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PENmSULAR CALIFORNIA 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF 
 
 THE CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, AND 
 
 PEESENT CONDITION CHIEFLY OF 
 
 THE NOETHEEN HALF OF 
 
 LOWER CALIFORNIA 
 
 CHARLES NORDHOFF 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 ' CALIFORNIA : FOR HEALTH, PLEASURE, AND RESIDENCE " " GOD AND THE FUTURE LIFE ' 
 
 " POLITICS FOR YOUNG AMERICANS " " CAPE COD AND ALL ALONG SHOKE " 
 
 "COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES OF THE UNITED STATES" ETC. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 
 
 1888 
 
,.7-> 
 
 /46 
 
 Copyright, 1888, by IIarper & Brotu£RS. 
 
 Alt righte reserved. 
 P 1?. -^t 
 
 ,HT2 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 I 
 
 HAVE known the peninsula of Lower California, by 
 - conversation with inhabitants and with explorers 
 and those who had grazed cattle in it, and by the study 
 of reports upon it, for many years. In 1881 I made a 
 journey through the upper part of it as far as Todos 
 Santos Bay, which abundantly confirmed all the reports 
 I had heard of its fitness for agriculture, its sufficient 
 water supply, and fine chmate. 
 
 In the summer of 1887, in the course of a sea-voyage 
 to La Paz, I stopped at Ensenada, and found there the 
 headquarters of an American company which had ac- 
 quired lands and the right to sell them to foreign col- 
 onists and settlers — a privilege formerly denied, but 
 granted under- recent hberal laws of Mexico. As I had 
 for many years desired to own land in the Peninsula, 
 being convinced of the excellence of the country and cli- 
 mate, I selected and bought a small tract on and near 
 the bay of Todos Santos. 
 
 When this little purchase of mine became known, I 
 received numerous letters from acquaintances and stran- 
 gers in different parts of the United States, askmg me 
 the grounds of my behef that Lower California is_ a de- 
 sirable region, and inquiring also about the security of 
 land titles and the character of the laws and govern- 
 ment. I have concluded to pubhsh what I know about 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 the Peninsula ; and as before I paid for my land I made 
 a careful and thorough examination of the International 
 Company's franchises and charters, I have added, at the 
 end of my little book, the results of that exammation 
 also. 
 
 When I pubhshed my book on California, sixteen 
 years ago — in 1872 — I was generally beheved to have 
 over-estimated the resources of that State. The event 
 has shown that I really under-estimated them greatly. 
 California, rich as I believed it, is far richer than I re- 
 ported it, as everybody now knows. My knowledge of 
 our own State has, I think, enabled me to form a just 
 estimate of the resources of the peninsula south of it. It 
 is a region as superficially known as was the State of 
 California when I made my exploration of it in 1871. 
 The northern half, of which I treat in this book, is essen- 
 tially a part of our own southern California, and will, I 
 beheve, some day be found to be as fruitful and as valua- 
 ble as that. 
 
 The map which accompanies this volume is made up 
 from various sources — old explorations, the recent sur- 
 veys of the International Company, and, as to the coasts, 
 from the careful surveys made durmg several years by 
 United States vessels, the Ranger chiefly, under orders of 
 the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department. The 
 charts of the Peninsula and the western coast of Mexico, 
 made by the Hydrographic Bureau from these surveys, 
 are very full and accurate, and, as to the southern half 
 of the Peninsula, afford almost all that is actually known 
 of its area. 
 
 Charles Nordhoff. 
 
 July, 1888. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA 11 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 WHY THE PENINSULA WAS REPUTED A DESERT 21 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, WATER, ETC. ... 38 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED 52 
 
 CHAPTEE Y. 
 
 THE RELATION OP SETTLERS TO THE GOVERNMENT.— SPECL&.L 
 
 PRIVILEGES 70 
 
 CHAPTEE YI. 
 
 LAND TITLES 79 
 
 CHAPTEE YII. 
 
 THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY ....... 92 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL 103 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 THE TIMBER REGION OF THE PENINSULA 118 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 THE RECENT GOLD DISCOVERIES ON THE PENINSULA 124 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 THE 3IEXICAN TARIFF 127 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ONE -HUNDRED -AND THIRTY- YEAR-OLD OLIVE-TREE, ) w f ■ 
 
 SANTA TOMAS \ ' ^'"""^''P'^'^ 
 
 DON LUIS AGUILAR'S ANCIENT APRICOT ORCHARD 15 
 
 HOTEL ITURBIDE, ENSENADA 23 
 
 LIVE-OAKS, LA GRULLA 29 
 
 AMONG THE PINES IN THE MOUNTAINS 39 
 
 FARM-HOUSE OF SENOR GRANADO, SANTA TOMAS 53 
 
 HOME OF DON LUIS AGUILAR, SANTA TOMAS VALLEY .... 63 
 
 REAL DEL CASTILLO, SAN RAFAEL VALLEY 71 
 
 FIRST PIER, SAN QUINTIN 81 
 
 A GLIMPSE OF ROSARIO VALLEY 93 
 
 ARCH ROCK (FROM CAVE), NEAR MOUTH OF ROSARIO RIVER . . 101 
 
 IN THE EASTERN END OF BURRO CASON 131 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA, SHOWING THE LIMITS OF THE INTER- 
 NATIONAL COMPANY To face page 11 
 
 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA— SOUTHERN HALF 43 
 
PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 
 
 rpHE Peninsula called Lower California stretches, as 
 -^ will be seen on the map, from Cape St. Lucas in the 
 south, in latitude 22° 40', to the United States boundary, 
 in latitude 32° 40'. It was first visited by Europeans in 
 1533, a vessel under the orders of Cortez discovering and 
 entering a bay on the Gulf coast, supposed to have been 
 the present La Paz. Cortez himself visited the Peninsula 
 in 1588, anchoring in the bay of La Paz, where, one hun- 
 dred and seventy-five years later, in 1710, another famous 
 character, Alexander Selkirk, then saihng-master of the 
 Dover, one of Woodes Rogers's fieet, also lay to refit. 
 Selkhk had been taken by the Dover from the island of 
 Juan Fernandez. 
 
 After Cortez, a considerable number of Spanish expe- 
 ditions were sent to the Peninsula. Their misfortune 
 was that they landed on the driest, hottest, and most 
 stormy coasts, those on the Gulf side, and on the south- 
 ern extension of the long land-spit. The earlier mission- 
 ary efforts were made also in this region; and all the 
 
12 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 early Spanish efforts at colonization and the reduction of 
 the country were induced mainly by the richness of the 
 pearl-fisheries about La Paz and Ceralbo Island on the 
 Gulf coast. The English expeditions, which landed at 
 various points on the coast, were chiefly sent out to capt- 
 ure Spanish galleons coming towards Mexico from Ma- 
 nila, and later as explorers, for geographical purposes. 
 
 Early in the present century a number of American 
 traders visited the Peninsula, drawn thither by reports of 
 the great abundance of fur seal; and several of them 
 made extraordinarily profitable voyages. The fur seal 
 were, however, very soon driven away or exterminated, 
 and they are now very rare on the coasts and islands. 
 After the settlement of Upper California, American 
 whalemen, for many years, visited the bays and la- 
 goons south of latitude 29°, which were frequented by 
 great numbers of whales; but these also were either 
 exterminated or driven off, and that business ceased to 
 pay twenty years ago. 
 
 The reputed richness of the Peninsula in minerals 
 caused many adventurers, some with capital, others 
 only prospectors, to try their fortunes in it; but with 
 few exceptions these also were unsuccessful. Mining 
 operations are of late systematically prosecuted at sev- 
 eral points in the extreme southern section ; and north 
 of La Paz, on the Grulf side, there are gold and silver 
 deposits, some until lately owned by a rather notorious 
 character, the late Mrs. E. Burdell Cunningham, which 
 have been reputed valuable. No great fortunes have 
 so far been made in mining in Lower Cahfornia. 
 
HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 13 
 
 Recently, however, under the stimukis of rapid de- 
 velopment and settlement, there have been important 
 mineral discoveries in the northern part of the penin- 
 sula, gold being found in paying quantities over a con- 
 siderable area whose southern lunit is within a hundred 
 miles of the United States boundary line. Reports on 
 these new mining discoveries, which have recently ap- 
 peared in an excellent journal. The Lower Californian, 
 pubhshed at Ensenada, and in California newspapers, 
 will be found in an appendix. 
 
 On the Gulf coast there are large deposits of sulphur, 
 owned by the International Company of Mexico, and 
 for the working of which preparations are making. In 
 the Gulf, north of La Paz, hes also one of the largest 
 and most accessible salt deposits known in the world 
 — on Carmen Island. This is managed by Mr. James 
 Viosca, of La Paz, an American, and United States Con- 
 sul at that place. On the Pacific coast at San Quintin, 
 the International Company own a salt deposit as rich 
 as that of Carmen Island, which will soon be developed. 
 With the rapid increase of mining operations in the 
 western states of Mexico, both the sulphur and salt de- 
 posits will prove very valuable. 
 
 The following list of the missions of Lower Cah- 
 fornia, compiled by Taylor, shows that the Jesuits, who 
 began the Christianization of the Peninsula, adhered to 
 the earlier mistake, in confining their attempts to the 
 southern half and to the Gulf side. They thus attacked 
 that part only which is of least value, except for pearls 
 and mines. 
 
14 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "1. The Mission of Nuestra Senora de Loreto, found- 
 ed by Father Jose Marie Salvatierra, October, 1697, in 
 latitude 29° 30', on the Gulf side. 
 
 " 2. Dolores del Sur, by Father Salvatierra, January, 
 1699, in latitude 24° 30', on the Gulf side. 
 
 " 8. San Francisco de Yigge, by Father Francisco M. 
 Piccoli, March, 1699, in latitude 25° 30', in the interior, 
 towards the Gulf. 
 
 "4. Santa Rosaha de Moliege, by Father Juan M. 
 Basualda, in 1705, in latitude 26° 50', on the Gulf side. 
 
 " 5. San Jose Commander, by Father Juhan de May- 
 orga, in 1708, in latitude 26°, on the Gulf side. 
 
 "6. La Purisima Concepcion, by Father Nicolas Tam- 
 aral, in 1718, in latitude 26°, in the interior. 
 
 "7. Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, by Father Juan 
 Ugarte and Everhard Helen, in 1721, in latitude 27°, on 
 the Pacific. 
 
 " 8. San Ignacio de Kadakman, by Father Juan B. 
 Luyando, in 1728, in latitude 28°, on the Pacific. 
 
 "9. N. S. de Dolores del Norte, in latitude 29°, was 
 made as an adjunct to San Ignacio, but a few years 
 afterwards seems to have been absorbed into this last 
 and abandoned, as were two or three pioneer founda- 
 tions of the same kind, before 1740. 
 
 " 10. San Jose del Cabo, founded by Father Nicolas 
 Tamaral, in. 1730, in latitude 23°. 
 
 "11. Mission of Todos Santos in the South, founded 
 as an adjunct to San Jose, about the year 1737, and 
 formerly called Santa Rosa, in latitude 23°, on the Pacific. 
 
 " 12. Mission of Santa Gertrudis, founded by Father 
 
HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 17 
 
 Fernando Consag, in 1751, in latitude 29°, on the Gulf 
 side. 
 
 "13. Mission of San Francisco Borja [pronounced 
 Borca], founded by Padre Winceslao Link, in 1762, in 
 latitude 29°, on the Gulf side. 
 
 "14. Mission of Santa Maria, in the vicinity of the 
 bay of Los Angeles, on the Gulf, founded by Father 
 Victoriano Arnes, in 1767, in latitude 31°." 
 
 Of these fourteen Jesuit missions it will be observed 
 that only three were placed on or near the Pacific, and 
 none of them north of 28°. In 1768 the Franciscans, 
 under Father Junipero Serra, succeeded the Jesuits, and 
 they fostered the already established missions, and 
 founded one new one, that of — 
 
 " 15. San Fernando Villacatta, in 1769, in latitude 31°, 
 in the interior." 
 
 The remaining seven Lower California missions were 
 founded by the Dommicans; and all but one on the 
 Pacific side : 
 
 " 16. El Eosario, near the bay of Los Virgenes, on the 
 Pacific, in 1774, in latitude 30° 25', about fifty miles north- 
 west from San Fernando Villacatta. 
 
 " 17. Santo Domingo, near San Quintin Bay, and twen- 
 ty leagues north from Rosario, in 1775, in latitude 30° 52'. 
 
 " 18. San Vicente Ferrer, twenty leagues north from 
 San Domingo, in latitude 31° 30'. 
 
 " 19. Santo Tomas, near the bay of Todos Santos, the 
 next above San Vicente, in 1790, in latitude 31° 52', 
 about forty miles above San Vicente. 
 
 '' 20. San Pedro Mart}T, about forty miles east of Santo 
 
18 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Tomas, in the mountains, on the 28th day of May, 1794, 
 by Father Cayetano Pallos, in latitude 31° 50'. 
 
 "21. San Miguel, of the frontiers, some thirty miles 
 south of San Diego, in 1782, by Father Tomas Valdellon 
 and Miguel Lopez, in about latitude 32° 10'. 
 
 " 22. Santa Catalina de los Yumas, about fifty miles 
 east from Santo Tomas, in the mountains, by Father 
 Jose Lorient, on the 18th of May, 1797, in about latitude 
 31° 20'. Santa Catalina was the last mission founded in 
 Lower Cahfornia." 
 
 It appears that the Indians were numerous and very 
 troublesome for many years in the northern haK of the 
 Peninsula; and as the mission fathers had no armed 
 force to protect them, their progress northward, par- 
 ticularly on the Ocean side, was made difficult. The 
 topography of the Peninsula, which becomes very 
 mountainous north of latitude 29°, also impeded theu' 
 operations. The old roads then made. show that they 
 were thus troubled. In 1790, when the mission of Santo 
 Tomas was founded, "the Indians were very trouble- 
 some to manage." Since then they have almost en- 
 tirely disappeared in the northern district. The dises- 
 tabhshment of the missions here, as in Upper California, 
 tended to the speedy extinction of the race. 
 
 In 1842 the Mexican Congress admitted two delegates 
 from the two Cahfornias, on a basis of somewhat over 
 thirty -three thousand population for both, of which 
 twelve thousand were credited to Lower, and the remain- 
 der to Upper Cahfornia. During the Mexican War 
 United States troops occupied the Peninsula, and a con- 
 
HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 19 
 
 siderable number of the principal inhabitants, who had 
 favored annexation to the United States, left the terri- 
 tory when the American troops evacuated it. When 
 gold was discovered in Upper California a large migra- 
 tion to the gold-fields still further emptied the northern 
 part of the Penuisula. 
 
 In the "Geografia de la Repubhca Mexicana" of Mr. 
 Antonio Garcia Cubas, pubhshed in 1874, the total popu- 
 lation of Lower Cahfornia is given at 23,195, of which 
 only 6125 were credited to the northern part, above 
 latitude 29°. In fact, it was considerably less in 1880, 
 the pursuits of mining and the pearl-fishery, and the 
 difficulty of getting away to other countries, having 
 barely mamtained the population of the southern end, 
 the most populous part lying between the latitude of La 
 Paz and Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 Pohtically, the Peninsula is a Territory, not a State, of 
 the Mexican republic. It has two capitals, La Paz in the 
 south, and Ensenada in the north ; and two governors, 
 appointed by the Federal authority as governors of Ter- 
 ritories are appointed with us. The great length of the 
 Peninsula, and the difficulty of passing through this 
 length, has made necessary its division mto these two 
 districts. There is no territorial legislature; the few 
 Government employes are paid out of the Federal treas- 
 ury, and with the exception of customs duties there are 
 no taxes, except for local improvements. There are, 
 therefore, no " pohtics " in this quiet land. The Govern- 
 ment requnes the inhabitants to obey the laws and keep 
 the peace, and large powers are given to the governors 
 
20 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 to maintain order and punish violence. At La Paz there 
 is a small force of troops ; at Ensenada the Governor had 
 until recently under his control a pohce force of fifteen 
 mounted men, well armed and active, who were suffi- 
 cient for all purposes. 
 
 The rapid and considerable increase in population 
 around Todos Santos Bay and in other parts of the terri- 
 tory possessed and being settled by the International 
 Company has led the Federal Government, for the pro- 
 tection and security of settlers, to make Ensenada, the 
 capital, a full company post, establishing there a picked 
 company of one hundred soldiers, commanded by offi- 
 cers carefully selected for their standing in the military 
 school, which is the West Point of Mexico. 
 
CHAPTEK II. 
 WHY THE PENINSULA WAS REPUTED A DESERT. 
 
 TTTTITH the exception of New Guinea, Lower Califor- 
 * ' nia was until recently one of the least known 
 parts of the world. Very thinly inhabited except in the 
 extreme southern part, examined in its whole length and 
 breadth by not more than one or two men capable of 
 making an intelligent report on it, so mountainous and 
 uninhabited m the northern half that — as I know by 
 experience — travelling was extremely difficult there 
 from lack of supplies and good roads. Lower California, 
 having got the reputation of being a desert, attracted no 
 general attention or even curiosity. Mining prospectors 
 examined parts of it from time to time, and failed to 
 find the rich deposits they hoped for. Land speculators 
 got grants of parts of it from the Mexican Government, 
 but broke down, because they planted colonies only on 
 the sterile southern half. Until the International Com- 
 pany secured its grants in the northern half of the Pen- 
 insula this part was avoided by speculators of all kinds, 
 who were attracted to the south because there the rich- 
 est mineral deposits were reported to be, and there also 
 are the broad plains which were mistakenly supposed to 
 be most capable of colonization. The mountainous char- 
 
22 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 acter of the northern district concealed its agricultural 
 wealth from mere speculators. It required the actual 
 explorations and surveys made by the International 
 Company to reveal the extent and value of this section. 
 
 Thus the whole Peninsula has long been regarded as 
 a desert because only its worst parts were known, and 
 these even but little known. It does contain in the 
 middle and southern parts a considerable sterile area. 
 There are, according to Ross Browne and other travel- 
 lers, extensive plains in the southern district, curiously 
 covered with rocks and loose stones, and really desert. 
 In other portions of the southern half of the Peninsula 
 there are, again, broad plains having a fertile soil, and as 
 Eoss Browne, its only careful explorer, reported, water 
 attainable by digging wells. But most of these southern 
 plains, which are below the limits of the International 
 Company, he in the rainless zone. The water which 
 Ross Browne found everywhere, even in this arid region, 
 underlying the soil is of course the drainage of the 
 mountain range which runs the whole length of the 
 Peninsula. 
 
 The various attempts at colonization have been, with 
 one or two exceptions, made in the southern half of the 
 Peninsula, and their failure naturally gave the whole of 
 Lower California a bad name. But even these attempts 
 failed mainly because they were, in every case so far as 
 I know, mere speculative adventures, carried on without 
 inteUigence and with no purpose to establish agriculture, 
 but either as mere mining enterprises or with the de- 
 sign to unload on settlers as quickly as possible. Ross 
 
WHY THE PENINSULA AVAS REPUTED A DESERT. 25 
 
 Browne, who traversed the whole Peninsula from Cape 
 St. Lucas to the United States boundary, in 1867, in the 
 employ of the Lower California Company, one of these 
 colonisation schemes, gives a vivid description of such a 
 speculative settlement which he saw in that year : 
 
 "We struck inland a mile or two below Santa Ma- 
 ria. Approaching the place, our eyes were gladdened 
 by the sight of two or three very American - looking 
 board houses and a well-cleared piece of road, broad and 
 smooth as a race-track. What was our surprise, on rid- 
 ing up to the house, to find a couple of sign-boards on 
 one corner, one bearing the inscription ' Hyde Street,' the 
 other ' Barry Street !' Without knowing it, we had stum- 
 bled on an embryo American town. We were met at 
 the door by an elderly man, whose name we afterwards 
 learned was Porter. He welcomed us cordially, showed 
 us where to put our baggage and saddles, dhected the 
 men where to find pasture for the mules, and took us in, 
 treating us with the greatest hospitahty. We remained 
 over the next day, and learned that the proposed city of 
 Santa Maria was a speculation of a Judge Hyde, of San 
 Francisco, based on the problematical event of his being 
 able to make this the terminus of the best road across 
 the mountains to the Colorado. A large sum of money 
 had been spent here, and all that remained to show for 
 it were two good houses and one very poor one, a few 
 hundred yards of useless road running nowhere over a 
 plain, a corral, and a little vegetable garden. The port is 
 so small and shallow that the little vessel of eight or ten 
 tons that comes here occasionally has difficulty in pass- 
 
26 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ing the bar ; the plain' on which the future city is to be 
 built is too salt to admit of cultivation, and is subject to 
 overflows when, as last winter, it is covered with half a 
 foot or more of water; firewood there is none, except a 
 scanty supply of willow, and the general resources of 
 the region are just nil. There is excellent grass on the 
 plains, especially among the willows and near the hills, 
 and the water, which is very good, is reached by wells of 
 from three to twelve feet deep." 
 
 Here were grass and good water easily accessible, Mr. 
 Browne reports, but no effort made at real settlement by 
 farmers. Santa Maria City was evidently the merest 
 speculation ; a proposed terminus for a proposed railroad 
 which never got further than being proposed. 
 
 Every such failure has, of course, given the whole 
 Peninsula a black eye, although not more than one or 
 two even of these futile attempts, so far as I know, were 
 made in that northern part which the International 
 Company of Mexico controls, and which is now opened 
 to settlement. 
 
 The last of these failed colonizing attempts was that 
 of the Lower California Company, in 1868-70. Their 
 grant extended from the latitude of La Paz in the 
 south to San Quintin in the north, and they chose for 
 their first settlement perhaps the least promising part of 
 this great area — the section about Magdalena Bay, a 
 large part of which is really sterile. The colonists who 
 were sent there by the company were laborers with no 
 means, who were told that to collect orchilla, a parasitic 
 plant used in dyeing, would give them a living. They 
 
WHY THE PENINSULA WAS REPUTED A DESERT. 27 
 
 found it did not, and some perished on the spot ; the rest 
 got back to Upper CaUfornia, telhng truly that they had 
 been misled into a hopeless enterprise. The company 
 seem to have been discouraged by this failure, and, so far 
 as I know, made no further efforts. As they did not ful- 
 fil the conditions on which they received their large 
 grant, the Mexican Government m due time, and in a 
 legal manner, formally declared it forfeited. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 NATUEAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, WATER, ETC. 
 
 ^HE grant of the International Company begins 
 -^ a little south of the northern limit of the extinct 
 Lower Cahfornia Company, and extends north to the 
 United States boundary line. It covers a region almost 
 the whole of which possesses a totally different charac- 
 ter from that farther south. "While more mountainous 
 than our Upper California, or than the part of the Penin- 
 sula to the south, and therefore containing a less propor- 
 tion of arable lands, it has numerous valleys, mesas, and 
 hill-slopes as rich as the best of Upper California, with, 
 as will be found by settlers, as large an average rainfall 
 as San Diego or San Bernardino County, and as large a 
 number, in proportion, of streams available for irriga- 
 tion.* I do not believe that irrigation will be more neces- 
 sary in these valleys than it is in San Diego, Los Angeles, 
 and San Bernardino counties. Grain crops are grown 
 as successfully without irrigation in the valleys of north- 
 ern Lower California, wherever men have tried, as in the 
 counties I have named. 
 
