.Cll "^ COONS' TREATISE FARM, PRAIRIE, FLOOD, HURDLE ORNAMENTAL FENCES, &C. FULL DESCRIPTION OF COONS' PATENT FLEXIBLE FENCES, RAILING, AC, WHICH ARE MANUFAC- TURED AT THE UNITED STATES FENCE WORKS, STATE DAM, TROY, N. Y., ^ Proprietor. SCALE OF PRICES ATTACHED, FOR EACH AND EVERY GRADE OF FENCE, &C., ILLUSTRATED ^VITH WOOD CUTS, EEPRESENTING A FEW OF TflE MM DESIGNS MANUFACTURED AT THIS ESTABLISHMENT. TROY, N. Y. S.\fi. JOHXSON, STEAM PRESS I'EINTES, V CANNON PLACE. 1862. ^uHm.n'^m'^"'.''. •*"*c\:Vtt-n^^ f PEEFACE To THE TuBLic— On introducing a brief treatise on Farm and Ornamental Fences, to an enlightened and reading people, may by some be considered a3 of little importance, as almost every person interested upon the subject, has his own views and opinions, and those opinions based upon some theory or practical tests, and that a word upon this subject will make but a light im- pression upon the public mind. But, having made this my business for the last six years, and during that time have not only been a close observer, but also, examined all the various plans, designs and improvements in the prin- ciples of constructing fences in many parts of the United States, and have, also, made many experiments and practical tests, etc., all for the purpose of obtaining information upon a subject interesting to me as well as the country at large, and finally came to the conclusion, that in all cases, cast iron posts could be substituted for wood posts ; and finally, after progressing step by step, have come to the conclusion that not only iron fence posts can and may be generally adopted, but that all classes of farm, as well as ornamental fences made whuUy of iron, may, and eventually will be adapted in every part of the United States where there is any relative value attached to tim- ber. After having introduced my system to a limited extent, I was called upon frequently to answer interrogatories relative thereto, and finally was requested to make public my views. After having made arrangements with George W. Cramer, of the city of Troy, to manufacture all the various styles and varieties of my plans of Farm and Ornamental fence, and he hav- ing made extensive arrangements and is now manufacturing to order, all the varieties, I have thought proper to take this method of extending to the public such information as I may possess, and api)end a few of the many testimo^iials which I have received; and, also, append explanations and wood cuts of a few of the many designs and styles of Fence manufactured at the United States Patent Fence Works, Troy, N. Y. MATTHIAS P. COONS. RECOMMENDATIONS. Letter from Col. B. P. Johnson, Secretary of the N. T. State Agricultural Society, and of George Vail, Esq., President. State Agricultural Eooms, Albany, May 13, 1852. Mr. M. p. Coons, Dear Sir : — I have read the manuscript of your " Treatise on Farm and Ornamental Fencing," and am pleased with the sugges- tions contained in it. The subject is one of great interest to the Farmers of our country, and I am satisfied from an examination of your improvements that they will prove of great value, and worthy the attention of all who are interested in the subject. Yours, B. P. JOHNSON, Secretary. I concur in the views and opinions expressed above by Col. B. P. Johnson. GEO. VAIL. From Wm. H. Starr, Esq., late Editor Farmer and 3fechanic, New York. New York, June 15, 1852. M. P. Coons, Esq, Dear Sir: — Having been for some years past somewhat ac- quainted with your experiments, and valuable improvements in farm and ornamental fencing. I have been induced to give the subject a good degree of attention, and cannot but cordially com- mend your various improvements to public notice, and public pa- tronage. Your "treatise," (in manuscript) which yoii were so obligi as to place in my hands for perusal gives the whole subject new in- terest, and its suggestions are valuable as contributing very much to that fund of information which the farmers, especially of Country, need in regard to the matter. You have my best wishes for the success of your enterprise, in furnishing cheap and improved methods of fencing, both durable and ornamental wherein the article is required. Respectfully yours, Wm, II. STARR. From Hon. A. Van Tuyl, Treasurer of Rensselaer Ag'l. Society TuoY, June 1st, 1852, M. P. Coons, Esq. Dear Sir : — Your manuscript "Treatise on Iron and Ornamental Fencing," placed in my hands, I have perused with some care and much pleasure. You will do good service to the public by publish- ing and spreading your views, broadcast, throughout this and other States. The suggestions therein contained will be approved by those interested in erecting both ornamental and durable farm fence. Yours truly, A. VAN TUYL. From Henry Warren, Esq., Agricultural Warehouse, Troy. Troy, June 7, 1852. M. P. Coons, Dear Sir : — Having occasionally, for sometime past, noticed va- rious specimens of your new and improved style of farm and orna- mental fencing, it gives me pleasure to say that I consider them unsurpassed in taste, in economy, and beauty of design. Having given your manuscript treatise on this subject a cursory perusal, I feel confident you will receive a hearty approval from those to whom it is addressed. Yours truly, H. WARREN. From Hon. John C. Mather, Canal Commissioner of the State of New-York. Troy, July 22d, 1852. M. P. Coons, Esq, Dear Sir : — I have examined, with much interest, a copy, in manuscript, of your "Treatise on Farm and Ornamental Fencing." It contains many valuable suggestions on the subject of which it treats, and cannot fail of being read;.ivith interest by every fanner in the country. Your great experience and skill in the manufac- ture of fencing, of various kinds, has always very justly given you a wide-spread reputation as an inventor of, perhaps, the best style of fence ever brought before the public. I trust you will meet with the success you deserve at the hands of those most deeply interest- ed in the matter. With great respect, yours truly, JOHN C. MATHER. RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The undersigned would most respectfully state that his time and attention has been almost wholly devoted to the improvement of farm and ornamental fences, endeavoring to mitigate the many difficulties, and also the heavy expense now incurred by the vari- ous plans generally adopted in this and adjoining States. Having been a practical farmer of Rensselaer county for up- wards of twenty years, he embraced every opportunity of detecting every error which he could detect, and then endeavored to devise some means whereby the many difficulties could be mitigated or removed and consequently resorted to many practical tests and ex- periments. There were several important facts which presented themselves for consideration, many of which were of much importance, and should require the particular attention of all interested upon the subject and may be classed as follows, particularly farm fencing. 1st. The rapid decrease of timber aud the consequent high prices demanded for materials. 2. The extreme perishable nature of the materials used in the construction of farm fences. 3. The time and labor expended in the construction. 