Class Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT Centennial History and Handbook of Indiana The Story of the State from Its Beginning to the Close of the Civil War, and a General Survey of Progress to the Present Time By GEORGE S. COTTMAN Founder Indiana Magazine of History ■ ■■ A Survey of the State by Counties Embracing Specific and Local Information with Numerous Illustrations By MAX R. HYMAN Editor Hyman's Handbook of Indianapolis, Etc. INDIANAPOLIS MAX R. HYMAN, PUBLISHER NINETEEN FIFTEEN t f 5^ Copyright 1915 By MAX R. HVMAN, Indianapolis All riehts reserved IGLA420044 OLLENBECK NDIANAPOL] DEC 22 1915 THE HOLLENBECK PRESS INDIANAPOLIS PREFACE This work, first of all, aims to supply a popular need. The rescuing of history from documentary sources, the seeking of new facts and the discus- sion of debatable questions is a held to which the writer has here given but secondary attention, the plan of the work being purposely different. This plan has been to put into easily available form and in the compass of one volume a wide range of facts, past and present, that will con- vey an intelligent and tolerably complete idea of the story of Indiana and the thread of its devel- opment on which the facts are strung. These facts have been accumulating in pub- lished historical material until they are quite suf- ficient to tell the story in all its essentials, but they are in a scattered form, practically inac- cessible except to the student who can search them out from the shelves of the larger libraries. But few existing works aim to cover the history of the State. Of these some are fragmentary, some present but skeleton outlines too meager to impart much information, and none satisfies the repeated demand for a comprehensive reference work. If this volume falls short of such ideal, it can at least be claimed that it is an advance in that direction. The prime thing in the history of this or any other commonwealth or society, is not a mass of detached facts, however picturesque they may be in the recital. The chief thing of interest is the organic growth and the facts in perspective as revealing that growth. Any stage or condition is but the "balance of preceding forces," and the culminating interest of it all is in the Present, which we sadly need to understand better. Willi -this idea in view the undersigned, in his author- ship of the historical portion of the book, has endeavored so to group his data as to convey a sense of the chronology and development of cause and effect. Those developments since the Civil War period have not been traced historic- ally, as he would wish, but the general survey, dealing with the results of the historic processes is. it may be held, the vital thing. It may be added, in this connection, that in filling out his various chapters, the author has drawn freely upon such other writers as have standing, especially those who have made especial studies of the theme in hand. He has taken their reasonable accuracy for granted, and, in most instances, accepted them as reliable. The aim has been to give credit in every case prop- erly calling for it. The county sketches, compiled by Air. Hyman, with whom this work originated, constitute an important part of this work, and the more so, because there is a great dearth of comparative in- formation giving the relative standing of the various sections of the State. This treatment of the county units will thus subserve something broader than mere local history. Not the least interesting feature of this work is the numerous maps and illustrations. These not only depict conditions as they existed at the dawn of the State's history, but will help the reader to a better understanding of present-day developments; revealing to many for the first time, more fully than has heretofore been done in any other work, much that is historic and picturesque within the borders of Indiana. Among the authorities drawn upon by Air. Hyman in the preparation of the "Survey of the State by Counties," and to whom especial credit is due for valuable assistance are Jacob Piatt Dunn; Ernest V. Shockley, Ph. D. ; De- marchus Brown, State Librarian ; Edward Bar- rett, State Geologist; John I. Hoffmann. \- sistant State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion ; Amos W. Butler, Secretary State Board of Charities and Correction; Eugene C. Shireman. Commissioner of Fisheries; Elijah A. Gladden, Secretary State Board of Forestry ; Charles Downing, Secretary State Board of Agriculture ; Gilbert Hendren, State Examiner; Edward A. Perkins, President Industrial Board of Indiana, and William E. Tuite, Deputy State Statistician. To John H. Holliday, Rowland Evans, Guil- ford A. Deitch, Henry Stevenson, Hon. William I I. Bynum, Hon. Charles L. Henry, Dr. Sam- uel E Earp and Merica E Hoagland of Indian- apolis, and to Mrs. M. C. Garber of Madison, Phil McNagny of Columbia City, Ulysses S. Lesh of Huntington, Oscar F. Rakestraw, Editor Angola Republican; Howard Roosa, Editor Ev- ansville Courier, and Lyman D. Heavenridge, Editor Owen County Journal, he is indebted for valuable contributions and suggestions. Interesting and valuable photographs were sup- plied by Addison H. Nordyke, Dr. Morris Al- brecht, Bert Weedon and Frank M. Hohen- berger of Indianapolis, and William M. Her- schell, of The Indianapolis News and Orra Hop- per, School Superintendent of Washington county, also contributed a valuable collection of photographs of historical points of interest. The book is from the Hollenbeck Press, and with few exceptions all of the engravings were made by the Stafford Engraving Company of Indianapolis, from original photographs, many of which were taken by the W. H. Bass Photo Company. The work, as a whole, has been made possible only through the generous support given to Mr. Hyman in this undertaking by the people of the State, whose autographs are herein published, and to whom he herewith gives public acknowl- edgment. This edition is now submitted to the public with the hope that it will be found to be useful as well as interesting, and that its support will necessitate many editions. George S. Cottman. Indianapolis, Ind., December, 1915. Corrections and suggestions are invited for future editions. Address all commu- nications to Max R. Hyman, Publisher. CONTENTS PART I A History of Indiana by Topics, Chronologically Arranged, from the Beginning to the Close of the Civil War. chapter page I Preliminary — The French Occupancy of the Wabash Valley 9 II Acquisition of Our Territory — Story of Clark's Conquest 17 III The Northwest Territory — Civil Beginnings .... 35 IV Indiana Territory — Beginnings 41 V The Danger Period — Indian History 57 VI The New State 69 VII The State's Development to 1836 83 VIII The Story of New Harmony 93 IX Internal Improvement Movements Preliminary to Law of 1836 99 \X An Experiment in Paternalism 103 XI Other Developments Prior to 1840 107 XII 1840 to 1850— Conditions and Development During Dec- ade Ill XIII Period from 1850 to 1860 119 XIV The Civil War Period 135 PART II A General Survey of Indiana as Developed Since the Civil War. XV Conditions Since 1870 — General Survey of Period . 153 XVI Natural Resources 169 XVII Manufactures 185 XVIII Agricultural Advancement 187 PART III A General Survey of Indiana by Counties with Brief Historical Sketches Alphabetically Arranged. Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns in Indiana, 1910 . . 454 Addenda 457 General Index 461 PART IV Who's Who in Indiana — Brief Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women. PART I A History of Indiana by Topics, Chronologically Arranged, From the Beginning to the Close of the Civil War. CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY— THE FRENCH OCCUPANCY OF THE WABASH VALLEY Fundamental Factors: Soil, Climate, Stock and National Policy. — A study of the influences that have given direction, shape and character to the history of Indiana carries the inquirer back not only to the beginnings of American history in the Mississippi valley, but to more remote causes. For example, what is the explanation of the phenomenal swiftness (as history goes) with which this valley, one great primeval wilderness but little more than a hundred years ago, has progressed to the high tide of twentieth century civilization? Obviously, soil, climate, configura- tion and natural features of the country, stock and national policy are all factors which, col- lectively, have wrought results that for expedite- ness and inherent energy hardly find an analogy in the history of the world. A comparison with other continental portions of the globe presents some interesting contrasts. The most striking, perhaps, as presenting differences imposed by the physical basis, is Africa. That vast conti- nent, with its more than ten million square miles, lying contiguous to the older centers of civiliza- tion and itself the seat of the most ancient ones, has, until recent times, remained the "dark con- tinent," and the invasions of the dominant nations have to the present day resulted only in a polyglot group of colonies that are practically negligible in an estimate of the world's growth. Insufficient water supply and vast wastes, tropic heat, fell diseases and ineradicable pests have been effective deterrents to the successful reign of the Caucasian. If we consider South America, with its zones of climate ranging all the way from the tropics of Brazil to the Antarctic sterility of southern Argentine, and its fertile soils, capable of sup- porting a teeming multitude, we find it, beneath the rule of a Latin race, a congeries of minor nations that seem forever on the border of an- archy. Briefly, the history of South America and that of the United States since the settlement of the two continents largely illustrates the dif- ference in stock. Australia, with an area almost equal to that of the United States, is little more than one vast barren waste, with a fringe of isolated civilization strung along part of its coasts. Of Asia, we are told by an authority, "owing to its great extent from east to west the central parts, deprived of moisture, are almost every- where deserts, and a belt around the west southern and eastern shores comprises nearly all that contributes to the support of man." This same writer (Charles Maclaren) pointing nut the superior natural advantages of the Amer- 10 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA icas as a seat of civilization, maintains that "the new continent, though less than half the size of the old, contains at least an equal quantity of useful soil and much more than an equal amount of productive power" ; and he adds that "Amer- ica is indebted for this advantage to its compara- tively small breadth, which brings nearly all its interior within reach of the fertilizing exhalations of the ocean." This means that the rain supply, which is evaporated from the ocean, reaches these interior parts ; the rain supply, in turn, means a system of well-supplied streams, and they mean, in the first instance, irrigation and vegetation, and in the second, natural routes of travel and transportation that are a great de- termining factor in the distribution of settlers in a new country. Apropos to this, if we study a hydrographic chart of the Mississippi valley showing the numerous streams that ramify far and wide from the great "father of waters" and its larger affluents, and if our imagination adds to these the innumerable creeks that reach out, traversing almost every square mile of the coun- try, what nature has done for the land in this particular becomes apparent. Closely correlated with the abundant water supply in this favored region is a soil unsur- passed in productiveness and a climate which is at once adapted to a wide range of vegetation and to the stimulation of human energy — a very potent factor in the development of civilization. For variety of productions useful to man perhaps no spot on earth excels the Mississippi valley, and this value is enhanced by the adaptability of the soil to vegetation that is not indigenous, many of our products today being of exotic origin. This fertility and adaptability of the soil, says Livingston Farrand in his "Basis of American History," "must be regarded as among the chief contributing causes to the stupendous growth of the American nation." The stock that peopled our section has, of course, been an immeasurable factor in the extraordinary development of the country. What self-government is in the hands of an untrained Latin race is demonstrated by South American history. The Anglo-Saxon tide that poured into our middle west after the revolutionary war was not only the offspring of the most staid and substantial race on earth, but it had hack of it nearly two centuries of training in self-govern- ment. It was a race hardy, independent and capable, jealously guarding its institutions and the best that it had inherited politically. Above all, its individuals were ardent lovers of their land and permanent home-makers. Add to this a national policy, evolved through the same peo- ple, that fostered the settlement and development of the public domain along wise line's that had been thought out by some of the most patriotic and most able statesmen of the age, and we have in rough outline the fundamental factors of that particular phase of civilization in which our State shares. To appreciate well the character and meaning of our local history we should consider these antecedent causes explaining the larger his- tory of which we are a part. A long and interest- ing chapter on these preliminaries might well be written, but the aim here is to touch upon them in a cursory way only, as an introduction to our nearer theme. THE FRENCH PERIOD Relation of the French to Our History. — The French occupancy of the Mississippi valley, last- ing nearly a century, or from the time of the explorations of La Salle and Joliet till the French and Indian war, is for the most part, as a tale that is told, with little permanent sequence. This is true of the early invasion of the Wabash valley, and while French life there, from the establishment of the first posts in the first half of the eighteenth century till the American in- vasion early in the nineteenth, affords a pic- turesque and romantic preliminary chapter to our history, it can scarcely be called an integral part of it, and its influence in modifying our develop- ment is scarcely appreciable. The story of Indiana as a State is a story of Americanized Anglo-Saxon stock pure and simple. The iso- lated, straggling French life, little ethnological fragments, as it were, left stranded here far from their kind, was not strong enough to tincture the incoming population with that wonderful French race persistence that is notable in Canada, and in short time they were incontinently swallowed up. It can be said, however, that the previous French settlement at Vincennes determined the starting point of the American occupancy, and the beginning place of Indiana politics. The treaty of Greenville, in 1795. secured from the 12 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Indians, along with certain strategic points on the Wabash river and a large tract at the falls of the Ohio, for George Rogers Clark and his soldiers, the lands adjacent to "the post of St. Vincennes," to which the Indian title had already been extin- guished. This reservation, which was rather indefinite as to boundaries, in turn determined the first of the series of Indian purchases that ultimately comprised the whole State. By a treaty consummated in 1803 William Henry Har- rison secured an extension of the 1795 reserva- tion, with denned boundaries, that reached some fifty miles westward from Vincennes. This tract was the first part of the new territory to be sur- veyed by the rectangular system adopted by the United States government,* and was the first to be thrown open for general settlement. This, and the existence of Vincennes as the one town in the territory that was to be the future Indiana, logically determined the location of the territorial seat of government and the first center of Ameri- can population. One great preliminary service that the French did for their successors was in the first explora- tions of the country. First the professed ex- plorers and then the coureurs de bois, em- ployed by the fur traders, traversed our streams, penetrating to the remoter parts of the virgin wilderness, and the maps left us by the old French cartographers are not only curious as revealing the growth of the geographical knowl- edge of our region, but are particularly inform- ative as to the location of Indian tribes in those days.f French Beginnings. — The exact dates of the first French explorations of the Mississippi valley are so variable, as given by various historians, that it is hardly worth while to give any as really authentic. According to the researches of Mr. J. P. Dunn, who may be accepted as careful and thoroughgoing. La Salle, the first white man in this region, probably "traced the entire lower boundary of Indiana in 1669-70," by way of the Ohio river, and passed through the northwest corner of the State in 1671 or 1672. From this time until 1679 (still drawing upon Mr. Dunn) there was no recorded exploration of Indiana, though it is argued that in that interval more or less fur trading was carried on in this region. See section on Rectangular Survey System. - i "Early French Maps," p. 15. The portage between the St. Joseph and Kan- kakee rivers, where South Bend stands, was first used by him in 1679, while in 1682-3 "he was all through Indiana and Illinois." Who was the first to traverse the Maumee- Wabash route by way of the site of Fort Wayne is not recorded, but it was probably used by the fur traders at a very early date, as the Wabash threaded a rich and extensive fur country, besides being one of the most direct highways to the Mississippi. The first post planted in this valley was Ouiatanon, which was a fort as well as a trading post. There has been controversy as to the exact location of Ouiatanon, but according to Professor Oscar J. Craig, formerly of Purdue University, who has written a monograph on the subject, it is now pretty well established that it stood on "the west side of the Wabash river and four miles below the present city of Lafayette." The date of its establishment is given as 1719 or 1720. Its pur- pose was to "counteract the influence of the English and to keep ascendency over the In- dians." The logic of the location was that at this point on the river "the lighter barks and canoes that were used in the carrying trade be- tween Canada and the southwest . . . were changed for larger ones, to be used on the deeper waters of the lower Wabash and the Ohio" — the same cause, practically, that operated in the lo- cating of Lafayette more than a century later. The post took its name from the Ouiatanon Li- llians, who were located in that vicinity. Ouiata- non was garrisoned by the French until 1760, when it passed into the hands of the English, but there is no mention of any military force there twenty-nine years later, when George Rogers ( lark invaded the northwest territory. Accord- ing to Craig, its later history was enveloped in mystery. In a way it had been a "settlement" as well as a post, and a few French families seem to have lingered there until Scott's campaign against the Wabash Indians, in 1791, after which they betook themselves to other settlements. The portage between the Maumee and W'abash rivers, where Fort Wayne stands, was an impor- tant point commercially and a strategic one from the military view. Before the advent of the whites it was the site of one of the principal Miami towns, called Kekionga, and, according to Dillon, the French established a trading post there probably as early as 1719. which would CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 13 make it contemporary with Ouiatanon in its be- ginning. Subsequently they erected there Fort Miamis, which was surrendered to the English in 1760. This, in turn, was succeeded by Fort Wayne, built by General Anthony Wayne's troops in 1794, and the name of which was trans- mitted to the present city. Vincennes, the largest and most permanent of the three French settlements on the Wabash, was also long involved in obscurity as to its origin. but it is now established by documents unearthed in Paris by Consul General Gowdy, that the date was 1731. It began as a military and trading post and went by various names before it evolved into "Vincennes," in honor of Sieur de Vincennes, its accredited founder. The life of this isolated' Gallic community in the far western wilderness for three-quarters of a century, particularly after the severance, by the war of 1754-63, of all ties with the country whence it sprung, makes a pic- turesque and romantic chapter in our history which is not without its pathos. For years it left its traces up and down the Wabash valley, and these are inseparable from the memory of the vanished red race, with which it assimilated. An old document published by the Indiana His- torical Society as "The First Census of Indiana," gives the names of the heads of families residing at the three French settlements in 1769. By this there were sixty-six families at Vincennes, twelve at ( Hiiatanon and nine at Fort Miami. French Life at Vincennes. — The old French life at Vincennes is described at some length bv J. P. Dunn in his "Indiana." Like the American pioneer life it was rude to primitiveness, in many respects, but with many distinctive features. The log house or cabin, instead of being laid hori- zontally with notch and saddle like the familiar American type, was often built by setting the logs upright in a trench, like pickets. Sometimes grooved posts were set a distance apart with horizontal slabs to fill in the interven- ing spaces, the ends fitting in the grooves. Thatching or strips of bark were often used for roofs. There were a few stone houses with piazzas. Of the rude furniture usually found the conspicuous article was the high corded bedstead with its big feather bed and gay patch-work quilt, while occasionally in the better families a display would be made of a little treasured silverware or some ancient heirloom that had come long ago from the motherland. They were fond of flowers and these usually could be found in profusion in their gardens, fenced in by sharpened pickets set close together in the ground. Every man, prac- tically, was his own artisan, and as there was no great skill and perhaps less love of labor the home-made articles were few and crude. The women, we are told, had neither spinning wheels nor looms, and the clothing, half Indian and pic- turesque, was a mixture of leather and the fabrics brought in by the traders — leggins, moc- casins, the capote or cloak, a fancy sash beaded by the Indians and a gaudy handkerchief for the head being in the sartorial inventory. Their agri- culture was primitive and the natural fertility of the land was relied upon to obviate the necessity for skilful husbandry. Their cumbersome, awk- ward plows had a wooden mold-board and, drawn by oxen by means of a rope of twisted rawhide attached to a horn-yoke, instead of a neck-yoke, could turn only a shallow furrow. About the only other farm implement was a clumsy iron hoe, and their one vehicle was a light two-wheeled cart without iron work of any kind about it, known as a calache. Socially, they were a gay, pleasure-loving peo- ple and perpetuated Gallic customs that look pic- turesque in the perspective. Marriage was the great event and was preceded by the publishing of bans and by the betrothal contract witnessed by- relatives and friends, while the ceremony was celebrated by feasting and dancing that some- times lasted for several days. There was the charivari and even a so-called Mardi Gras pre- ceding Lent, which consisted of dancing and feasting and a trial of skill at the cooking of flap- jacks. On New Year's day it was the custom for the men to go the rounds making calls in which it was their privilege to kiss the hostc- Sometimes the young men masked on New Year's eve and went from house to house singing a carol, and a feature of this custom at one time was to take with them a cart and receive gifts of clothing and provisions, which were afterward given to the poor. One of the luxuries we hear of. which sounds oddly out of place in the Wa- ll ish wilderness, is that of billiards. Hamilton, in 1778, wrote that he intended to destroy all the billiard tables. 14 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Music of the French. — '"Father Benedict Jo- seph Flaget, the French priest who came to Vin- cennes in 1792 and taught the first school in Indiana, appears also to have been the first music teacher. In Bishop Alerding's chapters on 'Tra- dition and History of the Diocese of Vincennes,' he says of Father Flaget : 'He also formed a class of singing and those of the children who had the best voices were exercised in singing French canticles. They sang the canticles not only in the school and in the church, but also while laboring in the fields.' These canticles were hymns taken from the Vulgate Bible and sung in the services of the churches. They in- cluded the Benedictus, the Benedicite, the Mag- nificat and the Nunc Dimittis. . . . "In the collection of the Charles Lasselle MSS., now in the State library, is a copy of a French song, entitled "La Guigniolet," sung on New Year's eve. The leader sang one or two lines, then stopped, and the same was repeated by the company. Before retiring a last song was sung." — Merica Hoagland. The Early Fur Trade. — What may be called the first industry of the Mississippi valley, the fur trade, was one of such importance commer- cially as to be a chief cause of the friction be- tween France and England in America prior to the French and Indian war. Interest in territory for its own sake seems to have been remote and secondary, compared with the immediate interest in a traffic which contributed to national revenue and built up large private fortunes. This applies to no locality more than to Indiana, where one vast forest teemed with fur-bearing animals. The agents of the fur trade were the real explorers, and the recorded discoveries of the avowed ex- plorers were, doubtless, meager beside the un- recorded ones of the men who traversed the streams wherever there was a chance of Indian trade. At one time during the French regime the annual trade at the post of Ouiatanon alone is said to have been £8,000, and in the year 1786 the records of the custom house at Quebec showed an exportation amounting to £275,977.* One of the early acts of William Henry Harrison as governor of Indiana Territory (in 1801-2) was to grant trading licenses, the local privileges of each trader being defined, and a list of forty * Dillon, p. 397. of these within the present limits of the State has been preserved.* A subsequent list extends the trade, as to time, to 1857, before which period it had ceased to be "Indian trade." The per- sistence with which wild animals continued to exist in face of this ruthless war of extermina- tion is illustrated by the fact that in the middle of the last century, at least a hundred and fifty years after the wholesale killing was inaugurated, the Ewing brothers, whose trading houses were at Fort Wayne and Logansport, are said to have amassed about two million dollars at the business. The men employed as carriers by the early French traders were the famous coureurs des bois, a class of half-wild woodsmen which stands out picturesquely in history. The business, as conducted through the carriers of a little later period, is thus described by Dillon : "The furs and peltries which were obtained from the Indians were generally transported to Detroit. The skins were dried, compressed and secured in packs. Each pack weighed about one hundred pounds. A pirogue, or boat, that was sufficiently large to carry forty packs required the labor of four men to manage it on its voyage. In favorable stages of the Wabash river such a vessel, under the management of skilful boatmen, was propelled fifteen or twenty miles a day against the current. After ascending the river Wabash and the Little river to the portage near Fort Wayne, the traders carried their packs over the portage to the head of the Maumee, where they were again placed in pirogues, or in keel- boats, to be transported to Detroit. At this place the furs and skins were exchanged for blankets, guns, knives, powder, bullets, intoxicat- ing liquors, etc.. with which the traders returned to their several posts.'.' Elsewhere the same authority tells us that the articles carried by the French traders were, chiefly, "coarse blue and red cloths, fine scarlet, guns, powder, balls, knives, hatchets, traps, kettles, hoes, blankets, coarse cottons, ribbons, beads, vermilion, to- bacco, spirituous liquors, etc." How profitable the trade was may be gathered from the state- ment that the value placed on bullets was four dollars per hundred and powder was priced at one dollar per pint by American traders. " i B, Lasselle, in Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History, vol. ii. No. 1. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 15 Names of the Wabash River. — The name Wabash is a relic of the Miami language, which has undergone various transformations. In a map giving the Indian names of our streams, pre- pared by Daniel Hough, and published in the Indiana Geological Report for 1882. the name is given as Wah-bah-shik-ka. On the later French maps it is usually given as Ouabache, with some earlier variants. This was the French attempt to spell the Indian pronunciation, the ou being equivalent to our w. When this, in turn, became Anglicized, it still was an attempt at the Indian form. At one time the French named the river St. Jerome, and it so appears on a few maps, but the change was short-lived. Wabi or Wapi, ac- cording to Dunn, is an Algonquin stem signifying white, and Gabriel God troy, a recent Miami, who retained the lore of his race, affirmed that the Wah-bah-shik-ka derived its name from the for- mation of white stone over which it ran in one part of its course. White river also retains in part the Indian nomenclature, the original name being, as a French map gives it, Ouapikaminou, Ouapi sig- nifying white. Early French Maps. — Among the valued pos- sessions of the State library are two large atlases, in which are mounted a chronological series of old maps of the Americas — Spanish, French, English and American, which, covering a period of more than two hundred years, reveal interest- ingly the growth of geographical knowledge of the western hemisphere. Those by French char- tographers, of or including the Mississippi valley, running from 1616 to the latter part of the eight- eenth century, are of special interest as connected with the French explorations and occupancv. The earliest of these, one by P. Bertius, 1616, gives the coasts of the continent in distorted out- line, and a very crude knowledge of the great lakes is revealed, but all the interior is, of course, one vast unexplored blank. Four by Guillaume Delisle, dated 1703. 1720, 1722 and 1733 (the latter elate doubtful), show the slowly changing ideas during that span. In 1703 the Ohio, with- out its branches, is given as "Ouabache autrement appellee Ohio ou Belle Riviere." It rises in west- ern Pennsylvania in what appears to be a good- sized lake, called "L. Ouiasont." and. in its upper course, flows parallel with Lake Erie through what we would now describe as northern Ohio. The Illinois and Kankakee rivers (not named) have their rise in two small lakes in northern In- diana. This and subsequent maps seem to indi- cate some knowledge of the lakes of Kosciusko county and the belief that the Kankakee was their outlet. By 1720 a very fair knowledge of all the great lakes, as to relative size, locations and shapes, and also of the Mississippi, Ohio and Illinois rivers, is revealed. In 1722 the Wabash is first given, though very incorrectly, it flowing almost parallel with the Ohio, west by south. The Ohio is so named in its upper course, but farther down is given as "Ouabache." In 1733 the Wabash (unnamed) is quite different, being too far to the west and flowing from the north instead of northeast. Another chartographer, of 1726, gives the Mau- mee and its branches imperfectly, but not the Wabash. One of 1742 gives the "Hohio," "Oubach" and Maumee (the latter unnamed). The former still rises in its lake among the moun- tains of western Pennsylvania; the Wabash runs almost parallel, rising in a small lake in Ohio. As yet there is no indication that the map- makers knew of the portage between the Maumee and the Wabash. Branches are shown flowing into the Wabash from the north and west, but not from the south and east. A mountain-like elevation is shown in what appears to be about the center of Indiana. In 1746 the \\ "abash, given with greater accuracy, is first called the "R. de S. Jerome," and "F. des Miamis." at the Maumee, evidently indicates the old French fort of that name. The Kankakee is here given as "Hua- kiki." In 1755 White river is first shown, with both its branches. M. Seutteri's map of 1720 (see page 11) is chiefly notable as the best one, showing the boundary lines between the English colonies and New France and the one separating the two great French provinces. Can- ada and Louisiana. This latter line, running eastward from the Mississippi to the Marvland border, cut through Indiana. One rather won- ders why the French should continue to make maps of the region after its surrender to the British, but there are at least three or four after that event. J. Leopold Imbert, 1777, first shows Fort Ouiatanon, which is marked "Fort Francois." and a note at "F. des Miamis" states that it was built by the French in 1750. ( "Batit par les Francais en 1750." i As this post appears 16 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA on the map of 1746, Imbert's date probably refers to the rebuilding of the fort after its destruction by fire. It is curious that none of the maps be- fore that of 1771, by Bonne, indicate the exist- ence of Vincennes. Even as late as 1806 we find it absent from that of E. Mentelle, though on this map are both "Weauteneau" and "Fort Miami" — the latter an anachronism, for before that time Fort Wayne had succeeded to Fort Miami. Two curiosities among these maps are an Eng- lish revision of d'Anville's French map, of about the time of the French and Indian war, and a German production of 1821. The first has elab- orate notes, in which it is claimed that the Eng- lish were entitled to the country by early discov- ery, they having "thoroughly explored" to and beyond the Mississippi as early as 1654-64. In the German map the great lakes and the states of the northwest territory are strangely distorted. Lake Michigan touches Indiana east of its longi- tudinal center, and there are mountain ranges across northern Indiana and throughout Ohio. Geologic Cause in French History. — An in- teresting geological story, apropos here, which illustrates how remote natural causes may some- times enter into human history, is given by Mr. Charles R. Dryer, in the Sixteenth Geological Report of Indiana (1888). The French in their intercourse with the Mississippi valley, as even the casual reader of history is supposed to know, passed into the interior valley from the basin of the great lakes by the rivers of the two systems, making the connections over various short port- ages at water-sheds where the navigable waters of opposite-flowing streams almost met. There were six or seven of these trade routes, and one of the most direct, with a comparatively short and easy portage, was from Lake Erie up the Maumee to the point where Fort Wayne stands, thence about nine miles by level land to the Aboit, or Little Wabash, thence down the Wabash. An examination of the map reveals a peculiar nat- ural feature at this portage. The St. Joseph and St. Mary's rivers, flowing, respectively, from the northeast and southeast, unite at the point far- thest west, then, as the Maumee, double curiously on their previous courses and flow back to Lake Erie. The three, presenting a sagittate or arrow- head form, reach into the fork formed by the branches of the Wabash, thus bringing the waters of the two systems almost together at navigable points. This odd situation, Mr. Dryer explains in terms of glacial deposit, the explanation be- ing that vast lobes of ice in the glacial period crowding each other from north and east heaped up their ridges of morainic matter in such fash- ion as to determine the subsequent river valleys. In view of this theory it is not fanciful to say that the blind forces of nature, long before the advent of man, predetermined very definitely the little chapter of French history in the Wabash valley, and whatever relics of it may have sur- vived in our later history. More than that, it determined at a later day a very important trade route (the Wabash and Erie canal, which fol- lowed the Maumee and Wabash valleys) that played no little part in peopling and developing the Wabash valley. CHAPTER II ACQUISITION OF OUR TERRITORY— STORY OF CLARK'S CONQUEST From the close of the French and Indian war until 1779 the country northwest of the Ohio river was under British rule, the occupancy by that nation consisting of small military forces planted at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and two or three other points along the Mississippi river. The invasion of this region and its conquest by George Rogers Clark makes one of the heroic and romantic chapters of American history. But for such a leader in the right place at the right time there is little doubt that the vast territory in question, now comprising the five great States of < >hio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wiscon- sin, would not have been ceded at the treaty of Paris, following the revolutionary war. England wished to retain it as a "buffer" territory to sep- arate her Canada possessions from those of the United States. In deciding the question it was a ca^e where "possession was nine points of the law." and we had possession. The Situation. — When the American colonies were fighting desperately for independence and a national future, Kentucky, a province of Vir- ginia, was the extreme western frontier. Be- tween it and Canada, where the English were firmly entrenched, stretched the territory in question, a harboring place for savage allies of the enemy who repeatedly threatened and terror- ized the Kentucky settlements. The Need of a Leader; George Rogers Clark. — The federal congress was not ignorant of or indifferent to this State of affairs in the far west, and it probably would, eventually, have moved in the matter when less distracted l>v other troubles, though how fatal too long delay might have been is a matter for guessing. However, it is a quite safe historical assumption that tin embryo nation was fortunate in having mi the endangered territory a man of initiative, states- manship, military ability and tremendous resolu- tion. This person was George Rogers Clark, a Virginian by birth, but a Kentuckian by adoption. who, by his strength of character, had become a leader in the new settlements, and who knew the conditions much more intimately than did the government in the east. The elements that come into relief when we examine his famous cam- paign and its successful outcome are this un- erring, fundamental comprehension of conditions Reproduction of Portrait of General George Rogers Clark. (Property of Vincennes University.) and men. a grim will that no obstacle could daunt and a sagacity that gave greatness to his leader- ship; and for this combination of qualities five great commonwealths of subsequent days owe him perpetual gratitude. Clark's Idea and First Steps. — The idea that took possession of Clark was tin- invasion and appropriation of the great half-possessed land north of the Ohio. I lis purpose was defensive as well as acquisitive, for the reasons above given — the continual danger of Indian forays ; but the difficulty of securing adequate support from the authorities made the proposition a hard one, and 17 18 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the first step was to create faith in his plans and get the support. Like most men who elaborate schemes of magnitude he did not wear his heart on his sleeve. After the inception of his idea he digested it well, but shared it with few, one good reason for this being that the undertaking he con- templated must, for its success, fall as a surprise on the enemy. As revealing at once the slow in- cubation of his scheme and his thoroughness in preparing the way, as early as the summer of 1777 he sent two spies into the northern territory for the purpose of gathering more explicit infor- mation concerning the British in relation to the Indians. His plans finally thought out, his next move was to bring them before the powers that could give the necessary authority and backing, and to this end he went to Virginia, where he conferred with such men as Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia ; Thomas Jefferson, George Mason and George Wythe. The boldness of Clark's scheme captivated while it challenged doubts. The hazard and chances of disaster were great, but the possible benefits to the country in the future, aside from the present question of annoyance and danger to the Kentucky Country, after careful consideration, outweighed the risk, and in the end the Council of Virginia advised the appropriation of £1,200 for the purpose of an "expedition against Kaskaskia," to be undertaken "with as little delay and as much secrecy as pos- sible." This advice was acted upon by Governor Henry, and Clark was authorized to raise a force of three hundred and fifty men for the campaign. Authority From Virginia; Letters of In- struction. — At this point the adventure takes on a truly dramatic character. With a view to the secrecy necessary to the hopefulness of the enter- prise, a set of instructions which was made pub- lic, the aim of which was "to divert attention from the real object," commanded Colonel Clark to enlist seven companies of men to act as militia ; the further language of the instructions convey- ing the idea that the purpose was for the pro- tection of Kentucky. Lender cover of this bogus publication Clark received from Governor Henry a private letter of instructions which read as follows : Virginia, Set. In Council, Wmsburg, Jany 2d, 1778. Lieut. Colonel George Rogers Clark : You are to proceed with all convenient speed to raise seven companies of soldiers to consist of fifty men each, officered in the usual manner and armed most properly for the enterprise, and with this force attack the Brit- ish post at Kaskasky. It is conjectured that there are many pieces of can- non and military stores to considerable amount [?] at that place, the taking and preservation of which would be a valuable acquisition to the State. If you are so fortunate, therefore, as to succeed in your expectation you will take every possible measure to secure the ar- tillery and stores and whatever may advantage the State. For the transportation of the troops, provisions, etc., down the Ohio you are to apply to the commanding officer at Fort Pitt for boats, etc. During the whole transaction you are to take especial care to keep the true destination of your force a secret. Its success de- pends upon this. Orders are therefore given to Captain Smith to secure the two men from Kaskasky. Similar conduct will be proper in similar cases. It is earnestly desired that you show humanity to such British sub- jects and other persons as fall in your hands. If the white inhabitants at that post and the neighborhood will give undoubted evidence of their attachment to this State (for it is certain they live within its limits) by taking the test provided by law and by every other way and means in their power, let them be treated as fellow citizens and their persons and property duly secured. Assistance and protection against all enemies whatever shall be afforded them and the commonwealth of Vir- ginia is pledged to accomplish it. But if these people will not accede to these reasonable demands they must feel the miseries of war under the direction of that hu- manity that has hitherto distinguished Americans, and which it is expected you will ever consider as the rule of your conduct, and from which you are in no instance to depart. The corps you are to command are to receive the pay ' and allowance of militia, and to act under the laws and regulations of this State now in force. The inhabitants of this post will be informed by you that in case they accede to the offer of becoming citizens of this com- monwealth a proper garrison will be maintained among them and every attention bestowed to render their com- merce beneficial, the fairest prospects being opened to the dominions of both France and Spain. It is in contemplation to establish a post near the mouth of Ohio. Cannon will be wanted to fortify it. Part of those at Kaskasky will be easily brought thither or otherwise secured as circumstances will make nec- essary. You are to apply to General Hand for powder and lead necessary for this expedition. If he can't supply it the person who has that which Captain Lynn brought from Orleans can. Lead was sent to Hampshire by my orders, and that may be delivered you. Wishing you success, I am, Sir, Your h'ble serv. P. Henry. One who wishes to enter intimately into the romantic story of Clark's campaign should care- fully read this letter, as it fixes clearly and authoritatively the policy and program of the campaign — a program that was carried out with little deviation, although Governor Henry in pri- vate conversation with Clark implied that his written instructions might be construed with a certain latitude and discretion. Recruiting a Military Force; Difficulties. — Thus empowered and provided with money for the expenses of the expedition Clark, with char- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 19 acteristic energy, proceeded to the execution of his plans. His first base of operations was a western settlement on the Monongahela river some distance above Pittsburg, known as Red Stone or Red Stone Old Fort. His officers were appointed and commissioned to raise recruits in western Pennsylvania, Virginia, Carolina and the Kentucky country, and in this preliminary busi- ness the first serious difficulty developed. It must be remembered that the real reason for this recruiting was not divulged. Secrecy, be it re- peated, was essential to success, and the instruc- tions made public by Governor Henry conveyed the impression that the force to be raised was for the protection of Kentucky. The proposition to draw off from other parts of the frontier "for the defense of a few detached inhabitants who had better be removed" met with an opposition that threatened to nip the whole scheme in the bud and that probably would have stopped short a less determined leader. As Clark himself ex- pressed it : "Many leading men in the frontiers . . . combined and did everything that lay in their power to stop the men that had enlisted, and set the whole frontier in an uproar, even condescended to harbor and protect those that deserted. I found my case desperate — the longer I remained the worse it was."* Out of the men that Captains Joseph Bowman and Leonard Helm had succeeded in recruiting "two-thirds of them was stopped," we are told, those that were left numbering about one hundred and fifty. Clark, however, was not to be thwarted, and equipping himself with boats and supplies at Pittsburg he put down river with his little force, accompanied by several adventurous families from the Pennsylvania country, borrowing hope from the information sent him that one of his recruiting officers, Major William Smith, would join him at the falls of the Ohio with nearly two hundred men, from the Holston river country, in what is now eastern Tennessee. But he was doomed to bitter disappointment — a part of one company was all that ever appeared of Major Smith's two hundred men. Military Base at Falls of the Ohio. — At the falls of the Ohio, Clark established his second base of operations on a long, narrow island after- ward known as "Corn Island," that then lay above the falls where the Pennsylvania railroad bridge now spans the river.* The falls, as be- ing the dividing place between the upper and lower river, was deemed the logical point for a permanent defensive post. Clark's reason for settling on the island, at least temporarily, was twofold — better protection from hostile bands of Indians and the more effective guarding against desertion, which danger would probably follow the announcement of the commander's real plans. The sagacity of the latter surmise was not at fault in this, as the sequel showed. The settlement on Corn Island consisted of a sufficient number of rude cabins built from the timber growing on the island, and it took on the character of a real "settlement" by virtue of the families that had thus far accompanied the expe- Early Indiana Types. — From Dillon's History of Indiana. dition, which were now apportioned ground for gardens, and an interesting passage in "Clark's Memoir" is to the effect that when word was carried back to the people on the Monongahela "great numbers moved down," and that this was "one of the principal causes of the rapid progress of the settlement of Kentucky." Clark lingered at Corn Island the better part of June, 1778, still hoping to swell his little force, but with disheartening results. According to William H. English, who is the leading au- * Clark's Memoir. * The name, which was adopted after Clark's occupancy, seems to have been borrowed from a tradition that the first corn in that region was raised there. The island is described as a nar- row tract about four-fifths of a mile long by five hundred yards at its greatest breadth. If it now existed the Pennsylvania rail- road bridge from Jeffersonville to Louisville would pass directly over it. A heavy timber growth originally protected it from the ravages of the river, but with the removal of this protection, it gradually disappeared until washed away entirely. Colonel R. T. Durrett, of Louisville, did what he could to get that city to pro- tect the historic spot, but without avail. 20 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA thority on all relating to this campaign, "it is probably a fair conclusion that Clark brought with him to the falls about one hundred and fifty men ; that thirty-five or forty were added to his forces while at the falls ; that he left not exceed- ing ten guards on Corn Island and took with him on the Kaskaskia campaign about one hundred and seventy-five men. It is possible that the officers should be added to the number, but it is the author's belief that the effective force with him in the campaign against Kaskaskia did not at any time exceed two hundred, which was cer- tainly less than half the number he at one time expected."* Further Difficulties; Clark's Determination. — Clark's own words reveal at once the situation and the character of the man. "I was sensible," he says, "of the impression it would have on many, to be taken near a thousand (miles) from the body of their country to attack a people five times their number, and merciless tribes of In- dians, then allies and determined enemies to us. I knew that my case was desperate, but the more I reflected on my weakness the more I was pleased with the enterprise." To quote Mr. English again: "He had en- countered unexpected obstacles and disappoint- ments from the time his recruiting commenced. He had estimated that the complete success of his enterprise required a force of five hundred men. . . . and here he was with less than two hundred. ... It was a turning point, not only in his life, but, possibly, in the destiny of his country, for if the expedition had broken up then who knows what would have been the future of the vast territory northwest of the Ohio river, or where would have been the present boundaries of the United States? . . . He realized that inaction was now his greatest dan- ger, and that an immediate movement against the enemy was the best and only way to hold his forces and win success." Clark Divulges His Real Object; Attempts at Desertion. — It was not until the eve of the day set for departure that Clark divulged to his men his real object. Fie says: "After my making known my instructions almost every gentleman espoused the enterprise and plainly saw the utility of it, and supposed "Conquest of the Northwest." they saw the salvation of Kentucky almost in their reach ; but some repined that we were not strong enough to put it beyond all doubt. The soldiery in general debated on the subject, but determined to follow their officers. Some were alarmed at the thought of being taken at so great a distance into the enemy's country, that if they should have success in the first instance they might be attacked in their posts without a possi- bility of getting succor or making their retreat. . . . Some dissatisfaction was discovered in Captain Dillard's company, consequently the boats were well secured and sentinels placed where it [was] thought there was a possibility of their wading from the island. My design was to take those from the island down on our way who would not attempt to desert, but got out- generaled by their lieutenant, whom I had previ- ously conceived a very tolerable opinion of. They had, by swimming in the day, discovered that the channel opposite their camp might be wailed, and a little before day himself and the greater part of the company slipped down the bank and got to the opposite shore before they were discovered by the sentinels. Vexed at the idea of their escape in the manner they did, as one of my principal motives for taking post on the island was to prevent desertion, and intending to set out the next day I was undetermined for | a ] few minutes what to do, as it might take a party several days to overtake [them], and, having no distrust of those who remained, the example was not immediately dangerous, but might prove so hereafter; and recollecting that there was a num- ber of horses [belonging] to gentlemen from Harrodsburg, I ordered a strong party to pursue them, and for the foot and horse to relieve each other regularly, and so put to death every man in their power who would not surrender. They overhauled them in about twenty miles. The de- serters, discovering them at a distance, scattered in the woods ; only seven or eight were taken. The rest made their way to the different posts; many who were not woodsmen almost perished. The poor lieutenant and the few who remained with him, after suffering almost all that could be felt from hunger and fatigue, arrived at Har- rodstown. Having heard of his conduct [they] would not, for some time, suffer him to come into their houses nor give him anything to eat. On CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 21 the return of the party the soldiers burnt and hung his effigy."* THE ILLINOIS CAMPAIGN The Outlook. — The first objective of Clark's general campaign was Kaskaskia and two or three minor posts on the Mississippi river within the present State of Illinois. The departure of the little army of less than two hundred men from Corn Island on June 24, 1778. properly marks the beginning of a military adventure that for reckless courage, heroic performance, good luck and great results hardly finds a parallel. The force the leader had counted on as necessary to success was hardly more than half filled out, and the difficulties to be met were an unknown quantity, though enough was known to make the invasion with the force at hand seem, by every probability, a foolhardy adventure. Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes were, or were supposed " to be, well fortified points, equipped with troops and cannon ; that these English troops would be re-enforced by the French inhabitants of those settlements was more than likely, and a vet more formidable factor to reckon with was the Indians, who were numerous about the French towns and almost certain to be hostile to the Americans. Collectively, English, French and Indians were numerous enough to swallow up the little band of audacious invaders. Clark's own words, in his "Memoir," show that he believed Vincennes alone to have contained "near four hundred militia, with an Indian town adjoining and great numbers continually in the neighborhood." Add to all. as an influence on the morale of the sol- diers, they were bound for wilderness regions "near a thousand miles from the body of their country." where in case of reverses, their chances for getting back were exceedingly slender. It was, indeed, as one historian expresses it. "a dangerous and doubtful mission." A Spectacular Start. — The appreciation of the dangers was doubtless quickened by the very first experience of the men as they left Corn Island in their boats — that of shooting the falls of the Ohio, which was a feat by no means free from risk; and as if all things conspired to breed awe, an almost total eclipse of the sun cast its weird * Memoir. The editorial brackets are in English's work. gloom over the visible world while the hazardous trip was made down the boiling rapids; which, as Clark says, "caused various conjectures among the superstitious." Whatever the effect on the superstitious, how- ever, it nowise deterred the expedition, which from the moment of starting proceeded with a vigor and celerity that was well symbolized by that preliminary rush down the rapids, the jour- ney down the river being pushed day and night by relays of oarsmen. Fearful of the strength of Vincennes and mingling caution with his courage, Clark resolved to first attack the settlements on the Mississippi river, the reason being that he might, in case of reverse, escape into Spanish ter- ritory across the river ; or, if successful, he might, as he expressed it, "pave our way to the posses- sion of Post St. Vincent." The first objective point was Kaskaskia, on the Mississippi, in what is now Randolph county, Illinois, and in order to avoid detection in the approach, the plan was to debark before reaching the Mississippi and march across country northwestward, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles. A Wilderness March and the First Success. — This plan was carried out. Four days and nights of rowing brought them to a point on the Ohio below the mouth of the Tennessee river, known as Fort Massac, a former French strong- hold that had been abandoned. This place had formerly been connected with Kaskaskia by an old French military road that was now mostly obliterated, and this was to be Clark's land route, though it seems to have been little better than no road. Fortunately, at their debarking place they fell in with a party of hunters, and one of these was utilized as a guide over the obscure trace. As there were no pack horses, the men had to carry such impedimenta as was necessary to their maintenance on the way. and thus handi- capped, suffering sometimes from thirst and hun- ger, they marched for six days over a rough wilderness country. On the evening of the Fourth of July they approached their goal, after ten consecutive days of strenuous labor and hard- ships, having been without food the latter part of the march. They entered the place by night, undiscovered, found access to the garrison, which "was so fortified that it might have successfully fought a thousand men," and without the firing of a gun captured town, fort and soldiers. The 22 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA surprise of the garrison was as sudden and com- plete as that of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, and the boldness with which Clark took control of the streets of the town cowed the French inhabitants utterly. Among the latter the belief had been fostered that Americans were little better than savages. Nothing short of savage treatment and expulsion from their homes was anticipated, and the next day a delegation of citizens, headed by the priest, waited humbly upon Clark with the pathetic request that they be allowed to take leave of each other ; that families be not sep- arated, and that the women and children be per- mitted to keep their clothes and a small quantity of provisions. The conqueror diplomatically let this fear work for a while, then deftly won them over and strengthened his position by the assur- ance that they might have all the rights and lib- erties of American citizens, further imparting to them the news that the king of France had joined with the Americans in this war with England. As a result of this, Clark tells us, "The scene was changed from an almost mortal dejection to that of joy in the extreme — the bells ringing, the church crowded, returning thanks ; in short, every appearance of extravagant joy that could fill a place with almost confusion." Further Operations on the Mississippi. — This was an auspicious beginning for the con- quest of the northwest, but it was only a begin- ning. Further up the Mississippi were three other French settlements — Prairie du Roche, St. Philips and Cahokia — that had to be reckoned with, and Clark, with characteristic vigor, at once despatched one of his officers, Major Jo- seph Bowman, with thirty men mounted on horses that belonged to the French, to surprise those points. Their capture was facilitated by a number of the Kaskaskians who had friends and relatives at the places named, and who ac- companied Bowman, much elated with their newly-acquired importance as American citizens. The success of this expedition was complete. There was no resistance. Possession was taken of the fort which had been established at Ca- hokia, the principal town, and before Bowman's return nearly three hundred additional French- men had taken the oath of fidelity to the United States.* * Bowman's letter to George Brinker. Father Gibault and Vincennes. — These oper- ations, which may be regarded as constituting the first chapter of Clark's campaign, put him in possession of the Illinois country ; but Vincennes and the Wabash country were of equal impor- tance. From the French priest, Father Gibault, he learned that the British commandant there, Governor Abbott, had gone with his force on some business to Detroit, and this informant, who was won over completely to the American cause, suggested that with his influence Vin- cennes might be secured without even the trouble of an expedition against it, his proposition being that he go thither as an emissary. The plan pleased Clark, and ten days after the taking of Kaskaskia, Gibault, a Doctor Lafont and their retinue departed for the Wabash post. Arriving there, a day or two spent in explaining matters sufficed, and the inhabitants repaired in a body to the church, there to take the oath of allegiance and assume the status of American citizens. To further win their confidence, an officer was elected from their own number, and the fort was garrisoned with the citizen soldiery, under the American flag. The report of this success to Clark he speaks of in his "Memoir" as "joyful news," for he adds, "without the possession of this post all our views would have been blasted." Subsequently, he sent one of his officers, Captain Leonard Helm, to take command of the fort, and Captain Bowman was put in charge at Cahokia. An Interval of Diplomacy. — The seven months intervening between the capture of Kas- kaskia and the final march against Vincennes seem quiet and uneventful by comparison with the more brilliant performances of the cam- paign, but during that time Clark was demon- strating in another way his eminent capacity for the work in hand. The region north of the Ohio had to be held as well as captured, and the estab- lishing of amicable relations with the French and Indian inhabitants were quite as essential as spectacular victories when it came to permanent possession. The policy observed toward the French has already been indicated briefly. It was, in the first instance, the cultivation of a wholesome fear, by which Clark gained and held the ascendency, and, in the second, an exercise of justice and friendliness that quite won the simple-minded Gallic woodsmen, who had no great reason to love English rule. A more diffi- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 23 cult task was to establish an influence with the Indians, who were not only many in number, but separated into tribes and distributed over a vast territory, and who, in large part, had already come under English influence. It was here that Clark revealed a sagacity of method that would hardly have been possible to one with a less inti- mate knowledge of Indian character. In his "Memoir" he devotes considerable space to these Indian transactions, affording interesting glimpses of this sort of diplomacy and of the characters of both Clark and the savages. The thing that made it possible was the bold inroad, the vigor and the decisive successes of the "Big Knives," as the Americans were called. The French and Indians were closely in touch, and the news of the operations at the French settle- ments not only speedily traveled far and wide through the wilderness, but was made duly im- pressive by the French traders, who in this re- spect became valuable allies to the conquerors. As a consequence, the various tribes, ignorant of the invader's real force and apprehensive of his power, took the first step toward conciliation, and, as we are told, "came in great numbers to Cahokia in order to make treaties of peace with us."* Clark's Mastery of the Indians. — Putting the garrison at Kaskaskia in charge of a Captain Williams, Clark devoted his time to these treaties, which, he says, "were probably conducted in a way different from any other known in America at that time." The custom had been to conciliate the savages with a great display of presents, thus as- suming a suing attitude that was often construed as fear. Aside from the fact that he had no presents to give, that was not Clark's policy. He met them with the lordly demeanor of a con- queror, and while he observed the elaborate cere- monies so dear to the savage heart, he kept his ascendency at every turn of the diplomatic game. His blunt directness and his fairness had their effect, and his perfect fearlessness — a trait that is respected above all others by the Indian — made him master of the situation. An instance may be cited to illustrate this. Cahokia was full of Indians from at least a dozen different tribes, and Clark privately confesses that he was "un- der some apprehension among such a number of devils," but if so the "devils" never knew it. Soon after his arrival one of the bands laid plans to murder his guards and carry him off bodily, and the attempt, or its first motion, rather, was actually made in the dead of night, but was frus- trated by his vigilance. The town was stirred up and some of the conspirators caught. Clark, as- suming an air of indifference, simply said that, as they had disturbed the peace of the place, the townsmen could do with them as they saw fit. "*' Clark's Memoir. Monument Marking the Site of Fort Sackville, Located at Vincennes. Captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, February 25. 1779. but privately he directed that the chiefs of the band be arrested and put in irons ; which was done by the French inhabitants, thus prov- ing their new allegiance. Thus manacled, these chiefs were brought to the council day after day, but not permitted to speak. Finally, their irons were taken off and Clark condescended to say to them that, though their conduct deserved death, yet he regarded them as "only did women, too mean to be killed by the 'Big Knives'." He 24 ( FXTKXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA told them that so long as they remained they should be treated as squaws, and when they were ready to go home, provisions would be given them, as women did not know how to hunt ; with which he turned from them with contemptuous indifference. This drastic humiliation was, per- haps, the most scathing punishment that could be visited upon an Indian brave, and the agitated chiefs tried to approach him with a speech and a pipe of peace, but he declined to hear them, broke the pipe and told them that "the 'Big Knife' never treated with women, and for them to sit down . . . and not be afraid." The next move astonished even Clark. After a "most lamentable speech." two young braves of the band were offered to be put to death as an atonement for the guilt of all. Of this in- cident Clark quaintly says : "It would have sur- prised you to have seen how submissively those two young men presented themselves for death, advancing into the middle of the floor, sitting down by each other and covering their heads with their blankets to receive the tomahawk. . . . This stroke prejudiced me in their favor, and for a few moments I was so agitated that I don't doubt but that I should, without reflection, have killed the first man that would have offered to have hurt them."* The upshot of this was quite on a par with the poetical justice usually observed in fiction. Clark ordered the two heroic young warriors to rise, greeted them as men, and then and there conferred on both of them the degree of chief, presented them as such to the French and some Spanish gentlemen who were present, and had the garrison salute them. Following the attempt to kidnap Clark, and while the effect upon the other Indians was yet uncertain, he simulated the utmost indifference to danger, remaining in his lodgings away from the fort, apparently without guard, though really with fifty armed men concealed in the building, and even assembling a number of the citizens for a dance the night following the dis- turbance, f The result of it all was a vast in- crease of prestige, and his reputation as a great chief spread far and wide. During these treaties at Cahokia, which con- tinued through the month of September, 1778, * Letter to Mason. t Clark's letter to Mason. an "amazing number of savages," as Clark ex- presses it, attended, some of them coming a dis- tance of five hundred miles, and in his letter to Mason, as many as ten tribes are specified be- sides others included in a general reference. Captain Helm at Vincennes. — Meanwhile, Captain Helm at Vincennes ably seconded the work of Clark by successful treaties with the Indians of the Wabash, chief among these being the Piankeshaws, whose village was adjacent to Vincennes, and whose chief, Tobacco's Son, a man of considerable standing in the country, proved to be a stanch friend to the Americans un- til his death. OPERATIONS AGAINST VINCENNES Work Accomplished; Governor Hamilton on the Scene. — These and other diplomatic pro- ceedings and a few minor events occupied the autumn of 1778 and served to very much lessen the influence of Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, among the Indians. Otherwise it may well be doubted whether Clark, with all his capacity and resourcefulness, could have held the possessions he had gained. But now other troubles were brewing. Word had traveled to Governor Ham- ilton, of Detroit, of the occupancy of the Wabash and Illinois country ; unknown to Clark, he had organized a military force for the recapture of the lost territory, and now, swooping down by way of the Wabash on the feeble garrison at Vincennes, he had again planted the British flag there. This was about the middle of December. An Alarm; Clark's Uncertainty. — The first knowledge Clark had of it was in January when the alarming report followed him to one of the French villages that the British were marching on Kaskaskia. The oncoming army proved to be a scouting party from Yincennes that, on discovery, turned promptly back, but it confirmed a suspicion in Clark's mind aroused by the fact that for some time he had received no word from Captain Helm. It in- vested the situation with a new danger. How strong a force Hamilton might have he did not know, and it was more than probable that a march against Kaskaskia would be next in or- der. His own position was disheartening. News of his success had been sent to the seat of gov- ernment in Virginia and he had expected rein- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 25 forcements, but not even a word in return had he received. The term of enlistment of his men having expired, and his instructions being silent on this and other contingencies that arose he had tided over these difficulties by, as he says, "usurp- ing all the authority necessary to carry my points." But his military force had been de- pleted until there were but little more than a hundred of the American soldiers, and how far the French militia could be depended on when it came to a real test was problematical. settlements of Kentucky and the whole western frontier was contemplated. A Critical Situation. — All that Clark had done bade fair to be undone, with worse to fol- low. To a weaker man it might have looked like a lost cause, but Clark's resolution and prompt action in the matter is one of the proofs of his essential greatness as a military leader. His chances of reinforcement from Virginia were slight as against the chance of Hamilton's army being augmented by Indians to an over- IB 1 "- >^^N^ * _ *\ -*<►<>> \ so . ", /£ :-\a . Hutchins' Map of the Original "Indiana." 