 This change in the character of the northern part of 
 
 * Tables of temperature, rainfall, etc., will be found in an appendix. 
 
Mmi&iR'^SM: 
 
 m 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 31 
 
 the Peninsula has struck every traveller. It is due 
 mainly to the fact that the high mountain ranges in the 
 north affect the climate favorably, and also gather and 
 store waters for the streams. In his "Historical Sum- 
 mary of Lower California, from its Discovery in 1532 
 to 1867," Alexander S. Taylor, a well-known Cahfornian, 
 says on this point : 
 
 " As the vicinities of the bay of Viscaino are reached, 
 and after passing the parallel of 28°, the mountain sys- 
 tem begins to rapidly rise from four thousand feet to the 
 elevation of perpetual snow, which it appears to attain 
 opposite the mission of San Fernando, and which from 
 several accounts it seems to carry until near the mission 
 of Santa Catalina. These snowy peaks (for it is only on 
 the highest peaks snow is seen) must be over twelve 
 thousand feet high, as they are reported to be covered 
 with snow in the spring and early summer by Kino in 
 1702, Link in 1765, and by Patie in 1827; but these Ne- 
 vadas have never been laid down geographically correct 
 in the two or three old maps of the Jesuits ; indeed, they 
 are not laid down on any we have seen dated after 1830. 
 In their vicinity is stated to be a large mountain lake 
 which feeds the various small streams north of Viscaino 
 Bay. 
 
 "It is the melting of the snows on tliis range which 
 makes the northern part of the Peninsula so much bet- 
 ter and more fertile than the southern districts, or even 
 l)etter than our sections between San Diego and San 
 Bernardino." 
 
 That there is a striking change and improvement in 
 
32 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the climate, soil, and watering of the Peninsula, as the 
 traveller proceeds northward, is attested by all observers. 
 Ross Browne, for instance, writes : 
 
 "Having passed Eosario, we were told to expect a 
 great improvement in the country. The rocky tracts 
 were to disappear, and beautiful valleys to take their 
 place. Of a truth, there was a great change ; but Ro- 
 sario is rather an arbitrary point. San Quintin would 
 be a nearer approximation to the truth." 
 
 He goes on to describe the country he saw about San 
 Quintin : 
 
 "About San Quintin the pasture was exactly like that 
 of Upper California in its best condition. Alfileria, alfal- 
 fa, burr and red clovers make the greater part of the for- 
 age plants, while the yellow poppy, primrose, and other 
 f amihar flowers complete the resemblance. In fact, the 
 belt from here to Eosario may be laid down as the divid- 
 ing line between the semitropical floras of the lower 
 peninsula and the more northern vegetation of Upper 
 Cahfornia. Many species of cactus disappear soon after 
 leaving Eosario, as well as a large number of other 
 plants with which we had become familiar ; and of those 
 which do continue, a large number cling tenaciously to 
 the mountains or highlands, and are even there scattered 
 and thinning out. On the other hand, we had noticed 
 for more than a week, one after another of our northern 
 friends coming in, first scattered, stunted, and evidently 
 away from home, but gradually increasing in number 
 and size, almost insensibly but none the less surely sup- 
 planting their southern neighbors. This overlapping of 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 33 
 
 forms takes place much more marked!}' in the high land 
 than in the plains. In the latter the vegetation is much 
 more sectional ; that is, it resembles much more closely 
 the district to which it belongs. 
 
 "As an illustration, an Upper Californian, suddenly 
 transported to San Quintin, would have no special rea- 
 son to suppose himself out of his State ; while if he were 
 placed on the mountains directly east or north-east he 
 would find the same plants that make the characteristic 
 landscape about San Borja, or even farther south. Two 
 or three miles from San Quintm we saw the last cardon, 
 or columnar cactus ; and in the hne of demarcation 
 which I had laid down we encountered the first buck- 
 eyes and elders. Chaparral oaks make their appearance 
 between this point and San Telmo, and the hills support, 
 for the first time, a scattering growth of chamiso. The 
 ceanothus, with its little bunches of purphsh fiowers, 
 appears about the same time. 
 
 " On the 10th we rode along the coast half a dozen 
 leagues, over good grazing lands, to San Ramon, where we 
 camped aside of a marshy arroyo, under shelter of a 
 clump of willows. A quarter of a mile from us was a 
 house, the headquarters of a ranchero. The people here 
 are engaged m raising horses, of which we saw several 
 bands. The animals are of good size, fine-looking beasts, 
 and then condition spoke well for the character of the 
 pasture." 
 
 Proceeding northward from San Quintm, Browne 
 continues : 
 
 "Leaving San Ramon, we followed the coast four 
 
34 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 leagues farther over a similar country to that behind us, 
 and then our road took us four leagues across a range of 
 pretty high hills to San Telmo, a little settlement near a 
 deserted and ruined mission, in a deep valley. Every- 
 thing bore the impress of an approach to Upper Califor- 
 nia. Large herds of sleek, nice-looking cows were graz- 
 ing on the flats and lying under the shade of the trees ; 
 while several flocks of sheep could be seen dottmg the 
 hill-sides, or huddled together in some shady spot, under 
 the care of a drowsy shepherd, whose more vigflant dog 
 would rush at us with furious barking, trying to drive us 
 away from his charge." 
 
 He goes on with his journal : 
 
 "In the afternoon we rode across a rolling granite 
 country three leagues to the old mission of San Vicente, 
 where, the next day being Sunday, we remained until 
 Monday morning. Our camp was one of the most beau- 
 tiful I ever beheld. We were on a perfectly level tract 
 of a few acres, nearly shut in by a grand old hedge of 
 prickly-pear ; the whole area was covered with a mat of 
 the greenest grass. Back of us was a table ten or flf teen 
 feet high, on which stood the not unpicturesque ruins of 
 the mission buildings ; at our side was a fine stream of 
 water, and overhead the dense f ohage of a clump of ven- 
 erable olive-trees, in the midst of which we had made 
 our camp. The mules luxuriated in the rich, juicy herb- 
 age, and we enjoyed the beauties of the place to the full- 
 est, leaving it with regret when Monday morning re- 
 minded us that we could idle no longer. 
 
 " San Vicente contains several leagues of good, very 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 35 
 
 fertile bottom-land, and a considerable tract of grazing- 
 land, on the low, roUing hills. A large portion of the 
 bottom seems to have been cultivated during the time of 
 the missions, judging from the remains of irrigating 
 ditches winding around the hill -sides. Let American 
 enterprise wake these people out of their lethargy, and 
 San Vicente wiU become one of the most flourishing 
 ranches of Lower California. 
 
 " From San Vicente we rode inland seven leagues to 
 Santo Tomas, through a roUing, rocky country, with 
 plenty of water. This latter place is in the bottom of a 
 wide arroyo, twenty-one miles from the coast. It is 
 quite a town, of some perhaps fifty or sixty inhabitants, 
 containing half a dozen houses and the ruins of the 
 small mission estabUshment. A few acres of ground are 
 under cultivation, irrigated by the water of three or four 
 large springs. This is the headquarters of the subgov- 
 ernment of the frontiers. Senor Zerega, the deputy-gov- 
 ernor, to whom we had letters, was absent, but we were 
 very weU received by the family of a brother-in-law of 
 our guide. A group of old ohve- trees, here surpassing 
 in size even those of San Vicente, are almost the only 
 traces of early cultivation of the vicinity. The valley is 
 said to be excellent ranch-land for some distance further 
 up, and all the way to the coast. Some cattle and sheep 
 are raised here, and considerable quantities of wine are 
 produced." This was in 1867. 
 
 In the summer of 1849 a party of American gold- 
 seekers, traveUtng by sea from Panama to California in 
 a New Granadian schooner of about twenty-three tons, 
 
36 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 were shipwrecked near Point Domingo, on the southern 
 coast of the Peninsula, and six persons of this party 
 determined to make their way by land to San Diego. It 
 proved a long and severe journey, made in the dry sea- 
 son, of which Mr. J. D. H awloy pubhshed his journal — a 
 record of much suffering. He Also notices the change 
 from the southern sterile and unfriendly region to one 
 farther north, where, whenever they could find a ranch, 
 they received supphes and were comfortably enter- 
 tained ; and it is about Eosario that (as he also 
 notes) this change began. His journal reports, for in- 
 stance : 
 
 " Monday, Septemher Mill. — From San Rafael we passed 
 over an uneven but fair road for four and a half leagues, 
 when we arrived at the Ranch El Salado, owned by a 
 cousin of our guide, Don Nicolas, and brother of our first 
 guide from San Jose de Grace to San Ignacio — Juan 
 Jose — and we received a cordial welcome. At present 
 the ranch is only for grazing, but Senor Marie, the pro- 
 prietor, is now busy making adobes for a new house, and 
 he intends to bring in a stream of water for irrigation ; 
 this will enable him to raise all kinds of fruits and vege- 
 tables. The valley is quite extensive, and the soil ap- 
 pears to be good. We spent the entire day at El Sala- 
 do, and we are to exchange two of our mules for two 
 horses. 
 
 " Tuesday, September 25th. — Did not get an early start, 
 as our two horses did not come in till about twelve 
 o'clock. At two we started and rode to San Vicente, 
 three and a half leagues, an excellent ranch." 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 37 
 
 Under date of September 29th lie writes : 
 
 " We have passed through unmense fields of wild 
 oats and mustard, where large numbers of horses and 
 cattle are grazing. The Indians about here are repre- 
 sented as very troublesome." 
 
 Compare these accounts of travellers and explorers 
 with the following, which I extract from the Ensenada 
 Lower Californian of April 19, 1888, and it will be seen 
 that they did not exaggerate : 
 
 "A friend at Sauzal sends us a sheaf of wild oats 
 which measures four feet in length and hangs full of 
 grain. These oats grow wild, and immense fields of 
 them go to waste for want of stock to eat them. 
 
 " Charles Bennett showed us the other day a twig six 
 inches in length, cut from a plum-tree in his Maneadero 
 orchard, on which were eight full-grown plums. The 
 tree has been set out just one year. This growth was 
 not exceptional. Other fruit-trees in his orchard pre- 
 sented the same wonderful productiveness. If there had 
 ever been any reason to doubt that fruit-trees would do 
 weU in that valley, Mr. Bennett's orchard settles the 
 question beyond all controversy. 
 
 " We understand the wheat harvest is coming on in 
 the Maneadero and other valleys m this vicinity, some 
 grain having already been cut. By next week, probably, 
 the wheat harvest will be on in earnest. The yield will 
 be large, and the quahty equal to any raised on the Pa- 
 cific coast, or, for that matter, in the world." 
 
 And this account of San Ysidrio, a newly developed 
 region south of Santo Tomas : 
 
38 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 " To the Editor of the Lower Californian : 
 
 "All the resident farmers here are pushing forward 
 their clearing and planting operations, and any one who 
 has not visited our place since the first sod was turned, 
 some three months ago, would be surprised to see what 
 the progress has been in that short period. We have six 
 resident families engaged in farming, two more who 
 have land under crop and whose ulterior intentions are 
 unknown, and eight others who have bought land on 
 our mesa with the view of settling and cultivating in 
 the autumn. Others farming at some distance have 
 bespoken land on the town site to build upon for resi- 
 dence. 
 
 " The chief attractions of our place are the healthful- 
 ness and beauty of its location on the Pacific Ocean, 
 fifty-four miles from Ensenada, its equable climate and 
 invigorating breezes, the natural protection of our land- 
 ing making it the inlet and outlet for considerable back 
 country business, the mineral wealth of the neighbor- 
 hood, good soil, abundant fuel, cheap Indian labor, and 
 water abundant in quantity and unsurpassed in quahty. 
 
 "One of our farmers has new potatoes fit to dig, 
 while all have a growth more or less promising of hay, 
 corn, and other farm and garden produce. Vines and 
 fruit-trees have been set out by some, and others are 
 now at work at it. 
 
 "The Ensenada and San Quintin steamer calls once 
 a week." 
 
 The Indians have long ago ceased to be troublesome ; 
 

 
 ^■is 
 
 
 
 / 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 41 
 
 they have ahnost totally disappeared, and the few who 
 remam are a docile laboring force. 
 
 The Spanish rancheros of San Diego and Los An- 
 geles counties knew the northern part of Lower Cah- 
 fornia more intimately than any one else. Some of them 
 had relatives hving in that country, and most of them 
 had travelled in it. I knew several of these in 1871-72, 
 all of whom asserted to me positively that the northern 
 part of the Peninsula, as far down as below Eosario, so 
 far from being the desert it was commonly reputed to 
 be, was fertile, beautiful, fairly well watered, and as 
 rich as L^pper California. Their testimony, which was 
 unanimous and positive, first induced me to think of 
 owning property down there, and led me to study the 
 region in reports and other pubhcations — very few in 
 number they are — and to visit it in 1881.' Don Juan 
 Foster, one of the largest land and cattle owners in 
 San Diego County, told me fii-st, what was confirmed 
 by others, that in seasons of severe drought, when 
 his and other owners' cattle were starving, they were 
 accustomed to drive them across the border into Lower 
 California, where they were sure to find abundance of 
 feed, and, of course, water, for cattle cannot five with- 
 out water. This I find also confirmed in a letter of 
 Charles D. Poston, written so long ago as 1866, in which 
 he says : 
 
 " For grazing cattle, horses, sheep, and goats, Lower 
 California is, in some respects, superior to Upper Cah- 
 fornia ; and I have personally known, in seasons of 
 great drought, the cattle and horses from Los Angeles 
 
42 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 and San Diego to be driven to Lower California to save 
 them from perishing." 
 
 Taylor quotes, to the same effect, a book I have never 
 been fortunate enough to see— the account of the north- 
 ern part of the Peninsula, by James 0. Patie. He says 
 of Patie : 
 
 " The first American who visited this section of the 
 Peninsula from the east, or indeed the first white man, 
 was James O. Patie, as long ago as March, 1827. He 
 was taken, with his father and a party of distressed 
 beaver-hunters, by a squad of soldiers at the mission of 
 Santa Catalina, whence they travelled to San Vicente 
 and then up the coast to Santo Tomas, San Miguel, and 
 San Diego, at which place they were all put in prison 
 by General Echeandia, the first Mexican governor of 
 the two Californias. In his book, Patie says this part 
 of the coast contains large quantities of fertile land, 
 and the padres had excellent vineyards, gardens, and 
 orchards of all kinds of fruits, grains, and vegetables, 
 and feasted the travellers on good wines, fruits, and 
 viands. Some four thousand Indians were seen in Santa 
 Catahna, San Vicente, Santo Tomas, and San Miguel. 
 These parts ^ere covered with bands of cattle by the 
 thousand, and in Santo Tomas alone the padres had 
 thirty thousand sheep." 
 
 The accoimts thus given by intelhgent explorers and 
 travellers refer only to the most easily accessible parts 
 of the Peninsula, those on or adjacent to the sea-shore. 
 The large interior of the northern part was never thor- 
 oughly explored untfi the International Company's sur- 
 
PEXINSULAR CALIFORXIA — SOUTHERN ITAT.F. 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 45 
 
 reyors traversed it. They found, besides numerous val- 
 leys hidden among the mountains, plateaus covered 
 with valuable timber and grasses, extensive areas possess- 
 ing a fertile soil, an elevated pine belt one hundred and 
 forty to one hundred and fifty miles in length north and 
 south, and from five to twenty miles wide ; and in this 
 area lagoons and mountain streams in abundance, with 
 a temperate climate, the result of the elevation of these 
 mountain plateaus. Here evidently are the sources of 
 the streams which are found in the lowlands, and many 
 of which reach the ocean. In this elevated region the 
 climate is suitable to apples and cherries and other fruits 
 of the northern temperate zone ; and the timber country 
 will afford, when roads are made, abu'ndant supphes for 
 the population nearer the sea-shore. 
 
 Col. D. K. Allen, for over ten years a resident of the 
 Peninsula, and at present land inspector for the Inter- 
 national Company, has recently completed the first care- 
 ful exploration of this great mountain region of the 
 northern part, where are found the sources or head wa- 
 ters of the streams which make their way, sometimes 
 underground, sometimes at the surface, to the Pacific 
 coast, and afford the certainty of water supply to the 
 numerous valleys and plains. He reports details con- 
 cerning the extensive timber belt in this mountain re- 
 gion. He wi'ites : 
 
 " This great mountain region Hes about one hundred 
 miles south-east of Ensenada, seventy-five miles east of 
 San Quintin, and from thirty to thirty-five miles west of 
 the GuLf of Cahf ornia. 
 
46 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "The mountain, for there is really but one, is about 
 one hundred and ten miles in length, and from fifteen to 
 thirty in width. The great range, of which San Pedro is 
 the crown, is about one hundred and sixty miles long 
 and from twenty to forty wide. The highest portion of 
 the mountain on the west is eleven thousand eight hun- 
 dred feet above the sea, while the eastern portion, or that 
 next to the Gulf, rises to twelve thousand eight hundred 
 feet, and is covered with the very best of pine timber. 
 The Palomas — three peaks at the extreme east — rise from 
 one thousand two hundred to one thousand five hundred 
 feet still higher. These are perfectly white, though the 
 canons on the sides are filled with pine. 
 
 " The highest altitude reached by my party was twelve 
 thousand eight hundred feet at three different points. 
 I spent seventy-six days and travelled over one thousand 
 five hundred miles in my examination of that region. 
 We visited every valley, climbed every mountain peak, 
 followed every stream from its head to its point of union 
 with streams that led to the sea. Water is abundant 
 everywhere, and only has to be husbanded in order to 
 furnish a great supply for all the lands on the north end 
 of the Peninsula. These streams can be easily and 
 cheaply dammed, and all of the pine can be put into 
 them and floated down to the heads of the valleys. This 
 can be done with the San Rafael, which is a grand 
 stream with five large branches, draining nearly all of 
 the north end of San Pedro ; also with the San Domingo, 
 which drains the western side of the mountain, and the 
 logs or timber can be taken out at the upper end of San 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLDIATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 47 
 
 Rafael Valley near Colnett, or at the upper end of San 
 Quintin Valley near San Eamon. Either water route is 
 perfectly feasible. 
 
 "The pasture was the finest I ever saw on the Pacific 
 coast. Wild oats, rye, red-top, clover, bunch grass, buffa- 
 lo, gramma, and many other grasses were knee-high to 
 our mules. There was only one man — an Indian — Hving 
 within thirty miles of the mountain. He was milking 
 sixty cows, and making butter and cheese, which he sold 
 at the mining camps at Socorro and Valledares, at San 
 Telmo and San Quintin. 
 
 " Much of the surface of the mountain is level as a 
 plain, and one can drive a pair of horses and buggy for 
 miles just where he chooses among the pines. Other 
 portions are almost inaccessible. The soil is excellent. 
 The valleys of La Grulla, Santo Tomas, Santa Eoex Old 
 Mission, Old Corral, Vallecitos, Valle de los CabaUos, are 
 all beautiful and good. 
 
 " The great area of the mountain is about one million 
 acres, one-half of which is covered with good pine, cedar, 
 and fir. I measured fifty-four acres, taken carefully as 
 an average of the timber, and found that there were 
 twenty -five large and fifteen small trees to the acre. 
 The large trees averaged three logs each, twelve feet 
 long, two and one -half feet in diameter. On the fifty- 
 four acres I foimd only one hundred and sixty-five dead 
 trees, of which one hundred and seven were lying on the 
 ground. Two of these latter had recently fallen. I 
 found one which measured one hundred and eighty feet 
 in length, eight feet in diameter at the butt, and sixty- 
 
48 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 five feet to the first limb, where it was five and one- 
 half feet in diameter. I measured a number of fir and 
 red cedar trees that were twenty-five, and even twenty- 
 seven feet in circumference, eighteen inches above the 
 ground. 
 
 " With a railroad, which is feasible, that body of pine 
 is worth many millions of dollars. The Yuma Railroad 
 will pass within thirty miles of the northern end of the 
 pine region, the best portion, and a track can be built up 
 to the pines, or to some one of the streams, and the logs 
 can be driven down the stream as is done in many 
 places in Wisconsin and Michigan. This water held in 
 reserve to run the logs can be utihzed in irrigating the 
 valleys below. 
 
 "Game was very abundant; black and white tail and 
 moose deer by the hundreds. Antelope are plenty on 
 the mesas south and east, and in the great valley of 
 San Fehpe, which, by-the-way, will become one of the 
 gardens of Lower California. It is an immense body 
 of good land ; hot as Yuma, but for all that good. 
 Mountain sheep are abundant at the southern end, near 
 Rosarito. 
 
 " The water and snow fall is immense. It rained five 
 times in June, fifteen in July, seventeen m August, and 
 sixteen in September. More than thirty inches of water 
 fell. On the 10th and 11th of September six and one- 
 tenth inches of water fell. On the 19th of the same 
 month, in San Felipe Valley, three inches fell in four 
 hours. The thunder was very heavy, the lightning 
 sharp. Four weeks ago there was ten feet of snow on 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 49 
 
 San Pedro. This accounts for the permanent water in 
 all of the streams from Ensenada to the southward, and 
 for the mild, pleasant climate of summer all along the 
 coast." 
 
 Further details of this important timber country will 
 be found in an appendix. 
 
 The Peninsula is undoubtedly rich in minerals, but 
 its great development m this direction can come only 
 with a denser population. In the southern part a num- 
 ber of profitable mining enterprises are on foot at this 
 time. The Triumfo silver-mmes, south-west of La Paz, 
 are in English hands. Near latitude 27° on the Gulf 
 side, the Santa Rosalia and Poleo copper -mines are 
 worked by a French company under control of the 
 Paris Rothschilds. This company has expended several 
 milhons on its works, town, and a railroad; and the 
 mines are considered very rich. There are at several 
 points on the Peninsula considerable placer and quartz 
 deposits, promising well, and there have been lately dis- 
 coveries of copper deposits m the northern part, beheved 
 to be as rich as those on the Gulf coast above spoken 
 of. The "color" of gold can be got in almost every 
 gulch and ravine on the Peninsula ; and when the mm- 
 eral resources are better known it will probably be found 
 that the Peninsula's formation is but an extension of the 
 gi'eat northern California gold-field. 
 
 Concerning the healthfulness of the climate of the 
 northern part of the Peninsula, all the accounts, from 
 those of the early missionaries down, concur, and with 
 enthusiastic praise. Taylor, whom I have before quoted, 
 
50 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 does not misrepresent the universal testimony when he 
 writes : 
 
 "The climate of the country between the boundary and 
 Magdalena Bay is one of the most delightful, salubrious, 
 and equable on the face of the globe, and, if settled, this 
 region would be among the most accessible and accepta- 
 ble sanitariums in the world, and is admirably adapted 
 to raising many of the fruits of the torrid zone, and all 
 of those of the Mediterranean basin as well as all the 
 vegetables and cereals of Alta California ; and all agree 
 that they are of much better quahty than those raised 
 above San Diego." 
 
