curtas auxerat hircus opes, rure puer verno primum de flore coronam fecit et antiquis inposuit Laribus. 60 TIBYLLI II, I, 01-90 ; 2, 1-2. 15 rure etiam teneris curam exhibitura pnellis molle gerit tergo lttcida velltts ovis. hinc et femineus labor est, hinc pensa colusque, fusus et aclposito pollice versat opus : atque aliqua adsidttae textrix operata Minefvae 65 cantat, et adplauso tela sonat latere, ipse interque greges interque armenta Capido natus et indomitas dicitur inter equas. illic indoeto primum se exercuit arcu: ei mihi, quam doctas nunc habet ille manus ! 70 nee pecudes, velut ante, petit : fixisse puellas gestit et audaces perclomuisse viros. hie iuveni detraxit opes, hie dicere iussit limen ad iratae verba pudenda senem : hoc dnce custodes f urtini transgressa iacentes 75 ad ittveneni tenebris sola puella venit et pedibus praetemptat iter suspensa timore, explorat caecas cui manus ante vias. ah miseri, quos hie graviter deus urget ! at ille felix, cui placidus leniter adflat Amor. 80 sancte, yeni dapibus festis, sed pone sagittas et pr ocul ardentes hinc precor abde faces, vos celebrem cantate deum pecoriqtte Yocate voce palam pecori, clam sibi quisqtte vocet. attt etiam sibi quisqtte palam : nam tttrba iocosa 85 obstrepit et Phrygio tibia cttrva sono. lttdite : iam Xox ittngit eqttos, cttrrttmque seqttuntttr matris lascivo sidera fulva choro, postqtte venit tacitus fttryis circumdatus alis Somnus et incerto Somnia nigra pede. 90 II. Dicamtts bona yerba — yenit Xatalis — ad aras qttisquis ades, lingua, vir mulierqtte, faye. l6 TIBVLLI II, 2, 3-22 ; 3, 1-12. urantur pia tura focis, urantur odores, quos tener e terra divite mittit Arabs, ipse suos Genius adsit visurus honores, 5 cui decorent sanctas mollia serta comas, illius puro destillent tempora nardo, atque satur libo sit madeatque mero, adnuat et, Cornute, tibi, quodcumque rogabis. en age, quid cessas ? adnuit ille : roga. 10 auguror, uxoris fidos optabis amores : iam reor hoc ipsos edidicisse deos. nee tibi malueris, totum quaecumque per orbem fortis arat valido rusticus arva bove, nee tibi, gemmarum quidquid felicibus Indis 15 nascitur, Eoi qua maris unda rubet. vota cadunt. utinam strepitantibus ad volet alis flavaque coniugio vincula portet Amor, vincula, quae maneant semper, dum tarda senectus inducat rugas inficiatque comas. 20 hac veniat Natalis avi prolemque ministret, ludat et ante tuos turba novella pedes. III. Eura meam, Cornute, tenent villaeque puellam : ferreus est, heu lieu, quisquis in urbe manet. ipsa Venus latos iam nunc migravit in agros, verbaque aratoris rustica discit Amor. ego, cum aclspicerem dominam, quam for titer illic 5 versarem valido pingue bidente solum agricolaeque modo curvum sectarer aratrum, dum subigunt steriles arva serenda boves ! nee quererer, quod sol graciles exureret artus, laederet et teneras pustula rupta manus. 10 pavit et Admeti tauros formosus Apollo, nee cithara intonsae profueruntve comae, TIBVLLI II, 3, 13-42. \J nee potuit curas sanare salubrious herbis : quidquid erat medicae vicerat artis amor. 14 ipse deus solitus. stabulis expellere yaccas 14a et miscere novo docuisse coagula lacte, 14£ lacteus et mixtus obriguisse liquor. 14c turn fiscella levi detexta est vimine iunci, 15 raraque per nexus est via facta sero. o quotiens illo vitulum gestante per agros dicitur occurrens erubuisse soror ! o quotiens ausae, caneret dum valle sub alta, rumpere mugitu carmina docta boves ! 20 saepe duces trepidis petiere oracula rebus,, venit et a templis inrita turba domum : saepe horrere sacros doluit Latona capillos, quos admirata est ipsa noverca prius. quisquis inornatumque caput crinesque solutos 25 adspiceret, Phoebi quaereret ille comam. Delos ubi nunc, Phoebe, tua est, ubi Delphica Pytlio ? nempe amor in parva te iubet esse casa. f elices olim, Veneri cum f ertur aperte servire aeternos non puduisse deos. 30 fabula nunc ille est : sed cui sua cura puella est, fabula sit mavult quam sine amore deus. at tu, quisquis is es, cui tristi fronte Cupido imperat ut nostra sint tua castra domo, ferrea non Venerem, sed praedam, saecula laudant : 35 praeda tamen multis est operata malis. praeda feras acies cinxit discordibus armis : hinc cruor, hinc caedes mors propiorque venit. praeda vago iussit geminare pericula ponto, bellica cum dubiis rostra dedit ratibus. 40 praedator cupit inmensos obsidere campos, ut multa innumera iugera pascat ove ; 2 1 8 TIBVLLI II, 3, 43-76. cui lapis externus curae est, urbisque tumultus portatur yalidis mille columna iugis, claudit et indomitum moles mare, lentus ut intra 45 neglegat hibernas piscis adesse minas, at mihi laeta trahant Samiae conyivia testae fictaque Cumana lubrica terra rota, heu heu divitibus video gaudere. puellas : iam veniant praedae, si Venus optat opes ; 50 ut mea luxuria Nemesis fluat utque per urbem incedat donis conspicienda meis. ilia gerat Testes tenues, quas femina Coa texuit, auratas disposuitque vias : illi sint comites fusci, quos India torret, 55 Solis et admotis inficit ignis equis : illi selectos certent praebere colores Africa puniceum purpureumque Tyros. nota loquor : regnum iste tenet, quern saepe coegit barbara gypsatos ferre catasta pedes. 60 at tibi dura seges, Nemesim qui abducis ab urbe, persolvat nulla semina certa fide, et tu, Bacche tener, iucundae consitor uvae, tu quoque devotos, Bacche, relinque lacus. haud inpune licet formosas tristibus agris 65 abdere : non tanti sunt tua musta, pater, o valeant fruges, ne sint modo rure puellae : glans al at, et prisco more bibantur aquae, glans aluit veteres, et passim semper amarunt : quid nocuit sulcos non habuisse satos ? 70 turn, quibus adspirabat Amor, praebebat aperte mitis in umbrosa gaudia yalle Venus, nullus erat custos, nulla exclusura dolentes ianua : si fas est, mos precor ille redi. 75 horrida villosa corpora veste tegant. TIBYLLI II, 3, 77-80 ; 5, 1-28. 19 nunc si clausa mea est, si copia rara videndi, lieu miserum, laxam quid iuvat esse togam ? ducite : ad imperium dominae sulcabimus agros : non ego me vinclis verberibusque nego. 80 Phoebe, fave : novus ingreditur tua templa sacerdos : hue age cum cithara carminibusque veni. nunc te vocales inpellere pollice chordas, nunc precor ad laudes flectere verba sacras. ipse triumphali devinctus tempora lauro, 5 dum cumulant aras, ad tua sacra veni. sed nitidus pulcherque veni : nunc indue vestem sepositam, longas nunc bene pecte comas, qualem te memorant Saturno rege fugato victori laudes concinuisse Iovi. 10 tu procul eventura vides, tibi deditus augur scit bene quid fati provida cantet avis, tuque regis sortes, per te praesentit aruspex, lubrica signavit cum deus exta notis : te duce Eomanos numquam frustrata Sibylla, . 15 abdita quae senis fata canit pedibus ! Phoebe, sacras Messalinum sine tangere chartas vatis, et ipse precor quid canat ilia doce. haec dedit Aeneae sortes, postquam ille parentem dicitur et raptos sustinuisse Lares ; 20 nee fore credebat Komam, cum maestus ab alto Ilion ardentes respiceretque deos. Romulus aeternae nondum firmaverat urbis moenia, consorti non habitanda Remo, sed turn pascebant herbosa Palatia vaccae 25 et stabant humiles in Iovis arce casae lacte madens illic suberat Pan ilicis umbrae et facta agresti lignea falce Pales, 20 TIBVLLI II, 5, 29-G4. pendebatque vagi pastoris in arbore votum, garrula silvestri fistula sacra deo, 30 fistula, cui semper decrescit arundinis ordo : nam calamus cera iungitur usque minor, at qua Velabri regio patet, ire solebat exiguus pulsa per vada linter aqua, ilia saepe gregis diti placitura magistro 35 ad iuvenem festa est vecta puella die, cum qua fecundi redierunt munera ruris, caseus et niveae candidus agnus ovis. ' Inpiger Aenea, volitantis f rater Amoris, Troica qui profugis sacra vehis ratibus, 40 iam tibi Laurentes adsignat Iuppiter agros, iam yocat errantes hospita terra Lares, illic sanctus eris, cum te, venerande, Numici unda deum caelo miserit Indigetem. ecce super f essas volitat Victoria puppes, 45 tandem ad Troianos diva superba venit. ecce mini lucent Eutulis incendia castris : iam tibi praedico, barbare Turne, necem. ante oculos Laurens castrum murusque Lavini est Albaque ab Ascanio condita longa duce. 50 te quoque iam video, Marti placitura sacerdos Ilia, Vestales deseruisse focos, concubitusque tuos furtim vittasque iacentes et cupidi ad ripas arma relicta dei. carpite nunc, tauri, de septem montibus herbas, 55 dum licet : hie magnae iam locus urbis erit. Roma, tuum nomen terris fatale regendis, qua sua de caelo prospicit arva Ceres, quaque patent ortus et qua fluitantibus undis Solis anhelantes abluit amnis equos. 60 Troia quidem turn se mirabitur et sibi dicet vos bene tarn longa consuluisse via. vera cano : sic usque sacras innoxia laurus vescar, et aeternum sit mihi virginitas/ TIBVLLI II, 5, 65-100. 21 haec cecinit vates et te sibi, Phoebe, vocavit, • 65 iactavit fusas et caput ante comas. quidquid Araalthea, quidquid Marpessia dixit Herophile, Phyto Graiaque quod nionuit, quasque Aniena sacras Tiburs per flumina sortes portarit sicco pertuleritque sinu, 70 (hae fore dixerunt belli mala signa cometen, multus ut in terras deplueretque lapis : atque tubas at que arma ferunt strepitantia caelo audita et lucos praecinuisse fugani, ipsum etiam Solem defectum lumine vidit 75 iungere pallentes nubilus annus equos et simulacra deum lacrimas fudisse tepentes fataque vocales j)raemonuisse boves), haec fuerunt olim : sed tu iam niitis, Apollo, prodigia indomitis merge sub aequoribus : 80 et succensa sacris crepitet bene laurea flammis, omine quo felix et sacer annus erit. laurus ubi bona signa dedit, gaudete coloni : distendet spicis horrea plena Ceres, oblitus et musto feriet pede rusticus uvas, 85 dolia dum magni deficiantque lacus. at madidus Baccho sua festa Palilia pastor concinet : a stabulis turn procul este, lupi. ille levis stipulae solemnis potus acervos accendet, rlammas transilietque sacras, 90 et fetus matrona dabit, natusque parenti oscula conprensis auribus eripiet, nee taedebit arum parvo aclvigilare nepoti balbaque cum puero dicere verba senem. tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herba, 95 arboris antiquae qua levis umbra cadit, ant e veste sua tendent umbracula sertis vincta, coronatus stabit et ante calix. at sibi quisque dapes et festas extruet alte caespitibus mensas caespitibusque torum. 100 22 TIBVLLI II, 5, 101-122 ; 6, 1-10. ingeret hie potus iuvenis maledicta puellae, post modo quae yotis inrita facta velit : nam ferus ille suae plorabit sobrius idem et se iurabit mente fuisse mala, pace tua pereant arcus pereantque sagittae, 105 Phoebe, modo in terris erret inermis Amor, ars bona : sed postquam sumpsit sibi tela Cupido, hett heu quam multis ars dedit ilia malum ! et mihi praecipue. iaceo cum saucius annum et faveo morbo, cum iuvat ipse dolor, 110 usque cano Nemesim, sine qua versus mihi nullus verba potest iustos aut reperire pedes, at tu (nam divum servat tutela poetas), praemoneo, vati parce, puella, sacro, ut Messalinum celebrem, cum praemia belli 115 ante suos currus oppida victa f eret, ipse gerens lauros : lauro devinctus agresti miles ' io 9 magna voce ( triumphe ' canet. turn Messalla meus pia det spectacula turbae et plaudat curru praetereunte pater. 120 adnue : sic tibi sint intonsi, Phoebe,, capilli, sic tua perpetuo sit tibi casta soror. VI. Castra Macer sequitur : tenero quid fiet Amori ? sit comes et collo fortiter arma gerat ? et seu longa virum terrae via seu vaga ducent aequora, cum telis ad latus ire volet ? ure, puer., quaeso, tua qui ferus otia liquit, 5 atque iterum erronem sub tua signa voca. quod si militibus parces, erit hie quoque miles, ipse levem galea qui sibi portet aquam. castra peto, valeatque Venus valeantque puellae : et mihi sunt vires, et mihi facta tuba est. 10 TIBVLLI II, 6, 11-42. 23 magna loquor, sed magnifice mihi magna locuto excutiunt clausae fortia verba fores, iuravi quotiens rediturum ad limina numquam ! cum bene iuravi, pes tamen ipse redit. acer Amor, fractas utinam tua tela sagittas, 15 si licet, extinctas aspiciamque faces ! tu miserum torques, tu me mihi dira precari cogis et insana mente nefanda loqui. iam mala finissem leto, sed credula vitam Spes fovet et fore eras semper ait melius. 20 Spes alit agricolas, Spes sulcis credit aratis semina, quae magno fenore reddat ager : haec laqueo volucres, haec captat arundine pisces, cum tenues hamos abdidit ante cibus : Spes etiam valida solatur compede vinctum 25 (crura sonant f erro, sed canit inter opus) : Spes facilem Xemesim spondet mihi, sed negat ilia. ei mihi, ne vincas, dura puella, deam. parce, per inmatura tuae precor ossa sororis : sic bene sub tenera parva quiescat humo. 30 ilia mihi sancta est, illius dona sepulcro et madefacta meis serta feram lacrimis, illius ad tumulum fugiam supplexque sedebo et mea cum muto fata querar cinere. non f eret usque suum te propter Here clientem : 35 illius ut verbis, sis mihi lenta, veto, ne tibi neglecti mittant mala somnia Manes, maestaque sopitae stet soror ante torum, qualis ab excelsa praeceps delapsa fenestra venit ad infernos sanguinolenta lacus. 40 desino, ne dominae luctus renoventur acerbi : non ego sum tanti, ploret ut ilia semel. ALBII TIBVLLI LIBEE QVABTVS. II. Sulpicia est tibi culta tuis,, Mars magne, kalendis : spectatum e caelo, si sapis, ipse veni. hoc Venus ignoscet ; at tu, violente, caveto ne tibi miranti turpiter arma cadant. illius ex oculis, cum vult exurere divos, 5 accendit geminas lampadas acer Amor, illam, quidquid agit, quoquo vestigia movit, conponit furtim subsequiturque Decor, seu solvit crines, fusis decet esse capillis ; seu compsit, comptis est veneranda comis. 10 urit, seu Tyria voluit procedere palla ; urit, seu nivea Candida veste venit. talis in aeterno felix Vertumnus Olympo mille habet ornatus, mille decenter habet. sola puellarum digna est, cui mollia caris 15 vellera det sucis bis madefacta Tyros,, possideatque, metit quidquid bene olentibus arvis cultor odoratae dives Arabs segetis et quascumque niger rubro de litore gemmas proximus Eois colligit Indus aquis. 20 hanc vos, Pierides,, festis cantate kalendis, et testudinea Phoebe superbe lyra. hoc solemne sacrum multos haec sumat in annos : dignior est vestro nulla puella choro. TIBVLLI IV, 3, 1-24 ; 4, 1-6. 2$ III. Parce meo iuveni, sen quis bona pascua campi seu colis umbrosi devia montis aper, nee tibi sit duros acuisse in proelia dentes, incolumem custos hunc mihi servet Amor, sed procul abducit venandi Delia cura : 5 pereant silvae, deflciantque canes ! quis furor est, quae mens, densos indagine colles claudentem teneras laedere velle manus ? quidve iuyat furtim latebras intrare ferarum candidaque hamatis crura notare rubis ? 10 sed tamen, ut tecum liceat, Cerinthe, vagari, ipsa ego per montes retia torta feram, ipsa ego velocis quaeram vestigia cervi et demam celeri ferrea vincla cani. turn mihi, turn placeant silvae, si, lux mea, tecum 15 arguar ante ipsas concubuisse plagas : turn veniat licet ad casses, inlaesus abibit, ne Veneris cupidae gaudia turbet, aper. nunc sine me sit nulla Venus, sed lege Dianae, caste puer, casta retia tange manu : 20 et quaecumque meo furtim subrepit amori, incidat in saevas diripienda feras. at tu venandi studium concede parenti, et celer in nostros ipse recurre sinus. IV. Hue ades et tenerae morbos expelle puellae, hue ades, intonsa Phoebe superbe coma. crede mihi, propera : nee te iam, Phoebe, pigebit formosae medicas adplicuisse manus. effice ne macies pallentes occupet artus, neu notet informis Candida membra color, 26 TIBVLLI IV, 4, 7-26 ; 5, 1-12. et quodcumque mali est et quidquid triste timemus, in pelagus rapidis evehat amnis aquis. sancte, veni, tecumque feras, quicumque sapores, quicumque et cantus corpora fessa leyant : 10 neu iuvenem torque, metuit qui fata puellae yotaque pro domina yix numeranda facit. interdum vovet, interdum, quod langueat ilia, dicit in aeternos aspera verba deos. pone metum, Cerinthe : deus non laedit amantes. 15 tu modo semper ama : salva puella tibi est. nil opus est fletu : lacrimis erit aptius uti, 21 si quando f 11 erit tristior ilia tibi. 22 at nunc tota tua est, te solum Candida secum 17 cogitat, et frustra credula turba sedet. Phoebe, fave : laus magna tibi tribuetur in uno corpore servato restituisse duos. 20 iam celeber, iam laetus eris, cum debita reddet 23 certatim Sanctis laetus uterque focis. turn te felicem dicet pia turba deorum, 25 optabunt artes et sibi quisque tuas. V. Qui mihi te, Cerinthe, dies dedit, hie mihi sanctus atque inter festos semper habendus erit. te nascente novum Parcae cecinere puellis servitium et dederunt regna superba tibi. uror ego ante alias : iuvat hoc, Cerinthe, quod uror 5 si tibi de nobis mutuus ignis adest. mutuus adsit amor, per te dulcissima furta perque tuos oculos per Geniumque rogo. magne Geni, cape tura libens votisque faveto, si modo, cum de me cogitat, ille calet. 10 quod si forte alios iam nunc suspirat amores, turn precor infidos, sancte, relinque focos. TIBVLLI IV, 5, 13-20 ; 6, 1-20. 27 nec tu sis iniusta, Venus : vel serviat aeque vinctus uterque tibi, vel mea vincla leva, sed potius valida teneamur uterque catena, 15 nulla queat posthac nos soluisse dies, optat idem iuvenis quod nos, sed tectius optat : nam pudet haec ilium dicere verba palam. at tu, Natalis, quoniam deus omnia sentis, adnue : quid refert, clamne palamne roget ? 