1778. This map precedes the organization of Indiana Territory by twenty-two years. It covers a considerahle part of what is now West Virginia. (See page 41, for details.) A Friend From Vincennes — Francis Vigo. — In the midst of this uncertainty as to Hamilton and his intentions there hailed fresh from Vin- cennes Francis Vigo, a friendly Spaniard, with full news of the situation there to the effect that Hamilton had an army of six hundred men, consisting of British regulars, Canadian French and Indians ; that his emissaries were diligently at work among the Indians, both north and south of the < )hio; that an attack would be made on Kaskaskia in the spring (the intervening coun- try being considered now too difficult of pas- sage), and that a further campaign against the whelming force, and to forestall Hamilton and surprise him in his stronghold as quickly as pos- sible was the coup that presented itself as the most hopeful step toward retaining the country, lie regarded it as a desperate cause, but, as he wrote to Governor 1 tenry, "who knows what for- tune will do for us?" The hardships of a march at this season, which put it out of the question with Hamilton did not daunt Clark and his hardy backwoodsmen. Clark's Swift Action. — Swift on the heels of this determination preparations were made for the expedition. Clark's own men were with him 26 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA heartily and the French rallied enthusiastically to his support and on the fifth of February, just one week after the arrival of Vigo with his in- formation, one hundred and seventy men left Kaskaskia to march, as Clark describes it, "eighty leagues through a drowned country in the depths of winter," and without even tents to protect them from the winter weather. As an auxiliary to the campaign a Mississippi bateau, or large boat, was laden with army supplies, manned with forty-six men and sent by way of the Mississippi, Ohio and Wabash to a point be- low Yincennes, to connect with the land force when it should reach there. A Heroic Venture. — This remarkable expe- dition of one hundred and seventy men equipped with small arms only, against a force at least five hundred strong, garrisoned and equipped with cannon — this and the culminating assault and brilliant victory that forever dethroned the British power in the northwest made a fitting climax to one of the most romantic chapters of American history. The document known as Bow- man's Journal, a daily diary kept by Captain Jo- seph Bowman, and Clark's Memoir have pre- served for us a circumstantial and graphic ac- count of the whole enterprise. The march of "eighty leagues"* occupied eighteen days. The bottomless mud of southern Illinois might, of itself, been well considered as impassable by Hamilton, but in addition at least thirteen of those days, as recorded by Bowman, were spent in struggling through water in the form of rain, of rivers to be forded, or of vast shallow lakes of "drowned" country where the men waded for miles, sometimes hip deep. In one or two in- stances the water is described as breast deep, and one night the ice formed to the thickness of half an inch, or more. To find spots dry enough for camping places was almost impossible ; as said, the troops had no tents to shelter them from the rain, and their clothing must have been saturated, virtually, during the whole expedition. Clark describes their experiences as "incredible hard- ships far surpassing anything that any of us had ever experienced" — which was certainly saying a great deal. That men could have stood such fatigue and exposure shows a hardihood that is * The distance actually covered by Clark is estimated by the late Henry Cauthorne, a local authority of Vincennes, as having been from 160 to 1/0 miles. almost unbelievable in a more effeminate gen- eration. Psychics of the Campaign. — Clark's sagacity in keeping his soldiers keyed up psychically, is very interesting. "My object now was," he says, "to keep the men in spirits. I suffered them to shoot game on all occasions and feast on it like Indian wardancers, each company by turns, inviting the others to their feasts . . . myself and principal officers putting on the woodsmen, shouting now and then, and running as much through the mud and water as any of them. Thus insensibly, without a murmur, were those men led on ..." A little later, after fording and swimming five miles of water near the confluence of the "two Little Wabashes," he says : "By evening we found ourselves en- camped on a pretty height in high spirits, each party laughing at the other in consequence of something that had happened in the course of this ferrying business, as they called it. A little antic drummer afforded them great diversion by floating on his drum, etc. All this was greatly encouraging and they really began to think them- selves superior to other men, and that neither the rivers nor the seasons could stop their prog- ress. Their whole conversation now was con- cerning what they would do when they got about the enemy. They now began to view the main Wabash as a creek and made no doubt but such men as they were could find a way across it. They wound themselves up to such a pitch that they soon took St. Vincent, divided the spoil, and before bedtime were far advanced on their way to Detroit." The Investment of Vincennes; an Audacious "Bluff." — The final task of making their way through the submerged lands of the Wabash, the cumulative effect of the hardships made worse by famine, was almost too much for even these men of iron, but no leader of a well-condi- tioned, overpowering army toward his certain prey could have been more cavalier than Clark was toward the fortified enemy that, for aught he knew, outnumbered him three to one. He did not even have the support of the boat with its forty-six men, and the little armament of ar- tillery that had been sent around by river for the boat had failed to make connection. And now, with his less than two hundred, tired, half- starved riflemen, he boldly invested the post, and CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 27 Historical and Chronological Map of Territory of the United States Northwest of the Ohio River. — From Dillon's History of Indiana. 11. 12. 13, 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. Falls of St. Mary. Head of Green Bay. Michilimacinac. Detroit — permanent settlement founded 1701. Kaskaskia. Vincennes. Fori Harrison, built in 1811. ' I < hiiatenot) village, destroyed by Gen. Scott in 1791. Ponce Passu, or Ponceau Pichou — now called Wild Cat Creek. Tippecanoe Battle Ground. Eel River Indian village, destroyed by Wilkinson, 1791. Mississinewa villages, destroyed in 1812. Little Turtle's Town. I. a Balme's party defeated, 1780. Fort Wayne, built in October, 1794, Defeat of Indians by Wayne, in 1794. Fori Defiance, built by Wayne in 1794. Mouth of St. Joseph of Lake Michigan —Fort built by La Salle in 1679. Lake Peoria — -Fort Crevecceur built by La Salle, 1680. St, Louis, founded in 1763. Pittsburgh — site of Fort Du Quesne, built in 1754. Fort Mcintosh, built in 1777 and 1778. TABLE OF REFERENCE 50. 51. 24. Fort Harmar, built in 1785. 25. Massacre of Moravian Indians, 1782. 52. 26. Battle of Kanawha, 1774. 27. Fort Washington, built in 1790. 53. 28. Defeat of Col. Loughrey's party, 1781. 54. 29. Pigeon Roost Massacre, in 1812. 55. 30. Falls of the River Ohio. 31. Site of Frankfort, Kentucky. 56. 32. Lexington, Kentucky. 57. 33. Limestone, now Maysville, Kentucky. 34. Fort Gore, erected by Dunmore, 1774. 58. 35. Fort Laurens, built in 1778. 59. 36. Fort Massac. 60. 37. Old Shawnee Town. 61. 38. Fort Hamilton, built in 1791. 62. 39. Fort St. Clair, built in the winter of 63. 1791-2. 64. 40. Fort Jefferson, built in 1791. 65. 41. Fort Greenville, built in 1793. 42. Fori Recovery, built in 1793. 66. 43. Falls of St. Anthony. 67. 44. River Thames. 68. River Raisin. 69, 46. Fort Meigs, built in 1813. 70. 47. Fort Stephenson, built in 1812. 71. 48. Capt. John Campbell attacked by Sac 72. and Fox Indians. 49. Battle of Bad Axe, 1832. 73. Battle of Blue Licks, Kentucky, 1. Site of Booneshorough, Kentucky — fort built in 17/ 5. Site of Danville, Kentucky — established by Virginia Legislature, 1787. Wheeling, Virginia, founded in 1770. Massacre at Baker's Bottom, in 1774. Principal village of Delawares, on White River, 1810. Mouth of Embarrass River. Mission of St. Joseph, visited by Charle- voix, in 1721. Forks of River Wabash. Site of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Site of Indianapolis, Capital of Indiana. Site of Springfield, Capital of Illinois. Site of Lansing, Capital of Michigan. Site of Madison, Capital of Wisconsii Site of St. Paul, ( apital of Minnesota. Rockfort, or Fori St. Louis, commenced by La Salle. Site of Fort Chan 1 1 s Presq'Isle. Le Bceuf. Y drawn by E. V. Shockley. the officers at Marietta they proceeded to their work of compiling a body of laws, the result be- ing a small volume, printed in 1795, known as the "Maxwell Code." With the history of the Northwest Territory prior to the formation of Indiana Territory, in 1800, however, it is not our purpose to deal be- yond noting in a general way the westward movement that presently extended to our terri- tory. With the opening of the new country the influx began, and "it is estimated that within a year following the organization of the territory full twenty thousand men, women and children 38 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA passed down the Ohio river to become settlers upon its banks."* Most of this earlier immigra- tion, presumably, did not go beyond Washington county. The progress westward was retarded by the hostilities of the Indians, whose ill-feeling at the encroachments upon their lands was kept alive by British influences from the north, Eng- land's desire being that this region should still remain a wild territory between the frontiers of the two nations. According to Judge Burnet, "the woods were literally swarming with In- dians, scattered in every direction, and, in addi- tion to other difficulties, those who ventured into the wilderness, from duty or choice, were in con- stant danger of meeting some of those parties and suffering the consequences. "f Nevertheless, or- ganization proceeded and by 1796 there were four counties — Washington, Hamilton, St. Clair and Knox, with seats of justice, in the order named, at Marietta, Cincinnati, Kaskaskia and Vin- cennes. Character of First Immigrants. — Judge Jacob Burnet, in his "Notes on the Northwest Territory," tells us that "the early adventurers to the Northwest Territory were generally men who had spent the prime of their lives in the War of Independence. Many of them had exhausted their fortunes in maintaining the desperate strug- gle, and retired to the wilderness to conceal their poverty and avoid companions mortifying to their pride while struggling to maintain their families and improve their condition. Some of them were young men, descended from Revolutionary pa- triots, who had fallen in the contest or become too feeble to endure the fatigue of settling a wilderness. Others were adventurous spirits to whom any change might be for the better, and who, anticipating a successful result, united in the enterprise. Such a colony as this left New England in 1787 for the purpose of occupying the grant made to Sargent, Cutler & Co., on the Muskingum river. "J Elsewhere, speaking of the social status at Cincinnati and the garrison there, Fort Wash- ington, during the latter part of the eighteenth century, he says : "Idleness, drinking and gambling prevailed in the army," owing to the fact that thev had "been several vears in the • Lossing. t Burnet's "Notes on the Northwest Territory." t Burnet's "Notes," p. 42. wilderness, cut off from all society but their own, and no amusements but such as their own ingenuity could invent. Libraries were not to be found ; men of literary minds or polished manners were rarely met with, and they had long been deprived of the advantage of modest, accomplished female society. Thus situated . . . the bottle, the dice box and the card table were among the expedients resorted to. Such were the habits of the army when they began . to associate with the inhabitants of Cincinnati and of the western settlements generally."* SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER Proposed Division of Northwest Territory. — Prior to the framing of the Ordinance of 1787 a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was a member, elaborated a plan for the government of the western lands, and this plan as originally presented proposed the division of the north- western country into ten States which were to be christened with sounding names reflecting the stilted taste for the classics that prevailed at that day. We quote from J. P. Dunn ("Indiana," p. 180) : "The region west of Lake Michigan and north of parallel 45 was to be a State under the name of Sylvania. The lower peninsula of Michigan north of parallel 43 was to form Cheronesus. That part of Wisconsin between parallels 43 and 45 was to be Michigan. Below this there were to be two States to every two degrees of latitude, divided by a meridian line drawn through the rapids of the Ohio, except that all the territory east of a meridian line drawn through the mouth of the Great Kanawha was to be one State named Washington. Between parallels 41 and 43 the eastern State was Saratoga and the western Illi- noia. Between parallel 39 and the Ohio, the eastern State was Pelisipia and the western Poly- potamia. Indiana, therefore, would have been divided up among these six States last named." French and American Differences. — In tem- perament, customs, habits and general charac- ter the two elements had little in common. The French are pictured as indolent, shiftless and easy-going, given to vivacity, noise and merry- making, their very manner of apportioning their lands being an index to their social nature, for * Ibid., p. 36. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 39 the long, narrow tracts they farmed were so shape 1 as to bring their houses near together. The Americans, on the other hand, were business- like and thrifty, with an eye to seizing advan- tages, and when the two classes came into indus- trial competition the incompetent Frenchman gradually went to the wall and much of his land that had formerly yielded him some sort of a living went to his competitor at prices little more than nominal. Before this turn of affairs, how- ever, they had serious cause of complaint, as is flour and corn taken forcibly, and various other wrongs perpetrated.* These summary proceedings might have been accounted for, in part, by the exigencies of war, for the capture of Vincennes was by no means the end of military operations in the Northwest, but they also indicate that the rude frontiers- man who performed the rough work of conquest that has been described, was not given to gentle- ness, nor, perhaps, to strict justice. In short, the less robust exiles were not fitted to cope with him The Niagara Falls of Washington county are about 30 feet high. The water falls over three or four ledges or benches of rocks as shown in the picture, which was taken when the temperature was sixteen degrees below zero, in the early morning. The stream is fed by a spring quite a distance from the falls. The water runs down a knob about 150 feet high. It is 150 feet up the knob to the falls. The rock, which is shale and lime- stone, is ragged and rough, making it difficult to ascend. The falls are six miles northwest of Salem. — Orra Hopper. shown by a letter, signed by sixteen of the lead- ing citizens of Vincennes and addressed to the governor of Virginia in 1781. This letter affirms "horrible treatment" from the Virginia troops, particularly after Colonel Clark left the town, the charge living that they were obliged to ac- cept for their goods and food supplies depreci- ated continental money at coin value ; that their cattle and hogs were killed in the fields, their and with those who followed him as permanent citizens, and thus the story of French life on Indiana soil has in it something of tragedy. Francis Busseron's Commission as Justice. — A curious relic among the documents of the Las- selle collection is an early form of commission for the office of justice of the peace. Francis "Bussero," to whom the commission was issued, • i. .urge Rogers Clark Papers, p. 430. 40 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA properly spelled Busseron or Bosseron, was one of the most prominent French citizens of Vin- cennes at the time of the conquest and for some years after. He was a major in the militia and his name is to the present day perpetuated in Knox county by a creek and a village. The commission, issued by the "Honourable Winthrop Sargent, Esquire," who is "vested with all the powers of the governor and commander- in-chief of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio," and bearing the seal of the territory, is curious by reason of a legal wording that seems little short of barbarous maltreatment of language, and it is interesting as showing the functions imposed upon the magis- trate. He seems, indeed, to have been a justice, a prosecuting attorney and a grand jury all rolled into one. The commission follows : "To all unto ivhom these Presents shall come, Greet- in//: "Know ye that we have assigned and constituted, and do by these Presents constitute and appoint Francis Bussero, Esquire, to be one of the justices to keep the Peace of the Quorum in our county of Knox, and to keep and cause to be kept, the Laws and Ordinances made for the Good of the Peace, and for the Conserva- tion of the same, and for the Quiet, Rule and Govern- ment of our Citizens and Subjects in the said county in all and every the Articles thereof according to the Force, Form and Effect of the same, and to chastise and punish all Persons offending against the Form of those Laws and Ordinances, or any of them, in the county aforesaid, as according to the Form of those Laws Ordinances shall be fit to be done; and to cause to come before him, the said Francis Bussero, Esquire, all those that shall break the Peace, or attempt anything against the same, or that shall threaten any of the Citi- zens or Subjects in their Persons, or in burning their Houses, to find sufficient security for the Peace, and for the good Behaviour toward the Citizens and Sub- jects of this Government; and if they shall refuse to find such security, then to cause them to be kept safe in Prison until they shall find the same ; and to do and perform in the county aforesaid, all and whatsoever, according to our Laws and Ordinances, or any of them, a Justice of the Peace & Quorum may and ought to do and perform ; And with other Justices of the Peace (according to the Tenor of the Commission to them granted) to enquire by the oaths of good and lawful men of the said county by whom the Truth may be bet- ter known, of all and all Manner of Thefts, Trespasses, Riots, Routs and unlawful Assemblies whatsoever, and all and singular other Misdeeds and Offenses of which by Law Justices of the Peace in their General Sessions may and ought to enquire, by whomsoever or howsoever done or perpetrated, or which shall hereafter happen, howsoever to be done or attempted in the county afore- said, contrary to the Form of the Laws and Ordinances aforesaid, made for the common good of our Citizens and Subjects; And with other Justices of the Peace (according to the Tenor of the Commission to them granted as aforesaid) to hear and determine all and singular the said Thefts, Trespasses, Riots, Routs, un- lawful Assemblies, and all and singular other Premises, and to do therein as to Justice appertaineth, according to the Laws, Statutes and Ordinances aforesaid. "IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, we have caused our Public Seal to be hereunto affixed : Witness Winthrop Sargent Esqr. vested with all the Powers of Our Gov- ernor and Commander-in-chief. Dated at Post Vincennes the third day of July, Anno Domini One Thousand, Seven Hundred and Ninety, and in the fourteenth year of the Inde- pendence of the United States of America. "W. SARGENT, "Secretary. "Before me, Winthrope Sargent, appeared Francis Bussero, Esqre. and took the oath prescribed to all offi- cers by an Act of the United States, and also the Oath of Office as directed by the Laws of this Territory. "In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand this fifth dav of July, 1790. "W. SARGENT." CHAPTER IV INDIANA TERRITORY— BEGINNINGS The Origin of "Indiana." — Who gave the name "Indiana" to the western part of the North- west Territory when it was set off as a new terri- tory in 1800, is not now known, but it was evi- dently borrowed from a preceding "Indiana" that may be found on maps dating back into the eighteenth century. The map best showing the exact boundaries of this forgotten tract is one by Thomas Hutchins, published in 1778.* Roughly described it occupies the approximate triangle formed by the Little Kanawha and the Ohio rivers and the western ranges of the Alleghany mountains. In other words, it covers all of six and parts of five other counties now within the State of West Virginia, and it contains about five thousand square miles, or an area equal to the State of Connecticut. The little chapter of forgotten history con- nected with this original Indiana is interesting and runs as follows: After the French and In- dian war, when the territory in question had passed into the possession of Great Britain, a trading company was organized at Philadelphia to establish an extensive fur trade with the In- dians of the Ohio valley. A large consignment of goods sent by this company clown the river was forcibly appropriated by some predatory bands of savages despite the nominal peace then existing between the white and the red men. The powerful Iroquois confederation known as the "Six Nations," which claimed jurisdiction over the marauders, was appealed to for redress; it admitted the justice of the claim, and, as its wealth consisted chiefly of land, it gave the com- pany, by way of indemnity, the Virginia land in question. The value of the goods had been placed at something like a half-million dollars. The vast tract thus acquired was called "Indiana" by its new owners. The name may be interpreted "tbe land of the Indians," and in it may be de- tected the classical bias that is traceable in Loui- siana, Virginia, Carolina, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and many other geographical names. This was in 1768. Either then or later the owners took the name of "the Indiana Land Com- pany," under which title it figures in the Con- gressional Journals for several years, beginning in 1779, with a memorial from the company pray- ing for relief. The occasion of this memorial was the refusal of Virginia to recognize the com- pany's title to the land. The case dragged along in Congress as such things do; finally that body decided that it could do nothing in the mat- ter, and in the end Virginia swallowed it all, leaving the Indiana Land Company to drop out of history and Indiana as a region to pass from the maps. By 1798, "Indiana" had ceased to exist. * For map see p. 25. Territorial Hall, Vincennes, 1808, the Building in Which the First Territorial Legislature Met. Two years later, when the "Territory North- west of the Ohio" was divided, a name had to be found for the western part of the region. The name of the now defunct Indiana across the river seemed to be equally applicable to this country, and so in some way. now lost to his- tory, the application was made. In the sub- divisions that followed, our State was the first to take on permanent boundaries, and it retained the name. This time it stuck, and so tbe red men have the monument that the old land company contemplated. In western Pennsylvania there is a county bearing the name "Indiana," which is probably a reminiscence of the old Virginia tract. This county was erected in 1802. An interesting and little-known monograph on 41 42 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA this subject is "The Naming of Indiana," by Prof. Cyrus W. Hodgin, of Earlham college, published by the Wayne County Historical Society some years ago. The "Gore." — What was once facetiously known as the "Gore" in Indiana Territory was a long tract in the shape of a wedge or gore ofl the east side of the Territory, widening south- ward and comprising most of the Whitewater valley. This, along with land about Vincennes and a few small tracts, represents the first terri- tory in Indiana to come into the possession of the United States by treaty with the Indians, and dates back to 1795. By Wayne's treaty of that year, part of the Indian boundary line extended from Fort Recovery (in Ohio) to a point on the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky. When Indiana Territory was created, that line was part of its eastern boundary, but when Ohio was admitted as a State in 1802, the line was shifted eastward to the mouth of the Miami river — a boundary that had really been fixed by the Ordinance of 1787. Thus the triangle in question antedated, as a frontier, the early pur- chases along the Ohio river, though the lands were not put on sale prior to 1802. Ohio has laid claim to this strip of territory, as Michigan has to a ten-mile strip that was added to Indiana on the north, but no serious attention has ever been paid to these claims. Creating of Indiana Territory. — By 1800 the population of the Northwest Territory had in- creased and spread over a territory so vast, in centers so widely separated that the administra- tion of government and operation of the courts became very difficult in many instances, and cor- respondingly ineffective. A reduction of the area and administration at shorter range became desirable, and hence, in the year named, the most thickly populated section in the eastern part was set off from the remainder. This eastern por- tion, bounded by the treaty line established by General Wayne's treaty with the Indians of the northwest at Greenville, in 1795, comprised the present State of Ohio and the eastern part of Michigan. Until the creation of the State of Ohio, in 1802, this still retained the name of the "Northwest Territory." The western portion, comprising all the rest of the original territory, and extending westward to the Mississippi river and northward to Canada, was reorganized un- der the name of "Indiana Territory." There were at first three counties — St. Clair, Randolph and Knox, the latter covering all of the present State of Indiana, and the population was given at 6,550 by a census of 1800.* Organization of Government. — The form ot government as determined by the Ordinance of 1787, first established a governor and three judges whose duty it was to compile from exist- ing statutes a code of laws for the territory. The large powers of the governor, and the entire con- trol by the federal government were the distinct- ive features of what was termed the first terri- torial grade. On attaining to a population of 5,000 free male adults the territory was eligible to a second grade, in which a governor and legis- lative councils, appointed by Congress, and a house of representatives, elected by the people, succeeded to the governor and judges. Laws created by this legislative body took the place of the borrowed code. The territory was entitled to a delegate in Congress, with the right of debate but not of vote. This form of government was imposed until the territory should have 60,000 free inhabitants, which population entitled it to statehood with its own constitution and machin- ery for government. Beginning of Government. — The govern- ment of Indiana Territory began July 4, 1800, as recorded in the opening entry of the territorial journal, f The seat of government was Vincennes. The governor was William Henry Harrison, and his three coworkers, the judges, were William Clarke, Henry Vanderburgh and John Griffin. John Gibson was secretary of the territory and acting-governor on various occasions. Harrison himself did not arrive at Vincennes until January of 1801 and prior to that Gibson appointed a number of minor officials and attended to the necessary administrative matters. One of Harrison's first acts was to convene his judges and proceed to adopt and publish laws for the territory, the result being a code of seven * This population is said to have been distributed as follows: At Clark's Grant, 929; in and near Vincennes, 2,497; in the Kas- kaskia region, 1,103; Cahokia and other Mississippi river settle- ments, 1,255. Also there were remote trading settlements at Michillimacinac, Prairie du Chien, Green Bay and other points. t Executive Journal of Indiana Territory, 1800-1816. — Ind. Hist. Soc. publications, vol. iii. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 43 laws and three resolutions. These, chiefly, dealt with the levying of taxes, the practise of attor- neys and of courts, the establishment of courts, the compensation of officers and the establish- ment of ferries.* The first session of the general court was be- gun by the territorial judges at Vincennes, on March 3, 1801, and the first grand jury was em- paneled with nineteen members. First Public Questions. — "Between the years 1800 and 1810 the principal subjects which at- tracted the attention of the people of the Indiana Territory were land speculations, the adjustment of land titles, the question of negro slavery, the purchase of Indian lands by treaties, the organi- zation of territorial Legislatures, the extension of the right of suffrage, the division of the Indi- ana territory, the movements of Aaron Burr, and the hostile views and proceedings of the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet. "f The Slavery Question. — In spite of the pro- vision in the Ordinance of 1787 that there should be "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude" in the Northwest Territory, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes, there was from the first a pronounced attempt to make it legal in In- diana. The entering wedge for this attempt was the fact that negro slavery had existed among the French. This continued to exist and its elimina- tion was but laxly followed up. It is estimated that in 1800 there were one hundred seventy-five slaves in the territory, twenty-eight of which were at Vincennes. In some instances the "in- voluntary servitude" clause was avoided by the slaves agreeing by indentures or contracts to remain with their masters for a certain number of vears. With the incoming American population were many southerners who were favorable to slavery, and Governor Harrison himself decidedly leaned that way. In December of 1802, pursuant to a proclamation issued by the governor, an election was held in the various counties to choose dele- gates for a convention at Vincennes on the twen- tieth of that month, the purpose of which was to consider the slavery proviso in the ordinance. This was a movement of the slavery element, and the result of the convention was a memorial to Congress petitioning that the proviso be sus- pended. The argument made was, in part, that such suspension "would be highly advantageous to the territory" ; that it would "meet the appro- bation of at least nine-tenths of the good citizens of the territory" ; that "the abstract question of liberty and slavery" was not involved, and that the slaves themselves would be benefited as those possessed in small numbers by farmers "were better fed and better clothed than when they were crowded together in quarters by hundreds" (Dillon). The committee to which this memorial was referred disapproved of the suspension and Congress took no action. That, however, by no means ended the matter and the attempts to sad- dle slavery upon the territory continued through- out the territorial period. Meanwhile the anti- slavery element was not indifferent or idle and the political history of those years is in no small degree one of party alignment on that question. Generally speaking, the Harrison party of Knox county which stood for slavery was opposed by Clark county and the Quaker element of the Whitewater, with whom Jonathan Jennings be- came a conspicuous leader, and whom, in 1816, they made the first governor of the State. By 1816 the anti-slavery element had so gained in strength as to elect a large majority of the dele- gates to the constitutional convention of that year, and by virtue of this the State constitution fixed firmly the status of Indiana as one of the free commonwealths. This was the beginning of the end, but the tenacity of this nefarious cancer on the body politic is well illustrated by the fact that as late as 1840 a few slaves were reported in Indiana in open violation of the constitutional law.* Indian Treaties and Land Purchases. — Ar- ticle iii of the Ordinance of 1787 defines the pol icy of the United States toward the Indians, one clause being that "their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent." This means that while the United States nomi- nally took possession of the country beyond the Ohio river it considered the land as still in the possession of the original owners. Hence Gov- ernor Harrison was put in authority over a coun- try which, except for a few small tracts the In- dians had previously parted with, did not belong * Dillon, p. 409. t Ibid. * The subtitle to J. P. Dunn's "Indiana" is "A Redemption From Slavery," and the book is primarily an exhaustive study of this particular question, which the author holds to be an im- portant formative factor in our history. 14 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA to the whites at all. One of his first duties was the acquiring of land for the prospective com- monwealth to grow upon and his accomplishment to this end was one of his conspicuous services. The ownership was complicated, a number of tribes having overlapping claims to various parts of the territory desired, and treaties negotiated with these tribes by Harrison extended over a period of six years, or from 1803 to 1809. The fruit of this was five separate purchases within the present Indiana that comprised the whole southern portion of the State and lapped over into Illinois. Besides these there were other large tracts not within the present limits of our State. Subsequent purchases by other agents brought the number of tracts up to more than fifty before the entire State was secured, and the last one was made in 1840. These lands were paid for, chiefly, by such commodities as the Indians needed or fancied and by annual payments of money, and were trivial as compared with the value of the territory.* Land Surveys ; Rectangular System. — The first step, preparatory to settlement, was the sur- vey of the public lands as they were secured by the government. The system adopted was one that was elaborated for the public domain of the nation and dates back to 1785. It is known as the "rectangular system" and consists of series of east-and-west and north-and-south lines inter- secting each other so as to cover the face of the country with squares of an equal size called con- gressional townships. These rectangles, six miles square, are subdivided into thirty-six square miles of "sections." The measurements are made from base and meridian lines, each township be- ing numbered in its relations to these two lines. As numbered north or south from the base line they are described as a given number of town- ships. East or west from the meridian they oc- cupy a certain range. The sections are numbered from 1 to 36, beginning in the northeast corner of each township, running westward to 6, then eastward on the second tier to 12, and so on. Any- thing less than a section is described as a fraction of a specified section and its exact location given within the section. By this admirable system any tract in the State can be easily and accurately lo- cated and its boundaries defined, thus avoiding the confusion and troubles that have arisen in some of the States, notably Kentucky, by reason of overlapping claims. The Indiana base line, which was run in 1804, crosses the southern counties about the latitude of Vincennes. Our meridian runs a few miles west of the longitudinal center of the State, ex- tending from the Ohio river to the Michigan line. The location of these two principal lines was de- termined by the fact that the first tract to be sur- veyed by the general system west of Ohio was one adjacent to Vincennes, extending eastward to the point where the intersection of the lines was established. The surveys of the various tracts shortly followed the purchases. Vincennes and its immediate surroundings and Clark's Grant show irregular surveys owing to the work being done before the introduction here of the govern- ment system. The government surveyors not only established their measurements, but, incidentally, gathered much valuable information about the natural fea- tures and resources of the country which was carefully recorded in their field notes. ."In the land office at the statehouse in Indian- apolis may still be seen the drawings, together with the 'field notes' made by these early survey- ors of our State. They are in excellent condition, and not only show the surveys as they were made, but also the location of lands purchased from the Indians from time to time, the locations of the roads and canals through the State, and many other interesting things connected with the history and development of our State."* Land Sales and Land Offices. — As the lands were surveyed and put on sale land districts were established, each with its land office where pur- chasers entered their claims and secured the same by paying down one-fourth of the government price, which at one time was $2 per acre, and at another $1.50. The balance was paid in annual instalments and subject to forfeiture if the pay- ments fell delinquent. In time there was consid- erable trouble with delayed payments, and some legislation for relief. The first land office in Indiana was established at Vincennes, March 26. 1804, with John Badol- let as register and Nathan Ewing as receiver. * For map see p. 31. A full list of the purchases may he found in Smith's "History of Indiana." * Mrs. Conklin's "Young People's History of Indiana" has a very informative chapter on the early surveys and land sales. See also map of government surveys in Indiana, by Prof. John Collett, in geological report for 1882. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 45 The second office was opened at Jeffersonville in 1807. Subsequent ones, as the acquired lands ex- tended northward, were at Brookville, Indian- apolis. Crawfordsville, Winamac and Fort Wayne. Divisions of Indiana Territory. — Originally Indiana Territory extended westward to the Mis- sissippi and northward to the Canadian bound- ary. In 1805 a division was made by a line run- ning eastward from the southern extremity of Ohio extended north to Canada till the forma- tion of the State of Ohio in 1802, when the coun- try cut off by Ohio's northern boundary was added to Indiana. The western boundary of Ohio as established at that time shifted the line that had previously formed the eastern boundary of Indiana, thus forming the "Gore."* First Party Divisions. — The first party divi- sions in Indiana were not along the line of na- tional questions, but on local issues that aroused Old Mill on Big Raccoon Creek near Armiesburg, in Parke County. The tradition is that William Henry Harrison encamped here with his troops on his way to the Battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811. — Courtesy of A. H. Nordyke. Lake Michigan and north of this line the Terri- tory of Michigan was created. Again, by a con- gressional act of February 3, 1809, all that coun- try lying west of the Wabash river and of a line drawn due north from Yincennes to the Cana- dian line was constituted a separate territory and called Illinois. This gave to Indiana its present limits except that subsequently the Michigan line was shifted ten miles north of the southern ex- tremity of the lake. The eastern part of the Michigan peninsula was not at first a part of Indiana Territory, as the line separating the latter from what is now considerable feeling and gave rise to factions as well as parties. Conspicuous among these issues were the question of permitting slavery and the division of the territory, the latter being more or less linked with the first. Knox county developed a dominating pro-slavery group with Harrison as its recognized head, and this was reinforced by the pro-slavery element in the Illinois country. Clark county and the eastern side of the terri- tory was largely anti-slavery, with Jonathan Jen- nings as its most conspicuous champion. This di- vision existed until the formation of the State See section "The Gore," p. 42. 46 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Constitution fixed the status of the question in favor of anti-slavery. In 1805 one hundred and five anti-slavery residents of the Whitewater re- gion signed a memorial to Congress petitioning that their section be annexed to Ohio, the reason directly given being that while they were in easy communication with that State they were sep- arated from the Indiana seat of government by a wilderness that for many years would likely be unoccupied by any other than Indians. As these petitioners were, mainly, anti-slavery Quakers and entirely out of harmony with the party in power at Vincennes it is likely that the unex- pressed reasons were the strongest. Again, in the same year, another petition asked that a latitudinal division of the territory be made and that the lands already purchased from the Indians, extending from the Miami to the Missis- sippi be made into a state. This would give Vin- cennes the central and logical position for the permanent capital, and was all to its advantage, and it was opposed by the Illinois residents who objected vigorously to the Vincennes domination. < >ne source of dissension was the question of en- tering the second grade of government, the ar- gument against which was additional expenses and increased taxes without commensurate bene- fits ; the Harrison party came to be regarded with odium as "aristocrats," and, in short, the terri- tory with its internal animosities and factions was anything but a harmonious social unit.* Extension of Suffrage. — For the first terri- torial grade the ordinance of 1787 conferred no rights of suffrage on the citizen. The governor and judges were installed by the federal govern- ment and the laws and courts, and all appoint- ments,- both civil and military, were in their hands. The appointive power and general au- thority of the governor could be autocratic. With the second grade, wherein a house of rep- resentatives was elected while the legislative council was appointed from Washington, the vot- ing was "restricted to those inhabitants who, in addition to other qualifications, owned, severally, at least fifty acres of land" (Dillon, p. 540). While the large powers of the governor were not abused by Harrison there was more or less chaf- ing under the restriction imposed upon the citi- zen. A law of 1807 modified the qualifications of electors by a liberal construction of the ordi- nance, and Congress in 1808 modified them still more by extending the franchise to the owner of a town lot of the value of $100. Still Congress was petitioned, not only to further modity the qualifications but to make the legislative council and the territorial delegate to the federal body elective. The election of the delegate was granted in 1809, andjn 1811 the right of voting was given to every free white male person who had attained the age of twenty-one, who had been a resident of the territory for one year, and who had paid a county territorial tax. In 1814 the law was made to read "every free white male person hav- ing a freehold in the territory and being a resi- dent in the same," the time of residence being eliminated. This year, also, Congress authorized the Legislature to lay off the territory into five districts of two counties each and extended to the voters the privilege of electing the members of the legislative council. The next step was the complete self-government granted by the act en- abling the territory to become a separate State with its own constitution.* First Original Laws. — The first laws in op- eration in Indiana Territory were a code com- piled by the governor and judges from the stat- utes of other States. In 1807 the Legislature which was established with the second grade of government (in 1805) passed the first laws orig- inal with the territory ; and these, together with the borrowed code as revised by. John Rice Jones and John Johnson and amended by the Legisla- ture, were published the same year. "These old statutes relate principally to the organization of superior and inferior courts of justice ; to the ap- pointments and duties of territorial and county offices ; to prisons and prison bounds ; to real es- * For a lengthy study of the political conditions during the territorial days, see Dunn's "Indiana." * Edward E. Moore, in his book, "A Century of Indiana," points out that the territorial government really contained very little that was democratic. As he says: "The governor, the sec- retary, the judges and one branch of the Legislature were ap- pointed by the president and congress, and the minor officers, including the magistrates and civil officers in the counties and townships, were appointive by the governor. The people had the bare privilege of electing the members of the lower house of the Legislature under the second grade of government. Even then they were hedged about with residence, race and property qual- ifications until the franchise was enjoyed by a small percentage of the population only. Such property qualifications were also required of the officers to be appointed or elected as to insure their selection from the wealthier and more favored classes. The governor was made a part of the Legislature and at the same time had the power of absolute veto over its acts. He also had authority to convene, prorogue or dissolve the assembly when he saw fit. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 47 tate, interest on money, marriages, divorces, li- censes, ferries, grist mills, elections, punishment of crimes and misdemeanors, militia, roads and highways, estrays, trespassing animals, enclosure and cultivation of common fields, relief of the poor, taverns, improving the breed of horses, taxes and revenues, negroes and mulattoes under indenture as servants, fees of officers, sale of in- toxicating liquors, relief of persons imprisoned for debt, killing wolves, prohibiting the sale of arms and ammunition to Indians and certain other persons, the standard of weights and meas- ures, vagrants, authorizing aliens to purchase and hold real estate in the territory, the incorporation of a university, the Vincennes library, the bor- ough of Vincennes, the town of Jeffersonville, the Wabash Baptist Church, etc. "By the provisions of the territorial code of 1807 the crimes of treason, murder, arson and horse-stealing were each punishable by death. The crime of manslaughter was punishable ac- cording to the common law. The crimes of bur- glary and robbery were each punishable by whip- ping, fine and, in some cases, by imprisonment not exceeding forty years. Riotous persons were punishable by fine and imprisonment. The crime of larceny was punishable by fine or whipping and, in certain cases, by being bound to labor for a term not exceeding seven years. Forgery was punishable by fine, disfranchisement and stand- ing in the pillory. Assault and battery as a crime, was punishable by fine not exceeding $100. Hog- stealing was punishable by fine and whipping. Gambling, profane swearing and Sabbath-break- ing were each punishable by fine. Bigamy was punishable by fine, whipping and disfranchise- ment" (Dillon). Debtors were not only impris- oned, but when liberated could be sued by the sheriff for maintenance, thus incurring, perforce, more debt. Paupers could be "farmed out" for their maintenance to the lowest bidders at "pub- lic vendue or outcry." For altering brands on do- mestic animals one. for the second offense, might be branded on the hand with a letter "T" (for thief), burned in with a red-hot iron, while for manslaughter he might be similarly branded with "M. S." Disobedient children or servants could be sent to jail or a house of correction till they should "humble themselves to the said parent's or master's satisfaction." For mayhem one could "be sold to service by the court . . . for any time not exceeding five years." As an offset to the fierceness of these laws it should be said that they seemed to be more or less dead letter relics of an earlier day, for we hear little of the worst of the penalties being inflicted. Very few, if any, were hung for horse-stealing, yet horse-stealing was practised ; and as to mayhem, in a rude fight- ing age, when gouging and biting was the ap- proved method, it was one of the commonest of crimes, and it is doubtful if any one ever spent five years in virtual slavery for so popular a sport. Another illustration of the crudeness of the laws was the legislation against Sabbath breaking, profane swearing, fisticuffs, cock fight- ing, horse racing, and various kinds of gambling, all of which misdemeanors were practised with First Buildings on Indiana University Campus. very little interference. The most incongruous of all was the direct forbidding of lotteries by a statute that was approved and signed the same day as another law authorizing a lottery for the benefit of \ incennes University.* Difficulties of Early Judiciary. — One of the problems of the territorial period was that of a satisfactory judiciary system, the source of trou- ble being an imperfect adjustment between the federal and the legislative powers. A memorial by the Legislature laid before Congress as late as 1814 thus sets forth the difficulty: "By a law of Congress one of the judges ap- pointed by virtue of the ordinance for the gov- ernment of this territory, is authorized to hold a court. Thus one of the [federal] judges, being competent to hold a court, may decide a princi- ple or a point of law at one term, if the other two See laws of 1807. 48 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA judges are present, they may decide the same principle or point of law different. Thus the de- cisions of the superior court, organized, we pre- sume, by the general government finally to settle in uniformity the principles of law and fact which may be brought before them by suitor, may be, and frequently are, in a state of fluctuation ; hence the rights of persons and property become insecure. There is another evil growing out of the system of one judge being competent to hold the superior court, or that court which forms the last resort of the suitor in any government, and particularly in the territory ; for appeals are taken from all the courts of inferior jurisdiction in the territory to the court organized by the ordinance, which inferior courts are never con- stituted of less than two judges. Thus the suitor in the territory is frequently driven to the neces- sity of appealing from the judgment of two men to that of one. But this dilemma only constitutes part of the solecism for the next superior court, as the other two judges may overturn the prin- ciples of the decision of their brother judge at the preceding term. Hence the want of uniformity in the decisions of the court of the last resort. Anger and warmth in the suitors and a confusion in our system of jurisprudence is the result." Prior to this memorial the Legislature had at- tempted to correct the defects, but they lay be- yond its power. In response to the appeal a con- gressional act of February 24, 1815, provided that there should serve at least two judges of the superior court. First Banks. — In 1814 the territorial legis- lature chartered the two first banking institutions in the territory — "The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Indiana," at Madison, by an act of Sep- tember 6, and "The Bank of Vincennes," on Sep- tember 10. The property of the former was lim- ited to $750,000 and that of the latter to $500,- 000. Both charters were granted till 1835. On January 1, 1817, the Vincennes institution was adopted as the State Bank of Indiana and it was authorized to increase its capital by a million dol- lars, to be divided into ten thousand shares of $100. It was also empowered to adopt the Farm- ers' and Mechanics' Bank as one of its branches. Before 1821 other branches were established at Brookville, Condon and Vevay. The State Bank- became so dishonest that in 1822 the Legislature proceeded against it and deprived it of its fran- chises after proving sundry crimes including em- bezzlement.* Industrial Beginnings. — The remoteness from the markets of the world and poor trans- portation facilities discouraged manufacturing industries throughout the territorial period ; hence agriculture was the almost universal indus- try. A census of 1810 shows that in a population of 24,520, there were 33 grist mills, 14 saw mills, 3 horse mills, 18 tanneries, 28 distilleries, 3 pow- der mills, 1,256 looms and 1,350 spinning wheels. The value of the products, as estimated, were : "Woollen, cotton, hempen and flaxen cloths and mixtures, $159,052; cotton and wool spun in mills, $150; nails (20,000 pounds), $4,000; leather, tanned, $9,300; products of distilleries (35,950 gallons), $16,230; gunpowder (3,600 pounds), $1,800; wine from grapes (96 barrels), $6,000; maple sugar, 50,000 pounds manufac- tured, value not stated" (Dillon). Even this modest showing must be examined if we would form a true estimate of the manufacturing indus- tries as detached from the ordinary industry of the people at large. By far the largest item given, that of fabrics for clothing, was almost entirely the products of the home loom and spinning wheel, the mill products being valued at $150 only. More or less of the leather was home- tanned ; many of the nails, doubtless, were the output of the village smithy, and the maple sugar was, perhaps, wholly a home article. It may be pointed out that the item of liquor seems quite disproportionate to the population and the other industrial products. In fact, the first separate in- dustries to spring up in the beginning of our sys- tem were the grist-mill, the saw-mill and the dis- tillery. Agriculture was in a primitive stage. The fa- cilities were crude, the crops raised, few, and the rude farms were won slowly from the wilderness only by vast labor, but farming was the hope of the country, and as early as 1809 we find in exist- ence the "Vincennes Society for the Encourage- ment of Agriculture and the Useful Arts," with Governor Harrison as its presiding officer. One writer states that this society was the forerunner of the State Board of Agriculture, and that within a few months after its organization it dis- * For history of banking see Esarey's "History of Indiana," "The State Bank of Indiana," by W. F. Harding in Journal of Political Economy, Dec. 1895, and chapter in Smith's Hist. Ind. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 49 tributed $400 in premiums. In the columns of the only newspaper, The Western Sun, we also find occasional communications urging interest in this direction. In one of these hemp is sug- gested as a crop so desirable that associations ought to be formed to promote its production. Its value is given as $110 per ton and its yield as a ton to two or three acres. The raising of sheep is also urged by this paper. Educational Beginnings. — Despite the en- isted from a very early date, though records con- cerning them are meager and somewhat conflict- ing. The very first one of any kind, so far as these vague records indicate, seems to have been an Indian school located at a Delaware village on White river where it crosses the line between Marion and Johnson counties, the solitary testi- mony to it being a casual allusion found in John Tipton's journal of his trip as a commissioner to locate a site for the State capital, in 1820. This The First Buildings of: 1. Wabash College. 2. Earlham College. 3. Hanover, 1853-4. 4. Northwestern University, now Butler College. 5. Franklin College. 6. Notre Dame. couraging policy of the United States govern- ment from the beginning and donation of school lands, the difficulties incident to the pioneer con- dition of the country prevented the development of any system of popular education during the territorial period, though Governor Harrison and Other friends of education kept in sight the American policy, as voiced in the Ordinance oi 1787, that "religion, morality and knowledge be- ing necessary to good government and the happi ness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- cation shall forever be encouraged." An uncertain number of private schools ex- passage, speaking of the spot above mentioned says : "I am told there was once an Indian village here. Win. Landers, who lives one mile back from the river, told me that an Indian said the French once lived here and that the Indian went to school to a Frenchman in this place but they left it about the time of Hardin's campaign which | was] about 33 years ago."* Hardin's campaign was in 1789, a little later than the time indicated by Tipton. The first white schools are generally thought to have been among the French, and conducted Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist., vol. i, p. 13. 50 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA by Catholic priests. The earliest claims made for these was one taught at Vincennes by Father Flaget, in 1792, and another by Father Rivet, in 1796. It is possible, however, that the first American schools dated back quite that far, as the earliest American settlements at Vincennes and at Clark's Grant antedated those years. Ac- cording to Judge D. D. Banta, who has delved industriously in this subject, there is evidence of a school in Dearborn county prior to 1802, and there is a claim for one in Clark's Grant, one and a half miles south of Charlestown, in 1803.* It may be added that as Clark's Grant, three years before that, had 929 residents, twenty or thirty families having come as early as 1784, it is not at all likely that this school of 1803 was the first. Of course, these rude first schools multiplied as the population increased, though, as implied above, there is now no way of ascer- taining their number. The most notable educational step during the territorial period was the establishment of Vin- cennes University in 1807. This was an ambitious institution founded as the incorporating law grandiloquently states, "for the instruction of youth in the Latin, Greek, French and English languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, an- cient and modern history, moral philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and the law of nature and na- tions." Its faculty was to be "a president and not exceeding four professors" qualified to teach the proposed academic branches, and the trustees were authorized to establish a "library of books and experimental apparatus," and to elect "when the progressed state of education demanded," professors of divinity, law and physics. They were further authorized to establish, when funds permitted, "an institution for the education of females," and a grammar school "to be connected with and dependent upon the said university for the purpose of teaching the rudiments of the lan- guages." Still further, the trustees were enjoined to use their utmost endeavors to induce Indians to send their children, to be maintained, clothed and educated at the expense of the institution. A rather scandalous feature of the incorporating act, from the viewpoint of to-day, was the pro- vision that, for the library and apparatus, "there shall be raised a sum not exceeding $20,000 by a lottery," to be managed by "five discreet per- sons." This serves, perhaps, to emphasize a cer- tain departure we have made from the moral standards of those times, yet, curiously enough. in the laws of the same year, we find lotteries legislated against along with other forms of gam- bling.* The source of maintenance for this institution was a township of land, comprising 23,040 acres, that had been donated by the general government for a seat of learning. Despite the optimism and the impressive announcement of its founders the "University" began, in 1810, as a grammar school only and continued to exist precariously. In 1823 it virtually ceased to exist, but fifteen years later was reorganized. During the terri- torial period there were neither resources nor patronage to make it succeed as an institution of higher learning. Religious Beginnings. — The first form of the Christian religion to gain a footing in Indiana was the Catholic faith, which was introduced among the Indians very early in the French regime and perpetuated among the French inhab- itants. St. Xavier's church was planted in Vin- cennes before Clark's conquest and remains there to the present day. In the early times it was, as described by Henry Cauthorne, the historian of Vincennes, a rude structure made of timbers set on end, picket fashion, without windows and with a dirt floor. Protestanism was introduced among the set- tlers of Clark's Grant as early as 1798 when a Baptist church was founded in the neighborhood of Charlestown. As this denomination was the very pioneer in the Protestant field, so, for some years, did it gain in strength. By 1809 it was or- ganized into two associations, covering, respect- ively, the Wabash and the Whitewater districts. Methodism appeared in 1804, also near Charles- town. according to the Rev. F. C. Holliday. with the proselyting of Peter Cartwright and Benja- min Lakin, although the Rev. George K. Hester gives 1803 as the date of the first organization. This sect spread rapidly and during the terri- torial period circuits were organized pretty well over the settled portions of the country. The Presbyterians founded the "Church of Indiana" * Banta, "Early Schools of Indiana;" series in Ind. Quarterly Mag. Hist., vol. ii. * Statutes of 1807, p. 199. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 51 in 1806, "the service being held in the barn of Colonel Small, about two miles east of Vin- cennes."* The Quakers, or Friends, built their first meet- ing house on the site of Richmond in 1807 (Young's Wayne County) and soon planted oth- ers throughout the upper Whitewater region. Two other sects, both peculiar in character, ap- peared in Indiana during the period we are cov- ering. These were the "Shakers" and the "Rap- pites." The first of these settled at "Shaker- town" on Busseron creek, a few miles north of be added, however, that the degree of their growth when introduced interprets to a degree the psychology and the status of the people. This is more conspicuously true, perhaps, of Quaker- ism, Methodism and Presbyterianism. The atti- tude of the Friends, then as now, was quite dis- tinctive on certain fundamentals of life — on the simplicity of life, on the sovereignty and dignity of the individual, on justice between man and man, and on the doctrine of nonmilitancy. Meth- odism made its appeal to the emotional nature, and among; those who felt rather than reasoned Founding of Notre Dame. On November 16, 1842. at the beginning of winter, seven of the Brothers set out with their Superior (Father Sorin) for the St. Joseph. For many days they struggled on over ice and snow through the interminable forest, some on horseback and some with the ox team, which hauled their modest store of supplies ... at length, on November 26, they had the happiness of standing on the ice-bound shore of St. Mary's Lake and looking out upon the scene of their new labors. — Judge Timothy E. Howard, in History of Notre Dante. Vincennes some time prior to the Tippecanoe campaign, as John Tipton in his journal of the march mentions the place. The "Rappites," so named from their leader, George Rapp, were a German colony who held to communism and celibacy. They were the founders of the present New Harmony in Posey county, where they dwelt from 1815 to 1825. A mere mention of these religious elements and the dates of their introduction is all that comes within the scope of this section. It may * Edson's "Early Indiana Presbyterianism," p. 41. in religious matters it swept the field like a con- flagration. Presbyterianism, while it showed no lack of zeal, stood for intellectualism. It stood for learning and. a little later, was the first agency to found a school (Hanover College) which aimed to produce an educated clergy. Its expounders were among the first educators in the new territory and they, more than any other class brought private libraries into the country. The Baptist church, though at first in the lead, de- clined in influence, perhaps because of schism> arising from the doctrinal differences that seem 52 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA to have been particularly bitter in that church. Of the several denominations mentioned, Meth- odism, as measured by its growth, made the greatest appeal. Cultural Beginnings; First Newspapers. — Culture seems a rather strained term for such refinements as we can trace in the territorial pe- riod. In view of the fact that many of the resi- dents of Vincennes were persons of education familiar with the culture of the larger centers whence they had emigrated, it is possible that there was an elegant side to society in the little isolated capital, and this was also probably true of Jeffersonville, Charlestown, Salem, Corydon, Madison, Brookville and other towns, though very little actual record of it is to be found. In a note by Mr. Webster (Webster's Harrison, p. 296) on "Intellectual Life at Vincennes," he points out that "a large number of able lawyers made the Vincennes bar unusually strong." lie also speaks of a medical society, organized in 1807, which continued with vigor until long after Statehood ; of the Vincennes Historical and Antiquarian Society, dating from 1808, and of the Vincennes Library, founded the same year, which contained at the start from 3,000 to 4,000 volumes. As early as 1806 a dramatic organiza- tion, "The Thespian Society," made its appear- ance and throughout the territorial years contrib- uted to the gaiety of Vincennes life. The newspaper, even of those days, might be considered a cultural agent to a limited degree as it not only disseminated light in the form of news and of political opinion, but afforded a certain outlet for local literary aspirants besides borrow- ing more or less from the larger literary field for the education of its readers. The first apostle of ideas in this direction was Elihu Stout who, as early as 1804, brought to Vincennes from Ken- tucky a printing outfit and launched The Indiana Gazette. Not a copy of this paper is now in ex- istence so far as is known, as Stout's office was destroyed by fire, but, phenix-like it sprang into new life, this time as The Western Sun, under which name, after various changes of title, it ex- ists to the present day. Prior to and including 1816 five or six other papers are of record, these being The Western Eagle, of Madison, in 1813; The Corydon Gazette, 1814; The Plaindealer and Gazette, Brookville, about 1815; The Republican Banner, afterward the Indiana Republican, Mad- ison, 1815, and The Indiana Register, Vevay, 1816. Copies of any of these are very rare or entirely lost, but fortunately files of The West- cm Sun from 1807 have been preserved and are now among the prized possessions of the State Library. Touching many matters of territorial times they are the chief source of information and are valued accordingly by research students. Like all pioneer papers they are provokingly si- lent on local affairs of a social and intimate na- ture, but in a literary way we find home talent fostered, particularly in the poet's corner which is maintained under the happy title of "The Poet- ical Asylum." Political Beginnings. — One thing that these files particularly reflect is the active interest of the people in political affairs, both local and na- tional. A sense of citizenship harking back to the spirit of '76 and the principles of the found- ers of the government seems to have permeated the rank and file as it does not to-day. Another conspicuous quality that throws light on the tem- per and status of the time, was the truculent ani- mosity between those who differed in political opinions. Fierceness, contempt and personal abuse, out of all keeping with the provocation, and served up according to the talents of the bel- ligerent, is a common exhibit in the weekly columns. The straightforward, simple honesty and common sense attributed to the pioneers must be taken with a grain of allowance, espe- cially in matters political. From the glimpses we get, log-rolling and demagogy were quite as pro- nounced, in proportion to the forces at work, as at the present day, and the successful politician was he who could truckle to the prejudices of the people. The local contests over such questions as slavery in the territory and the division of the territory, were rife with bitterness and acrimony ; the "people" and the "aristocrats," as they came to be classed, were arrayed against each other, with little regard to justice, one toward the other, and bellicose humanity was continually in evi- dence. In short, the vices of popular government, as we have them to-day, are not an aftergrowth engrafted upon the patriotic purity of earlier times, but had their birth along with popular gov- ernment. First County Divisions and Towns. — During CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 53 the territorial period the one large county of Km ix, originally as large as the present State, was divided and re-divided until thirteen coun- ties covered the various land purchases that the United States had secured prior to 1816. By the re-dividing process, these counties as origi- nally formed, had but little correspondence with the subsequent divisions that continued to bear the names given. The formations in chronologi- cal order were : Clark county, detached from Knox by act of February 3, 1801. Switzerland, out of Dearborn and Jefferson, September 7, 1814.* The chief towns that had sprung up and the dates of their founding were : \ incennes, 1732 (long a disputed question, but this date now accepted); Jeffersonville, 1802; Lawrenceburg, 1802 ; Brookville, 1807 ; Corydon, 1808; Charlestown, 1808; Salisbury, 1810; Madi- son, 1812; New Albany, 1813; Vevay, 1813; Salem, 1814; Centerville, 1814; Rising Sun, 1814; Brownstown. 1815; Richmond, 1816 (Bas- kin & Forster Atlas, 1876). Vallonia, Springville, Xotre Dame. Second College Building, 1844-65. Dearborn, out of Clark, March 7, 1803. Harrison, out of Knox and Clark, October 11, 1808. Jefferson, out of Clark and Dearborn, Novem- ber 23, 1810 Franklin, out of Dearborn and Clark, Novem- ber 27. 1810. Wayne, out of Dearborn and Clark, November 27, 1810. Warrick, out of Knox, March 9, 1813. Gibson, out of Knox, March 9, 1813. Washington, out of Harrison and Clark, De- cember 21, 1813. Posey, out of Warrick, September 7, 1814. Perrv. out of ( iibson and Warrick, September 7, 1814. Clarksville and other small places, some of them long since extinct, also belong to this period. TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS AND LEADERS ( >f those who were prominent in territorial af- fairs, some became identified with the earlier his- tory of the State and should be noted chiefly in that connection. Others were identified solely with the questions that arose prior to statehood, particularly the acute issue of the legalizing of slavery. Of the first group may be mentioned Jonathan Jennings. William Hendricks. James Noble, Waller Taylor, Benjamin Parke, Isaac • End. Hist. Soc. Col., v. iii, pp. 73-4. 5+ CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Blackford and Dennis Pennington. Of the sec- ond group many more might be named. The major portion of them are unknown to the pres- ent generation, but they played their parts in the early formative period and were factors in our history. William Henry Harrison. — By far the most conspicuous figure from 1800 to 1812 was Will- iam Henry Harrison, the first Territorial gov- ernor, and afterward President of the United States. Several duties and responsibilities that were peculiar to the first years of the future State devolved upon Harrison. During the first grade of government he shared with three judges the task of choosing and compiling a code of laws for the Territory. He was invested with auto- cratic powers that made him a target for the jeal- ous and suspicious critics ; and, though history acquits him of any unfair exercise of those pow- ers, he did not escape his harvest of enemies. One of his great services was a series of treaties, whereby he secured from the Indians land amounting to about one-third of the Territory. His knowledge of Indian character and his capa- bility as a military leader were of incalculable value during the danger period of Indian hostili- ties, and his victory over the tribes at the battle of Tippecanoe was of vast importance and estab- lished a fame that brought him into national prominence. In 1812, his official connection with Indiana ceased, he taking the field as brigadier- general in the second war with England. Harri- son county, Indiana, is named in his honor. John Gibson. — Secretary of Indiana Terri- tory from 1800 and acting governor from Sep- tember. 1812, to May, 1813, was a soldier who did good service both during and before the Rev- olutionary war, on the western frontier. He was a brother-in-law of Logan, the Mingo chief, and the interpreter who received and transmitted to Lord Dunmore, in 1774, the famous speech of Logan's, which is a classic in literature Gibson's governorship fell at the most trying period — the war period of 1812, when the Indian dangers to our frontier were at their height, and his prompt and vigorous measures stamped him as a man of ability. He left the State in 1816. Gibson county is named for him. Thomas Posey. — Governor from 1813 to 1816. had a military reputation scarcely second to that of Harrison, being a distinguished Revolutionary soldier. President Madison appointed him gov- ernor of Indiana Territory and for three years he served in that capacity, though part of the time his health was so precarious that he was obliged to live at Jeffersonville for the sake of medical attendance, while the seat of government was at Corydon. This somewhat impeded public business and aroused some criticism, but, never- theless, at the close of his term, the Legislature highly commended his administration. "Many evils," affirmed that body, in its communication, "have been remedied, and we particularly admire the calm, dispassionate, impartial conduct which has produced the salutary effects of quieting the violence of party spirit, harmonizing the interests as well as the feelings of the different parties of the Territory. Under your auspices, we have be- come one people." Posey went from Indiana to Illinois, where he died in 1818. Posey county bears his name. Other individuals, whose specific services are mostly lost in oblivion, should be briefly men- tioned. Jesse B. Thomas, speaker of the first Territorial Legislature, was a Marylander, who came to Lawrenceburg in 1803 and was a lawyer there. He became a professional politician and is ranked in history as one of the kind that are not overburdened with scruples. John Rice Jones, a Welshman, member of the first Legislative Coun- cil and first attorney general, was an early citizen of Vincennes. He is credited with being a lawyer of unusual ability, a man of fine education, a brilliant speaker and a "perfect master of satire and invective," which latter talent he was not slow to exercise in the political mud-slinging of the day. Others prominent in politics were: Thomas Randolph, third attorney general, a member of the celebrated Randolph family of Virginia ; John Johnson, a Virginian, of Vin- cennes ; Samuel Gwathmey, a Virginian, who held several Territorial offices; General Wash- ington Johnston, a Virginian, and also repeatedly an officeholder ; James, John and Charles Beggs. three brothers, Virginians, and residents of Clark's Grant ; Luke Decker, a Virginian, farmer and slaveholder; and James Dill, an Irishman, and a party leader of Dearborn county. Not least in this roll would be the name of Elihu Stout, who, as owner and editor of the onlv CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 55 newspaper that flourished during most of the Territorial period, wielded a political influence that was, perhaps, second to none.