 He adds, what is very true, that on the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia the summers are extremely hot, "torrid" as he 
 rightly says. Again he writes: 
 
 "The climate, from its proximity to the sea, is not 
 only extremely salubrious, the people enjoying uncom- 
 monly good health, and being long livers, but the atmos- 
 phere is extremely fine, pleasant, and invigorating, and 
 seldom troubled with cold summer fogs and winds; 
 these facts are well known since 1770, the testimony of 
 travellers and seamen being uniform. 
 
 "The missionaries, after 1730, introduced the Arabian 
 date-palm, which succeeds admirably, and yields abun- 
 dantly, and also oranges, lemons, and ah the species of the 
 citrine family, pineapples, bananas, and plantains. They 
 also planted the vine, ohve, fig, pomegranate, almond, 
 peach, quince, and even plums, apples, pears, melons, 
 watermelons, and such hke, in more elevated and cooler 
 districts. The vine, fig, olive^ currant -grape, almond, 
 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 51 
 
 quince, and peach are more luscious, and grow much 
 quicker, and with less labor and expense, than in Alta 
 Cahfornia, and in many localities are unsurpassed in 
 the world for luxuriance, sweetness, and flavor. The 
 fig and grape are much sweeter than in our State, and 
 the gTape ripens quicker and better, from hotter and 
 drier suns, and makes much richer wine, brandy, raisins, 
 and currants. Before 1849 the Lower Calif ornians sent 
 up annually to Monterey large quantities of dried figs, 
 currants, gTapes, dates, and peaches, and cheese also, 
 where they were sold at reasonable rates and good 
 profits. 
 
 "There is much good land near the missions of Ro- 
 sario, San Vicente, Santo Domingo, and Santo Tomas; 
 several permanent streams and a number of coast la- 
 goons furnish abundance of excellent water for animals 
 and irrigation, exceedingly abundant and easily taken. 
 The orange, lemon, banana, date -plum, grape, fig, olive, 
 almond, peach, pomegranate, quince, arrive at maturity 
 much earlier than farther north, in the United States." 
 
CHAPTER TV. 
 
 THE PENINSULA AJSTD CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 
 
 TF these accounts of Lower California are not gross 
 -^ exaggerations, it will reasonably be said, "Why is it 
 that this region, adjoining our own California, has lain 
 so long waste ? One cause is the immense area of unoc- 
 cupied, singularly rich, and until lately very cheap lands 
 in CaUf ornia, having also a chmate remarkably health- 
 ful and pleasant, and so wide a variety of products that 
 ■their full extent is not even yet known. Another is that 
 Lower California is Mexican, a foreign land, and, as I 
 have said before, a singularly unexplored region. But 
 the main cause is found in the Mexican laws, which, 
 until they were modified some years ago, rigorously 
 forbade Americans, and all foreigners in fact, to own 
 real estate within sixty miles of the boundary line and 
 within three leagues from the sea-shore. The Peninsula 
 is narrow, and these laws worked as total an exclusion 
 •of settlers from abroad as though a Chinese wall had 
 been built across the boundary line. Aside from these 
 .causes, there were also others, such as the failure of 
 experiments in colonization, and, even more important, 
 the difficulty for individual purchasers, without great ex- 
 pense of time and money, to ascertain the boundaries of 
 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 55 
 
 occupied ranches, the soundness of titles, and the location 
 of public lands in a region which has never been surveyed. 
 
 The International Company began its operations by 
 making a complete survey of the northern part of the 
 Peninsula. This was the first of the conditions on which 
 it received its gi'ant. It thus ascertained accurately 
 which were the pubhc lands, of which by survey and 
 purchase it became the owner, and at the same time, of 
 course, marked the precise boundaries of such lands as 
 were by good titles in private ownership, most of which 
 latter lands the company has since bought. Thus by 
 the company's labors this region was for the first time 
 properly opened to possible settlement. Until this work 
 was done, no lines could be definitely ascertained. 
 
 Having made its surveys, the International Company 
 is able to fix boundaries accurately, and by the condi- 
 tions of its grant is able to give sound and indisputable 
 title-deeds to the lands it seUs. These titles are in the 
 form of warrantee deeds of the company, confirmed in 
 every case by the Mexican Government in the manner 
 of a United States land patent. By a special clause in 
 the company's grant, these titles to lands it sells to set- 
 tlers are made unassailable, even in the contmgency that 
 the company should fail to fulfil some of the conditions 
 of the grant. In that case (which is, however, no longer 
 possible, as it has actually fulfilled all the conditions 
 except that of settling two thousand families, for which 
 it has ten years from September, 1887) it is provided that 
 while the company shall forfeit its unsold lands, those 
 a<;tually sold to settlers shall be undisputed. 
 
56 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 My own long-entertained desire to own land in Lower 
 California led me, between 1878 and 1880, to make a care- 
 ful study of the Mexican land laws, which showed me 
 that ownership on the Peninsula was impossible to a 
 foreigner, even if he should become a Mexican citizen. 
 Only native born citizens could own lands within the 
 prohibited zone. I then, through a very influential Mexi- 
 can friend, made a personal application to the Mexican 
 Government to have these regulations relaxed in my 
 own case, stating the fact that some of my family 
 wished to hve in that region. This application was re- 
 jected on the ground that the law forbade, and I gave 
 the matter up, after having visited the Peninsula in 1881, 
 and satisfied myself that it was a region very desirable 
 even to one who, like myself, knew Upper California 
 thoroughly, and was an enthusiastic behever in its won- 
 derful chmate and soil. 
 
 In December, 1883, the Mexican Congress passed a 
 law which altered the conditions of landholding within 
 its borders, and very hberally opened Mexican lands to 
 settlement and ownership by foreigners. It was the be- 
 ginning of a new policy which is destined to work an 
 immense benefit to Mexico ; and the conception and exe- 
 cution of which is extremely creditable to the Govern- 
 ment and people of Mexico. This " new departure " was 
 made under the administration of President Gonzalez, 
 and has been carried out in good faith and with enlight- 
 ened vigor under the administration of President Diaz, 
 to whose wise and far-seeing statesmanship the Mexican 
 republic owes a deep debt of gratitude. 
 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 57 
 
 Under the act of Congress known as the " Coloniza- 
 tion Law," the Mexican President was authorized by 
 Congress to make grants of pubhc lands to companies on 
 conchtion of survey and settlement; the object being to 
 secure the disposal of the public lands not to speculators 
 to be held in great tracts, but for the settlement of agri- 
 culturists, to populate the vacant parts of the repubhc. 
 Thus the opening of the northern half of Lower Cahfor- 
 nia became for the first time possible. 
 
 In any case, the experience of the last thirty yeai-s 
 has pretty weU dissipated the "desert" superstition. 
 Old men remember very well when Texas was beheved 
 to be a desert waste. I have myself, within twenty 
 years, talked with Californians who refused to believe 
 that their State could ever support a population " after 
 mmiag was played out ;" and when I wrote my book on 
 that State in 1871-72, describing its natural fertility and 
 foretelUng its great and various development, Cahfor- 
 nians for the most part beheved and said I had grossly 
 overrated the richness of their State. Little more than 
 ten years ago New Mexico and Arizona were popularly 
 believed to be deserts, fit at best only in spots to run cat- 
 tle on ; and the vast central plain, which has now nearly 
 half a milhon of farmers, stands in the geographies of 
 twenty-five years ago as "the great American desert." 
 
 It required tliirty years— from 1848 to 1878— to devel- 
 op even in part the singular and wonderful agiicultural 
 wealth of California; and in my behef, not more than the 
 half is known yet. I have myself seen a section of that 
 State which in 1873 was declared, by a sheep-man with 
 
58 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 whom I camped, to be so sterile a desert that he could 
 not feed a band of two thousand sheep on a hundred 
 thousand acres of it, and he was then actually driving 
 them off. When I saw this region again, in 1881, it was 
 green with alfalfa and covered with all kinds of fruit- 
 trees — apples already in bearing — and the land was 
 thought cheap, and was cheap, at one hundred dollars 
 per acre. Such experiences, of which I have known a 
 dozen, show me that the cry of "desert" is nonsense. 
 
 I travelled in 1881 over a part of the Peninsula where 
 I could not for any money buy feed for my horses; 
 and in the very same region I saw last year corn from 
 fifteen to seventeen feet high, at least half the stalks 
 bearing from two to three ears — full, large ears, such 
 as would delight an Illinois farmer — and near by, the 
 stubble of a large wheat -field, which showed that an 
 excellent crop had been taken off; and all this with no 
 irrigation whatever. American energy and enterprise, 
 and American ploughs, had brought about this change 
 on the Peninsula, just as they have done in Upper Cal- 
 ifornia. 
 
 That the country is healthful is so well estabhshed 
 that it is needless to assert it ; all who have hved in it or 
 travelled through it have proclaimed the peculiar excel- 
 lence of the climate of the northern half of the Penin- 
 sula. Like our own southern California, it affords every 
 degree of climate — cool on the mountains, on the highest 
 of which snow falls every year; cool also on the sea- 
 shore, and a dry heat in the interior valleys. 
 
 Both the summer and winter climates of the sea- 
 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 59 
 
 shore of the northern part of the Peninsula will be found 
 pecuharly kindly and favorable to persons with weak 
 lungs or weak constitutions — more favorable, in my 
 behef, than any part of the southern Cahfornia sea- 
 shore, unless it be Santa Barbara and San Diego. More 
 favorable because more equable. There are less daily 
 extremes of temperature; the nights are cool but not 
 cold, and the days are warm, but in my experience 
 scarcely ever hot. I wore winter flannels in August on 
 the shores of Lower Cahfornia, with light summer cloth- 
 ing; and a more charming and more salubrious and 
 invigorating climate than is found on the shores of 
 Todos Santos Bay, and as far down as San Quintin, no 
 one need wish. The time will come when almost every 
 harbor within these limits will be a favorite resort both 
 for summer and winter tourists and invahds. The sce- 
 nery is enchanting, and the value to persons in tender 
 health of the sea-shore climate of the Peninsula will be 
 acknowledged, and will make that coast famous as soon 
 as good hotels are ready to receive such persons, and 
 competent physicians have been drawn thither to report 
 on it. In an appendix will be found valuable records of 
 temperature at Ensenada, kept for two years by an ex- 
 pert observer, which tell their own story. 
 
 The questions the farmer asks are : Is the soil fertile ? 
 Is the climate healthful ? Is it adapted to the gi'owth of 
 the most valuable crops ? Does the region promise suffi- 
 cient water for the necessities of agriculture ? 
 
 To aU these questions my answer is " Yes." The soil 
 of the vaUeys and mesas is as rich as any in the world. 
 
60 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The climate is as various as any one can ask ; for the 
 settler may go to a mountain-side high enough to grow 
 apples, or into valleys where he may grow date-palms, 
 bananas, and the citrous fruits. He has as large a 
 choice as in Southern California, and in my behef he will 
 have a larger. There is no doubt that the date can be 
 grown as a safe and profitable crop ; the banana will 
 grow as a crop wherever the farmer has shelter and 
 water ; though I do not believe this tender and large- 
 leaved plant will flourish on the sea -shore. It needs 
 shelter almost everywhere. Whether the cocoanut 
 palm will thrive seems to me doubtful. It is not now 
 found, at any rate, on the Peninsula north of La Paz, 
 but there it does well. I think it may be discovered 
 by-and-by that in the northern half of the Peninsula Ues 
 the true home of the olive ; and I have no doubt that the 
 climate is peculiarly well suited to the Madeira grape, 
 which may, in the hands of enterprising Americans, find 
 a new home and fresh vigor on the virgin soil of the 
 Peninsula. For some years to come Lower California 
 will be a place for experiments in agriculture and horti- 
 culture, just as for twenty years past Upper California 
 has variously and surprisingly rewarded intelligent ex- 
 periment in its different sections. And it must be borne 
 in mind that the farmer on the Peninsula will have the 
 inestimable benefit of all the knowledge of methods of 
 cultivation, adaptability of soil and situations to plants, 
 use of water, etc. — of all that has been learned in these 
 matters in the last thirty years by the farmers, orchard- 
 ists, and vine -growers of our own California. How 
 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 61 
 
 great the gain and advantage are in this respect, those 
 know who have seen how much our Eastern farmers 
 had to learn when they went upon Cahfornia lands, 
 and through what years of patient and costly experi- 
 ment they secured the knowledge which is now open to 
 every settler on the Peninsula. 
 
 As to water for irrigation, there is every reason to be- 
 heve that with proper management there will be abun- 
 dance. The fact that a number of old olive orchards, 
 notably that of Santo Tomas, have survived the neglect 
 of tjie greater part of a century, and that the grape and 
 the pomegranate have grown well with scarcely any 
 care, is sufficient evidence that the Peninsular lands are 
 not dry, or arid, or desert. 
 
 It will be found an advantage that in Lower Cali- 
 fornia no large region or area will have to depend for 
 uTigation water upon a single considerable river. Dis- 
 putes about water are already proving very troublesome 
 in some parts of Upper California, and as the country 
 becomes more densely populated they threaten to be- 
 come more frequent and bitter. They arise in almost 
 every case out of the fact that a number of different 
 and rapidly growing locahties depend for their irriga- 
 tion water on the same stream, and those above inter- 
 fere, by their use of the stream, with those at lower 
 levels. 
 
 The mass of mountains which crowd the northern 
 
 part of the Peninsula gives being to numerous small 
 
 streams. These find their way to the coast from many 
 
 different parts of the interior range ; and it is a pecuU- 
 
 4 
 
62 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 arity of this region that most of these streams are 
 " lost," as it is called, at some part of their course, reap- 
 pearing in many, though not all cases still farther 
 down, and often forming lagoons near the sea-shore, 
 where the ocean throws up a bank across their mouths. 
 
 There are many such sunken streams in the northern 
 part of the Peninsula, and wherever these occur it will 
 be found that to dam up such a stream at a convenient 
 part of its upper and sunken course will secure a supply 
 of irrigation water at proper levels. In a journey over 
 some part of this region which I made in 1881, 1 saw in 
 a number of places these evidences of water; but of 
 course the few and unenterprising Mexican farmers had 
 neither means nor skill to use what nature offered them. 
 The International Company's surveyors, who have exam- 
 ined this region much more closely than any one else, 
 report abundant streams issuing from the mountains 
 in the interior available for irrigation ; and this was to 
 be expected from the pecuUarly mountainous character 
 of this part of the Peninsula. 
 
 The experience which Cahfornians have gained in 
 the last fifteen years in the securing and economical 
 management of irrigation water will be very helpful to 
 settlers in Lower California. That experience shows 
 not only that water is far more abundant than was 
 suspected, and that it can be had wherever high mount- 
 ain ranges exist to gather it from the clouds, but also 
 that by their united efforts men of small means, few in 
 number, can make themselves sure of a sufficient water 
 supply. It has been found also that an insignificant con- 
 
-: iii 
 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 65 
 
 stant stream suffices to water an astonishing quantity of 
 land; that no such constant soaking of the soil as was 
 practised twenty years ago by our people in California 
 is required ; that thorough and frequent ploughing is al- 
 most everywhere sufficient for grain crops, and that 
 when once the subsoil has been penetrated by irrigation, 
 the land thereafter needs comparatively httle water. 
 
 It is an advantage also that the practice of settlement 
 in " colonies " has been perfected and proved a conspicu- 
 ous success in Upper California, for the many charming 
 httle valleys scattered among the mountains of Lower 
 Cahfornia are specially fitted for such settlement of 
 colonists. By combined effort even a dozen or twenty 
 farmers can in such valleys secure water, and forming 
 a society among themselves, they can at once and easily 
 provide a church, school -house, and other conveniences 
 of hfe. Yery soon, too, mechanics are drawn into such 
 "colonies," and the little settlement has about it all it 
 needs for the simple and independent life in a pleasant 
 climate, where the house need be only a shelter, and no 
 expensive barns, stables, and other out-houses are re- 
 quired. 
 
 Nor does this exhaust the possibihties of settlement 
 in colonies. There is no reason why in such societies 
 the middle -man should not be ehminated, why the 
 colony should not buy at wholesale for all its mem- 
 bers what they need from without, and thus effect so 
 great a saving as would bring almost immediate pros- 
 perity to all. Almost every farmer, especially in a new 
 country, has noticed that it is the "store-keeper" who 
 
66 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 gets rich ; wlio lives in a fine house and sends his sons 
 to college and his daughters to boarding-school, while his 
 customers, the farmers and mechanics, work unceasingly 
 to get not much more than a bare hving. A colony may 
 easily, if it hkes, save to its members all the profits on 
 which the "store-keeper" makes a fortune. A colony 
 may, if its members agree, make rules for economical 
 management in still other ways ; as, for instance, by unit- 
 ing to do without fences around their lands, each keep- 
 ing up his own cattle, which, where alfalfa is grown and 
 ensilage is made, can be easily done. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the farmers who will settle in 
 the pretty valleys of Lower Cahf ornia will try such ex- 
 pedients as these to make their labor more productive, 
 and to economize their outlays. 
 
 Except on low-lying lands, I should say that irriga- 
 tion will be required in Lower California at least as 
 much as in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles 
 counties. But with water applied to the soil, what won- 
 ders^ what miracles have been wrought in Southern Cah- 
 f ornia in a few years ! I saw Riverside in the spring of 
 1872, when it was so dreary and desolate a spot that to 
 my eyes, and to those of many others, it seemed a hope- 
 less desert waste. The few orange-trees which had been 
 set out had just been cut down by a bitter frost ; the 
 great plain was still bare, only three or four small frame 
 houses standing on it ; and the whole enterprise seemed 
 to even my sanguine eyes so unpromising that I told 
 Judge North, the founder of the colony, that I feared he 
 had made a mistake, and I dared not give a very encour- 
 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 67 
 
 aging report of his enterprise — one of the earhest colo- 
 nizing plans begun in the State — in my book. Every 
 Cahfornian knows what Riverside is now — with land 
 selling at a thousand dollars per acre, and perhaps 
 higher, and with its oranges, raisins, apricots, and other 
 products famous all over the State and far beyond its 
 boundaries. Water judiciously applied produced that 
 magnificent result, and in ten years made a lovely and 
 rich garden -spot out of what was originally a barren 
 and most unpromising waste. 
 
 I drove the length and breadth of the Fresno country 
 in 1872, when even the cattle-men thought it too arid 
 and desert for their cows; now it is one of the justly 
 famous garden-spots of Cahfornia, rich with every prod- 
 uct, from grain to raisins and other valuable fruits. The 
 settlement of the Fresno country was also largely by 
 colonies. 
 
 The "colony plan," as it was called, was laughed at 
 for a while in California. I have watched the develop- 
 ment of several of the most noted experiments with care- 
 ful interest, and I do not know of one in which the mem- 
 bers held together for even eight or ten years, without 
 every man becoming comfortably independent. There 
 can be no better evidence of the expediency and advan- 
 tage of settlement in "colonies" than Anaheim. Its 
 founders were not even farmers ; they were, with scarce- 
 ly an exception, city mechanics, unfamiliar with farm 
 work. They were poor, and saved out of their earnings 
 as mechanics a weekly or monthly sum to pay for their 
 shares. They had one advantage — the services of an in- 
 
68 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 telligent and faithful manager, who cared for their land 
 and superintended their planting for them while they 
 remained at work at their trades in San Francisco ; for 
 they were too poor to go upon their land until their 
 vines were ready to yield a crop. I never thought the 
 place of their settlement the best that could have been 
 selected, and have no doubt that with the knowledge of 
 wine culture now common in California, they could 
 have chosen a better location. They began in extreme 
 poverty, and yet I beheve I am correct in saying that 
 not one of the Anaheim colonists who held on but long 
 ago became a man in comfortable and independent cir- 
 cumstances, while some became wealthy. 
 
 That part of Lower Cahfornia now open to settle- 
 ment through the International Company offers many 
 valuable advantages to farmers and manufacturers. Its 
 more southern position naturally induces the earher 
 ripening of such fruits as the orange and lemon, and 
 will make profitable the cultivation of the banana and 
 several other tropical fruits, for most of which the for- 
 eign market would be in the United States. The tariff 
 duty may be against the Lower Californian in these 
 products ; but, on the other hand, he will have the com- 
 mand of the earhest market, and therefore the highest 
 prices, which will more than counterbalance the tariff. 
 For all other agricultural products, from grain and 
 beans to apricots and prunes, he wiU have the advan- 
 tage of an unlimited market in Western Mexico, in 
 which the Mexican tariff on flour, canned fruits, butter, 
 cheese, etc., will be in his favor. This advantage is so 
 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 69 
 
 obvious and great that fruit -canneries, flour -mills, and 
 other manufactories to prepare farm products for mar- 
 ket are already being established at a number of points 
 on the Peninsula ; and as the farming and fruit-growing 
 population increases, and fruit-trees of various kinds 
 come into bearing, the stimulus of the large market of 
 Western Mexico, now supphed from San Francisco, will 
 lead to the rapid increase of these and many other kinds 
 of factories. 
 
CHAPTEK V. 
 
 THE RELATION OF SETTLERS TO THE GOVERNMENT. — SPECIAL 
 PRIVILEGES, 
 
 'T^HE special privileges granted by the Mexican Govern- 
 -■- ment to "colonists" — which means settlers who reg- 
 ister themselves under that name — are also extremely 
 valuable. The purchaser of land in Lower Cahfornia 
 from the International Company need not register him- 
 self as a " colonist " unless he wants to, but it is so clear- 
 ly to the profit of all to do so that few will omit it. 
 
 To become a " colonist," he gives his name and Lower 
 California address to the "Agent of Colonization" at 
 Ensenada. He must at the same time bring from the 
 International Company a certificate that he is a person 
 of good habits and industrious character, and of the 
 trade or profession he has followed. If he desires to 
 retain his American or foreign citizenship he makes a 
 declaration to that effect ; but if he waits more than six 
 months after being enrolled to make such a declaration, 
 he is thereupon regarded as a Mexican citizen. 
 
 In either case, equally, whether he retains his origi- 
 nal citizenship or becomes a Mexican citizen, he obtains 
 as colonist the following important privileges, as speci- 
 fied in the " Colonization Act :" 
 
RELATION OF SETTLERS TO GOVERNMENT, ETC, 73 
 
 "Article 7. The colonists settled in the republic will 
 enjoy for a term of ten years from the date of their set- 
 tlement the following privileges : 
 
 " I. Exemption from all military service. 
 
 "II. Exemption from all kinds of taxes [internal 
 taxes are here meant]. 
 
 " III. Exemption from import and domestic duties on 
 provisions in places where there are no provisions; on 
 working tools and implements ; machinery ; construc- 
 tion materials for houses; house furniture; and breed- 
 ing animals for the colony. 
 
 "IV. Personal and untransferable exemption from 
 duties on exportation of fruit raised in the colony." 
 
 The colonists settling under the International Com- 
 pany's grant have these privileges for twenty years 
 instead of ten. 
 
 The permission of free importation of agricultural 
 tools, machinery, lumber for houses and fences, and fiu*- 
 niture, joined to the exclusive enjoyment of the market 
 of Western Mexico, from the United States Ime to Gua- 
 temala, gives, it will be seen, very important advan- 
 tages to the Lower California farmer and manufacturer. 
 These are secured without prejudice to his original citi- 
 zenship if he prefers to retain that, and without obliging 
 him. to assume any obligations other than to keep the 
 peace and obey the laws. In an appendix will be found 
 parts of the Mexican tariff on imports now in force, 
 which will enable any one to see by what duties those 
 setting up manufactures in Lower California can gain 
 an advantage. 
 
U PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The transfer of titles when lands are sold differs 
 somewhat in form from that in the United States, but 
 is simple and easily effected. Land titles are formally- 
 recorded in books of record, kept in record-offices, just as 
 in the United States ; the titles of purchasers from the 
 International Company in Lower Cahfornia being re- 
 corded at Ensenada. Each State or Territory is subdi- 
 vided into districts which are similar to our counties, 
 and in each such district there is an estabhshed place of 
 record. The original deed is placed on file in the record- 
 office, and is signed by both the vendor and purchaser. 
 In the case of transfers amounting to five hundred dol- 
 lars or less, the purchaser sends his deed to the district 
 land-office — Ensenada — with a letter requesting that it 
 be placed on record, and that some one — naming him^ 
 may act as his agent in seeing the paper recorded and 
 procuring a certified copy of it. Where a larger amount 
 is involved, the purchaser must appear in person, or by 
 legally authorized substitute holding his power of at- 
 torney, before the registrar to have the deed properly 
 signed and recorded. Concerning transfer of land titles, 
 mortgages, and wills, I am allowed to print a letter from 
 Mr. Eomero, the Mexican minister to the United States, 
 which I have placed at the end of this chapter. 
 
 The purchaser of land from the International Com- 
 pany gets full and complete possession of his land, and 
 does not bind himself to any condition of residence or 
 improvement unless the sale is made subject to such 
 conditions. He may sell freely, and in case of death 
 may devise by will just as freely as in the United States, 
 
RELATION OF SETTLERS TO GOVERNMENT, ETC. 75 
 
 and the transfer to his heirs is made with no more for- 
 malities or expense than in this country. If he should 
 die intestate the Mexican law protects the rights of wid- 
 ows and children. The following correspondence sets 
 forth these matters in some detail : 
 
 "Alpine, Beegen Co., N. J., Nov. 26, 1887. 
 
 "Dear Mr. Romero, — When we were talking in your 
 house, two weeks ago, about my long - entertained and 
 at last realized desire to own land in Lower California, 
 I asked you about the laws of inheritance in Mexico, 
 and you very kindly said that if I would send you some 
 questions on this and other matters pertaining to land 
 ownership in your country, you would answer them. If 
 it is not too much trouble, will you, therefore, kindly 
 teU me, 
 
 " 1. Whether transfer of land titles by sale or 
 through inheritance is easily and securely made in 
 Mexico ? 
 
 "2. Whether the records of titles are so kept that 
 encumbrances, such as mortgages, can be easily and 
 securely ascertained from the record ? 
 
 " 3. What, if any, are the legal hmits to the devise 
 of lands by will ? 
 
 " 4. Whether heirs under will or of an intestate have 
 any more difficulty than with us in securing possession 
 and good title to lands ? 
 
 " 5 Whether foreclosure of mortgages on land is 
 attended with any particular difficulty or expense other 
 than with us ? 
 
76 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 " 6. Finally, whether in your judgment as a lawyer 
 famihar with the land laws of your own country and 
 of the United States, land titles are as secure, when well 
 founded and duly recorded, and can be as readily and 
 accurately traced as with us ? 
 
 " I am yours, very truly, 
 
 "Charles Nordhoff. 
 
 " To H. E. M. RoMEEO, Minister of Mexico." 
 
 Translation. 
 
 " Washington, N'ov. 28, 1887. 
 
 "Mr. Charles Nordhoff, New York: 
 
 " My Esteemed Friend and Sir, — In answer to your ♦ 
 letter of the 26th instant, in which you ask various 
 questions in regard to the acquisition of lands, the trans- 
 fer of the respective titles whether by way of purchase, 
 by inheritance under a last will, or in intestacy, under 
 the laws of Mexico, I reply that, as Mexico has a repub- 
 hcan, popular, federal government, each State makes 
 laws governing that which relates to such matters, and 
 that in order to properly answer your questions, it would 
 be necessary to refer to the special legislation of each 
 State. But as your purpose seems to be to become ac- 
 quainted principally with the regulations in such cases 
 ruling in the Territory of Lower Cahfornia, I inform 
 you that said territory is governed by the Civil Code 
 which was promulgated on the 31st day of March, 1884, 
 for the Federal District and the territory aforesaid. 
 
 "Under this code (Article 3184) at every town where 
 
RELATION OF SETTLERS TO GOVERNMENT, ETC. 77 
 
 there is a Judicial Court of First Instance, an office is 
 established kno^vn as that of the Pubhc Registry. This 
 Registry is di\aded (Article 3185) into four bureaus: 
 the first, in which are registered deeds of conveyance 
 of the title to real estate or of rights relating to realty, 
 and various rights relating to mortgages charged upon 
 such real estate ; the second the registry of mortgages ; 
 the third the registry of leases, and the fourth the reg- 
 istry of judgments. 
 
 "All contracts and instruments *nfer vivos which 
 transfer or affect the ownership, the possession, or the 
 enjoyment of real estate or real rights imposed upon the 
 same, must be recorded (3194) unless (8195) the prop- 
 erty or rights do not exceed in value $500, in which case 
 it is not necessary to record the same. 
 
 "Such last wills as transfer the ownership of real 
 estate or realty rights must also be registered (3197) 
 after the death of the testator, and in case of intestacy 
 (3198) the declaration made by the judge as to those 
 who are the legitimate heirs and also the deed of parti- 
 tion must be recorded. 
 
 "Chapter III. of Title 23 of the Civil Code, Articles 
 8208 to 3218, fix the details of the manner of record- 
 ing. 
 
 "As to estates, the Civil Code provides (3328) that 
 every person shall have the right to freely dispose of 
 his property, by way of inheritance or bequest, and that 
 such right is not limited (3824) except by the obligation 
 upon him to leave provision for the support of descend- 
 ants, the wife or husband surviving, and ascendants, in 
 
78 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 conformity with the rules estabhshed under the same 
 article. 
 
 " In default of a last will, the code provides that the 
 judge shall declare who are the heirs, and such decla- 
 ration must be made in favor of the descendants, of the 
 wife or husband surviving, and the ascendants and col- 
 laterals, etc., in the order established in the same code. 
 
 " I will add that, in my judgment, there are as many 
 facilities to obtain the judicial acknowledgment of the 
 rights of ownership in Mexico as there are in the United 
 States, and so also as to collecting mortgages made on 
 real estate; although the legislation of the two coun- 
 tries is somewhat different on account of our following 
 the provisions of the Eoman law and the United States 
 those of the common law. 
 
 " I am, sincerely and truly, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 " M. EOMEEO." 
 
CHAPTER YI. 
 LAND TITLES. 
 
 A S there are no "public lands" in the northern part 
 -^^ of the Peninsula, and settlers must deal with, and 
 buy, and take title from, the International Company, the 
 character and responsibility of this company, and the va- 
 lidity of its charters and titles, are of course of the first 
 importance to intending purchasers. As I stated in the 
 preface, I made for my own satisfaction and security as 
 a purchaser a careful examination of these things, and I 
 give in some detail in this chapter the results of this in- 
 vestigation. 
 
 The International Company of Mexico exists under 
 special charter from the State of Connecticut, recognized 
 in its various grants and concessions by the Mexican 
 Government; as in the formal "Certificate of title to 
 lands owned between parallels 28° and 32° 42' in Lower 
 Cahfomia," where it is designated as "The Mexican 
 International Company of Hartford, Connecticut." The 
 company is composed of a number of prominent and 
 well-known business men of undisputed integrity and 
 high character. Its capital is twenty million of dollars. 
 Its responsibility, as well as the perfection of its conces- 
 sions and titles, have been carefully examined by the 
 
80 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 company's fiscal agents here and in England. Mr. John 
 W. Battem, a well-known Parliamentary barrister and 
 railway director of London, personally inspected the 
 country, and also the concessions made by the Mexican 
 Government to the International Company, looking into 
 all questions on which settlers and investors would desire 
 full information, and upon his report the company's ex- 
 tensive operations in Europe were first based. 
 
 Captain George Clark Cheape, of County Fife in Scot- 
 land, a capitalist and large land-owner in three Scottish 
 counties, after a careful examination of the company's 
 titles, made a journey to Lower California, and after an 
 examination of the company's lands, became largely in- 
 terested in them. 
 
 The operations of the International Company of Mex- 
 ico cover a very wide field, as it has grants in other parts 
 of Mexico ; and its Lower California concessions and work 
 form only a part of its enterprises. 
 
 Besides its grants for surveying, occupying, and colo- 
 nizing the northern part of the Peninsula of Lower Cali- 
 fornia, it has extensive grants of lands in the Mexican 
 States of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chiapas, together with rail- 
 road charters in these States. Chiapas, which is the most 
 tropical and one of the least-known of the Mexican States, 
 adjoining and bordering upon the republic of Guatema- 
 la, is also, by the accounts of Mexican writers, one of the 
 richest States of the republic in its natural products and 
 its capacity to grow profitably coffee, sugar, India-rubber, 
 and many other valuable tropical products. It needs a 
 railroad to open it to settlement and commerce. 
 
LAND TITLES. 83 
 
 The International Company holds a concession to 
 build and operate a railroad in Lower California, to con- 
 nect the Peninsula with the United States. The line of 
 this railroad has already been surveyed, and will be found 
 marked on the map which accompanies this volume. Its 
 northerly connection will be, as shown on the map, with 
 San Diego ; and this part of the line, to be built at once, 
 will tap the various interior settlements now forming, as 
 well as points at which gold and other minerals have 
 been recently discovered. The easterly hne will cross the 
 upper end of the Peninsula and pass through the States 
 of Sonora and Chihuahua to El Paso. 
 
 Under its concession for a railroad in Chiapas the 
 company will build a hne from the Pacific port of San 
 Benito to the Atlantic port of the Grijalba River. This 
 will be a transcontinental hne. It will pass through the 
 coffee lands and large untouched mahogany forests of 
 Chiapas, and will tap also similar regions in neighboring 
 Guatemala. The surveys of this line have been lately 
 completed, and work on it has been commenced. 
 
 The company further operates under a concession the 
 guano islands of the Pacific and Gulf coasts of Mexico, 
 especially in the Gulf of Cahfornia, where valuable phos- 
 phate deposits are found. It has for some time past 
 shipped, and is still shipping, about one thousand tons 
 I)er month of this guano to Europe and to San Francisco, 
 and employs in this work two steamers, several saihng- 
 vessels, and about three hundred and fifty men. 
 
 Its own steamers run regularly between San Diego 
 and those Peninsular ports where settlements have been 
 5 
 
84 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 formed, the connection between San Diego and Ensenada 
 being tri-weekly, with a daily overland stage connection 
 also. 
 
 Its concessions or grants in Lower California were 
 made on the condition of a complete and satisfactory 
 survey of the region within their hmit. When tliis sur- 
 vey was made and accepted by the Mexican Govern- 
 ment, the company became thereby the owners of one- 
 third of the vacant lands surveyed; and were entitled 
 further to purchase the other two-thirds by a cash pay- 
 ment at the price established by the Mexican Congress 
 for pubhc lands. 
 
 The required surveys in Lower California were begun 
 at the stipulated time, completed and accepted by the 
 Mexican Grovernment, and formally recorded in its De- 
 partment of Works ; the cash payment, which, under the 
 law, the company could have made in instalments, was 
 made complete in one sum; and under date of "Mexi- 
 co, October 20th, 1886," Mr. Pacheco, Minister of Pubhc 
 Works, which is the equivalent of the Secretary of the 
 Interior in the United States, certifies, " By direction of 
 the President of the Eepubhc :" 
 
 " That the titles of the property acquired by Messrs. 
 Luis Huller & Co., whose Company has the name The 
 International Company of Mexico (of Hartford), are per- 
 fectly legal." 
 
 He further certifies in the same document : 
 
 " That the said Company have paid into the National 
 Treasury the whole value [price] of said lands." 
 
 He further adds : 
 
LAND TITLES. 85 
 
 " The Company may sell to Enterprises or individuals 
 the lands under consideration in this communication, as 
 it is expressly stipulated in the Contract of 21st of July, 
 1884, whether the purchasers are Mexicans or foreigners." 
 
 That is to say, all the conditions on which the com- 
 pany received its concessions, and holds in ownership its 
 nearly sixteen million acres of land, are thus officially 
 declared to have been fulfilled; the sole remaining obli- 
 gation being to complete the settlement of the territory 
 within ten years, in the proportion of one family to every 
 6175 acres ; but the grant admits and recognizes that the 
 settlers or colonists may be located at their own conven- 
 ience, and not of necessity upon each separate section of 
 land. It is required only that a certain population shall 
 be settled within the limits of the company's grant. The 
 language of the "Certificate of Title" from the Govern- 
 ment to the company on this point is : 
 
 "A number of famihes may be established in one 
 place or town, for the intent of the law is for the estab- 
 hshment of colonies, the number of families according to 
 the extent of territory." 
 
 The company has also, under its charter and grant, 
 the right to purchase land held by private ownership 
 within its hmits, and it has actually purchased the ma- 
 jority of such private holdings. It gives its own warran- 
 tee deeds, which are confirmed by the Mexican authori- 
 ties and duly recorded in the public office at Ensenada. 
 
 The following details in regard to the International 
 Company's Lower California grants and concessions are 
 here added as interesting to intending settlers : 
 
86 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 I. The concessions or grants were originally made by 
 the President of Mexico, under the authority given him 
 in a law of the Mexican Congress of December 15, 1883, 
 known as the " Colonization Act." By this act the Pres- 
 ident of the republic was authorized to make contracts 
 with individuals and corporations for certain purposes, 
 which are specified in the act. Article 24th of the Colo- 
 nization Act is in these words : 
 
 " The Executive may make contracts with companies 
 for the introduction into the Republic of colonists and 
 foreign immigrants and their settlement thereon, under 
 the following conditions : 
 
 " 1. The Companies must specify the exact period of 
 time in which they are to introduce a certain number of 
 colonists [ten years in the case of the International 
 Company]. 
 
 "2. Colonists or immigrants must be subject to the 
 conditions established in Articles 5 and 6 of the present 
 law." (Articles 5 and 6 require that all colonists shall 
 get from the company a certificate that they are persons 
 of good habits, and stating what occupation they have 
 followed.) 
 
 II. The Lower California grants under which the 
 International Company holds are three in number, and 
 were made to individual members of the International 
 Company of Mexico, and by them legally and with the 
 consent of the Mexican Government transferred to the 
 company. The first, in the name of Adolf o BuUe, cov- 
 ered the section between parallels 28° and 29°. The sec- 
 ond, m the name of Telesforo Garcia, covered the right 
 
LAND TITLES. 87 
 
 to survey the public lands between latitude 29° and the 
 United States boundary on 32° 22', taking for this serv- 
 ice one -third of the public lands surveyed. The third 
 concession is in the name of Luis HuUer, and covers the 
 right to purchase for cash the remaining pubhc lands 
 from latitude 29° to the United States boundary. All 
 these grants were, as has been said, in due legal form, 
 and with the consent of the Mexican authorities, made 
 over to the International Company of Mexico. 
 
 III. The conditions on which the International Com- 
 pany received and accepted its various grants covering 
 Lower Cahfornia were these : 
 
 1. That it should within a specified time file a bond 
 in current funds with the Mexican Treasury Depart- 
 ment, for the faithful and timely performance of its 
 agreement. This was doiie. 
 
 2. That it should proceed within a prescribed time to 
 begin its sur\^eying operations. This it did. 
 
 3. That the required surveys should be completed 
 within another prescribed period. They were so completed. 
 
 4. That all its surveys and reports should be verified 
 and accepted in a legal and formal manner by the 
 proper authorities, and all the data recorded in the Of- 
 fice of Public Works in the City of Mexico (eqiiivalent 
 to our Interior Department) withm a prescribed time. 
 All this toas done. 
 
 5. That a specified sum of money should be paid by 
 the company into the Mexican Treasury, for the pur- 
 chased lands, within a fixed period. This loas done. Fi- 
 nally, 
 
88 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 6. That within ten years there should be settled 
 within the territory granted it in Lower California, on 
 the lands acquired, two thousand or more families as 
 "colonists" — one hundred families to be settled within 
 two years. Many more than one hundred families have 
 been settled within the two years. 
 
 IV. The Mexican Government, in making these con- 
 cessions, stipulated, as is its invariable custom, that un- 
 less the conditions of the grants should be fulfilled 
 within the time fixed, the rights of the concessionaries 
 should lapse and fail. If, therefore, the company had 
 failed — 
 
 1. To pay certain bonds into the Treasury as an evi- 
 dence of good faith, or 
 
 2. To begin its surveys within a specified time, or 
 
 3. If it had failed to complete this field-work within 
 the stipulated time, or 
 
 4. If it had failed within the time limit to pay into 
 the Mexican Treasury the cash sum required to com- 
 plete the purchase of its lands — 
 
 in case of any such failure the company's rights would 
 have been forfeited. But as the Government's official 
 certificates already quoted show that all the conditions 
 were fulfilled as agreed, the company's titles are thus 
 complete. 
 
 V. There remains the final stipulation that the com- 
 pany shall within two years settle one hundred families, 
 which it has done, and within ten years two thousand 
 
LAND TITLES. 89 
 
 families, which it will certainly and easily be able to do. 
 But the Government declares in the contract with the 
 company that if the company should fail in the latter 
 act, the Grovernment will place the remaining families 
 there by its own action ; but in this case distinctly agrees 
 that such failure on the company's part shall not in any 
 way touch, invalidate, or interfere with the titles of set- 
 tlers who have bought lands of the company. 
 
 Article 24th of " Contract made between General Car- 
 los Pacheco, Secretary of Public Works, representing the 
 Executive of the Union, and Sres. Luis HuUer & Com- 
 pany (The International Company of Mexico), for colo- 
 nizing vacant lands in Lower California and Isle de Ce- 
 dros," declares : 
 
 " If the colonization is not effected, even although the 
 demarcation, description, apportionment of the lands, and 
 drawing up of the plans is all done, the lands sold to the 
 Enterprise shall revert to the Nation, which shall not 
 have to make any restitution of what it may have re- 
 ceived for them. In the case of a part of the lands hav- 
 ing been colonized in conformity with the clauses of this 
 contract, only those lands shall revert to the Nation that have 
 not been colonized; neither the colonists established nor the 
 Enterprise shall be disturbed on account of the propor- 
 tion of the lands assigned to the former at the rate of 
 2000 hectares [4940 acres] per family, inclusive of the 
 land which may have been given to the colonists." 
 
 It is thus certain that the company having fulfilled 
 all its prehminary stipulations, and being authorized to 
 sell to settlers of any nationality, and give deeds recog- 
 
90 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 nized and confirmed by the Mexican Government, any- 
 possible future complications of the company with the 
 Government cannot affect those who may have mean- 
 time purchased lands. 
 
 VI. The company's grants do not cover the whole of 
 Lower California, as Mr. J. B. Hale has a very large 
 grant in the southern part of the Peninsula, where he 
 gathers orchilla. The Hale grant is a strip of land fif- 
 teen miles wide from the sea-shore, between latitude 29° 
 and 23°. Mr. G. Andrade has another grant of about 
 800,000 acres of land lying in the valley of the Colorado 
 River, which is the north-eastern boundary of the terri- 
 tory. These grants do not trench upon or conflict with 
 the International Company's territory. 
 
 VII. The company's titles to its lands are officially 
 recorded in the office of the Minister of Public Works, in 
 the City of Mexico, and certified duplicate copies are on 
 record in the town of Ensenada, which is the capital of 
 the district of northern Lower California. 
 
 VIII. The title-deeds given by the company to those 
 who buy its lands are recorded in the proper office of 
 record in Ensenada. 
 
 IX. The title of the company being officially recog- 
 nized as perfect, and its right to convey parts of its lands 
 to others legal and complete, it remains only to add that 
 when the company gives a deed, the purchaser and hold- 
 er enters into full, unencumbered, and peaceable posses- 
 sion of the land, without question or reservation of any 
 kind — with only this possible exception : If a discovery 
 of precious metals should be made by a third person on 
 
LAND TITLES. 91 
 
 his land, as gold, silver, or other mineral in the form of 
 a lode or vein, the discoverer could, under Mexican laws, 
 take up a claim in about the same form as in the United 
 States, but before working it would have to give security 
 that he would not disturb growing crops or interfere 
 in any way with the rightful use of the surface of the 
 ground ; that he would not by his underground work 
 imperil the surface, nor disturb any habitation, or inter- 
 fere in any other way with the peaceable enjoyment by 
 the owner of all his rights in the lands. If the mineral 
 discovered should be coal, marble, or valuable stone, this 
 belongs to the owner of the land. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 
 
 TN the fall of 1887 certain opposition journals and pub- 
 ■^ lie men in the city of Mexico criticised President 
 Diaz and his administration for his colonization policy, 
 suggesting that it was not in consonance with the laws 
 of Congress, and that it was not calculated to benefit the 
 country. The concessions granted in Lower California 
 to the International Company were, among others, at- 
 tacked in this way. 
 
 President Diaz at once caused the proper officers of 
 the Government to answer in detail every objection 
 which had been offered, and the reply, when completed, 
 was published in a considerable pamphlet, of which I 
 have a copy, and in which it is shown clearly : 
 
 1. That the various colonization concessions have 
 been made in strict and absolute conformity to the 
 laws of Congress. 
 
 2. That the concessionaries have been in every case 
 held by the Government to a strict fulfilment of all the 
 conditions. 
 
 3. That the new land policy declared by the Congress 
 during the administration of President Gonzalez, and 
 carried into effect by President Diaz, has been of great 
 
THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 95 
 
 benefit to Mexico, and was a change very much needed 
 from a former ineffective and expensive system. 
 
 Under the old system in force previous to the passage 
 of the Colonization Act of December, 1883, the Govern- 
 ment founded colonies and maintained them at its own 
 cost and expense. These experiments were not success- 
 ful ; but they cost the treasury large sums, as will be seen 
 by the official returns for only a few years : 
 
 ^Statement of the Sums expended on the Colonies founded by the 
 Government. 
 
 Depaktment op Public Works, Colonization, Industry, 
 AND Commerce, Section 6. Mexico, December 4, 1887. 
 
 Fiscal Years. Sums Expended. 
 
 1881 to 1882 $473,057 32 
 
 1882 to 1883 725,178 70 
 
 1883 to 1884 290,289 42 
 
 1884 to 1885 41,104 76 
 
 1885 to 1886 15,226 10 
 
 1886 to 1887 41,567 75 
 
 Caelos K. Ruiz, the Chief of the Section. 
 
 The moderate expenditures since 1884 are for the con- 
 tinued maintenance of Government colonies, which, as 
 the report shows, are not progressing. 
 