4. The space occupied by most of the varieties now used. 5. The difficulties encountered in the erection of fences secured by wood posts placed perpendicularly in the ground, and which are subject to the following objections : First, the effects of frost, the posts raising upwards ; second, by wind in two important particu- lars, one is the liability of the prostration of the structure, and the others are as follows : — It is well known by experience that nearly all fences made of wood or.stane wall, are sufficiently compact to create a vacuum in the atmosphere in proportion to the density of the structure, in which large masses of drifting snow is permited to accumulate, forced thither by the "driving storm." 6. The present difficulties encountered in fencing all lands Sub- ject to inundation and system of ''hurdle fencing." '• • 7. The fragil "cob web" wood post wire fences. 8. The expense now incurred by enclosing the "Western Prai- ries. r 9. The great expense now incurred in fencing railroads, high- ways &c., and the rapid dilapidation, and consequent danger tolife and property. All the above difficulties and objections have each been the sub- ject of due consideration and reflection, and each in their respective capacity have been a theme of mental labor and practical tests, no one particular part was permitted to pnss without such experi- ments being made, sufficient to satisfactorily demonstrate the posi- tion hereafter assumed. Several articles offence which was adopt- ed by our fore-fathers when they were the Pioneers of the prime- val Forests, need not now be considered as they have long since disappeared. LOG FENCES Can only be seen in new countries, and in many instances (like stone in some localities) are made into fence to get timber " out of the way ;" and as the propriety of discussing their merits or demerits is considered useless, therefore, pass them over. WORM RAIL FENCES. This style of fence was adapted as the 2d class or plan of en- closing farms, &c., and was in many instances the most feasible plan that then could be adopted, and was also a fruitful source of getting rid of the surplus timber ; and as they have become almost extinct, and in many sections of our country are now among the things that were, it is, therefore, considered unnecessary to go into a detail of the many objections to this suicidal course of extermina- ting timber. Many hedges and poisonous beds of weeds have dis- appeared, to which worm rail fences once gave protection and shel- ter. This class of fence having been most generally adopted through- out our country, and by the rapid decay and the continued renewal may be justly considered as the prominent cause of the spare and languid appearance of our forests. By computations made in 1848, by competent persons, it was estimated that about three millions of cords of timber was annually taken from our forests, for lencing purposes, in the State of New York. What old resident farmer in this part of the State, does not recollect that in "bygone days" did not wholly i-ely upon the accumulation of old fences for his summer's firewood. Nature having put a ^' veto " upon the further progress of this sys- tem of annihilating timber, it is therefore unnecessary to pursue this subject any further. POST AND RAIL FENCES. This plan was considered an improvement upon the worm rai^ fence,. as it required less material, and was considered a more per- manent structui-e, not the sport of every breeze, nor the protector of the noxious shrubs and plants ; and as this class of fence is sub- ject to the same class of objections as that of the post and board fence, we will there leave it for a further analysis. POST AND BOARD FENCES. This class of fence has now been almost universally adopted In all localities, wherever forests liave been exhausted by the contin- ual demand made upon them for the extravagant supply required for the various purposes, and particularly on account of the rapid decay of fence materials. This plan may be justly considered an improvement upon farm fencing, on those named, yet notwithstanding, there are many objections to this system, and on some classes of soil wholly im- practicable, and in fact there are.but few classes of soil upon which post and board fence can be considered, in any degree, as perma- nent, and those also are subject to various objections. A wood post set in chiy soils, or clay loam, or loam, is not sub- ject to as rapid decay as in sand, sandy loam, or gravelly soils. In the first, the post is subject to be raised by the effects of the frost, or as it is more generally termed, it " freezes out," and to replace the post to its former position, if boards are nailed thereon, it is nearly equivalent to rebuilding the fence. Various methods have been tried, and even letters patent have been issued, purporting to be devised to overcome these difficulties, but none of which appears to have been effectual, as they seem not to have become in general use. Nature appears to have placed a barrier in the way to this plan of setting posts, in all northern climates ; and if some of the devises had been effectual in remedying the difficulty in part, of the raising of the post by frost, it did not overcome many other dif- ficulties. Admitting that an invention was effectual in preventing a post from heaving, then all the following objections are yet prominent, and not removed or mitigated. 1. The cost of a post and board fence is, in many parts of our common country, a heavy tax, if not a perfect barrier to its adop- tion. 2. When it is built, it is of wood, and extremely perishable. 3. It is, out of doors, subject to the elements, and the rapid de- cay and destruction consequent thereto. 4. It is the fruitful means of large accumulations of snow in all northern latitudes, much to the annoyance of the traveler, and an injury to all vegetable matter which it may embed beneath it. 5. Having been in use a few years it becomes dilapidated and is the " sport of the storm." 6. However well and substantial a post and board fence, for farm purposes, may be built, rt does not prove to be 'a barrier to an unruly bullock or a roving horse. 7. It is not fire proof, and is extremely transferable, without ne- gociation, on the lines of highways, railroads, canals, &c. MODERN WIRE FENCES. This class of fences have been (to some extent) introduced throughout this and adjoining States, and by many was considered a valuable improvement upon other systems heretofore adopted, but time, with practicable experience, found many objections, among which the most prominent are the following : 1. The posts used are of wood, set in the ground in the same manner as when used for post and board fences, and in like man- ner subject to the caprices of the frost and rapid decay. 2. The wire is fastened to the posts, and strained to nearly the full power of its tension, (fences are generally made in warm weather) and in extreme cold weather the wires are found to part ; the reason of this is obvious : the wire being strained when warm to nearly the full power of its tension, when in a state of expansion, in accordance with the height of temperature, and when the tem- perature is approximating zero the wire must contract, and that too when the metal has far less power of tension, and conse- quently, must sever, and is no longer a fence. 