* This list, by no means, pretends to include all those who were active in public matters and who could be regarded as contributing to formative influences. A political interest that was lively to the point of activity, indeed, was characteristic of the period, though of the names that crop out in connection with public functions, the great ma- jority are unattended with any biographical data. back was enclosed with a picket fence of locust timbers firmly planted in the ground. The square in front of the mansion, in laying out Harrison's addition, was reserved for a park. The brick used in the construction of the mansion were manu- factured by Samuel Thompson, who received for this work four hundred acres of land about three miles above the city on the Terre Haute road." This "mansion," the famous one still standing, is said by Cauthorne to have been built in 1804. According to Hubbard Smith, another local his- PASTORAI. ELEGY *». rfcrrftaz ■ ■ SI "I 111 11 : »— * Ff l :::[Lr acm ^^S S i ^ i 1 L £ - L -L 1 P : r L L y — -i -W #-# W'iiii sorrowful sounds do I bear, Hove slowly along in the gale; How solemn they fell on my car. As siiflly they pass through thc'vale. — Swccl mi^imis^ m mm 2^zfc=v =s=k ZMztzMIMZ =^=±=E^^irt=£ ■ ■ ^S S s > > > h *-»- LU^U-E- E 1111 iHi =3=3= ^Bjjj^ j^j Corydon's note? are all o'er, Now lonely he sleeps in the clay, His checki bloom with roses no more, Since death call-d h'.s spirit awa L. * L 1 k _LLvda: ■ ■ ■" t 1 * ■ ■ • «= L L '" L 1 L ^t=t=J: DX-Xix mm — - Sweet woodbines will rise round his feet, And willows their sorrowing wave; Young hyacinths freshen and Monm, While hawthorns encircle his qrave. Each morn when the son gilds the east, (The green grass bespnni^ed with dew.) tie Ml cast his bright beams oi. the west, To charm the sad Caroline's view. 3. O Corydon ! hear the sad cnes Of Caroline, plaintive and t'ow; O spirit! look down from thesliics. And pity thy mourner belo-*. 'Tis Caroline's voice in the grove. Which Philomel hears on the plain. Then striving the mourner to soothe, Wjth sympathy joins in ber strain. 4. Ye shepherds so blithesome and young, 5. And when the still night has tin fur I'd Retire from your sports on the green, Since Corydon's deaf to my song, The wolvct tear the lambs on the plain: Each swain round the forest will stray. And sorrowing hang ''own his head, His pipe then in symphony play Some dirge to sweet Corydon's shade. Her robes o'er the han.let around, Gray twilight retires from ftie world. And darkness encumbers the ground. I'll leave my own gloomy abode, To Corydon's urn -.vill I fffp>~ There kneeling will bless the iutt GoA Who dwells in bright mansions ^o high. € Since Corydon hears me no more, Id gloom let the woodlands appem Kil hie me through moadow and lawn. There cull the bright flow'ret* Ye ocenns be still of your roar, I*et Autumn extend around the year ; of May, Then rite od the wings of the mom, And waft my young iptnt away. Selection from "Missouri Harmony." from which Corydon Is Said to Have Derived Its Nami Man) of these names are mentioned in the Exec- utive Journal of Indiana Territory. t SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER "Grouseland." — This name was given by Har- rison to his "plantation," near Yincennes. long since within the city limits. It is thus described by Henry Cauthorne, in his history of Yin- cennes : "The grounds around the Harrison mansion, extending to the river, were artistically laid out and rilled with the choicest fruits and flowers. . . . It remained in good preservation as late as 1855. The river front and for some distance * Of Jonathan Jennings, 01 ■ governor, there will be found a fuller sketch hereafter. f His : . \ h1. Hi. torian, it was contracted for in 1805 and com- pleted in 1806. Corydon Named from Song. — "When Will- iam Henry Harrison was governor of the Terri- tory, he traveled from Yincennes on horseback to and from Harrison county, where he owned large tracts of land. On these trips he often vis- ited the home of Edward Smith, who is said to have left the British army during the Revolu- tionary war and made his way to Indiana, where he married and lived with his family in a log cabin in Harrison county. ( )n the occasion of General Harrison's visits, after the evening meal was finished, the members of the family and their guest would gather around the open cabin door and sing the general's favorite songs. On one of these visits, as General 1 tarrison was 56 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA making his departure, tradition says he remarked : 'In a few days I expect to lay out a town near here and would like to have you suggest a suita- ble name for it.' Whereupon Miss Jennie Smith asked : 'Why not name it Corydon, from the piece you like so much ?' Her suggestion pleased the governor, and thus the town is said to have derived its name. Mr. Smith's cabin stood near the present Fair Grounds Spring at Corydon." — Merica Hoagland. Indiana Libraries and Lottery. — "From a paper prepared by Doctor Horace Ellis when president of Vincennes University, we learn something of the first circulating library organ- ized in Indiana. In historic old Vincennes, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a notable as- semblage of men gathered with purpose scarcely less exalted than that which animated the found- ers of Harvard University. The central figure of the group was General William Henry Harri- son, whose face, bronzed by his Indian cam- paigns, was now aglow with this new patriotism- of-peace plan to disseminate good literature among the dwellers in this new Indiana country. Others, notable for their participation in the making of Indiana, were present at the meeting held at William Hay's home. July 20, 1806, when a number of citizens of Vincennes and vicinity met to promote the formation of a circulating li- brary. A stock company was organized, called 'The Vincennes Library Company.' Shares of stock were issued. On August 23, 1806, at this original 'book shower,' W. Buntin presented a number of books, the first probably offered for circulating library purposes in Indiana. The first librarian was Peter Jones, who was also auditor of the territory and keeper of a tavern. The meetings of the shareholders were held at 'Jones' Inn.' "In 1815, the Vincennes Library Company, emulating the Vincennes University, arranged a lottery, when books and clocks were offered as prizes. The progress of this affords interesting reading, as human nature is the same whether concerned with affairs in early Vincennes or present-day Indianapolis. When Vincennes Uni- versity was incorporated on November 29, 1806, the Territorial Legislature vested authority in the trustees of the university by means of which they might raise funds not to exceed $20,000. The trustees claimed this as a vested right as late as 1883, when the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision that there could be no vested right in a lottery. Citizens of Indiana prior to this decision, bought tickets and took chances as freely as did others in the famous Louisiana lot- tery." — Merica Hoagland. Louisiana and Indiana. — When the vast tract known as the "Louisiana Purchase," secured from France in 1803, came to be organized it was divided into two districts and the northern part called the "District of Louisiana," a large part of it lying immediately west of the Illinois country, was attached to Indiana for purposes of government, though not made a part of our territory. Our governor and judges established several laws for the District of Louisiana that were separate and apart from the laws for Indi- ana. This arrangement was not practicable and on March 4, 1805, Louisiana became a separate territory. Letters of Decius. — Like all public men Gov- ernor Harrison was subject to the virulence of his enemies, and much of the criticism leveled at him is, by the light of history, vicious and unwar- ranted beyond excuse. A series of attacks on him, which is referred to so often that it is some- what famous, is known as "The Letters of De- cius." Decius was Isaac Darneille. who in 1805 published his "Letters" in "The Farmer's Li- brary," of Louisville, and afterward issued them in a pamphlet. These communications were not only criticisms of Harrison's public acts and poli- cies, which, of course, might have been quite warranted, but they reek with a personal spite which was the fashion among critics at that day. To such extremes did "Decius" go that even- tually the editor of the publishing paper, J. Vail, printed an apologetic explanation discrediting the author and giving his name. CHAPTER V THE DANGER PERIOD— IXDIAX HISTORY Indian Relations. — From the first invasion of the whites to the close of the war of 1812, in which the power of the red man in this region was finally and effectually broken, constituted what may be called the danger period of Indiana history. During those years the frontier settlers were never free from the risk of savage warfare, and from time to time the smoldering hostility broke forth fiercely. The causes of this were, in the first instance, the Indians' resentment at the never-ending encroachment of the white race, and, in the second, the unscrupulous conduct of very many of the whites in their relations with the red men. The policy of the government to- ward the Indians, in theory, at least, was pro- tecting and conciliatory, but its salutary inten- tions were continually overriden by an element that had small regard for an Indian's rights. Gov- ernor Harrison, who manifested a real interest in the welfare of the aborigines, has testified to the abuses they suffered. "Their people," he affirmed, "have been killed, their lands settled on, their game wantonly destroyed and their young men made drunk and cheated of the peltries which formerly procured them necessary articles of clothing, arms and ammunition to hunt with. The frontiersman," he said, "thought the killing of an Indian meritorious," and he cited instances of Indian murders that went unpunished. While they bear this, as he said, with patience, and at that time showed no disposition for war, he feared their ready alliance with any enemy the United States might have.* The disposition of adventurous whites to ignore boundary lines and to intrude upon the Indian lands could never be prevented by the government, though it pro- claimed that such parties intruded at their own risk and, in case of Indian vengeance, were be- yond the pale of governmental protection. Distribution and Territorial Claims of the Indians. — When Indiana Territory was cre- ated the aboriginal population was estimated at one hundred thousand (Webster), though we find no statement as to the actual number within the limits of the present State. The tribes in these latter limits consisted mainly of the Miami Confederacy, the Potawatomis and the Dela- wares. At the Greenville treaty of 1795, the Miamis, through Little Turtle, their spokesman, claimed to have held from "time immemorial" a large territory that included all of Indiana. Such other tribes as occupied any part of that region seem to have done so by invitation or sufferance of the Miamis. What was known as the "Miami federation," as represented here, consisted of the Twightwees, or Miamis proper, the Ouiatanons or Weas, the Eel Rivers and the Piankeshaws. Their towns were mostly along the Wabash, from the site of Fort Wayne to Yincennes, each of the various sub-tribes having its own locality. The Potawatomis occupied that part of the State lying north and northwest of the Miami country, as far eastward as the head waters of the Tippecanoe and Eel rivers, and the Delawares had the White river valley, their most eastern town standing where Muncie now is. Other tribes, notably Kickapoos, Shawnees, Win- nebagos and W r yandotte or Hurons had towns in the Miami country. The south part of the terri- tory east of the Wabash is said to have been com- mon hunting ground. We hear of aboriginal vil- lages here and there throughout that region, but whether these were in any sense permanent or other than the shifting villages of hunting par- ties is not established. The vagueness of the Indian claims and their loose validity is illustrated by the fact that the Potawatomis and Delawares, though said to have been occupying Miami territory, yet figured in the treaties for land sales and shared in the money and goods that were paid.* One thing Harrison's letter to secretary of war in 1801. * In the American state papers (Public Lands, vol. iii, p. 373) is a petition to congress under date of February 24, 1820, from the "Muhheaknunk or Stockbridge nations of Indians," otherwise the Mohicans, in which the petitioners claim that ante- cedent to the Revolutionary War the Miamis had granted to them and to the Delawares and Munsees a tract of land situated on the waters of W'hite river (in Indiana) equal to 100 miles square. These Mohicans, under the second article of the Fort Wayne treaty of September 30, 1809, claimed to be the "lawful proprietors of an equal and undivided share of the Delaware territory and asked for a share of the government payments made therefor." 57 58 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA that contributed to this vagueness was the shift- ing westward of the Ohio Indians by Wayne's treaty of 1795, leaving those tribes without any clearly defined lands of their own. General Wayne was asked to apportion the territory re- maining to the Indians by "fixing the bounds of every nation's rights," but declined the delicate task.* Naturally, then, all the resident tribes came to regard themselves as having a right in the lands they occupied, and when these lands came to be sold made their claims accordingly. Conditions In First Decade. — During the first decade of Indiana Territory, the United States government was nominally at peace with the Indians north of the Ohio. That is, there were no campaigns and not much armed demon- stration, and the series of land treaties during that period bespoke friendly relations. This seeming friendliness, however, is belied by the straggling chronicles we have of attacks and re- prisals between the frontiersmen and marauding war parties of savages. A repeated source of aggravation was the land question and the fact that the chiefs who signed away the various tracts, one after the other, did not represent the sentiment of all the Indians who conceived that they had rights in the land. This, as will be re- lated elsewhere, was the prime cause of the trou- ble that culminated in the battle of Tippecanoe. There was also, doubtless, the deep-seated feel- ing that the government, with all its professions of fairness, was exercising the merciless power of a dominant race. As a matter of fact in the policy of the government it was a foregone con- clusion that the white man was to possess the land — the boundaries of future States were es- tablished before any of it had been purchased ; and when the time came he bought pretty much on his own terms. What kind of terms these were may be seen from a letter of Harrison's to Jefferson which stated that the purchase of 1805 amounted to about one cent per acre, but that he "hoped to get the next cession enough cheaper to bring down the average." In connection with this purchase he also said that a knowledge of the value of land was fast gaining ground among the Indians.f I' 1 brief there existed in connection with the land purchases an undercurrent of dis- satisfaction that played its part in making the early years a "danger period ;" and the further fact that hunters, invading the Indian lands in search of pelts, had almost exterminated the larger game, kept the young men of the tribes on the verge of warfare. William M. Cock- rum, in his "Pioneer History of Indiana," has rescued from this obscure period some accounts of Indian adventures that savor of the annals of Kentucky's "dark and bloody ground." Ranger Service of 1807. — Mr. Cockrum. in the work above mentioned, also published certain valuable papers of a Captain William Hargrove which revealed that in 1807 the troubles were so acute that a ranger service was organized to patrol the frontier. This body was formed into three divisions, one taking the country from the Wabash eastward to the neighborhood of the French Lick springs ; another from that point to the falls of the Ohio, and the third from the falls to Lawrenceburg. The commander of one of these divisions was Captain Hargrove, and the papers mentioned, being letters of instruction to him from John Gibson, secretary of the ter- ritory, throw considerable light on that particular period and its dangers.* Tecumtha and the Prophet. — A factor in our Indian troubles that became historic was the in- fluence of the Shawnee chief, Tecumtha (often written Tecumsehf) and his brother, known as the "Prophet," and the part that influence played in precipitating important issues. These two re- markable Indians first appeared in Indiana his- tory in 1805, among the Delawares on White river, where the Prophet fomented a witchcraft craze which resulted in the murder of several victims accused by him, and which had somewhat the complexion of a crusade of vengeance against those who were friendly to the whites and who had sanctioned the sales of land. In 1808 the two appeared among the Potawatomis and es- tablished themselves at the mouth of Tippe- canoe river a few miles above the site of Lafay- ette. Here they drew about them Indians of various tribes and the place became known as the Prophet's Town. The Prophet was a re- ligious teacher whose propaganda was a strange mingling of ethics, wisdom and gross supersti- * Dunn's "True Indian Stories," p. 74. t See Webster's "William Henry Harrison's Administration of Indiana Territory;" an excellent monograph in vol. iv, Ind. Hist. Soc. publications * Cockrum's "Pioneer History of Indiana," pp. 202-29. 7 The form "Tecumtha" seems to be adopted by the best In- dian authorities. CKNTENNIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 59 tion. He claimed to be a divine spokesman and to have supernatural vision, and this seems to have been the great source of his power among his followers. This power he exercised in the furtherance of the plans conceived by his brother, Tecumtha. Tecumtha was one of the most notable Indians of history, being an aboriginal orator, patriot and statesman. Foreseeing the ultimate destruction of his race, the effort of his life was to stop the advancing host of the white invaders, and to this end he planned and worked to federate the red tribes and thus create a power that could hope to stem the oncoming tide. The heterogeneous gathering at the Prophet's Town was but a nu- cleus of the federation that was hoped for. He took a bold and consistent stand against the selling of lands to the United States government, maintaining that many of the Indians concerned did not agree to these sales, and that they were not valid without the consent of all the tribes. The claim of the Shawnees was based on the fact that when, by the treaty of 1795. the whites took ( >hio and the Ohio Indians were all pushed back into the Miami territory in Indiana, they ton became part owners of that territory (Dunn). When, in 1809. a new treaty cut off about three million acres more from the Indians' holdings and carried the boundary line far up the Wabash, Tecumtha's opposition became threatening. In 1810 he visited Vincennes with his retinue for a council with Governor Harrison, and expressed his views with such plainness that a clash was narrowly averted. His final assurance at this memorable conference was that if the whites crossed the old boundary line with their sur- vivors there would be bad consequences. After this Tecumtha went on a tour among the tribes of the south to spread his doctrine of In- dian federation and during his absence the de- cisive battle of Tippecanoe was fought, ending hi- dreams of a successful resistance. When the war of 1812 broke out he joined the British and was killed in the battle of the Thames. After the battle of Tippecanoe the Prophet, who had precipitated that battle and urged his followers on, assuring them that the bullets of the enemy could not harm them, fell into disre- pute among his people, and after living in "a sort of disgrace" among various bands, died be- yond the Mississippi in 1834. THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE The battle of Tippecanoe, the most important clash of arms that ever occurred on Indiana soil, if we except the storming of Vincennes by George Rogers Clark, was directly brought about by the land troubles spoken of above. As said, these became more acute after the purchase of a large tract in 1809, largely by reason of the protests of Tecumtha and the influence of the Prophet. Besides the danger of incursions by irresponsi- N / *'A.« X i Z if V INDIANA BATTCt 'iROurvo. — ■ The Plan of the Battlefield of Tippecanoe and Route of Harrison's Army. — Courtesy of State Librarian D. C. Brown. ble hostile bands, serious hostility was evidently brewing among the tribes, with the Prophet's Town as source and center, though the fomenters of it avowed peaceful intentions. Governor Har- rison repeatedly sent messengers not only to the Tippecanoe town but to other villages of the various tribes to promote amity and to warn them against the danger of hostility to the United States, but the situation was not mended and the predatory raids on the frontier continued until, on July 31, 1811, the citizens of Knox county, at a public meeting, declared that there could be no safety until the Prophet's combina- 60 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA tion was broken up by prompt and decisive measures, and such measures were recommended to the governor and the president. Harrison and those who knew Indian character best shared the belief that a vigorous threat, backed by an actual show of power to enforce it, was the only de- pendable remedy, and the outcome of the situa- tion was the mobilizing of a little army of about nine hundred men consisting of United States troops and Indiana militia with about sixty volun- teers from Kentucky (Dillon). The purpose of this force was not to actually attack the In- dians, unless circumstances made it necessary, but to establish a military post within the terri- tory that was the immediate source of trouble, thence to proceed to the Prophet's Town by way of a demonstration and awe the troublesome tribesmen there into compliance with demands that had been made upon them. The expedition left Vincennes September 26, 1811, and on October 3 reached a favorable spot for the proposed post, on the high ground above the site of Terre Haute. Here the force re- mained until the last of the month, building the fort, which was named in honor of the governor, then resumed the march, arriving at Tippecanoe on November 6. Indian messengers met the whites for a parley and, after Harrison's assur- ances that the first intention was not an attack but a conference, he was directed by them to a camping place on high ground, where wood and water were procurable. Here the army en- camped, expecting the conference on the mor- row, but Harrison's familiarity with Indian methods forbade reliance on Indian honor, and, prudently, the men slept on their arms, prepared to meet any contingency at a moment's notice. The precaution was fortunate, for before day- light the following morning an attack was made by a large body of Indians so sudden and fierce that the assailants were fairly in the camp before many of the soldiers could get out of their tents. The conflict lasted from about a quarter past four till daylight and only preparedness and desperate fighting saved the army from rout and massacre. When, after the foiled and beaten Indians were driven from the field, the whites took stock of their losses they found that thirty-seven of their number were slain and a hundred and fifty-one of them wounded. How many Indians were en- gaged is not accurately known, but they have been estimated at from six hundred to eight hun- dred. Their loss was also unknown but ex- ceeded that of the whites, as thirty-eight were found dead and others were carried off. The defeated savages abandoned their town and the victors burned it to the ground. A trial by arms at this time was contrary to the plans of Tecumtha, who was then in the south. The Prophet was responsible for it. His power over his followers was such that he made them believe the enemy's bullets could not harm them, and during the fight he stood aloof urging them on by singing his mysterious incantations in a voice so stentorian that from it he took his name of La-lu-e-tsee-ka, or the "Loud Voice" (Dunn). With his defeat his influence was de- stroyed and he became a sort of outcast. Harrison's army was composed of nine com- panies of regulars, six companies of Indiana mi- litia (infantry), five companies of riflemen, two companies of dragoons and a company of scouts and spies. About one-fourth of the force were mounted (Dunn). Importance of Tippecanoe. — While the bat- tle of Tippecanoe did not put an end to Indian hostilities it was, nevertheless, a fight of such importance as to merit the term "decisive." Probably it decided to no small degree the fu- ture of Indiana, for whereas it effectually checked the political plans of Tecumtha and de- stroyed the dangerous influence of the Prophet, Indian victory would doubtless have accelerated these, and what the frontier would have suffered with its protecting army defeated is beyond guessing, especially when we consider the fast- following war with England. The impress it left on the minds of the peo- ple was strong and abiding. No less than half- a-dozen counties in the State were afterward named for heroes of Tippecanoe. It made for Governor Harrison a military reputation which opened the way to conspicuous service in the war of 1812 and which as late as 1840 carried him to the presidential chair of the United States after the most enthusiastic political campaign the country has ever had. The spot where the conflict occurred is to-day the one battlefield which Indiana owns and fittingly preserves as a memorial of those who fought and fell there. The ground was presented to the State in 1835 by General John Tipton, who was a participant CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 61 in the battle. An obscure account that has never found its way into the histories is to the effect that on the 21st of November, 1830, the bones of those killed on the field nineteen years before were collected and interred "by a large concourse ' of people with due gravity and respect," the re- mains being put in one large coffin on the lid of which, formed of brass nails, was the inscription, "Rest. Warriors, Rest." General Harrison, who THE WAR OF 1812 One factor in our Indian troubles from the be- ginning was the encouragement offered the sav- ages by the British in Canada. England had never reconciled herself to the occupancy by the Americans of the territory wrung from her by George Rogers Clark, and it is an established charge in our histories that, even during the pe- v & Co. Cm. Views Xear the State Soldiers' Home, Lafayette. No. 1 — Tippecanoe Battleground. The spot shown here is where the battle raged fiercest on November 7, 1811. No. 2 — Prophet's Rock, near the Tippecanoe Battle- ground, from which point it is said a prophet directed the Indian warriors and witnessed their defeat. Xo. j — Old bark wigwam at "Tecumseh Trail." No. 4 — Old log cabin on "Tecumseh Trail." was to have been the leading figure on this occa- sion, was kept away by illness and General John Tipton took his place. Apropos to this interment, it is further stated that after Harrison's troops had buried their dead and withdrawn from the field after the battle, the Indians returned, dug up the bodies and scalped them, leaving them unburied.* • Ind. Journal, Nov. 3, 1830; Ind. Democrat, Sept. 25, 1830; Nile-,' Register, Nov. 27. 1830. riod of peace between the nations, the Indians of the northwest received their arms and ammuni- tion from our old-time foe and were secretly backed up in their hostilities. When the brew- ing troubles between America and England cul- minated in a declaration of war in June, 1812, the latter nation found ready allies among the red people notwithstanding the fact that as late as May of that year, at a grand council on the Mississinewa, the majority of the tribes there 62 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA professed a desire for peace with the United States. That summer there was little hostile demonstration, but during that time English suc- cesses emboldened the tribes and in early Sep- tember there occurred in two places widely sep- arated one of the fiercest assaults and the worst massacre in the history of the State. Attack on Fort Harrison. — The assault mentioned was that on Fort Harrison on the fourth of September, 1812. This post, built by Harrison in his Tippecanoe campaign the year before, guarded the frontier farthest north and the river approach to Vincennes, some sixty miles below. At this time it was commanded by Captain Zachary Taylor (afterward president of the United States) and garrisoned by a small force so enfeebled by fever and ague that, by Taylor's account, there were not more than ten or fifteen able-bodied men. On the 4th the com- mandant had warning of the proximity of In- dians and so, fortunately, was on his guard. Nev- ertheless one of about 600 warriors that quietly surrounded the fort that night, managed, under the cover of darkness, to drag himself to the walls of one of the buildings with a bundle of combustibles on his shoulders and the first intimation the sentinels had of an attack was when the walls were ablaze. The barracks caught fire and not only the women and children, of whom there were nine, but the men themselves were thrown into panic and despair. Taylor's presence of mind saved the situation. He saw that by throwing off the roof of the barracks building and saturating the walls with water the flames could be combated with promise of suc- cess, and when he ordered the men to this task they fell to with a will, led by a Doctor Clark, the post surgeon, though a galling fire was di- rected upon them by the skulking savages from the woods. At this hazardous work one man was killed and two wounded, but the blaze was sub- dued and a barricade of pickets put up across the gap in the stockade caused by the fire. Mean- while the rest of the garrison, by the glare of the flames, were pouring their fire into such of the Indians as dared venture into the open, and thus managed to hold them off until daylight, when the besiegers withdrew, driving with them quantities of live stock.* Despite the seemingly overwhelming force of the assailants Taylor lost only three men, besides two or three wounded. At the beginning of the attack two men got over the stockade for the purpose of escaping but one was killed and the other one, wounded, returned to the gate and begged to be let in. He was obliged to lie there hidden until morning. The Indians who made the attack were supposed to have been Pota- watomis, Kickapoos, Winnebagos and Miamis. When word of the assault traveled to Vin- cennes troops were sent and the place reinforced, but the Indians never returned. Pigeon Roost Massacre. — Almost simulta- neous with the Fort Harrison attack occurred the most diabolical event in our Indian history — the "Pigeon Roost" massacre. What was known as the Pigeon Roost Settlement consisted of sev- eral families that made a little community in what is now Scott county. This settlement, founded in 1809, was separated from any other by several miles, and was confined to about a square mile of territory (Dillon, p. 492 1. On the third of September, 1812, this settlement was attacked by a band of about a dozen marauders, said to have been Shawnees, who, scouring the locality and going from cabin to cabin, mur- dered within a space of an hour, twenty-two per- sons, sixteen of them being children and five of them women. Prior to this general killing, two men, Jeremiah Payne and Isaac Coffman. were shot in the woods. Most of the cabin homes were burned down. The victims, besides Payne and Coffman, were Mrs. Jeremiah Payne and her eight children, Mrs. Richard Collings and seven children, Henry Collings and his wife, Mrs. John Morris, her only child, and her mother-in-law.* A spirited fight at the house of William Col- lings, in which three Indians were killed, prob- ably prevented a greater slaughter, as the check to the savages enabled the rest of the settlement to escape to blockhouses that stood within a few miles. Some of these escapes were attended with risks and horrors equal to any to be found in the Indian annals of Kentucky. The wife of John Biggs, fortunately for her, had gone into the woods to look for their cow, having with her their three children, one a babe in arms. ( )n her way home she discovered the savages about the empty cabin and took flight toward one of the 1 Taylor's official report. * Dillon, p. 492. Dunn's account in "True Indian Stories" varies slightly from this. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 63 blockhouses, but the Indians, believing the miss- ing family was in the vicinity, began searching the adjacent forest. At one time they passed so near Mrs. Biggs that their footsteps were audi- ble. At this critical moment the baby began to cry and to check it she was obliged to press her shawl over its mouth. When the searchers had passed she made the dreadful discovery that the infant had been smothered to death. With the dead child in her arms and the two living ones clinging to her she spent the night in the wilder- ness, arriving at the blockhouse about daybreak. A Dr. John Richie took his sick wife on his back, and together they spent the night in the woods, as did Mrs. Beal and her two children, who hid in a sinkhole until after dark, then made their way to one of the protecting strongholds which they reached at two o'clock next morning. The news of the massacre was carried to Charlestown, Clark county, and by two o'clock in the afternoon of September 4 a body of two hundred armed men reached the scene of the tragedy, where only one house remained stand- ing, and in and about the ruins of the charred cabins lay the mutilated remains of women and children. The trail of the savages was taken up and followed till dark, but they never were overtaken, and to the present day it is a matter of considerable doubt as to what Indians were guilty of the atrocity. Two children were carried away as prisoners Fort Harrison, Near Terre Haute. Erected in 1811. — From an old view.* from this raid. One, a little girl three years of age, named Ginsey McCoy, was a niece of the Indian missionary, the Rev. Isaac McCoy. Years * See "Blockhouses," p. 64. after Mr. McCoy himself found her west of the Mississippi river as the wife of an Indian chief and the mother of several children. She re- turned to Indiana for a visit to her relatives but soon went back to her Indian home. The other captive, a boy named Peter Huffman, was sold to some other Indians and carried to Canada. McKnight Fort. This is one of fifteen forts that were built in Washington county as protection against the Indians in 1812. The McKnight Fort was converted into a dwelling by William McKnight, who lived in it until his death. It was occupied by his son and grandson later and was used as a residence until the spring of 1898. It was torn down in 1911. — Courtesy of Orra Hopper. His whereabouts and identity were discovered after much pains and trouble, and he was re- turned to Indiana in 1824; but he, too, was wedded to the Indian life and returned to it.* The spot where the victims of the massacre were buried was for many years marked by an immense sassafras tree. In 1903 an appropria- tion of $2,000 for a monument was made by the Legislature, and a shaft of Bedford limestone, forty-four feet in height, was dedicated October 1. 1904. "mutely calling to memory the must fearful Indian tragedy that was ever known to the soil of Indiana." Frontier Defense. — The conditions in Indi- ana before the declaration of war on June 19. 1812, were such as to call forth from Governor Harrison a military circular which gives us a glimpse of the times and of the steps taken to meet its dangers. It is dated 16th April. 1812, and under the heading of "General Orders for the Militia" the circular reads: "As the late murders upon the frontiers of this and the neighboring Territories leave us little to hope of our being able to avoid a war with the neighboring tribes of Indians, the commander-in-chief directs that the colonels and other commandants of corps should Dunn's "True Indian Stories." 64 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA take immediate measures to put their commands in the best possible state for active service. The field officers who command battalions will visit and critically inspect the several companies which compose them and make a report in detail of their situation, particularly noting the deficiencies in arms, ammunition and accoutrements, and such measures as the laws authorize must be im- mediately taken to remedy those deficiencies. The commander-in-chief informs the officers that the most prompt obedience and the most unremitting attention to their duty will be required of them — the situation of the country calls for exertion on the part of the militia, and the officers must set the example to their men. If there are amongst them any who have accepted-appoint- ments for the mere motive of gratifying their vanity by the possession of a commission to which a title is annexed, without having the ability or the inclination to encounter arduous service, in justice to their country and to their own fame they should now retire and not stand in the way of those who are more able or more willing to encounter the fatigue and dangers incidental to actual service in the Indian war. From the specimen which the commander-in-chief has had of their conduct in the field he has every reason to be proud of them, nor does he believe that there are better militia officers to be found anywhere than those of Indiana, but in a crisis like the present they should be all good. "The field officers are to see that proper places are appointed for the rendezvous of the companies upon an alarm or the appearance of danger, and will give orders relatively to the mode of their proceeding in such exi- gencies as the situation of the companies respectively call for. When mischief is done by the Indians in any of the settlements, they must be pursued, and the officer nearest to the spot, if the number of men under his command is not inferior to the supposed number of the enemy, is to commence it as soon as he can collect his men. If his force should be too small he is to send for aid to the next officer to him, and in the meantime to take a position capable of being defended, or watch the motions of the enemy, as circumstances require. The pursuit must be conducted with vigor, and the officer commanding will be held responsible for making every exertion in his power to overtake the enemy. Upon his return, whether successful or not, a particular account of his proceedings must be transmitted to the com- mander-in-chief and a copy of it to the colonel of the regiment. "The commander-in-chief recommends it to the citi- zens on the frontiers of Knox county, from the Wabash eastwardly across the two branches of the White river, those on the northwest of the Wabash and those in the Driftwood settlement in Harrison, to erect blocked houses or picketed forts. It will depend upon the dis- position of the Delawares whether measures of this kind will be necessary or not upon the frontiers of Clark, Jefferson, Dearborn. Franklin or Wayne. Means will be taken to ascertain this as soon as possible and the result communicated. The Indians who profess to be friendly have been warned to keep clear of the set- tlements, and the commander-in-chief is far from wish- ing that the citizens should run any risk by admitting any Indians to come amongst them whose designs are in the least equivocal. He recommends, however, to those settlements which the Delawares have frequented as much forbearances as possible toward that tribe, be- cause they have ever performed with punctuality and good faith their engagements with the United States, and as yet there is not the least reason to doubt their fidelity. It is also certain that if they should be forced to join the other tribes in war, from their intimate knowledge of the settlements upon the frontiers they would be enabled to do more mischief than any other tribe. "By the commander-in-chief. "A Hurst, Aide-de-camp." Blockhouses. — As the war came on and the dangers became more threatening, a great many of the settlers forsook their farms and betook themselves to more protected territory. Others remained, however, and Dillon tells us that "in the course of the spring and summer of the year 1812 blockhouses or picketed forts were erected throughout the Indiana Territory." The follow- ing year more were built by the military authori- ties. Of many of these no specific record re- mains but in various local chronicles a number are mentioned and the localities of some of them given. The very outpost of them all, if we ex- cept Fort Wayne, which was entirely isolated from the frontier, was Fort Harrison. In Sul- livan county there was one about midway be- tween New Lebanon and Carlisle, and one near the Wabash river some distance above Merom. In Knox county, we are told, forts were erected in every neighborhood, and five are specified in Widner township. In Daviess county ten are mentioned, and in Jackson three, one of them at Vallonia. In the north part of Union were two and in Wayne three or four, one of these being about four miles west of Richmond and another a mile north of Washington. We also find tradi- tion of several in Jefferson county. An anecdote or two will show that amid these preparations for grim war the American sense of humor was not wanting. One of the stockades in Knox county was known as "Fort Petticoat," because, the men being absent in the army, its defense depended chiefly upon the women. In Jackson county when one of the forts was build- ing four or five practical jokers, pretending to be Indians, tried to scare a green "Dutchman" in the woods but he showed fight in such deadly earnest that the jokers ignominiously fled. The Rev. W. C. Smith, a settler of the White- water region, father of the historian W. H. Smith, describes in an interesting book of rem- iniscences ("Indiana Miscellany") the old log forts. The stockade consisted of "two rows of split timber, twelve to fourteen feet long, planted in the ground two-and-a-half or three feet deep. The timbers of the second row were so placed as to cover the cracks of the first. Small cabins were erected inside of the stockades for the ac- commodation of the families. Usually one blockhouse was built in each fort. The block- houses were two stories high, the upper story CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 65 projecting over the lower, say two feet, with portholes in the floor of the projection so that the men could see to shoot the Indians if they succeeded in getting to the walls of the block- house." Sometimes two of these blockhouses were built at opposite corners of the stockade in such a manner that the projecting story of each commanded two of the outer walls. Many of the blockhouses, built for temporary refuge in emergencies, had no stockade but were simply two-story buildings with portholes and the second story overhanging. Many of the residence cabins, also, were provided with portholes and built strongly for defense. Rangers of 1813. — In 1813 Acting-Governor John Gibson called into service several com- panies of mounted rangers each consisting of about one hundred men. These were in the em- ploy of the United States. The accoutrement consisted of a rifle, knife and tomahawk and each man carried with him his own supply of pro- visions (Dillon). The office of these rangers was. seemingly, the same as that of the frontier patrol of 1807, described in another place. INDIAN CAMPAIGNS Attack on Ft. Wayne. — After the attack on Fort Harrison and the Pigeon Roost Massacre there were several offensive campaigns directed against the hostile tribes of northern Indiana. Be- fore the two events mentioned about five hundred warriors surrounded Fort Wayne, which was garrisoned with something less than a hundred men, under a Captain Rhea. The Indians ar- ranged for a conference inside the fort, their object being treachery, but they were frustrated. Then they laid siege to the place and, aided by some ingenious British, made a "bluff" of having artillery by constructing two wooden cannon, re- inforced by hoopiron, which promptly burst when fired. Meanwhile General Harrison, who had relinquished his civil duties for military service, was advancing northward with an army of more than a thousand men (Dunn), and this force reached Fort Wayne on September 12, raising the siege. Detachments of these troops scoured the surrounding country, and destroyed several deserted Indian villages besides quantities of food supplies growing in the cultivated places. Hopkins' Expedition. — Early in November General Samuel Hopkins, after a previous at- tempt at a campaign in Illinois which resulted in mutiny and a premature return, started up the Wabash with three regiments of Kentucky mili- tia and one company each of regulars, rangers and scouts, the objective being the old "Prophet's Town" at the mouth of the Tippecanoe and va- rious villages in that locality. The town named, which was destroyed after the battle of Tippe- canoe, had been rebuilt and now consisted of about forty huts. This and two other towns of the Kickapoos and Winnebagos, were destroyed, along with what corn was found, leaving the Indians, at the beginning of winter, without shelter or provisions. This expedition continued its operations throughout November, and the chief loss suffered was that of sixteen men killed in an ambuscade. Mississinewa Expedition. — The most notable expedition of this period as estimated by results was that of Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell with about six hundred mounted men against the Mi- ami villages on the Mississinewa river. This campaign was conducted, virtually, in the heart of winter, the troops moving from Dayton, Ohio, on December 14, 1812. After three days of hard riding one of the villages was surprised, eight warriors killed, forty-two prisoners taken and the place burned. Following this three other villages were destroyed. Campbell then debated the advisability of returning without further of- fensive operations, owing to the hardships to which the men were subjected, the weather being severe, and at four o'clock on the morning of the 18th had convened his officers for a con- ference, when they were suddenly and furiously attacked by a body of Indians. The fight that followed, by Campbell's official report, was well- nigh as fierce and stubbornly contested as was that at Tippecanoe. After an hour's engagement the assailants drew off, leaving fifteen of their dead on the ground and, probably, carrying others off with them. Of the whites, eight were killed and forty-two wounded. The exact number of the attacking Indians was never known, though Campbell in his official report estimates them at "not less than three hundred." This eiiL; ment, known as the Battle of The Mississinewa, occurred within the bounds of the present Grant county, on the bank of the Mississinewa river, about a mile from the village (if Jalapa. The 66 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA field is privately owned and is unmarked by any memorial. Bartholomew's White River Expedition. — During the earlier part of the war the Delaware Indians on White river professed to be friendly to the United States, and were so regarded, but in the numerous forays made against the settlers in 1813 there was evidence that this tribe at least harbored hostile bands. In March of 1813 John Tipton, then in command of militia that was guarding the frontier of Harrison . and Clark counties, pursued a party of marauders that had killed one man and wounded three others near Vallonia, Jackson county. At an island on the Driftwood river he overhauled the band and after a "smart skirmish" killed one and routed the rest. In April he pursued another party that had killed two men and stolen some horses and recovered the horses and "other plunder." Tip- ton was convinced that these miscreants made directly for the Delaware towns. He expressed the opinion that "while the government is sup- porting one part of that tribe the other part is murdering our citizens," and added that "those rascals, of whatever tribe they may be harboring about those towns, should be routed.* In June of that year a force of about one hun- dred and thirty-seven mounted men under Col. Joseph Bartholomew rode to the Delaware towns to discover and surprise, if possible, hostile In- dians who, it was believed, operated from there. By Bartholomew's report these towns all seem to have been deserted and three of them had been already burned, though why or by whom is not recorded. Considerable corn was found and some- thing like eight hundred or one thousand bushels destroyed. f Russell's Expedition. — Following hard upon Bartholomew's raid a much larger force under Col. William Russell circled the Indian country with an expedition covering upward of five hun- dred miles. Russell started from Vallonia, as did Bartholomew the month before, with five hun- dred seventy-three men (Dillon), and his route took in the Delaware towns on White river, the Mississinewa towns, and all those on the Wa- bash below the Mississinewa, bringing up at Fort Harrison, on the northwestern frontier. No encounters are spoken of in Colonel Russell's * Tipton's report to Governor Gibson. t Bartholomew's report to Governor Posey. report of this long march. It was a campaign of destruction based on the theory (or knowledge) that the surest way to prevent depredations on the borders was to break up the nesting places nf those who committed the depredations. End of Indian Hostilities. — Colonel Russell's expedition was the last one against the Indians. These drastic visitations of vengeance reduced the victims of them to destitution and starvation, and when a series of American successes, cul- minating in the defeat of the British and Indians in the battle of the Thames, still further dis- couraged them, they were ready to sue for peace on pretty much any terms. In January of 1814 something like a thousand starving Miamis as- sembled at Fort Wayne for food and ammuni- tion for hunting, from the government ; these were soon followed by the Potawatomies, and the United States was in a position to dictate terms, so far, at least, as the Indiana tribes were con- cerned. For a year after, indeed, the border was not entirely safe from depredations from de- tached, irresponsible bands, but these were not serious and threatening enough to stem the re- turning tide of settlers who began to fill up the new country. Intemperance Among the Indians. — Gover- nor Harrison repeatedly deplored the disastrous effects of intoxicating liquor among the Indians and its continual introduction by unscrupulous traders. In a letter to the Secretary of War, un- der date of July 15, 1801, he states that "the In- dian chiefs complained of the enormous quantity of whisky introduced by the traders," there be- ing, according to report, upward of six thousand gallons brought annually among the Indians of the Wabash, who numbered perhaps six hundred warriors. The result was that the Piankeshaws, Weas and Eel river tribes had almost exter- minated their chiefs by murder. Little Beaver, a Wea. was killed by his own son, and another chief, Little Fox, was slain by his own people in the streets of Vincennes. The drunken savages so terrorized the citizens of Vincennes that Har- rison solicited a garrison at Fort Knox for pro- tection. In the letter the Governor says: "I can at once tell by looking at an Indian whom I chance to meet whether he belongs to a neigh- boring or a more distant tribe. The latter is generally well-clothed, healthy and vigorous ; the former half-naked, filthy and enfeebled with in- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 67 toxication, and many of them without arms ex- cept a knife which they carry for the most vil- lainous purposes." The chiefs earnestly desired the prevention of the evil. Some of these wished the introduction among their people of agricul- tural implements and domestic animals. In his message to the first general assembly ( 1805) the governor said : "The interests of your constituents, the interests of the miserable In- dians, and your own feelings will sufficiently urge you to take it into your most serious considera- tion and provide the remedy which is to save thousands of our fellow creatures. You are witnesses to the abuses ; you have seen our towns crowded with furious and drunken savages ; our streets flowing with their blood; their arms and clothing bartered for the liquor that destroys them, and their miserable women and children enduring all the extremities of cold and hunger. So destructive has the progress of intemperance been among them that whole villages have been swept away. A miserable remnant is all that re- mains to mark the names and situations of many Map of Indiana at Time of Admission in 1816. —By E. V. Shocklcy. numerous ami warlike tribes. In the energetic language of one of their orators, it is a dreadful conflagration which spreads misery and desola- tion throughout the country and threatens the annihilation of the whole race." At one time a law existed forbidding the sale of liquor to savages, but no law and no appeal "»-«i The First Published Map of Indiana State, 1817. The same territory is occupied as at the time of the ad- mission, but by this date seven more counties were created by subdivision. was sufficient to counteract the cupidity of those who flourished by the traffic. The Passing of Governor Harrison. — For twelve years Governor Harrison sustained a most intimate relation to the affairs of Indiana Terri- tory, he being by far the most conspicuous figure of that period of our history. By virtue of his military experience and ability he logically be- came a leader in the western country when the outbreak of war threatened the frontier. In August, 1812, he was asked by Kentucky to take chief command of all the troops raised there, and this, in view of the military talent and ambition existing in Kentucky, Harrison regarded as the most flattering appointment he had ever re- ceived.* Autobiographical letter. 68 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA A little later he was made a brigadier-general in the Lhiited States army and on September 17, 1812, he was appointed to the command of the whole army of the northwest with large discre- tion as to his military plans and movements. This ended his civil relation to Indiana, Secretary John Gibson succeeding him as acting-gover- nor until the appointment of Governor Posey in February of 1813. The part he subsequently played in the war, culminating in the brilliant victory at the Thames which secured safety to the northwest, belongs to the larger history of the country. He retired from military service in 1814 and became a citizen of Ohio. Militarism. — In this chapter it has been shown that during the first twelve or thirteen years of the territory's existence the element of danger and violence from without was a factor in the territorial life. This danger, arising from the hostility of the Indians, and which culmi- nated in the war of 1812, was a deterrent to set- tlement and growth, especially in the war period, when many who were already on the ground temporarily forsook their homes. This situation, following the militarism of the revolutionary times, kept alive the question of a militia system for self-defense. This was Governor Harri- son's most famous hobby. In his advocacy of schools for popular education, he pleaded that military branches, to be connected with such schools, be not forgotten. His theory was that even the masters in the lower schools should be obliged to qualify themselves to give instructions in military evolutions, while the Vincennes Uni- versity should have a professor of tactics, "in which all the sciences connected with the art of war may be taught" (Dillon). He also recom- mended, at another time, that camps of discipline be established "for instructing those who are al- ready capable of bearing arms ;" that there should be professors of tactics in all seminaries, and that "even the amusements of the children should resemble the Gymnasia of the Greeks, that they may grow up in the practise of those exercises which will enable them to bear with the duties of the camp and the labors of the field."* * Harrison's letter to Governor Scott, of Kentucky. The first statutes passed in the territory (1807) include an elaborate militia law covering thirty- eight pages. By its provisions, every able-bodied white male citizen (with certain exemptions), be- tween the ages of eighteen to forty-five years, was compelled to be of the militia and to provide himself with "a good musket, a sufficient bayonet and belt, or a fusee, two spare flints, a knapsack and a pouch, with a box therein, to contain not less than twenty-four cartridges ... or a good rifle, knapsack, pouch and powder-horn, with twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle, and a quarter of a pound of powder." A dragoon was to furnish his own horse, saddle and bridle, and holster with pistol. Officers were to have a sword or hanger and "espontoons," and to wear "some cheap uniforms at musters." The militia equipment was exempt from seizure in cases of debt. Company musters were to be held every two months ; battalion musters once a year, and regimental musters once a year. For failure to attend these musters, officers were subject to a fine of two to twenty dollars and privates to one that might range from one to six dollars, though these could be remitted for good cause shown. The fines were to be applied to the purchase of drums, fifes and colors and to the pay of offi- cers. The military training was to be by "the rules and instructions" of Baron Steuben, the famous drill-master of Revolutionary days. The exempts from this militia service were the judges and clerk of the Supreme Court, the attorney- general, ministers of the gospel, keepers of jails and "such other persons as are exempt by the law of the United States." By the incorporation act, establishing Vincennes University, the faculty and students of that institution were exempted. Notwithstanding Governor Harrison's views as to the importance of military training, and the aim at efficiency implied by the long law cited and others that were passed, the people did not run to military zeal. During the war with Eng- land, indeed, the spur of necessity developed the military spirit, but prior to that crisis, the status of the militia fell far below the governor's ap- proval, and after the period of actual danger passed the whole system dwindled in effectiveness until it became a laughine-stock. CHAPTER VI THE XEW STATE General Conditions in 1815. — When, on the 14th of December, 1815, the Territorial Legisla- ture laid before Congress a memorial praying that the way be opened for its admission into the Union of States, it had a population of 63,897, distributed over thirteen counties. There were arguments for and against statehood, the ques- tion of an increased tax upon the citizens being an offset to the advantages of independent self- government, and the memorial was not a direct request for admission but for a convention of delegates from the several counties, to be elected by order of Congress, such convention to deter- mine "whether it will be expedient or inexpedient to go into a State government," and be em- powered to form "a Constitution and frame of government" if deemed expedient. The Enabling Act. — The result of this re- quest was an act of Congress, known as the "En- abling Act." As no existing history of Indiana includes, to our knowledge, the text of this im- portant and formative instrument, we here pre- sent it in full : "An act to enable the people of the Indiana Territory to form a Constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on equal footing with the original States. (Approved April 19, 1816.) "Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of American ress assembled, That the inhabitants of the Terri- tory of Indiana be, and they are hereby authorized, to form for themselves a Constitution and State govern- ment, and to assume such name as they shall deem proper; and the said State when formed shall be ad- mitted into the Union upon the same footing with the original States, in all respects whatsoever. "Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the said State shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to-wit : Bounded on the ea^t by the meridian line which forms the western boundary of the State of Ohio; on the south, by the river Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Miami river to the mouth of the river Wabash ; on the west, by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash, from its mouth to a point where a due north line drawn from the town of Vin- cennes would last touch the northwestern shore of the said river ; and from thence, by a due north line, until the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn through a point ten miles north of the southern extreme of Lake Michigan ; on the north, by the said east and west line, until the same shall intersect the first men- tioned meridian line, which forms the western boundary of the State of Ohio; provided, that the convention hereinafter provided for, when formed, shall ratify the boundaries aforesaid; otherwise, they shall be and re- main as now prescribed by the ordinance for the govern- ment of the territory northwest of the river Ohio; pro- vided, also, that the said States shall have concurrent jurisdiction on the river Wabash, with the State to be formed west thereof, so far as the said river shall form a common boundary to both. "Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That all male citizens of the United States, who shall have arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and resided within the said Territory at least one year previous to the day of election, and shall have paid a county or territorial tax ; and all persons having in other respects the legal quali- fications to vote for representatives in the General As- sembly of the said Territory, be, and they are hereby authorized to choose representatives to form a conven- tion, who shall be apportioned amongst the several counties within the said Territory, according to the ap- portionment made by the Legislature thereof, at their last session, to-wit : From the county of Wayne, four representatives; from the county of Franklin, five rep- resentatives; from the county of Dearborn, three rep- resentatives ; from the county of Switzerland, one representative ; from the county of Jefferson, three rep- resentatives ; from the county of Clark, five representa- tives ; from the county of Harrison, five representatives; from the county of Washington, five representatives ; from the county of Knox, five representatives ; from the county of Gibson, four representatives; from the county of Posey, one representative; from the county of Warrick, one representative, and from the county of Perry, one representative. And the election for the representatives aforesaid shall be holden on the second Monday of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, throughout the several counties in the said Territory, and shall be conducted in the same manner and under the same penalties, as prescribed by the laws of said Territory, regulating elections therein for the members of the House of Representatives. "Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the mem- bers of the convention, thus duly elected, be, and they are hereby authorized to meet at the seat of the govern- ment of the said Territory, on the second Monday of June next; which convention, when met, shall first de- termine, by a majority of the whole number elected, whether it be or be not expedient at that time to form a Constitution and State government for the people within the said Territory; and if it be deemed more expedient, the said convention shall provide by ordi- nance for electing representatives to form a Constitu- tion or frame of government, which said representatives shall be chosen in such manner, and in such proportion, and shall meet at such time and place, as shall be pre- scribed by the said ordinance ; and shall then form, for the people of said Territory, a Constitution and State government : Provided, That the same, whenever formed, shall be republican and not repugnant to those articles of the ordinance of the thirteenth of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, which are declared to be irrevocable between the original States and the people of the States of the territory northwest of the river Ohio; excepting so much of said articles as relates to the boundaries of the States therein to be formed. "Sec. 5. And be it further enacted. That until the next general census shall be taken, the said State shall be entitled to one Representative in the House of Rep- resentatives of the United States. "Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the follow- ing propositions be. and the same are hereby offered to 69 70 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the convention of the said Territory of Indiana, when formed, for their free acceptance or rejection, which, if accepted by the convention, shall be obligatory upon the United States : "First. That the section numbered sixteen, in every township, and when such section has been sold, granted, or disposed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and most contiguous to the same, shall be granted to the inhabi- tants of such township for the use of schools. "Second. That all salt springs within the said Ter- ritory, and the land reserved for the use of the same, together with such other lands as may, by the President of the United States, be deemed necessary and proper for working the said salt springs, not exceeding in the whole the quantity contained in thirty-six entire sec- tions, shall be granted to the said State, for the use of the people of the said State, the same to be used under such terms, conditions and regulations as the Legisla- ture of the State shall direct : Provided, The said Legislature shall never sell or lease the same, for a longer period than ten years at any one time. "Third. That five per cent, of the net proceeds of the lands lying within the said Territory, and which shall be sold by Congress from and after the first day of December next, after deducting all expenses incident to the same, shall be reserved for making public roads and canals, of which three-fifths shall be applied to those objects within the said State, under the direction of the Legislature thereof, and two-fifths to the making of a road or roads leading to the said State under the direction of Congress. "Fourth. That one entire township, which shall be designated by the President of the United States, in addition to the one heretofore reserved for that pur- pose, shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of learning and vested in the Legislature of the said State, to be appropriated solely to the use of such seminary by the said Legislature. "Fifth. That four sections of land be, and the same are hereby granted to the said State, for the purpose of fixing their seat of government thereon, which four sec- tions shall, under the direction of the Legislature of said State, be located at any time in such township and range as the Legislature aforesaid may select, on such lands as may hereafter be acquired by the United States from the Indian tribes within said Territory: Pro- vided, That such location shall be made prior to the public sale of the lands of the United States, surround- ing such location : And, provided always, That the five foregoing propositions herein offered are on the condi- tions, that the convention of the said State shall provide by an ordinance irrevocable, without the consent of the United States, that every and each tract of land sold by the United States, from and after the first day of De- cember next, shall be and remain exempt from any tax, laid by order or under any authority of the State, whether for State, county or township, or any other purpose whatever, for the term of five years from and after the day of sale." Analysis. — A comparison between the En- abling Act and the Ordinance of 1787 is not with- out interest, as both instruments establish certain relations between the State and the Nation. The < irdinance determines for all time the general form of government, the civil rights of citizens and an educational policy, and it defines certain boundaries for States that may be carved out of the Northwest Territory. The Enabling Act fixes the boundaries of the proposed State, mod- ifying in two instances the definition as set forth in the Ordinance. The latter made the west boundary the Wabash river from the Ohio to Vincennes and a straight north and south line beginning at Vincennes. As by this the mean- ders of the river northward from Vincennes were west of the line, a long, irregular tract, broadest in Sullivan and Vigo counties was thrown into Illinois. The modification was that this line, in- stead of extending to Vincennes, begins at the river at a point in Vigo county where it finally leaves the line, thus making the stream the bound- ary from that point to the Ohio. I hi the north the Ordinance had designated the southern extremity of Lake Michigan as the lat- itude for the dividing east and west line should a State to the north be erected. The later act fixed this dividing line ten miles farther north. The reason for this, doubtless, was for the pur- pose of giving this State the opportunity of lake ports. The good will of the ordinance, which stipu- lated that "schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged," was substantially and generously backed by the act which donated outright one-thirty-sixth of all the land in the Territory for the general use of schools, besides one entire township for a seminary of higher learning. It also donated all the salt springs with certain adjacent lands, and four sections for a site for the capital. Finally, it donated five per cent, of the proceeds from the sale of all lands, to be applied to the building of roads and canals. On the whole, it looks like a pretty liberal dower, and the chief return exacted was that the lands sold by the government should be tax-free for five years. Ordinance of Acceptance. — The convention authorized by this act decided that the contem- plated statehood was "expedient," and under date of June 29, 1816, it submitted to Congress the following ordinance of acceptance : "Be it ordained by the Representatives of the people of the Territory of Indiana, in convention met at Cory- don, on Monday, the tenth day of June, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and sixteen, That we do, for ourselves and our posterity, agree, determine, declare and ordain that we will, and do hereby, accept the prop- ositions of the Congress of the L'nited States, as made and contained in their act of the nineteenth day of April, eighteen hundred and sixteen, entitled, 'An act to enable the people of the Indiana Territory to form a State government and Constitution, and for the admis- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 71 sion of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States.' "And we do, further, for ourselves and our posterity, hereby ratify, confirm and establish the boundaries of the said State of Indiana, as fixed, prescribed, laid down and established in the Act of Congress aforesaid ; and we do also, further, for ourselves and our posterity, hereby agree, determine, declare and ordain, that each and every tract of land sold by the United States, lying within the said State, and which shall be sold from and after the first day of December next, shall be and re- main exempt from any tax laid by order, or under any authority of the said State of Indiana, or by or under the authority of the general assembly thereof, whether for State, county or township, or any other purpose whatsoever, for the term of five years from and after the day of sale of any such tract of land; and we do, moreover, for ourselves and our posterity, hereby de- clare and ordain that this ordinance, and every part thereof, shall forever be and remain irrevocable and in- violate, without the consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, first had and obtained for the alteration thereof, or any part thereof. "Jonathan Jennings. President of the Convention. "Attest : "William Hendricks, Secretary. "June 29. 