 Under the Colonization Act of 1883, this drain upon 
 the Treasury, for in the most cases futile attempts, has 
 ceased. Under the new system, the Government, as the 
 report shows, is relieved even of the cost of surveys of 
 its pubhc lands; and it receives money payment for 
 so much of these lands as it grants to colonizing com- 
 panies, these taking the risks of the enterprise and for- 
 feiting all their expenditures and their unsold lands 
 
96 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 if they do not fulfil all the conditions, which include, of 
 course, the settlement of people on these lands. 
 
 Mr. Pacheco, the Minister of Hacienda, having recited 
 all the various colonization laws adopted during sixty 
 years, from 1823 to 1883, shows in detail how all except 
 the last had failed, and why. He remarks that Mexico 
 lived too long in isolation, to the impoverishment of her 
 people and her government; he shows how the United 
 States, AustraUa, and in more recent times the Argen- 
 tine Republic, have prospered by a more liberal course, 
 and says : 
 
 "The isolation which was forced on us during the 
 colonial period, keeping us estranged to all scientific and 
 industrial progress of Europe, pauperized us to such a 
 degree that our population and our governments have 
 been at times in absolute indigence, and that in the pres- 
 ence of a prodigality of natural resources. 
 
 " The only perceptible prosperity now enjoyed by us, 
 of which the gradual increase is incontestable, coincides 
 exactly with the practice of a more liberal policy, which, 
 by facilitating the entrance of foreign capital and labor, 
 adds daily to the public wealth, brings funds to the 
 Treasury, gives us credit abroad, raises us from day to 
 day to a higher level of reputation, respectabihty, and 
 power. It may be, therefore, taken as incontestable that 
 the country needs to attract the aid of foreign labor and 
 capital." 
 
 Having thus discussed the policy of the Colonization 
 Law of 1883, and the beneficent results flowing from it, 
 Mr. Pacheco shows : 
 
THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 97 
 
 1. That this, the latest law on the subject, superseded 
 all others relating to colonization : 
 
 "The law of 15th December, 1883, is the only law on 
 colonization now in force, and in its Article 31 it abolish- 
 es all preyious laws on the subject, in the following 
 terms : 
 
 "Article 31. All laws on colonization anterior to the 
 present are abohshed." 
 
 2. He proceeds to compare the acts of the Govern- 
 ment under this law with the law itself ; and coming to 
 the concessions made to the International Company in 
 Lower California, he compares the contract of this com- 
 pany with the law, article by article, proving at every 
 step, by this close and accurate analysis, that the con- 
 tract and concession were in fact drawn with remark- 
 able care to follow in every detail the provisions of the 
 Colonization Law. So far from having exceeded the 
 law, he shows that the Government exacted everything 
 the law required, and in its care for the pubhc interest 
 took safeguards and required conditions not called for in 
 the law, except by fair inference. He concludes in these 
 words : 
 
 "It is proved in the foregoing analysis that the con- 
 tract made with the citizen Luis Huller is strictly with- 
 in the prescriptions of the law, and if there is anything 
 in the contract that is not contained in the law, it is the 
 precautions that the Government has taken within its 
 powers on behalf of the Nation and the colonists." 
 
 He adds that it has thus " been clearly demonstrated 
 that the Executive has walked step by step by the letter, 
 
98 PEXDsSULAE CALIFORXIA. 
 
 and duly interpreted the spirit of the law in forming 
 the stipulation of the two contracts with Huller and 
 Bnlle, and has continued, but still improving them, the 
 traditions of previous govern ments."' 
 
 Finally, Mr. Pacheco shows that the Congi'ess had 
 already discussed and scrut ini zed the question of the 
 Lower California and other grants made under the law 
 of 1883, and had by its express action sanctioned and 
 approved all these acts of the Executive : 
 
 '•'It is proper to recall here the report rendered by the 
 undersigned to the National Representative Assembly 
 on the 17th October, 1885, concer ni ng the proposition 
 approved by that assembly that the Department of Pub- 
 he Works should report on all the contracts that have 
 been made for the demarcation and colonization of un- 
 occupied lands from the 1st December, 1876, up to that 
 date, in which number are included the contracts made 
 with Messrs. Huller and Bulle, which I have just dis- 
 cussed. That report gave origin to prolonged and lumi- 
 nous debates, and, as soon as the propriety of ah the 
 proceedings of the Grovemment was clearly shown, the 
 Chamber of Deputies rejected the proposition that had 
 been offered by some of its members for an addition to 
 be made to the law of December 15th, 1883, forbidding 
 the Executive to make any contract relating to unoccu- 
 pied lands without previously submitting it to Congress 
 for approval; thus sanctioning the course followed by 
 the administration and disposing of the charges which 
 were even then also being made against the Department 
 of Pubhc Works of having exceeded the powers accorded 
 
THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 99 
 
 to it by the law. The report to which I allude, together 
 with justificatory documents, was printed by order of 
 the Chamber on the 19th October of the same year and 
 circulated in profusion." 
 
 This official pubhcation of the Mexican Government 
 of course settles all questions which could be raised as 
 to the validity and legahty of the concessions and con- 
 tracts it has made with the International Company. 
 
 But it does much more than this. It exhibits the 
 hberal and enlightened spirit which has now the lead 
 in Mexican affairs, and no one can read Mr. Pachecos 
 report without gaining full confidence in the settled and 
 increasing prosperity of the repubhc. 
 
 The "pohcy of isolation." which Mr. Pacheco con- 
 demns, and which ceased when the Congress passed the 
 Colonization Law of IS S3, was the most dangerous pohcy 
 to Mexico. To exclude immigration or tolerate it only 
 under intolerable conditions, forced foreigners to cast 
 covetous eyes on the Mexican domain. It alone gave 
 rise to constant schemes of annexation and revolution- 
 ary separation. To forbid or make difficult and inse- 
 cure the entry of capital and labor from without, neces- 
 sarily united capital, labor, and enterprise in hostihty to 
 Mexico, and led to schemes against the integrity of her 
 territory. 
 
 To welcome capital and labor and make both seom-e 
 makes these her friends and allies, and unites them in a 
 common interest with her. Hence the enlightened spuit 
 which led the Congress to adopt the law of 1SS3. and 
 which has led President Diaz and his administration to 
 
100 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 
 
 carry out with liberal zeal this act, is the best guaran- 
 tee Mexico can have of a future secure against attempts 
 upon her territory, and of additions to her population 
 having mutual interests with her people, and sure under 
 the force of such mutual interests to be true to her and 
 to become a part of her people and her wealth. 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 TAELES OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL. 
 
 Tempeeattjee observations cover only the short period since com- 
 petent observers were at hand to record them — about two years ; and 
 the following tables apply to the region of Todos Santos Bay. The 
 interior valleys are hotter, the elevated mountain regions cooler. The 
 rainfall varies also. In the mountain region it rains in midsummer as 
 well as in winter, and the annual rainfall is greater than on the Pa- 
 cific coast. I have been unable to secure complete daily returns for 
 a whole year. In a new country observers are apt to be sent off to 
 other work, and thus the records are incomplete. The reports I give 
 show the greatest heat of the summer months and the lowest tem- 
 pei-ature of the winter, with the daily variations. These are the facts 
 which physicians and invalids most need. 
 
 MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA, OBSERVED DURING THE 
 TWO YEARS (1886-88). 
 
 
 7 a.m. 
 
 8 p.m. 
 
 
 January 
 
 50.0° 
 
 ...62.4° 
 
 February 
 
 51.1 
 
 ...62.3 
 
 
 March 
 
 52.8 
 
 . ..63.3 
 
 
 April 
 
 54.5 
 
 ...65.6 .... 
 
 
 May 
 
 58.6 
 
 ...68.2 
 
 
 June 
 
 62.5 
 
 ...71.6 .... 
 
 
 July 
 
 65.5 
 
 ...74.2 
 
 
 August 
 
 67.0 
 
 ...75.7 .... 
 
 
 September 
 
 63.7 
 
 ...74.5 
 
 
 October 
 
 64.7 
 
 ...74.5 
 
 
 November 
 
 54.5 
 
 ...67.7 .... 
 
 
 December 
 
 52.0 
 
 ...64.7 
 
 
 11 P.M. 
 
 .54.6° 
 
 . 55.0 
 
 .56.9 
 
 .59.0 
 
 .62.2 
 
 .65.2 
 
 .67.6 
 
 .69.4 
 
 .69.4 
 
 .67.6 
 
 .58.6 
 
 .56.1 
 
104 APPENDIX A. 
 
 The following are detailed daily 
 
 RECORDS OF TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA, LOWER CALIFORNIA, FOR THE 
 MONTHS NAMED. JULY, 1887. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Max. for Min. for Variation 
 
 Date. 
 
 8 a.m. 
 
 12 m. 
 
 4 P.M. 
 
 24 hrs. 24 hrs, for 24 ire. 
 
 July 11... 
 
 ..66°.. 
 
 ...71°.. 
 
 69°... 
 
 72° 64° 8° 
 
 
 12.. . 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 ...70 .. 
 
 69 .. . 
 
 70 62 8 
 
 
 13... 
 
 ..66 ... 
 
 ...69 .. 
 
 69 ... 
 
 70 64 6 
 
 
 14... 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 ...68 .. 
 
 66 ... 
 
 69 64 5 
 
 
 15... 
 
 ..64 ... 
 
 ...68 .. 
 
 68 ... 
 
 ...70 62 8 
 
 
 16 
 
 ..66 ... 
 
 ...71 .. 
 
 66 ... 
 
 . ..71 63 8 
 
 
 17.... 
 
 ..68 ... 
 
 ...70 .. 
 
 66 ... 
 
 . ..72 63 9 
 
 
 18 
 
 ..68 ... 
 
 ...73 .. 
 
 ....70 ... 
 
 ...74 64 10 
 
 
 19.... 
 
 ..64 ... 
 
 ...74 .. 
 
 . . ..74 ... 
 
 75 62 13 
 
 
 20... 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 ...74 .. 
 
 ....74 ... 
 
 ...75 58 17 
 
 
 21 
 
 ..67 ... 
 
 ...72 .. 
 
 . ..74 ... 
 
 ...76 60 16 
 
 
 22 
 
 ..68 ... 
 
 ...74 .. 
 
 ....73 ... 
 
 . ..78 62 16 
 
 
 23 
 
 ..69 ... 
 
 ...75 .. 
 
 74 ... 
 
 ...78 63 15 
 
 
 24.... 
 
 ..66 ... 
 
 ...72 .. 
 
 68 ... 
 
 . ..72 63 9 
 
 
 25 
 
 ..68 ... 
 
 ...72 .. 
 
 ...70 ... 
 
 . ..74 63 11 
 
 
 26 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 ...72 .. 
 
 . . ..72 ... 
 
 ...74 62 12 
 
 
 27.... 
 
 ..68 ... 
 
 ...75 .. 
 
 ... 74 ... 
 
 .. .76 62 14 
 
 
 28 
 
 ..69 ... 
 
 ...75 .. 
 
 ....73 ... 
 
 . ..75 65 10 
 
 
 29 
 
 ..72 ... 
 
 ...74 .. 
 
 ...70 ... 
 
 ...75 62 13 
 
 
 30 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 ...72 .. 
 
 . ..72 ... 
 
 . ..75 62 13 
 
 
 31 
 
 ..68 ... 
 
 ...72 .. 
 
 ...70 ... 
 
 ...74 63 11 
 
 RECORD OF 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT 
 
 ENSENADA, 
 
 LOWER CALIFORNIA, AUGUST, 1887. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Max. for Min. for Variation 
 
 Date. 
 
 8 a.m. 
 
 12 m. 
 
 4 p.m. 
 
 24 hrs. 24 hrs. for 24 hrs. 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 ..65°... 
 
 . ..73°.. 
 
 . . . 70° . . . 
 
 . ..73° 60° 13° 
 
 
 2 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 . ..71 .. 
 
 . ..69 ... 
 
 . ..72 62 10 
 
 
 3 
 
 ..62 ... 
 
 ...70 .. 
 
 ...70 ... 
 
 ...72 57 15 
 
 
 4 
 
 ..60 ... 
 
 ...72 .. 
 
 . ..70 ... 
 
 ...73 69 14 
 
 
 5 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 . ..72 .. 
 
 ...70 ... 
 
 ...72 62 10 
 
 
 6.... 
 
 ..64 ... 
 
 . ..75 .. 
 
 ...74 ... 
 
 . ..78 62 16 
 
 
 7.... 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 . ..75 .. 
 
 ...74 ... 
 
 . ..76 63 13 
 
 
 8 
 
 ..66 ... 
 
 . ..69 .. 
 
 . ,.67 ... 
 
 . ..70 62 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 ..65 ... 
 
 ...70 .. 
 
 . ..69 ... 
 
 .. .72 62 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 ..66 ... 
 
 . ..74 .. 
 
 . ..73 ... 
 
 ...75 65 10 . 
 
APPENDIX A. 105 
 
 RECORD OF TEUPERATURE AT ENSENADA, LOWER CALIFORNIA, AUGUST, 1887 
 
 C07tti7lU€d. 
 
 Max. for llin. for Variation 
 
 Date. 8 a.m. 12 m. 4 p.m. 21 Iirs. 24 brs. for 24 hrs. 
 
 Aug. 11 68° 71° 70° 77° 64° 13° 
 
 " 12 62 73 74 74 62 12 
 
 ■ " 13 64 70 69 71 63 8 
 
 " 14 65 73 70 73 62 11 
 
 " 15 65 73 70 75 64 10 
 
 " 16 66 72 70 72 63 9 
 
 " 17 65 70 69 70 59 11 
 
 •' 18 67 72 70 73 63 10 
 
 " 19 68 72 78 79 64 15 
 
 " 20 69 74 79 79 67 12 
 
 " 21 64 72 72 75 63 12 
 
 " 22 66 75 75 76 63 13 
 
 " 23 66 70 69 71 64 7 
 
 " 24 67 76 70 71 65 6 
 
 " 25 66 71 70 72 57 15 
 
 " 26 67 72 69 73 59 14 
 
 " 27 65 72 70 72 60 10 
 
 " 28 65 72 70 73 57 16 
 
 " 29 66 71 70 72 61 11 
 
 " 30 68 72 71 72 62 10 
 
 " 31 62 65 67 72 57 15 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA FOR SEPTEMBER, 1887. 
 
 Dale. 
 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Variation. 
 
 Septeml 
 
 ler 1 
 
 72° 
 
 60° 
 
 12° 
 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 62 
 
 13 
 
 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 
 4 
 
 70 
 
 61 
 
 9 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 62 
 
 9 
 
 
 56 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 .58 
 
 ''0 
 
 
 8 
 
 73 
 
 54 
 
 19 
 
 
 9 
 
 71 
 
 61 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 71 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 70 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 Rain. 
 
106 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA FOR SEPTEMBER, 1881— Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Variation. 
 
 
 ptembei 
 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 72°... 
 
 64° 
 
 
 . 8° 
 . 7 
 
 
 
 72 ... 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 
 14. 
 
 74 ... 
 
 65 
 
 
 . 9 
 
 
 
 15. 
 
 70 .... 
 
 60 
 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 16. 
 
 73 ... 
 
 64 
 
 
 . 9 
 
 
 
 17. 
 
 75 .... 
 
 60 
 
 
 .15 
 
 
 
 18. 
 
 74 ... 
 
 63 
 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 19. 
 
 74 .... 
 
 62 
 
 
 .12 
 
 . . . Eain. 
 
 
 20. 
 
 76 .... 
 
 68 
 
 
 . 8 
 
 
 
 21. 
 
 79 .... 
 
 71 
 
 
 . 8 
 
 
 
 22. 
 
 77 ... 
 
 74 
 
 
 . 3 
 
 . . . Bain. 
 
 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 
 72 
 
 64 
 
 
 . 8 
 
 .10 
 .10 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 72 .... 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 26. 
 
 72 .... 
 
 62 
 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 27. 
 
 72 .... 
 
 64 
 
 
 . 8 
 
 
 
 28. 
 29. 
 
 74 .... 
 
 76 .... 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 
 . 6 
 .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30. 
 
 76 .... 
 
 64 
 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT 
 
 ENSENADA FOR OCTOBER 
 
 , 1887. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 
 Variation 
 
 tober 1 
 
 
 72° 
 
 
 .66° 
 
 
 ... 6° 
 
 " 2 
 
 
 72 .... 
 
 
 .62 
 
 .64 
 
 
 . . .10 
 
 " 3 
 
 72 
 
 
 ... 8 
 
 " 4 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 .62 
 
 
 ...10 
 
 " 5 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 .64 
 
 
 ...12 
 
 " 6 
 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 
 .64 
 
 
 ... 8 
 
 " 1 
 
 .64 
 
 
 ... 8 
 
 " 8 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 .62 
 
 
 ...10 
 
 9 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 .60 
 
 
 ...12 
 
 " 10 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 .62 
 
 
 ...12 
 
 « 11 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 .63 
 
 
 ...13 
 
 " 12 
 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 
 .64 .... 
 
 
 . . .13 
 
 " 13 
 
 .64 
 
 
 . ..13 
 
 " 14 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 .65 
 
 
 . ..13 
 
 " 16 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 .64 
 
 
 . ..12 
 
APPENDIX A. 107 
 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA FOR 
 
 OCTOBER, l8S1—Co>ilinue<l. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Variation. 
 
 October 
 
 16. 
 
 
 ...76° 
 
 
 62° 
 
 ...14° 
 
 
 17. 
 
 
 ...75 
 
 
 62 
 
 ...13 
 
 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 
 
 ...76 
 
 
 63 
 
 . ..13 
 
 
 .79 
 
 
 65 
 
 ...14 
 
 
 
 ...92 
 
 
 70 
 
 ...22 
 
 
 21. 
 
 
 ...96 
 
 
 70 
 
 ...26 
 
 
 22 . 
 23. 
 
 
 ...82 
 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 . ..24 
 
 
 
 ...76 
 
 ...21 
 
 
 24. 
 
 
 ...75 
 
 
 54 
 
 ...21 
 
 
 25. 
 
 
 ...82 
 
 
 58 
 
 ...24 
 
 
 26. 
 
 
 ...78 
 
 
 ....57 
 
 ...21 
 
 
 27. 
 
 
 ...76 
 
 
 50 
 
 ...26 
 
 
 28. 
 29. 
 
 
 ...88 
 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 ...40 
 
 
 
 ...89 
 
 ...29 
 
 
 30. 
 
 
 ...80 
 
 
 57 
 
 ...23 
 
 
 31. 
 
 
 ...78 
 
 
 48 
 
 ...30 
 
 
 
 ENSENADA WEATHER 
 
 REPORT 
 
 FOR FEBRUARY, 1888. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 8 a.m. 
 
 12 .M. 
 
 4P.JI. 
 
 Maximum. Minimum. 
 
 Range. 
 
 Feb. 1. 
 
 
 ..51°.. 
 
 61° 
 
 ..60°.. 
 
 62° 48° 
 
 ...14° 
 
 " 2. 
 
 
 ..52 .. 
 
 60 
 
 ...60 .. 
 
 62 49 
 
 ...13 
 
 " 3. 
 
 
 . .53 .. 
 
 62 .... 
 
 ...61 .. 
 
 63 50 
 
 ...13 
 
 " 4. 
 
 
 ..54 .. 
 
 64 
 
 ..62 .. 
 
 64 51 
 
 ...13 
 
 " 5. 
 
 
 ..55 .. 
 
 65 
 
 ...64 .. 
 
 66 54 
 
 ...12 
 
 " 6. 
 
 
 ..55 .. 
 
 66 
 
 ...65 .. 
 
 68 54 
 
 ...14 
 
 " 7. 
 
 
 ..60 . 
 
 64 .... 
 
 ...62 .. 
 
 64 47 
 
 ...17 
 
 " 8. 
 
 
 ..60 . 
 
 63 
 
 ...61 .. 
 
 63 46 
 
 ...17 
 
 " 9. 
 
 
 ..60 . 
 
 63 
 
 ...62 .. 
 
 64 50 
 
 ...14 
 
 " 10. 
 
 
 ..61 . 
 
 64 .... 
 
 ...63 .. 
 
 64 53 
 
 . ..11 
 
 " 11. 
 
 
 ..62 . 
 
 63 
 
 ...62 .. 
 
 63 55 
 
 . .. 8 
 
 " 12. 
 
 
 ..63 . 
 
 64 
 
 ...62 .. 
 
 64 56 
 
 ...8 
 
 " 13 
 
 
 . .60 . 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 ...61 .. 
 ...60 .. 
 
 64 57 
 
 63 57 
 
 ... 7 
 
 " 14. 
 
 
 ..61 . 
 
 ... 6 
 
 " 15. 
 
 
 ..60 . 
 
 63 
 
 ...62 .. 
 
 64 55 
 
 ... 9 
 
 " 16 
 
 
 ..61 . 
 ..60 . 
 
 03 
 
 62 
 
 62 . 
 
 ... 63 . . 53 
 
 .. .10 
 
 " 17. 
 
 ...01 .. 
 
 62 45 
 
 ...17 
 
 " 18. 
 
 
 ..60 . 
 
 62 
 
 ...61 .. 
 
 63 44 .... 
 
 ...19 
 
108 APPENDIX A. 
 
 ENSENADA WEATHER REPORT FOR FEBRUARY, 18S8— Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 8 a.m. 
 
 12 m. 
 
 4 p.m. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Rang 
 
 eb. 19. 
 
 57° 
 
 .65° 
 
 ...62°... 
 
 67°.. 
 
 46° 
 
 .21 
 
 " 20. 
 
 56 
 
 .66 
 
 ...63 ... 
 
 66 .. 
 
 45 
 
 .21 
 
 " 21. 
 
 58 
 
 .66 
 
 ...64 ... 
 
 68 .. 
 
 46 
 
 .22 
 
 " 22. 
 
 58 
 
 .67 .... 
 
 ...67 ... 
 
 ....70 .. 
 
 48 
 
 .22 
 
 " 23. 
 
 57 
 
 .69 
 
 ...65 ... 
 
 ....70 .. 
 
 50 
 
 .20 
 
 " 24. 
 
 60 
 
 .73 .... 
 
 ...69 ... 
 
 ....73 .. 
 
 50 
 
 .23 
 
 " 25. 
 
 60 
 
 .74 .... 
 
 ...67 ... 
 
 ....74 .. 
 
 51 
 
 .23 
 
 " 26. 
 
 61 
 
 .71 .... 
 
 ...68 ... 
 
 ....72 .. 
 
 50 
 
 .22 
 
 " 27. 
 " 28. 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 .68 
 
 ...68 ... 
 
 ....70 .. 
 65 .. 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 9,1 
 
 .65 
 
 ...60 ... 
 
 .20 
 
 ' 29. 
 
 55 
 
 .62 .... 
 
 ...60 ... 
 
 ....63 .. 
 
 44 
 
 .19 
 
 
 Highest temperature for month . . . . 
 
 
 . . . 74°. 
 
 
 
 Lowest temperature for month 
 
 
 ...44°. 
 
 
 
 Variation for w 
 Average daily \ 
 Rainfall during 
 
 onth . . . 
 
 
 
 . . 30°. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 15.7°. 
 
 
 
 month of 
 
 February, 
 
 29th 
 
 .78 inches. 
 
 
 
 Season's rainfall to date . 
 