3. In the spring of the year when the ground is soft and limpid, the posts readily yield to the inclination of the greatest power of attraction, and thus the whole line of the structure is thrown in a line of disorder. 4. This class of fence is found to be dangerous to animals on ac- count of its " invisibility ;" it is well known that at a short distance only, a line of posts are seen, and no visible obstruction be- tween them is discovered. The animals enclosed by a fence of this description, in their playful pranks, or flight occasioned by fright, rush on and only aim to avoid the posts, and seeing no other ob- struction, still rush on, and are only impeded in their course by the wire, and not unfrequently at the loss of life, or usefulness. STONE WALL. With regard to this class of fence for enclosures, it may be said to have no objections in some localities, yet there are objections even to a beautiful stone wall five feet high ; but in some localities all the objections which can be alleged against them are not equiv- alent to their utility and usefulness. It cannot be alleged that a stone wall is not visible : but it is however, a fruitful source of snow drifts. It cannot be said that a stone wall will "freeze out," but if the structure is not based upon a permanent foundation on lines running east and west, the expansion of the ground by the action of the frost on the north side, will cause the wall to incline tx) the south during the winter, particularly if snow is deposited on the south side, (which is a common occurrence) and in the spring the frost is removed by the rays of ^he sun and the attraction of the snow upon the frost ; thus, oy the accumulated weight resting upon the south side, and the softness of the ground, the wall is still further inclined, and in the space of a few years the wall tumbles, and must be relaid. But as this class of enclosures are indispensa- ble. It may not be considered presumptuous in giving a few hints as to the best mode of erection. It is a well known fact, that there are many sections of country where the quantity of stone upon the surface are a perfect barrier 10 to cultui'e, and the soil is valueless, in that respect, unless remov- ed, and as a natural consequence, the most profitable disposition of them is to convert them into "fencing materials." If the ground is wet, and of that class of soil which is denominated " heavy land," a trench of sufficient depth should be dug and filled with small stone, and should be at least one foot wider than the founda- tion of the wall intended, and then if the stone are all carefully and permanently laid, inwardly inclined, neither frost nor wind will effect a wall of that kind, and will remain permanent many years, if not ages. But in localities where stone must be "quarried" os- tensably for the purpose of making a fence, and those stone to be transported any considerable distance, cannot at the present day be considered profitable, when other materials can be furnished at far less expense and equally permanent, comparatively. STUMP FENCES. A fence made of large white pine stumps is the most durable and permanent of any wood fence, and forms (if well made) a per- fect enclosure for all domestic animals ; but as it is also the harbin- ger and protector of noxious plants, which baffles the skill and perseverance of the most careful farmer to exterminate any vege- tation which may spring up in its midst. No careful farmer will tolerate them as division fences, and are only properly located when made on the bank of a washing stream, or upon the borders of the forest. ORNAMENTAL FENCE. Of this class there is at the present day, such a large (and might almost say) an endless variety, that it would be a task of too great magnitude to enumei'ate or analyze their respective merits or de- merits. There are several varieties which have amply tested their mer- its as to durability, if not in beauty of design, but all belong to one principle of structure, and of material, and that is wrought iron pannels erected on stone, some have wrought iron and others cast iron posts, permanently secured in stone, fences or railing, are now standing monuments of their durability, having with-stood Time "with his destructive elements for nearly a century in this country, and to all present appearances will with-stand his ravages another century. The introduction of cast .iron fences are of a more recent date particularly in this country^ and therefore have not the practical test as to the utility or durability. But it is however evident that a cast iron fence does not possess the same power of tension as that of wrought iron of the same weight of material, but it is also evident that a configurated ornamental fence can be made at less price than wrought iron of equal dimensions. There are also many designs of wood fence now in use, many of which have been made at an expense equivalent to the expense of 11 an iron fence, and as the many diflicultie.s are so apparent, and have been so tlioroiighly tested as to durability, tliat it i^ deemed unnecessary to go into a detail, sufHce it to say that wood posts even if of red ceder are as sul)ject to the action of the frost, as any other wood post set in the ground and any kind of ornamen- tal fence however configurative, if it be thrown out of line or not plumb, is no longer ornamental. , HEDGES. Many efforts have been made to introduce a "living fence," or in other words a "hedge row." Whatever may be the objections to this class of enclosures or ■whatever may be said in their favor, experience seems to have tested the practicability as well as their utility. Various classes of the vegetable kingdom has been called into requisition, and not- withstandmg the persevering efforts of many of our most enterpris- ing citizens to cultivate the different kinds of hedge fence there are at the present day, comparatively, but extremely i'ew now in exist- ence in the United States, which can be properly termed a fence. The time required and the expense incurred for their culture are alone sufficient reasons for their not being generally adopted. But hedge fences also, have their objections in other respects, one of which is of natural consequence and that is the shading of the ad- jacent ground, strangulation of domestic animals and the shelter for the obnoxious, but as there are not enough in this country to make it an object of discussion it is deemed unnecessary to say more of them. In reviewing all the foregoing difficulties and the producing causes, we came to the conclusion that a different principle should be adopted which would remedy many of the difficulties heretofore ex- isting, and that a system might be so arranged that would be equal- ly adapted to all classes of soil and all localities. To effect this a series of experiments were made upon the power of tension on va- rious forms of cast iron, and finally in 1847, the undersigned ob- tained letters patent for improvements in iron post hurdle fence. The post patented in connection with this fence was so constructed as to be inserted into stone with a cast iron pin or tenon. The manufacture of wood pannels of picket fence was then