20 VI. Natalis Iuno, sanctos cape turis acervos, quos tibi dat tenera docta puella manu. lota tibi est hodie, tibi se laetissima compsit, staret ut ante tuos conspicienda focos. ilia quid em ornandi causas tibi, diva, relegat : 5 est tamen, occulte cui placuisse velit. at tu, sancta, fave, neuquis divellat amantes, sed iuveni quaeso mutua vincla para, sic bene conpones : ullae non ille puellae servire aut cuiquam dignior ilia viro. 10 nec possit cupidos vigilans deprendere custos, fallendique vias mille ministret Amor, adnue purpureaque veni perlucida palla : ter tibi fit libo, ter, dea casta, mero. praecipiat natae mater studiosa, quod optet : 15 ilia aliud tacita, iam sua, mente rogat. uritur, ut celeres urunt altaria flammae, nec, liceat quamvis, sana fuisse velit. sit iuveni grata et veniet cum proximus annus, hie idem votis iam vetus adsit amor. 20 28 TIBVLLI IV, 7, 1-10; 8, 1-8; 9, 1-4. SYLPICIA. VII. Tandem venit amor : qualem texisse pudori quam nudasse alicui sit mihi fama magis. exorata meis ilium Cytherea Camenis attulit in nostrum deposuitque sinum. exolvit promissa Venus : mea gaudia narret, 5 dicetur siquis non habuisse sua. non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim, sed peccasse iuvat, vultus conponere famae taedet : cum digno digna f uisse ferar. 10 VIII. Invisus natalis adest, qui rure molesto et sine Cerintho tristis agendus erit. dulcius urbe quid est ? an yilla sit apta puellae atque Arretino frigidus amnis agro ? ianr, nimium Messalla mei studiose, quiescas, non tempestivae saepe propinque viae, hie animum sensusque meos abducta relinquo, arbitrio quoniam non sinis esse meo. IX. Scis iter ex animo sublatum triste puellae ? natali Komae iam licet esse meo. omnibus ille dies nobis natalis agatur, qui nee opinanti nunc tibi forte venit. TIBVLLI IV, io, 1-6 ; n, 1-6 ; 12, 1-6 ; 13, 1-4. 29 X. Gratum est, securus multum quod iam tibi de me .permittis, subito ne male inepta cadam, si tibi cura togae potior pressumque quasillo scortum quam Servi filia Sulpicia :' solliciti sunt pro nobis, quibus ilia dolori est, 5 ne cedam ignoto, maxima causa, toro. XL Estne tibi, Cerinthe, tuae pia cura puellae, quod mea nunc yexat corpora fessa calor ? ah ego non aliter tristes evincere morbos optarim, quam te si quoque velle putem. at mihi quid prosit morbos evincere, si tu nostra potes lento pectore f erre mala ? XII. Ne tibi sim, mea lux, aeque iam f ervida cura, ac videor paucos ante fuisse dies, si quicquam tot a conmisi stulta iuventa, cuius me fatear paenituisse magis, hesterna quam te solum quod nocte reliqui, ardorem cupiens dissimulare meum. TIBVLLYS. XIII. Nulla tuum nobis subducet femina lectum : hoc primum iuncta est foedere nostra Venus. tu mihi sola places, nee iam te praeter in urbe formosa est oculis ulla puella meis. 30 TIBVLLI IV, 13, 5-24. atque utinam posses uni mihi bella videri ! 5 displiceas aliis : sic ego tutus ero. nil opus invidia est, procul absit gloria vulgi : qui sapit, in tacito gaudeat ille sinu. sic ego secretis possum bene vivere silvis, qua nulla humano sit via trita pede. 10 tu mihi curarum requies, tu nocte vel atra lumen, et in solis tu mihi turba locis. nunc licet e caelo mittatur arnica Tibullo, mittetur frustra deficietque Venus, hoc tibi sancta tuae Iunonis numina iuro, 15 quae sola ante alios est tibi magna deos. quid facio demens ? heu heu mea pignora cedo. iuravi stulte : proderat iste timor. nunc tu f ortis eris, nunc tu me audacius ures : hoc peperit misero garrula lingua malum. 20 iam, facias quodcumque voles, tuus usque manebo, nee f ugiam notae servitium dominae, sed Veneris sanctae considam vinctus ad aras. haec notat iniustos supplicibusque favet. SEX. PROPERTII LIBEE PRIMVS. I. Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis, contactum nullis ante Cupidinibus. turn mihi constantis deiecit lumina fastus et caput inpositis pressit Amor pedibus, donee me docuit castas odisse puellas 5 inprobus et nullo vivere consilio ; et mihi iam toto furor hie non deficit anno, cum tamen adversos cogor habere deos. Milanion nullos f ugiendo, Tulle, labores saevitiam durae contudit Iasidos. 10 nam modo Partheniis amens errabat in antris, ibat et hirsutas ille videre feras ; ille etiam Hylaei percussus vulnere rami saucius Arcadiis rupibus ingemuit. ergo velocem potuit domuisse puellam : 15 tantum in amore preces et benefacta valent. in me tardus Amor non ullas cogitat artes nee meminit notas, ut prius, ire yias. at yos, deductae quibus est fallacia lunae et labor in magicis sacra piare focis, 20 en agedum dominae mentem convertite nostrae et facite ilia meo palleat ore magis. tunc ego crediderim vobis et sidera et amnes posse Cytaines ducere carminibus. 32 PROPERTII I, I, 25-38; 2, 1-18. et vos, qui sero lapsum revocatis, amici, 25 quaerite non sani pectoris auxilia. fortiter et ferrum saevos patiemur et ignes, sit modo libertas quae yelit ira loqui. ferte per extremas gentes et ferte per undas, qua non ulla meum femina norit iter. 30 vos remanete, quibus facili deus adnuit aure, sitis et in tuto semper amore pares, in me nostra Venus noctes exercet amaras, et nullo vacuus tempore defit amor, hoc, moneo, vitate malum : sua quemque moretur 35 cura, neque adsueto mutet amore locum, quod siquis monitis tardas adverterit aures, heu ref eret quanto verba dolore mea ! II. Quid iuvat ornato procedere, vita, capillo et tenues Coa veste movere sinus ? aut quiet Orontea crines perf undere inurra, teque peregrinis vendere muneribus, naturaeque decus mercato perdere cultu 5 nee sinere in propriis membra nitere bonis ? crede mini, non ulla tuae est medicina figurae : nudus Amor formae non amat artificem. adspice quos submittat humus formosa colores. ut veniant hederae sponte sua melius, 10 surgat et in solis f ormosius arbutus antris, et sciat indociles currere lympha vias. litora nativis praelucent picta lapillis et volucres nulla dulcius arte canunt. non sic Leucippis succendit Castora Phoebe, 15" Pollucem cultu non Hilaira soror, non Idae et cupido quondam discordia Phoebo, Eueni patriis filia litoribus, PKOPERTII I, 2, 19-32; 3, 1-18. 33 nec Phrygium falso traxit candore maritum avecta externis Hippodamia rotis ; 20 sed facies aderat nullis obnoxia gemmis, qualis Apelleis est color in tabulis. non illis studium yulgo conquirere amantes : illis ampla satis forma pudicitia. non ego nunc vereor, ne sim tibi vilior istis : 25 uni siqua placet, culta puella sat est, cum tibi praesertim Phoebus sua carmina donet Aoniamque libens Calliopea lyram, unica nec desit iucundis gratia verbis, omnia quaeque Venus quaeque Minerva probat. 30 his tu semper eris nostrae gratissima vitae, taedia dum miserae sint tibi luxuriae. III. Qualis Thesea iacuit cedente carina languida desertis Gnosia litoribus, qualis et accubuit primo Cepheia somno libera iam duris cotibus Andromede, nec minus adsiduis Edonis fessa choreis 5 qualis in herboso concidit Apidano : talis visa mihi mollem spirare quietem Cynthia non certis nixa caput manibus, ebria cum multo traherem vestigia Baccho et quaterent sera nocte facem pueri. 10 hanc ego, nondum etiam sensus deperditus omnes, molliter inpresso conor adire toro ; et quamvis duplici correptum ardore iuberent hac Amor hac Liber, durus uterque deus, subiecto leviter positam temptare lacerto 15 osculaque admota sumere avara manu, non tamen ausus eram dominae turbare quietem, expertae metuens iurgia saevitiae, 3 34, PROPEKTII I, 3, 19-46 ; 6, 1-4. sed sic intentis haerebam fixus ocellis, Argus ut ignotis cornibus Inachidos. 20 et modo solyebam nostra de fronte corollas ponebamque tuis, Cynthia, temporibus, et modo gaudebam lapsos formare capillos, nunc furtiva cavis poma dabam manibus, omniaque ingrato largibar munera somno, 25 munera de prono saepe voluta sinu ; et quotiens raro duxit suspiria motu, obstupui vano credulus auspicio, nequa tibi insolitos portarent visa timores, neve quis invitam cogeret esse suam : 30 donee diversas praecurrens luna fenestras,, lima moraturis sedula luminibus, conpositos levibus radiis patefecit ocellos. sic ait in molli fixa toro cubitum : ' tandem te nostro ref erens iniuria lecto 35 alterius clausis expulit e foribus ? namque ubi longa meae consumpsti tempora noctis, languidus exactis, ei mihi, sideribus ? o utinam tales producas, inprobe, noctes, me miseram quales semper habere iubes ! 40 nam modo purpureo f allebam stamine somnum, rursus et Orpheae carmine fessa lj^rae : interdum leviter mecum deserta querebar externo longas saepe in amore moras, dum me iucundis lapsam Sopor inpulit alis. 45 ilia fuit lacrimis ultima cura meis/ VI. Non ego nunc Hadriae vereor mare noscere tecum, Tulle, neque Aegaeo ducere vela salo, cum quo Rbipaeos possim conscendere montes ulteriusque domos vadere Memnonias ; PKOPERTII I, 6, 5-36. 35 sed me conplexae remorantur verba puellae, 5 mutatoque graves saepe colore preces. ilia mihi totis argutat noctibus ignes et queritur nullos esse relicta deos, ilia meam milii iam se denegat, ilia niinatur, quae solet ingrato tristis amica viro. 10 his ego non lioram possum durare querellis : all pereat, siquis lentus amare potest ! an mihi sit tanti doctas cognoscere Athenas atque Asiae veteres cernere divitias, ut mihi deducta faciat convicia puppi 15 Cynthia et insanis ora notet manibus, osculaque opposito dicat sibi debita vento et nihil infido durius esse viro ? tu patrui meritas conare antire secures et Vetera oblitis iura refer sociis. 20 nam tua non aetas umquam cessavit amori, semper et armatae cura fuit patriae ; et tibi non umquam nostros puer iste labores adferat et lacrimis omnia nota meis. me sine, quern semper voluit Fortuna iacere, 25 hanc animam extremae redder e nequitiae. multi longinquo periere in amore libenter, in quorum numero me quoque terra tegat. non ego sum laudi, non natus idoneus armis : hanc me militiam fata subire volunt. 30 at tu seu mollis qua tendit Ionia seu qua Lydia Pactoli tingit arata liquor, seu pedibus terras seu pontum carpere remis ibis, ut accepti sors erit imperii : turn tibi siqua mei veniet non inmemor hora, 35 vivere me duro sidere certus eris. 36 PEOPEETII I, 7, 1-2G ; 8, 1-4. VII. i Dum tibi Cadmeae dicuntur, Pontice, Thebae armaque fraternae tristia militiae, atque, ita sim felix, primo contendis Homero, sint modo fata tuis mollia carminibus : nos, tit consuemus, nostros agitamns amores 5 atque aliquid duram quaerimus in dominam ; nee tantum ingenio, quantum servire dolori cogor et aetatis tempora dura queri. hie milii conteritur yitae modus, haec mea fama est, hinc cupio nomen carminis ire mei. 10 me laudent doctae solum placuisse puellae, Pontice, et iniustas saepe tulisse minas : me legat adsidue post haec neglectus amator, et prosint illi cognita nostra mala, te quoque si eerto puer hie concusserit arcu, 15 (quam nolim nostros te violasse deos !) longe castra tibi, longe miser agmina septem flebis in aeterno surda iacere situ, et frustra cupies mollem conponere versum, nee tibi subiciet carmina serus Amor. 20 turn me non humilem mirabere saepe poetam, tune ego Eomanis praeferar ingeniis, nee poterunt iuyenes nostro reticere sepulcro 'ardoris nostri magne poeta, iaces/ tu cave nostra tuo contemnas carmina fastu : 25 saepe venit magno f enore tardus Amor. VIII. Tune igitur demens, nee te mea cura moratur ? an tibi sum gelida vilior Illyria, et tibi iam tanti, quicumque est, iste videtur, ut sine me vento quolibet ire velis ? PROPERTII I, 8, 5-26 ; U, 27-36. 37 tune audire potes vesani murmura ponti 5 fortis et in dura nave iacere potes ? tu pedibus teneris positas fulcire pruinas, tu potes insolitas, Cynthia, ferre nives ? o utinam hibernae duplicentur tempora brumae, et sit iners tardis navita A T ergiliis, 10 nee tibi Tyrrhena solvatur funis arena, neve inimica meas elevet aura preces, atque ego non videam tales subsidere ventos, cum tibi provectas auferet unda rates, ut me defixum vacua patiatur in ora 15 crudelem infesta saepe vocare manu. sed quocumque modo de me, periura, mereris, sit Galatea tuae non aliena viae, ut te, felici praevecta Ceraunia remo. accipiat placidis Oricos aequoribus. 20 nam me non ullae pot.erunt corrumpere de te, > quin ego, vita, tuo limine verba querar ; nee me deficiet nautas rogitare citatos ^dicite, quo portu clausa puella mea est ?' et dicam ' licet Atraciis considat in oris, 25 et licet Hylleis : ilia futura mea est/ VIIlB. Hie erit ! hie iurata manet ! rumpantur iniqui ! vicimus : adsiduas non tulit ilia preces. falsa licet cupidus deponat gaudia livor : destitit ire novas Cynthia nostra vias. 30 illi cams ego et per me carissima Eoma dicitur, et sine me dulcia regna negat. ilia vel angusto mecum requiescere lecto et quocumque modo maluit esse mea, quam sibi dotatae regnum vetus Hippodamiae, 35 et quas Elis opes ante pararat equis. 38 PROPERTII I, U, 37-46 ; 9, 1-22. quamvis magna daret, quamvis maiora daturus, non tamen ilia meos fugit avara sinus, hanc ego non auro, non Indis flectere conchis, sed potui blandi carminis obsequio. 40 sunt igitur Musae, neque amanti tardus Apollo, quis ego fretus amo : Cynthia rara mea est. nunc mihi summa licet contingere sidera plantis : sive dies sen. nox venerit, ilia mea est, nee mihi rivalis certos subducet amores. 45 ista meam norit gloria canitiem. IX. Dicebam tibi venturos, inrisor, amores nee tibi perpetuo libera yerba fore : ecce iaces supplexque venis ad iura puellae, et tibi nunc quae vis imperat empta modo. non me Chaoniae vincant in amore columbae 5 dicere quos iuvenes quaeque puella domet. me dolor et lacrimae merito fecere peritum : atque utinam posito dicar amore rudis ! quid tibi nunc misero prodest grave dicere carmen aut Amphioniae moenia flere lyrae ? 10 plus in amore yalet Mimnermi versus Homero : carmina mansuetus lenia quaerit Amor, i quaeso et tristis istos conpone libellos, et cane quod quaevis nosse puella velit. quid si non esset facilis tibi copia ? nunc tu 15 insanus medio flumine quaeris aquam. necdum etiam palles, vero nee tangeris igni : haec est venturi prima favilla mali. turn magis Armenias cupies accedere tigres et magis infernae vincula nosse rotae, 20 quam pueri totiens arcum sentire medullis et nihil iratae posse negare tuae. PROPERTII I, g, 23-34; n, 1-20. 39 nullus Amor cuiquam f aciles ita praebuit alas, ut non alterna presserit ille manu. nee te decipiat, quod sit satis ilia parata : 25 acrius ilia subit, Pontice, siqua tua est ; quippe ubi non liceat yacuos seducere ocellos, nee vigilare alio nomine cedat Amor, qui non ante patet, donee manus attigit ossa. quisquis es, adsiduas ah fuge blanditias. 30 illis et silices possunt et cedere quercus ; nedum tu possis, spiritus iste levis. qnare, si pudor est, quam primum errata fatere : dicere quo pereas saepe in amore levat. XL Ecquid te mediis cessantem, Cynthia, Baiis, qua iacet Herculeis semita litoribus, et modo Thesproti mirantem subdita regno proxima Misenis aequora nobilibus nostri cura subit memores ah ducere noctes ? 5 ecquis in extremo restat amore locus ? an te nescio quis simulatis ignibus hostis sustulit e nostris, Cynthia, earminibus ? atque utinam mage te remis confisa minutis par vula Lucrina cymba moretur aqua, 10 aut teneat clausam tenui Teuthrantis in unda alternae facilis cedere lymph a manu, quam yacet alterius blandos audire susurros molliter in tacito litore conpositam, ut solet amota labi custode puella 15 perfida, communes nee meminisse deos ; non quia perspecta non es mihi cognita fama, sed quod in hac omnis parte timetur amor, ignosces igitur, siquid tibi triste libelli attulerint nostri : culpa timoris erit. 20 40 PHOPEKTII I, ii, 21-30; 12, 1-20- ah mihi non maior carae custodia matris aut sine te vitae cura sit ulla meae. tu mihi sola domus, tu, Cynthia, sola parentes, omnia tu nostrae tempora laetitiae. sen tristis veniam seu contra laetus amicis, 25 quidquid ero, dicam 6 Cynthia causa fuit/ tu modo quam primum corruptas desere Baias : multis ista dabant litora discidium, litora, quae fuerant castis inimica puellis. ah pereant Baiae, crimen amoris, aquae ! 30 XII. Quid mihi desidiae non cessas fingere crimen,, quod faciat nobis conscia Boma moram ? tarn multa ilia meo divisa est milia lecto, quantum Hypanis Veneto dissidet Eridano, nee mihi consuetos amplexu nutrit amores 5 Cynthia nee nostra dulcis in aure sonat. olim gratus eram : non illo tempore cuiquam. contigit, ut simili posset amare fide, inyidiae f uimus : num. me deus obruit ? an quae lecta Prometheis dividit herba iugis ? 10 non sum ego qui f ueram : mutat via longa puellas. quantus in exiguo tempore fugit amor ! nunc primum longas solus cognoscere noctes cogor et ipse meis auribus esse gravis, felix, qui potuit praesenti flere puellae : 15 non nihil adspersis gaudet Amor lacrimis ; aut si despectus potuit mutare calores : sunt quoque translato gaudia servitio. mi neque amare aliam neque ab hac defcistere fas est : Cynthia prima f uit, Cynthia finis erit. 20 PROPERTII I, 14, 1-24 ; 17, 1-6. 41 XIV. Tu licet abiectus Tiberina molliter unda Lesbia Mentoreo vina bibas opere, et modo tarn celeres mireris currere lintres et modo tarn tardas funibus ire rates,, et nemus omne satas ut tendat vertice silvas, 5 urgetur quantis Caucasus arboribus : non tamen ista meo valeant contendere amori : nescit Amor magnis cedere divitiis. nam sive optatam mecum trahit ilia quietem, seu facili totum ducit amore diem, 10 turn milii Pactoli veniunt sub tecta liquores, et legitur rubris gemma sub aequoribus : turn mihi cessuros spondent mea gaudia reges : quae maneant, dum me fata perire volent. nam quis divitiis adverso gaudet Amore ? 