 
 
 . . 8.71 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ENSENADA WEATHER REPORT FOR MARCH, 1888. 
 Date. 8 a.m. 12 m. 4 p.m. Maximum. Minimum, Rang 
 
 March 1 49° 57° 56° 58° 40° 18° 
 
 2 50 59 57 60 42 18 
 
 3 50 68 58 60 46 14 
 
 4 55 60 58 60 48 12 
 
 5 54 61 57 61 44 17 
 
 6 53 60 58 ..60 45 15 
 
 7 54 60 55 61 52 9 
 
 8 65 59 55 60 50 10 
 
 9 55 60 56 61 51 10 
 
 10 54 61 67 61 48 13 
 
 11 56 60 58 61 47 14 
 
 12 65 62 69 62 46 16 
 
 13 54 60 69 60 45 16 
 
 14 53 62 60 62 47 15 
 
 15 56 62 61 63 48 15 
 
 16 56 67 67 69 50 19 
 
APPENDIX A. 109 
 
 ENSENADA WEATHER REPORT FOR MARCH, 1888— Co7iHmted. 
 Date. 8 A.M. 12 M. 4 p.m. 
 
 March 17 55° 68° 63° 
 
 " 18 57 67 68 
 
 " 19 58 69 67 
 
 " 20 55 67 65 
 
 '< 21 54 65 65 
 
 " 22 55 64 63 
 
 " 23 57 62 61 
 
 " 24 56 62 61 
 
 " 25 57 61 60 
 
 " 26 55 60 57 
 
 " 27 55 64 63 
 
 " 28 54 67 64 
 
 " 29 60 68 68 
 
 " 30 61 67 66 
 
 " 31 63 67 65 68 50 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Range. 
 
 70°... 
 
 51°... 
 
 ...19° 
 
 70 ... 
 
 49 ... 
 
 ...21 
 
 70 ... 
 
 50 ... 
 
 ...20 
 
 67 ... 
 
 49 ... 
 
 ...18 
 
 67 ... 
 
 48 ... 
 
 . ..10 
 
 64 ... 
 
 52 ... 
 
 ...12 
 
 63 ... 
 
 51 ... 
 
 ...12 
 
 62 ... 
 
 53 ... 
 
 ... 9 
 
 61 ... 
 
 54 ... 
 
 ... 7 
 
 60 ... 
 
 53 ... 
 
 ... 7 
 
 65 ... 
 
 44 ... 
 
 ...21 
 
 67 ... 
 
 48 ... 
 
 ...19 
 
 70 ... 
 
 46 ... 
 
 . ..24 
 
 67 ... 
 
 49 ... 
 
 .. .18 
 
 Highest temperature for month 70°. 
 
 Lowest temperature for month 40°. 
 
 Variation for month 30 . 
 
 Average daily variation 15.3 . 
 
 Rainfall during month of March, 1st 65 inches. 
 
 " " " 3d 80 " 
 
 " 4th 02 " 
 
 " " " 7th 70 " 
 
 " " " 8th 25 " 
 
 " " " 24th 10 " 
 
 " " " 25th 35 " 
 
 " " " 26th 06 " 
 
 27th 42 " 
 
 Total rainfall for month 3.35 " 
 
 Previously reported 8.71 " 
 
 Season's rainfall to date 1 2.06 " 
 
 I append here some tables of temperature, taken from Dr. Ben- 
 nett's work, "Winter and Spring in the Mediterranean," and also 
 some taken from my own book, " California : For Health, Pleasure, 
 and Eesidence." They may serve for comparison with the Ense- 
 nada reports. 
 
110 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 Observers of climate in different parts of the world ought to settle 
 upon some one definite system for recording their observations. Until 
 this is done comparisons will be made with difficulty. Still, persons 
 interested in chmate may with a little trouble study out in these 
 tables the facts they need. 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT MENTONE FOR FIFTEEN WINTERS, 1859 
 
 -74. (Dr. 
 
 Bennett.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 November, 18 
 
 59 54.4° 
 
 ...61.4° 
 
 December, 1859. . 
 
 ..44.8° 
 
 ...55.6 
 
 18 
 
 30 49.5 
 
 ...60.9 
 
 I860.. 
 
 ..44.3 
 
 ...59.2 
 
 18 
 
 31 47.7 
 
 ...60.3 
 
 " 1861.. 
 
 ..43.4 
 
 ...54.8 
 
 18 
 
 32 50.2 
 
 ...61.2 
 
 1862.. 
 
 ..42.6 
 
 ...54. 
 
 " 18 
 
 33 50.5 
 
 ...63. 
 
 1863.. 
 
 . .44.3 
 
 ...51.7 
 
 18 
 
 34 48. 
 
 ...60.8 
 
 " 1864.. 
 
 ..44.2 
 
 . ..56.2 
 
 18 
 
 35 50.8 
 
 ...60.3 
 
 " 1865.. 
 
 ..43.6 
 
 . . .54.5 
 
 " 18 
 
 36 50. 
 
 . ..62.3 
 
 1866.. 
 
 ..45.7 
 
 ...55.7 
 
 18 
 
 37.... 47.9 
 
 ...62.2 
 
 " 1867.. 
 
 ..41.6 
 
 . . .55.3 
 
 " 18 
 
 38 46. 
 
 . ..56.5 
 
 " 1868.. 
 
 ..48.8 
 
 ...58.7 
 
 18 
 
 39 46.6 
 
 ....59. 
 
 " 1869.. 
 
 ..43.3 
 
 ...54.7 
 
 18 
 
 70 48.5 
 
 ...59.4 
 
 1870.. 
 
 ..42. 
 
 ...52.1 
 
 " 18 
 
 n 48. 
 
 ...57.6 
 
 « 1871.. 
 
 ..39.7 
 
 ...50.3 
 
 18 
 
 72 51. 
 
 ...60.8 
 
 1873.. 
 
 ..48. 
 
 ...56.7 
 
 18 
 
 73 48.8 
 
 ...56.3 
 
 1873.. 
 
 ..47.1 
 
 . ..56.7 
 
 January, 1860 
 
 44.8 
 
 ...52.8 
 
 February, 1860... 
 
 ..40. 
 
 ...55.9 
 
 1861 
 
 45.1 
 
 ...52.4 
 
 " 1861... 
 
 ..46.7 
 
 ...52.9 
 
 1862 
 
 43.2 
 
 ...50.7 
 
 1862... 
 
 ..41.9 
 
 ...55.8 
 
 " 1863 
 
 43.2 
 
 ...52.4 
 
 " 1863... 
 
 ..42.3 
 
 ...54.1 
 
 1864 
 
 38.2 
 
 ...48.7 
 
 1864... 
 
 ..41.9 
 
 .. .53.6 
 
 1865 
 
 43. 
 
 ...55. 
 
 1865... 
 
 ..40.1 
 
 ... 54. 
 
 " 1866 
 
 43.8 
 
 ...55.3 
 
 " 1866... 
 
 ..46.5 
 
 ...61.1 
 
 " iseT" 
 
 43.8 
 
 ...54.1 
 
 " 1867... 
 
 ..45.4 
 
 ...56.9 
 
 1868 
 
 42.3 
 
 .. .53.5 
 
 " 1868... 
 
 ..45. 
 
 ...56.7 
 
 1869 
 
 41.5 
 
 ...53.3 
 
 » 1869... 
 
 ..46.6 
 
 ...58.3 
 
 ISTO 
 
 40.7 
 
 . ..53.2 
 
 1870... 
 
 ..43.4 
 
 . ..55.4 
 
 1871 
 
 40.2 
 
 ...51.6 
 
 " 1871... 
 
 ..43.3 
 
 ...55.9 
 
 1872 
 
 44.5 
 
 . ..55.3 
 
 « 1872... 
 
 ..46.1 
 
 ...57. 
 
 1873 
 
 44.7 
 
 ...54.5 
 
 1873... 
 
 ..41.3 
 
 ...53.8 
 
 " 1874 
 
 43.4 
 
 ...52.9 
 
 " 1874... 
 
 ..43. 
 
 .. .54.6 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 Ill 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT MENTONE FOR FIFTEEN WINTERS, \S50-14—Contimtcd. 
 Dnto. MIn. Max. Date. Min. Max. 
 
 .67.5° 
 .66.9 
 
 0. 
 
 Min. 
 
 
 I860.. 
 
 ..44.9° 
 
 1861.. 
 
 ..44.4 
 
 
 1862.. 
 
 ..46.7 
 
 
 1863.. 
 
 ..45.4 
 
 
 1864.. 
 
 ..45.4 
 
 
 1865.. 
 
 ..40.5 
 
 
 1866.. 
 
 ..44. 
 
 
 1867.. 
 
 ..47.2 
 
 
 1868.. 
 
 . .45.2 
 
 
 1869.. 
 
 . .41.5 
 
 
 1870.. 
 
 . .44.4 
 
 
 1871.. 
 
 ..47.5 
 
 
 1872.. 
 
 ..47.9 
 
 
 1873.. 
 
 ..48.5 
 
 
 1874.. 
 
 ..46. 
 
 
 Max. 
 
 Date. 
 
 .59.8° 
 
 April, I860.. 
 
 .58.9 
 
 " 1861.. 
 
 .61.9 
 
 " 1862.. 
 
 .58.9 
 
 " 1863.. 
 
 .62. 
 
 " 1864.. 
 
 .57.3 
 
 " 1865.. 
 
 .60.6 
 
 " 1866.. 
 
 .62.4 
 
 " 1867.. 
 
 .59. 
 
 " 1868.. 
 
 .56.7 
 
 " 1869.. 
 
 .58.7 
 
 " 1870.. 
 
 .61. 
 
 " 1871.. 
 
 .60.8 
 
 " 1872.. 
 
 .61.2 
 
 " 1873.. 
 
 ..56.7 
 
 Min. 
 ..51.2° 
 ..49.8 
 ..51.2 
 ..50.9 
 ..51.8 
 ..55.1 
 ..49. 
 ..51.4 
 ..49.5 
 ..48.9 
 ..49.1 
 ..51.3 
 ..51.8 
 ..49.8 
 1874 51.3 
 
 .68.5 
 .67. 
 
 ..66.9 
 
 ..68.4 
 
 ..66.3 
 
 ..69.1 
 
 ..65.7 
 
 ..67.4 
 
 ..68.5 
 
 ..60. 
 
 ..60.5 
 
 NILE AND MENTONE TEMPERATURES COMPARED BY DR. BENNETT. 
 
 
 JIINIMUM. 1 
 
 
 MAXIMUM. 
 
 
 Jastary. 
 
 FEBRrART. 
 
 
 January. 
 
 Febeuary. 
 
 
 Xilo. Ment 
 
 Nile. Ment. 
 
 
 Nile. Ment, 
 
 Nile. Ment. 
 
 1.. 
 
 ..38° 46°. 
 
 ..44° 41° 
 
 1.. 
 
 .67° 53°. 
 
 ..73°.... 56= 
 
 2 . . 
 
 ..39 48 . 
 
 ..43 43 
 
 2.. 
 
 .65 57 . 
 
 ..74 56 
 
 3.. 
 
 ..42 50 . 
 
 ..47 ....37 
 
 3.. 
 
 .65 57 . 
 
 ..83 ....50 
 
 4.. 
 
 ..45 52 . 
 
 ..49 38 
 
 4.. 
 
 .73 58 . 
 
 . . 85 50 
 
 5. . 
 
 ..44 52 . 
 
 ..44 36 
 
 5.. 
 
 .76 60 . 
 
 . . 80 50 
 
 6.. 
 
 ..39 51 . 
 
 ..42 38 
 
 6.. 
 
 .75 57 . 
 
 . . 85 54 
 
 7. . 
 
 ..40 47 . 
 
 ..50 40 
 
 7.. 
 
 .77 63 . 
 
 . .67 56 
 
 8.. 
 
 ..39 43 . 
 
 ..48 40 
 
 8.. 
 
 .75 51 . 
 
 . .66 56 
 
 9.. 
 
 ..43 ....43 . 
 
 ..50 37 
 
 9.. 
 
 .82 49 . 
 
 ..68 56 
 
 10.. 
 
 ..45 43 . 
 
 ..40 42 
 
 10.. 
 
 .70 52 . 
 
 ..64 57 
 
 11.. 
 
 ..44 48 . 
 
 ..38 43 
 
 11.. 
 
 .69 53 . 
 
 . .75 56 
 
 12.. 
 
 ..41 ....48 . 
 
 ..43 41 
 
 12.. 
 
 .75 52 . 
 
 ..77 55 
 
 13.. 
 
 ..43 43 . 
 
 ..44 38 
 
 13.. 
 
 .76 ....50 . 
 
 . .80 53 
 
 14.. 
 
 ..43 43 . 
 
 ..43 39 
 
 14.. 
 
 .79 51 . 
 
 ..81 55 
 
 15.. 
 
 ..44 46 . 
 
 ..42 ....38 
 
 15.. 
 
 .66 54 . 
 
 ..84 57 
 
 16.. 
 
 . .43 43 . 
 
 ..50 39 
 
 16.. 
 
 .70 51 . 
 
 ..86 ....57 
 
 17.. 
 
 ..51 42 . 
 
 ..50 .. ..42 
 
 17.. 
 
 .77 ....53 . 
 
 ..88 55 
 
112 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 NILE 
 
 AND 
 
 MENTONE 
 
 MINIMUM. 
 
 TEMPERATU] 
 
 
 Jancaet. 
 
 February. 
 
 
 Nile. 
 
 Ment. 
 
 Nile. Ment. 
 
 18... 
 
 .49° 
 
 ...45°.. . 
 
 .55° 39° 
 
 19... 
 
 .44 
 
 ...45 ... 
 
 .40 39 
 
 20... 
 
 .45 
 
 ...47 ... 
 
 .40 38 
 
 21... 
 
 .45 
 
 . ..45 ... 
 
 .50 37 
 
 22. . . 
 
 .45 . 
 
 ...45 ... 
 
 .45 42 
 
 23.. . 
 
 .51 
 
 ... 44 ... 
 
 .50 .. ..40 
 
 24... 
 
 .50 . 
 
 ...40 ... 
 
 .40 40 
 
 25.. . 
 
 .50 
 
 ...43 ... 
 
 .40 42 
 
 26.. . 
 
 .51 
 
 ...40 ... 
 
 .49 42 
 
 27... 
 
 .48 . 
 
 ...40 ... 
 
 .48 42 
 
 28.. . 
 
 .46 . 
 
 ...42 ... 
 
 .40 43 
 
 29... 
 
 .45 . 
 
 ...41 ... 
 
 .49 44 
 
 30... 
 
 .51 . 
 
 ...41 ... 
 
 .— — 
 
 31... 
 
 .42 . 
 
 ...42 ... 
 
 . — — 
 
 COMPARED BY DR. BENWETT!— Continued. 
 
 
 MAXIMUM. 
 
 
 January. 
 
 February. 
 
 
 Nile. Ment. 
 
 Nile. Ment. 
 
 18.. 
 
 ..73° 53°. 
 
 . .90° 55° 
 
 19.. 
 
 ..67 53 . 
 
 ..66 57 
 
 20.. 
 
 ..73 50 . 
 
 ..70 55 
 
 21.. 
 
 ..73 ....51 . 
 
 ..74 .. ..54 
 
 22.. 
 
 ..76 53 . 
 
 ..77 ....57 
 
 23.. 
 
 ..75 48 . 
 
 ..74 55 
 
 24.. 
 
 ..75 50 . 
 
 ..79 ....57 
 
 25.. 
 
 ..78 49 . 
 
 ..80 58 
 
 26.. 
 
 ..82 50 . 
 
 ..74 ....57 
 
 27.. 
 
 ..75 49 . 
 
 ..65 55 
 
 28.. 
 
 ..71 ....51 . 
 
 ..65 61 
 
 29.. 
 
 ..76 ....61 . 
 
 ..66 ....62 
 
 30.. 
 
 ..75 48 . 
 
 ..— — 
 
 31.. 
 
 ..82 52 . 
 
 . . — . . . . — 
 
 MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN THE SHADE ON THE NILE, AND AT MA- 
 DEIRA, MALAGA, AND MENTONE, IN JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1860. 
 
 January. February. 
 
 Nile 72° 75° 
 
 Madeira 66 67 
 
 Malaga 58 58 
 
 Mentone 52.8 55.9 
 
 Dr. Bennett. 
 
 VARIOUS FOREIGN CLIMATES (FROM DR. BENNETT). 
 
 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF MONTHS. 
 
 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May June. July. Aug. 
 
 Oct. Nov. Dec. 
 
 Cairo 
 
 Madeira 
 
 St. Michael's (Azores) 
 
 Naples 
 
 Mentone 
 
 Rome 
 
 Nice 
 
 Florence 
 
 Avignon 
 
 Montpelier 
 
 Pau 
 
 58.10 
 59.71 
 59.00 
 46.50 
 02 
 47.65 
 45.85 
 41.00 
 43.00 
 43.00 
 41.30 
 
 56.12 
 60.28 
 59.00 
 48.50 
 48.05 
 49.45 
 49.00 
 45.00 
 43.50 
 45.00 
 43.60 
 
 ,58 77, 
 ,86 63 
 ,50 61, 
 00,57 
 OOI57 
 05156, 
 45 57. 
 
 85.83 
 70.04 
 68.00 
 75.00 
 75.00 
 73.30 
 73.59 
 77.00 
 76.00 
 73.00 
 70.60 
 
 79.16 
 71.28 
 68.00 
 73.50 
 69.00 
 69.50 
 69.35 
 70.00 
 67.00 
 71.00 
 67.40 
 
 63.96 
 63.96 
 56.00 
 54.50 
 54.00 
 58.80 
 53.70 
 53.00 
 50.00 
 53.00 
 46.60 
 
 61.34 
 61.44 
 55.60 
 50.50 
 49.00 
 49.63 
 48.60 
 47.00 
 43.30 
 46.00 
 42.80 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 113 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT AIKEN, SOUTH CAROLINA, TAKEN AT 9 A.M., 12 M., AND 3A P.M., 
 FOR DECEMBER, 1870. 
 
 Average temperature 45° 
 
 " difEerence of wet and dry- 
 bulb 4° 
 
 Maximum 61° 
 
 Minimum 18° 
 
 Bright sunshine 15 days. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds.. .... 6 " 
 
 Cloudy all day 10 " 
 
 Total 31 days. 
 
 Rain on four of the above cloudy 
 
 days. 
 Snow on one of the above cloudy 
 
 days. 
 Strong wind, eight days. 
 
 J.UIUART, 1871. 
 
 Average temperature 55° 
 
 " difference of wet and dry 
 
 bulb 6° 
 
 Maximum 69° 
 
 Minimum 33° 
 
 Bright sunshine 14 days. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds .... 10 " 
 Cloudy all day 7 " 
 
 Total 31 days. 
 
 Rain on three of the above cloudy 
 
 days. 
 Strong wind, eight days. 
 
 TAKEN AT 9 A.M., 12 M., AND 5 P.M., FOR 
 FEBRUjVRY, 1871. 
 
 Average temperature 57 J° 
 
 " difEerence of wet and dry 
 
 bulb 5" 
 
 Maximum 80° 
 
 Minimum 38° 
 
 Bright sunshine 12 days. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds .... 6 " 
 Cloudy all day 10 " 
 
 Total 28 days. 
 
 Rain on seven of the above cloudy 
 
 days 
 Strong wind, sixteen days. 
 
 MARCH, 1871. 
 
 Average temperature 65° 
 
 " difference of wet and dry 
 
 bulb 7^° 
 
 Maximum 85° 
 
 Minimum 43° 
 
 Bright sunshine 17 days. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds .... 5 " 
 Cloudy all day 9 " 
 
 Total 31 days. 
 
 Rain on six of the above cloudy 
 
 days. 
 Strong wind, ten days. 
 
114 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 TEMPERATURE AT SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA, TAKEN AT 9 A.M., 12 M., AND 
 5 P.M., NOVEMBER, 1871. 
 
 WET 
 
 DRY 
 
 DIFFKK- 
 
 
 
 
 BULB. 
 
 BULB. 
 
 ENCE. 
 
 WIND. 
 
 EEJIAKKa. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 53° 
 
 70° 
 
 17° 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 Nov. 8, 1871. 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 13 
 
 S.E. " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 9, " 
 
 54 
 
 67 , 
 
 13 
 
 S.E. Very light. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 10, " 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 E. 
 
 ( Clouds and rain from 1 p.m. ) 
 1 till 8 P.M. \ 
 
 " 11, " 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 13 
 
 8. Light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 " 13, " 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 13 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 13, " 
 
 53 
 
 64 
 
 13 
 
 S.W. " 
 
 " 
 
 
 " 14, " 
 
 50 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 S. Very light. 
 
 " 
 
 
 " 15, " 
 
 53 
 
 66 
 
 14 
 
 S. " " 
 
 " • 
 
 
 " 16, " 
 
 50 
 
 67 
 
 11 
 
 W. Light. 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 17, " 
 
 50 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 W. " 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 18, " 
 
 57 
 
 65 
 
 8 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 19, •■ 
 
 55 
 
 68 
 
 13 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 20, " 
 
 51 
 
 68 
 
 17 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 31, " 
 
 61 
 
 78 
 
 17 
 
 N.E. Strong. 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 33, " 
 
 57 
 
 70 
 
 13 
 
 8. Light. 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 33, " 
 
 55 
 
 65 
 
 10 
 
 8. " 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 " 34, " 
 
 
 
 
 
 { Sunshine and clouds, a light ) 
 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 S. " 
 
 < shower fifteen minutes, y 
 ( and rain at night. ) 
 
 " 35, " 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 4 
 
 W. Strong. 
 
 Cloudy and rain from 3 p.m. 
 
 " 26, " 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 W. Light. 
 
 j Showery until 1 p.m., then ) 
 ( sunshine. f 
 
 " 37, " 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 W. Very light. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 " 28, " 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 N. Light. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 29, " 
 
 46 
 
 59 
 
 13 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 Bright suns 
 
 hine. 
 
 " 30, " 
 
 251=11°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
 1469=64°. Average temperature. 
 Maximum, 79°; minimum, 45°. 
 
 DECEMBER, 1871. 
 
 61 
 
 13 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 63 
 
 10 
 
 67 
 
 15 
 
 71 
 
 16 
 
 69 
 
 13 
 
 67 
 
 15 
 
 67 
 
 16 
 
 67 
 
 16 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 68 
 
 17 
 
 68 
 
 14 
 
 67 
 
 16 
 
 63 
 
 11 
 
 67 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 2 
 
 65 
 
 10 
 
 N. Very light. 
 8. " •' 
 N.E. Very light. 
 
 N. 
 
 N.W. Light. 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 N.W. Strong. 
 
 8. Light. 
 
 N.W. Light. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N. Light. 
 
 N.E. Very strong 
 
 N.E. Strong. 
 
 N.E. Very light. 
 
 S. Very light. 
 
 S. " " 
 
 B. Light. 
 8. Very light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 J Sunshine and clouds, and | 
 ( rain at night. \ 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 Dec. 1, 
 
 3, 
 
 3, 
 
 4, 
 
 5, 
 
 6, 
 
 7, 
 
 8, 
 
 9, 
 
 10, 
 
 H, 
 
 13, 
 
 13, 
 
 14, 
 
 15, 
 
 17, 
 18, 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 115 
 
 DECEMBER— Conthmcd. 
 