com- menced and attached to the cast iron posts secured in stone. This class of fence was well received and various specimens of designs were exhibited at the annual' fair, of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, and also at the fair of the American Institute, both of which awarded medals to the exhibitor. Subsequently ■wrought iron bolts for tenons wei'e introduced instead of cast iron. This' class of fence both of ■vvood cast and wrought iron pan- nels, are'now in use in this and other States, and is placed on all classes of soil, from the solidity of rock, to the soft muck or clay, and all erected on the same principal, which is a stone of sufficient size, wholly immaterial as to its form in which a hole is drilled to receive the tenon of the post. The stone in all cases is embed- 12 ed in the ground even with its surface, the post is then inserted and made plnnib and secured with brimstone. It may here be re- marked that a stone or block of wood laid in the ground, and even with its surface cannot be injuriously effected by the action of the frost. By practical tests as well as by observation it will be discov- ered tliat the raising of the ground does not affect the posi- tion of a stone or log of wood when horizontally imbeded in the ground, and the reasons are obvious, at the commencing of the freezing of ground, it expands in the propoi'tion to the depth the frost has penetrated, and if not to the depth of the thickness of the stone or log, the ground expands and raises above the stone, caus- ing a cavity where the stone is embeded, the stone cannot be ele- vated by the frost, and consequently, still retaining its first position. But when the frost has penetrated to the depth of the thickness of the stone, then the stone is elevated in proportion to the expansion of the ground, and at the same time remaining in its former parallel position. Thus a fence erected on stone imbeded as described, cannot be in any wise injuriously effected by the frost, as the fence still re- tains its perpendicular position, and when the frost is wholly re- moved in the following spring, the fence is still found as when first erected. It may be asked why then does the frost effect a stone wall, so injuriously, — In reply it is only necessary to state that a stone wall is generally a close structure, and while on the one side the '•Northern blasts" have full power to chill and congeal, while on the other side they have no power until they chill the whole at- mosphere, and further whatever degree of frost may have pene- trated on the one side, the warm rays of the sun is calculated to undo what the frost has done measurable, while on the other his "genial rays" has no influence. Again — It may be asked what are the practical effects of frost on a post set perpendicular in the ground, in other words why does a post ''heave out ? The reply is, a wood post set in the ground, and reaching below the penetration of the frost is operated upon as follows ; taking for example a clay soil, (being the most adhesive and the most liable to expand,) a post being placed in the ground below the penetra- tion of the frost, the first operation is the surface of the ground becomes congealed and its encrusted surface becomes firmly attached to the post at its surface — by the gradual penetra- tion of frost the ground expands and consequently elevates the post full equal to the expansion, and when the post is thus elevated a vacuum is made beneath the post and as a natural result is filled np by the semi-liquidated earth — and on the frozen ground being dissolved from the post, immediately on the return of the first warm rays of the sun, the post is completely liberated and left resting up- on the earth, filled in beneath it, and each succeeding winter pro- duces the like results. 13 Having thus briefly given the practical results of the action of the frost upon timber placed perpendicularly in the ground, and the effects of frost upon walls on wet soils. It is deemed proper to state that large quantities of wood pannels, as well as iron pan- nels of fence have been erected and supported by cast iron posts which are secured in stone as heretofore stated. The stone used are of almost all varieties which can be drilled and of such form as nature gave them, and the only requisite is, the bulk, weighing from fifty to one hundred or more pounds, according to the weight of the structure they are to support ; fence of this description has now been in use since 1847 and is placed on all the various classes of soil, and in the different climates from Maine to Georgia, and up to this date no complaint has been made as to the permanency, as well as stability of this plan of fence on any and all classes of soil on which it is erected. Experiencing many difficulties in manufacturing an article of fence which could be adapted to all grades of surface as well as different courses which was not the case of this invention, an effort was made to obviate this difficulty and also devise some plan where- by iron could be used instead of wood, not only for ornamental fence but also for Farmers, Railroads, Highways, Canals, &c. It was an important consideration that all classes of these fences should be flexible, that is, a plan of fence should be so constructed that after it was manufactured and prepared for erection, it might be placed on any undulating as well as level surface, and also on any desired course crooked or straight, and also reduce the ex- pense of manufacturing iron fence, and thus bring it within the means of all classes of our fellow citizens, and also to be the means or introducing a permanent wrought iron farm fence, which would be a substitute for the present modes now adopted. And after devoting much mental as well as physical labor for the past four years and on application, letters Patent were granted to the undersigned for improvements in flexible fence, which is applicable to all classes and grades offence made of wood or iron, farm or ornamental fence. The same principal of erect- ing this fence on iron posts, secured in stone, as heretofore describ- ed is still adhered to, or in the manner hereafter described either or both will remain a permanent principal of its structure. Iron Farm fence will be first considered ; the necessity for a change of ingredients for farm fencing has been briefly discussed, and the next- thing to be considered is what will be the material ? The answer is : Our country abounds with iron ore, and as man extracts the materials of the surface of the earth, Providence has laid in store the necessary substitute under the earth ; as the native forests 'have gradually receded by yielding to man the demands made for supplying his wants as a substitute for fuel, he directed man to look under the earth for a supply, and so as to many other of man's wants and particularly so, with regard to materials for en- lasing his premises, man has removed the once abundant supply of 14 timber suitable for enclosing the soil upon which the forests stood. He now instinctively directs him to look beneath it for a substitute and which is far more durable, and in every particular far better. It may be asked can a substantial iron fence be made at a price within the means