15 nulla mihi tristi praemia sint Venere ! ilia potest magnas lieroum infringere vires, ilia etiam duris mentibus esse dolor, ilia neque Arabium metuit transcendere limen, nee timet ostrino, Tulle, subire toro 20 et miserum toto iuvenem versare cubili : quid relevant variis serica textilibus ? quae mihi dum placata aderit, non ulla verebor regna vel Alcinoi munera despicere. XVIL Et merito, quoniam potui fugisse puellam ! nunc ego desertas adloquor alcyonas. nee mihi Cassiope solito visura carinam, omniaque ingrato litore vota cadunt. quin etiam absenti prosunt tibi, Cynthia, venti r adspice, quam saevas increpat aura minas. 42 PROPERTII I, 17, 7-28; 18, 1-10. nullane placatae veniet fortuna procellae ? haecine parva meum funus arena teget ? tu tamen in melius saevas converte querellas : sat tibi sit poenae nox et iniqua yada. 10 an poteris siccis mea fata reponere ocellis, ossaque nulla tuo nostra tenere sinu ? ah pereat, quicumque rates et vela paravit primus et invito gurgite fecit iter, nonne fuit levius dominae pervincere mores 15 (quamvis dura, tamen rara puella fuit), quam sic ignotis circumdata litora silvis cernere et optatos quaerere Tyndaridas ? illic siqua meum sepelissent fata dolorem, ultimus et posito staret amore lapis, 20 ilia meo caros donasset funere crines, molliter et tenera poneret ossa rosa : ilia meum extremo clamasset pulvere nomen, ut mihi non ullo pondere terra foret. at vos, aequoreae formosa Doride natae, 25 Candida felici solvite vela choro : si quando vestras labens Amor attigit undas> mansuetis socio parcite litoribus. XVIII. Haec certe deserta loca et taciturna querenti, et vacuum Zephyri possidet aura nemus : hie licet occultos proferre inpune dolores, si modo sola queant saxa tenere fldem. uncle tuos primum repetam, mea Cynthia, fastus quod mihi das flendi, Cynthia, principium ? qui modo felices inter numerabar amantes, nunc in Amore tuo cogor habere notam. quid tantum merui ? quae te mihi crimina mutant ? an nova tristitiae causa puella tuae ? 10 v PROPEKTII I, 18, 11-32; 19, 1-10. 43 sic mihi te referas leyis, ut non altera nostro limine formosos intulit ulla pedes, quamyis multa tibi dolor hie mens aspera debet, non ita saeva tamen yenerit ira mea ; nt tibi sim merito semper furor et tua flendo 15 lumina deiectis tnrpia sint lacrimis. an quia parya damus mutato signa colore, et non ulla meo clamat in ore fides ? yos eritis testes, siquos habet arbor amores, fagus et Arcadio pinus arnica cleo. 20 ah quotiens teneras resonant mea yerba sub umbras, scribitur et yestris Cynthia corticibus ! an tua quod peperit nobis iniuria curas quae solum tacitis cognita sunt foribus ? omnia consueyi timidus perferre superbae 25 iussa neque arguto facta dolore queri. pro quo diyini fontes et frigida rupes et datur inculto tramite dura quies ; et quodcumque meae possunt narrare querellae, cogor ad argutas dicere solus ayes. 30 sed qualiscumque es, resonent mihi ' Cynthia 9 silyae, nee deserta tuo nomine saxa yacent. XIX. Non ego nunc tristes yereor, mea Cynthia, Manes, nee moror extremo debita fata rogo ; sed ne forte tuo careat mihi funus amore, hie timor est ipsis durior exequiis. non adeo leyiter nostris puer haesit ocellis, 5 ut meus oblito pulyis amore yacet. illic Phylacides incundae coniugis heros non potuit caecis inmemor esse locis, sed cupidus f alsis attingere gaudia palmis Thessalus antiquam yenerat umbra domum. 10 44 PROPERTII I, 19, 11-26; 22, 1-10." illic quidquid ero, semper tua dicar imago : traicit et fati litora magnus amor, illic formosae veniant chorus heroinae, quas dedit Argivis Dardana praeda viris ; quarum nulla tua fuerit mihi, Cynthia, forma 15 gratior et (Tellus hoc ita iusta sinat) quamvis te longae remorentur fata senectae, cara tamen lacrimis ossa futura meis. quae tu viva mea possis sentire favilla ! turn mihi non ullo mors sit amara loco. 20 quam vereor, ne te contempto, Cynthia, busto abstrahat a nostro pulvere iniquus Amor, cogat et invitam lacrimas siccare cadentes. flectitur adsiduis certa puella minis, quare, dum licet, inter nos laetemur amantes : 25 non satis est ullo tempore longus amor. XXII. Qualis et unde genus, qui sint mihi, Tulle, Penates, quaeris pro nostra semper amicitia. si Perusina tibi patriae sunt nota sepulcra, Italiae duris funera temporibus, cum Eomana suos egit discordia cives 5 (sic, mihi praecipue, pulvis Etrusca, dolor, tu proiecta mei perpessa es membra propinqui, tu nullo miseri contegis ossa solo), proxima supposito contingens Vmbria campo me genuit terris fertilis uberibus. 10 SEX. PEOPERTII LIBEK SECVNDVS. Quaeritis, uncle milii totiens scribantur amores, unde meus yeniat mollis in ora liber. non haec Calliope,, non liaec mihi cantat Apollo : ingenium nobis ipsa puella facit. sive. illam Cois fulgentem incedere cogis, 5 hoc totum e Coa veste volumen erit : seu yidi ad frontem sparsos errare capillos, gaudet laudatis ire superba comis : siye lyrae carmen digitis percussit eburnis., miramur, faciles ut premat arte manns : 10 seu cum poscentes somnum declinat ocellos, inyenio causas mille poeta novas : seu nuda erepto mecum luctatur amictu, turn vero longas condimus Iliadas : seu quidquid fecit siye est quodcumque locuta, 15 maxima de nihilo nascitur historia. quod mihi si tantum, Maecenas, fata dedissent, ut possem heroas ducere in arma manus, non ego Titanas canerem, non Ossan Olympo inpositam, ut caeli Pelion esset iter, 20 non yeteres Thebas, nee Pergama nomen Homeri, Xerxis et imperio bina coisse vada, regnaye prima Remi aut animos Carthaginis altae, Cimbrorumque minas et benefacta Mari : 46 PROPERTII II, i, 25-60. bellaque resque tui memorarem Caesaris, et tu 25 Caesare sub magno cura secunda fores, nam quotiens Mutinam aut civilia busta Philippos aut canerem Siculae classica bella fugae eversosque focos antiquae gentis Etruscae et Ptolemaei litora capta Phari, 30 aut canerem Aegyptum et NTLum, cum tractus in urbem septem captivis debilis ibat aquis, aut regum auratis circumdata colla catenis, Actiaque in Sacra currere rostra Via,, te mea Musa illis semper contexeret armis, 35 et sumpta et posita pace fidele caput. Theseus infernis, superis testatur Achilles, hie Ixioniden, ille Menoetiaden. sed neque Phlegraeos Iovis Enceladique tumultus intonet angusto pectore Callimachus, 40 nee mea conveniunt duro praecordia versu Caesaris in Phrygios condere nomen avos. navita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator, et numerat miles yulnera, pastor oves, nos contra angusto versantis proelia lecto : 45 qua pote quisque, in ea conterat arte diem, laus in amore mori, laus altera, si datur uno posse frui : fruar o solus amore meo ! si memini, solet ilia leves culpare puellas,, et totam ex Helena non probat Iliada. 50 seu mihi sunt tangenda novercae pocula Phaedrae, pocula privigno non nocitura suo, seu mihi Circaeo pereundum est gramine, sive Colchis Iolciacis urat aena focis, una meos quoniam praedata est femina sensus, 55 ex hac ducentur funera nostra clomo. omnes humanos sanat medicina dolores : solus amor morbi non amat artificem. tarda Philoctetae sanavit crura Machaon, Phoenicis Chiron lumina Phillyrides, 60 PROPERTII II, i, 61-78 ; 2, 1-14. 47 et deus extinctum Cressis Epidaurius herbis restituit patriis Androgeona f ocis, Mysus et Haemonia iuvenis qua cuspide yulnus senserat, liac ipsa cuspide sensit opem. hoc siquis vitium poterit mihi demere, solus _ 65 Tantaleae poterit tradere poma manu : dolia virgineis idem ille repleverit urnis, ne tenera adsidua colla graventur aqua : idem Caucasea solvet de rupe Promethei bracchia et a medio pectore pellet avem. 70 quandocumque igitur vitam mea fata reposcent et breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero, Maecenas, nostrae spes invidiosa iuventae, et vitae et morti gloria iusta meae, si te forte meo ducet via proxima busto, 75 esseda caelatis siste Britanna iugis, taliaque inlacrimans mutae iace verba favillae, domum, qua venit exoriens, qua deficit, unde coactis cornibus in plenum menstrua luna redit, unde salo superant venti, quid flamine captet Eurus, et in nubes unde perennis aqua, 30 sit ventura dies, mundi quae subruat arces, purpureus pluvias cur bibit arcus aquas, aut cur Perrhaebi tremuere cacnmina Pindi, solis et atratis luxerit orbis equis, cur serus versare boves et plaustra Bootes, 35 Pleiadum spisso cur coit igne chorus, curve suos fines altum non exeat aequor, plenus et in partes quattuor annus eat, sub terris sint iura deum et tormenta nocentum, Tisiphones atro si f urit angue caput, 40 aut Alcmaeoniae furiae aut ieiunia Phinei, num rota, num scopuli, num sitis inter aquas, num tribus infernum custodit faucibus antrum Cerberus, et Tityo iugera pauca novem, an ficta in miseras descendit fabula gentes, 45 et timor haud ultra quam rogus esse potest, exitus hie vitae superet mihi : vos, quibus arma grata magis, Crassi signa referte domum. PROPERTII III, 7, 1-34. 69 VII. Ergo sollicitae tu causa, pecunia, vitae ! per te inmaturum mortis adimus iter, tu vitiis liominum crudelia pabula praebes : semina curarum de capite orta tuo. tu Paetum ad Pliarios tendentem lintea portus 5 obruis insano terque quaterque mari. nam dum te sequitur, primo miser excidit aevo, et nova longinquis piscibus esca natat : et mater non iusta piae dare debita terrae nee pote cognatos inter humare rogos, 10 sed tua nunc yolucres adstant super ossa marinae, nunc tibi pro tumulo Carpathium omne mare est. infelix Aquilo, raptae timor Orithyiae, quae spolia ex illo tanta fuere tibi ? aut quidnam fracta gaudes, Xeptune, carina ? 15 portabat sanctos alveus ille viros. Paete, quid aetatem numeras ? quid cara natanti mater in ore tibi est ? non habet unda deos. nam tibi nocturnis ad saxa ligata procellis omnia detrito vincula fune cadunt. 20 sunt Agamemnonias testantia litora curas, qua notat Argynni poena minantis aquae, hoc iuvene amisso classem non solvit Atrides, pro qua mactata est Ipliigenia mora, reddite corpus humo posita est in gurgite yita : 25 Paetum sponte tua, vilis arena, tegas : et quotiens Paeti transibit nauta sepulchrum, dicat ' et audaci tu timor esse potes/ ite, rates curvas et let! texite causas : ista per humanas mors venit acta manus. 30 terra parum f uerat f atis, adiecimus undas : Fortunae miseras auximus arte vias. ancora te teneat, quern non tenuere Penates ? quid meritum dicas, cui sua terra parum est ? JO PROPERTII III, 7, 85-70. ventorum est, quodcumque paras : haut ulla carina 35 consenuit, fallit portus et ipse fidem. natura insidians pontum substravit avaris : ut tibi succedat, vix semel esse potest, axa triumphales fregere Capharea puppes, naufraga cum vasto Graecia tracta salo est. 40 paullatim socium iacturam flevit Vlixes, in mare cui soli non vainer e doli. quod si contentus patrio bove verteret agros, verbaque dnxisset pondus habere mea, viveret ante snos dulcis conviva Penates, 45 pauper, at in terra, nil ubi flare potest, non tnlit hie Paetus.stridorem anclire procellae et dnro teneras laedere fune manns, sed thyio thalamo ant Oricia terebintho et fultum plnma yersicolore capnt. 50 huic fluctus viyo radicitns abstnlit ungues, et miser inyisam traxit hiatus aquam : hunc paryo ferri vidit nox inproba ligno. Paetus ut occideret, tot coiere mala, flens tamen extremis dedit haec mandata querellis, 55 cum moribunda niger clauderet or a liquor : 'di maris Aegaei quos sunt penes aequora, Venti, et quaecumque meum degrayat unda caput, quo rapitis miseros tenerae lanuginis annos ? attulimus longas in freta yestra manus. 60 ah miser alcyonum scopulis adfigar acutis : in me caeruleo fuscina sumpta deo est. at saltern Italiae regionibus adyehat aestus ; hoc de me sat erit si modo matris erit/ subtrahit haec fantem torta yertigine fluctus ; 65 ultima quae Paeto yoxque diesque fuit. o centum aequoreae Nereo genitore puellae, et tu materno tacta dolore Theti (yos decuit lasso supponere bracchia mento : non poterat yestras ille grayare manus), 70 PROPERTII III, 7, 71-72; 9, 1-30. 71 at til, saeve Aquilo, numquam mea vela videbis : ante fores dominae condar oportet iners. IX. Maecenas, eques Etrusco de sanguine regum intra fortunam qui cupis esse tuam, quid me scribendi tarn vastum mittis in aequor ? non sunt apta meae grandia vela rati. turpe est, quod nequeas, capiti committere pondus 5 et pressum inflexo mox dare terga genu, omnia non pariter rerum sunt omnibus apta, Pama nee ex aequo ducitur ulla iugo. gloria Lysippo est animosa effingere signa, exactis Calamis se milii iactat equis, 10 in Veneris tabula summam sibi ponit Apelles, Parrhasius parva yindicat arte locum, argumenta magis sunt Mentoris addita formae, at Myos exiguum flectit acanthus iter, Phidiacus signo se Iuppiter ornat eburno, 15 Praxitelen propria yindicat urbe lapis, est quibus Eleae concurrunt palma quadrigae, est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes, hie satus ad pacem, hie castrensibus ubilis armis. naturae sequitur semina quisque suae. 20 at tua, Maecenas, yitae praecepta recepi, cogor et exemplis te superare tuis. cum tibi Eomano dominas in honore secures et liceat medio ponere iura foro, vel tibi Medorum pugnaces ire per hastas 25 atque onerare tuam fixa per arma domum, et tibi ad effectum vires det Caesar et omni tempore tarn faciles insinuentur opes, parcis et in tenues humilem te colligis umbras : velorum plenos subtrahis ipse sinus. 30 >]2 PKOPERTII III, 9, 31-60 ; io, 1-2. crede mihi, magnos aequabunt ista Camillos iudicia et venies tu quoque in ora virum, Caesaris et famae vestigia iuncta tenebis : Maecenatis erunt vera tropaea fides. non ego velifera tumidum mare findo carina : 35 tuta sub exiguo flumine nostra mora est. non flebo in cineres arcem sedisse paternos Cadmi nee septem proelia clade pari, nee referam Scaeas et Pergama Apollinis arces, et Danaum decimo vere redisse rates, 40 moenia cum Graio ISTeptunia pressit aratro victor Palladiae ligneus artis equus. inter Callimachi sat erit placuisse libellos et cecinisse modis, Coe poeta, tuis. haec urant pueros, haec urant scripta puellas, 45 meque deum clament et mihi sacra ferant. te duce vel Iovis arma canam caeloque minantem Coeum et Phlegraeis Oromedonta iugis, celsaque Komanis decerpta Palatia tauris ordiar et caeso moenia firma Eemo, 50 eductosque pares silvestri ex ubere reges, crescet et ingenium sub tua iussa meum, prosequar et currus utroque ab litore ovantes, Parthorum astutae tela remissa fugae, castraque Pelusi Eomano subruta ferro, 55 Antonique graves in sua fata manus. mollis tu coeptae fautor cape lora iuventae, dexteraque inmissis da mihi signa rotis. hoc mihi, Maecenas, laudis concedis, et a te est quod ferar in partes ipse fuisse tuas. 60 X. Mirabar, quidnam misissent mane Camenae, ante meum stantes sole rubente torum. PKOPERTII III, 10, 3-32; n, 1-2. 73 natalis nostrae signum misere puellae et manibus faustos ter crepuere sonos. transeat hie sine nube dies, stent aere venti, 5 ponat et in sicco molliter unda minas. adspiciam nullos liodierna luce dolentes, et Mobae lacrimas suppriniat ipse lapis, Alcyonum positis requiescant ora querellis, increpet absumptum nee sua mater Ityn. 10 tuque, o cara mihi, felicibus edita pennis, surge et poscentes iusta precare deos. ac primum pura somnum tibi discute lympha et nitidas presso pollice finge comas : dein, qua primum oculos cepisti yeste Property 15 indue, nee vacuum flore relinque caput : et pete, qua polles, ut sit tibi forma perennis, inque meum semper stent tua regna caput, inde coronatas ubi ture piayeris aras, luxerit et tota flamma secunda domo, 20 sit mensae ratio, noxque inter pocula currat, et crocino naris murreus ungat onyx, tibia nocturnis succumbat rauca choreis, et sint nequitiae libera yerba tuae, dulciaque ingratos adimant conyiyia somnos, 25 publica yicinae perstrepat aura yiae. sit sors et nobis talorum interprete iactu, quem grayibus pennis yerberet ille puer. cum f uerit multis exacta trientibus liora, noctis et instituet sacra ministra Venus, 30 annua solyamus thalamo sollemnia nostro, natalisque tui sic peragamus iter. XI. Quid mirare, meam si yersat femina yitam et trahit addictum sub sua iura yirum, 74 PRO PERTH III, ii, 3-38. criminaque ignavi capitis mihi turpia flngis, quod nequeam fracto rumpere vincla iugo ? yenturam melius praesagit navita noctem, 5 vulneribus didicit miles habere metum. ista ego praeterita iactavi verba iuventa : tu nunc exemplo disce timere meo. Colchis flagrantis adamantina sub iuga tauros egit et armigera proelia sevit humo, 10 custodisque feros clausit serpen tis hiatus, iret ut Aesonias aurea lana domos. ausa ferox ab equo quondam oppugnare sagittis Maeotis Danaum Penthesilea rates 3 aurea cui postquam nudavit cassida frontem, 15 vicit victorem Candida forma virum. Omphale in tantum formae processit honorem, Lydia Gygaeo tincta puella lacu, lit, qui pac.ato statuisset in orbe columnas, tarn dura traheret mollia pensa manu. 20 Persarum statu it Babylona Semiramis urbem, ut solidum cocto tolleret aggere opus, et duo in adversum missi per moenia currus ne possent tacto stringere ab axe latus, duxit et Euphratem medium, qua condidit arces, 25 iussit et imperio subdere Bactra caput, nam quid ego heroas, quid raptem in crimina divos ? (Iuppiter infamat seque suamque domum). quid, modo quae nostris opprobria vexerit armis et famulos inter femina trita suos 30 coniugis obsceni pretium Eomana poposcit moenia et ^ddictos in sua regna patres. noxia Alexandria, dolis aptissima tellus, et totiens nostro Memphi cruenta malo, tres ubi Pompeio detraxit arena triumphos ! 