1816." The State was formally admitted to the Union December 11, 1816, though the State government actually began with the qualifying of the State officers on November 7. Federal Acts Relating to Indiana. — The Fed- eral acts relating to the territory now including Indiana, up to the Enabling Act, which concerns Indiana alone, were, the Ordinance of 1787; two supplementary acts respecting the government, l>as>ed in 1789 and 1792; an act to divide the territory in 1800, and another for further divi- sion in 1809 ; and, finally, the Enabling Act. The Ordinance of 1787 was the great formative in- strument of the whole territory, out of which five States were made. The acts of 1789 and 1792 are of minor historical importance. The acts of division have a historical bearing of interest to one who wishes to trace the preliminary stages through which we have passed. The Enabling Act is distinctive as revealing the attitude and policy of the nation toward statehood. Th■ — r J—K- " j * For studies on banking see Esarey's Hist. Ind., Smith's Hist. Ind. and Harding's "State Bank of Ind." in Journal of Political Economy. December, 1895. Map of Indiana, 1827. Politics. — During the first years of the State partisan interests and partisan virulence were not m evidence in Indiana as they were a little later. The standard of self-government did not. how- ever, seem to be particularly elevated 1>\ that fact. The scrambling for public office went on just the same, without regard to fitness or honesty of can- didates, and the acrimony of opposing individuals or their little supporting cliques were only equaled l>\ the unctuous truckling to voters. In the be- ginning as now public service was sometimes en- trusted to incompetency and rascality, proving, perhaps, that this shortcoming is inseparable 86 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA from our political system. More than once Ray complained of failures from many counties to make proper election returns, and ever and anon in the House and Senate Journals we find reports of proceedings against minor public officials for maladministration of their office. Beginning of Party Politics. — For more than a dozen years after the admission of the State political issues in Indiana were local and the for- tunes of an aspirant to public life devolved upon his personal standing rather than on allegiance to a party. The presidential campaign of 1828, with its intense partisanship, introduced a new political era. This was not felt here at once but Governor Ray's last message, delivered on his retirement in 1831, is notable for its protest against party ascendency and party discipline as assailing "the vitals of the first principles of the republic." A country's happiness and honor, he affirmed, was "about to be periled upon the self- ish basis of alternate triumphs and defeats." Noah Noble, a Whig, was the first Indiana gov- ernor elected along national party lines, but a local issue, that of internal improvement, was a prominent factor in his ascendency. The three successive governors from 1831 to 1843 — Noah Noble, David Wallace and Samuel Bigger, were Whigs. Industries and Trade. — Industry throughout this period was confined almost entirely to agri- culture and home products of manufacture, such as fabrics for clothing. Occasionally some mill or factory with a sounding name was incorpo- rated under the law, but as yet they cut little figure in the activities of the commonwealth. Trade developed quite as rapidly as could be ex- pected considering the serious handicap conse- quent upon the wretched transportation facilities. There was much surplus produce in the shape of horses, cattle, swine, flour, sugar and whisky, for export, and as early as 1828, before the days of the Wabash canal, it was affirmed that ten counties along the Wabash valley, from Knox to Tippecanoe, had been receiving annually from the east 385 tons of dry goods, while from Terre Haute alone went 2,800 barrels of whisky and 7,000 barrels of pork.* The most of the export trade went southward by way of the Mississippi river, and the localities most favored were those that had easiest outlet by streams that could be navigated. The Ohio and Wabash permitted of egress at all times of the year, but most of the watercourses that threaded the interior afforded outlet at high water only, and advantage was taken of the freshet season to send down flat- boats laden with the produce of the country. These rude craft required comparatively little skill to build and the Indiana forests supplied an abundance of timber for their construction. They were from forty to a hundred feet in length and from fifteen to twenty feet wide and had great carrying capacity, one estimate being 500 dressed hogs for a sixty-foot boat. The Ohio and lower Wabash had the advan- tage of steamboat transportation at an early day, but what is claimed as the first vessel of this kind on White river did not come until 1829 or the early part of 1830, when the "Traveler," cap- tained by William Sanders, carried a load of salt as far as Spencer.* For many parts of the State the flatboat traffic continued until the advent of the railroads. EDUCATION Constitutional Provision. — The ninth article of the constitution had taken this stand on behalf of the education of the State's future citizens : "Knowledge and learning generally diffused through a community being essential to the pres- ervation of a free government, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to this end, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law for the improvement of such lands as are, or here- after may be granted by the United States to this State for the use of schools, and to apply any funds which may be raised from such lands, or from any other quarter, to the accomplishment of the grand object for which they are or may be intended ; but no lands granted for the use of schools or seminaries of learning shall be sold by the authority of the State prior to the year eighteen hundred and twenty; and the moneys which may be raised out of the sale of any such lands, or otherwise obtained for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for the exclusive purposes of promoting the interest of literature and the sciences, and for the support of seminaries and public schools. It shall be * Ray's message, 1828. * Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist.. June, 1906. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 87 the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as circumstances will permit, to provide by law for a general system of education, ascending in a regular gradation from township schools to a State university wherein tuition shall be gratis and equally open to all. And for the promotion of such salutary end, the money which shall be paid as an equivalent by persons exempt from military duty, except in times of war, shall be exclusively, and in equal proportion, applied to the support of county seminaries; and all fines assessed for any breach of the penal laws shall be applied to said seminaries in the counties wherein they shall be assessed." This was an admirable foundation on which to rear the educational structure, but as a matter of fact it was a good while before the citizenry could work to the program with any degree of efficiency, and during this period the actual edu- cational status was very crude. County Seminaries. — What is known as the "County Seminary Law of 1818" marks the first step toward a system. This, conformably to the constitutional provision, established a seminary in each county, the public funds for which were to be derived as specified. How inadequate this fund was is shown by the fact that in 1825 Dear- born, one of the most populous counties, raised but $71 N I, while only seven had in excess of $200 and eight had less than $50 each.* These pit- tance*, in many instances, were eked out by pri- vate aid from public-spirited citizens, and as a matter of fact some of the seminaries became not only educational but social centers of con- siderable importance at that day. As schools they were, in some places, mixed and ungraded, with pupils ranging, as Professor Boone says, from "four to thirty years of age," though where the township schools existed they were confined to the higher grades. A table of these seminaries and their location given by Boone shows eighteen to have been established up to 1830. School Law of 1824; Distinctive Character. — In 1824 an act was passed to establish a general m of township schools, and this law was no- table a* compared with the legislation existing elsewhere at that day. In most States the idea prevailed that public schools were to be for those whd could not otherwise afford them, whereas the Indiana law was thoroughly democratic and framed "to guard against any distinctions . . . between the rich and the poor." By this law any three residents of a congressional township could call a meeting of the other residents to take steps in school organization by the election of three school trustees for the township. After taking the prescribed steps the inhabitants should "be a body corporate politic" in whom the six- teenth section of school land should be vested. The trustees as the agents of this corporation were to divide the township into districts and appoint for them sub-trustees who, by calling meetings in their respective districts, were to as- certain the public sentiment as to the establish- ment of public schools. Those districts that fa- m \aj\'^j*^£ SAM .1 ' "Education in Indiana." the most comprehensive study we have on this subject. Typical Log Schoolhouse Erected in Indiana Under the Law of 1824. vored such establishment were called upon to build a schoolhouse, so much free labor being exacted of each free-holder. The length of term and questions of expenditure were also submitted to the voters. The moneys accruing to the town- ship from the school lands were to be equitably divided among the various districts. The town- ship trustees were to examine the teachers and grant licenses. That the actual operations of the system thus established was, in the earlier days at least, very crude, is indicated by the fact that efficient teachers were scarce, and that their con- tracts for teaching specified "what part of their wages should be in produce, when and where de- livered, what part should he paid in money, and in what instalments, and whether the teacher should be boarded among his employers" (Boone i. Public Schools Not "Free." — While tin 88 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA schools were designated as "public," they were not free, the returns from the school lands, partly through mismanagement, being entirely inade- quate, and patrons usually had to pay for tuition, as in any private school. The school term was usually three months. Boone states that the law was ''doomed to failure for lack of funds to main- tain the system." It remained in force until 1833, but as a matter of fact a large proportion of the townships in the organized counties made no attempt to establish schools. Private Schools. — That public sentiment and support in matters educational moved too slowly for the more advanced element is indicated by the establishment of sundry private seminaries and academies, of which twenty-two prior to 183G are on record. This class of schools is cited by Professor Boone as having rendered an invalu- able service to education throughout the State.* College Beginnings. — Three permanent in- stitutions of learning date back to the period we are considering — the State Seminary, afterward Indiana University; Hanover Academy, after- ward Hanover College, and the school that be- came Wabash College. State School. — The first of these, as the name implied, was fostered by the State and was part of the State system. Opened in 1825 as the "State Seminary" it became "Indiana College" in 1828 and "Indiana University" in 1838, though the year after the conferring of this latter dig- nity the faculty consisted of only three members and the students were but sixty-four. Hanover College. — This institution was the first of the private denominational schools, and its earlier history is one of the most inspiring chapters in our cultural struggles. Founded by the Presbyterians for the cardinal purpose of pro- * The list of these twenty-two schools, their location and dates of opening are as follows: Corydon Seminary, 1816; Vincennes Academy, 1817; Martin's Academy (Livonia), 1819; New Albany School, 1823; Manual Labor School (location not given), 1824; New Harmony Seminary, 1826; Cambridge Academy (Lawrence- burg), 1826; Beech Grove Seminary (Liberty), 1827; Hanover Academy, 1827; Eel River Seminary (Logansport), 1829; Eugene Academy, 1829; Female Seminary (Greencastle), 1830; Teach- ers' Seminary (Crawfordsville), 1830; West L/nion School (Mon- rovia), 1832; Blue River Academy (Salem), 1832; Christian Col- lege (New Albany), 1833; Western Union Seminary (locality not given), 1833; Female Seminary (Salem), 1835; Carlisle School (Sullivan county), 1835; Olive Branch School (Lafay- ette), 1835. — (Boone.) By 1851 these private schools had in- creased to seventy-two in total number, though before that some had gone out of existence. The list compiled by Mr. Boone is not complete, as his text intimates. For reference to William Maclure's part in education at New Harmony see "The Story of New Harmony." ducing an educated ministry it began as "Han- over Academy" in 1827 and was chartered as a college in 1833. As early as 1829 it was adopted as a synodical school by the Presbyterian Synod of Indiana, and a theological department was established. Its struggle for existence w;is heroic, and as a means to its ends it attempted a manual labor experiment, whereby moneyless students could pay their way by work Coope^ cabinet, carpenter and printing shops were in- stalled, bricks were made and wood was chopped. By 1835 this venture had proved a failure, partly by reason of a difficult market for the products. Nevertheless it had drawn students from as many as eight or nine States and its attendance during this manual-school period was the largest in its history, being two hundred forty in 1833. Soon after, through various misfortunes, it de- clined almost to the point of perishing, but recov- ered by the determined efforts of its promoters and took an honored place among the State's edu- cational institutions. The Scotch-Irish stock that stood back of this school was notable for strength of character and sturdy moral fiber and formed an important element in our early popu- lation. Wabash College. — As has been said in a pre- vious section the Presbyterians of Indiana stood pre-eminently for education, and as the Hanover school was established for the promoting of an educated clergy so was the original of Wabash College founded for the training of teachers. This school, under the name of "The Wabash Manual Labor College and Teachers' Seminary," was opened at Wabash on the 3d of December, 1833, with an attendance of twelve pupils and with Prof. Caleb Mills at its head. Like Han- over this embryo college languished for want of support and struggled under debt, to which was added the misfortune of a fire in 1838 that all but wiped it out. During this decade it can be re- garded as a heroic beginning only (W. H. Smith). Lyceums. — As an educational factor mention should be made of a law of 1831 whereby twenty or more citizens of any county could incorporate lyceums "for mutual improvement in the arts and sciences." Libraries. — The constitution contained a provision that whenever a new county should be created at least ten per cent, should be reserved CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND lIANDUuoK OF INDIANA 89 out of the proceeds from the sale of town lots in the seat of justice and applied to the establish- ment of a library for the county. As early as 1816 and again in 1818 laws were passed to carry this provision into effect, and thus throughout the legislation of the twenties we find repeated measures for the founding of these libraries. To just what extent they were used and what part tlu-y played in the education of the people, there is perhaps, no way of learning now. An auxili- ary to this system was another system, pri- vately promoted, of Sunday school libraries, which undoubtedly had much influence, especially with the younger generation. In 1827 it was esti- mated that there was in the State a Sunday school membership of two thousand children, and while this was but a small percentage of even the juve- nile population, it made an excellent seed bed, and one writer on the subject affirms that to these libraries "may safely be ascribed much of the in- telligence and much of the virtue of the people of later generations."* State Library. — The State Library was es- tablished by an act of February 11, 1825. The first official word touching such a library is to In- found in the Journal of the first constitutional convention, where, under date of June 28, 1816, it is "Resolved, That it be recommended to the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, to ap- propriate the money voluntarily given by the citizens of Harrison county to the State, to the purchase of books for a library for the use of the Legislature and other officers of government ; and that the said General Assembly will, from time to time, make such other appropriations for the increase of said library as they may deem necessary." After a lapse of nine years the pro- posed library materialized, largely through the efforts of Judge Benjamin Parke, to wdiom is given the credit of being one of our earliest and most ardent promoters of all matters pertaining to education. Its original purpose, as specified in the Journal, was to serve the various officers of the State, and it included what afterward be- came the Supreme Court Library. The humble- ness of its beginning is indicated by the fact that for sixteen years it did not even have a separate librarian, hut was in the hands of the Secretary of State, who received the munificent sum of $15 per year extra for taking care of it, and the an- * J. P. Dunn, "The Libraries of Indiana." nual appropriation up to 1831 was but $30. For a good many years the State Library was something of a joke, and the librarianship one of the minor political plums, but its scope grad- ually broadened until it has become a large and valuable reference library for the use of all citi- zens. RELIGION General Character. — During the earlier pe- riod of the State's history it was, in its religious phase, largely a missionary field. According to a study of this subject by Prof. C. B. Coleman* "it is scarcely too much to say that Indiana Prot- estant churches were not a natural development produced by the settlers who came here, so much First State House in Indianapolis, Built in 1832. (See page 109.) as they were a planting made by ministers and missionaries from the older sections of the country." These ministers and missionaries, in large part, represented prior to 1830 the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian denomi- nations. The Baptists, though at first the leaders, did not keep pace with the other two, and those sects are pre-eminently conspicu- ous in our early religious history. Broadly speak- ing they represented two types of religionists — one the intellectual and educated class, the other, the masses who were swayed largely by their feelings. Presbyterianism. — Of the Presbyterians it has been said that they "build schoolhouse and church side by side;" and that "of Indiana it is almost literally true that there were no schools until the Presbyterian minister arrived." These * Some Religious Developments in Indiana: Ind. Mag. Hist., vol. v, No. 2. 90 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBuOK OF INDIANA ministers were among the first school teachers and among the first to bring private libraries into the territory. The denomination was the first by several years to establish a higher school for the education of a clergy native to the west, who could better meet the requirements of pioneer life. This was the Hanover school, sketched on a previous page. To illustrate the zeal and devo- tion of the ministry Mr. Coleman cites, as typical, the Rev. John M. Dickey, whose average salary for sixteen years was $80, and who eked out a living for his family by farming, teaching sing- ing classes, doing clerical work, surveying land, teaching school and mending shoes, while his wife managed the household, spun and made all the woolen and linen garments of the family, ex- tended to numberless visitors the hospitality due from a preacher's wife, and reared a large family of children. This sketch is but a sample of many that may be found in the Presbyterian annals. The Salem Presbytery, the first in Indiana, was formed in 1823 and the first synod in 1826. Methodism. — The church that made the deepest impress on the pioneer population was the Methodist with its zealous proselyting and its playing upon the emotions with a drastic the- ology and a fervent appeal that ofttimes swept through communities as a sort of emotional con- tagion. The open-air camp meeting, given over to religious demonstrations and attended by large numbers drawn thither by the excitement, made Methodism "catching," and the extraordinary zeal of the clergy, rude men of the rank and file, for the most part, who carried the gospel to the people far and near in the face of hardship and privation, won a membership to the sect that soon outranked all others in point of numbers. No more interesting biographies can be found than those that have been preserved of many of the itinerant preachers or circuit riders, and no narratives afford more intimate glimpses of the lives of the people. Catholicism. — The Catholic church is by far the oldest religious institution in the State, as it dates back to the days of the French occupancy. For many years the history of the Vincennes church seems to be virtually the history of the church within this territory, but the Catholic di- rectory of 1837 designates about thirty stations in various parts of the State that were visited more or less regularly by priests. The diocese of Vincennes, comprising Indiana and about one-third of Illinois, was created in 1834, with the Rev. Simon G. W. Brute as its first bishop. Christian or Disciples' Church. — This sect in Indiana may be said to have had its beginning about 1819. It was a breaking away from the superabundance of "man-made" creeds and doc- trinal points that were cumbering the Protestant faith, and the reaction in favor of a simpler form of belief, based on "the Bible as the living creed," was crystallized by the influence of a few men, into a movement that in time became one of the strongest churches in the State. Religious and Moral Societies. — The reli- gious element in this period did not confine it- self to church organization, but promoted vari- ous societies in the name of religion and morals. The Indiana Sabbath School Union, a branch of the American Sabbath School Union, was formed at Chariest own, Clark county, in 1826. Bible societies, auxiliary to the American Bible Socie- ties, were formed in different parts of the State, and were instrumental in distributing thousands of Bibles either free or at cost price. The or- ganized crusade against intemperance began with the formation in 1830 of the Indiana Temper- ance Society. Another movement that may be classed as moral, though it had its economic and social side, was that of removing the free negroes from America and colonizing them in Liberia, Africa. The Indiana Colonization Society, formed at Indianapolis in 1829, was a branch of a national organization. It continued in active existence for years, with many of the leading men of the State back of it, and in 1846 it launched a monthly publication, "The Coloniza- tionist," knowledge of which is so meager that no Indianapolis historian makes mention of it. The Press. — Prior to 1820 ten or a dozen newspapers had sprung up in Indiana, most of them after the admission of the State. In a gazet- teer of 1833 we find what is perhaps the first pub- lished list of papers, which shows twenty-nine to be in existence at that time. As some are known of before that date that are not included in the list it is probable that an uncertain number were short-lived. That the newspaper at that day and for a good while after commanded a precarious living is evidenced by the papers them- selves as they occasionally voiced their discour- agements and difficulties. To "owe the printer" CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 91 92 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA was a common dereliction that seemed to bother nobody's conscience, and the editor, in many cases, was glad to get his pay in commodities of any kind from corn to cordwood. The local news that was published was very meager, the con- tents of the columns revealing that popular inter- est ran largely to national politics and foreign news, with an infusion of State matters that grew as internal affairs developed. An occasional rare book or pamphlet bears the date of the twenties and the imprint of some In- diana press. The Rappites, at Harmonie, did some printing, and their successors, the com- munity of Robert Owen, had a well-equipped out- fit. In 1825 they launched a periodical, the "New Harmony Gazette," which was quite distinct in character from any other publication in the State, being devoted to social propaganda and the philo- sophical discussion of moral principles.* Medicine. — February 12, 1825, a law was passed to "incorporate medical societies for the purpose of regulating the. practice of physics and surgery in the State." By it authority was given to doctors of the various counties to meet at the seat of government and organize into a corporate body, to be known as "The Medical Society of the State of Indiana." The circuit court circuits were to comprise so many medical districts, "to be known as first, second or third medical dis- tricts, according to the name of the circuit." Within these areas district societies were to be formed. The State society was to be composed of delegates from the district societies, and cen- sors from the districts were to examine all can- didates for license and grant diplomas. Persons of bad moral character could not be licensed. Militia. — By the adjutant-general's report for 1828 we find that the aggregate number of officers and men in the State militia is estimated at 40,000. but the real status of this establishment is indicated by the fact that only 16,657 had re- * For article on "Early Newspapers of Indiana" see Ind. Quar Mag. Hist., vol. ii, No. 3. ported for muster, which was 12,184 less than in 1826. The complaint of trouble in getting re- ports is also indicative of the waning interest. Benevolence; Paupers and Negroes. — Gov- ernor Ray was, in many instances, in advance of his times. One of his efforts was for reform in the treatment of paupers. In his messages of 1825 he said : "It is the poor and needy that can justly claim more of our deliberations than the affluent. . . . These unhappy objects of pub- lic charity are sold like merchandise or cattle in a public market to persons who are generally induced to become their purchasers from motives of gain and avarice. . . . To me this practice seems degrading to our character as a Christian people." His suggestion was that the State be divided into districts of counties or larger areas, and that in each of these districts an asylum be established. A committee report on public asylums* does not, however, coincide with the governor's opinion. This report reads : "Com- paratively speaking we can scarcely be said to have any paupers. The proportion is less than one to one thousand of our population." The existing system, it thought, was wisely adapted to the situation of the country, and therefore it believed that the establishment of asylums was not then expedient. It is interesting to note that as early as 1829 Ray deplores the excessive influx of negroes into Indiana. These, he said, added an uneducated and "immoralized" element, most of whom were paupers on society. As a remedy for this he ad- vocated the colonization scheme which tor a num- ber of years many regarded as the solution of the negro problem. As illustrating a peculiar twist of his moral perceptions he advocated the exportation of whisky because the wealth of the country would be increased and because "the moral condition of our society would lie greatly improved and ameliorated. " + * House Journal, 10th session, p. 135. f Ray's message, 1829. CHAPTER VIII THE STORY OF NEW HARMONY The Rappites. — Two notable intrusions into Indiana's early history were the successive social settlements of George Rapp and Robert Owen at New Harmony (first called Harmonie), in Posey county. As early as L815 the '"Rappites," or "Harmonists," a German religious sect under the leadership of George Rapp, located on the Wa- bash, having purchased there a holding of nearly thirty thousand acres. This they owned in com- mon.' anil there was not even a separation into families, as one of their doctrines was that of strict celibacy. They were intensely religious, docile to their leader, inoffensive, industrious and thrifty with many skilled workmen among them. The little town of Harmonie that they built up had many brick buildings, some of them the larg- est and most imposing to be found in the State at that time. They established a cocoonery and silk factory, a woolen mill, oil mill, saw mill, brick yard, brewery and distillery, and the wil- derness in which they settled was, within the years of their occupancy, converted into well- tilled, productive farms, with orchards and vine- yards. The yield of their fertile acres and their various industries begat a trade of no mean pro- portions which extended down the Mississippi to New Orleans, while two or three prosperous stores were maintained at Vincennes and else- where. As a result they acquired a wealth and a comfort of living far in advance of the pioneer conditions of their American neighbors, from whom they were altogether removed in spirit and in sympathies. The unfriendly attitude of the native Ameri- cans toward these strange people is given as one of the reasons why, in the course of time, they desired to leave the Wabash region. At any rate after ten years spent here they did desire to leave, and to that end offered for sale all their estate with its improvements, including the village of Harmonie with its dwellings, factories and indus- trial machinery all ready for use. Robert Owen, Philanthropist, Buys Rappite Estate. — By one of those happy coincidences which sometimes occur in the course of event-. there dwelt at Lanark, Scotland, an altogether unusual man with aspirations and dreams into which the opportunity offered by the Rappites fitted as if by a prearranged plan. This man, Robert Owen, was a large and successful manu- facturer whose desire to benefit humanity amounted to a passion. His efforts to ameliorate the hard conditions of the ignorant, over- worked and underpaid laboring class of Great Britain, and the greed and stupidity against which he contended make one of the touching chapters in the history of philanthropy. As a philanthropist of lofty ideals he had established lor himself a reputation that extended over Eu- rope, but the hindrances to his plans were, none the less, insurmountable. When an agent of the Rappite society came to him with a proposition to purchase their great estate with all its improve- ments on the far-away Wabash it opened up a new vista that glowed with promise. There, in a new country where all things were yet to be formed, he could work out the grand idea of a social reform that should prove new truths to the world.. The opportunity was too fascinating to be resisted, and the outcome was that Owen, for something like $150,000, secured a tract of land considerably larger than an entire congressional township, on which labor in excess of that value, doubtless, had already been expended, to say nothing of a village of substantial buildings ca- pable of comfortably housing perhaps a thousand people and of the industrial equipments. Owen's Scheme. — His first work after the purchase was to arouse interest in America by promulgating his plans, and to that end he came to this country and delivered several public ad- dresses, the first two being in the national capital before large audiences in which were many of the most distinguished people of the country. These addresses which, after their oral delivers', were published, advertised broadcast the scheme of a new social experiment about to be tried, in which all who were in sympathy were invited to share as members. The arguments of the founder were alluring and plausible, and when 93 94 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the time came to actually form the community it was found that there was no lack of material. Rappites Succeeded by the Owen Community. — The Rappites left Harmonie in 1824, going to Pennsylvania, where they established for them- selves a new community home which they called Economy. Early in 1825 Owen and his followers took possession of the Wabash village, which was re-named New Harmony. Even before Owen himself arrived on the ground the place was filled with people of many kinds. Some were philanthropists, entitled to all respect; some were cranks full of hobbies and eccentricities who never were born to work together with anybody to any end. When Owen arrived he set forth his views once more to this mixed assemblage ; the "Preliminary Society of New Harmony" was formed and a constitution establishing a social starting point was adopted. Owen's Ideals. — The society was called "Pre- liminary" because it was regarded as but the first step toward a more ideal organization to which people were to be educated. The constitution adopted announced that the object of the society was to secure for its members "the greatest amount of happiness," and to "transmit it to their children to the latest posterity." All mem- bers of it were to be of the same rank, with no artificial inequalities, and all were to be "willing to render their best services for the good of the society, according to their age, experience and capacity." The official name of the society was to be "The New Harmony Community of Equal- ity," and its social program was long and elab- orate, covering, or aiming to cover, the many and variable relations that must exist in any society. One feature of the general plan, which was de- scribed in the Owen address above referred to, was a series of ideal villages, as the community grew, each of which was'to consist of solid rows of dwellings or apartments something like a mod- ern tenement, but arranged around a hollow square one thousand feet long. The village was to have, besides these living apartments, a pri- mary and high school, public dining hall and kitchen, common nursery for the children, and rooms for community purposes, such as lectures, dances, concerts, etc. This "model village," as it was designated, along with other plans and ideas, never got be- yond the ideal stage, and it may be added here that in the character of the people attracted by the experiment, and in their diversity of views when brought to the test of a definite social scheme, was the fatal obstacle to any kind of success. The Scientific and Educational Circle; Will- iam Maclure. — The most notable acquisition of the Owen colony was the addition of a group of men who took high rank among the scientists and educators of the day. Conspicuous among these as a leader was William Maclure. of Phila- delphia, a man of wealth and both scientist and educator. As the former he came to be known as "The Father of American Geology." by vir- tue of his pioneer labor in that field, and he was a principal founder and for many years presi- dent of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. As a promoter of education he intro- duced into America the Pestalozzian system and his ardor in educational matters was second only to his interest in science. Like Robert < Kven he was by nature, and sincerely, a philanthropist, and their essential kinship drew the two men together. In some directions Maclure did not share Owen's social theories, but the famous ex- periment was one to interest him, especially as it opened up possibilities for the fulfilment of his cherished ideas ; and hence, when Owen solicited his co-operation he readily affiliated by putting in to the scheme, as a copartner, about the same amount as the other had applied to the original purchase. Maclure's Dream. — The dream that took pos- session of Maclure was the establishment of a great school which should be the center of learn- in" in the west of the future and of a system of "free, equal and universal schools for feeding, clothing and instructing all the children of the State." Several years before he had brought to this country, from Switzerland, Joseph Neef, a disciple of Pestalozzi, who opened at Philadel- phia the first Pestalozzian school in the United States. Neef and this school he now plucked up bodily, as it were, to transfer them to the Wa- bash. Maclure's Co-Workers. — Along with Neef Maclure's prestige and influence enlisted a group of brilliant and able men, some of them of na- tional reputation, who were to contribute their talents to the proposed school of higher educa- tion. Notable among these were Thomas Say, CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 95 Charles A. Lesueur, Gerard Troost and John Chappelsmith. Say, a pioneer in zoology as Maclure was in geology, was perhaps the greatest American zo- ologist of his day ; Lesueur was a naturalist of high repute and an artist ; Troost was a geologist, at a later date State geologist of Tennessee. Chap- pelsmith, of lesser fame, was an artist and en- graver. Say and Neef are both buried at New Harmony, and the former, during his life there, was the author of important works on natural their scientific and intellectual accomplishments, added to the fame of New Harmony through a period of many years, and made it a center of interest to scientists, philosophers and travelers abroad. Conspicuous among them were the four sons of Robert Owen, Robert Dale, William, Da- vid Dale and Richard Dale, all of whom had been highly educated in the schools of Europe. Rob- ert Dale Owen, the best known of these brothers in the history of Indiana, was widely in touch with the affairs of the State and did notable service Harmonie, 1816. history. That men of this stamp should have left iln- great centers and buried themselves in the remote wilderness is an evidence of the lofty hopes inspired by the social experiment. The Boatload of Knowledge. — A literatesque feature of this scientific exodus from the east was that a good-sized party of men and women, with their equipment, traveled from Pittsburg to New Harmony in a keelboat, and to this da)- the outfit is humorously spoken of as "The Boatload of Knowledge." Other Characters; the Owen Family. — Aside from the Maclure group there was a list of men and women, too long to be dealt with here, who by as a statesman both at home and as a representa- tive at Washington. As a pioneer in the move- ment for the extended rights of women that class owe him a debt of gratitude, which they acknowl- edged a few years since by placing a bronze bust on the grounds of the State Capitol. As a mem- ber of the constitutional convention of 1850 he was, perhaps, the ablest contributor to that instru- ment, and left his strong impress upon it. In the cause of science he, more than any other man, brought about the establishment of the Smith- sonian Institute at Washington. William Owen is less known than his trio of distinguished brothers, but he figured, until his 96 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA death in 1842, as an able, versatile and helpful citizen of New Harmony. David Dale Owen, of the first rank as a scien- tist, was in 1837 appointed United States geolo- gist, and during his services as such the govern- ment geological survey was established at New Harmony, which gave the place additional impor- tance. He was the first State geologist of Indi- ana, having previously occupied the same office for Kentucky and Arkansas. He died while ge- ologist of this State and was succeeded to the office by his brother Richard, who throughout a long life was identified with scientific and educa- tional development in this State. It may be added here that E. T. Cox, another product of New Harmony, was our State geologist for twelve years, and perhaps a half-dozen other men of this group were identified with geological surveys in other States. Among the able men in other lines may be mentioned Josiah Warren, inventor and social philosopher whose ideas for the solu- tion of certain social problems have not yet been exploded, nor has the interest in them ceased. Constantine Raffinesque, one of the celebrated early naturalists, was a frequent visitor to New Harmony, and among other visitors attracted thither by the famous resident coterie were John James Audubon, Sir Charles Lyell and Prince Maximilian, of Prussia, who with a corps of scientists, was touring the United States. Frances Wright, one of the most intellectual women of her day, and conspicuous as an advo- cate of the rights of women, was intimately iden- tified with the Owens colony. Failures of New Harmony. — The monu- mental and general failure of the New Harmony experiment and the various causes of it make a fascinating study in social principles. When com- pared with the community success of the Rap- pites a perfect contrast is afforded. The latter were bound together by a common religious belief and subservient to a common leader. There was no questioning, no dissent and no intellectual un- rest. The Owen colony, on the contrary, was in no sense a unit, unless it be in the general dis- satisfaction with the established order of things. Because they did not agree with the established order and had no resting place they segregated in hopes of finding one, but only to find, instead, that they agreed no better among themselves. General Dissension. — Before the end of the second year disintegration was well under way. Almost in the beginning there set in what might be called subsegregations — birds of a feather flocking together until instead of one society there were several distinct communities. As some wit happily intimated, "New Harmony" became a misnomer — it was, more properly, New Dis- cord. One of the serious discords arose between the two heads of the experiment, Owen and Maclure. The latter, who was to have had en- tire control of the school scheme, was one of the first to secede from the original colony, and Owen set up a system of his own, and so in lieu of the proposed great school there were several minor ones, with more or less hostility between them. One of these under the auspices of Mac- lure, was an industrial school, the second one to be established in the United States. Maclure and Robert Owen Leave; Estimate of the Two Men. — Maclure spent, all told, only about two years at New Harmony, though his interest in the place continued till his death. Robert Owen did not stay there much longer, and by 1827 the social experiment was an ac- knowledged failure. In their moral zeal and in their philosophies these two leaders were much alike. Both com- bined with worldly wisdom and great ability ideas so at variance with common observation as to seem puerile. Owen's fundamental mistake was in assuming that environment and instruction wholly made the man, and that human beings could be molded like putty to a theory. The in- dividualistic element did not seem to enter into his calculations. It was even a part of his plan that children should be separated from their par- ents and be virtually owned by the community. Maclure's educational theory, along with main ideas that are to-day regarded as the best, advo- cated an extreme utilitarianism. What we call cultural acquirements, including literature and art, had no place in his scheme. "A plain, simple narrative of facts got by evidence of the senses" was the only literature needful he held, and the thing to be most guarded against was the "exag- gerated delusions of the imagination." The play of children was to be directed to useful ends, and "nothing but positive knowledge ought to be taught to children." Utility was "the only scale Scenes in Turkey-Run, Parke County. 98 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA by which the value of everything is to be meas- ured." As these ideas were also shared by Owen it seems very likely that they would have met serious obstacles to success even had the leaders proceeded in perfect harmony with each other. , The Successes of New Harmony. — George B. Lockwood, in his very thorough study of this whole subject, speaks in happy paradox of "the failure of George Rapp's success" and "the suc- cess of Robert Owen's failure," and among the successes of the Owen regime he particularly specifies the educational influences that emanated from there. The ideas of Pestalozzi, introduced by Maclure and Joseph Neef, made their impress in time on the educational history of the State. It was a nursing place for "first things," the first Home of George Rapp, Harmonie, 1824. infant school and kindergarten in the country, the first distinctively trade school, the first real public-school system and the first school to offer equal advantages to boys and girls, all being ac- credited to the New Harmony experiment. Robert Owen's Successors. — Nor was this all by any means. When Robert Owen, discour- aged, retired from the field he left able men established permanently on the ground, and though the "social experiment," as such, ceased to be, their activities did not cease. It became later, as previously said, a scientific center of wide reputation and influence, and the town took on a character that is to the present day quite distinctive and superior, while through some of its citizens, particularly Robert Dale Owen, its most distinguished public man, and a direct prod- uct of the original New Harmony idea, it exerted no small influence in the affairs of the State. Status of Women at New Harmony. — One development that should not be overlooked is that of the status of women. Owen stood for equality of the sexes at a day when such an idea had little lodgment in the public mind, and the arduous devotion to the emancipation of her sex by Frances Wright, one of the remarkable women of her times, did much to create an enlarged sphere for her sisters. These ideas found prac- tical issue when Robert Dale Owen, as legislator and member of the second constitutional con- vention stood as a champion for rights of women, securing for them a recognition for which they have not been ungrateful in later days. The Maclure Libraries. — As before said, though William Maclure's scheme for a great school at New Harmony failed and he was only a temporary resident of that place, his educa- tional interest did not cease, and his will created a fund for the establishment, under certain condi- tions, of libraries over the State for the benefit of "the working classes who labor with their hands and earn their living in the sweat of their brows." It should be added that Maclure's desire to help this class amounted to a passion, and his ani- mosity to the class "who live by the ignorance of the millions," was inveterate. The library be- quest met with legal hindrances and it was not until 1855, fifteen years after the donor's death, that the fund was applied. By it $500 was to be given to any club or society of laborers in the United States who would establish a reading and lecture room with a library of at least one hun- dred volumes. The result of this benefaction was 144 libraries in Indiana, distributed through eighty-nine counties. J. P. Dunn, in his mono- graph, "The Libraries of Indiana," does not at- tribute a very wide influence to the libraries, for various reasons, but they were, to say the least, a notable contribution to the culture of the State and an interesting forerunner of the extensive Carnegie system of the present day.* * The fullest and best account of the New Harmony experi- ment is the elaborate study by George B. Lockwood, "The New Harmony Movement." CHAPTER IX INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT MOVEMENTS PRELIMINARY TO LAW OF 1836 PRELIMINARY HISTORY Early Conditions. — The famous internal im- provement plan of 1836 by which Indiana inau- gurated a huge paternalistic scheme for supply- ing an elaborate system of roads and canals can not be presented intelligently unless we also con- sider the movement antecedent to that culmina- tion. The absurdity of the undertaking borrows palliation from the desperate necessities that ex- isted and is in a measure explained by them. From the beginning, and in proportion as the settlements pushed northward from the Ohio river, the problem of getting in and out increased in seriousness, and by the time the central por- tion of the State was taken up as far north as the upper Wabash the problem became a most pressing one. The new capital was eighty-five miles from the nearest market outlet and many points were considerably farther, with one vast forest intervening. The natural outlets, the streams, were, with few exceptions, unreliable, and at best served only certain communities, and intercommunication generally was practically im- possible until a system of highways was made through the wilderness. Early Roads. — Thus it was that in the twen- ties the question of internal improvements as a live issue was largely confined to roads, and the road legislation during that period is so frequent and so complicated in its overlappings as to be confusing. Every new locality, as it was opened up to settlement, had to be accommodated in vari- ous directions and the road making was not con- fined to local initiative, but an elaborate system of State highways was projected and added to and altered, one year after another.* The scheme generally, in its results, seems to have demonstrated the general inefficiency that usu- ally, or perhaps always, accompanies paternal- istic attempts. Ray, in his first message, speak- ing of the roads authorized in 1821-2, with an appropriation of $100,000, says : "It is well worthy of inquiry whether the large expenditures that have already been made have answered the expectations of the public ; whether large sums have not been paid to numerous com- missioners for services that could as well have been rendered by one-third of the number em- ployed and at little more than one-third of the expense; whether a number of the roads opened under the provision of the law are not entirely useless to the public and even suffered to become altogether impassable by a second growth and neglect to keep them in repair." In a report of 1826 we find thirty-eight State roads listed and $78,319.53 was apportioned to them from the three per cent, fund, which was one of the very important sources of road rev- enue.* Other sources of maintenance were, a road tax levied upon real estate and compulsory road labor on the part of male adults under fifty years of age. Road Conditions. — The general result of this expenditure and labor was crude in the ex- treme. The so-called "improvement" was little more than the opening of wagonways through the wilderness and they were hardly more prac- ticable than the drift-choked streams. Of their atrocious character much has been said and yet the subject, seemingly, has never been done jus- tice. From the hills of the southern counties to the prairies beyond the Wabash the State was, for the most part, a level plain covered with a forest that shut out the sun from the rank mold, and this, like a sponge, held the accumulated waters. Vast areas were nothing but swamps, which the streams never fully drained. f Most * It should be stated that the funds for these roads was not a direct tax upon the people, as under the internal improvement law of 1836. They were largely derived from the "3 per cent, fund," which was donated by the federal government out of the sale of public lands. • See report of B. T. Blythe, agent of 3 per cent, fund. House Journal, 11th session, p. 21. t Mr. William Butler, a pioneer of southern Indiana, has told the present writer of a trip he made to Indianapolis in the thir- ties. He stopped over night with a settler in Johnson county, and, inquiring as to the country east of them, was told that there was no other residence in that direction for thirty miles. "And 99 100 (IIXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA of the year a journey over the roads was simply a slow, laborious wallowing through mud ; the bogs were passable only by the use of "cordu- roy," and this corduroy of poles laid side by side for miles not infrequently had to be weighted down with dirt to prevent floating off when the swamp waters rose. In a book called "The New Purchase," which purports to depict life in cen- tral Indiana in the early twenties, the wagon trip to Bloomington is described in the author's pe- culiar, half-intelligible style. He speaks of the country as "buttermilk land," "mashland," "root) and snaggy land," with mudholes and quicksands and corduroys, "woven single and double twill," and there are fords "with and without bottom." In the early spring, he says, the streams were brimful, "creeks turned to rivers, rivers to lakes, and lakes to bigger ones, and traveling by land becomes traveling by mud and water." As one proceeded he must tack to right and left, not to find the road, but to get out of it and find places where the mud was "thick enough to bear." The way was a "most ill-looking, dark-colored morass, enlivened by streams of purer mud (the roads) crossing at right angles," and these stream-, were "thick-set with stumps cut just low enough for wagons to straddle." Innumerable stubs of saplings, sharpened like spears by being shorn off obliquely, waited to impale the unlucky traveler who might be pitched out upon them, and the probability of such accident was consid- erable as the lumbering wagon plunged over a succession of ruts and roots, describing an "ex- hilarating seesaw with the most astonishing alter- nation of plunge, creak and splash." Ever and anon the brimming streams had to be crossed, sometimes by unsafe fording and sometimes bv rude ferries. In the latter case the ferrykeeper was apt to be off at work somewhere in his clear- ing, and the traveler had to "halloo the ferry" till he could make himself heard. How serious the road question was as affect- ing public welfare is evidenced by our legisla- tion. From 1820 there was scarcely a session but road laws were enacted, adding to or modifying the system, and, in many instances repealing stat- utes that seem to have been experimental and ill- advised. The National and Michigan Roads. — In the road history of Indiana these two thoroughfares stand distinct from the system of State roads, though the one last named was constructed by the State. The National road, as the name im- plies, was the work of the Federal government, designed as a great highway to connect the west with the east. It began at Cumberland, Md. (from which fact it at first bore the name of the "Cumberland road"), and was to reach St. Louis after traversing parts of Pennsylvania and West Virginia and the central portions of Ohio, Indi- ana and Illinois. As originally planned it would have passed south of Indianapolis and near Co- lumbus, in Bartholomew county, but through the efforts of Oliver H. Smith, when a congressman, the route was changed. The first Federal legis- lation regarding this road dates back to 1806 and its extension toward and into the western coun- try was a matter of lively interest for many years. It reached the Indiana line in 1827, the first work in this State being in Wayne county that year, In 1831 there was an appropriation of $75,000 for work that included the bridge over White river at Indianapolis. Throughout the thirties, as lie fore, its completion and improvement was an ever-recurring theme for the newspapers, but the improvement in the west was comparatively inferior, the expenditure on it here being but about $3,000 per mile as against $6,000 on the eastern end. The money for this road was de- rived from the sale of lands in the public do- main, two per cent, being reserved for internal improvements under the direction of Congress.* The Michigan road, from Madison on the Ohio river to the mouth of Trail creek on Lake Michi- gan, was a work of the thirties. It traversed the central portion of the State from south to north as the National road did from east to west, the two forming a pair of trunk lines that gave en- trance to the different sections of the State. The southern terminus was determined, as the south- ern terminus of the first railroad was a little later, by the political influence then existing at Madi- son. The northern terminus was determined by the chance of a good lake harbor at the mouth of Trail creek, and this also determined the loca- tion of Michigan City, It ran from Madison "al- vvhat's more, there never will lie," the informant added, his rea- son being that the submerged laud was irreclaimable. It may lie remarked, incidentally, that the swamp in question has long ago been converted into tine farms. * For long paper on National road, and additional matter re- lating to the road in Indiana, see Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist., vol. iii. "The Old Pike," by T. B. Searight, is the fullest work on the road as a whole. ( T.XTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 101 most due north through Jefferson and Ripley counties to Greensburg in Decatur. Thence, by a direct line, it led across Shelby county to the capital. The important sections of the road were those. from Indianapolis across Hamilton, Boone. Clinton and Carroll counties to Logansport, and from that place due north again across Cass, Fulton and Marshall to South Bend, and thence west to Michigan City. During eight months of the year it was an open, passable highway, but during the winter it was an endless stream of makers, was, of course, largely farcical. The value of the lands about balanced the cost of the road, which, up to 1840, was something like $242,000. CANALS Ohio Falls Canal. — The first canal agitation in Indiana was for a waterway around the falls of the Ohio river, which were a serious impedi- ment to navigation. This concerned Kentucky and Ohio quite as much as Indiana, and one of I >ld National Road Bridge Over White River, Indianapolis.— Sfeefr/i by Alois E. Sinks. black mud and almost useless. Its importance may be estimated from the fact that one-half of the pioneers of the northwest quarter of Indiana reached their homes over it" (Esarey). The fund> fur this work were derived from lands that were given by the Potawatomie Indians through whal is known as the Mississinewa treaty, made in < Ictober, 1826. These donated lands con- sisted of one section for each mile of the pro- posed Highway, granted to the State "as an evi- dence of the attachment which the Potawatomie tribe feel toward the American people, and par- ticularly to the soil of Indiana" — which fine sen- timent, evolved and framed by the white treaty- the propositions in the twenties was a joint work by < »hio and Indiana, but nothing came of it. As early as 1805 a company was formed in this State, composed largely of Clark county citizens, and $120,000 subscribed for the canal in qui arey ). Soon after the admission of the State the Legislature chartered "The < Ihio Canal Com- pany," which aimed to raise a capital of $1,000,- 000, but failed to do so. A reorganized company with a new charter was authorized in 1818 to raise money by lottery, the State itself to be a stockholder, and the following year work was begun. Like much of the subsequent canal w however, the capital and labor expended 102 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA a sheer loss. Support was inadequate and prog- ress slow. In 1825 Kentucky took up the work on its side. The cut could be made much cheaper there. The Kentucky enterprise had the back- ing of the Federal government, and the Indiana effort, that had persisted stubbornly for twenty years or more, received its death-blow. That Louisville became a metropolis and Jeffersonville and New Albany sank into desuetude was no doubt largely determined by the canal as a com- mercial factor. The Indiana scheme seems to have died hard, for as late as 1836 there was a flicker of revival when a company obtained an- other charter for the renewal of work on our side. This, however, never got farther than the first movement. Whitewater Canals ; East and West Forks. — The Whitewater canal that traversed the val- ley of the West Fork as far north as Hagers- town, Wayne county, connecting it with the Ohio river at Lawrenceburg and Cincinnati, was part of the State internal improvement scheme of 1836, but as early as 1822 the question of a canal through that important region was agi- tated. It need be only mentioned here. For "Completion of the Whitewater Canal" see chap- ter xii. The work up the east fork, known in its day as the Richmond and Brookville canal, was never finished, but it was begun and from 1834 to the close of that decade it was a lively hope, consid- erable energy and money being spent on it. The Wabash and Erie Canal. — The question of a canal to connect the waters of the Wabash and Maumee rivers, which ultimately became the famous Wabash and Erie, began to be agitated in the early twenties. This, Governor Hen- dricks urged, would open an inland navigation from New York to New Orleans (via the Erie canal of New York) and would be the great agent in enhancing the value of vast quantities of public lands. Indiana alone was too poor to attempt the work, and after repeated appeals for Federal aid and much debating of the subject, Congress, in 1827, made liberal grants of land along the proposed route amounting to three thousand two hundred acres for each lineal mile. Construction was begun in 1832 and in 1836 the work was merged in the State's plans for gen- eral improvement.* Other canal propositions that never got beyond talk, claimed public attention during these earlier years, and by the early thirties the agitation of railroads became pronounced. In a word, the fermentation that resulted in the famous internal improvement law was for ten years or more gath- ering form and becoming a part of public thought. It became a factor in politics and the men rode into popular favor who mounted the hobby of State improvements by the paternalistic plan. Governor Ray was an example of this. His ad- vocacy of the growing sentiment made his politi- cal fortune, and an excerpt from his message of 1826, couched in his characteristic swelling style, indicates that he made the most of it. "The whole country," he says, "as if by one impulse, is moved by the master spirit that is abroad. . . . On the construction of roads and canals we must rely as the safest and most certain State policy, to relieve our situation, place us among the first in the Union, and change the cry of hard times into an open acknowledgment of content- edness." In 1829 we find him arguing for a gen- eral system of State improvements, including a railway, canals and turnpikes — a scheme not un- like the one that the State adopted in 1836. In view of all this it is perhaps safe to say that the great paternalistic experiment, however ill-ad- vised it may seem in the light of history, was inevitable, being but a logical sequence. * For "W'abash and Erie Canal and Commercial Development" see chap. xii. CHAPTER X AX EXPERIMENT IX PATERNALISM The Problem. — At this point the question of progress as determined by the internal im- provement movement becomes secondary to an interesting and profitable study of influences and conditions that made for retrogression, and which resulted in the most disastrous financial set-back in the State's history. To understand the great paternalistic experi- ment that distinguished the fourth decade of In- diana's history we must consider it as a part of a much wider movement. The conditions in the interior of America with its vast distances and its isolated inland centers made the problem of transportation particularly acute and particularly difficult because of the enormous cost and the in- adequate wealth of a thinly scattered population. Federal Aid. — Nothing short of State aid, it seemed, could help the people to the facili- ties they needed. Federal aid (as in the building of the National road) was early invoked, but all that could be hoped for from that source was trivial as compared with the relief demanded by the various sections of many States. The most substantial help afforded by the general govern- ment was the gift of three per cent, out of the sales of public lands. This yielded in Indiana, altogether, $575,547.75. which was applied to the opening of numerous "State" roads. By the mid- dle thirties these roads pretty well covered the State, but were the rudest of thoroughfares, and owing to the nature of most of the country, were virtually untravelable in the bad seasons. The Seeming Solution. — The only solution of the transportation question was in expensive im- proved turnpikes or yet more extensive canals or railroads ; the construction of such works by private enterprise at that day was out of the question, and thus the tide turned to the notion of the one agency big enough to accomplish the desired results — the State. This idea prevailed and bore fruit in a number of states, Indiana be- ing but one of these to project and attempt a system of public works for the purpose of trans- portation. The sentiment in Indiana for such a scheme was a growth of several years, as has already been shown. It had its opponents, who saw the dangers ahead, but the advocates in- creased till they took possession of the day. The politicians who championed the idea were the ones who rode into power ; arguments grew by what they fed upon, and these plentifully bol- stered up by figures convinced the people that roads and canals, at whatever cost, were a colos- sal money-making proposition. The increase of commerce and the tolls from canals would not only pay for the canals but return a surplus that would relieve the citizen from tax-paying. Difficulties of Fixing on a System. — The detriment to final legislation was the difficulty of elaborating a system that would benefit every- body. Of course no taxpayer wanted to con- tribute to improvements that would give his neighbors all the benefit and leave him still in the woods, and a system that could touch every county in the State was manifestly impossible. Also, there was a division of opinions as to the values and practicability of different kinds of improvements — turnpikes, canals and railroads. The Internal Improvement Bill. — These dif- ferences kept the Legislature jockeying for two or three sessions, but finally, in January of 1836, the internal improvement bill, famous in our an- nals, was passed, to the great joy of the people, who made bonfires and jubilated wildly in honor of the event. The bill provided for eight differ- ent works, including turnpikes, canals, railroads, and the improvement of the lower Wabash, the scheme as it originally stood, together with the separate appropriations, being : 1. A canal down the valley of the Whitewater from the National road to the Ohio, and a canal or railroad to connect the upper Whitewater with the Central canal at some point in Madison or Delaware county, if possible. Appropriation, $1,400,000. 2. A canal, to be known as the '"Central," from some point on the upper Wabash to Indian- apolis via Muncie, and down White river to the forks ; thence to Evansville. Appropriation, $3,500,000. 3. An extension of the Wabash and Erie canal from Tippecanoe river to Terre Haute. 103 104 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA thence by Eel river to the Central, or to the mouth of Black creek at the Central, in Knox county. Appropriation, $1,300,000. 4. A railroad from Madison, via Columbus and Indianapolis, to Lafayette. Appropriation, $1,300,000. 5. A macadamized turnpike from New Al- bany, by way of Greenville, Fredericksburg, Paoli, Mt. Pleasant and Washington to Vin- cennes. Appropriation, $1,150,000. 6. A macadamized road or railroad from Jef- fersonville to Crawfordsville, by way of New Al- bany, Salem, Bedford, Bloomington and Green- castle. Appropriation, $1,300,000. 7. The improvement of the Wabash river from Vincennes to its mouth. Appropriation, $50,000. 8. A survey of a canal or railroad from the Wabash and Erie canal at or near Fort Wayne to the lake at Michigan City, by way of Goshen, South Bend and Laporte. These various works, all of which the State pledged itself to build as expeditiously as pos- sible, totaled about one thousand two hundred miles and the total estimated cost was $20,000,- 000 ( W. H. Smith), $10,000,000 of which was borrowed at once for twenty-five years at six per cent., with the works themselves and all grounds, rents, tolls and profits given as security. First Effect of the Bill; Speculation. — One of the first effects of the passage of this bill was a universal boom. In the conditions that were to follow everybody foresaw a chance to get rich quick. To quote one writer, "a period of wild speculation ensued. Those who owned farms bought others, and those who owned none went into debt and purchased them." Old towns be- gan to swell and to advertise lots for sale at in- flated prices, and new towns began to spring up on paper. This craze soon got its setback, but ii lasted long enough to ruin many a plunger and tn lie followed by a wake of hardship and of economy that the business man weighs when he realizes that the business must make- good or he pay the penalty. The public work be- 106 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA came a great feeding-crib, and as none of the "higher-ups" had anything at stake the job- hunter, if he had any influence, was apt to fare well. We hear of surveying parties that seemed to be, largely, hunting and fishing parties, and of the "Eating Brigade" which, for services largely unrendered, received annually about $54,000. Besides resident engineers there was an engineer-in-chief for canals and another one for railroads, and so on. The broad-gauge ideas of the men who had nothing financially to lose is illustrated by the work done on the Madison railroad. For this the best was none too good ; the latest improved T rail was imported from England at $80 per ton, and the twenty-eight and a fraction miles were built at a cost of $1,624,- 603, or $58,000 per mile. When a private com- pany finished it later the style of construction was fitted to the probable returns, and the cost was something less than $11,000 per mile. Nor was this all nor the worst feature of the sorry business. Still drawing upon the above- cited study as authority, the finances of the enter- prise, though in the hands of reputable men, were worse than poorly managed. The State government paid little attention to the financial board ; the business was attended to in a careless, slovenly way, and reflection is cast upon the hon- esty of the administration. Transactions were had with irresponsible "wildcat" institutions by which the State lost outright many thousands of dollars, while it is intimated that those who ma- nipulated the funds came out of it with nests well lined. Of one of them it is said that "he received $103,880 from these people on whom the State lost several millions." The Panic and Script Issues; "Red Dog" and "Blue Pup." — One factor in the general distress that followed the internal improvement boom was a financial panic that swept the coun- try in the latter thirties. The enormous running expenses had to be met, but it became impossible to secure the expected loans from the sales of bonds. Contractors could not be paid, and this of course involved the thousands of laborers and the people at large. As an escape from this dilemma the Legislature in January of 1840 au- thorized an issue of State scrip to the amount of $1,200,000 (Esarey. Other writers say $1,500,000). This served the purpose for a while, then depreciated to half its value and even less. It was printed on red paper, and the sense of derisive humor that has always distinguished the Hoosier fastened upon it the name of "Red Dog." This was carried farther when private companies that took over certain of the public works were also authorized to issue scrip to help out their undertakings, and this scrip from be- ing mostly printed on blue paper, became known as "Blue Pup" (W. H. Smith). Elbert Jay Ben- ton, in his "Wabash Trade Route" (p. 60), says "Blue Pup" was a sort of shinplaster currency based on "Blue Dog," and that both these and "White Dog" were land scrips secured by the lands of the Wabash and Erie canal. All the scrip suffered depreciation, but eventually the State's "Red Dog" arose again to par, plus ac- crued interest. During the days of its discredit its greatest value was for the payment of State taxes, and speculators made a business of buying it up cheaply in some sections where it was most plentiful and selling it in other parts still below par, to taxpayers (Smith). The inference is that the State accepted it at face value.* * For excellent original studies from documentary sources of this subject see "The Wabash Trade Route in the Development of the Old Northwest," by Elbert J. Benton, in the Johns Hop- kins University studies, and "Internal Improvements in Early Indiana," by Logan Esarey, vol. v, No. 2, of Ind. Hist. Soc. publications. The latter in a somewhat modified form reappears in Esarey's History of Indiana. W. H. Smith's History of In- diana also devotes a chapter to this theme. CHAPTER XI OTHER DEVELOPMENTS PRIOR TO 1840 Expansion of Territory. — Various treaties with the Indians between 1830 and 1840 added to the area for settlement upward of 3,000,000 acres, exclusive of the final cession of the "Mi- ami reserve" (now partly comprising Grant. Howard and Tipton counties), which was pur- chased in 1840. The erection of twenty-two new counties brought the total number up to eighty- seven, and this meant a multiplication of towns, a growing urban population, and a corresponding development of activities. Business Expansion. — During this period we find capital, for the first time, virtually, seek- ing investment in business enterprises. That the State bank had considerable to do with this is evidenced by the fact that after its establishment there were numerous incorporations of various kinds, the list including railroad, turnpike, bridge, steam mill and insurance companies. The busi- ness expansion generally is best shown by the Federal census of 1840, according to which the total capital invested in the manufactures of the State at that time amounted to $4,132,040. This does not include eleven commercial houses in foreign trade ; twenty-six commission houses, with a total investment of $1,207,400; 1,801 re- tail stores, with a capital of $5,664,687; a pelt and fur trade amounting to $220,883 ; the news- papers with their allied printing, representing $58,505, and other industries not classed as man- ufactures. As measured by the capital repre- sented, the saw, grist and oil mills, scattered over the State, led with a total investment of $2,077,- 018. Next in importance came the tanneries and leather industries with $647,176. The meat- packing establishments of fifteen counties, with Jefferson leading, represented $582,165. Next came the distilleries and breweries, 323 of the former and 20 of the latter, with $292,316. The production of bricks and lime, lumber, cotton and wool manufactures, and the making of wagons and machinery had by 1840 assumed con- siderable importance, Xew Albany leading in the last-named industry, and Indianapolis in wagons. The making of furniture in forty-eight counties involved an investment of $91,022; that of hats and straw bonnets, $69,018, and the manufac- tured products of tobacco, $65,659. Soap and candles, pottery, salt, the working of iron mined within the State, the mining of coal and quarrv- ing all figured in the industries of the State. There were three paper mills, located at Brook- ville, Madison and Richmond, with an output valued at $155,196. From eleven counties along the rivers water craft to the value of $107,223 were reported. At Michigan City, our only lake port, commerce by water amounted to 272,400 bushels of grain and 10,368 barrels of flour, pork, etc., shipped out, and 1,850 tons of merchandise and 9,000 barrels of salt received at the docks. The manufacturing and commercial industries of the State gave employment to 23.666 men. Growth of Agriculture. — That the popula- tion of the State in 1840 was still largely rural is briefly shown by the fact that the number en- gaged in agricultural pursuits were 148,806 as against 23.666 in the manufactures and commerce and a comparative few in miscellaneous busi- nesses. New Albany, then the largest town in the State, had only 4,220 inhabitants, and Indi- anapolis but 2,692. With all the activity in the work of internal improvements the transportation facilities during this decade were not materially improved, and the market problem was still a deterrent in de- velopment. Agricultural methods were crude, though an advance upon those of an earlier pe- riod. The wooden mold-board plow and the home-made harrow with wooden teeth were still in general use. The sickle was still the common implement for reaping grain. The threshing was done with the flail or by tramping out with horses, and the winnowing of the chaff from the grain was accomplished by the use of a waving sheet and a hand sieve. The hay was cut with a scythe and gathered with a hand-rake. Notwithstanding these handicaps the agricul- tural showing of the State by the census return^ of 1840 was no mean one. By reason of trans- portation difficulties the raising of live stock thai could be taken to market afoot, was the conspicu- ous farming industry. Swine led all the rest for 107 108 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the reasons that hogs not only could be taken in droves to the Madison, Lawrenceburg or Cincin- nati slaughter-house, or be slaughtered at home and shipped in barrels to the southern market by every stream that would float a flatboat, but they could be raised at a minimum of cost, as they fed largely on the forest mast which then abounded. The proportion of different kinds of live stock in 1839, as shown by the following census figures, was: Hogs, 1,623,608; sheep, 675,982; cattle, 619,980; horses and mules. 