of a farmer ? In answering this question it is proper to state that many farmers who have heretofore been in the practice of annually resorting to their own "woods" for a supply, and who never have made any account of the value of timber, nor the value of the labor bestowed in converting it into fence, may at the first impression say that they can "make fences cheaper," but the results of mature deliberation will unquestionably remove every such theory. FARM FENCE OF ALL IRON. This class offence is made wholly of iron, the posts are of cast and wrought iron combined and one of a peculiar construction, and are of sufficient strength to resist any ordinary pressure. The bars extending from post to post, are wrought iron rods, of any desired size, from ^ inch to | inch, and also any desired number may be used, and may be made sufficiently close, so as to enclose securely the smallest domestic animal, and sufficiently strong to withstand the attacks of the most unruly bullock. These bars or rods are all united to each other by wrought iron stantions and posts, in such a manner that they cannot be forced apart, and thus prevent- ing any animal intended to be guarded from passing between them, in it is also braced in such a manner that whatever may be the length of the stretch between the posts, the rods cannot sag in the middle, this fence is visible. The posts and stantions, as well as the rods, are all of a suffi- cient size to be seen at a distance and have a uniform appearance, and the whole structure is rather ornamental, than otherwise dif- ferent from the ill proportioned and the widely contrasted appear- ance of the wood post, wire fences of the present day. This plan cannot be effected by the action of the frost in any manner whatever, neither by the expansion or contraction of the iron rods, nor effect the post on any soil. It is also extremely sim- ple in its construction, any person of common mental capacity (not a mechanic ) cm erect this fence, and more than he can of the com- mon post and board fence. It is also made of any desired heighth, from three to six feet, this class of fence is furnished from one to three dollars per rod, or it is all fully pi-epared for erection at 4^ cents per pound. IRON PRAIRIE FENCE. During the time of the invention of the improvement of fencing, the subject of the most feasible plan of fencing the western Prai- ries was considered in many instances all suitable materials for en- closing these valuable tracts of land, are many miles distant and if wood fencing materials were furnished gratis, the costs of transpor- 15 tatlon would preclude the undertaking, and hence many of the most valuable tracts may remain unoccupied for many years. That same fence as just described is also intended for prairie fence with but one single exception, and that is the posts of the former are secured to stone set in the ground by wrought iron tenons or bolts, (or as hereafter described,) and the posts for prairie fence have at- tached to them wrought iron bars, either straight or in the form of a fork, and are simply stuck in the ground by thrusts; This fence is easy of transportation as many lenial rods may be conveyed by one team on a common road ; it has also one other preference to all other classes of fence it being fire proof, an "ocean of flame" may sweep over the plains, this fence will withstand the conflagration, and after it has swept over it, it will stand unscathed and unharm- ed. This fence is also afforded from one to three dollars per rod. Both the farm and Prairie fence have many preferences over all other classes of fence, and deemed worthy the special attention of all classes of interest concerned. 1st. The durability — It is evident that a fence made upon this plan must be durable and will evidently last fifty years without any repairs whatever. 2nd. It is permanent and cannot be broken or injured by unruly animals, and therefore forms a perfect enclosure for all or any pur- poses intended as an enclosure. 3rd. It forms no barrier nor obstruction to the blasts of the wind, nor the rays of the sun, and consequently does not create the receptacle of large lodgments of snow, or not sul)ject to dislodge- raent or prostrating, and also no shade, to the detriment of vegeta- tion, all of which are important advantages to agriculturists, as well as to Railroad Companys, Canals, Highways, &c. 4th. It is convenient of erection and transportation, and may be placed on all grades, on ail courses, on all soils, in fact it is adapted to all localities in all climates. 5. It is as "cheap" as any other permanent fence, Avhich is not one fourth as durable except a firm stone wall. IRON POST HURDLE FENCE. This class offence is particularly intended for all localities re- quiring to be temporarily enclosed, and for lands subject to inunda- tion, &c. In some localities the ^'soiling'''' of cattle in pasture lands is ailopt- ed ; that is, a large lot is intended for pasture, a temporary fence is erected to enclose a small portion of the lot in which the cattle are permitted to feed, and when '■'fed oJP' this fence is removed and erected to enclose another portion, and so on. There are also other localities where large tracts are subject to inundation, all the former systems adopted, the Hurdle fence to be used for those pur- poses have been attended with much loss of time and at great ex- pense. To obviate the dilficulties of enclosing such lands, a new system has beea introduced. 16 For that purpose a cast and wrought iron post combined, of a peculiar form and construction, has been invented, and bars of wood or of iron in connection, may be used. The posts (like the Prairie fence) have wrought iron bars attached in the form of spikes for the purpose of perforating the ground to sustain them perma- nently. The main body of the post is constructed so as to admit the ends of the bars in grooves, which secures them firmly. The bars are each united to the other in pannels, whether they consist of two or more (as many may be used as desired,) with wire chain. To erect this fence, the first post is thrust in the ground with as much facility as a straight, sharp bar of iron can be put down ; the pan- nel is then brought up and one end of the upper bar is placed on a wrought iron pin on the top of the post, thus determine the place for the next post, which then thrust in the ground, and the other end of the upper bar is next placed on the iron pin, the bars sus- pending from- the upper bar find their exact position in the posts, thus finishing one pannel, and so on alternately. It can be safely asserted that two men can erect more cf this class of fence per day, than the same men can place the bottom rails and blocks of a com- mon worm rail fence. In case of an unexpected inundation, this fence would not be liable to be swept away, though not a barrier to drift-wood or floating ice, which would naturally disconcert the structure without other injury to the materials. On removing this fence, the cart being in readiness, the first post is drawn and the whole pannel is liberated, and the bars are thrown in the cart. — The post may remain on the ground, or also be thrown in the cart. The whole is removed in less time than is required to put