35 toilet nulla dies hanc tibi, Eoma, notam. issent Phlegraeo melius tibi fungra campo, vel tua si sogero colla daturus eras. PKOPERTII III, ii, 39-72, 75 scilicet incesti meretrix regina Canopi (una Philippeo sanguine adusta nota) 40 ausa Iovi nostro latrantem opponere Anubim, et Tiberim Nili cogere ferre minas, Eomanamque tubam crepitanti pellere sistro, baridos et contis rostra Liburna sequi, foedaque Tarpeio conopia tendere saxo, 45 iura dare et statuas inter et anna Mari. quid nunc Tarqumii fractas iuvat esse secures, nomine quern simili vita superba not at, si mulier patienda fuit ? cape, Eonia, triumphum, et longum Augusto salva precare diem. 50 fugisti tamen in timidi vaga flumina Xili : accepere tuae Romula vincla manus. braccliia spectavi sacris admorsa colubris, et trahere occultum membra soporis iter, 'non hoc, Eoma, fui tanto tibi cive verenda' 55 dixit ' et adsiduo lingua sepulta mero/ septem urbs alta iugis, toto quae praesidet orbi, femineas timuit territa Marte minas. Hannibalis spolia et victi monimenta Syphacis et Pyrrlii ad nostros gloria fracta pedes 60 Curtius expletis statuit monimenta lacunis, at Decius misso proelia rupit equo, Coclitis abscissos testatur semita pontes, est cui cognomen corvus habere dedit. haec di condiderant, haec di quoque moenia servant : 65 vix timeat salvo Caesare Eoma Iovem. nunc ubi Scipiadae classes, ubi signa Camilli, aut modo Pompeia Bospore capta manu ? Leucadius versas acies memorabit Apollo. tantum operis belli sustulit una dies. 70 at tu, sive petes portus seu, navita, linques, Caesaris in toto sis memor Ionio. 76 PROPERTII III, 16, 1-30. XVI. Nox media, et dominae mihi venit epistula nostrae : Tibure me missa iussit adesse mora, Candida qua geminas ostendunt culmina turres et cadit in patulos lympha Aniena lac us. quid faciam ? obductis committam mene tenebris, 5 ut timeam audaces in mea membra manus ? at si distulero haec nostro mandata timore, nocturno fletus saevior lioste mihi. peccaram semel, et totum sum pulsus in annum in me mansuetas non liabefc ilia manus. 10 nee tamen est quisquam, sacros qui laedat amantes: Scironis media sic licet ire via. quisquis amator erit, Scythicis licet ambulet oris: nemo adeo, ut noceat, barbarus esse volet, luna ministrat iter, demonstrant astra salebras, 15 ipse Amor accensas percutit ante faces, saeva canum rabies morsus avertit liiantis; huic generi quovis tempore tuta via est. sanguine tarn parvo quis enim spargatur amantis inprobus ? exclusis fit comes ipsa Venus. 20 quod si certa meos sequerentur fun era casus, talis mors pretio vel sit emend a mihi. adferet haec unguenta mihi sertisque sepulchrum ornabit custos ad mea busta sedens. di faciant, mea ne terra locet ossa frequenti, . 25 qua facit adsiduo tramite vulgus iter, post mortem tumuli sic infamantur amantum. me tegat arborea devia terra coma, aut humer ignotae cumulis vallatus arenae. non iuvat in media nonien habere via. 30 PEOPERTII III, 18, 1-34. JJ xvur. Clausus ab umbroso qua ludit pontns Averno^ fumida Baiaram stagria fcepentis aquae, qua iacet et Troiae tubicen Misenus arena, et sonat Herculeo structa labore via, hie, ubi, mortalis dexter cum quaereret urbes, 5 cymbala Thebano concrepuere deo, (at nunc invisae magno cum crimine Baiae, quis deus in vestra constitit hostis aqua?) liic pressus Stygias vultum demisit in undas, errat et in vestro spiritus ille lacu. 10 quid genus aut virtus aut optima profuit illi mater, et amplexum Caesaris esse focos, aut modo tarn pleuo fluitantia vela tlieatro et per maternas omnia gesta manus ? occidit, et misero steterat vigesimus annus : 15 tot bona tarn paryo clausit in orbe dies. i nunc, tolle animos et tecum finge triumphos, stantiaqae in plausum tota theatra iuvent, Attalicas supera vestes, atque omnia magnis gemmea sint ludis: ignibus ista dabis. 20 sed tamen hue omnes, hue primus et ultimus ordo: est mala, sed cunctis ista terenda via est. exoranda canis tria sunt latrantia colla, scandenda est torvi publica cymba senis. ille licet ferro cautus se condat et aere: 25 mors tamen inclusum protrahit inde caput. Nirea non facies, non vis exemit Achillem, Croesum aut, Pactoli quas parit umor, opes, hie olim ignaros luctus populavit Achivos, Atridae magno cum stetit alter amor. 30 at tibi, nauta, pias hominum qui traicis umbras, hue animae portent corpus inane suae: qua Siculae victor telluris Claudius et qua Caesar, ab humana cessit in astra via. 78 PROPERTII III, 21, 1-34. XXI. Magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, ut me longa gravi sol vat am ore via, crescit enim adsidue spectanti cura puellae: ipse alimenta sibi maxima praebet amor, omnia sunt temptata inihi, quacumqne fugari 5 possifc: at ex omni me premit iste deus. vix tamen aut semel admittit, cum saepe negavit: seu venit, extremo dormit amicta toro. unum erit auxilium: mutatis Cynthia terris quantum oculis, animo tarn procul ibit amor. 10 nunc agite, o socii, propellite in aequora navim, remorumque pares ducite sorte vices, iungiteque extremo felicia lintea malo: iam liquidum nautis aura secundat iter. Romanae turres et vos valeatis amici, 15 qualiscumque mihi tuque puella vale, ergo ego nunc rudis Adriaci vehar aequoris hospes, cogar et undisonos nunc prece adire decs. deinde per Ionium vectus cum fessa Lecbaeo sedarit placida vela pliaselus aqua, 20 quod superest, sufferte pedes, properate laborem, Isthmos qua terris arcet utrumque mare, inde ubi Piraei capient me litora portus, scandam ego Theseae bracchia longa viae, illic vel studiis animum emendare Platonis 25 incipiam aut liortis, docte Epicure, tuis. persequar aut studium linguae, Demosthenis arma, libaboque tuos, docte Menandre, sales, aut certe tabulae capient mea lumina pictae sive ebore exactae seu magis aere manus. 30 aut spatia annorum aut longa intervalla profundi lenibunt tacito vulnera nostra sinu: seu moriar, fato, non turpi fractus amore; atque erit ilia mihi mortis honesta dies. PROPEKTII III, 22, 1-34 79 XXII. Frigida tarn multos placuit tibi Cyzicus annos, Tulle, Propontiaca qua flu it Isthmos aqua; Dindymus et sacra fabricata e vite Cybebe, raptorisque tulit qua via Ditis equos, si te forte iuvant Helles Athamantidos urbes, 5 nee desiderio, Tulle, movere meo, tu licet adspicias caelum ornne Atlanta gerentem, sectaque Persea Phorcidos ora manu, Geryonis stabula et luctantum in pulvere signa Herculis Antaeique Hesperidumque choros, 10 tuque tuo Colcbum pro]3ellas remige Phasin, Peliacaeque trabis totum iter ipse legas, Qua rudis Argoa natat inter saxa columba in faciem prorae pinus adacta novae, et sis, qua Ortygia et visenda est ora Caystri, 15 et qua septenas temperat unda vias, omnia Eomanae cedent miracula terrae: natura hie ppsuit, quidquid ubique fuifc. armis apta magis tellus, quam commoda noxae: famam, Eoma, tuae non pudet historiae. 20 nam quantum ferro, tantum pietate potentes stamus, victrices temperat ira manus. hie Anio Tiburne fluis, Clitumnus ab Vmbro tramite, et aeternum Marcius umor opus, Albanus lacus et socia Isemorensis ab unda, 25 potaque Pollucis lymph a salubris equo. at non squamoso labuntur ventre cerastae, Itala portentis nee fluit unda novis, non hie Andromedae resonant pro matre catenae, nee tremis Ausonias, Phoebe f ugate, dapes, 30 nee cuiquam absentes arserunt in caput ignes exitium nato matre movente suo, Penthea non saevae venantur in arbore Bacchae, nee solvit Danaas subdita cerva rates, 80 PROPERTII III, 22, 35-42 ; 23, 1-24. cormia nee valuit curvare in pelice Iurio 35 aut faciem turpi dedecorare bove, arboreasque cruces Sinis, et non hospita Grais saxa et curvatas in sua fata trabes. liaec tibij, Tulle, parens, haec est pulcherrima sedes, hie tibi pro digna gente petendus honos, 40 hie tibi ad eloquium cives, hie ampla nepotum spes et venturae coniugis aptus amor. XXIII. Ergo tarn doctae nobis periere tabellae, scripta qui bus pariter tot periere bona, has quondam nostris manibus detriverat usus, qui non signatas iussit habere fidem. illae iam sine me norant placare puellas 5 et quaedam sine me verba diserta loqui. non illas flxum caras effecerat aurum : vulgari buxo sordida cera f uit. qualescumque mihi semper mansere fideles, semper et effectus promeruere bonos. 10 forsitan haec illis fuerant mandata tabellis: ' irascor, quoniam es lente, mo rat us heri. an tibi nescio quae visa est formosior? an tu non bene de nobis crimina ficta iacis ? ' aut dixit: c venies liodie, cessabimus una: 15 hospitium tota nocte parabit Amor,' et quaecumque volens reperit non stulta puella, garrula cum blandis ducitur hora dolis. me miserum, his aliquis rationem scribit avarus et ponit duras inter ephemeridas. 20 quas siquis mihi rettulerit, donabitur auro. quis pro divitiis ligna retenta velit? i puer, et citus haec aiiqua propone columna, et dominum Esquiliis scribe habitare tuum. SEX. PROPERTII LIBER QVARTVS. II. Quid mirare meas tot in uno corpore f ormas ? accipe Vertumni signa paterna dei. Tuscus ego et Tuscis orior, nee paenitet inter proelia Volsinios deseruisse focos. haec me turba iuvat, nee templo laetor eburno: 5 Romanum satis est posse videre forum, hac quondam Tiberinus iter faciebat, et aiunt remorum auditos per vada pulsa sonos: at postquam ille suis tantum concessit alumnis, Vertumnus verso dicor ab amne deus. 10 seu, quia vertentis fructum praecepimus anni, Vertumni vulgus credidit esse sacrum, prima mihi variat liventibus uva racemis et coma lactenti spicea fruge tumet. hie dulces cerasos, hie autumnalia prima 15 cernis et aestivo mora rubere die. insitor hie solvit pomosa vota corona, cum pirus invito stipite mala tulit. mendax fama noces: alius mihi nominis index: de se narranti tu modo crede deo. 20 opportuna mea est cunctis natura figuris: in quamcumque voles verte, decorus ero. indue me Cois, fiam non dura puella: meque virum sumpta quis neget esse toga ? 6 82 PROPERTII IV, 2, 25-60. da falcem et torto frontem mihi conprime faeno: 25 iurabis nostra gramina secta manu. arma tuli quondam et, memini, laudabar in illis: corbis in inposito pondere messor eram. sobrius ad lites: at cum est inposta corona, clamabis capiti vina subisse meo. 30 cinge caput mitra, speciem f urabor Iacehi : furabor Phoebi, si modo plectra dabis. cassibus inpositis venor: sed arundine sumpta Faunus plumoso sum deus aucupio. est etiam aurigae species Vertumnus et eius, 35 traicit alterno qui leve pondus equo. suppetat hie, pisces calamo praedabor, et ibo muudus demissis institor in tunicis. pastorem ad baculum possum curare vel idem sirpiculis medio pulvere ferre rosam. 40 nam quid ego adiciam, de quo mihi maxima fama est, ' hortorum in manibus dona probata meis ? caeruleus cucumis tumidoque cucurbita ventre me notat et iunco brassica vincta levi, nee flos ullus hiat pratis, quin ille decenter 45 inpositus fronti langueat ante meae. at mihi, quod formas unus yertebar in omnes, nomen ab eventu patria lingua dedit. et tu, Roma, meis tribuisti praemia Tuscis, unde hodie vicus nomina Tuscus habet, 50 tempore quo sociis venit Lycomedius armis atque Sabina feri contudit arma Tati. vidi ego labentes acies et tela caduca, atque hostes turpi terga declisse fugae. sed facias, divum sator, ut Romana per aevum 55 transeat ante meos turba togata pedes, sex superant versus (te, qui ad vadimonia curris, non moror) : haec spatiis ultima creta meis. stipes acernus eram, properanti falce dolatus, ante Numam grata pauper in urbe deus. 60 PROPERTII IV, 2, 61-64 ; 3, 1-28. 83 at tibi, Mamuri, formae caelator ahenae, tellus artifices ne terat Osca manus, qui me tarn dociles potuisti fundere in usus. unum opus est, operi 11011 datur unus lionos. III. Haec Aretliusa suo mittit mandata Lycotae, cum totiens absis, si potes esse meus. siqua tamen tibi lecturo pars oblita derit, haec erit e lacrimis facta litura meis: aut siqua incerto fallet te littera tractu, 5 signa meae dextrae iam morientis erunt. te modo viderunt iteratos Bactra per ortus, te modo muni to Xeuricus hostis equo, hibernique Getae, pictoque Britannia curru, ustus et Eoa discolor Indus aqua. 10 haecne marita fides et pactae in gaudia noctes, cum rudis urgenti bracchia victa dedi ? quae mihi deductae fax omen praetulit, ilia traxit ab e verso lumina nigra rogo, et Stygio sum sparsa lacu, nee recta capillis 15 vitta data est: nupsi non comitante deo. omnibus heu portis pendent mea noxia vota: texitur haec castris quarta lacerna tuis. occidat, inmerita qui carpsit ab arbore vallum et struxit querulas rauca per ossa tubas, 20 dignior obliquo f unem qui torqueat Ocno aeternusque tuam pascat, aselle, famem. die mihi, num teneros urit lorica lacertos ? num gravis inbelles atterit hasta manus ? haec noceant potius, quam dentibus ulla puella 25 det mihi plorandas per tua colla notas. diceris et macie vultum tenuasse: sed opto, e desiderio sit color iste meo. 84 PROPEETII IV, 3, 29-64. at mihi cum noctes induxit vesper amaras. siqua relicta iacent, osculor arma tua. 30 turn queror in toto -non sidere pallia lecfco, lucis et auctores non dare carmen aves. noctibus hibernis castrensia pensa laboro et Tyria in radios vellera secta suos. et disco, qua parte fluat vincendus Araxes, 35 quot sine aqua Parthus milia currat equus. cogor et e tabula pictos ediscere mundos, qualis et haec docti sit positura dei, quae tellus sit lenta gelu, quae putris ab aestu, ventus in Italiam qui bene vela ferat. 40 adsidet una soror, curis et pallida nutrix peierat hiberni temporis esse moras, felix Hippolyte! nuda tulifc arma papilla et texit galea barbara molle caput. Komanis utinam patuissent castra puellis! 45 essem militiae sarcina fida tuae, nee me tardarent Scythiae iuga, cum pater altas adstricto in glaciem frigore nectit aquas, omnis amor magnus, sed aperto in coniuge maior: hanc Venus, ut vivat, veutilat ipsa facem. 50 nam mihi quo ? Poenis tibi purpura f ugeat ostris crystallusque meas ornet aquosa manus: omnia surda tacent, rarisque adsueta kalendis vix aperifc clausos una puella Lares, Grlaucidos et catulae vox est mihi grata querentis : 55 ilia tui partem vindicat una toro. flore sacella tego, yerbenis compita velo, et crepat ad veteres herba Sabina focos. sive in fiuitimo gemuit stans nocbua tigno, seu vol u it tangi parca lucerDa mero, 60 ilia dies liornis caedem denuntiat agnis, succincti que calent ad nova lucra popae. ne, precor, adscensis tanti sit gloria Bactris, raptave odorato carbasa lina duci, PROPERTII IT, 3, 65-72 ; 4, 1-24. 85 plumbea cum tortae sparguntur pondera fundae, 65 subdolus et versis increpat arcus equis. sed (tua sic domitis Parthae telluris alumnis pura triumphantes hasta sequatur equos) incorrupta mei conserva foedera lecti. Iiac ego te sola lege redisse velim, 70 armaque cum tulero portae votiva Capenae, subscribam 'salvo grata puella viro.' IV. Tarpeium nemus et Tarpeiae turpe sepulclirum fabor et antiqui limiua capta Iovis. Incus erat felix hederoso conditus antro, multaque nativis obstrepit arbor aquis, Silvani ramosa donms, quo dulcis ab aestu 5 fistula poturas ire iubebat oves. liunc Tatius fontem yallo praecingit acerno, fidaque suggesta castra coronat humo. quid turn Eoma fait, tubicen vicina Curetis cum quateret lento murmure saxa Iovis, 10 atque ubi nunc terris dicuntur iura subactis, stabant Eomano pila Sabina f oro ? munis erant montes: ubi nunc est curia saepta, bellicus ex illo fonte bibebat equus. hinc Tarpeia deae fontem libavit: at illi 15 urgebat medium fictilis urna caput. et satis una malae potuit mors esse puellae, quae voluit flammas fallere, Vesta, tuas ? vidit arenosis Tatiurn proludere campis pictaque per flavas arma levare iubas. 20 obstupuit regis facie et regalibus armis, interque oblitas excidit urna manus. saepe ilia inmeritae causata est omina lunae et sibi tinguendas dixit in amne comas: 86 PROPERTII IT, 4, 25-58. saepe tulit blandis argentea lilia Nymphis, 25 Eomula ne faciem laederet hasta Tati. dumque subit priino Capitolia nubila fumo, rettulit hirsutis bracchia secta rubis, et sua Tarpeia residens ita flevit ab arce vulnera, vicino non patienda Iovi : 30 ' ignes castrorum et Tatiae praetoria turmae et formosa oculis arma Sabina meis, q utinam ad vestros sedeam captiva Penates, dum captiva mei conspicer ora Tati. Eomani montes et montibus addita Roma 35 et valeat probro Vesta pudenda meo. ille equus, ille meos in castra reportet amores, eui Tatius dextras collocat ipse iubas. quid mirum in patrios Scyllam saevisse eapillos, candid aque in saevos inguina versa canes ? 40 prodita quid mirum fraterni cornua monstri, cum patuit lecto stamine tor ta via? quantum ego sum Ausoniis crimen factura puellis, inproba virgineo lecta ministra foco! Pallados extinctos siquis mirabitur ignes, 45 ignoscat: lacrimis spargitur ara meis. eras, ut rumor ait, tota cessabitur urbe: tu cave spinosi rorida terga iugi. lubrica tota via est et perfida: quippe tacentes fallaci celat limite semper aquas. 50 o utinam magicae nossem cantamina Musae! haec quoque formoso lingua tulisset opem. te toga picta decet, non quern sine matris honore nutrit inhumanae dura papilla lupae. sic hospes, pariamne tua regina sub aula ? 55 dos tibi non humilis prodita Roma venit. si minus, at raptae ue sint inpune Sabinae: me rape et alterna lege repende vices. PROPERTII IV, 4, 59-94. 