241,036. It naturally followed that the leading crops would be tin ise for stock feeding, and accord- ingly we find corn far in the lead with a total of 28,155,887 bushels.* The oats crop follows, with a return of 5,981,605 bushels. Wheat comes next with a yield of 4.049,375 bushels, Laporte county far in the lead, owing, it may be surmised, to shipping facilities from Michigan City. Rye, buckwheat and barley figured among the cereals, and the potato crop amounted to 1,525,794 bush- els, while Imps were cultivated to some extent, particularly in Ripley county. The hay tonnage amounted to 178,029, with Dearborn county lead- ing, but flax, an important crop for fabrics in earlier years, seems to have fallen off. as from twenty-nine counties there are no returns at all. Of wool there were 1,237,919 pounds, and this probably supplanted flax in the manufactures of the home loom, as these were still largely in ex- cess of the factory products, being valued at $1,289,802. Products of the dairy were valued at $742,269, and those of the orchard at $110,055. Sugar, presumably all maple, and which may therefore be classed as a product of the forest, amounted to 3,727,795 pounds in total output, with Rush county far in the lead. The most sur- prising crop was tobacco, of which not less than sixty counties made returns, the aggregate growth being 1,820,306 pounds. Agricultural Societies. — One sign of the in- creased interest in agricultural matters was the passage of a law in 1835 for the encouragement of county and township societies, and the crea- tion of a State Board of Agriculture. This lat- ter institution seems not to have cut much figure, and we hear little more about it,f but the local * In 1837 David D. Owen, the first State geologist, said of the Wabash country: "It is emphatically a corn country; ... so soon as the Wabash boats get out with their corn the southern States become so fully supplied that it immediately affects the whole grain market of the South." t The present State Board of Agriculture dates from 1852. societies flourished and were stimulating in their effect. There had been an act to incorporate such societies in 1829, and in 1835 Covenior Noble stated that "fairs and exhibitions have been held and a spirit of emulation and generous competi- tion has been superinduced, the happy effects of which are witnessed in the improved culture and stock of many of the farms throughout the coun- try." The contemporary account of the first fair of Marion county, held October 30-31. 1S35. bears out the governor's laudatory remarks ( )f live stock twenty-four classes were entered for premiums. For some reason no premiums were offered for agricultural products, though the fol- lowing year these figured liberally. Articles of home manufacture, such as flannels, jeans, linen and carpeting were encouraged, and also essays on grasses and on the culture of mulberries and the production of silk. The cash premiums awarded amounted to $169.* < Ine object of this society was to promote through its members the cultivation of some ar- ticle for export, and the commodity decided on was tobacco. By an article of its constitution the requirement from each member was "the raising of one hogshead, or 1,000 pounds, of tobacco, or the cultivation of one acre in said article, or the 1 laying of one dollar in specie." Nothing note- worthy came of this tobacco movement. Growth of Schools. — At the end of the thir- ties the percentage of illiteracy was still large, it being estimated that more than 72.000 of the population could not read or write. The illiter- ates in 1840 were about one in seven of the adult population, and in 1850 the conditions, as to ra- tio, were not improved. "More than sixty per cent, of the State's children were not in school a single day for the year 1846-47." we are told, and universal free education, maintained by taxes was as yet but a dream of the advanced few, although the school fund in 1849 was esti- mated at $1,890,215.08. To the list of private schools of the academy, seminary and small-col- lege class, more than thirty were added during the decade. In higher education the Catholics established the University of Notre Dame, at South Bend, in 1842, and the Baptist school, es- tablished at Franklin. Johnson county, in 1837. became Franklin College in 1845. The libraries Ind. Journal, Oct. 16, 1835. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 109 of the State other than private numbered 151, with a total of 68,403 volumes. MISCELLANEOUS DEVELOPMENTS Newspapers. — By the federal census there existed in Indiana in 1840, seventy-three news- papers, sixty-nine of which were weeklies and four semi- or tri-weeklies. Three "periodicals," work and the first geological survey of the State was made in 1837 and 1838, Owen submitting a report for each of these years. The record of these may be found in the Documentary Journal for 1838, and both were subsequently published in one volume, as the "Report of a Reconnais- sance of the State of Indiana." After this the office of geologist seems to have been discon- tinued and the next we hear of it is in connection Becks' Mill. Washington County. The first mill on this site was built of logs in 18U8. The building shown in tin picture was erected in 1861 and was used to grind flour as late as 1905. It is now used mainly to crush grain for feed. presumably literary papers, had also appeared upon the field, though what these three publi- cations were is now probably lost to human knowledge. Geological Department. — In 1836 the firsl Step was taken looking toward a geological sur- vey of the State by a joint resolution proposing to ( >hio and Kentucky a joint survey. Nothing came of this, and a law of February 6. 1837, authorized the Governor to appoint a State Ge- ologist at a salary not exceeding $1,500 per year, with an additional sum not exceeding $250 for expenses. David Dale < )\ven. a son of Robert Owen, oi New Harmony, was secured for the with the State Board of Agriculture in the earl) fifties. Increase of Official Salaries. — The first in- crease of official salaries was made by a law of 1837, which set the following schedule: Goa ernor, $1,500 per year; judges of superior court. $1,500 each; presidents of circuit courts, $1,000 each; members of the General Vssembly, $3 per day for each day's attendance and $3 for ever} twenty-five miles traveled "by the most usual road." New State House. — from 1825 to 1834 Legislatures held their session- in the Marion county courthouse, but by 1830 these quarters 110 CKNTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA began to be too restricted for the State's business. The Legislature took the first step toward build- ing a new capitol by an act of February 10, 1831. Plans were advertised for, to include Senate and Representative chambers and quarters for the Supreme Court, Secretary of State, Auditor of State, State Library, Law Library, six committee rooms and six clerk's rooms. The contract was given to Ithiel Town and Andrew J. Davis, New York architects of high standing, and the work of construction was begun in 1832 and finished in time for the Legislature of 1835-6. The total cost of the building was restricted to $60,000.* Change in Taxing System. — In 1835 a change was made in the taxing system. Prior to that land was classed as first, second and third rate. See p. 89. The new law provided for an appraisement based on actual market value. Buildings were also ap- praised ; there was added to the taxables a long list of chattels, including household articles, and business capital, corporation stock and money at interest were included. A poll tax was fixed of 3/J/2 cents for State and 37y 2 cents for county for each male citizen over twenty-one years of age (Laws of 1835). Improvement in Housing. — The extent to which the typical log cabin of pioneer days was being supplanted by brick, stone and frame houses is indicated by the following statistics. The total number of brick and stone houses in 1840 was 346, and of "wooden," presumably frame, 4,270. Of the former kind Marion county led with 35. All but sixteen counties re- turned frame buildings, Green leading with 344. Foot of Waltman Hill, Brown County, between Helmsburg and Nashville. CHAPTER XII 1840 TO 1850- -CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT DURING DECADE The State's Financial Dilemma. — While the general suspension of the public works in 1839 did not quite banish the hope that, somehow, the system would be completed, it proved to be the final collapse of the governmental scheme. For a few years the State continued to operate and slowly extend the Wabash and Erie canal, but the returns from it did not balance the expenses. The aftermath of the disastrous business fell heaviest upon the next decade, and on Governors Bigger and Whitcomb and the Legislature of their administrations devolved the perplexing task of extricating, as best they could, the com- monwealth from financial ruin and discredit. An official report made in 1842 shows a disgraceful tangle of affairs. Out of a bond issue of $15,- 000.000, "$4,000,000 was represented by worth- less securities," and $2,000,000 had been "em- bezzled by various State officers and agents." The interest on the public debt was far greater than the State could keep up, from 1840 it accu- mulated, adding to the principal at an appalling rate, and how Indiana was ever going to take care of her enormous obligation was not appar- ent. In the face of this desperate outlook it is hardly surprising, perhaps, that a disposition to throw over the most galling part of the burden by repudiation should have cropped out. Just how widely such a disposition actually prevailed among the rank and file is not clearly traceable, but it is generally implied by our historians that at this crisis the State narrowly escaped that blot on her fair name. The Butler Bill Compromise. — The way of at least partial escape from this dilemma opened up by a compromise which in 1846 took form in what is known as the "Butler Bill." The holders of the State's bonds, whose interest was now far in arrears, employed a New York attorney, Charles Butler, to visit Indiana and effect some settlement with the Legislature. The settlement agreed upon was that the bondholders who wished could become part owners of the Wabash and Erie canal and its unsold lands and acquire a lien on its earnings. More specifically, one could surrender his bonds and receive for each $1,000 two $500 certificates of stock. One of these would be canal stock and the other State stock. The former had back of it the canal prop- erty, and the latter was to be taken care of by a tax levy (Benton). A part of the agreement was that out of the sales of the remaining lands the canal was to be completed to Evansville. The State was to still retain a supervisor}- interest, and the property was to be put into the hands of three trustees, two to be appointed by the cred- itors and one by the State. This compromise was embodied in a long bill of thirty-five sections, covering many complicated points, which became a law January 19, 1846, after considerable opposition that seems to have had no reason other than petty politics.* It did not prove satisfactory to the creditors, and after another fight Butler secured in 1847 the passage of another long bill amending the first. The result of this compromise legislation was that the State luckily escaped from one-half of its internal improvement debt, thus cutting it to $6,732,880 (Esarey). This reduction enabled the State to save itself, but the rest of the debt re- mained a heavy burden for years. The result to the creditors was that they got what they could out of a bad situation. Eventually they suffered loss that brought, in many cases, ruin and dis- tress, for the canal, after continuing in operation * A letter from Butler to his wife during his legislative cam- paign (see History of Union Theological Seminary) gives an in- teresting glimpse of his difficulties. "The prospects," he says, "are altogether discouraging, and almost everybody says that noth- ing can be done. Politicians are afraid to move. It is really amazing to see what a paralysis hangs upon this people. . . . The governor is a prominent candidate for the United States Senate and dare not open his mouth as he should, lest it might affect his election to that office. . . . My mission is a hard one and no mistake. ... It is certain that if the question is not now settled it never will be; the people will go into re- pudiation." Ill 112 ( I'XTKXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA for a few years was killed by the incoming rail- roads. Finally, in 1877, it was sold by order of court for the benefit of the bondholders, who "received from the sale about 9y 2 per cent, of their investment" (Benton). The work was completed to the Ohio river at Evansville in 1852, after a long series of misfortunes and set- backs, but the part from Terre Haute down proved worse than profitless, the cost being far in excess of returns. "Thus closed the story of the old Wabash and Erie. The State and bondholders had expended, all told, $8,259,244. They had received from lands and tolls, $5,477,238. A magnificent land grant by the federal government had been squan- dered. The total amount of land donated was 1,457,366 acres, or 2,277 sections; an area equal to the five largest counties or the ten smallest. ["his was twice as much as the whole donation for the common schools" (Esarey). ( )f this canal in its relation to the commerce and population of the State we will speak in an- other section. ( See next page. ) Completion of Whitewater Canal. — As part of the State system the Whitewater canal was completed from Lawrenceburg to Brookville. the hist boat between those points arriving at Brook- ville June 8, 1839 (James M. Miller). In 1842 it was sold to Henry S. Vallette, a capitalist of ( iiuinnati. It reached Laurel in 1843, Conners- ville in 1845 and boats were running to Cam- bridge City by 1846. For the Whitewater val- ley and for each of its towns as they became, in turn, heads of navigation, the canal made an era i if prosperity. Cambridge City, we are told, be- came a shipping port for Henry, Randolph and I lelaware counties as well as for Wayne and northern Rush, and Brookville and Laurel drew wheat, hogs and other agricultural exports for many miles to the west, north and east. In 1847 a Hagerstown company continued the canal to that town, but nut much profit was derived from the extension ( Young's Wayne County). Ihe beginning of the decadence of the White- water canal was the damage clone by two disas- trous floods in 1847. which damage, it was esti- mated, amounted to not less than $180,000. Other disasters followed, and the final one, so far as the canal was concerned, was its sale in 1865 to the Whitewater Valley Railroad Com- pany, which paralleled the ditch with a railroad. DEVELOPMENT OF BENEVOLENT IN- STITUTIONS The first benevolent institutions other than county asylums for the poor, date from this decade. In article nine of the constitution there was a provision for asylums "for those persons who by reason of age, infirmity or other misfor- tunes may have a claim upon the aid and benefi- cence of society on such principles that such per- sons may therein find employment and every reasonable comfort, and lose, by their usefulness, the degrading sense of dependence." It was fif- teen years until this took shape in county infirm- aries for the indigent and twenty-eight years un- til it included in its broadened scope unfortunates other than paupers. The deaf and dumb, the blind and the insane all became the objects of State aid at this period. School for the Deaf and Dumb. — This insti- tution was the first to receive consideration, when the Legislature of 1842-3 laid a "tax of two mills on each one hundred dollars' worth of property in the State for the purpose of support- ing a deaf and dumb asylum." The first form of this support was an appropriation of $200 to one James McLean, who was conducting a small school in Parke county. Then William Willard, attracted by the tax levy, established a school in Indianapolis, in 1844, and at the beginning of its second session this school was taken over by the State. Between 1844 and 1849 the attendance increased from 16 to 99. Tuition and board were furnished free to deaf-mutes of the State 1 iet ween the ages of ten and thirty years, the edu- cation including the teaching of a trade. The large building for the school east of the city, which served for more than fifty years, was first occupied October 2, 1850. The original cost was $30,000, but it was subsequently added to. School for the Blind. — The desirability of Mime provision for the education of blind chil- dren was first brought to the attention of the Legislature and the people in 1844 through the zeal of (antes M. Ray, a public-spirited citizen of Indianapolis. Mr. Ray had witnessed in Louis- ville an exhibition of children from the Ken- tucky school for the blind under the charge of William II. Churchman, a blind instructor, and by invitation of Ray, Mr. Churchman brought his pupils to Indianapolis and gave an exhibition CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 113 for the benefit of our Legislature. The result was the levying of a tax of two mills on the hun- dred for educational aid to the blind. In the be- ginning it was proposed to send Indiana children to the Kentucky and Ohio schools, pending the establishment of our own institution, paying their tuition out of the tax levy, but when the pupils were advertised for there were only five applicants, all told. Then Mr. Churchman, as one experienced in the business, was secured to take the work in hand. In the fall of 1846 he personally canvassed the State, traveling about 1,520 miles through thirty-six counties, and as a of 1843, by Dr. John Evans, an authority on mental diseases. That address was part of a leg- islative plan for gathering information on the subject, and the following session a law was passed authorizing a special levy of one cent on each hundred dollars for the establishment of an asylum. One hundred and sixty acres just west of Indianapolis were purchased and a build- ing for the accommodation of 200 patients was ready for occupancy in 1848. The total original cost was estimated at $72,069. Enlargement of State Prison. — The State's prison at Jeffersonville. which dated from 1822, *A, The First "Crazy Asylum." Built in Indianapolis in the early thirties. It was located in the southwest section of the block bounded by Alabama, New York, Ohio and New Jersey streets. The buildings had been orig- inally occupied by early settlers. — From sketch by C. Schrader. result twenty pupils were enlisted and placed in the institutions of the above-named States, at a cost of $100 each. In 1847 our own school was established, with Mr. Churchman at its head, on a salary of $800 per year. The term began with only nine pupils, but these increased to thirty the first year. The entire equipment of books and apparatus cost but a little over a hundred dollars and the total expense of that year was a little more than $6,000. The building which, with some additions, still stands, was first occupied in 1853. Its cost was about $68,000.* Hospital for the Insane. — The first legis- lative step toward the establishment of an asylum for the insane followed an address in December * For sketch of William H. Churchman and his work for the blind of Indiana see Ind. Mag. Hist., vol. x. p. 77. was rebuilt and much enlarged in the early for- ties. Its outer wall of brick, thirty inches thick and twenty-eight feet high, covered an area of about four acres. Within this enclosure were guard-house, cell-house, workshops, ware and store houses, grist-mill and a hospital. The aver- age number of prisoners from 1840 to 1850 was 133 (Merrill's and Fisher's gazetteers). WABASH AND ERIE CANAL AND COM- MERCIAL DEVELOPMENT The greatest developing factor in the State during this period was the Wabash and Erie canal. It not only gave access to the fertile Wabash valley, the choicest portion of the State, but by opening up a new and direct water route 114 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA to the East by way of Lake Erie and the Erie canal of New York, but it brought into the State a new and distinct tide of immigration that gave its character to the population of the northern counties. These counties that bordered on the canal increased in population much more rapidly than counties off the line that, in some cases, of- fered far better natural advantages (Benton), and land values, of course, were enhanced ac- cordingly. It gave a vast impetus to agriculture, which heretofore had virtually no market. Large farms, we are told, began to take the place of small clearings ; improved farm machinery began to be introduced, and the crops to pay for it all found their way eastward in large quantities. In 1844, says Benton, 5,262 bushels of corn passed through Toledo, increasing in 1846 to 555,250 bushels and in 1851 to 2,775,149 bushels. This is but a conspicuous example of various agricultural exports, the shipments of wheat and flour being also very heavy. A broad belt of country extending up and down the river and extending over "thirty-eight counties in Indiana and nearly nine counties in Illinois" was tribu- tary to the canal, and not only farm stuffs but stone from the quarry, lumber from the forest and other bulky raw material in large quantities sought cheap transportation to the market that was now made possible. Of the magnitude of the trade we get some idea from the statement that in a single day in 1844 four hundred wagons unloaded at Lafayette and that "it was a com- mon occurrence to see as many as four or five hundred teams in that place . . . un- loading grain to the canal." This export business begat a trade in imports and the returning boats bore westward, besides the immigrants and their possessions, merchandise of all kinds, the ship- ments of salt alone amounting in 1851 to 88.191 barrels. The increase of population and wealth gave rise to new towns all along the route, and created new industries. The renting of water power from the canal was one of the sources of reve- nue, and numerous mills of various kinds sprang up, as did also grain elevators, shops, ware- houses and other establishments resulting from increasing trade and seeking shipping facilities. This business prosperity in turn developed social features that would furnish peculiarly quaint and literatesque material for the story-writer. Peo- ple began to travel, not only because there was a growing class who could afford to, but because the new passenger transportation by boat was a luxury compared with travel by coach over rough wilderness roads. Passenger packets, less bulky and more speedy than the freight boats, ap- peared, and these, hauled at a sharp trot, could make, under favorable conditions, about eight miles an hour. Of pleasant summer weather the travelers, lolling about the roomy decks of the smoothly gliding packet, played games, con- versed, sang in chorus or otherwise cultivated the social amenities as it fitted their holiday mood. At the locks where the boats were delayed ro- mantic couples could stroll on ahead, if they wanted to, gathering wild flowers as they went. The approach to a town was heralded by a great blowing of the boat's horn that brought out the townsmen, and at dock the two crowds, mingling, fraternized genially and exchanged in- formation till the boat's horn again gave warn- ing of departure. This, however, was not the only side of the picture, for we have other accounts of stuffy cabins, wretched food, millions of mosquitoes that had to be fought all night, and pestilential, miasmatic vapors. Notwithstanding these draw- backs, however, people in the Wabash valley moved about as they never had since their resi- dence there. This brought the isolated rural life that much nearer to the social life of the town, and that it had its educative effects is a safe sur- mise. This canal era, while it was most conspicuous in the forties by reason of its having no competi- tor north of the Ohio river, as a great highway, continued to increase in its freight transportation till 1856, when it reached its maximum with 308,- 667 tons. After that it waned year by year, un- able to hold its own against the competing rail- roads, especially the Toledo & Wabash, which paralleled it as far down as Lafayette. Of this the State's creditors, who had taken over the canal, bitterly complained, the granting of fran- chises to competitive utilities, they maintained, being a breach of honor, since they, the creditors, had accepted the canal in good faith as a prop- erty of value and as an earnest of the State's de- sire to make good its debt. With all the seeming prosperity of the Wabash and Erie during the score or so years in which CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 115 it flourished, its great value was as an incidental developing factor. As a paying investment it was a failure, because during the winter season its traffic was suspended and because of the heavy expenses for repairs. In many places through the lowlands the canal was built up instead of being excavated. That is, it ran between stretches of levees or dikes and the springing of a leak through these not infrequently resulted in a washout which would empty the ditch, leaving 40,000 less than the increase of the last pre- ceding decade, and the falling off was largely due, doubtless, to the State's heavy debt. In 1841 that debt in its totality amounted to $15,- 088,146; there was no prospect of any equiva- lent returns, and the affairs of the commonwealth generally were not such as to invite citizenship. Hence of the great tide of immigration pouring westward by way of the National road much that might have stopped here passed on to re- Neals' Mill on Eel River, near Clay City. This was one of the stations of the "Underground Railroad," used for the purpose of hiding fugitive slaves during the early '50s. — Photograph by Bert Weedon. boats, freight and passengers stranded in the mud until the breach was repaired and the canal re-filled. Floods had their dangers, and in 1844 the liberated contents of a mill-dam broke through adjacent levees so swiftly that a packet boat, the Kentucky, was carried bodily through the gap into the river bottom and broken to pieces among the trees, three passengers being drowned. STATISTICAL SURVEY Population. — The population during this dec- ade grew from 685.866 in 1840 to 988,416 in 1850. This increase of 302,550 was more than gions farther west. Of the aberrant classes there were estimated, in 1850, to be 81 convicts. 861 paupers, 278 blind, 517 deaf and dumb and 1,059 insane persons and idiots. Agriculture. — During the decade about one- fourth of the total area of the State, or 5,019,- 822 acres, was farmed, and the assessed value of farm lands was $128,325,552. There was a general and pronounced increase of agricultural wealth, in both produce and live stock. The staple crop of corn, for example, advanced from 28,155,887 bushels in 1840, to 52,877.564 bushels in 1850, and swine increased by nearly a million head. The farmers' long-standing problem of 116 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA getting to the larger markets was vastly helped out by three transportation outlets of great value — the Madison & Indianapolis railroad, the Whitewater canal and the Wabash and Erie canal. The railroad was a crude affair, by the modern standard, with its strap rails, and its di- minutive locomotives and cars, but in capacity and speed it was a marvelous advance over the old, laborious teaming. As the road slowly crept northward its business increased, and by the time it reached Indianapolis, in 1847, it was en- tering upon a fat prosperity. What the Madison & Indianapolis railroad was to the south-central part of the State the Whitewater canal was to the Whitewater valley and the Wabash and Erie canal was to the Wa- bash region, as set forth in a previous section. Church Statistics. — In 1850 the religious de- nominations in the State had multiplied to six- teen, besides sundry minor sects, with a total membership of 709,655, and with 2,032 churches. The church property was valued at $1,529,585. The Methodists were far in the lead with 778 churches and 266,372 members. The Baptists came second with 138,783 members and the Presbyterians third with 105,582, followed in order of strength by the Christian, with 65,341 ; Friends, 60,355; Roman Catholic, 25,115; Lu- theran, 19,050; Moravian, 18,250; Episcopal, 7,- 300; Universalist, 5,050; Tunker, 3,000; Free, 2,750; Congregational, 1,400; Dutch Reform, 1,275; Union, 1,250; German Reform, 1,150; Unitarian, 250 ; minor sects, 2,822. As compared with previous periods, Catholicism had spread rapidly during this decade, there being in 1849 upward of 63 churches distributed over 35 coun- ties, Franklin county leading in membership. They also supported a theological seminary at Vincennes. Increase of Professions. — While agriculture was still far in the ascendency as compared with other industries, there was by 1850 a large in- crease in the number of professions and trades, the census list showing nearly 200 of these. MEXICAN WAR PERIOD From the spring of 1846 to the middle of 1848 Indiana, along with the rest of the country, suf- fered the distraction incident to war. Eight days after the declaration of hostilities with Mexico (May 13 J Governor Whitcomb received a requisition for three regiments of volunteers and on May 22 he issued a proclamation calling for this quota. The military conditions of the day and the response to the call are thus set forth in "Indiana in the Mexican War," a collection of documents compiled in 1908 by Adjutant-General Oran Perry : Military Conditions. — "At the outbreak of the Mexican war the martial spirit of the people of the State was at the lowest ebb. There was no State organization of militia, no arms, no equipment, and apparently not a soldier in sight. The probability of war and the necessity of pre- paring for it had occurred to the minds of but few. The position of adjutant-general was looked upon as a compliment, a peg on which to hang a title. He was paid a salary of $100 per annum, provided his own office, fuel and sta- tionery, and was blissfully ignorant of every de- tail of the position. Fortunately for the reputa- tion of the State the incumbent, General David Reynolds, was a man of superior executive abil- ity, dauntless in all emergencies, a tireless worker and blessed with an abundance of com- mon sense, which largely offset his lack of ex- perience. His success in rapidly organizing the State's quota for the war had no parallel at that time, and in 1847 a grateful Legislature recog- nized the fact by adding $150 to his salary for that year. "At that time there was but one railroad in the State, running between Madison and Edinburg. There were but few improved highways and no telegraphs. All communication was by mail, mostly carried by men on horseback and over bad roads. There were no daily papers, the press services being rendered by small weekly sheets, one or two to the county." Governor's Proclamation; Response of the People. — "In spite of these handicaps the war news traveled fast. The governor issued his proclamation on the 22d of May and the ad- jutant-general his General Order No. 1 of the Fourth of July, directing the companies to as- semble at the rendezvous (old Fort Clark, be- tween Jeffersonville and New Albany) as soon as possible by the shortest route, and at their own expense for transportation and subsistence. 118 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA "As if by magic the roads were filled with marching men, helped on by patriotic farmers, who furnished teams for transportation and whose kind-hearted wives fed the hungry volun- teers. Notwithstanding these drawbacks the con- centration was quickly made, and by the 10th of June, nineteen days after the call, thirty com- panies had reported at camp and been mustered into service, while an overflow of twenty-two companies reported from their home stations, clamoring for acceptance. "No less remarkable than the uprising of vol- unteers was the patriotic action of the banks in volunteering to supply the governor with the needful funds and take the chance of reimburse- ment by the State or general government, and this at a time when the State was almost hope- lessly in debt." Indiana Regiments ; Battle of Buena Vista. — Indiana sent, all told, about 5,000 men into the field, the three regiments in response to the first requisition being followed in 1847 by the fourth and fifth. This number included also 326 who joined the United States regiment of mounted riflemen. At the battle of Buena Vista the disorderly retreat from the field of the second regiment fixed a stigma on the name of Indiana that long remained. This disrepute was but one illustra- tion of the truth that the judgments of the world are not based on either charity or reason. The facts seem to be that comparatively a handful of raw recruits were fronted by an overwhelming force of the enemy ; that there was a confusion of orders ; that those who started the retreat thought they were doing so under order. Some were rallied and led anew to the fight under the colors of another regiment, and that some, under the circumstances, were panic-stricken beyond rallying was no earthly reason why the charge of dishonor should be visited upon a State. The Part of Politics. — A feature of the Mexi- can service not to be overlooked is the fact that here, as elsewhere, according to one writer (Esarey) petty politics played their part at the expense of efficiency. "Indiana," we are told, "had competent men trained for war, but through political juggling not one of them was called into service. Of the three colonels and one brigadier- general, not one could have led a company through the manual of arms." This is the sin- ister evil that crops out all along the line of our political history, and one wonders if the common sense of the people will ever take home the les- son that it teaches. The published roster of Indiana troops with accompanying brief data (see "Indiana in the Mexican War") shows a loss by death of 542. The mortality from disease and exposure was heavy, though statistics do not give the propor- tion. Another detriment to the State was a de- lay in the federal improvement of rivers, har- bors and the National road, on account of a de- pleted treasury. CHAPTER XIII PERIOD FROM 1850 TO 1860 Developments of Decade. — The conspicuous developments of this decade were the adoption of a new State constitution ; the beginning of a transportation system that was to revolutionize the economics of the State, and the marked ad- vancement by agitation and legislation of a gen- eral system of public schools. A change in the banking system, the establishment of a State fair and a permanent agricultural society are also notable features of the period. THE NEW CONSTITUTION Constitutional Provisions for Change. — The framers of the constitution of 1816, recog- nizing the uncertainties of it as an instrument for future years and future conditions, provided that "every twelfth year after this constitution shall have taken effect . . . there shall be a poll opened in which the qualified voters of the State shall express by vote whether they are in favor of calling a convention or not." If a majority fa- vored it, then provision was to be made by law for an election of delegates who, when met, should have the power to revise, amend or change the constitution, with the one restriction that no alteration should ever sanction slavery in the State. This twelfth-year proviso gave rise to consid- erable argument before the adoption of another constitution, some maintaining that it should be followed strictly, as the fundamental law, while others held that the Legislature had the right to submit the question to the people whenever de- sired. As a matter of fact the proviso was not followed strictly. Esarey calls attention to the fact that as early as 1822 a law directed that at the next election the voter should indicate on the bottom of his ballot whether or not he favored calling a convention. In 1828, the end of the first twelve years, the vote was taken on the question, but evidently there was little interest in it for only ten out of fifty-eight counties were heard from, and these voted almost two to one against it. When the referendum was again ex- ercised, in 1840, fourteen counties out of sixtv- nine made no returns, and the fifty-five that did vote stood overwhelmingly against the proposi- tion. Nevertheless the minority sentiment for a change was growing more urgent, for six years later another vote was taken which gave a ma- jority of those cast on the question in favor of the convention. It was not, however, a majority of the total vote and the election of delegates was not held. Three years later it was tried again. Hitherto a large percentage of the voters had refrained from voting at all on the convention question and the attempt was now made to catch these non-voters by a provision in the law direct- ing the inspector of election to verbally put to each one, as he presented his ballot, the query: "Are you in favor of a convention to amend the constitution?" The answer was recorded by the clerk of election in a special poll book. Even by this unusual method the special vote fell short of the total by more than 10,000, but the required majority for the convention was gained and a law for the election of delegates was passed on January 3, 1850.* It may be noted that this ref- erendum was three years before the twelfth year as specified in the constitution. Reasons for Change. — The argument for sup- planting the old constitution was that under it certain conditions had sprung up that in time be- came evils. Chief of these was legislation of a purely local or even personal character. Divorces, special privileges to individuals, the incorpora- tion of towns and the improvements of local roads were some of the matters that absorbed the legislative energy to the exclusion of general and important business. The General Assembly, we are told, "was constantly being beset to pass hun- dreds of such personal and local acts," until "the local laws became six or seven times more voluminous than the general laws" (Woodburn). Under the old regime the Legislature met each year and it was thought that every other year would do as well and be much less expensive. The old constitution did not impose restrictions on the creation of public debt, and the evil of that 1 J. A. Woodburn, Ind. Magazine of History, vol. x, p. 237. 119 120 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA was apparent after the colossal plunging of the State in 1836. Also, the appropriating of public funds needed a stricter safeguard. These were among the reasons specified by Governor Whit- comb in his message of 1848. Other reasons that existed were that there should be opportunity for a more general banking law ; that judges and the State officers should be elected by the people in- stead of being appointed by the governor, as the judges were, or elected by the General Assembly as were the secretary, auditor and treasurer ; that the appointive power of the governor should be curtailed. Also, the court system was unsatis- factory and court practice costly. The Convention. — The second constitutional convention met in Indianapolis October 7, 1850, with 150 delegates,* among whom were a num- ber of men whose names were, or afterward be- came, well known in our political history. Ex- Governor David Wallace, Schuyler Colfax, Thomas A. Hendricks, Robert Dale Owen, W. S. Holman, Alvin P. Hovey, William McKee Dunn and William H. English are, perhaps, the ones best remembered to-day. The convention spent eighteen weeks at its work and was the great event of the day. One writer speaks of it as "an eighteen weeks' course in political science for the citizens of the State," and both press and people showed a lively interest in the work as it progressed. When the new constitution was completed it was not only published abroad by the newspapers but 50,000 copies in English and 5,000 in German were printed for distribution. At the next election, which was in August of 1851, it was submitted to the people for ratifica- tion and it was approved by a majority of 85,- 592. It went into operation November 1, 1851. and in the transition there was no noticeable dis- arrangement in the machinery of government. The cost of the convention was $85,043.82 (Es- arey). Changes Effected. — The principal changes brought about by the new constitution were those indicated above. The nuisance of special legisla- tion was corrected by the following section oi article four : "Section 22. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say : "Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace and of constables ; ' There were 42 delegates in the convention of 1816. "For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors; "Regulating the practice in courts of justice; "Providing for changing the venue in civil and crim- inal cases ; "Granting divorces ; "Changing the names of persons; "For laying out, opening and working on highways, and for the election or appointment of supervisors; "Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public squares ; "Summoning and impaneling grand and petit juries and providing for their compensation ; "Regulating county and township business ; "Regulating the election of county and township officers and their compensation ; "For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, township or road purposes ; "Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of school funds ; "In relation to fees or salaries ; except that the laws may be so made as to grade the compensation of officers in proportion to the population and the necessary serv- ices required ; "In relation to interest on money; "Providing for opening and conducting elections of State, county or township officers, and designating the places of voting; "Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to minors or other persons laboring under legal disa- bilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees." This rather lengthy list of negative provisions indicates the variety of special legislation that had sprung up under the old constitution, and to further guard against such misuse of the legis- lative power another section specifies that "all laws shall be general and of uniform operation throughout the State." By the old constitution the number of legis- lators was fixed by the General Assembly and was to vary with the voting population. In the House there were to be not less than twenty-five nor more than thirty-six so long as the number of voters was less than 22,000. The number in the Senate was to be not less than one-third nor more than one-half of that in the House. In the new instrument the Senate was not to exceed fifty nor the House one hundred members. The secretary, auditor and treasurer of State were to be elected by the voters of the State for a uniform term of two years, whereas they had been elected by joint ballot of the General As- sembly, the secretary for four years and the other two for three years. Among the changes in the judiciary was the popular election of judges instead of appointment by the governor. Under the old system the State was divided into three circuits, and the circuit courts were under the jurisdiction of a president and two associate judges. These latter were local officials elected bv the voters of their sev- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 121 eral counties, and they sat with the president judge as he traveled the rounds of the circuit. In the change they were done away with. There was no constitutional limit to the number of ju- dicial circuits, and one judge was elected by the voters of each circuit. The new instrument pro- vided for the appointment of three commission- ers to "revise, simplify and abridge the rules, practice, pleadings and forms of the courts of justice," and "for abolishing the distinct forms of action at law now in use." A duty of these commissioners was "to reduce into a systematic code the general statute law of the State." The safeguard against excessive State debt was thus embodied (section 5, article x) : "No law shall authorize any debt to be contracted on be- half of the State, except in the following cases : To meet casual deficits in the revenue ; to pay the interest on the State debt ; to repel invasion, sup- press insurrection, or, if hostilities be threat- ened, provide for public defense." Section 1 of article xiii also places a restriction upon the in- debtedness of "political or municipal corpora- tions," limiting such indebtedness to two per cent, on the value of taxable property within the cor- poration. A drastic provision that was ratified in 1851 but stricken out in 1881 was one that "no negro or mulatto shall come into, or settle in the State after the adoption of this constitution." All con- tracts made with any negro coming into the State was to be void and any one who employed or otherwise encouraged such negro to remain here was subject to a fine of from $10 to $500 and fines so collected were to be set apart and ap- propriated to the colonization of negroes already in the State who might be willing to emigrate. The negro was explicitly forbidden all right of suffrage. Comment on the Constitution. — Logan Es- arey, in his "History of Indiana," has this com- ment on the new constitution : "Taken as a whole, it is not a great constitu- tion. It suffers by comparison with the one it displaced. Its departure from that instrument in most cases are of very doubtful value. Its jus- tification rests on the substitution of biennial for annual assemblies and abolishment of private and local legislation. On the other hand its critics rightly insist that the judiciary was weakened and a vast field opened for sinister party politics." Whether or not one agrees with this estimate, the fact remains that there seems to have been considerable dissatisfaction with the new consti- tution. Soon after its adoption there was agita- tion for amendments, and in 1859 there was an effort to bring about another convention or at least secure a series of amendments. The ques- tion of calling a convention was submitted to the people at the regular election in October of the year mentioned, but was voted down. In subse- quent years there was further agitation and in 1881 sundry amendments went through, among them the elimination of the provision forbidding negroes coming into the State. BANKING CHANGES Passing of the Old State Bank; "Wildcat" Banks. — The charter of the State Bank of In- diana, which dated from 1834, ran till January 1, 1859. The State was a part owner in that bank, but though the institution ranks well in our history as a reputable one, objections to it had sprung up. In the new constitution was inserted a section forbidding the State to be a stockholder in any bank after the expiration of the charter then existing. There was also the provision that no bank should be established otherwise than under a general banking law, except that there might also be chartered a bank with branches without collateral security, the branches to be mutually responsible for each other's liabilities upon all paper credit issued as money. If the General Assembly should enact a general law it was to "provide for the registry and countersign- ing, by an officer of State, of all paper credit de- signed to be circulated as money ; and ample col- lateral security, readily convertible into specie, for the redemption of the same in gold or silver," was to be required, such collateral security to be under the control of the proper officers of the State. The immediate result of this was a general law authorizing "free banks." passed by the firsl Legislature after the convention, and the "free bank era" that followed would seem to be one of the lessons of history. Within six months after the passage of the law fifteen banks had 122 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA been organized and seventy-four others followed (Esarey). In spite of the constitutional safe- guards as to "ample collateral security" under the control of State officers many of the bankers were irresponsible adventurers and a goodly per- centage of these seem to have been deliberate rascals and grafters. According to one writer, "a thousand or two of cash only was needed to start a bank in those halcyon days of paper cur- rency. All that was needed was enough to pay for engraving the bills. An embryo banker would go to New York with a thousand or two dollars, order an engraver to make a plate and print him $50,000 in bills. He would then visit a broker and negotiate for $50,000 worth of the bonds of some State. The next step was to send the printed bills to the State auditor of Indiana and instruct the broker to forward to the same place the bonds negotiated for, to be paid for on receipt at the auditor's office. The auditor would countersign the new money, pay for the bonds, and a new bank would be set going, and the en- terprising banker would receive the interest on the $50,000 worth of bonds. Thus one man, with $10,000 in money, bought bonds and established banks until he had in circulation $600,000 of paper, and was drawing interest on that amount of bonds" (W. H. Smith). This may be drawing it a little strong so far as the general conditions were concerned, but at any rate the "wildcat" banks and the speculators who made the most of them brought about a gen- eral derangement of money affairs and the dis- tress that goes with an inflated, depreciated cur- rency. Bank of the State of Indiana; Changes In- volved. — This was the situation in 1855 when a bill was passed chartering a new bank to be known as the Bank of the State of Indiana. The State sus- tained no relation to it, though its name conveys the idea that it was a State bank. Conformably with article xi, section 2, of the constitution, it was a bank with branches that were mutually responsible, but otherwise it was unrestricted. There was considerable opposition to it by rea- son of the possibilities for abuse that the charter offered, and from the first there were charges of chicanery and corrupt politics. Governor Wright was bitterly opposed to it, and vetoed the bill, but it was passed over his veto. In his mes- sage of 1857 he attacked it anew in drastic lan- guage. "The means and appliances brought to bear to secure the passage of this charter," he said, "would, if exposed to the public gaze, ex- hibit the darkest page of fraud and corruption that ever disgraced the Legislature of any State." This severe arraignment, amplified by further detailed charges, resulted in an investi- gation by a select committee of the Senate. The report of the examination of numerous witnesses in the case make a good-sized book.* The con- clusions of the committee were that there had been chicanery and that the investigation "clearly uncovers to the public gaze a fraudulent and successful encroachment upon the rights of the people. ... A great franchise of the State," the report says, "which the constitution intended to be granted only for the public good and to be equally open to all, has been scrambled for, won, and sold to the highest bidder." In short, the committee thoroughly discredited the bank as a colossal instrument of graft ("Bank Frauds" report, pp. 432-436) and advanced ar- guments for the revocation of the charter, but no such step was taken. Its management, after the stirring up, passed into good and competent hands, with the noted financier Hugh McCul- loch, as its president, and James M. Ray, one of the best citizens of Indianapolis, as cashier. It ran successfully until 1865, when it was sup- planted by the national banking system, most of its branches becoming national banks (W. H. Smith). Its branches were at Lima, Laporte, Plymouth, South Bend, Fort Wayne, Lafayette, Logansport, Indianapolis, Richmond, Conners- ville, Rushville, Madison, Jeffersonville, New Al- bany, Bedford, Vincennes, Terre Haute, Muncie and Lawrenceburg (Esarey). THE NEW EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT Educational Status in Latter Forties. — In spite of the constitutional provisions, the various school laws and the private seminaries, acad- emies and other schools that sprang up over the State the educational status in Indiana through- out the period of the first constitution was very low. To quote Professor Boone ("Education in # "Bank Frauds: Journal, Testimony and Reports." Pub- lished by Joseph J. Bingham, 1857. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 123 Indiana") : "As yet [prior to 1849] there was no system. . . . Elementary education was chiefly conspicuous through neglect of it, while all other was more or less antagonized. Free schooling of any grade was thought by many to be danger- ous to the State and subversive of the highest individual good." Nor was this condition on the mend, for whereas in 1840 the State stood sixteenth in the scale of literacy "in less than ten years it fell to the twenty-third place," and among the free northern States it stood lowest. About one in every seven was unable to read or write, taking the State over, while some counties reported one-third of their adults as illiterates. Caleb Mills. — The most notable pioneer edu- cator to wage a crusade against this benighted condition was Caleb Mills, a New Hampshire man and a graduate of Dartmouth college and An- dover Theological Seminary, who came to Craw- fordsville in 1833 to take charge of the school that was to become Wabash college. It was not until thirteen years later that he began his fa- mous systematic campaign that entitles him to an honored place among those who have truly served Indiana. Mills' "Messages." — The feature of this "campaign" was a series of appeals to the Legis- latures and to the constitutional convention which extended over a period of six years. They be- came known as "messages" to the Legislature by "One of the People," the identity of Mills being concealed under that signature. Presented as the gratuitous or volunteer messages of a lay- man on the one subject of education they ap- peared in the Indiana State Journal in 1846, 1847. 1848, 1849, at the beginning of the legislative ses- sions of those years. Four letters to the members of the convention appeared in the Indiana States- man in 1850. and the sixth and last "message" was laid on the desks of the legislators of 1852 — the first to convene under the new constitution. In these various addresses Professor Mills dealt with the problem of illiteracy and what it meant to the State, dwelling analytically and ex- haustively upon facts that previous Legislatures had ignored. "Shall we," he asked, "dig canals and build railroads to transport the products of our rich soil to market, and leave the intellect of the rising generation undeveloped and undis- ciplined ? Is matter more valuable than mind ? W e have borrowed," he said, "millions for the physical improvement of our State, but we have not raised a dollar by ad valorem taxation to cultivate the minds of our children." He cited statistics to show the increased industrial effi- ciency that resulted from education, and pointed out the benefits from the viewpoint of material prosperity alone. He also discussed the question of ways and means — of resources and taxation and methods, and made clear the inadequacies of the existing system with its low standards, its poor teachers and its lack of equipment. In brief, he threshed out the question from every side with the masterful power of an expert in a field where experts were few, and his unwearying persistence made an impression that was the be- ginning of a new educational order. The effect on Governor Whitcomb, indeed, was immediate, and following Mills' first address he spoke for the first time in his own message of the educational needs. "One of the People" was widely read and discussed, and by the time the last of the six appeals was laid before the Legislature that body thought enough of it to order 5,000 copies printed for distribution. Effect of the Addresses. — Mr. Charles W. Moores* says that "the six messages have long been considered the basis of the Indiana system of common schools. Their influence, although they were published anonymously, was felt at once, and that influence is still a controlling one in the educational growth of the State." Contemporary with these addresses and largely inspired by them, seemingly, there sprang up a general agitation of the educational question. On May 26, 1847, there was a school convention held at Indianapolis which was in session for three days and in connection with which we find the names of a number of well-known citizens of the State. This was the first of a series of such meetings which worked on public sentiment, and helped clear the way against ignorance and the opposition of false notions for a better law, which finally, in 1849, found its way into the stat- ute book. The distinctive feature of this law was that it authorized, for the first time, a direct and general tax levy for the support of public schools, whereas previously the reliance had been on the inadequate returns from the permanent * "Caleb Mills and the Indiana School System," by Charles W. Moores; Ind. Hist. Soc. publications, vol. iii. The fullest and best study we have of this chapter in our educational his- tory. 124 CRNTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA school fund. It also changed the machinery of school administration, as organized, and intro- duced more of a system.* The free school principle which, under the old constitution, was subject to the shifting notions of public opinion and of successive Legislatures, was fixed in the new constitution by a mandatory provision that there should be "a general and uniform system of common schools, wherein tui- tion shall be without charge, and equally open to all." This was an immense advance gained by the advocates of free and universal education, and one step toward the "general and uniform system" was the further provision for election by the voters of the State of a State superintend- ent of public instruction as head of the whole educational plan. Law of 1852; Beginning of New Regime. — The first Legislature under the new constitution, that of 1852, passed a law that went a step farther in the direction of a uniform and efficient system, though in the general re-arrangement under new conditions it had many problems to contend with. It has been said that "the dawn of our present common school system began in 1852. . . . The law embodied the principle that the property of the State should educate the children of the State and that all the common schools should be open to pupils without charge. . . . It provided for the consolidation and gen- eral management by the State of all the per- manent school funds . . . and for the better investment of the school funds" (W. H. Smith). It also provided for the election of a State super- intendent of public instruction and for the estab- lishment of a State Board of Education. A distinctive feature of the law that proved to be, virtually, its undoing was the authorization of school corporations in cities and towns inde- pendent of the township corporations that had previously comprehended the whole system, and the further authorization of local taxation at the option of the people supplemental to the general fund. This opened the way in the centers of population for graded, superior schools, and un- der the stimulus of it many cities levied the extra * Prior to the Legislature of 1849 a popular vote was taken on the free school question and it carried by more than 16,000, but the forty-three counties constituting the south half of the State returned a majority of 1,634 against free schools while the forty- seven counties north of an east and west line drawn along the south boundary of Marion county gave a favorable majority of 18,270. (Boone.) tax and proceeded to develop something larger and better than the country schools of the town- ship system. The Perkins Decision. — In 1855 this new prog- ress received a serious check. Many still opposed taxation for educational purposes as a coercive policy. The constitutionality of the law was questioned, and in a suit brought in the city of Lafayette by one William M. Jenners, which found its way to the Supreme Court, the conten- tion of the plaintiff was sustained by Judge Sam- uel Perkins, and the law overthrown. The result of this court decision was a discouraging set- back to the cause of education. Professor Boone says that "most city schools were classed as pub- lic schools, the houses rented to private parties and superintendents and teachers dismissed, not a few of the best of both classes leaving the State ;" and again : "This condition gave Indiana through a decade of years, a reputation that re- quired another decade to wipe out." In other words, the restricting of the educational work to the returns from the permanent fund and the general State tax of ten cents on each hundred dollars' worth of property, threw the schools back on a revenue so insufficient that the school term was reduced to two or three months, or less, and in 1859, for example, "the entire school rev- enue of every kind, distributed to the schools, averaged but 94 cents per child — only $68 to each of the 6,500 schools" (Boone). The detrimental effects of this adverse decision of Judge Perkins was felt for a dozen years, dur- ing which time a revival of private schools of va- rious kinds was the educational salvation of the State. In 1867 another local tax law was passed and public sentiment, by this time, was so favora- ble to it that its constitutionality was not ques- tioned until eighteen years later. In 1885 a test case was made in the Switzerland county circuit court, similar to the one in Lafayette thirty years before. It went to the Supreme Court and this time Judge Byron K. Elliott laid the ghost by de- claring constitutional the controverted section of the law. AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENT A New Impulse. — During this decade there was a very decided movement toward agricul- tural advancement. From the beginning, indeed, CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 125 farming had been considered as the mainstay of the country, but attempts to improve its status by organized effort had been, at the best, spo- radic. As early as 1835 a State Board of Agri- culture had been created, but for years it had only a nominal existence ; and the same seems to have been true of various county societies. The first step toward a more efficient order may be found in the message of Governor Wright, de- livered December 31, 1850. Wright, although fun has been poked at him, and his political op- ponents facetiously accused him of advising the farmers to buy hydraulic rams for the purpose of improving the breeds of sheep, is nevertheless justly honored among the governors as a patron saint, of husbandry. State Board of Agriculture. — In his message referred to he advised the re-establishment of a State Board of Agriculture and suggested feat- ures of a plan that were incorporated in a law which followed. This law, "An Act for the En- couragement of Agriculture," approved February 14, 1851, and re-enacted with some modifications on February 17. 1852, provided, in the first place, for the formation of county societies, for the en- couragement of which, under certain conditions, there was granted all moneys collected as licenses for the exhibitions of menageries, circuses, the- atrical performances or other shows. It also "created a body corporate, with perpetual suc- cession . . . under the name and style of the 'Indiana State Board of Agriculture,' " which was to receive reports from the various country societies, deliberate with delegates from such societies "as to the wants, prospects and condi- tions of the agricultural interests throughout the State." and to make an annual report to the Gen- eral Assembly. This board was given "power to hold State fairs at such times and places as they may deem expedient" and, having entire con- trol of the same, could fix the amount of the va- rious premiums offered. The Board of Agriculture organized and held its first meeting May 28, 1851, with Governor Wright as president ; John B. Dillon, secretary, and Royal Mayhew, treasurer. The question of a State agricultural fair was discussed, some members urging such an exhibition, and others holding that the conditions, both as to transporta- tion facilities and public sentiment were not yel quite ripe. In deference to the latter argument. it seems, the fair project was postponed for a year and a half. County Societies. — The formation of county societies progressed from the first, and by 1852 there were forty-five of them in existence, and the reports of these organizations incorporated, along with other matter, in the annual report of the State board, present, from 1852, an excellent record of the agricultural progress of the State. First State Fair. — There doubtless was a re- lation between the establishment of a State fair and the existence of the railroads which made practicable the transportation of live stock and exhibits from various parts of the State. The first of these fairs was held in Indianapolis, Oc- tober 20, 21 and 22, 1852, on the grounds now known as Military park, west of West street. It was an event of great popular interest. The newspapers devoted a quite unusual amount of space to it and the people, both exhibitors and visitors, rallied to make it a success. It was re- garded as an important forward step in the State's progress. To quote from a paper of the day : "A just pride in the utility and greatness of their pursuits will be generally infused among our farmers, mechanics and manufacturers. Standards of excellence in stock, of utility in machines, and of true taste in the elegant articles of comfort and luxury will be fixed in the minds of all. Progress in their respective pursuits will take the place of indifference in their minds. A laudable ambition to have the mantel decorated with a silver cup will actuate all, and thus feel- ing and acting, who can calculate the ultimate re- sult?" There were 1,365 entries, with quite a showing of improved agricultural machinery, and a large exhibit of live stock, chiefly hogs, sheep and cat- tle. Of the latter the Durham were most in evi- dence, though Devons, Herefords and Ayreshires were also represented. As shown by the treas- urer's report, premiums to the amount of $1,026 were distributed among about 160 entries. The out-of-town attendance taxed the capacity of both the fair grounds and the city's facilities for accommodations,* and the total gate receipts at 20 cents a head amounted to something over $4,600, which, according to the local papers, de- * The estimated attendance the first day was 15,000; on the second, 25.000, while on the third there were "more people in town than the grounds could hold." 126 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA frayed expenses and allowed the return of $2,000 that had been borrowed from the State. Fair Week in Indianapolis. — Incidentally, this was undoubtedly the liveliest week that In- dianapolis had ever known. The place was filled with side-shows and catch-pennies. A vaudeville troupe, under the management of the once-fa- mous "Yankee" Robinson, gave three perform- ances daily in a tent near the fair grounds. Wells' minstrels were another attraction. A man named Diehl put up what he advertised as an "enormous pavilion" near the State House, where he gave pyrotechnic displays, and there was a "grand exhibition of the world's fair," being illuminated views of the London Crystal Palace exposition ; also "Beard's Hoosier Panorama of Paradise Lost," showed at one of the churches. Then P. T. Barnum came along with his museum and menagerie, and, added to all, the Democrats had a big torchlight procession which was to close with speaking at the Wright House, where the New York store now stands, but the whigs gath- ered to howl down the speakers, thus contribut- ing to the pandemonium which the good citi- zens of Indianapolis had to endure for that week. Original Policy a Shifting Fair. — The orig- inal intention, out of deference to the other leading towns of the State, was to shift the fair from place to place, giving Indianapolis every third year. In accordance with this idea Lafayette had it in 1853 and Madison in 1854. At both these places it was a financial failure. Then it was kept at Indianapolis for four years. In 1859 New Albany tried it, but again it was a financial failure, and after that it remained per- manently at the capital, the grounds being changed from Military park to a thirty-six-acre purchase at the north edge of the city, now built over and known as Morton Place. ROADS The Plank Road Era. — An innovation in road- making during the fifties constituted what is sometimes called the "plank road era." The plank road appears to have originated in Russia, to have found its way thence into Canada, and from there into parts of the United States lying contiguous to Canada. In a country where timber was not merely abundant, but an actual encumbrance, the conversion of this tim- ber into a solid road as smooth as a floor was a captivating proposition, and the fever caught and spread. In no place was there better reason for its spreading than in Indiana, and accord- ingly for nearly ten years (through the fifties) we had the plank road era. The promise of im- mediate returns was, presumably, sufficient to attract capital, and the State very wisely handed over the new movement to the capitalists. From 1848 we find laws authorizing corporations to take possession of the existing roads, to con- vert them into plank roads, and to erect and maintain toll-houses for revenue along the same. In 1850 one of these companies, organized to build a plank road from New Harmony to Mount Vernon, in Posey county, sent Robert Dale Owen to western New York to investigate the roads already in operation there, and the result was the publication of a small book containing a mass of information upon the subject.* There were va- rious widths and methods of laying in the con- struction of these roads, but that recommended by Owen was eight feet wide, formed of planks two and one-half to four inches thick laid cross- wise on long mud sills, and well spiked down. The cost of this material he estimated at $938.08 to $1,689.60 per mile, according to thickness of planks. The labor involved a party of twelve or fourteen hands with teams for ploughing, scrap- ing, rolling, etc., and these could lay from thirty to forty rods per day, at an expense of perhaps $200 per mile. The approximate total cost of a road built of three-inch white oak planks was given as $2,000 per mile. While Owen, with the bias of an advocate, per- haps, figures that a white oak road would do good service for at least twelve years, as a matter of fact those constructed in this State would seem to be much shorter of life. Within ten years the decadence had plainly set in, for a law of 1859 prohibits the collection of tolls on roads that are not kept up, and about this time plank road legis- lation disappears from the statutes. The diffi- culty was not only decay, but the warping and working loose of the planks. Introduction of Gravel Roads. — In 1858 we find the first statutory mention of gravel roads, and the introduction of this material, presum- ably about that time, was the beginning of a possible permanent excellence. Why it was * Owen on "Plank Roads," New Albany, 1850. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 127 128 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA not earlier used is not easy to learn, but it is probable that prior to the clearing up of the country, when the drift-choked, forest-en- vironed streams flowed with a fuller volume, gravel bars were at once much less in evidence, and much less accessible than at a later day. Con- struction with this new material went on under private enterprise, the State became well traversed with toll-roads, and the ubiquitous little toll-house, with its long sweep pole, is still fresh in the memories of most of us. The next turn in legislation was a provision (as early as 1879) for the county control of free turnpikes and the authorization of tax levies for that purpose. Under these laws the improved roads have, one by one, been bought up by the several counties, and the abolishment of the toll- gate is becoming general.