it up, — the whole occupying an extremely small space, as twenty-five rods may be conveniently placed in one ox-cart. This class of fence is afforded, all in perfect order for erection, for SI, 50 to S2,00 per rod, and is admired by some as a permanent structure, being a firm, durable and neat appearing fence. WROUGHT IRON FLOOD FENCE. During the time engaged in the fence business, many applications have been made for a fence suitable to be placed across a stream or current of watei', or in places where inundation by flood or oth- erwise, was of frequent occurrence, and where it was at the same time indispensable to retain a fence, A suitable fence of this description, which would answer the pur- pose and could be made at a price within the reach of those re- quiring the article, was heretofore deemed impracticable. But the frequent calls induced the undersigned to give the subject his at- tention, and is now happy to announce that he has succeeded in in- venting a Flood Fence, which is not only a permanent fence when erected, but is self-adjustive to the current. This fence is made wholly of wrought iron, and is so construct- ed that it may be permanently placed across any common brook, creek or stream, and the only damage it can receive by the swelling 17 of the stream, is the prostration of the fence by sections, and lay prostrate at the bottom or bed of the stream. No damage can re- sult to the fence except by being covered by gravel, &c. And when the water subsides the fence is only to be raised by sections to its original position, which is accomplished with ease and facility. This class of fence is also calculated for all lands subject to inun- dation, and need not be removed in any case whatever, and receive no damage unless washed under, or the ground upon which it is affixed is washed away. [Description of cut No. 23.] Cheap iron door-yard, grave-yard or garden fence, or for enclos- ing public grounds, all being constructed on the same principle. For the erection of this class of fence, hollow cast iron pillars are used instead of the common posts ; horizontal rods are then stretch- ed from post to post with intermediate wrought iron stansions, and of any number of bars and heighth. In all other respects it is con- structed like the iron farm fence. This fence may be made of any desired size of iron, and can be rendered highly ornamental at a small expense, by the use of a cap picket bar, as represented by cut No. 23. IRON POST (WOOD PANNELj ORNAMENTAL PICKET FENCE. This class of fence (being the first iiuprovement of the Patentee upon any system of fencing,) has now been in extensive use since 1848, and thus far the demand continues to be on the increase.— This class consists of a cast iron post secured in stone or a block of wood placed horizontally in the ground, and the pannels consisting of two or more rails or bars, "with or without base, with round pickets or banisters turned in a lathe made for the purpose. This class of fence has been much improved in its construction, and is now m mufactured in accordance with the specifications and claims of the Letters Patent, issued July, 1851, and is perfectly flexible, and adapted to all gi ades and courses. This fence, when nv.de for ornamental purposes, consists of the first quality of timber in the pannels, — the bars are pirforated with conical holes for the inser- tion of pickets. 'Ihis is done for a two-fold purpose — one is for the purpose of driving the pickets in the bar sufficiently tight, with- o\it splitting, to prevent any water penetrating the bar, and for a free circulation of air on the underside of the bar, to prevent decay around the picket. The other is — to cause the pannel to be flexi- ble ; that is, the pannel may be racked sufficiently to ascend or de- scend any desired grade, still retaining the perpendicular position of the banisters and |)()sts. The bars are joined to the posts with* iron clasps of a convex form, upon which is surmounted an iron ornament of any desired (Je-^ign- A wood pannel thus constructed and careful^ painted say each five years, will withstand the ele- ments fifty y^flb* And if the artist wishes to display his skill at 18 deception, will make it appear and resemble a heavy, massive iron fence. This class of fence (or railing) is atforded for 25 to 75 cents per foot. A suitable gate is furnished v, ith each fifty feet at the same price. IRON FLEXIBLE ORNAMENTAL FENCE, and railing suitable for door-yards, verandah-, airies, cemetery plots, gardens, balconies, &c., &c. Also, ornamental door and window guards, or grated air doors, and window-shutters, &c., &c., all of numerous styles and designs of architecture, embracing over one hundred varieties. The pannels of fence are of wrought iron, made of any desired size of bars, from one quai ter of an inch diameter to one inch ; and also of every desired form, round, oval, square, or flat-beaded iron. All the designs used in tlie construction of fence of this class, are also flexible — adapted to all grades, or courses, without any reference being had to the locality. In the invention of this fence particular reference v.'as had to obvia'e the difficulties in the con- struction of fence at manufacturing establishments, without accom- panying drawings of plan, or diagram of the location. All the varieties of this plan of fence m .y be manufjictured in quantities, and shipped to any place as an article of merchandise ; and all that is required of the juirchaser is to determine the length of fence required, and the number of gate-ways. He may then select his design or configuration and remove it to any locality and erect it on any desired grade or course. That is, if it is to be placed on a straight line and on level ground, it is ready for erect- ing. Or, if he wishes to erect the same fence on ditferer.t courses z gzag or otherwise, the same may be. erected thus without any al- teration wtiatever. Again — the same may be placed on an undu- lating surface (up-hill or down-hill, or both,) crooked or straight, without any alteration or exti-a tnuble whatever. In case the pan- nels should extend beyond the distance required, no other tools are necessary than a cold chissel to cut tlie bars at any given length, and it is then ready for erection. It is unnecessary to speak of the 4urability and permanency of this plan of fence. It is made whol- ';vof wj'ought iron attached to cast and wrouglit iron posts or pillars, which are secured to suitable sised stone with wrought iron bolts, or according to the new improvement as is hereafter described, all of which materials arc denominated indestructable. Much might be said in favor of this plan of ornamental feuce above all others, and will name only a few. 1st. It is the only principle or j)lan discovered in this or any other country which v/ill admit of the same fence being manufact- 'ured and so constructed that it will addapt itsdf to all localities, .till grades, arid all courses, without any reference being had to profile or diagram ; consequently, is an article of common meachaiulise. 2d. It can be made plain or ornamenta!, as de.siredy|Lj ."