8/ conmissas acies ego possum solvere : nuptae, vos medium palla foedus inite mea. 60 adde, Hymeaaee, moclos : tubicen, fera murmura conde: credite, vestra meus molliet arma torus, et iam quarta canit venturam bucina lucem, ipsaque in Oceanum sidera lapsa cadunt. experiar somnum, de te mihi somnia quaeram: 65 fac veiiias oculis umbra benigna meis/ dixit, et iucerto permisit braccliia soinno, nescia vae furiis accubuisse novis. nam Vesta, Iliacae felix tutela favillae, culpam alit et plures condit in ossa faces. 70 ilia ruit, qualis celerem prope Thermodonta Strymonis abscisso fertur aperta sinu. urbi festus erat (dixere Parilia patres, hie primus coepit moenibus esse dies), annua pastorum con vi via, lusus in urbe, 75 cum pagana madent fercula deliciis, cumque super raros faeni flammantis acervos traicit inmundos ebria turba pedes. Romulus excubias decrevit in otia solvi atque intermissa castra silere tuba. 80 hoc Tarpeia suum tempus rata convenit hostem: pacta ligat, pactis ipsa futura comes, mons erat adscensu dubius festoque remissus: nee mora, vocales occupat ense canes, omnia praebebant somnos: sed Iuppiter unus 85 decrevit poenis invigilare tais. prodiderat portaeque fidem patriamque iacentem, nubendique petit, quern velit ipse, diem, at Tatius (neque enim sceleri dedit hostis honorem) 6 nube ' ait 6 et regni scande cubile mei/ 90 dixit, et ingestis comitum super obruit armis. haec, virgo, officiis dos erat apta tuis. a duce Tarpeia mons est cognomen adeptus; o vigil, iniuste praemia sortis habes. 88 PEOPERTII IV, 6, 1-34. VI. Sacra f acit vates : sint ora f aventia sacris et cadat ante meos icta iuvenca focos. serta Philetaeis certet Komana corymbis et Cyrenaeas urna ministret aquas, costum molle date et blandi mihi turis honores, 5 terque focum circa laneus orbis eat. spargite me lymph is, carmenque recentibus aris tibia Mygdoniis libet eburna cadis, ite procul, fraudes, alio sint aere noxae: pura novum vati laurea mollit iter. 10 Musa, Palatini referemus Apollinis aedem: res est, Calliope, digna favore tuo. Caesaris in nomen ducuntur carmina: Caesar dum canitur, quaeso, Iuppiter ipse yaces. est Phoebi f ugiens Athamana ad litora portus, 15 qua sinus Ioniae murmura condit aquae, Actia Iuleae, pelagus, monumenta carinae, nautarum yotis non operosa via. hue mundi coiere manus: stetit aequore moles pinea, nee remis aequa favebat avis. 20 altera classis erat Teucro damnata Quirino, pilaque feminae turpiter apta manu : liinc Augusta ratis plenis Iovis omine velis signaque iam patriae vincere docta suae, tandem acies geminos Nereus lunarat in areus, 25 armorum et radiis piefca tremebat aqua, cum Phoebus linquens stantem se vindice Delon (nam tulit iratos mobilis una Notos) adstitit Augusti puppim super, et nova flamma luxit in obliquam ter sinuata facem. 30 non ille attulerat crines in colla solutos ad testudineae carmen inerme lyrae, sed quali adspexit Pelopeum Agamemnona vultu, egessitque avidis Dorica castra rogis, PROPERTII IV, 6, 35-70. 89 aut qualis fiexos solvit Pythona per orbes 35 serpentem, inbelles quern tacuere lyrae. mox ait ' o longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, Hectoreis cognite maior avis, vince mari : iam terra tua est : tibi militat arcus et favet ex umeris hoc onus omne meis. 40 solve metu patriani, quae nunc te vindice freta inposuit prorae publica vota tuae. quam nisi defendes, murorum Romulus augur ire Palatinas non bene vidit aves. et nimium remis audent prope: turpe Latinis 45 principe te fluctus regia vela pati. nee te, quod classis centenis remiget alis, terreat: invito labitur ilia mari. quodque vehunt prorae Centaurica saxa minantes, tigna cava et pictos experiere metus. 50 frangit et attollit vires in milite causa; quae nisi iusta subest, excutit arma pudor. tempus adest, conmitte rates : ego temporis auctor ducam laurigera Iulia rostra manu.' dixerat, et pharetrae pondus consumit in arcus: 55 proxima post arcus Caesaris liasta fuit. vincit Eoma fide Phoebi: dat femina poenas: sceptra per Ionias fracta vehuntur aquas, at pater Idalio miratur Caesar ab astro : ' sum deus; est nostri sanguinis ista fides.' 60 prosequitur cantu Triton, omnesque marinae plauserunt circa libera signa deae. ilia petit Nilum cymba male nixa fugaci, hoc unum, iusso non moritura die. di melius! quantus mulier foret una triumphus, 65 ductus erat per quas ante Iugurtha vias! Actius hinc traxit Phoebus monumenta, quod eius una decern vicit missa sagitta rates. bella satis cecini : citharam iam poscit Apollo victor et ad placidos exuit arma choros. 70 go PROPERTII IV, 6, 71-86 ; 7, 1-16. Candida nunc molli subeant convivia luco, blanditiaeque fluant per mea colla rosae, vinaque fundantur praelis elisa Falernis, terque lavet nostras spica Cilissa comas, ingenium potis inritet Musa poetis: 75 Baeche, soles Phoebo fertilis esse tuo. ille paludosos memoret servire Sycambros, Ceplieam liic Meroen fuscaque regna canat, hie referat sero confessum foedere Parthum, ' reddat signa Eemi, mox dabit ipse sua. 80 sive aliquid pliaretris Augustus parcet Eois, differat in pueros ista tropaea suos. gaude, Crasse, nigras siquid sapis inter arenas: ire per Euphraten ad tua busta licet/ sic noctem patera, sic ducam carmine, donee 85 iniciat radios in mea vina dies. VII. Sunt aliquid Manes: letum non omnia finit, luridaque evictos effugit umbra rogos. Cynthia namque meo visa est incumbere fulcro, murmur ad extremae nuper humata viae, cum mihi somnus ab exequiis penderet amoris, 5 et quererer lecti frigida regna mei. eosdem habuit secum, quibus est elata, capillos, eosdem oculos: lateri vestis adusta fuit, et soli turn digito beryllon adeclerat ignis, summaque Lethaeus triverat ora liquor. 10 spirantisque animos et vocem misit: at illi pollicibus fragiles increpuere manus. ' perflde nee cuiquam melior sperande puellae, in te iam vires somnus habere potest ? iamne tibi exciderunt vigilacis furta Suburae 15 et mea nocturnis trita fenestra dolis ? PRO PERTH IV, 7, 17-52. 9 1 per quam demisso quotiens tibi f une pependi, alterna veniens in tua colla manu ! saepe Yenus trivio -conmissa est, pectore mixto fecerunt tepidas pallia nostra vias. 20 foederis lieu taciti, cuius fallacia verba non audituri diripuere jSToti. at mihi non oculos quisquam inclamavit euntis: unum inpetrassem te revocante diem, nee crepuit fissa me propter arundine custos, 25 Jaesit et obiectum tegula curta caput, denique quis nostro curvum te funere vidit, atram quis lacrimis incaluisse togam ? * si piguit portas ultra procedere, at illuc iussisses, lectum lentius ire meum. 30 cur ventos non ipse rogis, ingrate, petisti? cur nardo flammae non oluere meae ? hoc etiam grave erat, nulla mercede hyacinthos inicere et fracto busta piare cado ? Lygdamus uratur, candescat lammina vernae: 35 sen si ego, cum insidiis pallida vina bibi. aut Nomas arcanas toilat versuta salivas : dicet damnatas ignea testa manus. quae modo per viles inspecta est publica noctes, haec nunc aurata cyclade signat humum 40 et graviora rependit iniquis pensa quasillis, garrula de facie siqua locuta mea est: nostraque quod Petale tulit ad monumenta coronas, codicis inmuudi vincula sentit anus: caeditur et Lalage tortis suspensa capillis, 45 per nomen quoniam est ansa rogare meum. te patiente nieae conflavit imaginis aurum, ardente e nostro dotem habitura rogo. non tamen insector, quam vis mereare, Properti : longa mea in libris regna fuere tuis. 50 iuro ego Fatorum nulli revolubile carmen, tergeminusque canis sic mihi molle sonet, 92 PROPERTII IT, 7, 53-88. me servasse fidem. si fallo, vipera nostris sibilet in tumulis et super ossa cubet. nam gemina est sedes turpeni sortita per amnem, 55 turbaque diversa remigat omnis aqua, una Clytaemestrae stuprum vehit, altera Cressae portat mentitae lignea monstra bovis. ecce coronato pars altera vecta phaselo, mulcet ubi Elysias aura beata rosas, CO qua numerosa fides, quaque aera rotunda Cybebes mitratisque sonant Lydia plectra choris. Andromedeque et Hypermestre sine fraude maritae narrant liistoriae f oedera nota suae : liaec sua maternis queritur livere catenis 65 bracchia nee meritas frigida saxa manus: narrat Hypermestre magnum ausas esse sorores, in scelus hoc animum non valuisse suum. sic mortis lacrimis vitae sanamus amores: celo ego perfidiae crimina multa tuae. 70 sed tibi nunc mandata danius, si forte moveris, si te non totum Chloridos herba tenet: nutrix in tremulis nequid desideret annis Parthenie: potuit, nee tibi a vara fait, deliciaeque meae Latris, cui nomen ab usu est, 75 ne speculum dominae porrigat ilia novae, et quoscumque meo fecisti nomine versus, ure mihi: laudes desine habere meas. pelle hederam tumulo, mihi quae pugnante corymbo mollia contortis adligat ossa comis. 80 pomosis Anio qua spumifer incubat arvis et numquam Hercnleo numine pallet ebur, hie carmen media dignum me scribe columna, sed breve, quod currens vector ab urbe legat: ' hie Tiburtina iacet aurea Cynthia terra. 85 accessit ripae laus, Aniene, tuae/ nee tu sperne piis venientia somnia portis: cum pia venerunt somnia, pondus habent. PROPERTII IV, 7, 89-96 ; n, 1-24. 93 nocte vagae ferimur (nox clausas liberat umbras), errat et abiecta Cerberus ipse sera. 90 luce iubent leges Lethaea ad stagna reverti. 110s vehimur, vectum nauta recenset onus, nunc te possideant aliae : mox sola tenebo : mecum ens, et mixtis ossibus ossa terani.' liaec postquam querula mecum sub lite peregit, 95 inter conplexus excidit umbra meos. XI. Desine, Pauile, meum lacrimis urgere sepulchrum: panditur ad nullas ianua nigra preces. cum semel infernas intrarunt funera leges, non exorato stant adamante viae, te licet orantem fuscae deus audiat aulae: 5 nernpe tuas lacrimas litora surcla bibent. vota movent superos: ubi portitor aera recepit, obserat umbrosos lurid a porta rogos. sic maestae cecinere tubae, cum subdita nostrum detralieret lecto fax inimica caput. 10 ' quid mi hi coniugium Paulli, quid currus avorum profuit aut famae pignora tanta meae ? num minus inmifces habuit Cornelia Parcas ? ' en sum quod digitis quinque levatur onus, damnatae noctes et vos vada lenta paludes, 15 et quaecumque meos inplicat unda pedes, inmatura licet, tamen hue hon noxia veni: det pater hie umbrae mollia iura meae. aut siquis posita iudex sedet Aeacus urna, is mea sortita vindicet ossa pila: 20 adsideant fratres iuxta et Minoida sellam Eumenidum intento turba severa foro, Sisyphe, mole vaces^ taceant Ixionis orbes, fallax Tantaleo corripere ore liquor, 94 PROPEKTII IV, II, 25-60. Cerberus et nullas hodie petat inprobus umbras 25 et iaceat tacita lapsa catena sera, ipsa loquar pro me : si f alio, poena sororum infelix umeros urgeat urna meos. sicui fama fuit per avita tropaea decori, Afra Numantinos regna loquuntur avos, 30 altera maternos exaequat turba Libones, et domus est titulis utraque fulta suis. mox, ubi iam facibus cessit praetexta maritis, vinxit et acceptas altera vitta comas, iungor, Paulle, t no sic discessnra cnbili: 35 in lapide liuic uni nupta f uisse legar. testor maiorum cineres tibi, Roma, verendos, sub quorum titulis, Africa, tonsa iaces, te, Perseu, proavi simulantem pectus Achillis quique tuas proavo fregit Achille domos, 40 me neque censurae legem mollisse nee ulla labe mea nostros erubuisse focos. non fait exuviis tantis Cornelia damnum, quin erat et magnae pars imitanda domus. nee mea mutata est aetas, sine crimine tota est: 45 viximus insignes inter utramque facem. mi natura dedit leges a sanguine ductas, ne possem melior iudicis esse metu. quaelibet austeras de me ferat urna tabellas: turpior adsessu non erit ulla meo, 50 vel tu, quae tardam movisti f line Cybeben, Claudia, tnrritae rara ministra deae, vel cui, commissos cum Vesta reposceret ignes, exliibuit vivos carbasus alba focos. nee te, dulce caput, mater Scribonia, laesi: 55 in me mutatum quid nisi fata velis? maternis laudor lacrimis urbisque querellis, defensa et gemitu Caesaris ossa mea. ille sua nata dignam vixisse sororem increpat, et lacrimas vidimus ire deo. ........ 60 FEOPERTII IV, ii, 61-96. 95 et tamen emerui generosos vestis honores, nee mea de sterili facta rapina domo. tu, Lepide, et tu, Paulle, meum post fata levamen: condita sunt vestro lumina nostra sinu. vidimus et fratrem sellam genii uasse curulem; 65 consul quo f actus tempore, rapta soror. filia, tu specimen eensurae nata paternae, fac teneas unum nos imitata virum. et serie fulcite genus: mihi cymba volenti solvitur aucturis tot mea fata meis. 70 haec est feminei merces extrema triumphi, laudat ubi emeritum libera fama rogum. nunc tibi commendo communia pignora natos: haec cura et cineri spirat inusta meo. fungere maternis vicibus, pater: ilia meorum 75 omnis erit collo turba ferenda tuo. oscula cum dederis tua flentibus, adice matris: tota domus coepit nunc onus esse tuum. et siquid doliturus eris, siue testibus illis: cum venient, siccis oscula falle genis! 80 sat tibi sint noctes, quas de me, Paulle, fatiges, somniaque in faciem reddita saepe meam: atque ubi secreto nostra ad simulacra loqueris, ut responsurae singula verba iace. seu tamen adversum mutarit ianua lectum, 85 sederit et nostro cauta noverca toro, coniugium, pueri, laudate et ferte paternum : capta dabit vestris moribus ilia maims, nee mat rem laudate nimis: collata priori vertet inoffensas libera verba suas. 90 seu memor ille mea contentus manserit umbra et tanti cineres duxerit esse meos, discite veiituram iam nunc lenire senectam, caelibis ad curas nee vacet ulla via. quod mihi detractum est, vestros accedat ad annos: 95 prole mea Paullum sic in vet esse senem. 96 PROPERTII IV, II, 97-102. et bene habet: numquam mater lugubria sumpsi: venit in exequias tota caterva meas. causa perorata est ; nentes me surgite, testes, dum pretium vitae grata rependit humus. 100 moribus et caelum patuit: sim digna merendo, cuius honoratis ossa vehantur avis. P. O V I D 1 1 NASONIS AMOKVM LIBER PEIMVS. Qui modo Nasonis fueramus quinque libelli, tres sumus: hoc illi praetulit auctor opus; ut iam nulla tibi nos sit legisse voluptas, at levior demptis poena duobus erit. Arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam edere, materia conveniente modis; par erat inferior versus : risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem. ' quis tibi, saeve puer, dedit hoc in carmina iuris? 5 Pieridum vates, non tua turba sumus. quid, si praeripiat flavae Venus arma Minervae, ventilet accensas flava Minerva faces ? quis probet in silvis Oererem regnare iugosis, lege pharetratae virgin] s arva coli ? 10 crinibus insignem quis acuta cuspide Phoebum instruat, Aoniam Marte movente lyram ? sunt tibi magna, puer, nimiumque potentia regna: cur opus adfectas, ambitiose, novum ? 7 98 OVIDII AMORVM I, I, 15-30; 2, 1-16. an, quod ubique, tuum est ? tua sunt Heliconia Tempe ? 15 vix etiam Phoebo iam lyra tuta sua est ? cum bene surrexit versa nova pagina primo, attenuat nervos proximus ille meos; nee mihi materia est numeris levioribus apta, aut puer aut longas compta puella comas.' 20 questus eram ; pharetra cum protinus ille soluta legit in exitium spicula facta meum lunavitque genu sinuosum fortiter arcum 6 quod ' que ' canas, vates, accipe ? dixit ' opus! ' me miserum! certas habuit puer ille sagittas: 25 uror, et in vacuo pectore regnat Amor, sex mihi surgat opus numeris, in qninque residat: ferrea cum vestris bella valebe modis! cingere litorea flaventia tempora myrto, Musa, per uodenos emodulanda pedes! 30 II. Esse quid hoc dicam, quod tarn mihi dura videntur strata, neque in lecto pallia nostra sedent, et vacuus somno noctem, quam longa, peregi, lassaque versati corporis ossa dolent? nam, puto, sentirem, siquo temptarer amore. 5 an subit et tecta callidus arte nocet ? sic erit: haeserunt tenues in corde sagittae, et possessa ferus pectora versat Amor, cedimus au subitum luctando accendimus ignem? cedamus! leve fit, quod bene fertar, onus: 10 vidi ego iactatas mota face crescere flammas et vidi nullo concutiente mori; verbera plnra ferunt, quam quos iuvat usus aratri, detractant prensi dum iuga prima boves; asper equus duris contunditur ora lupatis : 15 frena minus sentit, quisquis ad arma facit. OVIDII AMORVM I, 2, 17-52. 99 acrius invitos multoque ferocius urget, quani qui servitium ferre fatentur, Amor, en ego confiteor: tna sum nova praeda, Cupido; porrigimus victas ad tua iura maims. 20 nil opus est bello: veniam pacemque rogamus, nee tibi laus armis victus inermis ero. necte coniam myrto, maternas iunge columbas! qui deceat, currum vitricus ipse dabit, inque dato curru, populo elamaute triumphum, 25 stabis et adiunctas arte movebis aves. ducentur capti iuvenes captaeque puellae: haec tibi magnificus pompa triumpbus erit. ipse ego, praeda recens, factum modo vulnus babebo et nova capti va vincula mente feram. 