* BEGINNING OF THE RAILROAD ERA Strictly speaking the railroad era of Indiana began when the Madison & Indianapolis road went into operation in 1839, but the sudden de- velopment of first roads that grew into the sys- tem of later years is a distinguishing feature in the history of the early fifties. The Madison road was completed to Indianapolis in 1847, and its prosperity following that completion was a tremendous stimulus to railroad construction.! Capital, hitherto timid and distrustful of invest- ment in this direction, now flowed freely and by the latter part of 1850 six new roads were under way with a total of 142 miles built in addition to the eighty-six miles of the M. & I.J On the maps of 1852 and 1853 we find the State traversed in all directions by something like a score of roads, some of them then in opera- tion, and seven of these centered at Indianapolis, while an eighth, the Jeffersonville, was directly tributary to it. Sketches of First Roads. — Brief sketches of these pioneer roads in the order of their begin- ning are here given : The Indianapolis & Lawrenceburg. — This * It has been stated that there are now but two toll-gates in the State. t As the Madison road was extended into the interior its re- ceipts increased from $22,110 in 1843 to $235,000 in 1849, and the daily travel from 25 to 200 passengers. Its stock rose until, in 1852, it sold for $1.60. (Chamberlain's Gazetteer.) % By 1860 this mileage had increased to 2,125.75 (census re- port). road, afterward known as the "I., C. & L.," se- cured its first charter as early as 1832 and in its first steps toward actual construction antedated the M. & I. by four years. It encountered much opposition from the-M. & I., and was not com- pleted until 1853. By connecting central Indi- ana with Cincinnati and the east this line became a formidable competitor of the M. & I. The first year after its completion the receipts were $299,- 433.66; the second year this was nearly doubled, and much of this, presumably, drew directly from the receipts of the M. & I. Afterward it took the name of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette, and is now one of the "Big Four" lines. The Jeffersonville Road. — This line, under the original name of the Ohio & Indiana Railroad Company, was first chartered in 1832, then in 1837, and again in 1846. Finally, in 1848, its promoters secured still another charter more lib- eral than the preceding ones, and got to work. In 1849 the name was changed to the Jefferson- ville Railroad Company. In 1852 it was finished to Columbus, where it met the M. & I. Here trouble began. The monopolistic M. &. I., then under the control of John Brough, afterward governor of Ohio, was not disposed to brook any rival, and it refused to co-ordinate its running schedule with that of the new road. The latter, in retaliation, extended its scheme and started for Indianapolis, side by side with the M. & I., which then capitulated and the two formed a junction. Like the camel which, having got its nose into the tent, gradually wedged in its whole body, the Jeffersonville road soon dominated its rival, and in 1866 the two were consolidated as the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis, which name it retained for many years. It is now a branch of the Pennsylvania system. Like the Cincinnati road to the east, this one, by opening the way to Louisville and the south was a great contributory factor to the decadence of the State's first road, which, when it reached Madi- son, was effectually barred from getting farther. The Belief ontaine & Indianapolis. — This road, afterward known as the C, C, C. & I., and now a part of the "Big Four" system, was the first line that opened up a way directly with the east and northeast. It was begun in 1848, being the second road running out of Indianapolis, and in 1852 reached Union Citv, at the State line, where CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 129 it connected with an Ohio line and with eastern points. Before making that connection its traf- fic, draining toward Indianapolis, contributed to the prosperity of the Madison road, but after- ward it was a formidable competitor, diverting, as it did, the commerce of the interior toward the east. Its chief promoter and first president was ( >liver H. Smith, well known as lawyer, politi- cian and United States senator. The Peru & Indianapolis. — The next road out of the capital was the Peru & Indianapolis. It was running to Noblesville by the spring of 1851 and reached Peru in 1854. It is said that "in its earlier days, it brought into Indianapolis immense quantities of lumber, and, at a later day. much grain and produce." For a while the Peru and the Madison roads were consolidated, the aim being to establish a through route from the Ohio river to the Wabash & Erie canal and thence, by water, to the east. This, it was thought would put the M. & I. on a footing with its rivals that were affording outlets eastward, but for some reason the merger did not last long. The Peru & Indianapolis subsequently became the Indian- apolis, Peru & Chicago, and is now the Lake Erie & Western. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis. — This road was to have bisected the State east and west, with Terre Haute and Richmond as its two termini. The idea originally agitated was that it should be one link in a larger railroad scheme that would extend without break from St. Louis to Cincin- nati. This plan, however, was evidently too am- bitious for that day and generation and it settled down to a line connecting Terre Haute with Indi- anapolis. It was finished in 1852, and, like the other roads centering at Indianapolis, was, in the beginning, a feeder for the M. & I. It is now called the "Vandalia." The Indiana Central. — This road, for many years known as the "Panhandle," and now as a link in the Pennsylvania lines, connected Indian- apolis with Richmond, Ind., and was the fulfil- ment of the preceding plan for a Terre Haute and Richmond road. It was begun in 1851 and completed in 1853, being the first line to estab- lish (by way of Cincinnati) a connection with the east. It paralleled the National road and was a large factor in reducing the travel over that thoroughfare. The Indianapolis & Lafayette. — As the Indi- 9 130 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA ana Central carried out the scheme of connecting Terre Haute with Richmond, so the Indianapolis & Lafayette road completed the original idea of a Madison, Indianapolis and Lafayette line, as contemplated in the internal improvement law of 1836. It was finished in 1852, and was especially important as forming a link in a connection be- tween the Ohio river and Chicago. In 1866 it was consolidated with the Cincinnati road and the two took the name of the Indianapolis, Cin- cinnati & Lafayette. The line, now known as the C, C, C. & St. L. (Big Four), connects Cin- cinnati with Chicago. Ohio & Mississippi. — This road, crossing the southern part of the State, was the first to form a link in a continuous route that connected the Mississippi river with the seaboard. The com- bination consisted of the Ohio & Mississippi, the Marietta & Cincinnati, and the Baltimore & Ohio, which, together, reached from St. Louis to Bal- timore. When completed it was the longest con- tinuous route in the world, and the opening in 1857 was signalized by a great railroad celebra- tion. The first train over the road was a "Cele- bration Train," filled with railroad dignitaries and government officials, which was greeted with display and popular enthusiasm all along the way.* Other Roads. — Other roads of this pioneer era, beside those centering at the capital, were the New Albany & Salem, traversing the length of the State from New Albany to Michigan City ; the Northern Indiana (Michigan Southern) ; the Toledo, Wabash & Western, completed in 1857, which, traversing the Wabash valley, supplanted the Wabash and Erie canal, and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago, finished in 1856, which became an important factor in the development of northern Indiana. The "Junction" (C, H. & D.) was built from the eastern State line to Rush- ville, but did not reach Indianapolis until the lat- ter sixties, and the Vincennes road was finished about the same time, though promoted much earlier. Besides these there were various short lines of the kind facetiously known as "jerk- water," though they have all long since been merged in the great system and taken other names. Beginnings of a System. — Before the end of * A good-sized illustrative book descriptive of this occasion may be found in the State Library. the fifties the various Indiana roads with their interstate connections had begun to take the form of a system much more extensive than the one that had been contemplated by the internal im- provement law of 1836. Not only were the vari- ous sections and principal cities of the State put into communication with each other, but a num- ber of the lines reached much farther by the inter- state connections. The Terre Haute, Cincinnati, Indiana Central, Bellefontaine, the Ohio& Missis- sippi, the Toledo, Wabash & Western and the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago roads became links in roads leading to the east ; the New Al- bany & Salem connected the Ohio river and the great lakes, and this knitting and extending proc- ess carried on continuously from that time has created the vast and complex railroad system of the present day. Influences of the Railroad. — Much interest- ing matter pertaining to the railroads belong to this period. Within the decade Indiana was fairly transformed, not only by the vast stimulus given to commerce and by the multiplication of industries, but by the sharp turn — the new trend given to the State's development. For example, the radical change in transportation methods de- termined a new arrangement of population cen- ters. Before that the streams were a great fac- tor in the locating of settlements but with the advent of the new order these were left to dwin- dle in isolation, and many a one that started out with glowing hopes and good reasons for them are now but a memory. On the other hand, the railroads straight across country supplied a new reason for the location of towns, and the local histories will show that a vast percentage of these date their origins from the coming of the railroads. Navigable streams and water power for mill seats no longer cut a figure. It is said that old James B. Ray, who is credited with be- ing our most erratic governor, as far back as the twenties had a vision, and preached it, to the effect that one day, along a system of railroads radiating from Indianapolis as from a hub, there would be villages or towns every five miles, while every twenty there would be a city. He was, of course, laughed to scorn, but that was exactly what came to pass. In a word, but for the introduction of railroads the distribution of population throughout the State would have been vastly different from what it is, not only as re- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 131 gards the location of centers, but also in the growth of centers as determined by industries and commercial wealth. The effect of the railroad upon manufactures is illustrated by the fact that from the output value of $19,199,681 as given by the Indiana Ga- zetteer of 1850, there was a sudden increase that for the next ten years averaged $41,840,434 per year, with 20,755 persons employed in manufac- turing industries and also heavy investments in the places with railroad facilities. The "Erie War." — The important relation of the railroad to commercial prosperity is shown by what is known in history as the "Erie War," which occurred in 1853. At that time the rail- roads had not established a uniform gauge, or width between the rails, so that rolling stock could not, as now, travel over any and every road. At Erie, Pa., one gauge from the east met another gauge from the west, in consequence of which all through passengers and freight traf- fic had to be transferred from one road to the other. This meant great inconvenience and ex- pense to travelers and shippers, and great profit to Erie. The latter came to regard her transfer- ring industry as a vested right — so much so. in- deed, that when an attempt was made to unify the gauges her citizens forcibly interfered with the laying of rails in the streets. The wrath in the west at Erie's hoggishness, and the execra- tions heaped upon the town by/ the press and in indignation meetings were loud and universal. The Indianapolis Journal for December 17, 24, 25 and 28, 1853, gives glimpses of the public feeling. The Railroads and Madison. — The influence of the railroad as a factor in the making and un- making of localities is well illustrated by the rise and decline of Madison. Throughout the forties, when the one railroad in the State brought the business of the interior to the favored city on the Ohio, she became, as one of her citizens ex- pressed it, "the first city of Indiana — first in com- merce, population, wealth, literature, law. reli- gion, politics and social enjoyment." The Ohio river traffic here made connection with the rail- road traffic, and we hear stories of the big river steamboats lying in lines beside the wharves, where the bags of wheat were piled high and the warehouses were filled to their roofs with mis- cellaneous freight, while countless barrels of mess pork packed for shipment to the south as far as the gulf, and to the east as far as Europe, occu- pied all the river front and reached up into the by-streets. As a pork market it was second only to Cincinnati, and there is record of 200,000 hogs being slaughtered and packed there in a sin- gle month. Because of its importance as an entrepot it became known as the "Gateway to the State." The wealth that accumulated there has left its traces in the quaint old mansions that stand to the present day, and the long list of able men who formed a galaxy there have left their impress on Indiana history — such men as Joseph G. Marshall, Jeremiah Sullivan, Jesse D. and Michael G. Bright, J. F. D. Lanier, and others. This prosperity of Madison continued to in- crease so long as the M. & I. road had no corn- Old Union Depot at Indianapolis, built in 1853. (See next page.) petitors. The first roads to reach out from Indian- apolis, into near territory, such as the Bellefon- taine, the Peru and the Terre Haute lines, were feeders rather than rivals to the M. & I., but when the Bellefontaine and the Indiana Central made connections with the east the tide began to turn, while the connections with Cincinnati and the falls cities by the Indianapolis & Lawrence- burg and the Jeffersonville roads was the begin- ning of a swift decline for the M. & I. It fought desperately against its fate, and one of the curi- osities of railroad literature is a report of 1854 in which it complained that the State was instru- mental in inflicting serious damage on it by pass- ing a law which "opened the door for the con- struction of other railroads." Its most damaging competitor was the Jeffersonville road, which finally swallowed it, and after the consolidation the part from Columbus southward was simply the Madison branch. The city of Madison suf- fered proportionately, and, from being the first city in the State it has long since taken rank far down the scale as an Indiana center — its chief 132 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA fame now being that of a quaint and charming place, speaking of a picturesque past. The Railroads and Indianapolis. — The capi- tal, from the beginning of the new era was re- garded as a logical railroad center and in the construction of the early fifties the city was made the focusing point of not less than eight lines, connecting it with other points in all directions. Prior to that it was but a small country town, with few industries. Of the change wrought in the place by the new order we have this account in "Holloway's Indianapolis :" "Manufacturers appeared ; stores that had for- merly mixed up dry goods, groceries, grain, hard- ware, earthenware and even books on their stock, began to select and confine themselves to one or two classes of their former assortment. . . . Business showed its growth in its divisions ; the prices of property advanced ; a city form of gov- ernment was adopted ; a school system was inau- gurated. Everybody felt the impulse of pros- perity. . . . New hotels, manufactories and business houses also appeared. The Bates house and Sherman house were built ; Osgood & Smith's peg and last factory; Geisendorff's woolen mill, Drew's carriage establishment, Shel- lenbarger's planing mill and Macy's pork house swelled our industries, and various blocks, school- houses, railroad shops and other buildings were added to our improvements." A glance at the local press of the fifties confirms this description of prosperity and hustle. Three-fourths of the space, at a guess, are taken up by advertisements ; the columns are dotted with little cuts of engines and cars, with accompanying time-tables ; pictures of trains are incorporated in the newspaper heads, and a semi-literary weekly, the first of its kind in the city, saw fit to take the name of "The Lo- comotive." The Union Depot.* — The early creation of a railroad center at Indianapolis resulted in the first "Union Depot" in the country. The orig- inating of this structure, and the particulars of it by one who knew at first hand, is worth giving. It was written by Mr. William N. Jackson, of Indianapolis, and was first published in the "In- dianapolis Journal" for July 29, 1900. Mr. Jack- son savs :f * See preceding page. f William N. Jackson, whose memory is revered in Indianap- olis, was identified with the railroad business from pioneer days. "Jackson Place," adjacent to the Union S a'.ion, is named for him. "Chauncey Rose, of the Terre Haute & Rich- mond ; John Brough, of the Madison & Indian- apolis, and Oliver H. Smith, of the Bellefontaine line, met in their office in the middle of the Cir- cle in 1850, and planned and carried into execu- tion soon after a union station at Indianapolis, and erected the first one that was ever built. For this a union track was needed from the mid- dle of Tennessee street northeasterly to the mid- dle of Washington street at Noble street, and the right of way for which was taken by the Terre Haute & Richmond (now Vandalia) to Pennsyl- vania street, and from there onward and north- easterly to the center of Washington street by the Bellefontaine and Peru roads. A few miles of each road had been made previous to this. The right of way from the Madison & Indianapolis depot on South street to Meridian street was given by Austin W. Morris. The right of way from Pennsylvania to New Jersey streets was purchased from Mrs. McCarty. The Union Station was opened September 20, 1853, the building being finished at that period. Mr. Chauncey Rose was president of the company and Mr. W. N. Jackson secretary, treasurer and ticket agent. "The Lawrenceburgh & Upper Mississippi railroad entered this station in the spring of 1854 as the Indianapolis & Cincinnati Railroad Com- pany ; the Indiana Central at the same time, and the Lafayette a little later, followed by the Indian- apolis & Vincennes ; the Indiana, Bloomington & Western ; the Indianapolis, Decatur & Spring- field ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis, and the Monon branch of the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago road." The Union Company owned all the tracks in the city and the Union Depot independently of the various roads. The building, which was planned by Gen. T. A. Morris, was 420 feet long by 120 wide, but in 1866 it was widened to 200 feet. It was replaced by the present building in 1888 (Dunn). Equipment of the Pioneer Roads. — When the Madison & Indianapolis road was begun by the State in 1836 the T rail had been invented. It then ran, we are told, about forty-five pounds to the yard, or less than half the weight of the best rails to-day. In a previous section mention has been made of the extravagant construction plunged into by the State, one feature of which Scenes in "Shades of Death," Parke County. 134 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA was the importation from England at a high cost, of these improved rails. When the road went into the hands of a private company the cost of construction was reduced from $58,000 per mile to about $11,000, and the primitive style of it was the same as was adopted by the other roads of the fifties. This may be briefly described. The foundation of the road was long, heavy hewn timbers, known as "mudsills," laid end to end and bedded in the earth. On these were laid crossties three or four feet apart, and on the ties, in turn, were laid parallel lines of oak string- ers, about 6x6, which were secured in place by stout wooden pins driven through auger-holes that ran through the ends of the stringers and into the ties. The inner edges of the stringers were chamfered off, or sloped so as to allow for the flanges of the wheels, and along the cham- fered edge were spiked the rails, which con- sisted simply of bars of iron about two and a half inches wide by five-eighths of an inch thick. This crude equipment was anything but safe beneath the wear and tear even of engines and cars that now seem diminutive. The yielding flat bar would crush into the wooden stringer, the spikes would work loose, and the loosened rails curling up at the ends formed what the local humorists dubbed "snake-heads," doubtless from the appearance, which suggested a snake with its head raised. These up-raised ends, threatening the moving train with puncture and derailment, increased the dangers of traveling by rail. The rolling stock was correspondingly primi- tive. The development of the locomotive was retarded, doubtless, by the frail character of the rail and roadbed. At first it weighed but ten to fifteen tons as against the hundred-ton engine of to-day, and had neither cow-catcher nor cab, the latter, indeed, being objected to by the engine- man as a dangerous trap in case of accident. It would haul twelve or fifteen freight cars capable of carrying about three tons each, and twenty miles an hour for passenger service was good speed. A not uncommon occurrence was the stopping of the train till a trainman went ahead with a sledge-hammer to spike down "snake- heads." The water supply was replenished by stopping at some wayside stream and dipping up with leathern buckets, a number of which were carried on hooks at the side of the tender. The term "jerkwater," as humorously applied to cheap, out-of-date roads no doubt had its origin in this custom. Statistical Survey. — An agricultural survey by the census of 1860 shows that at that period about one-half of the available land of the State was improved, its cash value being estimated at $344,902,776, as against $136,385,173 for 1850.* That there had been a great advance in the methods of farming is indicated by the appraised value of farm machinery in use, which was given at $10,457,897. The value of live stock within the ten years had almost doubled, with a great many working oxen (117,687) still in use, but far outnumbered by horses and mules for draft purposes. Swine were still the leading animal product, as corn was still the principal crop prod- uct, amounting in 1860 to 71,588,919 bushels, which was far in advance of any previous yield. Crops generally showed a corresponding in- crease, and sorghum had been introduced as a new crop in this section of the country, the out- put of syrup in 1860 being 881,049 gallons. Manufactories had greatly increased, there be- ing 5,110 establishments of various kinds with a total investment of $17,881,586 and an output valued at $41,840,434. The leading manufactur- ing counties were Wayne, Jefferson, Tippecanoe, Vigo, Marion, Vanderburg, Fayette, Montgom- ery, Floyd, Dearborn, Tipton and Putnam, all of which had railroads. In the census of 1850 no satisfactory figures as to manufactures are given, but the invested capital in 1860 is about ten times more than the amount given for 1840. The population of the State had grown to 1,350,428 as against 988,416 in 1850, and 685,866 in 1840, showing a tolerably uniform rate of in- crease over the twenty years. * According to a statement in the census report, it was "not too much to say that one-half this increase has been caused by railroads." CHAPTER XIV THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD Antecedent Conditions. — The overshadow- ing fact of the sixties was the great Civil War, which during its continuance, dominated public thought and action and put a corresponding "check upon the State's development. Preceding the final outbreak, and part and parcel of our war history, was a period of turmoil and fierce conflict of opinion which, while it prevailed over the country, playing about the ever-agitated ques- tion of slavery, was particularly acrid here. Our mixed population with its large element from the south that was southern in its sympathies, im- periled our standing as a union and anti-slavery State. As an evidence of the anti-negro sen- timent that existed the constitution of 1850 had in it a clause prohibiting all negroes or mulattoes from coming into or settling in the State.* The democratic party of the State was for years in the ascendency, and its endorsement and support of federal legislation that made for the exten- sion of slave territory was so pronounced, and, from the northern viewpoint, so flagrant, that many, after fruitless protests seceded from its ranks. Conspicuous among these seceders was Oliver P. Morton, who. at a democratic State convention, held in Indianapolis in 1854, walked out amid taunts and hisses, after taking a stand against the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which gave those two great States over to the slave power. Throughout the early fifties, owing to this vexed slavery ghost that would not down, the elements of a new party, not yet crystallized, were segregated under such names as "Free Soilers." "Abolitionists," "Free Democracy," "Barnburners," and the "People's Party," which latter "was the preliminary organization of the republican party" in this State.f Other parties, such as the prohibition and "Know-nothing" or- ganizations were in the field, but the political movement at the times of greatest historical im- port was the one that was feeling its way toward * This provision stood until 1881, when it was stricken out and an amendment substituted. t William Dudley Foulke's "Life of Morton," one of the best books on the war period in Indiana. alignment on the nation's greatest problem, that of slave versus free labor — a problem that in- volved both economics and morals. These various currents finally merged in the organization that was destined to work out the country's salvation — the republican party, which took definite form at a convention held in Pitts- burgh on the 22d of February, 1856. That year O. P. Morton, as candidate of the "people's party" for governor of Indiana, canvassed the State, and during the campaign, according to his biographer (Foulke, p. 58), he "organized the republican party in Indiana." The new party rapidly became a power in the land and in the State. This first campaign Mor- ton was beaten by Ashbel P. Willard, a democrat, but four years later, as running mate with Henry S. Lane, he was elected, along with a republican majority in the General Assembly. The wrangling between the parties during the latter fifties was a discredit to the State. Through their refusal to act together they failed, in the Legislature of 1857,' to make an appropriation for the expenses of the State government, and Governor Willard borrowed enough to pay the interest on the public debt, while the State insti- tutions had to be temporarily closed. Also the democrats, by an irregular proceeding, elected Jesse D. Bright and Graham N. Fitch to the United States Senate. The next Legislature, the republicans being then in the ascendency, de- clared the previous irregular proceedings ille- gal and elected Henry S. Lane and William M. McCarty, but the United States Senate, which was democratic, did not recognize these repub- lican contestants. In a word the irreconcilable antagonism be- tween the free and the slave States which grew more and more bitter as the great issue was re- peatedly forced upon the people, found in Indi- ana full expression. The Secession Issue and Morton's Stand. — When the brewing storm between the north and -until threatened the division of the nation by the secession of the southern States, men found 135 136 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA themselves fronted by an issue not to be shunted off for future solution — an issue sharp and im- mediate, and so far-reaching in its consequences that the vast majority were at sea as to what policy ought to be pursued. Ought the rebellious States, resting on the sacred doctrine of State's rights, be allowed to withdraw in peace ; or should the preservation of the Union and the nation's future be the paramount consideration? Leaders were timid, temporizing and uncertain, and there was need of strong men to take the positive and unequivocal stand. Such a man in Indiana was Oliver P. Morton. At a meeting held in the Marion county courthouse on Novem- ber 22, 1860, he delivered a speech which stamped him as the man of the hour and revealed the qualities that were to make him famous as Indi- ana's great "war governor." He was then the newly-elected lieutenant-governor. Henry S. Lane, the governor-elect, who was noted as an orator, also spoke and was, presumably, regarded as the headliner of the- occasion, but what he said was, in view of the temper of the times, in- consequential as compared with Morton's ad- dress. There was no shilly-shally in the latter. The speaker stood, first of all, for the right of the nation to preserve its existence and integ- rity, and he analyzed the situation point by point. To grant one State the right to secede at this crisis was to grant the same right to any State at any time, and that meant the dissolution of the nation whenever such States might see fit. To quote : "The right to secede being conceded, and the way to do it having been shown to be safe and easy, the prestige of the republic gone, the na- tional pride extinguished with the national idea, secession would become the remedy for every State or sectional grievance, real or imaginary, and in a few short years we should witness the total dissolution of that mighty republic which has been the hope and the glory of the world. . . . We must, then, cling to the idea that we are a nation, one and indivisible, and that, al- though subdivided by State lines for local and domestic purposes, we are one people, the citi- zens of a common country, having like institu- tions and manners, and possessing a common interest in that inheritance of glory so richly pro- vided by our fathers. We must, therefore, do no act, we must tolerate no act, we must concede no idea or theory that looks to or involves the dis- memberment of the nation."* This speech, the effect of which, according to Foulke, "was of incalculable effect, not only in the State but over the entire country, was deliv- ered shortly before South Carolina took the first step in actual secession. Exactly in line with the firm stand of Lincoln it foreshadowed the un- wavering support which, as governor of the State, he was to extend to the nation's chief ex- ecutive in the trying years to follow, and it re- vealed the strong hand which was to deal with internal difficulties during those times of danger. Fortunately the office of lieutenant-governor was the stepping-stone to the governorship. On the 15th of January Governor Lane was made United States senator, and Morton succeeded to the gubernatorial chair. Condition at Beginning of the War; Mor- ton's Activity. — When, with the assault on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, the smoldering fires of hostility burst into living flames and the war was on us, Indiana's state of unpreparedness was about as bad as it could be. She had neither money nor munitions, the latter, according to Adjutant-General Terrell's statement, consisting of "perhaps less than five hundred stands of ef- fective first-class small arms, besides eight pieces of weather-worn and dismantled cannon and an unknown number of old flint-lock and altered-to- percussion muskets, the most of which were scat- tered throughout various counties in the hands of private individuals and members of disbanded companies of militia. "f Also, such militia sys- tem as the State once maintained, had virtually gone to pieces ; the military reputation we had carried over from the Mexican war on account of injurious reports as to the conduct of our sol- diers at Buena Vista, was not good : our credit was not good, and "there was a certain evil re- pute which everywhere hung over the name of 'Hoosier' " (Foulke). Added to all was the strong hostile element within our borders ready to throw every obstacle in the way of an aggres- sive loyal policy. Notwithstanding this discour- aging situation Morton, on the 15th of April, * For full text see Foulke's "Morton," pp. 87-96. f Adjutant-General Terrell's reports, vol. i — a valuable history of the war period in Indiana. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK < >F INDIANA 137 and on the heels of the news that Sumter had fallen, telegraphed to the president this message : "To Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States: "On behalf of the State of Indiana I tender to you, for the defense of the nation, and to uphold the author- ity of the government, ten thousand men. (Signed) "Oliver P. Morton, "Governor of Indiana." The thing that made possible such an offer was the temper of a majority of the people. The Union sentiment was at a white heat and over- discharged. Indianapolis had been designated as a place of rendezvous, and the State fair grounds, a recently-acquired tract of thirty-six acres, then at the north edge of the city but now far within it and known as "Morton Place," was christened "Camp Morton" and put at the service of the troops. The problem sometimes presented of insufficient volunteers was reversed, the question being to choose out of the many that presented themselves. To quote the adjutant-general's ac- Old State House. From Photograph taken April 30, 1865, the day Lincoln's body lay in state. whelmingly dominated the adverse minority. The firing on Fort Sumter banished all uncertainty from the minds of those who had hitherto wa- vered, and those who had differed before were now one for the preservation of the nation. The forming of companies proceeded at once. The daj after the first call for troops there were 500 in camp at Indianapolis, and within three days 2,400, with new arrivals coming by every train. By the seventh day there were 12,000, which was far more than were required. The Indiana quota was fixed at six regiments of infantry or riflemen, making 4,683 officers and men, who were to serve for three months unless sooner count, the response was as gratifying as it was universal, and left no doubt as to the entire and lasting devotion of Indiana to the fortunes of the Union. . . . The 'old flag' at once became sacred and was proudly displayed in every breeze from the highest peaks of churches, school- houses and private dwellings. The presentation of a stand of national colors by patriotic ladies to each company was rarely omitted, and. when- ever practicable, brass bands were provided to escort them to the general cam])" (Terrell). The people generally, among the Unionist element, rallied to the occasion. Volunteers were freely furnished with such supplies as the authorities 138 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA could not at once provide, and in many instances the men were carried free by the railroads ; pri- vate citizens and local authorities contributed money to aid the cause, while banks and capital- ists offered to advance whatever money might be required. Extra Session of the Legislature. — Governor Morton, to meet the exigencies, called a special session of the Legislature, which convened on the 24th of April. By his recommendation it authorized a war loan of $2,000,000, to be ap- plied as follows : For general military purposes, $1,000,000; for the purchase of arms, $500,000; for contingent military expenses, $100,000; for organizing and supporting the militia for two years, $140,000. Laws were also passed to or- ganize the Indiana militia ; to provide for six regi- ments of State troops ; to provide for a State paymaster; to authorize counties to appropriate moneys for the protection and maintenance of the families of volunteers, for the purchase of arms and equipments, and for raising and main- taining military companies ; to provide for the punishment of persons guilty of giving material aid and comfort to the enemies of this State or of the United States in time of war (Terrell). Six First Regiments. — The consecutive num- bering of our regiments dates from the Mexican war. The first five were in that war, and conse- quently the Sixth was the first Indiana regiment to go into the civil war. The six regiments above mentioned, constituting the first Indiana quota, were commanded as follows : Sixth, Col. Thomas T. Crittenden ; Seventh, Col. Ebenezer Dumont ; Eighth, Col. William P. Benton; Ninth, Col. Robert H. Milroy ; Tenth, Col. Joseph J. Reynolds; Eleventh, Col. Lewis Wallace. These regiments made up the First Brigade of Indiana Volunteers, with Thomas A. Morris as brigadier-general. By the 27th of April they were fully organized and after being well armed and equipped they went under General McClel- lan's command in western Virginia. That they acquitted themselves well is testified by a com- munication from General McClellan to Governor Morton when they returned from their three- months' service. "I have," he wrote, "directed the three-months' regiments from Indiana to move to Indianapolis, there to be mustered out and reorganized for three years' service. I can not permit them to return to you without again expressing my high appreciation of the dis- tinguished valor and endurance of the Indiana troops, and my hope that but a short time will elapse before I have the pleasure of knowing that they are again ready for the field." The First Brigade was at once reorganized for the three-years' service. Organization of State Troops; Subsequent Regiments. — The next six Indiana regiments, from the Twelfth to the Seventeenth, inclusive, may be specifically mentioned because their or- ganization serves to illustrate the initiative and forehandedness of Governor Morton. As said above, the response to the first call for troops was far in excess of the quota requested by the federal government, which was less than 5,000 men. Considerably more than that, after the five regiments were formed, were still anxious for the opportunity to enlist, and out of this material Morton, on his own responsibility, and under the power vested in him as commander-in-chief of the militia of the State, formed five other regi- ments, ostensibly for the State's defense, but really in anticipation of a further call when, as bodies already organized and in process of train- ing, they would be acceptable to the United States. To further insure their probable future usefulness the men were enlisted for a year and the governor retained the authority to transfer them to the government service, or to tempo- rarily retire them, if advisable, after they had been sufficiently drilled and disciplined, with the power to recall them to active service when needed. Of these regiments, the Twelfth, Thir- teenth and Seventeenth rendezvoused at Indian- apolis, the Fourteenth at Terre Haute, the Fif- teenth at Lafayette and the Sixteenth at Rich- mond. As a matter of fact these regiments were hardly organized until there was a demand for four of them at the front and they entered serv- ice for three years, while the other two (the Twelfth and Sixteenth) were transferred by the middle of the summer and served out their year in the Army of the Potomac. A detailed account of the origin and services of Indiana regiments does not come within our scope. Suffice it to say, in this connection, that during the first year at least, the patriotic fervor of the people made recruiting easy, and though the calls came repeatedly as the conflict grew in CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 139 magnitude, the volunteers were in excess of the demand. In 1861 more than fifty infantry regi- ments, besides three of cavalry and twelve of ar- tillery batteries were put in the field and most of these prolonged their services by re-enlistments. As the war progressed with fluctuating for- tunes, alternate reverses and successes, combined with other influences, affected volunteering here as elsewhere. Here as elsewhere, there was some drafting when, in emergencies of the conflict, large quotas were demanded, but the figures of Adjutant-General Terrell show that while cer- tain of the townships in the State fell short in fought in every seceding State, except Florida, and in every other State that was invaded. "Three Indiana regiments took part in the first battle of the war, and an Indianian was the first to yield up his life, on the battlefield, for the Union. . . . The last battle of the war was fought by Indiana troops ; the last gun fired at the enemy was by an Indianian, and the last Union soldier killed in battle was John J. Will- iams, of Company B, Thirty-fourth Indiana Reg- iment" (W. H. Smith). The Hundred-Days' Troops. — Eight regi- ments of Indiana infantry (132d to 139th, in- Morton Monument on State House Grounds. their quota of volunteers, the others were in ex- cess, and the State as a whole, at the close of the war had offered an excess. Altogether Indiana contributed to the war a larger proportion of her population of the mili- tary age than any other State, except Delaware (J. P. Dunn), the grand total, after deducting 11,718 re-enlistments, being 197,649. Of these 24,416 were killed or died of diseases, and 13,779 were "unaccounted for" (Terrell). There were 151 infantry regiments,* fourteen cavalry regi- ments, twenty-seven artillery companies, and va- rious miscellaneous organizations (adjutant-gen- eral's statistics). During the service they were, as one writer affirms, more widely distributed than the soldiers of any other State and they * The first infantry regiment formed was the 6th and the last the 156th. elusive) organized in 1864, and known as the "Hundred-Day" men, because their enlistment was for that period, were somewhat distinctive in their origin. Campaigns on a huge scale against Atlanta and Richmond were intended, and the demand for men exceeded the response. Both Grant and Sherman were urging more sup- port, but the country had been drained by re- peated calls. In this contingency the governors of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, led, it is claimed, by Morton, met in conference and devised a plan for raising volunteers on short enlistment who might aid the proposed campaigns by guarding railroads, depots, and fortifications in the rear of the armies, or doing similar serv- ice, thus relieving disciplined troops who could be used at the front. By arduous effort Morton succeeded in raising 7.415 men, and these served HO CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA in Tennessee and Alabama by releasing veterans for duty on the firing line, thus materially strengthening the army in the Atlanta campaign. The Indiana Legion. — What was known as the "Indiana Legion" was the active militia or- ganized within the State for internal defense. Our proximity to Kentucky which, even if not a seceding State, promised to be troublesome terri- tory, warranted a fear of invasion — which fear, as we shall see, was justified. Moreover, the dangers within from the disaffected element, that made its presence known before the war was very far advanced, rendered imperative a home mili- tary force under the command of the governor. The State militia, though an institution of long standing, had become decadent, but an act of May 11, 1861, re-established it, dividing it into two classes — the sedentary and the active. The first consisted of "all white male persons subject to bear arms under the constitution of Indiana, and who do not belong to the active militia." The latter was made up of volunteers between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, and was organized into nine brigades, though this repre- sented an uncertain number of men, as the or- ganization of companies in many localities was incomplete and impermanent. The southern counties, particularly those along the Ohio river, had greatest need for efficient defensive or- ganization, while those in the north, having less need, ^vere correspondingly slack. As this im- plies, the brigades as units represented different groups of contiguous counties. The history of the Legion seems to be largely a history of the southern regiments, which protected the interior from the guerrillas of Kentucky much as the old frontier farther north had, in an earlier day, guarded the river counties from Indian forays. Many companies that were organized in the northern sections were not even supplied with arms and paid little attention to military drilling. The "sedentary" militia was never called upon. Indeed, the Legion as a whole in its inequalities, corresponding to the degree of stress, illustrate strikingly what had been illustrated before — namely, that our people have so little taste and aptitude for militarism that only dire emergency can arouse them to it. But the times also proved that when once thoroughly roused the military zeal burned fiercely. One service of the Legion where best organized was as a training school and a feeder to the quotas that went to the front as Indiana responded to the numerous calls from the government. Invasions of the State ; Johnson and Hines. — In the course of the war there were three raids into Indiana that might be called invasions of the State, though the first two were little more than forays. On the 18th of July, 1862, Adam R. John- son, a citizen of Kentucky, who had been terror- izing Union sympathizers in this State, crossed the Ohio river with about thirty men to the town of Newburg in Warrick county, some fifteen miles above Evansville. The citizens were taken by surprise, the place was pillaged, considerable plunder was sent across the river, and after re- maining a few hours the marauders returned to the Kentucky shore. They were aided in this exploit by rebel sympathizers living in Newburg, and two of these were afterward killed by their outraged fellow townsmen. As a result of this freebooting expedition a good-sized militia force from Indiana, by the initiative of Governor Mor- ton, invaded Kentucky to clear the country of guerrilla bands that were harassing Kentucky Unionists and threatening our borders. On the 17th of June, 1863, Capt. Thomas H. Hines, with sixty-two men, crossed the river at a point eighteen miles above Cannelton. This "invasion" might be called a horse-stealing raid, and it was not lacking in humorous features. With a monumental audacity he represented to the Hoosiers that his little force was a detach- ment from the army of General Boyle, the Union commander of the District of Kentucky, and that he was in search of deserters. Incidentally he needed better horses, and he took his pick from the countryside at liberal prices, giving vouchers for the same upon the federal quartermaster at Indianapolis. This, presumably, was better than the risk of having to fight for them, but the ruse did not work long, and by the second day the alarm spread through the adjacent counties and the local companies of the Indiana Legion were soon on the trail. Hines marched northward through three counties to a point about seven miles northwest of Paoli, in Orange county ; thence he turned east into Washington county and made southward again toward the Ohio river, deeming it high time to be getting home. Meanwhile one body of militia was following the CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK < >F INDIANA 141 marauders ; another, apprised of their move- ments, cut across from the west to intercept them at the Ohio ford, and an armed steamboat pushed up the river to prevent the escape across. As a result they were closed in on at the fording place at Blue River Island, about three miles above Leavenworth, and the entire force captured with the exception of four or five who were killed and drowned and three who escaped, one of the latter being Captain Hines himself. The Morgan Raid. — The raid of John Mor- gan was the one invasion of the war which is famous in our annals. It was on a much larger scale than the visitation of Hines. The size of the invading force is not agreed upon, but it probably was not less than 2,500 men. The object of the leader was to create a diversion that should be of aid to the southern army in Tennessee, and he counted on the rallying of the disaffected population to his support. Had the plan carried the whole State would have been in imminent peril. It was a bold dash that threat- ened disaster or promised brilliant success to the executor, but. as the sequel showed, the risk was far greater than he had counted on. Morgan was a dashing, reckless leader, whose mounted command, composed of men after his own heart, had already cut a romantic figure in other campaigns. His spectacular invasion of Indiana was contrary to the orders of his su- perior officer, General Bragg. On the 7th of July, 1863, he appeared at Brandenberg, Ky., a town on the Ohio, opposite Harrison county, and two miles above Maukport, Ind. Here he cap- tured two steamboats, and in the face of opposi- tion from the Indiana shore and from river craft he transferred his troop. The opposition melted away and Morgan struck northward, heading first for Corydon, where a showing of raw mili- tia, hastily got together, put up a brisk fight in which twelve men lost their lives and thirty-five were wounded, most of these being the invaders. The odds, however, were overwhelmingly against the defenders, and after acquitting themselves thus gallantly they surrendered to the number of 345. Then followed an orgy of looting. Stores were raided ; levies of money were laid on the three flouring mills of the town under penalty of burning if refused; the county treasury was robbed of its money; private houses were pil- laged and the women compelled to prepare meals for the unwelcome visitors. Also, not less than five hundred fresh horses were gathered up in the vicinity and appropriated as the spoils of war. From Corydon, Morgan, leaving his wounded men behind him, proceeded still northward to- ward Salem, Washington county, dividing his force so as to better sweep the country and strike the railroads and telegraph lines. The entire troop reached Salem on the morning of July 10. and after a skirmish with "minute men" took possession of the town. Here the depredations were worse than at Corydon. The railroad tracks were torn up, the depot and bridges burned and pillage ran riot. Basil W. Duke, one of the raiders, thus writes of it : "This disposition to wholesale plunder ex- ceeded anything that any of us had ever seen be- fore. The great cause for apprehension which our situation might have inspired seemed only to make the men reckless. Calico was the staple article of appropriation. Each man who could get one tied a bolt of it to his saddle, only to throw it away and get a fresh one at the first opportunity. They did not pillage with any sort of method or reason. It seemed to be a mania, senseless and purposeless. One man carried a bird-cage with three canaries in it, two days. Another rode with a chafing dish, which looked like a small metallic coffin, on the pommel of his saddle until an officer forced him to throw it away. Although the weather was intensely warm another, still, slung seven pairs of skates around his neck and chuckled over his acquisi- tion. They pillaged like boys robbing an orchard. I would not have believed that such a passion could have been developed so ludicrously among any body of civilized men."* Meanwhile, even before Morgan had crossed the Ohio Governor Morton was apprised of the danger, and, with characteristic vigilance took steps to forestall it. Indiana was practically stripped of experienced troops, those that she ought to have had being sent, by his request. to General Boyle, commander >>i the District of Kentucky. With the first intimation of Mor- gan's intentions, Morton telegraphed three times to Boyle for official information of the situation, requesting that defensive steps be taken by Boyle, as he had all our regular troops. The first two messages were not answered, but the third * "History of Morgan's Cavalry." by Basil W. Duke. 142 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA elicited the cheering information that the enemy was on Indiana soil and that "your cities and towns will be sacked and pillaged if you do not bring out your State forces." Morton proceeded to bring them out. Under date of July 9 he is- sued the following "General Military Order:" "Satisfactory evidence having been received that the rebels have invaded Indiana in considerable force, it is hereby ordered and required that all able-bodied white male citizens in the several counties south of the Na- tional road forthwith form themselves into companies of at least sixty persons, elect officers and arm them- selves with such arms as they may be able to procure. Said companies will perfect themselves in military drill as rapidly as possible, and hold themselves subject to further orders from this department. It is desired that they should be mounted in all cases where it is possible. The people in all other parts of the State are earnestly requested to form military companies and hold them- selves subject to orders. Prompt reports of the forma- tion of companies should be forwarded by telegraph. "All officers of the Indiana Legion are charged with the execution of this order, and all United States of- ficers are requested to render such assistance as may be in their power." The news of the invasion had spread like wild- fire, the whole State was in excitement, and within two days after the governor's call 20,000 men were mustered at Indianapolis and 45,000 more were reported as ready for service. "The farmers left their grain to rot in the field, me- chanics dropped their tools, merchants aban- doned their stores and professional men their desks ; clerks forgot their ledgers, and students their textbooks, and young and old alike all swarmed in constantly thickening throngs to the capital or the nearest place of rendezvous, as if there were no duty or interest of that hour but the safety of the State" (Terrell). Beside the mustering at Indianapolis there was rapid organ- ization at various points in the south part of the State, and, in addition, General Hobson, from Kentucky, with a force of United States troops, was giving a stern chase, having crossed the Ohio at Brandenberg about eighteen hours after the raiders. By the time Morgan reached Salem he began to realize, apparently, the hornets' nest he was running into, and turning abruptly eastward the invasion became a flight and a forced march to- ward some crossing point on the Ohio, though he took time to destroy more or less railroad prop- erty and telegraph lines, and to forage on the country as he went along. His route lay by way of Vienna, in Scott county, where a depot and bridge were burned ; thence to Lexington ; thence northward to Vernon in Jennings county, with a view to destroying important railroad property, but which was prevented by armed resistance ; thence southward to Dupont on the Madison rail- road, where tracks were torn up, two bridges and a warehouse burned and a pork house and sun- dry barns robbed ; thence to Versailles, in Ripley county, where he captured about three hundred "minute men" and $5,000 of public funds ; thence, by way of Osgood and Sunman in two divisions to Harrison, on the State line, where they arrived on July 13 after being on Indiana soil for five days. Morgan's erratic course during these five days was in large part determined by the uprising local militia that sprang up at numerous turns, and which, particularly at Vernon, presented an opposition that thwarted his purpose. His object, apparently, was to avoid fighting as much as pos- sible. On the other hand the uncertainty and rapidity of his movements by the aid of fresh horses constantly supplied from the countryside, confused and thwarted the pursuers, mostly un- mounted infantry, who sought to close in on him, else he probably would never have got out of the State. His men rode night and day to the point of exhaustion, and finally most of them were captured in southern Ohio at a point where they had hoped to recross the river into Ken- tucky. Morgan himself with part of his men es- caped this time, but was followed up and caught a few days later. The loss to the citizens occasioned by this raid, as measured by claims presented and allowed, was $413,599.48 (Terrell).* The Disloyal Element. — As has been stated there was in Indiana a strong element who did not sympathize with the North in its effort to coerce the seceding States. During the patriotic fervor of the first year or so of the war this disaffected mi- nority was not much in evidence, but with the dragging out of the conflict and with its reverses, making the ultimate success of the North more and more doubtful, the opposition began to be expressed both in the anti-administration news- papers and among the people. Public utterances that were not only critical but hostile to the point of treason became common and active opposition * A careful study of Morgan's raid by Margrette Boyer may be found in vol. iv, No. 4, of the Ind. Quar. Mag. of Hist. See also Terrell's report, vol. i, and Basil W. Duke's account. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 143 was manifested by the encouragement of deser- tion from the ranks and by armed resistance when the authorities sought to arrest runaways. So common did this abandonment of the stand- ard become by reason of this encouragement that it is said "no less than 2,300 desertions were re- ported in the single month of December, 1862." Acts of violence in defense of these deserters, in resistance to the draft, and against loyal neigh- bors were by no means uncommon in some locali- ties, where, indeed, the conditions came little short of internal warfare on a small and disor- ganized scale. The governor's life was threat- ened and once an attempt was made to assassi- nate him as he was leaving the State House. By the fall of 1962 Morton's vigorous war policy was so out of favor that at the election in No- vember the democrats got a majority of the Leg- islature, and the session that ensued was one of opposition and obstruction. The governor's an- nual message, which, this year, was of unusual importance, was denied the courtesy of a hear- ing, and he was otherwise treated with con- tumely. An attempt was made to take from him his authority as commander-in-chief of the State militia, which would have fatally crippled him in his efforts to support the national administration. His policy was fought inveterately at every turn, and the crowning embarrassment was to leave him without any appropriations for State or mili- tary expenses. In short, a weaker and less deter- mined man than Morton would have been smoth- ered completely by his political enemies during these darker war days. He triumphed over all such opposition, however. He borrowed all the money he needed on the credit of the State, and with a strong hand took autocratic control of the situation generally. The next Legislature was in harmony with him. and took over the obligations to which their predecessors had been false. Treasonable Organizations ; the "Sons of Liberty." — The opposition element in Indiana may, in fairness, be divided into two classes — those who simply were not in sympathy with the war and with the policy of the North in prevent- ing secession by force of arms ; and those who were distinctly pro-southern in their sentiments. These latter, to whom the opprobrious names of "copperhead" and "butternut" were given, made a treasonable and dangerous element in the popu- lation. They were regarded as a useful leaven by the South, and it is affirmed that John Mor- gan, when he invaded the State, confidently counted upon the active support of such citizens. Prior to the war there existed in the South a secret order known as the "Knights of the Golden Circle" which had for its object the exten- sion of slavery. With the outbreak of the war chapters of this society were organized among southern sympathizers, first in the border States, then spreading northward into Ohio, Indiana. Illinois and Missouri. Here they took the name, "Sons of Liberty," and the order secretly grew till in 1862, according to the report of an investi- gating grand jury, it had something like fifteen thousand members in Indiana, with local "cas- tles" or lodges, and an elaborate system of signs, grips, words and signals for mutual identifica- tion and communication. The investigation above referred to made by the Grand Jury of the LJnited States Circuit Court, was the result of repeated interference with enlistments, the en- couragement of desertion and protection of the deserters, resistance to the draft of 1862, and other manifestations of violence that awakened alarm. The report of the jury gave new cause for alarm as to what might be expected in the way of outbreak, but no active steps against the order were then taken. One good effect of Mor- gan's raid the following summer was to stir up anew all the patriotism of the State, and this, in connection with important successes to the north- ern arms and Governor Morton's vigilant sur- veillance of the society discouraged the "Sons of Liberty."* Their secret signs and passwords were di- vulged and the name of the order became so odious that it assumed, or tried to assume a new name, the "Order of American Knights," though * Morton's remarkable talent for taking a situation in hand and getting in touch with its details is illustrated by an inci- dental event that is usually spoken of as "the battle of Pogue's Run." On May 20, 1863, "Sons of Liberty" and their sympa- thizers came to Indianapolis ostensibly to attend a Democratic rally, but really with the intention of making an armed demon- stration, the weapons being concealed on their persons. Morton, fully apprised of their purpose, overawed them with a few armed soldiers on the streets. As a train full of them were leaving the depot, homeward bound, some one in a spirit of bravado made the first "demonstration" by firing a pistol from the car window. In response a company of soldiers, on their own in- itiative, held up and boarded the train. The panic-stricken vis- itors threw revolvers and knives into the waters of Pogue's Run that flowed beside the tracks, anil many more 1 I v the soldiers. The contempt and ridicule brought upon the "Sons" by this fiasco went far toward banishing the fear of them as actual revolutionists. .144 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA this name has found no lodgment in the public mind or in history. The snake, though scotched, was by no means killed, however. Treasonable sentiment and ef- fort continued to work beneath the surface, though to this day it is a matter of surmise just how treasonable the secret order was and what the scope of its intent. One writer (J. P. Dunn) affirms that the majority of those connected with these secret organizations "never had any idea that anything treasonable was intended." It is generally believed, however, that the order was sinister and dangerous and that it aimed at noth- ing less than an organized insurrection through- out several States, including Indiana, and the es- tablishment of a "Northwestern Confederacy" that was to separate from the Union. At any rate a quantity of arms and ammunition con- cealed in packages or boxes and marked "Sun- day-school books" were found in the establish- ment of Harrison H. Dodd r Grand Commander of the Sons of Liberty of Indiana. He was ar- rested on the charge of conspiracy against the United States, and then followed the famous "treason trials" by a military tribunal at Indian- apolis. This trial began on the 22d day of Sep- tember, 1864, and the commission that conducted it was composed of General Silas Colgrove, Col. William E. McLean, Col. John T. Wilder, Col. Thomas J. Lucas, Col. Charles D. Murray, Col. Benjamin Spooner, Col. Richard P. De Hart and Col. Ambrose A. Stevens. A number of men be- sides Dodd were implicated, and the examinations of witnesses brought out much sensational evi- dence bearing on an intended uprising, the re- leasing and arming of rebel prisoners, the as- sassination of Governor Morton and other revo- lutionary plans. In the course of the trial Dodd himself escaped and made his way to Canada. The court found him, William A. Bowles, Lamb- din P. Milligan, Stephen Horsey and Andrew Humphreys guilty' of treason. Bowles, Milligan and Horsey were sentenced to death and Hum- phreys to imprisonment, but all were subse- quently pardoned. Senator Bright's Disloyalty. — In connection with this phase of our history may be mentioned the expulsion from the United States Senate of Jesse D. Bright. Bright was a Madison man, a leading Democrat, and what in this day would be called a political "boss." In 1862 he commended a friend who had an improvement in firearms to Jefferson Davis, whom he addressed as "His Ex- cellency, Jefferson Davis, President of the Con- federation of States." This was regarded as treasonable and Bright was unseated, ex-Gov- ernor Joseph A. Wright taking his place. The Draft. — Despite the overwhelming ap- plications for enlistment in the earlier days of the war and the free response of Indiana throughout, as compared with other States, some counties failed to contribute their proportion to the State's quota in the course of the seven dif- ferent calls that were issued before the war was over. Consequently these localities fell subject to the conscription system that the government was obliged to adopt. The drafts that operated in Indiana were those of 1862, 1864 and 1865, in which, altogether, nearly 18,000 men were drawn. The draft included in its plan an enrolment in each county of every able-bodied white male citi- zen between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. When a new call was made for troops if a State did not fill out its quota the draft was resorted to, the names of the enrolled citizens being written on ballots and placed in a wheel or box. From these a person who was blindfolded drew enough ballots to complete the deficient local quota. The persons whose names were drawn were then served with a notice by the marshal and required to report at the county seat within five days. Those who did not report were classed as desert- ers (Terrell). One effect of a draft was to stimulate volunteering, many regarding conscrip- tion as a disgrace. One provision of the drafting system that caused much dissatisfaction was that by the payment of $300 the conscript was re- lieved from serving. By this, it was complained, the rich man was virtually exempt, whereas for the poor man there was no escape. At one time there was a provision, also, that those who were conscientiously opposed to bearing arms should, if drafted, be considered non-combatants and be assigned to hospital or some similar service, un- less they preferred to pay the $300 commutation. Bounties. — Local bounties paid by the vari- ous townships of the State, to stimulate enlist- ment and also for the purpose of benefiting the families of those who volunteered for the serv- ice, should be noted. These local bounties ranged at different periods from $10 to $500, and in the aggregate amounted to $15,492,876. State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Lafayette. 1. Gateway and Entrance. 2. Commandant's Residence and Executive Building. 3. Adjutant's Residence and Offices. 4. Main Dining Room. 5. Old People's Home. 6. Old Men's Home. 7. Hospital. 8. Assembly Hall. 10 146 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA A large proportion of the townships paid these bounties when it became difficult to fill out the local quotas, and one of the causes of the system was the desire to avoid the drafts. Abuses grew out of the plan, one of which was the practise by unprincipled floaters of recruiting and securing the bounty money, then deserting and, under as- sumed names repeating the process over and over, perhaps, in different localities. This was the nefarious business known as "bounty jump- ing," and it proved so profitable that it developed into an art or system with the collusion, it is said, of a class of "brokers" who took contracts to fill out quotas, and even with corrupt recruiting offi- cers who thus found a short and easy cut to un- earned gains. Steps were taken to abate this evil, and several culprits, after trial by court martial, were pub- licly shot at Indianapolis, which had a salutary effect. Indiana's Care for Her Soldiers. — The dan- gers of battle were not the only and, perhaps, not the most trying of the evils our soldiers had to suffer. The hardships of the field were particu- larly taxing to a citizen soldiery uninured to rigor and exposure. Add to that the government, an unmilitary nation, was not prepared to care adequately for the comfort and health of its rap- idly augmenting armies. In consequence there was much suffering and a vast amount of disease. This was relieved, in part, personally by such comforts and helps as friends at home could send, but the need of some more systematic and more dependable help soon became apparent. Governor Morton, with a solicitude for his sol- diers that was almost paternal, early gave this need attention. In 1861, as the winter ap- proached, he issued an appeal to "The Patriotic Women of Indiana" calling for contributions of articles in addition to those furnished in the reg- ular army supplies — extra blankets, warm, strong socks, woollen gloves or mittens, woollen shirts and underwear. The "Military Agency." — With the generous response that followed this appeal arose the ne- cessity of an adequate plan for distribution, and out of this grew the "General Military Agency of Indiana," which is said to have been the first organized effort of any State to supplement the government's provisions for its soldiers. This agency, created in 1862, with Dr. William Han- naman, of Indianapolis, as its head, had in charge the supervision of all matters relating to the re- lief of soldiers, and the organizing of ways and means. Local agents in field and hospital re- ported to the head of the General Agent who was thus kept apprised of existing needs, and who saw that they were relieved. Field agents were expected to interest themselves in the men. individually, to write letters for them when nec- essary, to take charge of commissions to rela- tives and friends, or of relics consigned to them by the dying, to see that the dead were decently buried, and to keep record of all facts that might be of interest to the families of the dead. Books, newspapers and other reading matter for both hospital and field were secured, and soldiers both sick and well, both in and out of the ranks, were helped in numerous ways, not least of the services being the looking after bounty claims and back pay, whereby many thousands of dollars were saved to the beneficiaries. In short, the Military Agency seems to have been the forerunner of the modern Red Cross, only its functions were wider than those of the latter famous organization. The "Sanitary Commission." — The organiza- tion for the relief of the State's soldiers soon created the need for supplies to relieve them with, and the raising of these supplies in a de- pendable way also called for an organized plan. Out of this came the "Indiana Sanitary Commis- sion," which was created by Governor Morton in February, 1862, with Dr. Hannaman as presi- dent and Alfred Harrison, of Indianapolis, as treasurer. The commission was organized to thoroughly ca'nvass the State for needed clothing, kinds of food not included in the government ra- tions, delicacies for sick soldiers, bedding, books, and whatever would contribute to the comfort of the men at the front. The organization, as a whole, consisted of a central office or clearing house at the capital, and a large number of auxil- iary societies, located, usually, at the various county seats. These were the central local socie- ties, and, in addition to them, smaller contrib- uting societies were established in neighborhoods. These reached the public far and wide, and the contributions thus gathered in were forwarded to the Indianapolis office. To stimulate the gen- erosity of donors, particularly in the matter of CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 147 '.rf w;, < 6 8K^^ Bfl i^liH^S •< il^^Jfer n Wit-mi P < n o" n Sf- 1111 "t ■-. g P rc u. (N^*3rM HK&15ES'-'..**'','*'* 3 2; jflgTcl O 2i?J SKsSSttM n 4&| B v *^ 3»SB 1 3 ^fiflr> ,l H •o ^3 *A*2P^?^ - K a\ 3 i$m j&» * c^ BP^ ^ i»W' v. k; ppgj £B££Tk'<*-' P [A 3. 1 '..f. o .