^ 3d. It admits of a larger variety of designs th^^Mp^ther plan ever before introduced. ^ 19 4th.. It is a more permanent structure according (o the weight of materials used, than niiy other plan now known. oth. It can be matiufactured at a less cost than any other fence equally ornamental, durable and jiermanent fith. It can be more convenieiilly and rasily erected on any lo- cality, at less cost, requiaing no skillful nieclianic, or variety of tools and implemi-nts. 7lh. And consequently can be afTorded at a less price. All the above varieties and styles of articles here described, are manufactured by maohinery invented and made expressly, and is patented for that purpose. The whole works are conducted under the immediate supervision of the Inventor and Patentee, who de- votes his whole time and attention to the improvement of the various plans and styles of fence, and railing. And all articles will be made in a style and manner which will be satisfactory to the public, and afforded on as reasonable terms as any other estab- lishment in the United States. Each of all the designs of fence or raihng, has a suitable design of gate-way, with heavy iron pillars or posts if desired. And one gate-way with suitable po>ts is fur- nished with each class of fence, one to each fifty feet of fence, with- out extra expense per foot. This class of fence is delivered to or- der varying from 40 cents to S3 per lineal fbot, accordin-r to the weight of iron used in the construction. ° CAST IRON FLEXIBLE FENCE. This class of fence is constructed upon the same principle as all the other classes, adapted to all grades and courses, and' is furnish- v,d of any desired weight of metal, and of various designs, and is af- forded from SI to $.5 per lineal foot. All and singular of the above styles and varieties offence nuling &c., is made of anv desir- ed heighth from two feet, to six feet, inclusive : IRON FARI\[ GATES, AND GATE POSTS. This invention consists in the improvement of flirm gate ways The gates are made wholly of wrought iron, and are so constructed that they cannot sag or droop, and made sufficiently strong, to resist any ordinary pressure more than any common farm wood gate. The gate posts are of wrought and cast iron combined, and made firm and substantial and convenient to open and close. These ^-ates are ■also intended to be placed on any locality, whetlier in co^'nuectiou with wood fence, stone wall, or any other structure. They are furnished for So to *15, per piece. As almost all the within described fence is calculated to be erect- ed, by being secured in stone, or the patent base, it became neces- sary to have a proper machine'for the purpose of drilling suitable holes m the stone used, and the und<-rsigned succeeded in invenlin-r a mnclnue % the purpose, and is secured by letters patent, rnid IS usefl mJJtaMlities where contracts are of suflicient magnitude to warrSfit TIlMPval. And stone alrendj drilled arc furnished at the works to\h^e who desire them. ♦ 20 As before stated the undersigned has been engaged in the manu- facture of fence for the past six years, and during that time had not only opportunities of discovering the defects and difficulties attending the old plans of fencing, but also discovered many defects and difficulties attending his alledged improved system, in adapt- ing it to all the various soils, surfaces and locati(l+is!d(*^s»~iyi4iJl6i3i^ij.lhe expense, as the cost of erecting fence on this plan \vni be one-half less than to erect the same on stone. Having thus, in as clear and plain a manner as he was capable, explained all the various topics here discussed, he now most humbly and respectfully refers the whole matter to the President and Secretary of the xsew-Yurk State Agricultural Society. MATTHIAS P. COONS. ^- UNITED STATES PATENT FENCE WORKS, g3'37-A.*17DE3 XS-d^wP^S, •37^1. €> 'IK', KT- "ST. 4cmiJ> / '/^ (SefiiS^Si^ftsaS^g^Sffill, Proprietor^ MATTHIAS P. COONS, Patentee, Manufacturer akd Agent of the Works, Troy, N. Y. JOSEPH WOODRUFF, General Agent for the sale of Manufactured Articles, — Office and Bepository at the Ware-house of Messrs. Jajies Beebe & Co., 314 Broadway, New-York. AUSTIN S. WELLS, Agent,— O^ce and Repository, Hyde- ParJc, New-York. JASON SMITH, ONLY authorized Agent for the sale of Territorial Rights, Troy, N. Y. A FULL DESCRIPTION OF COONS' PATENT FLEXIBLE FENCE AND RAILING, Illustrated with woorl cuts representing a few of the many designs embraced, — with a scale of retail cash prices at the Works and at the Repositories. All articles ordered will be de- livered at Troy or New- York, at the prices fixed by the scale. Any person wishiny other designs than those represented, will please send a drawing, and, if vossible, it shall he fully represented. 25 A SCALE OF PRICES attached for all the different styles and varieties of COONS' Pa- tent Fence, Mauifuctiirrd at the United States' Patent Fence Works, Troy, N. Y. Self-compensating Iron Farm Fence for enclosing Fields, Rail- roads, Ilighwajs, Canals, &c. [For description see page 14.] tr' 1 w ♦fr t 26 This tariff of prices includes two straining pillars and all the inter- mediate compensating parts, and all fixtures for fifty lineal rods if required. Fence four feet high with six horizontal bars or wires. Size of round iron. [No's 15 and 24.] Price per lineal rod. 1 -4 inch $ 1 50 5-16 " 1 75 3-8 « 2 00 7-16" 9 4Q 1-2 " 3 00 For all larger iron the proportional value of the ii'on hy weight is only added. All additional ba-s of 1-4 inch, 12l cents per rod is added for each extra bar, and larger iron in proportion. Flat, quare or oval iron may be used if required. [No. 15.] Wire bars with two straining pillars and intermediate posts to each 100 lineal rods, is furnished as follows : No. G. Wire, 4 bars 4 feet high $ 90 6. "' 5 bars 4 " " 100 G. " 8 cents for ev^ry additional bar. No. 7. Wire, 4 bars 80 7 cents for every additional bar. No. 8. Wire, 4 bars 70 G cents for each additional bar. No. 9. Wire, 4 bars (5 cents for each bar) 65 No. 10. Wire, 4 bars (G cents for each bar) GO Y^ [No. 23.] Plain Horizontal Bar Iron, Cemetery, Door-Yard and Garden • Fence. [See page 16.] Size of iron (per foot.) Height of fence 12 feet pannels and 8 bars 3 feet SO 50 3 feet 6 in. 4 feet SO 63 4 feet 6 in. ^0) 69 5 feet 5 feet 6 in. 1-4 W oG SO 72 SO 81 5-lG 56 63 69 75 81 87* 3-8 63 69 7.^ 81 87i 94 7-1 C 69 75 81 87|- 94 1 00 1-2 75 81 87.^ 94 1 00 1 10 This class of fence (round iron) is also made with a top railing, as represented by the cut, and is ornamented with varions designs and is furnished with an additional cost of 10 cents per foot. A' liberal deduction s made when a large quantity is ordered. All the foregoing horizontal bar fence is flexible and placed on any desired grade. It is warranted to be self-compensating in all degrees of temperature, without the aid of levers, right and left screws, or other comj)lex fixtures, and is self-supporting without the aid of "trees, stumps, or buildings." 28 SELF-ADJUSTING IRON FLOOD FENCE. [For description see page 16.] The only one of the kind ever invented which cannot be re- moved or injured by flood and not obstruct the current or rafts of wood, ice, &c. This is made in pannels of 12 feet or le-s, 4 feet high, wholly of wrought iron, and can be permanently secured on any soil or loca- tion, without any danger of its being swept away unless the earth is removed on which it is placed. Size of iron. Height of fence. Price per pannel. 