30 Mens Bona dueetur manibus post terga retortis et Pudor et castris quidquid Amoris obest. omnia te metuent, ad te sua braccbia tendens vulgus ' io ' magna voce ' triumpbe ' canet. Blanditiae comites tibi erunt Errorque Furorque, 35 adsidue partes turba secuta tuas: his tu militibus superas hominesque deosque, haec tibi si demas commoda, nudus eris. laeta triumph anti de summo mater Olympo plaudet et adpositas sparge t in ora rosas, 40 tu pinnas gemma, gemma variante capillos ibis in auratis aureus ipse rotis. tunc quoque non paucos, si te bene novimus, ures, tunc quoque praeteriens vulnera multa dabis. non possunt, licet ipse velis, cessare sagittae, 45 fervida vicino flamma vapore nocet. talis erat domita Bacchus Gangetide terra: tu gravis alitibus, tigribus ille fuit. ergo cum possim sacri pars esse triumphi, parce tuas in me perdere, victor, opes! 50 adspice cognati felicia Caesaris arma: qua vicit, victos protegit ille manu. LrfC IOO OYIDII AMORVM I, 3, 1-26; 9, 1-4. HI. Iusta precor : quae me uuper praedata puella est, aut amet aut faciat, cur ego semper amem! all, nimium volui ! tantum patiatur amari : audierit nostras tot Cytherea preces! accipe, per longos tibi qui deserviat annos, 5 accipe, qui pura norit amare fide! si me non veterum eommendant magna parentum nomina, si nostri sanguinis auctor eques, nee meus innumeris renovatur campus aratris, temperat efc sumptus parcus uterque parens: 10 at Phoebus comitesque novem vitisque repertor haec faciunt, at me qui tibi donat, Amor, at nulli cessura Fides, sine crimine mores nudaque Simplicitas purpureusque Pudor. non mihi mi He placent, non sum desultor amoris: 15 tu mihi, siqua fides, cura perennis eris; tecum, quos dederint annos mihi fila sororum, vivere contingat teque dolente mori; te mihi materiem felicem in carmina praebe: provenient causa carmina digna sua. 20 carmine nomen habent exterrita cornibus Io et quam fluminea lusit adulter ave quaeque super pontum simulato yecta iuyenco virginea tenuit cornua vara maim : nos quoque per totum pariter cantabimur orbem, 25 iunctaque semper erunt nomina nostra tuis. IX. Militat omnis amans, et liabet sua castra Cupido: Attice, crede mihi, militat omnis amans. quae bello est habilis, Veneri quoque convenit aetas: turpe senex miles, turpe senilis amor; OVIDII AMORVM I, 9, 5-40. IOI quos petiere duces annos in milite forti, 5 hos petit in socio bella puella viro; pervigilant ambo; terra requiescit uterque: ille fores dominae servat, at ille ducis; militis officium longa est via: mitte puellam, strenuus exempto fine sequetur amans; 10 ibit in adversos montes duplicataque nimbo flumina, congestas exteret ille nives, nee freta pressurus tnmidos causabitur Euros aptaque verrendis sidera quaeret aquis. quis nisi vel miles vel amans et f rigora noctis 15 et denso mixtas perferet imbre nives? mittitur infestos alter speculator in hostes, in rivale oculos alter, at hoste, tenet, ille graves urbes, hie durae limen amicae obsidet; hie portas frangit, at ille fores. 20 saepe soporatos invadere profuit hostes caedere et armata vulgus inerme manu: sic fera Threicii ceciderunt agmina Rhesi, et dominum capti deseruistis equi; saepe maritorum somnis utuntur amantes, 25 et sua sopitis hostibus arma movent, custodum transire manus vigilumque catervas militis et miseri semper amantis opus. Mars dubius nee certa Venus: victique resurgunt, quosque neges umquam posse iacere, cadunt 30 ergo desidiam quicumque vocabat amorem, desinat: ingenii est experientis amor, ardet in abducta Briseide magnus Achilles: dum licet, Argivas frangite, Troes, opes! Hector ab Andromaches conplexibus ibat ad arma, 35 et galeam capiti quae daret, uxor erat. summa ducum, Atrides, visa Priameide f ertur Maenadis effusis obstipuisse comis; Mars quoque deprensus fabrilia vincula sensit: notior in caelo fabula nulla f uit. 40 102 OVIDII AMORVM I, 9, 41-4G ; 12, 1-26. ' ipse ego segnis eram disci nctaque in. otia natus: mollierant animos lectus et umbra meos; inpulit ignavum formosae cura puellae iussit et in castris aera merere suis: inde vides agilem nocturnaque bella gerentem. 45 qui nolet fieri desidiosus, amet! XII. Flete meos casus: tristes rediere tabellae! iufelix hodie littera posse negat. omina sunt aliquid: modo'cum discedere vellet, ad limen digitos restitit iota Nape. missa foras iterum limen transire memento 5 cautius atque alte sobria ferre pedem! ite hinc, difficiles, i unebyia ligna, tabellae, tuque, negaturis cera referta notis, quam, puto, de longae collectam flore cicutae melle sub infami Corsica misit apis. 10 ab! tamquam minio penifcus medicata rubebas: ille color vere sanguinolentus erat. proieetae triviis iaceatis, inutile lignum, yosque rotae frangat praetereuntis onus! ilium etiam, qui vos ex arbore verfcifc in usum, 15 convincam puras non habuisse manus; praebuit ilia arbor misero suspendia collo, carniiici diras praebuit ilia cruces; ilia dedit turpes ravis bubonibus umbras, vulturis in ramis et strigis ova tulit. 20 Iris ego commisi nostros insanus amores molliaque ad dominam verba ferenda cledi! aptius hae capiant vadimonia garrula cerae, quas aliquis duro cognitor ore legat; inter ephemeridas melius tabulasque iacerent, 25 in quibus absumptas fleret avarus opes. OYIDII AMOJRV3I I, 12, 27-30 ; 15, 1-28. 103 ergo ego vos rebus duplices pro nomine sensi : auspicii numerus non erat ipse boni. quid precer iratus, nisi vos cariosa senectus rodat, et inmundo cera sit alba situ ? 30 XV. Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos, ingeniique vocas carmen inerfcis opus; non me more patrnm, dum strenua sustinet aetas, praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi nee me verbosas leges ediscere nee me 5 ingrato vocem prostituisse foro ? mortale est, quod quaeris, opus; mihi fama perennis quaeritur,, in to to semper ut orbe canar. vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide, dum rapidas Simois in mare vol vet aquas; * 10 vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit, dum cadet incurva falce resecta Ceres; Battiades semper toto cantabitnr orbe: quamvis ingenio non valet 3 arte valet; nulla Sophocleo veniet i act ura cotliurno; 15 cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit; dum fallax servus, durus pater, inproba lena vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit; Ennius arte carens animosique Accius oris casurum nullo tempore nomen habenfc. 20 Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas, aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci ? carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti, exitio terras cum dabit una dies; Tityrus et segetes Aeneiaque arma legentur, 25 Eoma triumphabi dum caput orbis erit; donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma, discentur numeric culte Tibulle, tui; 104 OVIDII AMORVM I, 15, 29-42. Gallus et Hesperiis et Gallus notus Eois, et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 30 ergo, cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri depereant aevo, carmina morte carent : cedaut carminibus reges regumque triumphi, cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi! vilia miretur valgus; mihi flavus Apollo 35 pocala Castalia plena ministret aqua, sustineamque coma metuentem frigora my r turn atque ita sollicito multus amante legar! pascitar in vivis Livor, post fata quiescit, cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. 40 ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis, vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit. P. OVIDII NASONIS AMORVM LIBER SECVNDVS. I. Hoc quoque conposui Paelignis natus aquosis, ille ego nequitiae Naso poeta meae; hoc quoque iussit Amor : procul hinc, procul este, severae ! non estis teaeris apta theatra modis. me legat in sponsi facie non frigida virgo 5 et rudis ignoto tactus amore puer; atque aliquis iuvenum, quo nunc ego, saucius arcu agnoscat flammae conscia signa suae miratusque diu ' quo ' dicat ' ab indice doctus conposuit casus iste poeta meos ? 9 10 ausus eram, memini, caelestia dicere bella centimanumque Gygen (et satis oris erat) cum male se Tellus ulta est, ingestaque Olympo ardua derexum Pelion Ossa tulit; in manibus nimbos et cum love fulmen habebam, 15 quod bene pro caelo mitteret ille suo; clausit arnica fores: ego cum love fulmen omisi; excidit ingenio Iuppiter ipse meo. Xuppiter, ignoscas: nil me tua tela iuvabant, clausa tuo maius ianua fulmen habet; 20 blanditias elegosque levis, mea tela, resumpsi: mollierunt duras lenia verba fores, carmina sanguineae deducunt cornua lunae, et revocant niveos Solis euntis equos; 106 OVIDII AMORVM II,, I, 25-38 ; 6, 1-18. carmine dissiliunt abruptis faucibus angues, 25 inque suos fontes versa recurrit aqua; carminibus cessere fores, insertaque posti, qtiamvis robur erat, carmine victa sera est. quid mihi profuerit velox cantatus Achilles? quid pro me Atrides alter efc alter agent, 30 quique tot errando, quot bello, perdidit annos, raptus et Haemoniis flebilis Hector equis ? nt facies tenerae laudata est saepe puellae, ad vatem, pretium carminis, ipsa venit. magna clatur merces! heroum clara valete 35 nomina: non apta est gratia vestra mihi. ad mea formosos vultus adhibete, puellae, carmina, purpureus quae mihi dictat Amor! VI. Psittacus, Eois imitatrix ales ab India, occidit: exequias ite frequenter, aves; ite, piae volucres, eb plangite pectora pinnis et rigido teneras nngue notate genas; horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis, 5 pro longa resonent carmina vestra tuba! quod seel us Ismarii qnereris, Philomela, tyranni, expleta est annis ista querella suis; alitis in rarae miserum devertere funus: magna, sed autiqua est causa doloris Itys. 10 omnes, quae liquido libratis in aere cursus, tu tamen ante alios, turtur amice, dole! plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides: quod fuit Argolico iuvenis Phoceus Orestae, 15 hoc tibi, dum licuit, psittace, turtur erat. quid tamen ista fides, quid rari forma coloris, quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis, OVIDII AMORVM II, 6, 19-54. IO7 quid iuvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse puellae inf elix, avium gloria, nempe iaces ! 20 tu poteras fragiles pinnis hebetare smaragdos tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco. non fuit in terris vocum simulautior ales: reddebas blaeso tarn bene verba sono! raptus es iuvidia: non tu fera bella movebas; 25 garrulus et placidae pacis amator eras, ecce, coturnices inter sua proelia vivimt, for si tan et fiant inde frequenter anus, plenus eras niinimo, nee prae sermonis amore in multos poteras ora vacare cibos; 30 mix erat esca tibi causaeque papavera somni, pellebatque sitini simplicis umor aquae. vivit edax valtur ducensque per aera gyros miluus et pluviae graculus auctor aquae; vivit et armiferae cornix invisa Minervae, 35 ilia quidem saeelis vix moritura novem: occidit ilia loquax humanae vocis imago, psittacus, extremo munus ab orbe datum! optima prima fere manibus rapiuntar avaris, inplentar numeris deteriora sais: 40 tristia Phylacidae Thersites f anera vidifc, iamque cinis vivis fratribus Hector erat. quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae, vota procelloso per mare rapta Xoto ? septima lux venit non exliibitura sequentem, 45 (et stabat vacuo iam tibi Parca colo) nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato: clamavit moriens lingua, ' Corinna, vale! ' colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondet, udaque perpetuo gramine terra viret: 50 siqua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum dicitur, obscaenae quo proliibentur aves ; illic innocui late pascuntur olores et vivax phoenix, unica semper avis; 108 OVIDII AMORVM II, 6, 55-62 ; 9, 1-24. explicat ipsa suas ales Iunonia pinnas, 55 oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. psittacus lias inter nemorali sede receptus convertit volucres in sua verba pias. ossa tegit tumulus, tumulus pro corpore magnus, quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet: 60 'colligor ex ipso dominae placuisse sepulcro; ora fuere mihi plus ave docta loqui.' IX. numquam pro me satis indignate Cupido, o in corde meo desidiose puer, quid me, qui miles numquam tua signa reliqui, laedis, et in castris vulneror ipse meis ? cur tua fax urit, figit tuus arcus amicos ? 5 gloria pugnantes vincere maior erat. quid ? non Haemonius, quern cuspide perculit, heros confossum medica postmodo iuvit ope ? venator sequitur fugientia, capta relinquit semper et inventis ulteriora petit. 10 nos tua sentimus, populus tibi deditus, arma, pigra reluctanti cessat in lioste manus. quid iuvat in nudis hamata retundere tela ossibus ? ossa mihi nuda relinquit amor, tot sine amore viri, tot sunt sine amore puellae: 15 hinc tibi cum magna laude triumphus eat. Roma, nisi inmensum vires movisset in orbem, stramineis esset nunc quoque tecfca casis. fessus in acceptos miles deducitur agros, mittitur in saltus carcere liber equus; 20 longaque subductam celant navalia pinum, tutaque deposito, poscitur ense rudis : me quoque, qui totiens rnerui sub amore puellae, def unctum placide vivere tempus erat. OVIDII AMORVSI II, 9, 25-54 ; 12, 1-2. 109 1 Vive ' deus ' posito ' siquis mihi dicat ' amore/ 25 deprecer: usque adeo dulce puella malum est. cum bene pertaesum est, animoque relanguit ardor, nescio quo miserae turbine mentis agor. ut rapit in praeceps dominum spumantia frustra frena retentantem durior oris equus, 30 ut subitus, prope iam preusa tellure, carinam tangentem portus ventus in alta rapit,, sic me saepe refert incerta Cupidinis aura, notaque purpureus tela resumit Amor, fige, puer! positis nudus tibi praebeor armis: 35 hi" tibi sunt vires, hue tua dextra facit; hue tamquam iussae veniunt iam sponte sagittae: vix illis prae me nota pharetra sua est. infelix, tota quicumque quiescere nocte sustiuet et somnos praemia magna vocat: 40 stulte, quid est sonmus, gelidae nisi mortis imago ? longa quiescendi tempora fata dabunt. me modo decipiant voces fallacis amicae, sperando certe gaudia magna feram; et modo blanditias dicat, modo iurgia nectat; 45 saepe fruar domina, saepe repulsus earn, quod dubius Mars est, per te, privigne Oupido, est, et movet exemplo vitricus arma tuo. tu levis es multoque tuis ventosior alis gaudiaque ambigua dasque negasque fide; 50 si tamen exaudis, pulchra cum matre, Cupido, indeserta meo pectore regna gere ; accedant regno, nimium vaga turba, puellae : ambobus populis sic venerandus eris. XII. Ite triumphales circum mea tempora laurus ! vicimus: in nostro est, ecce, Corinna sinu, IIO OVIDII AMORVM II, 12, 3-28 ; 16, 1-6. quam vir, quam custos, quam ianua firma, tot hostes, servabant, nequa posset ab arte capi. haec est praecipuo victoria digna triumpho, 5 in qua, quaecumque est, sanguine praeda caret, non hu miles muri, non par vis oppida fossis cincta, sed est ductu capta puella meo. Pergama cum cad ere nt bello superata bilustri, ex tot in Atridis pars quota laudis erat? 10 at mea seposita est et ab omtii milite dissors gloria, nee titulum muneris alter habet: me duce ad banc voti finem, me milite veni; ipse eques, ipse pedes, siguifer ipse fui. nee casum fortuna meis inmiscuit actis: 15 hue ades, o cura parte Triumphe mea! nee belli est nova causa mei: nisi rapta fuisset Tyndaris, Europae pax Asiaeque foret: femina silvestris Lapithas populumque biformem turpiter adposito vertit in arma mero; 20 femina Troianos iterum nova bella movere inpulit in regno, iuste Latine, tuo; femina Romanis etiamnunc urbe recenti inmisit soceros armaque saeva dedit. vidi ego pro nivea pugnantes coniuge tauros: 25 spectatrix anirnos ipsa iuvenca dabat. me quoque, qui multos, sed me sine caede, Cupido iussit militiae signa movere suae. XVI. Pars me Sulmo tenet Paeligni tertia ruris, parva, sed inriguis ora salubris aquis, sol licet admoto tellurem sidere findat, et micet Icarii stella proterva canis: arva pererrantur Paeligna liquentibus undis. et viret in tenero fertilis lierba solo. OVIDII AMORVM II, 16, 7-42. I I I terra ferax Cereris multoque feracior uvis, dat quoque baciferam Palladia rarus ager, perque resurgentes rivis labentibus lierbas gramineus madidam caespes obunibrat hunium. 10 at rneus ignis abest: yerbo peccavimus uno! quae movet arc! ores, est procul; ardor adesfc. non ego, si meclius Polluce et Castore ponar, in caeli sine te parte f uisse velim. solliciti iaceant terraque premantur iniqua, 15 in loDgas orbem qui secuere vias; aut iuvenam comites iassissent ire puollas, si f uit in longas terra secanda vias ! tum niihi, si premerem yentosas Lorridus Alpes, dummodo cum domina, molle faisset iter; 20 cum domina Libycas ausim perrumpere Syrtes et dare non aequis vela ferenda Xotis; non quae virgineo portenta sub inguine latrant, nee timeam yestros, curva Malea, sinus, non quae submersis ratibus saturata Charybdis 25 fundit et effusas ore receptat aquas, quod si Xeptuni yentosa potentia yincit, et subyentaros auferet unda deos, tu nostris niyeos umeris inpone lacertos: corpore nos facili dulce feremus onus; 30 saepe petens Heron iuvenis transnayerat undas: tum quoque transnasset, sed yia caeca fuit. at sine te, quamyis operosi vitibus agri me teneant, quamvis amnibus arya natent, et yocet in rivos currentem rusticus undam, 35 frigidaque arboreas mulceat aura comas, non ego Paelignos yideor celebrare salubres, non ego natalem, rura paterna, locum, sed Scythiam Cilicasque feros viridesque Britannos, quaeque Prometheo saxa cruore rubent. 40 ulmus amat yitem, vitis non deserit ulmum: separor a domina cur ego saepe mea ? 112 OVIDII AMORVM II, 16, 43-52. at milii te comitem iuraras usque futuram per me perque oculos, sidera nostra, tuos: verba puellarum, foliis leviora caducis, 45 inrita, qua visum est, ventus et unda ferunt. siqua mei tameu est in te pia cura relicti, incipe pollicitis addere facta tuis parvaque quam primum rapientibus esseda mannis ipsa per admissas concute lora iubas! 