 WCT 
 
 DRV 
 
 DIFFKK- 
 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 BULH. 
 
 BULIl. 
 
 ESCE. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 54° 
 
 63° 
 
 9° 
 
 S. 
 
 Very light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. Dec. 19, 1871. 
 
 55 
 
 66 
 
 11 
 
 S. 
 
 
 " " 
 
 ' 20 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 s. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Rain all day. 
 
 ' 21 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 53 
 
 4 
 
 E. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 ' 22 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 s. 
 
 " 
 
 Rain until 3 p.m. 
 
 ' 23 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 Very light. 
 
 Rain all day. 
 
 ' 24 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 3 
 
 s. 
 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 ' 25 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 ' 26 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 
 s. 
 
 " " 
 
 " " 
 
 ' 27 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 s. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Rain until 1 p.m. 
 
 ' 28 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 2 
 
 s. 
 
 Very light. 
 
 Cloudy all day. 
 
 ' 29 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 56 
 
 3 
 
 s. 
 
 " " 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 ' 30 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 N.E. " 
 
 Rain all day. '■ 
 
 ' 31 
 
 
 
 273=84°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
 1899=61J°. Average temperature. 
 Maximum, 80°; minimum, 43°. 
 
 JANUARY, 1872. 
 
 53 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 57 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 59 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 58 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 3 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 8 
 
 65 
 
 7 
 
 65 
 
 7 
 
 65 
 
 7 
 
 62 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 59 
 
 8 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 59 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 8 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 55 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 3 
 
 S. Very light. 
 
 w. ■■ 
 
 S. •' 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 N. Light. 
 
 N.E. Light. 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 S. 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 N. Light. 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 S.W. " 
 
 S.W. " 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 N. Light. 
 
 N. Very strong. 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 S.AV. 
 
 N. Very strong. 
 
 N.E. Strong. 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 S. 
 
 S. 
 
 S. 
 
 S.W. " 
 
 S. Very light. 
 
 Cloudy most of the day. 
 Bright sunshine. 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 Cloudy all day. 
 Rain all day. 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 Cloudy nil day. 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 Cloudy all day. 
 
 IJan. 1, 1873. 
 
 210=:6J°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
 1798=58°. Average temperature. 
 Maximum, 67'; minimum, 38°. 
 
116 
 
 APPENDIX A, 
 
 FEBRUARY, 18'72. 
 
 WHT 
 
 DRY 
 
 DIFPEK- 
 
 
 
 
 
 BOLD. 
 
 ENCE. 
 
 WIND. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 51° 
 
 54° 
 
 3° 
 
 S. Very light. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1873. 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 S. " " 
 
 Cloudy all day. 
 
 " 3, " 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 S. " 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 " 3, " 
 
 44 
 
 57 
 
 3 
 
 S. '■ 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 " 4, " 
 
 48 
 
 61 
 
 13 
 
 N". Strong. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 ■' 5, " 
 
 48 
 
 63 
 
 15 
 
 N.E. Very light. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 6, " 
 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 12 
 
 N. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 7, " 
 
 53 
 
 64 
 
 11 
 
 W. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 8, " 
 
 54 
 
 59 
 
 5 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 " 9, " 
 
 55 
 
 64 
 
 9 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 " 10, " 
 
 55 
 
 61 
 
 6 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 
 " 11, " 
 
 54 
 
 61 
 
 7 
 
 S.W. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 13, " 
 
 53 
 
 66 
 
 13 
 
 N.E. 
 
 
 " 18, ■' 
 
 55 
 
 67 
 
 13 
 
 S.W. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 14, " 
 
 55 
 
 67 
 
 12 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 15, '■ 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 11 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 16, " 
 
 60 
 
 73 
 
 13 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 17, " 
 
 61 
 
 74 
 
 13 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 
 " 18, " 
 
 55 
 
 67 
 
 13 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 " 
 
 " 19, " 
 
 56 
 
 74 
 
 18 
 
 N.W. Light. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 20, " 
 
 56 
 
 69 
 
 13 
 
 S.W. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 21, " 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 3 
 
 s. 
 
 j Rain till 13 m., then sunshine ) 
 ( and clouds. ) 
 
 " 33, " 
 
 53 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 S.W. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 " 33, ■' 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 S.W. Strong. 
 
 Rain most of the day. 
 
 " 34, " 
 
 48 
 
 53 
 
 5 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 " 35, " 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 S.W. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 " 36, " 
 
 51 
 
 58 
 
 7 
 
 S.W.' " 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 " 37, " 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 S.W. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 38, ■• 
 
 48 
 
 59 
 
 11 
 
 N. Strong. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 " 39, " 
 
 357=8". Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
 1793=63. Average temperature. 
 Maximum, 81°; minimum, 47°. 
 
 MARCH, 1872. 
 
 64 
 
 10 
 
 67 
 
 13 
 
 71 
 
 13 
 
 71 
 
 10 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 63 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 68 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 10 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 69 
 
 5 
 
 59 
 
 7 
 
 64 
 
 13 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 W. Light. 
 
 W. Very light. 
 
 E. 
 
 W. " 
 
 W. Light. 
 
 S.W. " 
 
 W. 
 
 W. Strong. 
 
 W. 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 N. 
 
 S. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 W. Very light. 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 Mar. 1, 1873. 
 
 " " 
 
 " 3, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 3, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 4, '■ 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 " 5, " 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 " 6, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 7, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 8, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 9, ■' 
 
 " " 
 
 " 10, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 11, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 13, '■ 
 
 ■ 1 .< 
 
 " 13, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 14, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 15, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 16, " 
 
 " " 
 
 " 17, '■ 
 
 tt tt 
 
 , " 18, " 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 117 
 
 MARCH, 1812— Continued. 
 
 WET 
 
 DRY 
 
 DIFFER- 
 
 
 
 
 BULB. 
 
 BULB. 
 
 
 WIND. 
 
 RKUARRS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 55° 
 
 61° 
 
 6° 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. Mar. 19, 1872. 
 
 54 
 
 62 
 
 8 
 
 W. Very light. 
 
 
 ' 20, " 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 S.W. Light. 
 
 " " 
 
 ' 31, " 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 5 
 
 S.E. Strong. 
 
 " " 
 
 * 22, " 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 S.W. " 
 
 Sunshine and clouds. 
 
 ' 23, " 
 
 55 
 
 63 
 
 8 
 
 S. Light. 
 
 Bright sunshine. 
 
 ' 24, " 
 
 57 
 
 64 
 
 7 
 
 N.W. Strong. 
 
 " " 
 
 ' 25, " 
 
 58 
 
 66 
 
 8 
 
 W. Light. 
 
 " " 
 
 ' 26, " 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 8 
 
 w. •• 
 
 " " 
 
 ' 27, " 
 
 55 
 
 62 
 
 7 
 
 W. 
 
 " " 
 
 ■ 28, " 
 
 56 
 
 62 
 
 6 
 
 S.W. Very light. 
 
 
 ' 29, ■• 
 
 57 
 
 65 
 
 8 
 
 S.W. Liglit. 
 
 " " 
 
 ' 30, " 
 
 57 
 
 67 
 
 10 
 
 W. Strong. 
 
 " " 
 
 • 31, " 
 
 244=7J°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
 1985=64. Average temperature. 
 Maximum, 80°; rninimum, 51°. 
 
 SANTA BARBARA. 
 
 I take the following table of mean temperature for the year from 
 the Santa BarJxcra Press : 
 
 MONTHLY MEAN, 1870-1. 
 
 April, average of 3 daily observations 60.62° 
 
 Oct., average of 3 daily observations 65.96 
 
 May, '■ • " " 62.35 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 61.22 
 
 June, " '■ " 65.14 
 
 Dec, 
 
 52.13 
 
 July, ■' " " 71.49 
 
 Jan., " " ' 
 
 54.51 
 
 Aug., " " " 72.12 
 
 Feb., 
 
 53.35 
 
 Sept., " " " 68.08 
 
 March, " " ' 
 
 58.43 
 
 Average temperatur 
 
 3 for the year, 60.20°. 
 
 
 COLDEST DAT. 
 
 WARMEST DAT. 
 
 
 April 12th, 00°. 
 
 April 16th, 74°. 
 
 
 May 15th. 66°. 
 
 May 23d, 77°. 
 
 
 June 1st, 69°. 
 
 June 3d, 80°. 
 
 
 July 26th, 76°. 
 
 July 11th, 84°. 
 
 
 Auiiust 11th, 77°. 
 
 August 8th, 86°. 
 
 
 September 23d, 66°. 
 
 September 27th. 90° 
 
 
 October 23d, 60°. 
 
 October 20tli, 92°. 
 
 
 November 7th, 64°. 
 
 November 20th, 87° 
 
 
 December loth, 52°. 
 
 December 28tli, 71° 
 
 
 January lltli, 56°. 
 
 January 3d, 76°. 
 
 
 February 22d. 42°. 
 
 February 28lh, 71°. 
 
 
 March 13th, 56°. 
 
 March 27th, 83°. 
 
 
 Coldest day in the year, February 22d, 43°. 
 Warmest clay in the year, October 20tli, 93°, 
 Variation, 50°. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 THE TIMBER REGION OF THE PENINSULA. 
 From the Ensenada '■'■Lower Californian." 
 
 THE SAN PEDBO MARTIR PINE REGION. 
 
 From Col. D. K. Allen's notes in his report to the International 
 Company, we are permitted to take the following figures relating to 
 the pine region of San Pedro Martir : 
 
 Large trees per acre 25 
 
 Small " " 10 
 
 Average number of logs per tree 3 
 
 " diameter of each 2 ft. 9 in. 
 
 Lengtli of logs 12 feet 
 
 Number of Norway pine per acre 17 
 
 " white " " 4 
 
 " fir-trees " 3 
 
 " red cedar " ^ 1 
 
 Total 25 
 
 Number of dead trees per acre 3 
 
 " trees down " 2 
 
 Total number of Norway pine-trees 8,500,000 
 
 " white " 2,000,000 
 
 " fir-trees 1,500,000 
 
 " red cedar-trees 500,000 
 
 Total number of trees on San Pedro 12,500,000 
 
APPENDIX B. 119 
 
 Total number of logs on San Pedro 37,500,000 
 
 " feet of lumber 18,750,000,000 
 
 " cords of wood (4 feet) 200,000,000 
 
 " small trees 5,000,000 
 
 Average fall of snow, 4 to 8 feet. 
 
 " time it lies on ground, 4 to 20 weeks. 
 " rainfall in summer, 20 to 30 inches. 
 
 The above estimates of trees, logs, and lumber do not include 
 the UlaUe section of San Pedro Martir, which has an area of about 
 100,000 acres. 
 
 The summer of 1887 had fifty-three rains, or thirty and a quarter 
 inches of water. June had three inches, July seven inches, August 
 eight inches, September twelve inches. 
 
 Colonel AUen spent seventy-six days on the above work, and trav- 
 elled 1,510 miles. 
 
 It will pay to build a branch from the Yuma line up to the 
 pines, although Colonel Allen says that it is practicable to dam 
 the streams and float the logs, wood, and lumber down to where 
 it is wanted, or to the points where the Coast Line Railroad wiD 
 cross those streams. Colonel Allen followed every stream on San 
 Pedro Martir from its mouth to its head, to the very uppermost 
 spring, and therefore is weU prepared to express an opinion on this 
 subject. 
 
 The great mountain San Pedro Martir lies about 100 miles in a 
 direct line south-east of Ensenada, 75 miles due east of San Quintin, 
 and 30 miles west of the Gulf of California. The mountain proper is 
 about 110 miles in length and from 15 to 30 wide. The range of which 
 San Pedi'o is the king is about 160 miles long and 20 to -10 miles in 
 width. We gather these facts froni Col. D. K. Allen, Land Inspector 
 for the International Company, who spent two and a half months 
 in a careful examination of that region, and is probably the first 
 white man, if not the only one, who has visited every section of that 
 vast pine forest. Others have been there for a day or so, visited one 
 7 
 
120 APPEXriX B. 
 
 or two r;:r:5. ini :len rttnrzed. Colonel Allen travelled over one 
 thousand five hnndred miles and examined neariv every portion of 
 the coimtrv carefoUy and in detaiL and from him we leam that the 
 jmie beh is from 6^;* to 75 miles in length and 15 to 25 miles in 
 width — an area of nearly one million acr^ oneialf of which is cov- 
 ered with good pine. 
 
 Colonel Allen measored fifry-foor acres, taken as an average of 
 the sitire r^on, in different sections, and found that the aver- 
 age nnmber of ^rees to the acre was twenty -fotur large and dght 
 small onesw the large ones averaging two feet in diameter, with three 
 logs to the tree, each log being twelve feet in length. Two trees 
 that had latdy fallen -were measured. One was ISO fe^ I mng , 
 S feet in diameter at the butt, 50 feet to the first Bmb. where it 
 was oi feet in diameter. The other tree was 20tl feet in length, 
 S feet 2 inches in diameter at the butt, 65 feet to the first limb, 
 where it was 5 feet in diameter. Eed cedar and fir trees were also 
 found that measured 25 feet in dicumference IS inches from the 
 ground. 
 
 The highffit point reached was 12,800 fe^ The Falomas readi 
 an ahitude l^X* to 15f>r> feet still higher. In many places the surbce 
 of the country was found to be as level as a prairie, the pasturage 
 magnificeit. The wild oats and rye, bufelo, bim^ch, and other varie- 
 ties of grasses w"s« kneeiigh to the mules. Deer, black and white 
 iaSL, and moios&deep, seen by the hundred ; antelope abound on the 
 mesas south, and mountain dieep near Rosarito in the south -wigst. 
 Large streams of water abound everywhere, and springs were found 
 at an altitude of 11.000 fe^ It rained five times in June, fifteen in 
 July, seventeen in August, and sixteen in September. A little over 
 thirty inches of water f dl in li^e raros. 
 
 Most of these rains were accompanied by thunder and lightning. 
 Only four trees were found that had been struck by lightning during 
 ibe present season, and seven the year before. One place was found 
 where thirty-three trees on one acre had been struck by lightning. 
 Brook trout were seen in two streams. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 123 
 
 The following tree-measurements 
 
 were 
 
 ^arefull}' made : 
 
 FIRST ACRE. 
 
 SECO.XD ACRE. 
 
 THIRD ACRE. 
 
 Trees. Circumference. 
 
 1 Trees. Circumference. 
 
 Trees. Diameter. 
 
 1 6 ft. 7 in. 
 
 1 12 ft, 1 in. 
 
 1 10 ft. 8 in. 
 
 2... 
 
 6 " 2 " 
 
 2 11 ' 
 
 9 " 
 
 2 9 " 6 " 
 
 3... 
 
 8 " 6 " 
 
 3 11 ' 
 
 11 ' 
 
 
 3 8 " 8 " 
 
 4.. . 
 
 8 " " 
 
 4 5 ' 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 4.... 7 " 4 " 
 
 5... 
 
 10 " 1 " 
 
 5 8 ' 
 
 5 ' 
 
 
 5 8 " 8 " 
 
 6... 
 
 6 " 10 " 
 
 6 10 ' 
 
 10 ' 
 
 
 6 6 " 8 " 
 
 7. . . 
 
 6 " 8 " 
 
 7.... 10 ' 
 
 8 ' 
 
 
 7 9 " 8 " 
 
 8... 
 
 5 " 4 " 
 
 8 8 ' 
 
 4 ' 
 
 
 8.... 10 " 4 " 
 
 9... 
 
 12 " 6 " 
 
 9 3 ' 
 
 4 ' 
 
 
 9 9 " 2 " 
 
 10... 
 
 7 " 4 " 
 
 10 6 ' 
 
 9 ' 
 
 
 10 5 " 4 " 
 
 11... 
 
 12 " 11 " 
 
 11 11 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 11 9 " 9 " 
 
 12... 
 
 8 " 7 " 
 
 12 11 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 12.... 8 " 2 " 
 
 13... 
 
 7 " 10 " 
 
 13 15 ' 
 
 6 ' 
 
 
 13 9 " 9 " 
 
 14... 
 
 12 " 8 " 
 
 14 5 ' 
 
 3 ' 
 
 
 14 11 " 8 " 
 
 15... 
 
 8 " 11 " 
 
 15 12 ' 
 
 4 ' 
 
 
 15 17 " 9 " 
 
 16... 
 
 11 " 1 " 
 
 16 11 ' 
 
 6 ' 
 
 
 16 12 " 7 " 
 
 17... 
 
 10 " 2 " 
 
 17.... 9 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Av. dia. 9 " 4 " 
 
 Av. dia 
 
 3 " " 
 
 Av. dia. 3 " 3 " 
 
 
 Averaging four logs to each tree. 
 
 The first two acres are yeUow pine, the third white pine. Later 
 on we shall give the measurement of cedar and spruce, also of a few 
 acres of trees including the largest number of them. 
 
 The railroad to Yuma wiU pass within thirty miles of the north 
 end, the best portion of this fine belt of pine. Colonel Allen carefully 
 looked over the route from San Matias Canon and Valle Trinidad to 
 the pines for a railroad. He says there are no diflBculties in the first 
 twenty miles, and that there wiU not be more than eight to ten nules 
 of heavy work, and this not of the heaviest kind. He thinks there 
 may be three to five miles of very heavy work. The San Eafael 
 River has five branches, every one of which he followed from its source 
 to the main stream, and he thinks that by building two or three small 
 and inexpensive dams water enough can be stored to float all of these 
 logs down to the upper San Rafael Valley, or to the point where the 
 San Quintin wagon -road crosses the San Rafael at Dwarty's; that 
 this same water can be taken from there to irrigate all of the north 
 and south grand mesas — 210,000 acres of splendid land. 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 THE RECENT GOLD DISCOVERIES ON THE PENINSULA. 
 From the Son Diego " Sun." 
 
 Gold in considerable quantities has been received in this city from 
 the placer mines of the Eeal del Castillo, Lower California, since the 
 beginning of the rainy season. The gold found in the vicinity of the 
 Eeal is coarse and of fine quality, valued at a little over twenty dol- 
 lars per ounce. For years past gold has been taken out by Indians 
 and others during rainy seasons or at times when there was stand- 
 ing water in the gulches. The most primitive means of mining were 
 used, namely, the batia, or wooden pan, pick, and shovel. "Wealthy 
 syndicates from time to time endeavored to obtain a foothold and in- 
 troduce modern apphances, but owing to the laws of Mexico then in 
 force, a concession could not be obtained, so that these grand pros- 
 pects were repeatedly abandoned. It was not until the laws were 
 changed that an extensive mineral concession was obtained by T. 
 Masac, under which the Lower Cahf ornia Mining Company was incor- 
 porated, Avith a capital stock of $5,000,000. The company is a home 
 institution, and, backed as it is, will prove its faith by its works. Al- 
 ready a considerable amount of mining machinery has been purchased, 
 and the determination expressed by its managers to have a plant of 
 hydraulic giants at work before the close of the present year. Prac- 
 tical as well as scientific miners have reported favorably upon the 
 property, so that an assurance of success is fairly guaranteed. There 
 are, besides placers, many fine quartz gold-ledges which wiU be worked 
 simultaneously, so that the outlook for the company is flattering. 
 
APPENDIX C. 125 
 
 From the Ensenada '■'■Lower CcHifornicunP 
 
 DISTANCES TO THE GOLD-MINES. 
 
 From Ensenada to Real del Castillo 30 miles 
 
 " " Jacalitos via Real del Castillo 45 " 
 
 " " Juarez " " and Jacalitos V5 " 
 
 " " CampNa'l" " " Hansons 75 " 
 
 " " Socorro " " " Trinidad 160 " 
 
 " " " " Santo Tomas and San Telmo 145 " 
 
 " " Valledares via " " " 140 " 
 
 " " " " Real del C. and V. Trinidad 165 " 
 
 " " Rosarito " " " " 200 " 
 
 " " AguaDulce" " " " 250 " 
 
 •' " " " Santo Tomas and San Telmo 230 " 
 
 " " San Quintin overland 161 " 
 
 " " " by water 110 " 
 
 " " San Tehno by land 100 " 
 
 " " Valle Ti'inidad via Real del Castillo 110 " 
 
 " " Santa Catarina " " 100 " 
 
 " San Quintin to Socorro via Santo Domingo 75 " 
 
 " " " " San Telmo 95 " 
 
 " " Valledares via " 85 " 
 
 " " " " Santo Domingo 65 " 
 
 " San Diego to Real del Castillo overland 100 " 
 
 " " Ensenada overland 110 " 
 
 There is plenty of water and feed for animals everywhere on the 
 road. The longest stretch of road without water is from Eeal del 
 Castillo to Sangre de Cristo, fifteen miles, and from San Quintin to 
 Santo Domingo, twenty-seven miles. Three miles north of San Quin- 
 tin there is water, but no wood. 
 
 Provisions can be obtained at Ensenada, Eeal del Castillo, and 
 probably soon at San Quintin. Flour is worth §3.50 per sack of 48 
 lbs.; bacon, ham, and lard, 40 cents per lb.; beef, fresh, 12J cents, dry 
 jerked, 25 cents ; colfee 40 cents, sugar 20 cents, tea $2 per lb.; bak- 
 ing-powder G2^ cents per lb.; potatoes 3 cents, onions 6 cents, beans 
 5 cents per lb., and everything else in proportion. 
 
 Mules are worth $70 to $75 each, burros $15 to $16 each, very 
 
126 APPENDIX C. 
 
 scarce — in fact, hardly to be had. Horses can be bought for from 
 $40 to $60 each. These are the small native horses. 
 
 Teams with wagons can go to the Eeal del Castillo, Juarez* Campo 
 Nacional, Santa Catarina, and to San Jose, above San Telmo ; also 
 within ten miles of Socorro and fifteen miles of YaUedares, but cannot 
 reach either Jacalitos, Socorro, YaUedares, Eosarito, or Agua Dulce. 
 Parties going to the mines should come provided with means to re- 
 main for not less than six months, funds suflBcient for tools, provisions, 
 animals, and for a complete outfit, so as not to be left in a new coun- 
 try without friends or cash — stranded on an unknown shore. 
 
APPENDIX D. 
 
 THE MEXICAN TAEIFF. 
 The following articles are admitted duty free : 
 
 Acids, sulphuric, chloridic, and phenic. 
 
 Anchors, with or without their iron chains, for vessels. 
 
 Animals, alive, of all classes, except geldings. 
 
 Apparatus for extinguishing fires with six charges. 
 
 Arsenic, white. 
 
 Asbestos in powder. 
 
 Bags, made, ordinary, of jute, pita (thread made of the agave), henequen, 
 and other analogous fibres for exporting fruits. 
 
 Barrels and pipes (casks) of wood, set up or knocked down. 
 
 Bars of steel, cylindrical or eight-sided, for mines. 
 
 Books and music, printed, in paper covers. 
 
 Boxes of common wood, set up or knocked down. 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 Cable or rope of aloe or hemp measuring up to three centimetres in diame- 
 ter, or 94.2 millimetres in circumference. 
 