1-4 inch iron, 3 feet 6 inches, 6 bars .••"$175 " " '^ " " " " 7 bars 1 90 " " " Sufficiently close to enclose ducks, geese, &c., and 4 feet high S2 50 All larger sizes of iron in proportion. [No. 16.] CAST IRON POST HUEDLE FENCE.— [See page 15.] 20 This class of fiance, with wood bars, is sold from Si to S2 per pannel, and is made of any desired height or classes, and according to order ; it is also made wholly of wrought iron bars and cast iron posts, and is put down with the aid of stone blocks, wood, or other fixtures. WROUGHT IRON HURDLE FENCE. This is wholly of wrouglit iron, the bars of any desired size, and is sold a triiie in advance of the iron farm fence. No. 22. WROUGHT IRON FENCE for enclosing Cemetery Grounds, or any similar purpose, with the top jucket ;1bar the sanif price as that of No. 23, without the pick- et; bar the same in proportion as the ftirm fence, with the top bar without the pickets. The bar is charged in addition.^ 30 Q d See pn^^e 17. [No. 21 ] COONS' PATENT FLEXIBLE WOOD PANNEL ORNA- MENTAL FENCE, with cast iron posts and clasps, in pan- nels of 12 feet in lengtl). — [T,\vo bar and banister fence.] This class of fence admits of a variety of styles, both in quality and design ; the price rangiyg from 20 cents to 7a cents per toot, but the taritT of prices affixed are ior fence of tlie best of materials, 12 feet pannels, including iron posts, patent clasps, ojjjiSraents, &c., and g;ite to each tii'ty feet included, if requirsd; eitra posts, clasps, ornaments and gates, at-cost. ^ V 31 Fence 3 feet IiIl^Ii SO 33 " 3 " ()Tiiclies high 37' « 4 " higli 4L " 4 " G inches high oO 5 " higii r.i; « 5 " G inches hi2;h 03 32 [No. 25.] Represents the same class of fence with three bars extra orna- mented, but In all other conditions the same as No. 21. Tliis tariif does not include the top bar, ornaments placed between the pickets. Those ornaments and all extra posts, clasps and gates, at cost. Pannels 12 feet; one gate to each fifty feet, with posts, &c. 3 feet 6 inches high SO 50 4 " " 56 4 " 6 " " 63 .5 " « 69 5 " 6 " « 80 5 " « 94 Cast iron pillars and extra ornaments for $1 to $4, according to weiu'ht. ORNAMENTAL WROUGPIT IRON FENCE AND RAIL- ING.— [See page 17.] This class offence embraces almost an endless variety of styles and designs. The annexed cuts represent but a small proportion of the designs and configuration manufactured at these works, and all represent close meshes ; and the tariff of prices affixed, refer only to that class of close and compact fence. Fence with more extended meshes and smaller iron, is made from 10 to 20 per cent, less price than those quoted. All the following quotations include the posts, post ornaments, rosettes, and also one gate to each fifty feet of fence, is inchuled. If cast iron ornamental pillars are preferred, the extra weight of iron is only charged in addition. Nos. 1, 4, 5, G, 7, 10, (without borders) are sold as follows : 33 34 \ 85 Size of iron. Height of fence. Round 3 feet $1 00 1 00 1 20 3 ft 6 in'4 f- t SI 10 $1 20 1 20 1 30 1 30 1 40 • 1 40 1 50 I Ir 6 in 5 feet 5 ft 6 in 6 feet 1-4 5-16 3-8 7-16 «1 30 1 40 ■r50 'l 60 n 40 $1 50 1 50 1 (,0 1 60 1 70 1 70 1 80 SI 60 1 70 1 80 1 90 36 1-4 5-16 3-8 No. 2. Round Iron. 1 so 1 40 1 50 1 GO 1 70 1 80 1 40 1 50 1 GO 1 70 1 80 1 90 1 50 1 60 1 70 1 80 1 90 2 00 1 90 2 00 2 10 No. 3 and right-half of No. 9, (without border,=.) Eound 3 feet 3 ft 6 in 4 feet 4 ft 6 in $0 81 $0 88 1-4 *0 70 $0 75 5-16 75 81 88 94 3-8 81 88 94 1 00 7-16 90 1 00 1 10 1 20 1-2 1 12* 1 25 1 32 1 40 5-8 , 1 25 1 38 1 50 f *.-63 • 3-4 1 60 1 75 I 1 88i V2 00 5 feet 5 ft 6 in $1 00 6 feet $094 U 10 1 00 1 10 1 20 6 10 1 20 1 25 1 30 1 49 . 1 50 1 50 1 63 1 75 1 75 1 83 2 GO 2 25 2 "50 2 76 [This class of fence may be made of round, square, oval or flat iron.] 3 feet $1 50 1 75 1 87| No. 8, with two borders, 3 ft 6 in I 4 feet|4 ft 6 in I 5 feet Ft 5" £;i 88 S2 00 2 12|| 2 25 I 2 37^ $1 63 2 80 2 12A 2 25 £;i 88 2 25 2 87^1 2 50 5 ft G in i2 12^ 2 50 2 G3 Gfeet ^I'25 2 GO 2 75 Round 1-4 6-lG 3-8 The centre er principal and lower border may be made of larger iron. Thus: 7-16 1-2 7-8 3-4 2 12| 2 25 2 38- 2 50 2 63 2 75 2^5 2 38 2 50, 2 63 2 63 2 75 2 88 2 38 2 50 2 75 2 88 3 00 2 50 2 63 2 76 2 88 S 00 3 13 2 88 3 00 3 13 3 25 38 No. 11, with Monumental Rosettes. 1-4 5-16 3-8 1 00 1 12 1 25 25 38 25. 50 38 50 G3 1 50 1 63 1 75 1 63 1 75 1 88 1 75 1 88 2 00 [All the above may be made of round, square, oval, or flat iron.] No. 12 represents a wrought iron entrance gate-way, with cast iron ornamental pillars, with sectidps of pannels attached. This cut is not intended to represent an)» particular design or configura- tion of gate, as suitable designs are' furnished with each class of fence. 39 No. 13 represents a gate-way and sections of pannelsof flexible ornamental cast iron fence and gate pillars. This class of fence and also No. 14, admits of any desired style of architecture which fancy or taste may dictate, and also be made light and large, or ex- tremely massive. Any style of architecture which may be order- ed, of cast iron fence or railing, will be furnished from two to five feet high from 75 cents to S5 per lineal foot.*^' .it. «iiipii)iiiif ^ :Ulllil""ilili!!'S"i'll. ■% 40 No. 17 represents a pannel of fence with cast iron base and posts, with wrought iron bars and banisters, and is afforded for 40 cents to SI, 50 per foot. No. 18 represents a pannel of cast iron rail and banister fence, and is sold at $1 to S5 per foot. 41 Remarks. — There are a large variety of tUfTerent styles and de- signs of fence manufactured at the U. S. Patent Fence Works, which are not described. It is intended that all classes and des- criptions of fence, and railing of all heights, styles, designs and con- figuration, shall be manufactured and delivered at these works as cheap, as durable, and as beautiful, as at any other establishment in the United States or the world. In addition to the above, all va- rieties of verandahs, aivies, balconies, balustrades, &c., &c., — also, door-grates, window-guards and shutter-grates, counting-house ban- isters, &c., together with coal-grates of every size desired. Also, all classes of ornamental gates and gate-ways, both of cast and wrought iron. Also, cheap and permanent wrought iron farm gates and cast iron gate-posts, of all styles and varieties. These works are conducted under the immediate supervision and care of the Patentee, Mr. M. P. Coons, by the aid of competent and skillful mechanics ; and all orders directed to him, or to the under- signed, proprietor of the works, will be promntlyanswered. ^C^f'Uk y ^^ State Dam, Troy, N. ' K COLEMAN'S THE CARS FOR ^liumw^ mQ)\ BUFFALO AND MONTREAL, start from the front of this House. It is also but a few steps, to the rigid, after leaving the Steasn-boat Landing^ C. S. COLEMAN, Proprietor. \ ■/•.■j#* Z. WELLS, 3MC A. O H i: KT I S "I", 505 EIYEE-STEEET, ABOVE HOOSIC, TROY, N. Y., WHERE HE BUILDS TO ORDER, THE ORDINARY KINDS OF IN USE,— SUCH AS irw.^m iraigaKQ 3 1 "•MwSSiBSf SAW MILLS, PLANEING MACHINES, cfcO., cSjO. ■? vi" ^- N,^^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 002 758 981 9 ^'