50 at vos, qua veniet, tumidi, subsidite, montes, et faciles curvis vallibus este, viae! P. OVIDII NASONIS AMOEVM LIBER TERTIVS. Stat vetus et multos incaedua silva per annos: credibile est illi numeii inesse loco; fons sacer in medio speluncaque pumice pendens, et latere ex omni dnlce queruntur aves. hie ego dum spatior tectus nemoralibus umbris, 5 (quod mea, quaerebam, ]\Iusa moveret opus) venit odoratos Elegeia nexa capillos, et, puto, pes illi longior alter erat: forma decens, Testis tenuissima, vultus amantis; et pedibus yitium causa decoris erat. 10 venit et ingenti violenta Tragoedia passu (f route comae torva, palla iacebat humi; laeva man us sceptrum late regale movebat, Lydius alta pedum vincla cothurnus erat) et prior ' ecquis erit ' dixit ' tibi finis amandi, 15 o argumenti lente poeta tui ? nequitiam vinosa tuam convivia narrant, narrant in multas compita secta vias. saepe aliquis digito vatem designat euntern, atque ait "hie, hie est, quern ferus urit Amor/' 20 fabula, nee sentis, tota iactaris in urbe, dum tua praeterito facta pudore refers, tempus erat, thyrso pulsum graviore moveri; cessatum satis est: incipe maius opus! 8 114 OVIDII AMORVM III,, 1,25-60. materia premis ingenium; cane facta virorum: 25 " haec animo " dices " area facta meo est." quod tenerae cantent, lusit tua Musa, puellae, primaque per nnmeros acta iuventa sues; nunc habeam per te Romana Tragoedia nomen! inplebit leges spiritus iste meas.' 30 hactenus, et movit pictis innixa cotlmrnis densum caesarie terque quaterque caput, altera, si memini, limis subrisit ocellis; (fallor, an in dextra myrtea virga fuit ?) 6 quid gravibus verbis, animosa Tragoedia,' dixit 35 ' me premis ? an numquam nou gravis esse potes ? inparibus tamen es numeris dignata moveri: in me pugnasti versibus usa meis. non ego contulerim sublimia carmina nostris: obruit exiguas regia vesfcra fores. 40 sum levis, et mecum levis est, mea cura, Cupido: non sum materia fortior ipsa mea; rustica sit sine me lascivi mater Amoris: huic ego proveni lena comesque deae; quam tu non poteris duro reserare cothurno, 45 haec est blanditiis ianua laxa meis; et tamen emerui plus, quam tu, posse ferendo multa supercilio non patienda tuo. per me decepto didicit custode Corinna liminis adstricti sollicitare Mem 50 delabique toro tunica yelata soluta atque inpercussos nocte movere pedes, vel quotiens foribus duris inlisa pependi, non verita a populo praet eremite legi; quin ego me memini, dum custos saevns abiret, 55 ancillae missam delituisse sinu; quid, cum me munus natali mittis, at ill-a rumpit et adposita barbara mersit aqua ? prima tuae movi felicia semina mentis: munus habes, quod te iam petit ista, meum.' 60 OVIDII AMORVM III, I, 61-70; 2, 1-22. I I 5 desierat; coepi 'per vos utraraque rogamus, in vacuas aures verba timentis eant. altera me sceptro decoras altoque cotliurno: iam nunc contacto magnus in ore sonus; altera das nostro victurum nomen amori: 65 ergo ades et longis versibus adde brevis! exiguum vati concede, Tragoedia, tempus: tu labor aeternus; quod petit ilia, breve est.' mota dedit veniam: teneri properentur Amores, dum vacat; a tergo grandius urguet opus. 70 II. 'No 11 ego nobilium sedeo studiosus equorum: cui tamen. ipsa faves, vincat ut ille, precor. ut loquerer tecum, veui, tecumque sederem, ne tibi liou notus, quern facis, esset amor, tu cursus spectas, ego te: spec tennis uterque, 5 quod iuvat, atque oculos pascat uterque suos! o, cuicumqne faves, felix agitator equorum! ergo illi curae contigit esse tuae ? hoc mi lii contingat, sacro de carcere missis iusistam forti mente veheudus equis 10 et modo lora dabo, modo verbere terga notabo, nunc stringam metas iuterioro rota, si milii currenti f ueris conspecta, morabor, deque meis manibus lora remissa flueut. at quam paene Pelops Pisaea concidit hasta, 15 dum spectat vultus, Hippodamia, tuos! nempe favore suae vicit tamen ille puellae. vincamiiG dominae quisque favore suae! quid frustra refugis? cogit nos linea iungi: haec in lege loci commoda circus habet. 20 tu tamen, a dextra quicumque es, parce puellae : contactu lateris laeditur ista tui. Il6 OYIDII AMOKYM III, 2, 23-58. tu quoque, qui spectas post nos, tua contrahe crura, si pudor est, rigido nee preme terga genu ! sed nimium demissa iacent tibi pallia terra: 25 collige! vel digitis en ego tollo meis. invida vestis eras, quae tarn bona crura tegebas; quoque magis spectes — invida vestis eras, talia Milanion Atalantes crura f ugacis optavit manibus sustinuisse suis; 30 talia piuguntur succinctae crura Dianae, cum sequitur fortes fortior ipsa feras. his ego non visis arsi; quid net ab ipsis ? in flammam flammas, in mare fundis aquas, suspicor ex istis et cetera posse placere, 35 quae bene sub tenui condita veste latent, vis tamen interea faciles arcessere ventos ? quos faciet nostra mota tabella manu. an magis hie meus est animi, non aeris aestus, captaque femineus pectora torret amor? 40 dum loquor, alba levi sparsa est tibi pulvere vestis: sordide de niveo corpore pulvis abi! sed iam pompa venit: linguis animisque favete! tempus adest plausus: aurea pompa venit. prima loco f ertur passis Victoria pinnis : 45 hue ades et meus hie fac, dea, vincat amor! plaudite Neptuno, nimium qui creditis undis! nil mihi cum pelago, me mea terra capit. plaude tuo Marti, miles! nos odimus arma: pax iuvat et media pace repertus amor. 50 auguribus Phoebus, Phoebe venantibus adsit, artifices in te verte, Minerva, manus; ruricolae, Oereri teneroque adsurgite Baccho, Pollucem pugiles, Castora placet eques ! nos tibi, blanda Venus, puerisque potentibus arcu 55 plaudimus: inceptis adnue, diva, meis daque novam mentem dominae! patiatur amari! adnuit et niofcu signa secunda dedit. OVIDII AMORVM III, 2, 59-84; 3, 1-6. 11/ quod dea promisit, promittas ipsa, rogamus : pace loquar Veneris, tu dea maior eris. 60 per tibi tot iuro testes pompamque deorum, te domiDam nobis temp us in omne peti. sed pendent tibi crura: potes, si forte iuvabit, cancellis primos inseruisse pedes, maxima iam vacuo praetor spectacula circo G5 quadriiugos aequo carcere mi sit equos. cui studeas, video; vincet, cuicumque favebis: quid cupias, ipsi scire videntur equi. me miserum! metam spatioso circuit orbe. quid facis ? admoto proxumus axe subit. 70 quid facis, infelix? perdis bona vota puellae: tende, precor, valida lora sinistra manu! favimus ignavo; sed enim relocate, Quirites, et date iactatis undique sigua togis! en, revocant! at, ne turbet toga mota capillos, 75 in nostros abdas te licet usque sinus. iamque patent iterum reserato carcere postes: evolat admissis discolor agmen equis. nunc saltern supera spatioque insurge patenti: sint mea, sint dominae fac rata vota meae! 80 sunt dominae rata vota meae, mea vota supersunt; ille tenet palmam: palma petenda mea est/ risit et argutis quiddam promisit ocellis: hoc satis hie; alio cetera redde loco! III. Esse deos i crede: fidem iurata fefellit, et facies illi, quae fuit ante, manet! quam longos habuit nondum periura capillos, tarn longos, postquam numina laesit, habet; Candida candorem roseo suffusa rubore ante fuit: niveo lucet in ore rubor; Il8 OYIDII AMORVM III, 3, 7-42. pes erat exiguus: pedis est artissima forma; longa decensque fuit: longa decensque manet; argutos liabuit : radiant ut sidus ocelli, per quos mentita est perfida saepe mihi. 10 scilicet aeterno falsum iurare puellis di quoque concedunt, formaque numen habet. perque suos illam nuper iurasse recordor perque meos oculos: et doluere mei! dicite, di, si vos inpune fefellerat ilia, 15 alterius meriti cur ego damna tuli ? at non invidiae vobis Cepheia virgo est, pro male f ormosa iussa parente mori ? non satis est, quod vos habui sine pondere testis, et mecum lusos ridet inulta deos ? 20 ut sua per nostram redimat periuria poenam, victima decepfcus decipientis ero ? aut sine re nomen deus est frustraque timetur et stulfca populos credulitate movet, aut, siquis deus est, teneras amat ille puellas 25 et nimium solas omnia posse iubet. nobis fatifero Mavors accingitur ense, nos petit invicta Palladis hasta manu, nobis flexibiles curvantur Apollinis arcus, in nos alta lovis dextera fulmen habet; 30 formosas superi metuunt offendere laesi atque ultro, quae se non timuere, timent. et quisquam pia tura f ocis inponere curat ? certe plus animi debet inesse viris. Iuppiter igne suo lucos iaculatur et arces 35 missaque periuras tela ferire vetat; tot meruere peti: Semele miserabilis arsit! officio est illi poena reperba suo; at si yenturo se subduxisset amanti, non pater in Baccho matris haberet opus. 40 quid queror et toto facio convicia caelo ? di quoque habent oculos, di quoque pectus liabent! OVIDII AMOKVM III, 3,43-48; 9,1-26. 1 19 si deus ipse f orem, numen sine fraude liceret femina mendaci falleret ore meum; ipse ego iurarem verum iurare puellas 45 et non de tetricis dicerer esse deus. tu tamen illorum moderatius utere dono, atit oculis certe parce, puella, meis! IX. Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillem, et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas, flebilis indignos, Elegeia, solve capillos! all! nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit: ille tui vates operis, tua fama, Tibullus 5 ardet in extructo, corpus inane, rogo. ecce, puer Veneris fert eversamque pharetram et fractos arcus et sine luce facem; adspice, demissis ut eat miserabilis alis pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu; 10 excipiunt lacrimas sparsi per colla capilli, oraque singultu concutiente sonant: fratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt egressum tectis, pulcher Inle, tuis; nee minus est confusa Venus moriente Tibullo, 15 quam iuveni rupit cum ferus inguen aper. at sacri vates et divum cura vocamur; sunt etiam, qui nos numen habere putent. scilicet omne sacrum mors inportuna profanat, omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus! 20 quid pater Ismario, quid mater prof uit Orpheo ? carmine quid victas obstipuisse f eras ? et Linon in silvis idem pater ' aelinon! ' altis dicitur invita concinuisse lyra; adice Maeoniden, a quo ceu f onte perenni 25 vatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis ; 120 OVIDII AMORYM III, 9, 27-62. hunc quoque summa dies nigro submersit Averno. defugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos: durat, opus vatnm, Troiani fania laboris tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo. 30 sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia nomen habebunt, altera cura recens, altera primus amor, quid vos sacra iuvant ? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt sistra ? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro ? cum rapiunt mala fata bonos (ignoscite fasso!) 35 sollicitor nullos esse putare deos. vive pius: moriere; pius cole sacra: colentem Mors gravis a templis in cava busta trahet; carminibus confide bonis: iacet, ecce, Tibullus; vix manet e toto, parva quod urna capit. 40 tene, sacer vates, flammae rapuere rogales pectoribus pasci nee timuere tuis ? aurea sanctorum potuissent templa deorum urere, quae tantum sustinuere nefas. avertit yultus, Erycis quae possidet arces: 45 sunt quoque, qui lacrimas continuisse negant. sed tamen hoc melius, quam si Phaeacia tellus ignotum yili supposuisset humo : liinc certe madidos fugientis pressit ocellos mater et in cineres ultima dona tulit; 50 liinc soror in partem mi sera cum matre doloris venit inornatas dilaniata comas, cumque tuis sua iunxerunt Nemesisque priorque oscula nee solos destituere rogos. Delia descendens ' felicius ' inquit ' amata 55 sum tibi: vixisti, dum tuns ignis eram. 5 cui Nemesis ' quid ' ait 6 tibi sunt mea damna dolori ? me tenuit moriens deficiente manu. 5 si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit: 60 obvius huic venias hedera iuvenalia cinctus tempora cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo; OVIDII AMORVM III, 9, 63-68 ; n, 1-32. 121 tu quoque, si falsum est temerati crimen amici, sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae. his comes umbra tua est; siqua est modo corporis umbra, 65 auxisti numeros, culte Tibulle, pios. ossa quieta, precor, tuta requiescite in urna, et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo ! XL Multa diuque tuli: vitiis patientia victa est; cede fatigato pectore, turpis amor! scilicet adserui iam me fugique catenas, et quae non puduit ferre, tulisse pudet. vicimus et domitum pedibus calcamus amorem: 5 venerunt capiti cornua sera meo. perf er et obdura ! dolor hie tibi proderit olim : saepe tulit lassis sucus amarus opem. ergo ego sustinui, foribus tarn saepe repulsus, ingenuum dura ponere corpus humo ? 10 quando ego non fixus lateri patienter adhaesi, 17 ipse tuus custos, ipse vir, ipse comes ? scilicet et populo per me cantata placebas : causa f uit multis noster amoris amor. 20 turpia quid referam vanae mendacia linguae et periuratos in mea damna deos ? quid iuvenum tacitos inter convivia nutus verbaque conpositis dissimulata notis ? dicta erat aegra mihi: praeceps amensque cucurri; 25 veni, et rivali non erat aegra meo. his et quae taceo duravi saepe ferendis: quaere alium pro me, qui queat ista pati; iam mea votiva puppis redimita corona lenta tumescentes aequoris audit aquas. 30 desine blanditias et verba, potentia quondam, perdere: non ego sum stultus, ut ante fui. 122 OVIDII AMORVM III, 11,33-52; 13,1-12. luctantur pectusque leve in contraria tendunt liac amor hac odium, sed, puto, vincit amor, odero, si potero; si non, invitus amabo: 35 nee iuga taurus amat; quae tamen odit, habet. nequitiam fugio: fugientem forma reducit; aversor morum crimina: corpus amo; sic ego nee sine te nee tecum vivere possum et videor voti nescius esse mei. 40 aut f ormosa fores minus, aut minus inproba, vellem : non facit ad mores tarn bona forma malos. facta merent odium, facies exorat amorem: me miserum! vitiis plus valet ilia suis! parce, per o lecti socialia iura, per omnis, 45 qui dant fallendos se tibi saepe, deos perque tuam faciem, magni mihi numinis instar, perque tuos oculos, qui rapuere meos! quid quid eris, mea semper eris; tu selige tan turn, me quoque velle velis, anne coactus amem! 50 lintea dem potius ventisque ferentibus utar, ut, quamvis nolim, cogar amare, velim. XIII. Cum mihi pomiferis coniunx foret orta Paliscis, moenia contigimus victa, Camille, tibi. casta sacerdotes Iunoni festa parabant per celebres ludos indigenamque bovem: grande morae pretium ritus cognoscere, quamvis 5 difficilis clivis hue via praebet iter, stat vetus et densa praenubilus arbore lucus; adspice: concedes numen inesse loco; accipit ara preces votivaque tura piorum, ara per antiquas facta sine arte manus. 10 hinc, ubi praesonuit sollemni tibia cantu, it per velatas annua pompa vias; OVIDII AMORYM III, 13, 13-36 ; 15, 1-8. 1 23 ducuntur niveae populo plaudente iuvencae, quas aluit campi&herba Falisca suis, et vituli nondam metaenda fronte minaces 15 et minor ex humili victima pore as hara duxque gregis cornu per tempora dura recurvo; invisa est dominae sola capella deae : illius indicio silvis inventa sub altis dicitur inceptam destituisse fugam; 20 nunc quoque per pueros iaculis incessitur index et pretium auctori vulneris ipsa datur. qua ventura dea est, iuvenes timidaeque puellae praeverrunt latas veste iacente vias: virginei crines auro gemmaque premuntur, 25 et tegit auratos palla superba pedes; more patrum Graio velatae vestibus albis tradita supposito vertice sacra ferunt. ore favent populi tunc, cum venit aurea pompa, ipsa sacerdotes subsequiturque suas. 30 Argiva est pompae facies: Agamemnone caeso et scelus et patrias fugit Halaesus opes iamque pererratis prof ugus terraque fretoque moenia felici condidit alta manu; ille suos docuit Iunonia sacra Faliscos : 35 sint mini, sint populo semper arnica suo! XV. Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amoruni: raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis; quos ego conposui, Paeligni ruris alumnus, (nee me deliciae dedecuere meae) siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, non modo militiae turbine factus eques. Mantua Vergilio gaudet, Verona Catullo; Paelignae dicar gloria gentis ego, 124 OVIDII AMORVM III, 15, 9-20. quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma, cum timuit socias anxia Eonia manus. atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi moenia, quae campi iugera pauca tenent, ' quae tantum ' dicat ' potuistis ferre poetam, quantulacumque estis, vos ego magna voco.' culte puer puerique parens Amathusia culti, aurea de campo yellite signa meo! corniger increpuit thyrso graviore Lyaeus: pulsanda est magnis area maior equis. inbelles el'egi, genialis Musa, valete, post mea mansurum fata superstes opus ! 10 15 20 COMMENTARY. TIBULLUS. I, i. Probably written on returning to Rome after his illness at Corcyra (cf. i, 3, and Introduction, 21). It is an apology for not following Messalla, who was still in the East. Though composed later than the third poem, its admirable fitness to serve as an introduction, contrasted with the abruptness of the second and third elegies, accounts sufficiently for its transposition to the beginning. The first forty lines are general in character. After the introduction — riches for others, the comforts of home for him (1-6), he sketches the two great divisions of a farmer's activity ; the crops (7-24) and the flocks (25-40). Then in 1. 41, repeating in altered form the thought of 1. 1, he becomes more confidential. It is domestic bliss that he craves (41-50), it is Delia's tears that keep him from Messalla, for she is his one thought (51-58), in death (59-68) as in life (69-78). 1. Divitias alius : strikes the key-note to the whole poem. Cf. 1. 41 : non ego divitias requiro ; 1. 49 : sit dives iure ; 1. 78 : despiciam dites. Alius with the Subjunctive is the usual formula of deprecation ; cf. i, io, 29 : alius sit fortes. Cf. destituat, 1. 9 below, and notice the varying force of the Potential Subjunctive. 