 Cable of iron or steel wire of all sizes. 
 
 Chlorate, bisulphate, sulphate, and trisulphate of lime. 
 
 Clay, sand, and blotting-sand. 
 
 Clocks for towers and public edifices. 
 
 Coaches and cars for railways of all systems. 
 
 Coal of all classes. 
 
 Cork in bulk or in sheets. 
 
 Crucibles of all materials and sizes. 
 
 Earth, refractory. 
 
 Eggs- 
 Emery in powder or in grain. 
 
 Feed, dry, in straw. 
 
128 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Fish, fresh. 
 
 Glycerine, not perfumed. 
 
 Gold, silver, and platina, in bullion or in dust. 
 
 Hoops of iron, witli their rivets, for binding packages. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 Houses, complete, of wood and iron. 
 
 Hyposulphate of soda. 
 
 Iron and steel made into rails for railways. 
 
 Knives, ordinary cutlasses without sheaths (machetes), scythes, sickles, rakes, 
 shovels, pickaxes, spades, hoes, and mattocks of iron or steel for agriculture. 
 
 Letters, plates, spaces, vignettes, type, and other tools for printing and litho- 
 graphing. 
 
 Lime, common, hydraulic, and Roman cement. 
 
 Machines and apparatus of all classes, not specified, for industries, agricult- 
 ure, mining, arts, and sciences, and their separate parts or pieces for repairs when 
 imported with the machinery, or separately, and that are not comprehended in 
 note 24 of section 2. 
 
 Masts for large or small vessels. 
 
 Mineral stone (ore and native metal). 
 
 Money, legal, of gold or silver, of all countries. 
 
 Oars for vessels. 
 
 Periodicals and catalogues, printed. 
 
 Plants and seeds for horticulture. 
 
 Ploughs and their shares. 
 
 Poison for preparing skins. 
 
 Pumice-stone. 
 
 Powder-wicking, fuses, and explosive mixtures for mines. 
 
 Precious stones. 
 
 Quicksilver. 
 
 Rags, pieces of paper, and pulps of all classes for the fabrication of paper. 
 
 Saltpetre, whether nitrate of potassa or of soda. 
 
 Slate for roofs from two to three millimetres in thickness. 
 
 Soda, caustic. 
 
 Steam-engines of all classes, locomotives, and other implements for the con- 
 struction of railways of all systems. 
 
 Sulphate of ammonia. 
 
 Sulphate of copper. 
 
 Tiles of clay, all classes. 
 
 Timber (lumber). 
 
 Tin in sheets up to forty centimetres in length by thirty in breadth, when 
 not stamped or painted. 
 
APPENDIX D. 129 
 
 Tubing of iron or lead of all dimensions. 
 
 Vaccine matter. 
 
 Vessels of all classes, on their naturalization, sale, or introduction. 
 
 Whiting, Spanish. 
 
 Wire, copper, insulated with any material whatever, for electric lights, pro- 
 vided that the diameter of the wire itself be up to No. 6, Birmingham measure, 
 and that its destination be proven by the interested parties. 
 
 Wire, iron, with hooks, for binding packages. 
 
 Wire, iron, barbed, for fencing, and the fasteners, provided they are imported 
 with the same wire. 
 
 Wire for telegraphs and telephones, the destination of which shall be proven 
 on importation by the interested parties. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Besides the above, the folio-wing articles are allowed to enter duty 
 free to colonists for their own consumptionj but of course not for 
 sale or traffic. 
 
 Coffee, Butter, Yeast powder, Cheese, 
 Sugar, Carpets, Dried fruit. Potatoes, 
 Rice, Wagons, Condiments, Harness, 
 Ham, Common furniture. Cooking utensils, Doors, windows. 
 Bacon, Animals, Coal oil, nails, paint, hard- 
 Flour, Lard, Household goods, ware for building. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the colonists in the Peninsula may bring 
 in, either under the general free hst or under the special colonial list, 
 all that they need to establish themselves and to maintain themselves 
 until they are well settled : houses, furniture, tools and implements, 
 provisions, animals, wood for fencing and other purposes — in fact, 
 whatever a farmer or settler would need in a new countrj-, but no 
 luxuries, such as pianos. 
 
 On the other hand, the duties on many articles imported into Mex- 
 ico are high ; and this has been already found an advantage to persons 
 estabhshing themselves in manufactures in Lower California, as the 
 whole market of the, Mexican Kepublic is open to them for the sale of 
 their manufactures, with a heavy tariff against foreign goods of like 
 
130 APPENDIX D. 
 
 character ; and regular lines of steamers now connect Peninsular ports 
 with the ports of continental Mexico. 
 
 Thus, under the Mexican tariff, flour, dried and preserved fruits, 
 cheese, butter, pork and other meats, furniture and other manufact- 
 ures of wood, carriages and wagons, harness, saddlery, shoes and 
 other manufactures of leather, and many other articles of general 
 consumption, pay high duties when imported. 
 
 THE END. 
 
CHARLES NORDHOFF'S WORKS. 
 
 PENINSULAR CALIFOENIA. 
 
 Peninsular California : Some Account of the Climate, Soil, 
 Productions, and Present Condition chiefly of the Northern 
 Half of Lower California. By Chaeles Noedhoff. With 
 Illustrations and Maps. 8vO; Cloth, $1 00 ; Paper, 75 cents. 
 
 COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The Communistic Societies of the United States, from Per- 
 sonal Visit and Observation ; including Detailed Accounts 
 of the Economists, Zoarites, Shakers, the Amana, Oneida, 
 Bethel, Aurora, Icarian, and other existing Societies ; their 
 Religious Creeds, Social Practices, Numbers, Industries, and 
 Present Condition. By Chaeles Noedhoff. Illustrated. 
 8vo, Cloth, S-i 00. 
 
 Mr. Nordhoflf has derived his materials from personal observation, having 
 visited the principal communistic societies in the United States, and taken 
 diligent note of the peculiar features of their religious creed and practices, 
 their social and domestic customs, and their industrial and financial arrange- 
 ments. ... In pursuing his researches, Mr. Nordhoflf was obliged to take ex- 
 tensive journeys, travelling from Maine to Kentucky and Oregon. With his 
 exceptionally keen powers of perception, and his habits of practised obser- 
 vation, he could not engage in such an inquiry without amassing a fund of 
 curious information, and with regard to facts which have never been fully 
 disclosed to the comprehension of the public. In stating the results of his 
 investigations, he writes with exemplary candor and impartiality, though 
 not without the exercise of just and sound discrimination. He views the 
 subject in its practical hearings, free from a cavilling and censorious spirit. 
 and equally free from the poetical enthusiasm which would clothe a novel 
 experiment with the coloring of romance. — N. Y. Tribune. 
 
 CAPE COD AND ALL ALONG SHOEE. 
 
 Cape Cod and All Along Shore : Stories. By Charles 
 Nokdhoff. 4to, Paper '[FrankUn Sq^uare Lih'ary\ 15 
 cents. 
 
 As a story-teller, Jlr. NordhoCf has many points of unusual excellence. 
 His style is terse and lucid, his characters are lifelike, and drawn with 
 strength and precision of touch, and his narrative moves on swiftly and with 
 dramatic force. — Independent, N. Y. 
 
 Mr. Nordhoff has the faculty of portraying the idiosyncrasies of human 
 nature in a most .skilful manner, and, at the same time, of mingling with 
 his stories much of the philosophy of human life. — Albany JourmH.. 
 
 Have charmed many readers. — N. Y. Cnmmercial Advertiser. 
 
 Light, clever, well-written sketches. — N. Y. Times. 
 
 A lively and agreeable volume, full of humor and incident. — Boston 
 Transcript. 
 
Charles Nordhoff^s Works. 
 
 POLITICS rOK YOUNG AMERICANS. 
 
 Politics for Young Americans. By Chables Noedhoff. 
 16mo, Cloth, Half Leather, 75 cents ; Paper, 40 cents. 
 
 It would be difBcult to find, indeed, a safer guide for a young man getting 
 ready to "cast his first ballot." — Nation, N. Y. 
 
 A short and very clear account of the reason of governments, the things 
 ■which government can and ought to do, and the things which it cannot do 
 and ought not to attempt, and the principles which ought to prevail in its 
 treatment, by legislation or administration, of the things which properly 
 come within its province. It is thus a treatise of political ethics and of 
 political economy, and an excellent one. — N. T. World. 
 
 It is a book that should be in the hand of every American boy and girl. 
 ... It is a complete system of political science, economical and other, as ap- 
 plied to our American system. — N. T. Herald. 
 
 In the following pages I have attempted to explain, in simple language, 
 and by familiar illustrations fitted for the comprehension of boys and girls, 
 the meaning and limits of liberty, law, government, and human rights, and 
 thus to make intelligible to them the political principles on which our sys- 
 tem of government in the United States is founded. The book grew out of 
 an attempt, in a few letters, to instruct my oldest son in the political knowl- 
 edge which every American boy ought to possess to fit him for the duties of 
 citizenship. I found my subject much larger than I at first imagined, but 
 interest in the attempt led me on, and what was begun originally for one 
 boy is here printed for the use of others. — Mxiract from Preface. 
 
 GOD AND THE FUTUEE LIFE. 
 
 God and the Future Life. The Reasonableness of Christi- 
 anity. By Chaeles Noedhoff. 16mo, Cloth, $1 00. 
 
 Mr. Nordhoff's object is not so much to present a religious system as to 
 give practical and sufficient reasons for every-day beliefs. He writes strong- 
 ly, clearly, and in the vein that the people understand. — Boston Herald. 
 
 Thoughtful, profound, and lucid. . . . Simple in its form, and written so 
 as to be understood by children, the volume is one of the most powerful 
 arguments against doubt and inlidelity that has lately appeared. It is this 
 partly because of its point of view, which is that of a man who looks at life 
 practically and reasons with the utmost candor and fairness. The author's 
 clear mind and positive convictions are perfectly imaged in his direct and 
 forcible style. — Hartford Courant. 
 
 The value of the book lies in its power of statement. It deals with the 
 ideas of modern thinkers after a simple but trenchant style, and presents in 
 forcible and direct language the reasonings which have most weight with 
 ordinary men and women.- — Boston Advertiser. 
 
 A plain, straightforward, earnest appeal to the honest sense of thinking 
 people. ... It inculcates the value and honor of work, and the need and power 
 of honesty in all things, and is really sound to the core. — Philadelphia Times. 
 
 Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. 
 
 r Hakper & Brothers will send any of the above works by mail, postage prepaid, 
 to any pari of the United States or Canada, on receipt of the price. 
 
VALUABLE WORKS 
 
 OF 
 
 EXPLORATION AND ADVENTURE. 
 
 Charnay's Ancient Cities of the New World. 
 
 The Ancient Cities of the New World : being Voyages and Explorations in Mex- 
 ico and Central America, from 1857 to 1882. By Desire Charnat. Translated 
 from the French by J. Gonino and Helen S. Conant. Introduction by Allen 
 Thorndike Rice. 209 Illustrations and a Map. Royal 8vo, Ornamental Cloth, 
 Uncut Edges, Gilt Top, $6 00. 
 
 Squier's Nicaragua. 
 
 Nicaragua: its People, Scenery, Monuments, Resources, Condition, and Proposed 
 Canal." With One Hundred Maps and Illustrations. By E. G. Sqcier, M.A., 
 F.S.A. 8vo, Cloth, $4 00. 
 
 Squier's Peru. 
 
 Peru : Incidents of Travel and Exploration in tie Land of the Incas. By E. G. 
 Squier, M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated. Svo, Cloth, $5 00. 
 
 Cesnola's Cyprus. 
 
 Cyprus ■ Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples. A Narrative of Researches 
 and Excavations during Ten Years' Residence in that Island. By General Louis 
 Palma di Cesnola, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin ; Hon. 
 Member of the Royal Society of Literature, London, &c. With Maps and Illus- 
 trations. Svo, Cloth, Gilt Tops and Uncut Edges, $7 50 ; Half Calf, $10 00. 
 
 Bishop's Old Mexico and Her Lost Provinces. 
 
 A Journey in Mexico, Southern California, and Arizona, by Way of Cuba. By 
 William Henry Bishop. With numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Sketches by 
 the Author. 12mo, Cloth, $2 00. 
 
 "Wallace's Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Tlie Malay Archipelago: the Land of the Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. 
 A Narrative of Travel, 1854-62. With Studies of Man and Nature. By Alfred 
 Rdssel Wallace. With Maps and numerous Illustrations. New Edition. 
 Crown 8vo, Cloth, |2 50. 
 
 "Wallace's Island Life. 
 
 Island Life • or. The Phenomena of Insular Faunas and Floras, with their Causes. 
 Including an entire Revision of the Problem of Geological Climates. By Alfred 
 RossEL Wallace. With Illustrations and Maps. Svo, Cloth, $4 00. 
 
 ■Wallace's Geographical Distribution of Animals. 
 
 The Geographical Distribution of Animals. With a Study of the Relations of 
 Living and Extinct Faunas, as elucidating the Past Changes of tlie Earth's Sur- 
 face. By Alfred Rdssel Wallace. With Colored Maps and numerous lUus- 
 trations by Zwecker. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $10 00. 
 
2 Valuable Works of Exploration and Adventure. 
 
 Stanley's Congo, and the Founding of its Free State. 
 
 A Story of Work and Exploration. By Henry M. Stanley. Dedicated by Spe- 
 cial Permission to H. M. the King of the Belgians. In 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, with 
 over One Hundred full-page and smaller Illustrations, two large Maps, and sev- 
 eral smaller ones. Cloth, $10 00 ; Half Morocco, $15 00. 
 
 Stanley's Through the Dark Continent. 
 
 Through the Dark Continent; or, The Sources of the Nile, Around the Great 
 Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic 
 Ocean. By Henry M. Stanley. With 149 Illustrations and 10 Maps. 2 vols., 
 8vo, Cloth, $10 00 ; Sheep, $12 00 ; Half Morocco, $15 00. 
 
 Stanley's Coomassie and Magdala. 
 
 Coomassie and Magdala: a Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa. By 
 Henry M. Stanley. With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 50. 
 
 Cameron's Across Africa. 
 
 Across Africa. By Verney Lovett Cameron, C.B., D.C.L., Commander Royal 
 Navy, Gold Medalist Royal Geographical Society, &c. With a Map and numerous 
 Illustrations. Svo, Cloth, $5 00. 
 
 Livingstone's Last Journals. 
 
 The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to his 
 Death. Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained 
 from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. By Horace Waller, F.R.G.S. 
 With Maps and Illustrations. Svo, Cloth, $5 00 ; Sheep, $6 00 ; Half Calf, $7 25. 
 Fopular Hdition, Svo, Cloth, $2 50. 
 
 Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi. 
 
 Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries ; and of the Dis- 
 covery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1S58-1864. By David and Charles 
 Livingstone. With Map and Illustrations. Svo, Cloth, $5 00 ; Sheep, $5 50. 
 
 Long's Central Africa. 
 
 Central Africa : Naked Truths of Naked People. An Account of Expeditions to 
 the Lake Victoria Nyanza and the Makraka Niam-Niam, West of the Bahr-El- 
 Abiad (White Nile). By Col. C. Chaillk Long, of the Egyptian Staff. Illustrated 
 from Col. Long's own Sketches. With Map. Svo, Cloth, $2 60. 
 
 Du Chaillu's Ashango-Land. 
 
 A Journey to Ashango-Land, and Further Penetration into Equatorial Africa. 
 By Paul B. Dn Chaillu. Illustrated. Svo, Cloth, $5 00. 
 
 Du Chaillu's Land of the Midnight Sun. 
 
 The Land of the Midnight Sun. Summer and Winter Journeys through Sweden, 
 Norway, Lapland, and Northern Finland. By Paul B. Du Chaillu. With Map 
 and 235 Illustrations. In Two Volumes. Svo, Cloth, $7 50; Half Calf, $12 00. 
 
 Thomson's Voyage of the " Challenger." 
 
 The Voyage of the "Challenger." The Atlantic: An Account of the General 
 Results of the Voyage during the Tear 1873 and the Early Part of the Tear 
 1876. By Sir C. Wyville Thomson, F.R.S. With a Portrait of the Author, 
 many Colored Maps, and Illustrations. 2 vols., Svo, Cloth, $12 00. 
 
Valuable Works of Exploration and Adventure. 
 
 Thomson's Southern Palestine and Jerusalem. 
 
 The Land and the Book : Southern Palestine and Jerusalem. By William M. 
 Thomson, D.D., Forty-five Years a Missionary in Syria and Palestine. 140 Illus- 
 trations and Maps. Square 8vo, Cloth, $6 00 ; Sheep, $7 00 ; Half Morocco, 
 $8 50; Full Morocco, Gilt Edges, $10 00. 
 
 Thomson's Central Palestine and Phoenicia. 
 
 The Land and the Book: Central Palestine and Phajnicia. By William M. 
 Thomson, D.D. 130 Illustrations and Maps. Square 8vo, Cloth, $6 00 ; Sheep, 
 $7 00 ; Half Morocco, $8 50 ; Full Morocco, Gilt Edges, $10 00. 
 
 Thomson's Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan. 
 
 The Land and the Book : Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan. By Will- 
 iam M. Thomson, D.D. 147 Illustrations and Maps. Square 8vo, Cloth, $6 00 ; 
 Sheep, $7 00 ; Half Morocco, $8 50 ; Full Morocco, Gilt Edges, $10 00. 
 
 The Land and the Book. 
 
 Comprising the above works, viz.. Southern Palestine and Jerusalem ; Central 
 Palestine and Phoenicia ; and Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan, in 3 vols.. 
 Popular Edition, Square Svo, Cloth, $9 00. {Sold in Sets only.) 
 
 Reade's Savage Africa. 
 
 Savage Africa : being the Narrative of a Tour in Equatorial, South-western, and 
 North-western Africa ; with Notes on the Habits of the Gorilla ; on the Exist- 
 ence of Unicorns and Tailed Men ; on the Slave-trade ; on the Origin, Character, 
 and Capabilities of the Negro, and on the Future Civilization of Western Africa. 
 By W. WiNwooD Rbade. With Illustrations and a Map. Svo, Cloth, %i 00 ; 
 Sheep, $4 50 ; Half Calf, $6 25. 
 
 Schweinfurth's Heart of Africa. 
 
 The Heart of Africa ; or. Three Tears' Travels and Adventures in the Unex- 
 plored Eegions of the Centre of Africa. From 1868 to 1871. By Dr. Georo 
 ScHWEi-NFURTH. Translated by Ellen E. Fbewkr. With an Introduction by Win- 
 wood Reade. Illustrated by about 130 Wood-cuts from Drawings made by the 
 Author, and with Two Maps. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, |8 00. 
 
 Speke's Africa. 
 
 Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. By John Hanning Speke, 
 Captain H. M. Indian Army, Fellow and Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical 
 Society, Hon. Corresponding Member and Gold Medalist of the French Geograph- 
 ical Society, &c. With Maps and Portraits and numerous Illustrations, chiefly 
 from Drawings by Captain Grant. 8vo, Cloth, $4 00 ; Sheep, $4 60. 
 
 Baker's Ismailia. 
 
 Ismailia: a Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of 
 the Slave-trade, organized by Ismail, Khedive of Egypt. By Sir Samcel White 
 Baker, Pasha, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., M.ijorgcneral of the Ottoman Empire, late 
 Governor-general ot the Equatorial Nile Basin, &c., &c. With Maps, Portraits, 
 and upwards of fifty full-page Illustrations by Zweckcr and Durand. Svo, Cloth, 
 $5 00 ; Half Calf, $7 25. 
 
-1 Valuable Works of Exploration and Adventure. 
 
 Schlieraann's Ilios. 
 
 Eioi. :he C:— a=d Co'jntry of the Trojans. The Besults of Researches and Dis- 
 coTeries on the Site of Troy and thronghont the Troad in the jears 1871-72- 
 '73_"7S-'79; inclnding an Antobiography of the Author. By Dr. HJrssT Schue- 
 vtw, r.S.A., r.Ki Britiih Architects: Author of "Troy and its Eemaius," 
 " Mvcens," sc With a Preface, Appendices, and Xotes by Professors Kudolf Vir- 
 choT, Max iluller, A. H. Sayce, J. P. Mahaffy, H. Brugsch-Bey, P. Ascherson, M. 
 A- Postolaccas, IL R Bomoiif, Mr. F. Calvert, and Mr. A. J. Doffield. With Maps, 
 Plans, and about 1800 IDnstratioBS. Imperial 8to, Cloth, |12 00 ; Half Morocco, 
 $15 00. 
 
 Schliemaim's Troja. 
 
 Troja. EcSTilts of ihe Latest Besearcbes and Discoveri^ on the Sie of Hornet's 
 Ttov, and in the Heroic TnnmH and other Sitra, made in the year 1882, and a 
 XarratiTe of a Jonmey in the Troad in ISSl. By Dr. Hesrt ScHLiESLiSS, Anthor 
 of "Hios,"' &c Preface by Professor A. H Sayce. With 150 Wood^cnts and 4 
 Maps and Pians. Sto, Cloth, §7 50 : Half Morocco, |10 00. 
 
 Th.onison"s Malacca, Indo-Cldiia, and Cliliia. 
 
 The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China ; or. Ten Tears' Travels, Adrent- 
 nres, and Eesidence Abroad. By J. Thoseos. With over Sixty Hlustrations. 
 8vo, Cloth, |4 00. 
 
 Spry"s Cmise of the " Challenger." 
 
 The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship •'Challenger." Voyages over many Seas, 
 Scenes in many Lands. By W. J. J. Spet, EJS'. With Maps and Ulustratioiis. 
 Crown 8vo, Coih, §2 00. 
 
 Prime's Boat-Life in Egypt and Nubia. 
 
 B.3ai-Life in Egypt and Xn'oia. By Wtt.t.k^ C. Prtvk Illustrated. ]2mo, 
 Coih. §2 w. 
 
 Vambery's Central Asia. 
 
 Travels in Central Asia: being the Accoont of a Jonmey from Teheran across 
 the Torkwnan Desert, on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian, to Ehiva, Bokhara, 
 and Samarcand, performed in the year 1863. By Arvimls Tambesy. Member 
 of the Hunaarian Academy of Pesth, by whom he was sent on this Scientific Mis- 
 sion. With Map and Wood-cnts. 8vo, Cloth, $4 50 ; Half Calf, |6 75. 
 
 Mac&alian"s Campaigning on the Osns. 
 
 Campaigiung on the Oxns and the Ea'.l of Khiva. By J. A. MLs-cGawav. With 
 Map and Ulnstratioiis. evo, Cloth, %Z 50. 
 
 Forbes's "Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. 
 
 A Xaturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. A Narrative of Travel 
 and Exploration from 1878 to 1883. By Heset 0. Foebes, F.E.G.S., &c. With 
 manv IRustratiocs and Colored Maps. 8vo, O rn amental Cloth, $5 00. 
 
 Published bt HAEPER & BROTHERS, New Toek. 
 
 ■ ' H'*''=!?' g3 & B20T3Z^ inT? send any c/ tfie above icorhs 'by mail, postage prepaid, to anf 
 part of the United States cr Canada, cm receipt of the price. 
 

 IS y 
 
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