*j3&! |2S**?2 w^ 3;I^h o o >*T' j»A£ M " c n& m tf ! *W^- 'J '< mil - *"*.. a V w * 148 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA cash contributions, soliciting agents were em- ployed, who traveled over the State urging the support of the movement and setting forth the existing needs. By way of still further aid numerous local "sanitary fairs" were held over the State, and with the co-operation of the State agricultural fair of 1863, a "State sanitary fair," held at In- dianapolis, raised about $40,000. Altogether the commission secured in contributions, including cash and the estimated value of goods, $606,- 570.78 (Terrell). Including contributions by counties, townships, cities and towns in their cor- porate capacity, the sum given for the relief of soldiers and their families amounted to over $5,000,000, besides gifts of which no definite record was kept. Relief of Soldiers' Families. — The relief of soldiers individually and directly was not the only expression of appreciation and generosity on the part of the citizens of Indiana. As was previously said the large sums paid locally for bounties were in part for the benefit of sol- diers' families — not altogether for the purpose of inducing, but to enable men to enlist. The relin- quishing of one's business and the leaving home for the pay of a private in the ranks in very many cases worked positive hardship on the fam- ilies thus left to thus shift for themselves on a meager income. The bounties helped out, but, particularly when the enlistment was for the three-years' service, it by no means sufficed. On November 14, 1862, the ever-watchful Morton issued "An Appeal to the People of the State of Indiana" calling attention to the fact that the wages of a common soldier, $156 a year, even if it could all come home to the family (which in most instances it could not) was a very scanty support, and with the oncoming winter with its high prices for the necessities of life, there would be much actual need. The helping of these fam- ilies while their natural providers were braving the perils of the battlefield was the solemn duty of the patriotic and liberal civilians. In anticipa- tion of the argument that these civilians had al- ready given largely and sacrificed heavily in re- sponse to other appeals, the governor asked : "What is the sacrifice of the man living comfort- ably at home, even though he give half his in- come, to that of the man who has left his family and home and gone to the field ?" He urged the organization of a State-wide system of aid soci- eties and solicited the co-operation of all minis- ters of the gospel, township trustees and others. The response to this was immediate and liberal, the movement rivaling that for the Sanitary Commission in aid of the soldiers at the front. "Soldiers' Aid Societies" were formed, fairs were held, and the contributions poured in. Frequently inspired by the local newspaper or some energetic citizen of standing, the resi- dents of a neighborhood would bring their gifts on a fixed day to some central place and give what in modern parlance would be called a "shower" of donated provisions and clothing. Or, the farmers of different neighborhoods would "collect together early in the morning and at the appointed time drive into the country town with wagons loaded with wood, and with barrels of flour, or apples, or potatoes heaped high on the wood, with their horses decorated with flags, sometimes carrying banners ; and as the long procession of gratitude and liberality marched along the streets the crowded pave- ments welcomed it with cheers as for the return of a victorious army. Emulation ran wild in ef- forts to show the biggest loads and make the most striking display" (Terrell, p. 357). Another source of help was the "State Bakery" established at Indianapolis for the purpose of supplying the camps there. In 1864 and 1865 it distributed free to soldiers' families 63,540 loaves, worth 10 cents each. All of these aids, however, were hardly ade- quate to the increasing needs as the war dragged on, and as late as March 4, 1865, an act for the "relief of the families of soldiers, seamen and marines"* was passed by the Legislature. This law, in brief, authorized the collection of three mills on each dollar's valuation of prop- erty and one dollar on each taxable poll, to be ap- plied as specified. The fund thus raised was ap- portioned to the various counties in sums ranging from $2,278.56 for Benton to $42,605.84 for Marion. The total number of beneficiaries (in "families" only) were 203,724. The township trustee was the disbursing officer and was em- powered to determine who came under the pro- visions of the act. The law did not operate long, as the war ended soon after its passage. Temporary and Permanent "Homes." — The * This act also included relief for sick and wounded soldiers. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 149 first thing in the way of a soldiers' "home," within the State, was one provided and equipped by the general government and the State at Indi- anapolis, in 1862. The capital was the central and chief rendezvous for the State, and of the large numbers of soldiers who came and went many, from sickness or other causes, could not be cared for at the military camps. The building, erected in a grove near White river, was fur- nished and managed by the Sanitary Commission, and it aimed to be a place where the soldiers in transit could get a taste of "home" comforts, free of cost. In 1863 a "Ladies' Home" was also estab- lished for the benefit of soldiers' wives and fami- lies who came to Indianapolis to meet and visit with them. At the close of the war there were many men disabled beyond self-help, to whom aid was justly due, and the question arose of a permanent home for those who might take advantage of it. Again an appeal was made to the people and with the funds thus raised by voluntary subscriptions a property containing fifty-four acres at Knights- town, Henry county, was purchased. It had been a resort on account of medicinal springs there, and a large hotel building and several cottages were on the land. In the spring of 1866 these were occupied as a home for soldiers and also for soldiers' orphans. On the 4th of July, 1867, the corner-stone of a large brick building was laid under the auspices of the Grand Army of the Republic. Previous to that the State had adopted it as one of the public benevolent institutions. Subsequently the veterans were removed from this place and it became a home and school for the orphans of soldiers and sailors. By an act of 1890 the United States established a branch of the National Soldiers' Home at Ma- rion, and another by the State was established near Lafayette by a legislative act of 1895. Sev- enty-five thousand dollars were appropriated for the erection of the main buildings at the La- fayette home, and, in addition to these, various counties have put up cottages. SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER The "Underground Railroad." — The "Under- ground Railroad," a famous feature of the anti- slavery crusade for twenty years or more preced- ing the Civil war, was a system of transportation routes over which fugitive slaves were secretly conveyed from the Ohio river into Canada, where they were safe from the slavery laws of the United States. These routes, as they were estab- lished in Indiana, have been traced by Mr. Lewis Falley of Lafayette, whose map is here produced. Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg, Madison, New Al- bany, Leavenworth and Evansville were the points where the fleeing slaves could cross the Ohio with some hope of finding friends, who J* Flint PortHuron A v ^ V Lansing : Creet I ' < v i — r i. "^J* f Kalatmazoo "% •*%. files _.JL_ [ South Bend I |" — ^Plymouth BA|ubiirn ^ /Ft.jWayne f Rensselafer ms. s® LO^°i I& £5-^ \Dejcatur ^':^ 4 t. fiyetteV^X 0gan!lp0rt OHIO [salem /Madison Map of the "Underground Railroad" in Indiana. —By Lewis Falley, of Lafayette. would help them northward, and these friends would convey them from one "station" to an- other, usually by night, or sometimes concealed beneath what seemed to be a wagonload of pro- duce on its way to market. The "stations" were friendly houses where the fugitives were con- cealed until they could be safely forwarded. The people most zealous in this risky humanitarian work were the Quakers, and the most famous of the various routes was the one that traversed the chief Quaker settlements in the eastern part of the State. Wayne county was the most con- spicuous anti-slavery center, and Newport, now 150 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Fountain City, about nine miles north of Rich- mond, was its hub. Levi Coffin, the most active and persistent of the crusaders against slavery, lived there. As early as 1840, Arnold Buffum, an abolitionist Friend from Massachusetts, visited Newport and started the movement for the organizing of anti- slavery societies, and these were formed and openly attended, there being no attempt at se- crecy. In the Indiana Quarterly Magazine of His- tory for September, 1907, an article by Dr. O. N. Huff, on "The Unnamed Anti-Slavery Heroes of Old Newport," revives the memory of many who courageously and actively entered the fight against slavery and who helped many a black man to liberty. An autobiography of Levi Coffin gives much information as to the operation of the "railroad" in that part of the State, but data as to the other routes are but fragmentary.* * As late as 1857, it is known that a man by the name of Pur- dum, in Hamilton county, bequeathed one thousand dollars, as stated in his will, "to be used to assist fugitive slaves to freedom in the North." View in Brown County, northeast of Nashville. PART II A Genera] Survey of Indiana as Developed Since the Civil War CHAPTER XV CONDITIONS SINCE 1870— GENERAL SURVEY OF PERIOD Immediate Influence of the War. — In a study of "Indianapolis and the Civil War,"* the author, Mr. John H. Holliday, speaks of the influence of the war upon the capital city. "The grim era," he says, "closed upon a new Indianapolis. The quiet town with its simple life was gone forever and in its place was the hustling city with new ideas, new aspirations, new ways. Much more than half the population were newcomers. As it had changed materially, it had changed in other respects. Its life was different. . . . There was more luxurious living and ostentation. The inevitable demoralization of war had to be reck- oned with and both morality and religion were affected. Hundreds of young men had become addicted to intemperance and the general moral tone had been lowered. Extravagance had in- creased in many things and was driving out the former simplicity. . . . Without the war In- dianapolis would have changed at some time, but it would have taken a generation for it instead of being hammered out in the white heat of the four years' conflict." This, with little modification, might be applied to the State at large, and the complex results make an interesting phase of our history. On the one hand, approximately 25,000 men, the flower of the land, physically, had been lost to the State, and more than that many millions of dol- lars had been expended that, if applied to the arts of peace, would, it seems, have vastly advanced our progress ; and in addition the moral set-back, though it can not be calculated, was by no means negligible. On the other hand, the stress and excitement of those four years appears to have been a tremendous awakener — a stimulus that engendered new energy and created new condi- tions. One writer (Dunn) states that "to many men the war experience had been a liberal educa- tion. The soldiers had much to do besides fight- ing. There were roads to make, bridges to build, railroad and telegraph lines to replace during the great contest, and there were few soldiers who did not return with increased ability to do any- thing that came to hand."* During and immedi- ately after the war period prices were high, prop- erty values rose, there was much paper currency afloat, and this begat business activity. In July of 1865, we are told, there were in Indianapolis "thirty-four wholesale houses running, with five more to open up as soon as buildings could be fin- ished." Rents rose to unheard-of figures ; "more banks and insurance companies were organized, railroads were projected, a steamboat built on the river, real estate boomed, and expansion was everywhere" (Holliday). Not only an expanded currency but an increased protective tariff en- couraged the growth and multiplication of manu- facturing industries, and this not only wrought a great change in the industrial character of the State, which had previously been largely agricul- tural, but by inducing considerable foreign immi- gration the character of the population was much modified. In 1870 the population exceeded that of 1860 by 330,209, and the next four decades added something over a million more — a growth that could hardly have been approached in that period under the old agricultural regime, since by 1860 the lands of the State were pretty well taken up. Politics of the Period. — If Indiana's political history following the war had any bearing upon the State's real development, the fact is not very obvious and hence we give but little space to it. The aftermath of the conflict was, of course, bitterness and hate between the opposing factions that had existed here, and the State cam- paigns of 1866 and 1868 were particularly acri- monious. The Republicans remained in the sad- dle until 1873, and the Republican party in In- diana, like that party at large, was not above abusing the power and prestige it had gained by the successful prosecution of the war. The Dem- ocratic minority, being made of the same sort of stuff, the resultant "legislation" was a game of petty chicanery. For example, when the fifteenth Indiana Historical Society Publications, vol. iv. ' History of Indianapolis. 153 3 O U >-. c k5 a O ° o >> 156 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA amendment to the Federal constitution, giving the negroes the right of suffrage and overriding all State laws on this question came up for ratifi- cation the Democratic senators and representa- tives resigned in a body blocking not only this, but all other legislation. Lieutenant-Governor Baker, then acting governor in Morton's absence, took proper steps to fill the vacancies. Again the amendment came up and again the Democrats attempted to bolt but were cunningly overreached by locking the senate doors while the recalcitrant members were within, thus securing an enforced quorum for the business in hand. Tactics of pretty much the same complexion were exercised in the house, and the votes of the Republicans passed the resolution of ratification. The fol- lowing session, the Democrats being in the ma- jority, an attempt was made to rescind the reso- lution. The same irregular methods were employed, with the parties reversed, but without the same success. Meanwhile the interests of the public were a secondary consideration.* In the fall of 1872 the Democrats secured their first Governor since the election of 1856, Thomas A. Hendricks. After that the political forces were so evenly divided as to the two controlling parties that the years of their respective ascend- ency was almost alternate. This frequent shift- ing of power continues to the present, and it may be said that the uncertainty of tenure of any one- party is increased in later years by the weaken- ing of the old rigid party loyalty and the growth of political independence. During this period the State has figured con- spicuously several times in national politics. In 1876 Thomas A. Hendricks was the unsuc- cessful candidate for Vice-President, running on the ticket with Samuel J. Tilden. In 1880 Will- iam H. English, running with Winfield S. Han- * One of the most notable instances of this sort of flagrant party strife occurred in 1887. Senator Alonzo Greene Smith was president pro tern, of the upper house, Lieutenant-Governor Mahlon D. Manson having resigned. As Governor Gray was a candidate for the United States Senate the question arose whether in the case of his election a pro tern, president of the Senate could legally succeed to the governorship, or whether a duly elected lieutenant-governor only was eligible to the office. There was no provision for such a contingency as existed, and to avoid irregularity candidates for the office of lieutenant-governor were put on the ticket at the regular election of 1886. R. S. Robert- son, a Republican, was elected, but the Democratic Senate re- fused to recognize him. The House supported him and admin- istered the oath of office. Between the House and Senate arose a strife amounting to physical conflict. The House refused to act with the Senate, the time of the session was wasted, and the public paid for it all. cock, was the unsuccessful candidate for Vice- President. In 1884 Hendricks again ran, coupled with Grover Cleveland, and this time was elected. Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the United States in 1888, being the only Indiana citizen who has ever attained to that high office, unless his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, be considered an Indianian. In 1902 Charles W. Fairbanks, on the ticket with Theodore Roose- velt, was chosen Vice-President, and in 1912 Thomas R. Marshall succeeded to this office as running mate with Woodrow Wilson. STATISTICAL SURVEY. Increase, Distribution and Character of Pop- ulation. — As a sort of basis or starting point for a study of the State's growth during this devel- opmental period we may appropriately consider that fundamental factor, the population in its various statistical aspects. Increase by Decades and Analysis. — When Indiana became a State in 1816 the population was estimated at about 70,000, having increased to this number from 5,641 in 1800. Since that it has increased to approximately 3,000,000, the last official enumeration, that of 1910, being 2,700,876. The ratio of increase by decades can best be shown by the following table, which starts with the census of 1820: Census of 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. 1910. Total Population Increase by Decades 147,178 343,031 685,866 988,416 1.350,428 1,680.637 1,978,301 2,192,404 2,516,462 2,700,876 1820 to 1830 95,853 1830 to 1840 342,835 1840 to 1850 302,550 1850 to 1860 362,012 1860 to 1870 330,209 1870 to 1880 297,664 1880 to 1890 214,103 1890 to 1900 324,058 1900 to 1910 184,414 From the table it will be seen that the increase ran heaviest from 1830 to 1870. Various causes may be assigned as factors. Up to the latter forties new lands were being acquired from time to time from the Indians and thrown open to settlement; hence the rapid increase of the agri- cultural population. During the thirties the in- ternal improvement movement brought in a for- eign element, largely Irish, as laborers upon the public works. From 1850 to 1860, the decade 158 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA of heaviest increase, the railroad labor, like the canal work of nearly twenty years before, doubt- less played its part. The influx of the forties, which fell below that of the preceding and the next following decades, evidently suffered some check, and this may be accounted for by the fact that during that period the State's enormous debt following the internal improvement col- lapse discouraged immigration. Growth of Urban Population.* — In 1860 only five per cent, of the total population of the State lived in cities and towns. By 1870 the percentage of urban population had doubled, and the increase continued till in 1910 it was 42.4 per cent. (U. S. Census reports). At the latter time the urban population was contained in eighty-one cities and seven incorporated towns. Indianapolis, by far the largest of these, had 233,650 inhabitants ; four — Evansville, Fort Wayne, South Bend and Terre Haute — each ex- ceeded 50,000; twenty had from 10,000 to 25,000; twenty-six from 5,000 to 10,000, and thirty from 2,500 to 5,000. As a contrast to this urban growth the rural population has actually decreased. In 1900 it was 1,653,773 and in 1910 it had fallen to 1,557,041, a loss of 96,732. Population as Affected by Manufactures. — The reasons for this great change in the char- acter of the population must, of course, have been industrial ; or, more specifically, an increase and multiplication of urban industries. The fig- ures show that in 1850 the total manufactured products of Indiana were valued at $18,725,000. In 1870 they had grown to $100,000,000, and in 1910 to $579,075,000, the State at the latter date ranking ninth in this respect. The manufactur- ing industries, as computed in 1910, employed 218,263 persons, and these, with their families, swelled the urban population, particularly in the larger cities, where by reason of superior trans- portation facilities and various conditions indus- tries best thrived. During the era of natural gas that resource as a cheap fuel was a great factor in swelling the population of the gas belt. Today the area of greatest density is a block of counties stretching from Marion northeast to Allen and eastward to Wayne ; the northern tier of counties from Lake to Elkhart ; Vigo on the west, and Vanderburg on the Ohio river. The * See population charts, pp. 154, 155. 157. rank of these counties is largely due to urban growth, the only ones that have gained at all in rural population for the last ten or fifteen years numbering less than twenty, scattered irregularly over the State, though mostly south of the Na- tional road. Elements of Population. — With growth by immigration the population of the State has be- come more diversified, though the native whites of American parentage have always been far in excess of any other element and in excess of the ratio in many other States. The negroes in 1910 were 60,320, or 2.2 per cent, of the total. Of foreign-born whites there were 159,322, and of this total more than fifty per cent, were Ger- man, the Irish coming next with 10.4 per cent. Altogether upward of a score of foreign nations have contributed to our residents, ranging in numbers from a few hundreds to as many thou- sands. This foreign element is largely segre- gated in the manufacturing centers, the ratio be- ing largest in Lake county, owing to Gary and contiguous industrial towns. Inter-State Migration. — A factor that has figured in the fluctuations of our population is the inter-state migrations. The restless Ameri- can with illimitable new fields of promise forever opening up before him has been much of a mi- grant, and a series of charts of 1890 (Statistical Atlas of Eleventh Census) shows some interest- ing facts in our population history. By an esti- mate based on the places of birth of those then residing in the different States it was computed that the emigration of native Indianians to other States had been more than 550,000, while the immigration from other States to ours was under 450,000. The various Eldorados of our native Hoosiers were, first, Illinois, Missouri and Kan- sas. In lesser numbers they were scattered to Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa. Minne- sota, Wisconsin and far-away Washington, while some were traced to Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia. Flor- ida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho. Oregon and California, making in all not less than thirty-eight States with an infusion of Hoosier citizenship. This scatters our na- tive Indianian from ocean to ocean and from CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 159 Canada to Mexico and the gulf. On the other hand, we have received citizens from no less than thirty-one States, the chief contributors be- ing Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Tennessee, Vir- ginia, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. It is a rather curious fact that several States that con- tributed to Illinois and Ohio and other contigu- ous localities sent no emigrants to Indiana. The tables of the last census show no change in the tendencies of two decades ago. The net loss of Indiana by inter-state migration is shown to be about 275,000. and the foreign immigration has not equaled that number.* Centers of Population. — The center of popu- lation of the United States, as it moved steadily westward since 1790, was located in Indiana in 1890, or was, at least, then first published, and it still rests there. In 1890 it was twenty miles east of Columbus, Bartholomew county. In 1900 it was six miles southeast of Columbus, and by the last census (1910) it was in Bloomington, Monroe county. The center of population of the State of Indi- ana was in 1880 at New Augusta, in Marion county. After that it moved slowly northward, and in 1910 rested at Zionsville, Boone county. TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS From the war period until the close of the century, when the electric railway was intro- duced, transportation improvement was directed to roads and steam railroads, and an account of the development of these logically precedes that of the industrial development, since the latter, to a great degree, followed as a result of trans- portation facilities. Wagon Roads. — The o 1 d question of wagon roads, with which the State and various counties have wrestled from the beginning, still engages the citizens of the State as an unsettled problem. There are still many miles of bad roads that operate as a handicap to the rural population and affect the market profits of agriculture, but the situation is vastly improved. As has been set forth elsewhere in this volume the first system of roads that opened up the country consisted of so many mere openings through the forests that were fairly untravelable for parts of the year. From these, road-making progressed to the macadam, the plank and the gravel roads. Up * The State's gain must be referred to the birth-rate. to the time of plank roads all the highways were publicly owned and maintained. With the intro- duction of the comparatively expensive plank im- provement private capital was invested and many roads were surrendered to corporations that did the improving and got their returns from the travel, the mileage being charged and collected at toll-gates located at intervals along the way. This private ownership of roads continued much more extensively after improvement by grave! set in. In time, however, the tide of sentiment turned once more to free roads maintained at public expense, and in 1889 a law was passed providing that the toll roads of any township could be purchased upon a vote of a majority of The Ox-team was a primitive but sure way of transportation in the pioneer days. the citizens in the township. A petition of fifty freeholders to the county commissioners could bring the question to vote, and if it carried and the purchase was made county bonds were to be issued and a special tax levied in the township. Since then the roads have been bought up until very few remain. Indeed, as far back as 1899 (the last available statistics on this point) there remained but 141 miles of toll roads, this total existing in seven southern counties. There were at that time 11,027 miles of free gravel road. The statistics for 1911 (Fourteenth Biennial Report, Department of Statistics) show that the total mileage of free gravel roads was 25,289.76 in addition to 37,235 miles not graveled. The total expenses for gravel road repairs, exclusive of bridges, that year was $1,555,300.57, and for bridges $1,269,644.21. Other costs, such as "viewing," surveying, etc., amounted to 160 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA $21,114.04, making a grand total of $2,846,058.82 that Indiana spent in one year on her free gravel roads, exclusive of the road work exacted from the rural citizens for the upkeep of the 37,235 miles of "unimproved" or common dirt roads. The gravel road bonds that were outstanding amounted in all to $23,441,332.37. An inquiry as to the distribution of this im- provement reveals that the expenditures ran all the way from $15 in Floyd county to $91,406.72 in Marion, and the mileage all the way from one mile in Steuben to 1,000 in Parke. The counties that had progressed farthest in the good-roads movement, as measured by the improved mileage at that date, were Parke, 1,000; Wayne, 913.75; Clinton, 790; Putnam, 741.50; Madison, 732.48; Wells, 700; Hamilton, 650; Boone, 626; Grant, 623 ; Randolph, 600 ; Henry, 525 ; Jackson, 551.25; Tipton, 550. All other counties have a mileage under 500. It is worthy of note that there is a lack of correspondence between the road expenditures in the various counties and their mileage. For example, Parke with its 1,000 miles, expended for repairs in 1911 $23,125.06, and Wayne's 913.75 miles cost $8,866.55. On the other hand, Marion spent $91,406.72 on 383.02 miles, besides $112,257.83 for bridges, and Vanderburg put $30,150.64 on 130 miles. Many similar discrep- ancies are revealed by the tables and the deduc- tion is twofold. The cost of road building varies in the various counties owing to the presence or absence of road material ; also efficiency and hon- esty in the expenditure of road funds varies with various county authorities, which proposition may be pretty well established by an analysis of the tell-tale statistics. It is undoubtedly true that one great detriment to general and uniform road improvement is the lack of State supervision, and at the present writing there is a movement afoot looking to leg- islation that shall establish such supervision. State Geologist Blatchley's report for 1905 is devoted almost entirely to road-making and the distribution of road materials. In it may be found much valuable information on this subject. It may be added that interest is now turning to the comparatively recent proposition of con- crete roads, which are being tried in some lo- calities. Expansion of the Railroad System. — In a previous chapter we have dealt with the begin- nings of the railroad era and the conspicuous impetus this new system gave to the State's de- velopment during the fifties. As to that begin- ning we need only say here that its phenomenal activity was but a promise of the tremendous growth to follow. By 1860 there were 2,126 miles of track laid in the State. The mileage by 1870 was 3,177; by 1880, 4,963; by 1890, 7,431; by 1897, 8,606 (Bureau of Statistics report for 1897). This meant not only the main but all auxiliary tracks. In 1914, by the figures of the State Board of Tax Commissioners, the total tracks laid amounted to 20,277.90 miles, and the mileage covered by main tracks, representing the actual distance traversed by the various roads, was 7,224.50.* This mileage compassed within an area less than 150 miles wide by 250 miles long means a network of roads, the entangled character of which can best be appreciated by reference to a present-day railway map. There are only two counties in the State, Switzerland and Ohio, on the Ohio river, that are untouched by this great modern innovation. In the other ninety counties there are few spots that are not within wagon-hauling distance of some rail- way station, and the great majority of these counties are traversed by more than one line. More than a score of county seats and other towns may be called railroad centers, being the meeting points of three or more lines, while four- teen lines radiating like spokes from Indianapolis make it the railroad hub of the commonwealth. As many may be found streaming from various directions to the northwest corner of the State to focus at Chicago, the great mart of the lakes, and this fairly gridirons the counties in that locality, particularly Lake and Porter. The multiplication of lines has been by far the greatest throughout the central and northern parts of the State, and this is an index to the localities of greatest devel- opment in all directions. This alone reveals a growth of the transporta- tion system that far outstrips the dreams of the most sanguine promoters of fifty years ago, but what the map does not show is the tremendous * The trunk lines, branches and local roads as severally named for appraisement by the State Board of Tax Commissioners num- ber something like a hundred and fifty, and the separate mileage runs from .30 of a mile for the "Central Railroad Company," of Indianapolis, to 391.20 miles for the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railway Co. This road, which traverses the length of the State, has also two or three collateral branches. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 161 advancement in equipment as well as in increased mileage. The changes in roadbeds, rails and rolling stock are a vast factor in the results ef- fected by the railroads. Where a locomotive of the fifties hauled perhaps fifty tons over a frail rail of strap iron, one of to-day will pull more than a thousand tons, exclusive of the weight of the cars, over a ponderous T rail laid on an im- proved roadbed, and increased speed and greater frequency in running are part of the story when reached the vast sum of $208,941,570 — certainly a very respectable contribution to the taxables of the State. As an industrial factor they have been of no less importance. With the innovation of the locomotive an adverse argument raised was that the handling of traffic on a large scale with a minimum of manual labor would throw out of employment a great many men who teamed for a living, and thus ruin an industry. It did not take long to demonstrate that the immense stim- Washington Street. Indianapolis, 1902. looking east from the corner of Illinois Street. It is interesting to note that no automobiles are seen upon the street at that date. we consider the shifting to and fro of the State's traffic. So rapid are the improvements in this respect that the descriptions of a few years ago are now obsolete. Railroad Valuation. — As a factor in the wealth of the State the railroads have figured immensely since their introduction. The story of the increase in this respect is, of course, the story of railway development, and we need only note the present status. The property of the various roads, including tracks, rolling stock and improvements on rights of way, as valued by the State Board of Tax Commissioners for 1914, ulus to traffic created a labor-employing industry beside which the old teaming industry was triv- ial. As against the comparatively small class of wagoners, office employes, trainmen, yard men, station agents, railroad laborers, shop men and others came newly into existence as so many distinct classes of wage-earners, and these work- men have increased steadily in numbers as the roads increased until to-day there is an army of 70,000 in Indiana alone with a total monthly payroll running into the millions.* • Report Public Service Commission, 1914. In the tables of this report 34 "operating roads" are listed. 11 162 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. Rapid Development of the Interurban. — The great and growing rival of the steam rail- road is the electrical railway which has had a development in Indiana second to that in no other State. If the growth of the former has been phenomenal that of the latter has been amazing, and electricity as well as steam has inaugurated its own era of change and progress. As a sys- tem of transportation it is, virtually, coeval with the century, as the first interurban line entered Indianapolis in 1900. That city now has fourteen lines, radiating to all points of the compass, and is said to be the greatest interurban center in the world. At that center one may take a car any hour in the day that will take him directly to, or reach by connection almost any part of the State. Without change of cars he may go as far in the four cardinal directions as Dayton, South Bend, Terre Haute or Louisville. The total interurban mileage in operation April 30, 1914, was 2,168.43 (Report of Public Service Commission) ; and the total assessed valuation amounted to $27,- 173,747. More than 9,000 persons are employed in the system and the aggregate salaries and wages of the employes for a year are about five and a half millions of dollars. The following figures furnished by Mr. Joseph A. McGowan, of the T. H., I. & E. Traction Company, give some idea of the growth of traffic during the first fourteen years of interurban ac- tivity : In 1900 the passengers to and from In- dianapolis amounted to 378,000, and by 1903 the travel had increased to 2,348,000 for the year. Other figures were: 3,275,000 for 1904; 4,000,- 000 for 1905 ; 4,500,000 for 1906, and about 5,- 000,000 for 1907. In 1913 there were 6,640,433, or a daily average of 18,192. The average daily number of cars that arrived and departed in 1914 was 676, and for the accommodation of this huge and growing traffic a "terminal" union station, the first of its kind in the country, was built at a cost of a million and a half of dollars. The peculiar advantages of the electrical sys- tem of transportation are derived from the abil- ity to transmit power over long distances from a central plant. This means a greater economy in a system of train service, and thus we find that the cost of traveling has been reduced at least a cent per mile as compared with that which formerly prevailed on steam railroads. Another important feature is the frequency of train service, the schedule being hourly instead of bi- or tri-daily, and still another, the greater accommodation afforded the traveler, the electric car making stops with a frequency that would be altogether impracticable in steam train service. Social Effects of the Interurban. — The gen- eral result of these conveniences has been a no- table social modification in various ways. The wonderful changes wrought by the locomotive have been carried further and multiplied with unparalleled swiftness and impetus by the trolley car. In the first place the vast increase of travel among people who formerly traveled little, means a more mobile population, educated as the gen- eration before was not to cosmopolitan ideas. This means an increase of enlightenment, and enlightenment is a stimulus to progress. The rural population is brought nearer to the city and is the gainer thereby. It has also brought the urban population nearer to the country, within limits, by opening the way to country resi- dence, and the larger element, perhaps, in the "back-to-the-land" movement consists of those who never would have moved beyond city limits but for cheap and convenient transportation to and fro. As a consequence of this land along the interurban lines is being divided into small holdings at greatly enhanced prices. Both the steam and the electric railroads have added greatly to the revenues of the State by the en- hancement of property values, and it has been affirmed that between 1900 and 1909 there was an increase of more than a million dollars in the valuation of farm property, due to the develop- ment of the interurban. The commercial effects of the new transporta- tion system are also notable. Small local ship- ments can be sent and received with much greater facility where there are points of deliv- ery and acceptance all along the nearest line. A farmer can, with ease, ship direct to a customer in the city, and merchants can receive directly and with dispatch commodities from distant points. As an illustration of the convenience and commercial value of this: New Castle, in the eastern part of the State, is in the market for roses of superior quality, but the fact that roses are fragile and perishable adds to the risk of production in proportion, as the market is diffi- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 163 cult of access. By virtue of the interurban a florist in Indianapolis on receiving an order for roses can telephone to New Castle, have them put on a certain car, meet the car on its arrival and thus within two or three hours receive his flowers fresh from the soil where they grew. That this must be a great aid to the flower in- dustrv is obvious, and other industries are sim- ilarly stimulated. Urban Effects of Electric Transportation. — moved outward, old residence sections have changed in character, and in the readjustment real estate values have fluctuated in a way that the shrewdest speculator could not have foreseen twenty-five or thirty years ago, while as a social factor it has relieved vastly the old-time enforced congestion of large centers. In brief, nowhere has the new departure in transportation worked out a greater revolution than in city life and city conditions. Indianapolis Traction and Terminal Station. The first and largest union terminal station in the country. Opened to the public State Fair week, September, 1904. Building was planned by and built under the di- rection of Hugh J. McGowan. The interurban electric system dates from the discovery or development of what is called the "alternating current." whereby the electrical force could be transmitted over long distances. For ten years or more prior to that this motive power was employed in urban transportation, and the changes wrought since its introduction arc quite an important part of the history of cities. In the first instance it has made easily accessible the outlying contiguous territory ; this has made practicable suburban living, and the result has been unprecedented shiftings of urban population. A large class of residents have One more effect should be noted, and that is the shifting of trade as a result of interurban conveniences, and to the advantage of tin- larger centers. People from the country and the smaller towns now go to the cities for their shop- ping in large numbers, and it is said that the "trading population" of Indianapolis is about twice that of its actual residents. On the other band, tins is having a retroactive effect, for the country tradesman, under the spur of necessity and in order to exist, has adopted new methods and put new energy into his business. In nu- merous cases the country store has vastly im- 164 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA proved ; their trade is not only coming back to them but increasing, and many who once thought the interurban spelled ruin for them are finding instead that it means prosperity. First Electric Lines in Indiana.* — The first successful operation of an electric railway in this country was in the city of Richmond, Virginia, in January of the year 1889. Not long after this the railway in the city of Lafayette, Indiana, the first in the State, was equipped electrically. Soon afterward the Fairview Park line in Indianapolis was operated with electric cars, and other elec- tric railway plants followed in quick succession. The first person to take up the building of in- terurban electric lines in Indiana was the Hon. Charles L. Henry, former member of Congress. He first became interested in electric railways in the fall of 1891, in the city of Anderson, and soon thereafter began to contemplate the possibilities of interurban electric railways. In 1893, he con- ceived the idea of building an interurban serv- ice between what was then known as the "Gas Belt" cities. However, the panic of 1893 brought everything to a standstill, and for many months nothing was done. In the winter of 1893-94, he made the first estimates of cost and prospective earnings, together with a blue-print map covering the lines from Anderson to Marion, Anderson to Elwood, and Muncie via Anderson to Indian- apolis, exactly as they were afterward built, ex- cept that the line to Elwood was first planned to run through Frankton instead of west from Alexandria, as it was finally built. Soon after, he commenced securing options on land for a private right of way for a line from Anderson to Alexandria, and from Anderson to Elwood. The possibilities of the enterprise constantly grew on him, but he could not convince any one able to furnish the necessary capital that it would be a profitable venture, so that no substantial prog- ress had been made when the financial depres- sion, incident to the great political campaign of 1896, spread over the country, paralyzing all business enterprises. In the meantime the desirability of interurban electric railway service had attracted the at- tention of many other people. Among these was Noah J. Clodfelter, who took up the project of * Mr. Henry invented the word "interurban" for this class of railroads. Edited by M. R. Hyman from information supplied by Hon. Charles L. Henry. building a line from Indianapolis, via Anderson, to Marion, and was much heard of in the pub- lic prints during the next few years, and finally, in the year 1898, he did some work toward build- ing a line from Marion south to Fairmount. He laid rail in the city of Fairmount, which after- ward passed, by receiver's sale, to the Marion Street Railway Company, and was used as a part of the line built by that company from Marion, via Fairmount, to Summitville. In September, 1897, Mr. Henry organized the original "Union Traction Company" and com- menced the construction of an interurban line from Anderson to Alexandria, and on January 1, 1898, the first interurban car in Indiana ran from Anderson to Alexandria, a distance of eleven miles. Early the next year this road was extended to Summitville, making a total distance of seventeen miles, at which point connection was afterward made by the line built from Ma- rion, south by the Marion Street Railway Com- pany, a like distance of seventeen miles, giving a continuous line of thirty-four miles from An- derson to Marion, but owned by two different companies. The successful operation of the cars on this first section of the interurban system induced him to take up with George F. McCullough, of Muncie, who then owned the electric railway in that city, the proposition of joining their interests and building a line from Muncie, via Anderson, to Indianapolis. Fortunate, indeed, for the future of electric railways in Indiana, there came to Indiana on New Year's Day, 1899, Mr. Hugh J. McGowan. Coming as the representative of the Dolan-Mor- gan Syndicate, which had recently purchased the Indianapolis street railways, he at once com- menced the development of that system, and soon made it the best city railway system in the country. To Mr. McGowan, Mr. Henry presented the interurban project then under consideration, and later, through his introduction, Messrs. Henry and McCullough took up the matter with Mr. Randal Morgan of Philadelphia, who agreed to join with them in the organization of the "Union Traction Company of Indiana," a con- solidated company, which would embrace the electric lines in the cities of Muncie, Marion, Anderson and Elwood, and interurban lines con- necting, and including the proposed line from Map of the Interurban Electric Lines in Operation in Indiana in 1915. 166 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Muncie, via Anderson, to Indianapolis. The final organization of this consolidated company was completed in June, 1899, and work was at once commenced on the construction of the Muncie- Indianapolis line. On January 4, 1901, the line was completed and its first car ran into the city of Indianapolis. In the meantime the line from Alexandria to Elwood had been completed and the system as planned in 1893, was at last a reality, just three years and three days from the time the first car ran from Anderson to Alexandria. Looking forward to the completion of the line into Indianapolis, as early as 1894, Mr. Henry took up the subject of a contract with the local company for running cars into this city, and in February, 1895, secured a contract with the Citi- zens' Street Railway Company, then controlled by what was known as the McKee & Verner Syndicate of Pittsburg. The first corporation formed for the building of an interurban electric railway was the "In- dianapolis, Greenwood & Franklin Railroad Company," organized November 9, 1894, under the steam railroad law, and being promoted by Henry L. Smith of Indianapolis. The road from Indianapolis to Greenwood was afterward built by this same organization under the ownership of Toseph I. and Wm. G. Irwin, of Columbus, Indiana, who took charge of the company in June, 1899, and it was this road that ran the first interurban car into Indianapolis on the first day of January, 1900. This company was succeeded by the "Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern Traction Company," owned and controlled by the Messrs. Irwin. The Automobile Era. — Any account of mod- ern economic development would be incomplete without a consideration of the automobile and the part it is coming to play as a method of transportation that for convenience and as an agent of mobility is as far ahead of the trolley car as the latter is ahead of the steam cars. Mother Shipton's famous prophecy that car- riages would go without horses has, like some other predictions, been fulfilled far beyond the most extravagant dream of the prophet. Twenty-five years ago the fact of a "horseless carriage" had, indeed, been realized, but it was little other than a freakish curiosity, of no prac- tical interest to the mass of people. As late as 1899 it was negligible to the statisticians. At that time only 3,897 automobiles were reported in the United States, and their manufacture was not included as a separate industry in the census of 1900. By 1909 the number had increased to 127,287, with a total value of $249,202,075, and the increase since that date has been advancing by leaps and bounds. A very large percentage of these vehicles are private family conveyances, which means that they are, in perhaps a majority of cases, merely an added pleasure or luxury, but economic effects are various. The inter- communication between all parts of the country is vastly facilitated, and while this is an advan- tage to business generally, it is especially bene- ficial to the rural population, which is equipping itself more and more with motor cars. As an illustration of the gain to agriculture we may cite the growing custom of county tours under the leadership of "county agents" in which numbers of farmers visit the best farms in the county for the purpose of practically studying crops, under the guidance of a scientific specialist. As an educative scheme this promises to be of great benefit to the business of farming. One of the important results to be looked for from the general use of automobiles is that of road improvement. Indiana now has a law whereby from two to twenty dollars must be paid as a State license for every motor vehicle, and this money, less the cost of registration, numbering plates, etc., is to be distributed as a road fund among the counties. Under the first year of this law the rather handsome sum of $462,609.28 was apportioned out among the coun- ties. It is safe to say that this income will an- nually increase and when added to the road fund from other sources it gives promise of a material advance in road improvement. OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES Express and Transportation Companies. — Logically connected with transportation facilities are the public utilities that come under the head- ing of express and transportation companies. The former as public carriers of all kinds of smaller commodities have been of incalculable service in promoting business by facilitating in- terchange. The first of these companies in Indi- ana of which we find record was the Adams CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 167 Express, which opened in Indianapolis in 1847, with M. M. Landis as the first agent (Hollo- way's "Indianapolis").* In other words, their origin was, virtually, contemporary with that of the railroad, and their development, in extension of service, has kept pace with the latter. There are to-day six ex- press companies operating in Indiana. These in the order of their importance, as measured by their assessed valuation, are the Adams Express Company, the American Express Company, the United States Express Company, the Wells Fargo Express Company, the National Express Company and the Southern Express Company. These, altogether, operate over 8,510.80 miles of railway within this State, and their assessment on this mileage (not including real estate, office furniture, etc.) amounts to $824,044 (Tax Com. Rept). Of "transportation companies," or carriers of special lines of merchandise, there are no less than one hundred and twenty-one listed in the tax commissioner's report for 1914, and they are assessed, collectively, at $1,618,075. IMPROVED INTERCOMMUNICATION The Telegraph. — Another important commer- cial factor that was coeval with the railroad, and a wonder that was unique until the advent of the telephone, was the magnetic telegraph. The Legislature first authorized the incorporation of telegraph companies on February 14, 1848 ; a line was soon after established between Indian- apolis and Dayton, Ohio, and on May 12 of that year the first message was transmitted. In June a merchants' exchange was formed for the trans- action of telegraph business, but there was not enough to justify the enterprise (Dunn's "Indianapolis"). For several years telegraphy seems to have cut very little figure in the business of the State, but other attempts were made to introduce the service, and by 1856 several lines were in existence, among them the since familiar Western Union, which in that year made an ar- rangement with the Associated Press of Indian- apolis whereby the papers were supplied with telegraphic news. This was a great innovation, * Elsewhere Holloway says 1851, with Blythe & Holland as the first agents. The American company, he further says, was established in 1852 and the United States in 1854. putting, as it did, the reading public in daily touch with the affairs of the world. Prior to that foreign news was pretty stale by the time it reached the editorial sanctum of the west. Of the various companies that sprang up in the earlier day the Western Union alone re- mains. Its present competitors are the Postal Telegraph and Cable Company and the Fort Wayne Telegraph Company, the latter operating locally over but forty-four miles of line. The total mileage of telegraph lines within the State is 63,684.86, and the assessed valuation amounts to $3,336,178. By virtue of this utility, space is practically annihilated. The newspaper that is T" s ■ft . T >d4fl| ■ L \\\VuH "Jr^rn^ ' ti ' ^^V » ESi^ii ;^%%|||l|||)gr'^ff ; i ^'iv- rj^ In 1893 Elwood Haynes commenced work on a gaso- line motor-driven vehicle which he had originated and designed, and which he termed, for want of a better name, the "horseless carriage." On July 4, 1894, he made a successful trial trip on the streets of Kokomo in this vehicle, running at a speed of seven or eight miles per hour. brought to our door before breakfast gives us the important happenings of the day before, or, indeed, of a few hours before, from the four quarters of the globe, and business, particularly of a large character, is vastly facilitated by quick- communication regardless of distance, to say nothing of the countless instances of conve- nience, public and private. The Telephone. — But the telegraph as an in- strument of intercommunication sinks into a quite secondary place as compared with the tele- phone. Like the automobile in transportation, only to a far greater degree, it has become a popular luxury and convenience as well as a business necessity, and by reason of its intimate 168 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA and universal uses it has become a great factor in social development. By its help the business world has acquired a quicker pace ; time and countless steps are saved at every turn ; town and country are alike served and knit together ; the transactions of daily life generally, from the private messages between friend and friend to the busy messages of the mart are vastly facili- tated, and if the telephone were suddenly abol- ished the world would find it difficult to adapt itself to former conditions. The telephone was introduced into Indianap- olis in 1877 when three business firms, almost simultaneously, ran wires from their offices across town to their yards and factories. About a year later the "Indiana District Telephone Company, of Indianapolis," was organized and the council solicited for permission to erect wires and poles on the streets. This was at first re- fused, but in February of 1879 the right was given to hang wires on the fire alarm telegraph poles if the company would keep them in repair and furnish the city with twenty-two telephones for the fire houses, free of charge, with addi- tional ones if other houses were put in the serv- ice. The conditions were accepted and the new company started with something less than a hun- dred patrons. It was succeeded in 1880 by the Telephone Excliangc Companv, and this, in turn, was supplanted by the Central Union Tele- phone Company. In those days "the service was poor ; the patronage not large ; the charges high." When the Legislature of 1885 set the maximum charge for telephone service at $3 per month the company contested the law in court, and on losing its case announced its determination to quit. After four years of complications the re- strictive law was repealed and the Central Union has remained in operation to the present day, being by far the most valuable telephone prop- erty in the State.* The telephone service has expanded until In- diana is to-day fairly netted with wires. In the tax commissioner's latest report (1914) there are listed 429 telephone companies, mostly inde- pendent of each other, but co-operative so that long-distance service can be had from any point in the State to any other point. The distances covered by these separate lines range all the way from two miles for the Farmers' Mutual Tele- phone Company, of Vevay, to 152,296 miles for the Central Union, of Indianapolis, and the as- sessed values of the properties vary accordingly. The Central Union, which runs highest, being $5,482,656. The total mileage is 375,471.28, and the total value $15,840,115. * For fuller sketch of telephone beginnings in Indianapolis, see Dunn's History of Indianapolis. CHAPTER XVI NATURAL RESOURCES* FORESTS Early Forests. — The forests of the State must be considered as a passing resource, as the native woods used in the manufactures are grow- ing more and more scarce. Originally no region in the world, perhaps, surpassed ours for the variety of woods that are valuable in the manu- factures. The State was virtually covered by one vast forest. The late John P. Brown, of Connersville, a student of this subject, estimated that out of the 35,910 square miles comprising the total area of the State, 28,000 square miles were forested,! and Professor Stanley Coulter, of Purdue University, says that "many of the most valuable hardwood timbers reached their maximum development, both as to size and num- bers, within the limits of the State." In 1836 Calvin Fletcher, Jr., of Indianapolis, traveled northward over the Michigan road, then newly cut out, and he speaks of the "enormous con- tinuous log heap of white oak" that had been cleared off the right of way and piled along the sides of the road. Variety and Sizes of Trees. — Our trees rep- resented a wide botanical range. Charles C. Dean, former secretary of the State Board of Forestry, in an article descriptive of the "Trees of Indiana" (official report for 1911) includes 139 species that have been reported as native to the State. J These are classified in thirty-seven families and range from the white pine of the north to the pecan of the south. Most of these have some and many of them a great economic value, the oaks, hickories, ashes, tulip-poplar and black walnut being conspicuous among the more valuable. Many of these, also, before the monarchs of the forest fell victim to the ax, were of colossal size, if tradition is to be ac- * The most important and most permanent natural resource is the soil, but as consideration of the soil becomes primarily :l study of the products of the soil this will come under the head of "Agriculture." t Address before the State Board of Commerce, Feb. 8, 1900. % Mr. Dean surmises that the primitive forests contained many species of trees that have now disappeared. cepted. The late Doctor Arnold, author of a history of Rush county, affirmed that there once stood in that county a yellow poplar that was twelve feet in diameter, a black walnut that was ten feet and an oak that was eight. In the same county grew a mammoth buckeye which tradition made nine feet in diameter, but which, on more careful inquiry, seems to have been about four and a half feet. At any rate its bole was large enough to be made into a "dugout" canoe forty- five feet long, which was mounted on wheels and drawn by six or eight horses in the parades of the famous campaign of 1840, being filled with gaily-appareled damsels as an attractive cargo. Reliable records from accurate measurements made in recent years show that specimens up to twenty-two feet in circumference with clear boles running up to seventy-five feet or over, and total heights exceeding 150 feet, are not uncom- mon. A yellow poplar twenty-five feet in circum- ference and 190 feet high is reported from the lower Wabash valley, and a sycamore tree in Daviess county (described in 1880) measured forty-eight feet in circumference (State Board of Forestry Report, 1911). One nearly the same size now standing in Greene county about a mile and a half southeast of Worthington is described by Dr. W. B. Clarke in the Indianapolis News of June 28, 1915. For picture of this tree see sketch of Greene county. Forest Destruction. — To the pioneers of the State the forests were a serious obstacle and of value only as they contributed material to the cabin, the rail fence and the fireplace. The frequent comment on the wholesale destruction of valuable timber must be shorn of its criticism when we remember that the timber was not valu- able then, and that the prime need of the settlers was tillable soil. Hence the era of the ax and the indiscriminate warfare against trees. They were "girdled" and killed as the quickest way of getting at the ground ; when down they were cut into logs, rolled into heaps and burned, all kinds together; preparations for such holocausts by 169 170 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA "log rolling" was a social pastime, and "niggerin' off," or burning the logs into chunks more han- dleable, was an art of the day. As late as the sixties the finest white oak trees were made into fence rails, and at an earlier day many a choice walnut shared the same fate. Early Uses of Wood. — With the introduction of the sawmill and the substitution of frame houses for log ones timber began to be manu- factured into lumber, and the output increased as the population grew. The pioneer cabinet- maker, too, began to draw on the finer woods for his uses, particularly the wild cherry and walnut, and not a few modern homes retain as their prized possessions the elegant and substantial furniture made by those early artisans. One of the latter, Caleb Scudder, came with the first immigrants to Indianapolis and, according to a chronicler of that period, the very first sign painted in the village advertised "Kalop Skodder, Kabbinet Maker" (Nowland's "Prominent Citi- zens"). In the flat-boating days when large numbers of those craft carried the produce of the interior down the streams, much lumber went into their construction, particularly yellow pop- lar, which was fashioned into broad slabs for the sides or "gunnels." The incoming of the rail- road created a demand for much timber, the early style of construction calling for "mudsills," ties and stringers, and the plank roads took heavy toll of the finest oak for their miles of solid flooring. Manufactures and Forest Resources. — With the development of manufactures there came an increasing demand for woods of various kinds and for many purposes, and this grew until the forest products became an important element in the State's wealth. This reached its high tide about 1900. At that time J. P. Brown, above cited, wrote : "Fifty thousand citizens of Indiana are em- ployed in wood industries and each year receive $15,000,000 in wages, while a quarter of a million of women and children are dependent upon these employes for their support. The finished prod- uct of this labor brings annually $50,000,000 to Indiana manufacturers. Indiana's railway com- merce is borne upon 30,000,000 wooden cross- ties which must be renewed at the rate of 4,500,- 000 ties annually, the cost of which is fifteen per cent, of the entire operative expenses of the rail- ways. Twelve thousand five hundred miles of electric wires are strung upon 250,000 poles, which require frequent renewals."* The foregoing was written in 1900. After that time the wood industries began to decline and within five years the value of manufactured products fell from $20,000,000 to $14,500,000, while Indiana retrograded from the seventh to the sixteenth place in the production of lumber. Even at that, however, wood-working ranked fourth among the industries of the State. f Since then the depletion of the native timber supply has been going on, and the forests to that extent have ceased to be one of our great natural resources. The industries have not de- clined in proportion, as the transportation ad- vantages for products more than balance the disadvantages of importing raw material. Out of 232 concerns from which reports were se- cured by Mr. Breeze, the investigator above cited, thirty-three used no lumber at all from Indiana, while fifty-six used from one to twenty- five per cent. only. All of them depended more or less upon outside supplies. It should be noted that owing to the growing scarcity of woods many kinds that were once considered as fit for nothing, except, perhaps, firewood, are now utilized in the industries. A list of those used, as compiled by Mr. Breeze, in- cludes twenty-four different kinds, and among these are cottonwood, gum, elm, basswood, beech and sycamore, none of which were re- garded as valuable for saw logs twenty-five years ago. Oak, basswood, cottonwood, elm, gum, maple, walnut and yellow poplar all are used for veneers. Indianapolis is one of the great veneer- ing centers of the United States. Twofold Effect of Forest Destruction. — The destruction of our forests have had this harmful twofold result : 1. The continued drain upon them with no attempt to replace the valuable raw material they yield has depleted them as a natural resource until our manufacturers who depend upon woods have to seek their material elsewhere. This is * "The Forests of Indiana the Reliance of Her Manufac- turers," by J. P. Brown. An address printed by the Courier, Connersville, Ind. t F. J. Breeze: A Preliminary Report of the Wood-Using In- dustries of Indiana. St. Bd. Forestry rept. for 1911. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 171 an economic evil which the forest conservation- ists have in mind in their propaganda for re- forestation. 2. The removal of the forests, it is now be- ing discovered, has disturbed the balance of nature and affected the climate, the conservation of the water supply, the conservation of the soil, and the agricultural status as it depends upon these. Some of the results discussed are at pres- ent hypothetical, but the detrimental changes. C. Gobel illustrates the first surface effect by the simple idea of an inclined plane covered with loose soil. When well sprinkled with water the downward wash of this soil by the force of the descending water follows as a matter of course ; but if it is covered with a layer of cotton batting and the batting is sprinkled the force of the fall- ing water is taken up by this covering and the moisture gently permeates the earth. If in addi- tion to this we think of the soil as reinforced by {forestry ! f"~T^ : * % hVpI Forestry Building, State Fair Grounds, Indianapolis. This building was erected in the summer of 1915 for the purpose of maintaining a permanent exhibit of everything pertaining to forestry and forest products of Indiana. The building was dedicated September 7, 1915, Ex-Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks and Governor Ralston participating. The names of persons seated reading from left to right are E. A. Glad- den, State Forester: Warren T. McCrea, President Indiana State Board of Agriculture: Prof. \V. C. Gobel, Nashville ; Charles W. Fairbanks : Curtis D. Meeker. Monticello ; W. A. Guthrie. President Board of For- estry. Standing is Governor Ralston. whatever their exact relations, are sufficiently pronounced to have brought about the conserva- tion movement, which is nation-wide. Physical Effects of Forest Destruction. — In the State Board of Forestry report for 1913 Professor Glenn Culbertson, of Hanover Col- lege, sets forth in an interesting and informative article some physical effects of forest destruction, which effects are more far-reaching than we generally suppose. In the same report Mr. W. many interlacing roots the wash will be still fur- ther minimized. Moreover, the batting takes up a part of the water, retaining it as moisture, which affects the underlying soil for some time after. This fairly represents the leaf-mulched surface of forested areas as contrasted with bare, denuded areas which shed the rains before they have time to saturate the earth. Our local histories repeatedly state that marked changes have taken place in the normal 172 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA flow of our streams since pioneer times. The explanation is that the waters instead of being feil gradually from the mulched soil, go off with a rush, damaging freshets alternating with a normal flow that is proportionately small. Pro- fessor Culbertson, from a special study of a half- dozen hill counties along the Ohio river, cites instances of the freshet damages along the streams and of landslides and washings on the hillsides that have left the lands ruined for agri- cultural purposes. The estimate has been made that of the total annual rainfall over the earth some 6,000 cubic miles of water finds its way to the sea by the streams, and the further estimate is that the "average annual immediate run-off from these streams to-day is at least 50 per cent, greater than that from the same regions under the for- ested conditions of the past." One effect of this rapid disposition of the rains is the lowering of the water level in the ground. The earth does not become thoroughly saturated and hence springs fail and wells have to be sunk deeper and deeper to find strong, reliable veins, while in cases of drought the effects are felt much quicker and more severely. In a word, under forest conditions the rains, which otherwise rush away and in large degree are wasted, are conserved and by various natural processes made to serve the fullest purpose. The extent to which the State has been deforested has seriously disturbed the balance of nature, and the question of remedy is now being forced upon us. Supposed Climatic Effects. — The physical effects of deforestation as above cited are too well established to be speculative. There are other more remote effects, not so certain of proof, but widely accepted nevertheless, particu- larly as they regard the modifying of climate. Professor Culbertson's argument, perhaps, fairly covers the ground. This is that the evaporation in the hot season from a soil and leaf -mulch that are saturated is very considerable, and where such area is extensive the moisture contributed to the atmosphere must be a factor in the pre- cipitation. Again, the amount of moisture taken up by trees in the form of sap and evaporated from the leaves is, in the case of a whole forest, some- thing enormous, experiment having demon- strated that one large tree, under certain condi- tions, may give off as much as several tons within twenty- four hours. That this must have some- thing to do with increased precipitation seems altogether plausible. Moreover, this evapora- tion, it is said, modifies the temperature of the air and creates atmospheric conditions that favor precipitation. Still another effect to which the forest contrib- utes is the gentle "secondary showers," following thunderstorms, due to the vast amount of evap- oration from wet leaves ; which showers saturate the soil much better than the beating storm. Forestry Movement in Indiana. — Experience and observation have taught in Indiana as else- where that the deforestation of the country brings about detrimental conditions that affect economic welfare so seriously as to demand at- tention and attempt at prevention. It stands to reason that we can not restore the original for- ests with their leaf-mulch as a water conserver, and just how and to what extent reforestation can be promoted is still a debatable question. The theory on which the State is proceeding to- day contemplates both conservation, or the pres- ervation of remaining forests, and rehabilitation, or the re-establishment of woodlands. The the- ory is that certain rough areas in the hilly por- tions of the State, of little value for agriculture, might profitably yield timber for commercial pur- poses, and do this continuously by a process of scientific forestry. It also holds that through- out all parts of the State are scattered small areas, practically waste, that should be given to trees ; it is figured that wood crops, such as catal- pas for fence posts, make a good return, and the maintenance of a wood-lot as a feature of every farm is encouraged. Back of this theory is a practical movement for the promotion of reforestation which will be briefly described in this connection, though it might appropriately come under the head of "governmental activities." Some time prior to 1901 a society, under the name of the "Indiana Forestry Association," was formed, with Albert Lieber, of Indianapolis, as its president, and John P. Brown, of Connersville as secretary. Its aim was to create interest in agriculture and pro- mote the passage of a forestry law, and in 1901 it succeeded in securing such a law. This statute established a "State Board of Forestry," consist- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 173 ing of five members, one to be from the member- ship of the Forestry Association, just mentioned ; one from the Retail Lumber Dealers' Associa- tion of Indiana; one from the faculty of Purdue University; one from the woodworkers of the State, who is to be a mechanic actively employed at his trade, and one who was to have special knowledge of the theory and art of forest pres- ervation and timber culture and a technical knowledge of the topography of the State. This last member was to be secretary of the board part of Clark county, near the town of Henry- ville. The larger part of this was in the wild state, but some of it had been cleared and farmed, and one use of the reserve was as an experi- mental nursery, the cleared portions being planted to various kinds of native forest trees. The rates of growth and the success of the plant- ings under different conditions have been re- corded from year to year and the results have been put before landowners over the State. The work of the forestry office is largely edu- Twin Beeches. These twin beeches are on the Purlee farm, in Pierce township, Washington county. It is said that they were there when the land was entered about 1821-22. and ex officio State Forester, at a salary of $1,200 and an expense allowance not to exceed $600.