3. labor adsiduus : the poet's own desire is for a vita iners (1. 5) where only the fire is active, igne adsiduo (I. 6). Labor, the hardships of a sol- dier's life, is similarly used by Caesar, B. G., vin, 4: cum nostros adsiduo labor e defatigarent. 4. somnos fugent : contrast Tibullus's own ideal, securum somnos sequi (1. 48). classica pulsa : the blasts of the trumpet; pellere, which is common with the lyre, is applied by transfer to the trumpet. 5. mea paupertas : in classical Latin poetry paupertas should not be rendered by poverty unless it be found accompanied by some intensifying adjective, e.g. Hor., C, ill, 16, 37 : inpor tuna paupertas. It represents more nearly modest circumstances or slender means. vita traducat inerti : may carry me through my life in ease (lit. by a life of ease) ; the 126 COMMENTARY. [I, I, Abl. is occasional in military style for the second Ace. ; here the metaphor is made more striking by its use. 6. focus : only the very poor were without a hearth ; cf. Cat., xxiii, 2 : Furi cut neque servus est. . .neque ignis. 7. ipse : with my own hands. 8. rusticus : a farmer. Tibullus implies here that he would make no mean farmer, he would plant at the right time (maturo tempore, 1. 7), and with a trained hand (facili manu, 1. 8). His intimate knowledge of farm work and country customs (cf . especially Bk. n, i and 3) cor- roborates his statement. poma : is used here iov pomos, apple-trees; cf. Verg., a., 11, 426. 10. pleno pinguia musta lacu : just as the crops were to be plentiful (fru- gum acervos, 1. 9), so the fresh-pressed grape-juice (mustum) was to be rich and thick (pinguis), and filling the vat (lacus) of the wine-press. 11. nam veneror: Tibullus in his poetry is always worshipping. He was not, like Horace (C, 1, 34, 1), parous deorum cultor et infrequens. stipes . . . lapis : probably a reference to the worship of the god Terminus in the guise of 'stocks and stones/ 14. agricolae . . . deo : probably Silvanus. Cf. Verg., A., vm, 600, 601 : Silvano arvorum pecorisque deo ; CIL. xn, 103 (= Buecheler, AL. 19, 1, 2): Silvane . . .huius alti summe custos hortuli ; and CIL. ix, 3375 (= AL. 250) : Silvane . . . sanetissime pastor. ante : adverbial. 15. flava: As Horace (C, 11, 13, 21) calls Proserpina furva because she rules in the twilight of the dead, so Ceres is flava because grain is golden- yellow. The epithet is a common one for Ceres. Cf. Verg., G., 1, 96 ; Ovid, Am., in, 10, 3, and F., iv, 424. 17. ruber custos . . . Priapus : a guardian painted red. Cf. Ovid, F., vi, 333: ruber hortorum custos, and Priapea, 83, 6-8. Priape. . .ruber ! The worship of Priapus, a Greek god of fertility, whose home was origi- nally Lampsacus on the Hellespont, was very popular in Rome. He per- formed the function of a sort of divine scarecrow ; his image armed with a sickle (saeva falce) was placed in gardens. Cf . Swinburne, ' Faus- tine ' : the Lampsacene who metes the gardens with his rod. 18. ut : elegiac poetry is very free in the position of words, particularly in the pentameter ; cf. que in ]. 40. 19. felicis quondam, nunc pauperis : Introd., 21. 20. Lares : more properly the Lares compitales or gods of the cross- roads, not to be confused with the Lar familiaris, the tutelary divinity of the house. Cf. 1, 3, 34 ; 1, 7, 58. 22. agna : the lamb was the poor man's offering. Horace says, con- trasting himself with the wealthy Maecenas, nos humilem feriemus agnam (C, 11, 17, 32). 6-52.] TIBULLUS. 127 23. rustica pubes : for a full description of such a festival, cf. 11, 1, 21 seq. 25. vivere parvo : cf. Hor., C, 11, 16, 13 : vivitur parvo bene. 26. viae : for Tibullus's horror of marches, cf. 1, 3, 85. 27. canis aestivos ortus : i.e. the dog-days in August. Cf. Hor., C, in. 13, 9 : flagrantis atrox hora caniculae. 28. ad rivos . . . aquae : cf. Hor., C, 1, 1, 21, 22. 29. tenuisse . . . increpuisse : the Perfect Infinitive is often used in an aoristic or timeless sense by the elegiac poets, particularly as the first word in the second half of the pentameter, because of its metrical con- venience. Sometimes it seems to have an intensive force, so continuisse (1. 46) may mean to clasp closely. See Gr. 280, b, n. 2 ; A. & G. 288, d, r. ; H. 620, 1. 31. sinu : in my bosom. 33. lupi : cf . 11, 5, 88 : a stabulis tunc procul este lupi. Cf . also Tib. iv, 1, 187 : furique lupoque. 36. placidam: used predicatively ; sprinkle (and make her) kindly. Palem: goddess of the flocks and their fertility ; called alma (Ovid, F., iv, 722, 723) and fecunda (Pseudo-Verg., Culex, 77), and more generally rustica dea (Ovid, F., iv, 744) and silvicola (Ovid, F., iv, 746). In her honor the festival of the Palilia was celebrated every year on the anni- versary of the founding of Rome (April 21). 37. e paupere mensa: from my frugal board. Cf. Hor., C, 11, 16, 14 : mensa tenui. 39. fictilia pocula : earthenware cups, instead of vessels of gold or silver. The faginus scyphus (1, 10, 8), or beechwood beaker, seems to represent a still more primitive stage. 43. requiescere lecto : so Catullus, just returned from Bithynia (xxxi, 7-10) : quid solutis est beatius curis cum . . . desideratoque acquiescimus lecto. * 44. toro : this word is mainly poetic for the prose word lectus. Here the difference need not be emphasized. 45 seq. Cf . Browning, ' Never the time and the place ' : outside are the storms and strangers : ive — oh ! close, safe, ivarm, sleep 1 and she, — I and she. 46. tenero sinu : tenderly on my breast ; the customary poetical substi- tution of the adjective for the adverb. Cf. 1, 2, 73 : teneris lacertis, tenderly in my arms, where the translation in my tender arms is absurd. On continuisse, see Note on 1. 29. 50. maris : see Note on 1, 3, 50. 52. neat : with characteristic gentleness, Tibullus dreads the sight of tears. Cf. 11, 6, 42 : nori ego sum tanti ploret ut ilia semel. Cf. also 128 COMMENTARY. [1,1,53-78; Prop., in, 20, 4 : tantine ut lacrimes Africa tota fuit f and i, 18, 16 (with Note). 53. terra . . . marique : the recurrence of this phrase in Tibullus's proposi- tion for his epitaph (i, 3, 56) : Messallam terra dum sequiturque mari, may be merely accidental, but possibly he alludes in terra to Messalla's Sici- lian campaign in B.C. 36 and in mari to his victory at Actium in B.C. 31. 54. domus : the victorious general often decorated his house with the trophies of his campaigns. Cf. Prop., in, 9, 26 (to Maecenas) : oner are tuam fixa per arma domum. praeferat : display. 55. me retinent, etc. : cf. Propertius's excuse for not going to the East with his friend Tullus (Prop., 1, 6, 5) : sed me complexae remorantur verba puellae. Observe that the idea of vincla is poetically heightened by ■vinctum. Cf. 1, 3, 93, 94 ; 1, 7, 13, 14, etc. 57. laudari : i.e. to gain applause by military exploits. This Infin. is common after euro when negatived ; but after a positive euro, some other turn is more frequent. 58. quaeso : parenthetical. 60. te teneam moriens : cf. Ovid's elegy on the death of Tibullus, Am., in, 9, 57, 58, and Note. 61. flebis. . .me : see Note on 1, 7, 28. 62. oscula : cf. Prop., n, 13, 29: osculaque in gelidis pones suprema labellis. 63. ferro . . . silex : cf. 1, 10, 59 : ah! lapis est ferrumque suam quicum- que puellam verberat. See also Note on Ovid, Am., 1, n, 9. 66 luaiina . . . sicca referre domum : to return home without having shed tears. 67. ne laede : we with the First Imperative is poetical or colloquial ; see G. 270 and r. 2 ; A. & G. 269, n.; B. 281, 2 ; H. 561. 69 seq. Cf. Prop., 1, 19, 25 : quare, dum licet, inter nos laetemur amantes, and Hor., C, 11, 3, 15 : dum res et aetas et sororum fila trium patiuntur atra. 70. Notice the Ace. of Respect : see Note on 1, 7, 6. 72. capiti : may be Dat. after decet, which is occasional in early Com- edy and in late Latin ; but in view of Cat., lxviii, 120, and Tib., 1, 2, 91, it is perhaps better to regard it as Abl. For the sentiment, cf. 1, 2, 91, 92. 73. frangere postes : cf. OvpoKoirrjaai, Aristoph., Vesp., 1254 (cf. F. Leo, Plautin. Forsch., p. 140). 75. dux milesque "bonus : Ovid imitating enlarges (Am., 11, 12, 13) : me duce. . .me mi lite veni ipse eques, ipse pedes, signifer ipse fid. 78. despiciam, etc.: Horace in expressing a similar idea exhibits his preference for the concrete and pictorial (C, 11, 10, 6 6°.): tutus caret obsoleti I sordibus tecti, caret invidenda I sobrius aula. 2, 65-79.] TIBULLUS. I29 I, 2. The second poem, of which the last third is given in the text, is a soliloquy of the poet as he sits drinking among his comrades. His suit of Delia is making no headway and, to add to the bitterness of the situation, a more favored rival has proved untrue to Delia's love and has sailed away in quest of wealth. * An iron heart had he who placed the wealth of gold above the treasures of thy love (65-70). I had not done this, for with thee beside me in the wilderness, the wilderness were paradise enow (71-74). For what profit is luxury where no love is ? (75-78). Is this thy coldness the gods' requital for some sin of mine ? (79-82). All penance will I cheerfully perform (83-86). [Suddenly awaking from his reverie, he sees an amused smile on the face of one of his friends.] But let him who mocks at me take heed lest a like fate befall him, even in old age (87-96). But do thou, goddess of love, spare thine own ser- vant' (97, 98). 65. ferreus : see Xote on 1, 10, 2. 67. Cilicum : noted pirates, whom Pompey had defeated in B.C. 66, clearing the sea of them in forty days. 69. contextus : dig Id. 70. equo : the Romans set great store by horsemanship. Cf. the ill- fated Sybaris (Hor., C, 1, 8, 5). Propertius, in his romance of Tarpeia, makes the heroine fall in love with Tatius as he prances by on horse- back (cf. Prop., iv, 4, 19). 71. boves. . . iungere: i.e. for plowing. His boves are contrasted with the equo of his rival. This contrast between ox and horse is stock poetry and proverb; cf. Hor., Ep., 1, 14, 43: optat ephippia bos pig er, optat arare caballus. tecum, etc. : cf. r, 1, 57 : mea Delia tecum dummodo sim. 73. teneris: see Xote on 1, 1, 46. 74. et inculta . . . humo : even on the rough ground. 75-77. Cf. Prop., 1, 14, 15: nam quis divitiis adverso gaudet Amore. 76. fletu: would normally be cum fletu ; but the one cum, the conjunc- tion, has crowded out the other, the preposition. 78. sonitus placidae . . . aquae : the soothing plash of ivater. 79. Veneris magnae : Prop., 111, 8, 12 has the same phrase. nu- mina : the use of the Plural where good prose would require the Singular is characteristic of poetry. Various reasons are assigned. Sometimes the Plural collects many parts, as aedes, house, common in prose also ; so triumplii, triumph, by reason of the many elements. Sometimes the Plural adds dignity, as here ; in that case it is called the Pluralis maies- taticus, and in later times is restricted to the pronouns or to designations of rulers. 9 I30 COMMENTARY. 1,2,80-98; 80. inpia lingua: cf. iv, 13, 20: hoc peperit misero garrula lingua malum. 81. incestus : cf. 11, 1, 13 (and Note) : casta placent super is. 83 sei{. This description of an almost mediaeval demonstration of penance is, I think, unparalleled in classical Latin literature. In expia- tion for the irreverent approach to the altar (incestus sedes adisse, 1. 81) and the robbery of wreaths (serta deripuisse, 1. 82) he will now stand out- side in the sacred enclosure, and, bowing down and creeping on the ground, he will kiss the threshold and beat his unworthy head against the door-post. 87. tu : one of his companions, who is amused at the poet's fervor. 88. deus : Amor. 90. vinclis : the formosae vincla puellae of 1, 1, 55. 92. canas ... comas : cf. Plaut., Merc, 305 : tun capite cano amas, senex nequissime I 96. despuit : as an air or poTrcuov, or charm, against the possible evil influ- ence of his presence. Cf. Plin., iV. H., xxviii, 35. 97. dedita servit, etc. : cf. Propertius's proposition for his epitaph (11, 13, 35, 36) : qui nunc iacet liorrida pulvis, unius hie quondam servus Amoris erat. 98. quid messes, etc. : cf. Ovid, Am., 1, 2, 49. 1,3- On his way to the East with Messalla (cf. Introcl., 21) Tibullus was taken ill at Corcyra. The poem is a soliloquy upon his situation, cast in the form of a series of pictures. The sudden changes of scene and mood and the rapid succession of persons addressed admirably portray the vaga. ries of a sick man's fancy — the horror of being left alone in a strange land (1-9) ; Delia's fearfulness at his going (9-14) ; his own unwillingness to set out (15-22) ; the possible intervention of Isis (23-34) ; a contrast of the Golden age with the present (35-50) ; the consolation of a good epitaph (51-56) ; the certain prospect of the ' separate seats of the pious ' (57-66) ; and no fear of Tartarus with all its horrors (67-82) ; lastly, the hope of recovery and of a return to Delia (83-94). 1. Ibitis : notice Plural — you (and your companions), Messalla, will go, etc. 2. utinam memores : sc. sitis. The hiatus after is common ; see G. 720, r. 2 ; H. 733, 2. cohors : the retinue of a praetor, including friends as well as officials and servants. 3. ignotis aegrum : emphatic juxtaposition — sick, in a strange land. 3,1-31.] T1BULLUS. 131 Phaeacia : he calls Corcyra (modern Corfu) by its Homeric name. It was reputed to have been' the land of Alcinous and the Phaeacians, The very romance of the place, which would fascinate him when in good health, terrifies him now that he is ill. 6. legat: the reference is to the ossilegium. After the funeral pyre had burned out, the ashes were quenched with water or wine, and the nearest relatives of the deceased gathered the bones in a cloth. 7. odores : after the bones had been thoroughly dried in the open air, they were mixed with perfumes {odores) and deposited in the urn. 9. mitteret : ivhen she bade me farewell. The prose word would be dimitteret ; but the use of the simple for the compound is characteristic of poetry. 11. sortes : in her perplexity, Delia, like a true Italian girl, had re- course to the street prophets and fortune-tellers. Her confidence was restored by a triple trial with a uniformly favorable result. 13. cuncta dabant reditus : everything portended a safe return. The Plural reditus, because there were numerous replies, though all to the same purport ; see Note on 1, 2, 79. 17. sum causatus : alleged as an excuse. Cf. Prop., iv, 4, 23: saepe ilia inmeritae causata est omina lunae. 18. Saturni . . . diem : Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. Superstitious Romans (and Tibullus belonged to this class) of this and later times were wont to observe the Sabbath. Cf. Hor., Sat., 1, 9, 69. 20. offensum in porta . . . pedem : to stumble on the threshold was a bad omen. Cf. Ovid, Am., 1, 12, 5. 23. tua Isis : slightly contemptuous. Tibullus seems to have been none too friendly toward her. The worship of the Egyptian Isis was very popular at Rome, among the women of the class to which Delia belonged. 24. aera repulsa : the sistra, or rattles, used in the worship of Isis. 28. tabella : it was customary for those who had been healed to show their gratitude and acknowledge their indebtedness to the goddess by affixing to the wall of her temple paintings (pictae tabellae), representing the plight from which they had been rescued. The same custom obtains in Rome to-day; e.g. in the Church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli. As the use of the Plural for the Singular is characteristic of poetry (see Note on 1, 2, 79), so is the reverse. Here one is taken as a type. 29-32. Cf. Prop., 11, 28, 45, 46. 30. lino tecta : linen garments were a characteristic part of the para- phernalia of Isis-worship. Ovid (Ex P., 1, 1, 51, and Am., 11, 2, 25) speaks of linigera Isis. 31. bisque die: at sun-rise and sun-set. 132 COMMENTARY. [1,3, 32. Pharia: i.e. Egyptian, so called from the island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria. See Note on Prop., 11, 1, 30. 33. Penates: the guardians of the store-room. 34. reddere : the regular word for paying a debt that is owed. This shows well the spirit of the ancient religious observance. Lari : see Note on 1, 1, 20. 35. Saturno rege : i.e. in 'the Golden age. The Roman 'paradise' was in the past ; the description of it was a favorite theme for Roman poetry, e.g. Verg., B., iv, 9; Ovid, M., 1, 89. The prototype of all these de- scriptions is Hesiod's Work and Days, 1. 109 ff. 36. longas vias : cf. Tib., 1, 1, 26, and Ovid's imitation, Am., 11, 16, 15, 16. 37. contempserat : made light of. Cf. Hor., C, 1, 3, 23 : si tamen im- piae, non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. 44. lapis : the lapis terminalis, or boundary stone, under the special protection of the god Terminus. 45. ipsae : in the Golden age all things were produced of their own accord without human labor. Cf. the descriptions of Vergil and Ovid mentioned above (Note on 1. 35). 47. ensem : the prose word is gladius. This is as poetical as glaive, falchion, etc., in English. 48. saevus . . . faber': cf. 1, 10, 1, 2. 50. mare: the dread of the sea.(cf. Tib., 1, 1, 50) characteristic of the ancient world comes out nowhere more strongly than in Rev. xxi. 1 : and there was no more sea. Cf. also Hesiod's Works and Days, 236 : (in the righteous city) ovd 1 iirl vrjQp vLavovrai ; Aratus, Phaen., 110 (in a description of the Golden age): x a ^ €7r V & cl7T€K€lto 6d\a