* The duty of the board was "to collect, digest and classify information respecting for- ests, timber lands, forest preservation and timber culture, and for the establishment of State forest reserves," while the secretary's office was to be a bureau of information on such subjects. State Forest Reserve. — In 1903 the State purchased, through the forestry board, 2,000 acres of cheap, broken land in the northwestern * The salary was afterward increased to $1,800. This poplar tree in Washington county is 18 feet in cir- cumference. The first limb is 75 feet from the ground. The owner, Mr. Carry Morris, refused $500 for this monarch of the forest in 1912. cational. To quote from one of its reports : "The question has been presented to the public through the press, public schools, farmers' insti- tutes, civic federations, women's clubs, etc., un- til now almost every one knows something about the forestry movement and many wood-lot own- ers are practising scientific forestry." One fea- ture of the propaganda is "Arbor Day," estab- lished by law "for the purpose of encouraging the planting of shade trees, shrubs and vines." The third Friday of April in each year is desig- nated as a day for general observance, and the 174 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA governor is to make proclamation of said day in each year, at least thirty days prior thereto. The observance chiefly holds in the schools, it being made the duty of county and city superin- tendents to prepare programs of exercise for the pupils. In this law Charles Warren Fairbanks is especially recognized as "the leading spirit of Indiana forestry conservation." Conservation of Bird Life. — Closely con- nected with arboriculture and of such economic importance that it may fairly be considered a nat- ural resource, is the bird population. The indis- criminate destruction of bird life has been yet more wasteful and wanton than that of the trees. The result has been an increase of the insect pop- ulation that is a standing threat to vegetation. Pomology in particular has suffered and fruits that once thrived with little protection can now be secured only by a continual and systematic fight against insect enemies. If unchecked these enemies with their amazing reproductive powers would doubtless overrun the globe in time and by their destruction of plant life indirectly destroy animal life. The spread of the San Jose scale, the curculio, the codlin moth and other fruit devastators is a familiar story. Among the for- est trees each has its peculiar enemies and the same is true of each plant in the garden ; the wheat has its chinch bug and Hessian fly : the young corn its cut worm, and so on, ad infinitum. In the nice balance of nature birds are the nat- ural regulators of the insect population. In the ground, beneath the bark of trees, on the foliage and in the air they find grubs, eggs and adult in- sects to sate their voracious appetites, and ob- servation has shown that the amount of con- sumption is astonishing. In a word, the wanton destruction of birds has seriously disarranged nature's scheme of regulation and we are now beginning to realize the consequences. The first movement looking to the preservation of birds was, perhaps, a sentimental rather than an economic one. The wholesale slaughter of birds for the barbarous decoration of women's hats created a revulsion among those of finer feelings who loved birds and who saw the heart- lessness of the custom prevailing in the name of fashion. This sentiment, reinforced, of course, by the economic argument, crystallized in the Au- dubon Society movement, which has been the great educator for the last fifteen or twenty years.* The Indiana Audubon Society within that time has faithfully pushed its propaganda for bird protection with a wisdom that looked to the future for results, and with a patience that be- spoke permanence it carried into the schoolroom its gospel of good-will to birds, and its annual meetings held successively in various cities over the State have given it State-wide prestige. The effects have been beneficent and marked. This society, of course, was but a unit in a country- wide movement. As a general result there has been a notable change in the wearing of bird plumage by women, which was the greatest cause of bird destruction. Stimulated, doubtless, by the growing interest that was based on sentiment, the economists have come to the fore and the public is being educated to the necessity of bird protection as a part of the great conservation movement which affects material welfare ; while Indiana, along with many other States, now has an excellent law protecting insectivorous as well as game birds. The State laws, in turn, are rein- forced by a Federal law that affords protection to migratory birds as they pass beyond the juris- diction of protecting States. COAL Early History. — Knowledge of coal in In- diana long antedated its utilization as an impor- tant natural resource in this part of the country. As early as 1763 George Croghan, an English of- ficer who was captured by the Indians and taken up the Wabash, makes mention of the mineral. The first surveyors of Indiana (1804) also dis- covered and made note of it, and in 1812 Robert Fulton, who brought his steamboat, the "Or- leans" down the Ohio river, found and dug coal at a point near Cannelton. The first charter for the mining of coal was granted to the American Cannel Coal Company, of Cannelton. in 1837. The abundance of wood for fuel and the ab- sence of manufacturing industries retarded the development of the coal industry, but by 1840 it was pursued on a small scale in various places, partly for export. The chief domestic use was for blacksmithing. The earlier mining was where the coal outcropped, the first shaft being * The Indiana Audubon Society was organized at Indianapolis April 26, 1896, with Judge R. W. McBride as president and George S. Cottman as secretary. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 175 sunk in 1850 by John Hutchinson one mile east of Newburg, on the bank of the Ohio river. In digging a well in Clay county, in 1851, the block coal of that region was discovered, and in the fol- lowing year this coal was mined and shipped out of the county. With the incoming of the manu- factories the coal industry rapidly increased and in 1879 laws were passed for the regulation of mines and a mine inspector was appointed.* The Indiana Area. — The Indiana coal area is part of a great field of about 47,000 square miles that covers a large portion of Illinois and laps over into our State and northwestern Kentucky. The total Indiana area is estimated at about 7,500 square miles. It comprises the west and southwest part of the State, and a line drawn from Benton southeastward to Owen, thence to Crawford at Leavenworth on the Ohio, would, roughly speaking, enclose our coal field. This includes fourteen counties that are wholly and twelve that are partly underlain. It has been estimated from drillings that reveal the approxi- mate extent and thickness of the beds, that be- neath the surface of these counties lies something like 40,000,000,000 tons of coal. A great deal of this is regarded as "unworkable" with our present facilities, but by 1898 100,000,000 tons had been actually mined out, and by a further computation, based on the rate of increasing con- sumption for eighteen years, and on area re- garded as workable, it is thought "safe to assume that the life of the Indiana coal field is at least 300 years,f and probably more" (Ashley). Growth of Coal Industry. — By 1879 the coal industry had expanded to an output, that year, of about 1,000,000 tons, and by 1898 this had in- creased to 5,000,000 tons, in spite of the discov- ery and extensive use of natural gas. After the collapse of the gas era mining developed yet more rapidly. About 11,000,000 tons were taken out in 1903 and 13,250,000 tons in 1907. Ac- cording to the annual report of the Inspector of Mines, James Epperson, for the year 19101 (35th Geol. Rept.), the "total general average for all mines in the State" was 18,125,244 tons * See "Coal Deposits of Indiana," by George Hall Ashley. Indiana Geological Report for 1898. t This, of course, is largely speculative. Elsewhere we are told our fields ought to last a thousand years. J The last statistics we find on mining, the suhject not being included in the later reports of the Department of Statistics. and the total number of miners 14,810. The total number of mine employes were 21,171 and their wages for a year amounted to $15,527,- 390.72, being an average of $733.42 for each employe. Of the output 54.56 per cent, was shipped to other States, and the remainder, amounting to 8,235,655 tons, was used in In- diana. The total number of mines employing more than ten men were 182, and these were dis- tributed irregularly over fourteen counties, with Clay, Greene, Sullivan and Vigo in the lead as to numbers. Kinds of Indiana Coal. — All the coals of this State are bituminous in character, but fall into three distinct kinds, known as "bituminous," "block" and "cannel." Our cannel, which is lim- ited in amount, cuts little figure in the coal mar- ket, though it has its peculiar merits, being cleanly to handle and remarkably easy to ignite. A difference between the bituminous and the block is that the former in burning runs together or "cokes," which gives it especial value for forge work, while the block burns to a clean white ash without coking. The especial merit of the latter is as a steaming coal. The quantity of bitumi- nous mined is far in excess of the block and on the market takes various specific names. NATURAL GAS First Wells. — Conspicuous among the natural resources of the State during the period of its usefulness, was natural gas. The natural gas era, which was in the ascendency here from 1886 to 1900, may be spoken of as spectacular, so sud- denly did it develop as an economic factor and so great were the changes it wrought. What is frequently spoken of as the "discov- ery" of gas in the eighties is an inaccurate use of terms, since there is record of it in Pulaski county, Indiana, as early as 1865 ; elsewhere, long before that, it had been used for lights and fuel, and it was so used extensively in Pennsyl- vania before it was utilized in Indiana. In 1884 a well sunk at Findlay, Ohio, yielded a strong flow of gas, and the interest in this part of the country was stimulated by that find. In 1886 it was discovered at Portland, Jay county, that Indiana had rock capable of a high-pressure flow. The same vear a Kokomo company drilled ami 176 CKXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA secured a "gusher," and the utilizing of this well for factory and domestic fuel seems to have been the beginning of the "gas era" in this State.* The commercial opportunities that opened up with the application of this new resource created an excitement akin to the oil craze of earlier days. A cleanly, convenient and labor-saving fuel of greater heating value than either wood or coal, that could be brought cheaply to one's fur- nace or stove, set both manufacturers and pri- vate consumers agog, and the capitalists hastened to supply them.f Land speculation ran rife wherever it was suspected there was gas-bearing rock, and in and out of the belt wells were sunk till, in the words of a humorist of the day, Indi- ana, in spots, was suggestive of a porous plaster, and the only way to utilize the wells that never found gas was to "saw them into post-holes." Natural Gas Area. — The gas area, as finally developed, comprised, wholly or in part twenty- six counties (Geol. Rept. 1907). The chief field may be described as approximately pear-shaped, the small end resting in Decatur county, thence swelling eastward with the eastern limit at Ran- dolph and Jay counties and westward to the east- ern part of Clinton. From these east and west extremes it rounded northward almost to the Wabash river. J Another field in the southwest- ern part of the State extends from Vigo to Gib- son and Pike, and reaches eastward to Greene. These fields combined are said to be much larger than those in any other State, and they were practically enlarged miles beyond the productive limits by the construction of pipe-lines that con- veyed the gas to outlying territory. Indianapolis, Richmond, Lafayette and many other outside cit- ies were thus supplied. Industrial Effects of Gas. — The gas area va- ried in its yield or strength of flow. The center of our greatest supply was Madison and Dela- ware counties and the adjacent region, and it was here that natural gas, combined with excellent transportation facilities, wrought the greatest ef- fect. This was industrial. Cheap fuel was a tempting bait to the manufacturers that required much of it, and the gas belt suddenly found itself * Before this, however, gas from weaker wells that had been drilled for oil, had been utilized in a small way. t In the geological report of 1895 a list of incorporated natural gas companies is given, numbering 324. + For chart showing location of wells and pipelines see Geol. Rept. 1897. in possession of a valuable asset. Its fuel was so cheap that it could be given away and many com- petitive towns, making a bid for industrial pros- perity, offered free gas to establishments that would settle in their midst. The general result is thus stated by one writer on the subject : "In 1886, when gas was discovered, the gas belt was an agricultural district. Besides the cus- tomary flouring- and saw-mills the factories were few and confined almost exclusively to the mak- ing of wooden wares. . . . Soon, however, all classes of industries were represented. . . . About the time the gas was beginning to fail in Ohio and Pennsylvania it was discovered in In- diana. The field was vast in extent, the supply strong. Capitalists were glad to move their in- terests to the new field. By 1893 over $300,- 000,000 had been invested in factories in Indiana, and more were constantly being erected. It was estimated that at that time not less than three hundred factories had been located and put in operation as a direct result of the development of natural gas. Many of them were very large, as the De Pauw Plate-Glass Works at Alexan- dria, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1880 there were seven States manufacturing more glass than Indiana. In 1890 only three States stood above ours in this product. The value of glass products in 1880 was $790,781. In 1892 it had risen to $2,995,409. ... In 1890 there were twenty-one glass factories valued at $3,556,- 563, and employing 3,089 men. ... In the iron and steel industry there were in 1880 nine factories with a value of $1,820,000, employing 1,740 men. In 1890 the number of factories had increased to thirteen, the value to $3,888,254. Two thousand six hundred and forty-four men re- ceived annual wages of $1,215,702. From 1890 to 1895 the growth was still more rapid. Janu- ary 1, 1895, the number of glass factories was 50 instead of 21. They were valued at $5,000,000 and employed 7,000 men, with an annual wage of $3,000,000."* Decline of the Gas Era; Culpable Waste. — It is rarely that nature has given to man a bless- ing so freely bestowed as natural gas, and if it had been properly appreciated and used with dis- cretion it would doubtless have continued its service for many years. As it was, never was a •"Natural Gas in Indiana," by Margaret Wynn; Ind. Mag. Hist., March, 1908. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 177 natural resource wasted with such senseless prodigality and with so little excuse. There was hardly a limit to the absurd uses to which it was put. The writer recalls one man who kept a big flambeau burning over his swill barrel to keep it from freezing and had arches of lights over his gates from curved perforated pipes ; nor was this eccentricity exceptional. In small towns the streets were illuminated, torch-like, by the lighted gas flowing without check from the mouths of two-inch pipes and it was no rare spectacle to see the flow from gas wells burning an immense flame, day and night. It is said that "in 1889 the average daily waste from uncapped wells alone was estimated to be 10,000,000 cubic feet" (Mar- garet Wynn). As there was no replenishing of this fuel this waste must before very long have its effect. By reason of multiplying wells and the tapping of new areas the flow steadily increased from 1886 to 1900. Since this time it has been declining. As expressed in terms of money value, it in- creased from $300,000 worth in 1886 to $7,254,- 539 in 1900, and declined to $1,702,243 in 1910 (Geol. Rept. 1911). The State geologist pro- tested against the waste long before steps were taken to check it. By the early nineties the Leg- islature adopted restrictive measures, and the office of natural gas supervisor was created, but it was too late to save the illimitable wastage which has been a dead loss to the community and which can never be regained. Natural Gas.* — The gas of the Indiana part of the field known as the Lima-Indiana has been failing for the last few years until it has gotten so weak in places that it is being replaced by gas piped into the State by the Logan Natural Gas and Fuel Company, of West Virginia. The gas is pumped into the State and reaches it with a pressure of about 125 pounds, but is reduced to a few ounces before being turned into the city lines. The following towns are using West Vir- ginia gas : Muncie, Anderson, Elwood, Alexan- dria, Fairmount, Hartford City, Marion, New Castle. Richmond, Noblesville, Tipton, Lynn and Middletown. The gas is now used mostly for domestic purposes, very little being used for manufacturing, and is sold to the consumer at from thirty cents to forty cents per thousand. While much gas is being piped into Indiana, * Thirty-ninth Annual Report Dept. of Geol. there still remain 2,295 gas wells that are produc- ing some gas and are supplying a great many of the smaller towns and the farmers on whose farms they are located. In Tipton and Howard coun- ties the Indiana Natural Gas and Oil Company has a great many wells, the gas from which is being piped to Chicago. There were sixty-four new wells drilled in the year of 1914, and 147 old wells abandoned. The Sullivan county oil field produces enough gas, in addition to that used in the field for power, to supply about eighty consumers in Sul- livan. The Oakland City oil field produces enough gas to supply Oakland City and Winslow with gas. The remaining gas wells in Indiana have an average pressure of 74.4 pounds, and the av- erage price per thousand, and for which it is sold, is $0,327. The remaining gas wells and mains, not including the plants supplied with West Virginia gas, represent an original invest- ment of about $20,000,000, but in their present condition would be worth about $1,000,000. PETROLEUM First Oil Wells; Development of the Field. — While the petroleum industry in the United States dates back to 1859 it was not begun in In- diana until 1889, when a well was sunk on the farm of D. A. Bryson, near the village of Key- stone in Wells county. This was done by a cor- poration styling itself the "Northern Indiana Oil Company" and it was the beginning of an indus- try that became one of the great ones of the State. Two years later the above-named com- pany had fifteen wells and these were multiplied by other fortune seekers, who rapidly explored and developed the paying oil area. This area. which lay northeast of the State's center and south of the Wabash was developed to 400 square miles by 1896. By 1900 it had grown to 900 square miles, and to 1,350 by 1903. The Lima-Indiana oil field for the year of 1914, pro- duced 508,987 barrels of oil from 3,796 wells: the Princeton and Oakland City field produced 151.441 barrels from 285 wells, and the Sullivan county field produced 859.500 barrels from 415 wells, making a total production for the State of 1,519.928 barrels from 4,496 wells, showing an 12 178 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA increase over the production of 1913 of 549,848 barrels. The price of oil for the last year has been such that it has not offered a very great induce- ment to oil operators to try to open any new fields, or to properly develop the old ones. There are a great many counties in Indiana which oil men think arc underlaid with oil, but they are waiting for the price to advance a little so that the chances for gain will be greater. Among other places looked upon with favor is the territory around Birdseye, Jasper county ; Gentryville, Spencer county ; Foltz, Jefferson county, and Wilkinson, Hancock county. Near Birdseye and Gentryville there were a few wells drilled a few years ago, in which there was a good showing of oil, but for the want of capital at that time there was no more drilling done. In Hancock county, the oil for several years has b:en showing up in the old gas wells, and there have been several thousand acres leased recently with the expectation of drilling deeper for oil. In Jefferson county there was a strong gas well drilled, considering its depth, near Foltz. The rock producing the gas is thought to be the Niagara limestone, which in itself may not be of much importance but may be an indication of something deeper at that point. There were a few fair oil wells drilled in Shelby county, on the west edge of the old gas field in that county. Illinois geologists claim to have traced an anti- cline southeast through eastern Illinois to the In- diana line, and Kentucky geologists claim to have traced one northwest through Kentucky to the southern Indiana line, and that being the case it is very evident that it will cross the southwest- ern corner of Indiana, covering some points al- ready mentioned as being productive of oil. In the territory mentioned, near Bruceville, in Knox county, there have been some light gas wells producing for several years. The Prince- ton field in Gibson county has been a very pro- ductive oil field ; the Oakland City and Peters- burg fields in Pike county have been producing oil for several years, and in Spencer county, near Gentryville, several years ago, one oil and one gas well were drilled which showed a fair flow of oil and a good volume of gas, but were not developed further for the want of capital at that time. While Warrick county is in line of the same anticline, no drilling has ever been done. The above counties will doubtless be developed as soon as the price of oil is sufficient to offer the proper inducement to operators. QUARRY STONE Quarrying Area. — By far the greater part of Indiana is covered by a sheet of glacial drift brought from the north and spread over the bed- rocks at varying depths. In the counties south of the glacial boundary and along the Wabash and some other streams, where erosion has cut through the drift, the bedrock out-cropping or approaching the surface is available for quarry- ing. The State has no granite, except in the form of boulders that have been transported in the glacial drift, but among the various lime- stones and sandstones certain kinds have an eco- nomic value for building, flagging, lime, whet- stones, grindstones and other uses. Building Stone; the Oolitic Limestone. — It has been said that no State in the Union pos- sesses better stone for building purposes than Indiana, and the quarry product of particular excellence for such purpose is the Oolitic lime- stone from Lawrence, Monroe and adjacent counties. It is often called "Bedford" stone, from the extensive quarries near that city. This, again, is said to have "a wider sale and more extended use than any other building stone in North America, its wide reputation being due to its general usefulness in masonry, ornamenta- tion and monuments, its abundance, the ease with which it can be quarried and dressed, its pleasing color and its durability."* The Oolitic stone in Indiana extends from Montgomery county to the Ohio river, though north of White river it largely loses its value as a building stone. In the geological report of 1874 is mention of a quarry in the southwestern part of Jackson county, and again, in 1878, we find a description of "the well-known Stockslager Oolitic quarry" of Harrison county. As an indus- try of real commercial value, which gives the stone rank as one of the important resources of the State, it is, however, chiefly identified with Lawrence, Monroe and Owen counties. This area * "The Indiana Oolitic Limestone Industry," by Raymond S. Blatchley and others; Geol. Rept. 1907. See also long treatise on the Bedford Oolitic Limestone of Indiana, by T. C. Hopkins and C. E. Siebenthal, Geol. Rept. 1896. 180 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA has been worked for many years and since the close of the civil war vast quantities of stone have been taken out. At Bedford, Lawrence county, are the largest quarries in the State and among the largest in the United States. At the northern limit of the worked field is Romona, in Owen county, and between it and Bedford are at least a dozen districts, each with its group of quarries. The output of building stone for 1912, accord- ing to the U. S. Geological Survey of Mineral Resources, was 10,442,304 cubic feet. There was a waste of fifty per cent., of which 18,000 cubic feet were turned out as crushed limestone and 8,500 cubic feet was made into lime. Quality of Oolitic Limestone. — The Oolitic stone has various merits that give it highest rank as a quarry product. Being comparatively soft when taken out of the beds it is easily sawed and dressed. It is especially adapted for ornamental work and is used extensively for monuments, rustic gateways, lawn settees and other objects calling for the exercise of the stone carver's art, its value for these purposes being enhanced by the resistance of the stone to weather. It is especially famous, however, as a building stone by reason of its workableness, appearance, weather resistance and crushing strength, its re- sistance to pressure equaling 4,500 to 7,000 pounds per square inch, as tested in experiments (Blatchley). For architectural uses it is in de- mand all over the country, notably in the con- struction of Government, State and county build- ings, libraries, churches, etc. Other Quarry Stone. — Beside the Oolitic output other stone is quarried extensively. A hard limestone known as the "Niagara," which is worked in Decatur county, is used more or less for building and bridge purposes. This same stone, where thinly bedded, is especially adapted for flagging and curbs and is quarried for that purpose in several localities, notably near Laurel, in Franklin county. Sandstone of excellent quality for building purposes exists in a number of the western and southwestern coun- ties from Warren to the Ohio river.* What is known as the "Mansfield" sandstone is a fine dark-brown stone adapted for house fronts and for cornices and lintels for brick buildings. Gray and buff sandstones are also * For treatise and map see Geol. Rept. 1896. quarried for building purposes, but the sandstone field, about 175 miles in length, considered as a commercial resource, is but imperfectly devel- oped. Lime Industry. — A very important product from certain limestones of the State is the lime of commerce, the chief use of which is for mortar and plaster for building. It is also used in the tanning, glass-making, paper-making and cement industries, and for various other purposes. Good stone for lime-making is quarried and so utilized in various parts of the State from Clark and Crawford counties on the Ohio to Huntington on the upper Wabash. THE CLAYS OF INDIANA A natural resource closely allied to the rocks is clay in its various forms, and few, if any, out- rank this one in usefulness. To quote Geologist Blatchley : "No mineral resource of the earth has been longer used or has been made into such various products for the benefit of the human race," and it has figured in the manufactures of the world from the rude utensils of prehistoric races to the multiplied uses of the present day. A list of these uses would include domestic wares, architectural material, draining tile, sewer tile, flue linings, fire brick, ornamental tile and pot- tery, and other articles too numerous to mention. The clays used in the industries vary in value according to purity, fineness, plasticity and other qualities, and those in Indiana are adapted to a variety of manufactures, from common brick and draining tile to pottery and ornamental terra- cotta. The common yellow clay, used for the cheaper building bricks and draining tiles, is found and utilized all over the State, but the finer kinds are in the western counties and run the length of the State. The geological report of 1906 (the last one to consider this subject) states that "the clays of Indiana rank in value next to coal and petroleum among the natural resources of the State," but adds that "even yet but few of the main deposits are being worked, and there is room for five times as many factories as are now in operation. According to the census report of 1910, there were then thirty-one Indiana estab- lishments engaged in the manufacture of pot- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 181 tery, terra-cotta and fire-clay products, and these gave employment to 2,373 persons. The value of the products amounted to $2,965,768." GLASS-SAND Sand for the manufacture of glass is a natural resource of considerable importance in Indiana, as there were, in 1910, forty-four glass factories in the State representing an investment of more than thirteen million dollars and an output in one year valued at $11,593,094. In glass-making sand of a certain quality is used in large quan- tities, and as transportation is an expensive item the proximity of the material to the factories is a factor in locating the industry. This sand may be loose or in the form of sandstone, in which latter case it is crushed and prepared for use. Our best loose sand is on the shore of Lake Michigan, at Michigan City, in a huge dune, or sand hill, which is practically unlimited in quantity. The best in the rock form is in the formation known as Mansfield sandstone, which extends down the west side of the State, and is available inexhaust- ibly from Fountain county to the Ohio river. There are several plants established for crushing, screening and otherwise converting this rock into the sand of commerce, but we find no statistics of the industry.* CEMENT Cement Material; "Natural" Cement. — In 1906 State Geologist Blatchley said : "No min- eral industry in the United States has grown more rapidly during the last fifteen years than that of the manufacture of Portland cement." Indiana has shared in that industry, her output rapidly increasing in recent years until in 1910 it was valued at $7,022,000 (U. S. Census), while the material for the manufacture of cement exists in the State in practically unlimited quan- tity. The constituents of cement are carbonate of lime and clay — about 78 per cent, of the former and 22 per cent, of the latter being the propor- tions when artificially mixed in the product known as "Portland" cement. In some rocks both these elements exist and in such proportion that a very fair cement may be made by the sim- ple process of burning in a kiln and grinding to a dust. Great beds of such rock are to be found in Clark, Floyd and other counties along the Ohio river, and the "natural rock" or "hydraulic" cement, as it is called, has been manufactured in Clark county for many years. The product known to the trade as the "Louisville" cement was put out in the year 1890 to the extent of more than a million and a half barrels, and by 1899 this had increased to nearly three million barrels. With the development of the "Port- land" industry, however, the demand for the natural rock production fell off and it now has, at best, a very minor place on the market. Portland Cement. — In the Portland cement as distinguished from the natural rock the clay and the lime element are mixed artificially, thus securing a more perfect proportion with a su- perior cement as a result. The process was in- troduced by one Joseph Aspdin, Leeds, England, in 1824, and he bestowed the name "Portland" because of the resemblance of the cement to the Portland oolitic building stone. It was first made in Indiana at South Bend, in 1877-8, and this is said to have been the first successful manu- facture of artificial cement in the United States (Geol. Rept. 1900, p. 24). The lime for Portland cement may be had from two sources — limestone and marl, in both of which Indiana is rich. The abundance of limestone has been already touched upon in the sections on "Quarry Stone." The marl deposits are found in the lake region of the State in the beds of existing or extinct lakes, the supply being practically inexhaustible. An extensive survey of the lakes and study of their marls, made in 1899 and 1900, revealed not less than thirty-two deposits extensive enough to justify the erection of cement plants, and these would probably be multiplied with the improvement of facilities for getting at the deeper beds. The lime in marl, ac- cording to one theory, has been a long, slow de- posit from the waters of springs that well up in the lakes.* One advantage of marl over limestone in the manufacturing process is that the labor of crush- ing is obviated. On the other hand there is a * For chapter on the "Glass Sands of Indiana," by State Geologist Barrett, see report of 1913. * For a long treatise on "The Lakes of Northern Indiana and Their Associated Marl Deposits," hy W. S. Blatchley and Geo. H. Ashley, see Geol. Rept. 1900. 182 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA vast amount of wastage in the quarrying and dressing of limestones for building purposes, and this wastage makes a cheap and convenient by- product for cement manufacture. In a list of eight factories that were operating in 19C6, three used marl and five used various kinds of lime- stone. The largest factory, located at Mitchell, Lawrence county, with a capacity of 5,000 bar- rels per day, used "Mitchell" limestone with knobstone shale as clay. The largest marl fac- tor)-, equal to 1,800 barrels per day, was at Syra- cuse, Kosciusko county. Uses of Cement. — The uses to which Port- land cement is put, continually multiplying, are almost beyond enumeration. One of the con- spicuous uses is for concrete sidewalks, the mileage of which is becoming immense. Con- crete highways for country travel are likewise coming into service. For building purposes it is becoming a formidable rival of wood, stone and brick. For massive work, such as bridges, abut- ments, piers, etc., it is, to no small degree, super- seding stone, and it is taking the place of wood in scores, if not hundreds, of articles. The limit is by no means yet reached and, in brief, the cement resources of the State are destined to be productive of great wealth, as there is op- portunity for a vast expansion of the industry as the demand for this useful article increases. OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES Iron. — Indiana does not rank high as an iron producing State, though that is not because she is lacking in this resource. On the contrary, the Department of Geology and Natural Re- sources lists no less than thirty-two counties as having iron ore in sufficient quantity to be of economic importance.* Eighteen of these are in the region of the lakes and the Kankakee river, where bog iron is found, and the others lie west and southwest, with Martin and Greene counties leading. In former years the iron industry for home needs was rather extensively developed, but in time other localities with better facilities and, perhaps, better grades of ore closed the business in Indiana. The first plant for smelting and working iron in this State was built by A. M. Hurd in St. Joseph county, where Mishawaka now stands, in 1834. Here a variety of articles for pioneer use were manufactured and the establishment had a wide patronage and a prosperous career. Other plants in other localities followed. Four- teen blast furnaces are mentioned by Geologist Blatchley, of which he says: "Most of them have long since gone to ruin, and of those still standing the last one went out of blast in 1893." The cause he assigns is that the ore in general "is too silicious to compete with the richer hema- tites of the Lake Superior, Missouri, Tennessee and Georgia regions." Nevertheless it is main- tained that there is a promising future for the abandoned Indiana ores, interest in which must be revived by the establishment at Gary of a system of blast furnaces and iron mills that rank among the greatest in the United States. Peat. — While peat has thus far played but little part in the economic development of this State, it has no small value as a fuel and will undoubtedly be utilized in time. It has long been used in Europe and is now used in many places in the United States. Peat is a product of vegetation growing in water, and is defined as "a moist, spongy and par- tially carbonized vegetable matter." When dug out and dried it is inflammable, burning easily as a fuel, and, when used in a specially con- structed stove, is very desirable for domestic purposes. A peat factory molds the material into compact "briquettes." It has less heating value than coal, but in many regions where peat exists lack of transportation facilities makes coal ex- pensive, and with the depletion of the wood sup- ply there is every reason why peat should take its place, as it has done in other countries. The lake region of northern Indiana is rich in peat beds and a study of the peat area takes in about 7,500 square miles. It has been esti- mated that peat "briquettes" can be manufac- tured at a cost of about eighty-six cents per ton.* Mineral Paint Rocks and Clays. — These are certain shales and clays used for making the "mineral paints," such as umber, sienna, ochre, etc. Abundant deposits exist in the State and have been worked somewhat in Vigo, Owen, Greene, Martin and Dubois counties, and per- * See "The Iron Ore Deposits of Indiana," Shannon. Geol. Rept. 1906. hy Chas. W. * See "Peat Deposits of Northern Indiana," hy Arthur E. Taylor. Geol. Rept. 1906. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 183 haps elsewhere, but the industry seems thus far to have developed but feebly. Medicinal Waters. — The medicinal waters of Indiana are a more important asset than is gen- erally supposed. A study of this resource by the Department of Geology, published in 1901, dis- closed that there were eighty springs and eighty- six wells yielding medicinal waters, distributed throughout fifty-two counties of the State. A few of these are much better known than others, not because of the superiority of their waters, but because they have been made resorts and have been widely advertised. Medicinal water has been discovered in many localities by deep borings for natural gas or oil, and for that reason the number of wells now exceed the known springs. The waters vary in their chemical constituents, but are classified under the four heads of Alka- line, Saline, Chalybeate and Neutral or Indiffer- ent. Of these, chalybeate springs, or iron springs, are the most common and the saline waters are most used for medicinal purposes. Dyspepsia, gout, rheumatism, obesity, skin diseases, and stomach, kidney and bowel troubles are among the ailments that are supposed to be helped by these waters. There is a large trade in bottled waters shipped for home consumption, but the curative fame of mineral waters has been built up li\ -anatoriums and resorts at the springs or wells where the patients combine plentiful con- sumption with a system of bathing. A number of these sanatoriums exist in differ- ent parts of the State. Precious Metals and Stones. — Gold and dia- monds in Indiana can hardly be considered as a "natural resource," but it is interesting to know that both are found here, and, the gold especially, over a much wider area than is generally sup- posed. In fact, more than once, the Hoosiers have experienced a gold excitement, and to the present day local gold hunters have the abiding fever and expect some time to discover rich strikes. To one who puts faith in the science of geol- ogy, however, such hope is dispelled. No rocks in Indiana are either gold- or gem-bearing and our limited supply has come with the glacial drift from the far north. The rocks containing them, deposited here and there, have in the 184 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA course of long weathering, set free their precious but scant burdens. These deposits have been re- ported from Brown, Cass, Dearborn, Franklin, Greene, Jackson, Jefferson, Jennings, Montgom- ery, Morgan, Ohio, Putnam, Vanderburg and Warren counties, and in at least two of these — ■ Brown and Morgan — it has been sought with zeal. Only a few years since a company was organized for sluicing in Morgan county, and the promoters carried about with them specimens of their finds ; but, like preceding companies, this one went glimmering. As early as 1850, gold was "discovered" in the State, and in the sixties there was quite a little flurry over finds in Brown county,* and ever since then, perhaps, men have * The late John Richards, a pioneer of Brown county who lived on Bear creek, some years ago told the writer of leasing part of the creek bed to a syndicate from Indianapolis, who pro- ceeded to put up "the biggest and best flume ever built in Brown made their living washing out dust from the sand in the creek beds. One old gold washer, "Uncle" John Merriman, claimed that he could average $1.25 per day during the panning season. The largest nugget he ever found weighed 132 grains, and was worth $5.50. As he was old at the business and correspondingly adept his findings may be accepted as about the maximum return for gold-hunting in this State. In the search for gold occasional diamonds have been found, but usually too small to be cut. There is record, or tradition, rather, of two found years ago that sold respectively for $50 and $75. Other precious stones have been found, but few, if any, of commercial value.* county." Just as they finished this flume a heavy storm and freshet tore it out and swept it away in pieces — to the utter dis- couragement of the builders. This was probably in the sixties. * See Geol. Repts. 1888 and 1901. CHAPTER XVII MANUFACTURES Growth of Manufactures. — As stated in a previous chapter the manufacturing industries of Indiana were almost negligible during the earlier decades, the general conditions being a fatal handicap. By 1850, these conditions began to change, and with that change the manufactur- made possible the development of natural re- sources. Practically the impetus begins with the incoming of the railroad,* and the growth of the railroad system and the general industrial move- ment have gone abreast. Industrial Statistics. — By the census returns Convent of Sisters of St. Francis, Oldenburg, Franklin County. ing era set in. In 1849, the total value of the manufacturing output was $18,725,000. By 1869 it had increased to $100,000,000, and by 1909 to $579,075,000. Within those years the State ad- vanced from fourteenth to ninth place in the Union, and from the employment of 14,440 wage- earners, representing 1.5 per cent, of the total population, as estimated in 1850, we have for the 1910 estimate 186,984 employes, amounting to 6.9 per cent, of the population. This growth it attributed by a census writer to the variotis natural resources of the State, but, as a matter of fact, the greatest of all factors, perhaps, has been improved transportation service which has of 1910, $508,717,000 were invested in manufac- turing industries in Indiana. There were 7,187 establishments, classified under fifty-five sepa- rate industries, besides 772 that were unclassi- fied. The most important of these, as estimated by the capital invested were, in the order named. the iron industries, foundry and machine shop products, carriages and wagons, artificial gas, ag- ricultural implements, lumber and timber prod- ucts, automobiles, furniture, and flour and grist * It must be remembered, however, that prior to the railroad era the Wabash and Erie and Whitewater canals played their parts in developing their respective sections. 185 186 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND I lAXDIH >< >K OF INDIANA mill products. These leading industries repre- sent investments ranging from $47,781,000 for iron industries, to $15,857,000 for the output of flour and grist mills. Of the total capital in- volved about one-third is invested in the five lead- ing cities — Indianapolis, South Bend, Ft. Wayne, Evansville and Terre Haute, these decreasing in the order named. Indianapolis is far in the lead with $76,497,000. Its largest industry is that of foundry and machine products. South Bend leads in the manufacture of carriages and wagons with a capital of $17,442,000, which is far in excess of any other one local industrial invest- ment. Evansville leads in furniture. The ten leading manufacturing cities, other than the five already named, are in the order of their investments : Hammond, Mishawaka, Richmond, Anderson, Michigan City, Muncie, Laporte, Elkhart, East Chicago and Elwood. Out of the State's total population of 2,700,- 873 in 1910, the manufactures gave employment to 208,263 persons, including wage-earners and employers. Compared with agriculture, as an industrial factor, the latter still leads. The num- ber of persons employed on farms as owners, tenants or managers in 1909 was 215,485. This does not include many others who follow agri- cultural occupations. CHAPTER XVIII AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENT Comparative Agricultural Values. — It is safe to say that whatever the manufacturing and commercial future of Indiana may be, it will always take high rank as an agricultural State. The quality and amount of its cultivable soil in- sures that. Among all the States of the Union Indiana. Ohio. Illinois and Iowa rank highest in the percentage of land area in farms and in the average price per acre. In the first — the amount of farm land compared with total area — Iowa ranks first with 95.4 per cent. Indiana and Ohio, coming next, are almost a tie. the former having 92.3 and latter 92.5 per cent. In the average value of farm lands Illinois comes first with $95.02 per acre, Iowa follows with $82.58 and Indiana comes third with $62.36. This valuation includes land, buildings, implements and live stock, and the land value alone of Indiana ex- ceeds that of Ohio, being $1,328,196,545. Statistics of the State. — The approximate total area of Indiana is 23,068.800 acres. Of this 21,299,823 acres are in farm lands and 16,931,252 acres are classed as "improved." The average size of farms is 98.8 acres.* The im- proved acreage has about doubled since the Civil war, and the total number of farms now is 215,485. During the period named the greatest land increase was prior to 1880, it dropping thereafter to a small per cent., but the increase in values has been phenomenal since 1900. As against the present average acreage value of $62.36 the value in 1900 was $31.81, the increase being 96 per cent. Distribution of Values. — Land values in In- diana range from ten or fifteen dollars per acre to a hundred and twenty-five or more. The best land, as measured by selling value, is represented by a block of counties stretching across the cen- tral and north-central parts of the State, reach- ing as far south as Johnson. Shelby and Rush, and as far north as Newton, Miami and Wabash. Of this block Marion and Benton counties rank * The average size of farms steadily decreased from 1850 to 1900, it being in the first-named year 136.2 acres, and in the lat- ter 97.4 acres. In 1910, for the first time, there is shown a tend- ency to increase. highest, the latter, presumably, because of its superior soil, and the former because of Indi- anapolis and its influence on values. The north- ern tiers of counties run uniformly from fifty to seventy-five dollars per acre, with the exception of Starke, Pulaski and Steuben, which rank lower. The Wabash valley, from Parke to Posey, runs from fifty to seventy-five dollars; a stretch a little farther east, extending from Put- nam to Warrick and Spencer on the Ohio river are twenty-five to fifty dollars, and most of the southeast corner of the State are valued at the same figure. The cheapest land reaches from Monroe and Brown to Perry and Harrison, on the Ohio, and Jefferson and Switzerland are also included in this class. The value is placed at ten to twenty-five dollars per acre, though it is prob- able that but little land in the State is sold at the ten-dollar figure.* Crops and Their Distribution. — Among the crops raised in Indiana we find twenty-one dif- ferent kinds that are important enough to be considered by the State Department of Statistics in its last biennial report (1913-14). These are: Corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, water- melons, cantaloupes, apples, berries, potatoes, onions, tobacco, tomatoes, timothy, clover, al- falfa, prairie hay, millet, cow peas and soy beans. Com. — Of these, as measured by acreage and yield, corn is far in the lead ; the acreage, as com- pared with wheat, which ranks next, running from about one to three millions more. The total yield of the corn crop for 1913 was 161.276,315 bushels. The ten leading counties as to total yield were Tippecanoe, Benton, Rush, White, Clinton, Allen, Boone, Shelby, Madison and Montgomery; though for the average yield per acre Tipton leads the State with an average in 1913 of 57.69 bushels per acre. Some of the river counties, like Knox, have spots that yield phenomenally, but do not hold up when it comes to a total estimate. Statistics show that corn is grown on nearly nine-tenths of the farms oi the State, but what may be called the "corn belt" * From charts and tables of Thirteenth Census. 187 188 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA occupies the central part of the State from Wayne to Vigo, and from Shelby and Johnson to the upper Wabash region. Wheat. — In wheat the State seems to be fall- ing off, the acreage being less in 1912 than any time in eight years. It was nearly two millions less than it was in 1899. The leading wheat sec- tions run up the Wabash from Posey to Sulli- van ; Dubois and Floyd, in the south, are good counties, as are Shelby, Johnson, Rush, Bartholo- mew, Hendricks and Marion in the central belt. Among the northern counties Noble, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Whitley, Grant, Wabash, Miami, De- kalb, Carroll, Cass, Howard, Benton, Boone and Clinton all take rank. In 1913 Miami led with an average yield of 22.71 bushels and Posey with a total yield of 1,143,264 bushels. In the average per acre we find the ten leading counties are all in the northern group just specified, from which it may be concluded that our true wheat belt ex- tends across the State from Clinton on the south to Kosciusko and Dekalb on the north. Oats and Rye. — Next to corn and wheat, as considered by acreage, comes oats, of which there has been a slow but steady increase for the last thirty-five years. The best oats region coincides with our best wheat country, being the north- central counties. Rye has long been a minor crop, but is on the increase, the average in 1913 amounting to 207,680 acres. The northern counties produce the most, as they do of barley, which is also a crop of minor importance. Hay. — The farmers of the State devote con- siderable acreage to forage crops other than corn fodder, such as timothy, clover, alfalfa, cow peas and soy beans. Timothy leads in acreage and yield, the production being tolerably uniform for the last twelve or fifteen years, with an an- nual yield somewhat exceeding a million tons. Clover comes next in tonnage, and both these hays thrive best in the northern counties. Al- falfa is at present regarded as a coming crop and has been steadily increasing since 1909, the acre- age in 1913 being 36,624, scattered over counties both north and south. Cow peas and soy beans seem to thrive best in the southern section, Knox being the leading county in these productions. The total yield for 1913 was 79,317 tons. Be- sides the above crops considerable wild or prairie hay is harvested and seems to be increasing year by year, 90,143 tons for 1913 being in excess of any previous year given in the statistics. The wild hay counties lie both north and south, but the leading section is in the northwest part of the state. Potatoes, Onions and Tomatoes. — The potato crop is on the decrease, as shown by the returns for the last thirteen years, the production within that period diminishing almost one-half. The yield for 1913 was 3,137,228 bushels. This crop does best in the northern counties, as does the onion crop, which in Indiana runs considerably over a million bushels a year. The tomato crop is increasing, a yield of 125,224 tons in 1913 being larger than ever be- fore. Tipton county takes the lead. The crop is raised chiefly for the canning factories. Melons. — A crop of growing importance, par- ticularly in the lower Wabash counties, is that of melons. In 1913 there were, altogether, 8,057 acres devoted to this product, the average value per acre of which was $62.83. For both water- melons and cantaloupes, Knox, Gibson and Posey counties stand at the head, and their cantaloupes are said to be famed as far east as New York and as far west as Colorado. Apples. — In orchard fruit, particularly apples, Indiana, which once produced a superior quality, suffered decadence because of the inroads of orchard enemies and the neglect to wage an intel- ligent warfare against such enemies. Of recent years there has been a revival of interest ; apple- growing by scientific orcharding has been pro- moted, especially in the southern hill counties, where land is at once cheap and adapted to fruit, and the results have been shown at apple exhibits held annually at Indianapolis the last three or four years. These exhibits compare well with those of the famous fruit districts of Washington and Oregon. If our fruit is somewhat inferior in size and showiness, it is superior in flavor, and the verdict of those who have investigated is that Indiana land costing twenty-five dollars or less per acre will make as good return to the investor as will Hood River or Yakima land at five hun- dred dollars an acre — providing, of course, the same care is expended as is necessary there. Tobacco. — We hardly think of Indiana as be- ing a tobacco State, yet it produced in 1913 no less than 10,049,280 pounds. The tobacco "belt" is, of course, chiefly in the southern part of the £ "■ r rt n vo ^>^S! o. Ks 3' 11 lil « 3 3 IS 1 II c < o o o o o o o o o o o s — a * w « o o o o OQ X a s a 31 < o o o o o ■* - « » B 2 r» n 3 o ■-^ H w *i 3 r Sl> 3 O. en M< ', ^% 3 < D. SRsfisg 3 Si $8833$ P vfiw'JoC IT Ms&Sv •< o o \ 5S 11 r> 190 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA State, but counties as far north as Tippecanoe and Grant figure in statistics, and Randolph is one of the ten best. Live Stock. — Indiana as a live stock State takes high rank. Horses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry represent the animal industries important enough to be considered by the State Department of Statistics. From the beginning of the State's history hogs have been far in excess of every other animal product. Ever since the statistics have been kept the number on hand each year has been a million and a half to two millions, the statistics for 1914 giving 1,992,819. The loss from disease is a heavy tax on the industry, running into the hun- dreds of thousands each year. In 1911, 1912 and 1913 it averaged about a half million a year. The greatest number of hogs are raised in a belt cut- ting east and west through the central part of the State, with Rush in the lead, with 56,016 head on hand January 1, 1914. Cattle, in number of head, rank next to hogs, the returns for 1913 showing 1,076,033 on hand .March 1. Of these 40,954,419 were dairy cattle, the figures showing beef cattle to be considerably in excess. The leading counties for milk cows and dairy products are those running across the north part of the State, though Hamilton and Marion rank high, and Ripley in the south is in- cluded among the "ten best." Allen leads. The production of horses and mules has in- creased year by year, that of 1914 exceeding any previous year, being 646,846 horses and 82,575 mules. The best horse counties lie in the north, but the best mule counties are in the southern part of the State, with Posey decidedly in the lead. The cheaper hill lands of the southern coun- ties would seem to be the logical section for sheep grazing, but all the leading counties lie north, with Lagrange and Steuben leading. The statis- tics for fourteen years show that the sheep in- dustry has been steadily declining. In 1900 there were 932,856, with a wool clip of 4,537,975 pounds. By 1914 the number had fallen to 481,075. Perhaps the mortality from disease among sheep has had something to do with the decline. The yearly loss between the years speci- fied has ranged from 27,610 in 1913 to 83,754 in 1901. The sheer loss in 1913 equaled $116,874. \\ hen we consider poultry and eggs the figures loom up large. In 1910 there were reported a total of 13,789,109 fowls, valued at $7,762,015. Of these 13,216,024 were chickens. There were 202,977 turkeys, 121,306 ducks, 139,087 geese and 57,433 guinea fowls. The increase during the ten preceding years was 15.4 per cent, and the increase of value 83.8 per cent., these increases being in chickens. The egg production is given as 80,755,437 dozens, valued at $15,287,205. The best poultry counties lie in the north, tin mgh Ripley is classed among the ten that stand highest. Allen and Kosciusko lead. ORGANIZATION OF FARMERS The "Grange." — In 1867 a movement to or- ganize the farmers of the United States for the purpose of protecting themselves commercially was initiated by Oliver Hudson Keller, of Wash- ington. The organization effected, known as the "National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry," became, within a few years, the greatest that had ever been promoted in this country in behalf of the agricultural classes. Subordinate associa- tions, called State Granges, sprang up, and by 1874 there were upward of 21,000 of these, with a total membership of about 700.003. Tbe central idea of the order was co-operation in selling and buying, with a view to eliminating the profits of the middleman, and. especially, the unrighteous gains of the speculator and mon- opolist who preyed off the labor of the producer. The Grange established co-operative elevators, warehouses, flour mills and purchasing agencies, and through these it effected a material saving to its members. After 1874 the popularity of the order, for some reason or other, declined as rap- idly as it had risen.* By 1880 it had dropped entirely out of public notice, and for ten years little was heard of it. Then it began to recover on a sounder basis that was better thought out. At present it exists in thirty-one States, one of which is Indiana. The movement in Indiana was part of the wider movement as above sketched, and was or- ganized at Terre Haute, February 28, 1872, un- der the direction of O. H. Kelley.t The exact present status of the order we are unable to * It has been said that this decline was "but the inevitable re- action from too sudden popularity." f Terre Haute Daily Gazette, March 1, 1872. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 191 gather from the reports that are issued, but in 1912 we find it stated that since 1911 there had been an increase of 1,500 members and an addi- tion of twelve new local granges within the State. The year preceding September 20, 1914, there were added eight new granges and something like 600 members. Farmers' Institutes. — March 9, 1889, an act was passed by the Legislature providing for county institutes. By this law it was made the duty of "the Committee of Experimental Agri- culture and Horticulture of the Board of Trus- tees, together with the faculty of the School of Agriculture of Purdue University, to appoint be- fore November first of each year suitable per- sons to hold in the several counties of this State, between the first day of November and the first day of April of each year, county institutes for the purpose of giving to farmers and others in- terested therein instructions in agriculture, horti- culture, agricultural chemistry and economic en- tomology." This law continues in operation and has been a great educative and organizing influence among the farmers of the State. In each county is ap- pointed a local head or county chairman, who assumes responsibility for the meetings of that county, and to supply these meetings, held over the various counties, something like a hundred institute speakers are secured. These include practical farmers, horticulturists, stockmen and specialists of the Purdue Agricultural Experi- ment station. Of late years, in addition to the subjects of the original programs, attention is given to domestic science for the women and girls, to young people's contests in farm produc- tions, and to boys' and girls' clubs. Throughout the United States these farmers' institutes are increasing and broadening their scope of work. In the season of 1909-10 (the latest figures we have) there were held in Indiana 354 meetings, or 1.218 sessions, at a cost of about ten thousand dollars. All counties of the State were included in the system. PRESENT AGRICULTURAL TEND- ENCIES ' >f recent years agricultural conditions in In- diana have been undergoing changes. From a largely preponderating rural population that has formerly prevailed that population has decreased not only in its ratio to the urban population but actually. Between 1900 and 1910 there was a sheer loss of 96,732.* This must be accounted for, in large part, by the drifting from the country to the cities, but another factor undoubtedly is the seeking of cheaper lands in the newer States, f As a coun- ter-balance to this reduction of the farming pop- ulation the wider introduction of labor-saving machinery and other facilities has reduced the necessity for manual labor. The shifting of the population city-ward seems not to have affected production, and it may be accounted for in part by decreased need for farm labor. "Back to the Soil" Movement. — On the other hand there is a certain "back to the soil" move- ment of which we see frequent mention, but a study of this movement over the country at large by George K. Holmes, of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, shows that in character it is by no means an equivalent for the exodus from the farms, and would not be even if the interchanging elements were equal in number. Those who are turning country-ward are not as a rule experienced farmers, and Mr. Holmes, after collecting data from forty-five thousand crop cor- respondents, classifies them as follows : Those \\ ho move to the country but hold to their occu- pations in town ; those who occupy their farms when the season suits and go back to the town in winter; those who take to the soil as an escape from city conditions and the hard struggle for existence there ; merchants and many others who, having failed in the city, fancy they can succeed in the country ; those who, having forsaken the country in their youth, fondly return to it as a matter of sentiment after they have spent their lives making money elsewhere ; and, finally, the moneyed man indulging in a fad or luxury, who spends lavishly on his country place, upsets the wage scale of the neighborhood and operates as a disturbing influence generally. This study of Mr. Holmes applies to Indiana as elsewhere, and it is obvious that none of the classes he specifies contributes very largely to agriculture as a serious pursuit. It should be added that a factor in the situation is the inter- * This is not all an agricultural loss, however, as "rural" | lation includes those in town? of less than 2.500. t Interstate migration works both ways, but in tl><' shifting process Indiana has lost 100,000 more than she has gain shown by the census charts. 192 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA urban electric railway, which has brought city and country into far closer touch than formerly and has, to a large degree, shorn the country of its old-time unattractive isolation. Tenantry. — The tables show that farm ten- antry in Indiana is increasing. In 1880 twenty- four out of every hundred farms were operated by tenants. In 1910 it stood at thirty per cent., with a marked increase in favor of cash tenantry. The heaviest percentage of tenantry is in the northwest part of the State. The Scientific Impulse; State Aid. — As a general proposition tenantry means agricultural deterioration, and Mr. Holmes' list of amateur farmers as cited above would also seem to imply deterioration in this pursuit ; but as opposed to this we find that to-day, as never before, there is a tendency toward improved methods of farm- ing, based on scientific instruction. There is a distinctive movement in this direction ; new edu- cational influences are at work, and an increas- ing number of the younger farmers are equipped for the business by courses in the agricultural colleges. The State agricultural school, Purdue University, is an important factor in this im- pulse. Not only does it offer the regular four- years' course in the science of agriculture, but it also conducts various special short courses of which the farmers and their families can take advantage in the more leisurely seasons at small expense. This covers two features which the university bulletin designates as a Winter School and a Farmers' Short Course. The work of the first "consists of lectures and laboratory exer- cises arranged to meet the needs of farmers and home-makers," and its object is to "help young men and women to produce better corn and live stock, better milk and butter and better fruit, and to make better homes and at the same time to secure a greater profit from the time, money and energy expended. The Farmers' Short Course is "designed to meet the needs of busy farmers" by a definite plan of study outlined to cover a period of one week in January of each year. This is an extension course and, in the form of lectures, is carried into the counties that wish to take advan- tage of it. Under a "vocational education" act approved February 22, 1913, provision was made for a "County Agent," to be appointed by Purdue Uni- versity upon petition of twenty or more residents of a county who are actively interested in agri- culture. The duties of this agent are, under the supervision of Purdue, "to co-operate with farm- ers' institutes, farmers' clubs and other organiza- tions, conduct practical farm demonstrations, boys' and girls' clubs and contest work, and other movements for the advancement of agriculture and country life, and to give advice to farmers on practical farm problems, and aid the county superintendent of schools and the teachers in giving practical education in agriculture and do- mestic science." By the statistician's report of 1914 there were twenty agents appointed in as many counties, and they are a pronounced stimu- lus to the farming communities. One feature of the work is the organization of "county tours" in which all who wish to join drive over the county, visiting selected farms for a field study of crops or the inspection of live stock or farm improve- ments. These prearranged trips are usually made by auto, and are led by the agent, accompanied, perhaps, by a Purdue specialist who lectures upon the particular subject in hand. An idea of the interest aroused by these trips is conveyed by the report of 1914, which, summing up the results of the "alfalfa campaign" alone, over twenty counties, states that "a total of 613 auto- mobiles participated in the tour, carrying 3,184 people. Two hundred and eighty-seven farms were visited, inspecting 2,080 acres of alfalfa. One hundred fourteen meetings were held, with a total attendance of 12,951. A grand total of 16,135 people were reached." Social Status of Farmers. — Within the easy memory of middle-aged men there has been a marked change in the status of the average, rep- resentative farmer. Not only is the uncouth backwoodsman of whom Eggleston wrote ex- tinct, but the rustic Hoosier whom Riley pictured in his earlier days is, to say the least, vastly modi- fied. Various educational influences — a universal free school system, the ubiquitous newspaper and farm paper, and other cheap periodicals, farm- ers' institutes, granges, clubs and other organiza- tions — in fact, influences too numerous to easily trace, have done their work to a degree that is very noticeable to any first-hand observer. The literary copyist who to-day goes nosing in ob- scure places in search of the time-honored "Hoosier characters" is somewhat amusing as a CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 193 man behind the times who does not yet realize that the present type, while retaining all the old- time shrewdness, humor, raciness and fellowship, has developed new qualities that present a new field for the character delineator. The typical farmer of to-day is well informed and in intelli- gent touch with the wider affairs of the world. He is coming to be a conscious part of the great social movements. Financially he thrives better than he once did, and he lives better. The "mod- ern" house in the country is not uncommon ; the rural telephone service is all but universal ; more automobiles are sold to farmers, it is said, than to any other class. The spread of the interurban service has also been a great modifying factor in rural life in promoting a freer touch with urban life, and the social differences between city and country people are becoming obliterated. ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS The State Seal. — The origin of the State seal of Indiana is involved in obscurity and has, from time to time, been a subject for discussion. In the first constitution we find it provided that "there shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and shall be used by him officially, and shall be called the seal of the State of Indiana." On the 13th of December, 1816, the first Legislature enacted that "the Gov- ernor of this State be and he is hereby authorized to provide a seal and also a press for this State, and that a sum not exceeding one hundred dol- lars be and is hereby appropriated for that pur- pose, to be paid out of any money in the treas- ury not otherwise appropriated." In the House Journal of 1816 the proposed seal is discussed and the design of it is thus defined : "A for- est and a woodman felling a tree, a buffalo leaving the forest and fleeing through the plain to a distant forest, and the sun setting in the west, with the word Indiana." It will be noted that while most of the features existing in the seal are specifically described in the above, no men- tion whatever is made of mountains, which are manifestly incongruous in an Indiana seal. These mountains have been variously explained as the Alleghanies, the Rockies and as "the hills lying east of Vincennes," while the orb beyond them has been both the rising and the setting sun — the emblem of a rising prosperity and of empire taking its way westward. The House Journal "specifications" say "the sun setting in the west." There are reasons for suspecting that the de- sign did not originate with the Legislature of 1816, but was borrowed, and this turns out to be true, for on a slavery petition in the archives at Washington, dated 1802, is an imprint of the seal of Indiana Territory, which has the same general features as the present emblem — the woodman cutting a tree and the buffalo, sun and moun- tains, with the word "Indiana" on a scroll in the branches of the tree. A reprint of the document, with a description of the seal, may be found in the publications of the Indiana Historical So- ciety, Volume II, pp. 461-469. Discussing the subject there Mr. J. P. Dunn argues that the de- vice was ordered in the east and brought to the new territory by either Governor Harrison or John Gibson, the territorial secretary. Nearly twenty years ago the Legislature under- took to ascertain the origin of the seal and the authority of the device, because of the various and different forms in use, whereas it was de- sirable that the public business of the State should have a well-defined and legally author- ized seal. R. S. Hutcher, the leading clerk of the Senate in 1895, an expert in such studies, was appointed a special commissioner to investigate the matter and learn whether the State "has any legalized, authorized great seal." The result of Mr. Hutcher's investigation was but to prove that little or nothing could be known. There was even no record to show that the design agreed upon by the two houses in 1816 had ever been formally adopted. Hutcher recommended that a more definite seal be established by legislative action, but no such action was taken.* — G. S. C. * The humoristic editor of the Rushville Republican some years ago thus described the seal: "It exhibits a woodman, in short pants and G. A. R. hat, hack- ing at a tree, one of his hands grasping the end of the ax-handle while the other clutches it close up to the butt, in the way weak woman splits kindling. A hornless Poland-China buffalo is fly- ing from the awful sight with a despairing gesture from a tail 13 194 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA The Word "Hoosier." — The origin of the word "Hoosier" as a nickname for the Indiana resident has long been a matter of discussion. John Finley, of Richmond, has been credited with introducing the term into print by his poem, "The Hoosier's Nest," first published as a "carrier's address" in the Indianapolis Journal for the New Year's issue, January 1, 1833.* Recently, how- ever, I have found an earlier usage. The Indiana Palladium, of Lawrenceburg, in its issue of July 30, 1831, in a farcical skit describing Noah Noble as horse in the political race, uses the expression : "He . . . may be called a 'Hoosher'." A number of stories about the origin of the word have been current for many years, some of them being absurd and none of them tenable. The best study of the question, and the only one making any pretense to thoroughness, is a mono- graph by J. P. Dunn, published in volume iv of the Indiana Historical Collections. Mr. Dunn's study practically proves that it is not a chance word at all. but one with antecedents that, prob- ably, reach far back in the English language ; which was long used in the south to denote cer- tain uncouth characteristics, and which was im- ported hither as descriptive of an element of our early population. This would seem to be borne out by early newspaper references ; as, for ex- ample, a correspondent in the Madison Republi- can and Banner, of October 3, 1833, speaks of "the almost proverbial roughness of Hooshier- ism," and the same paper, issue of September 12, 1833, referring sarcastically to James B. Ray's new publication, The Hoosier, alludes to the "singular title of The Hoosier," and adds: "All things considered, we regard the title in this case as not inappropriate." — G. S. C. The United States Courts for the District of Indiana. — The courts of the United States for the District of Indiana were established by an Act of Congress on March 3, 1817. Three days later Benjamin Parke was appointed the first district judge. He was a native of New Jersey, who, in 1801, removed to Vincennes and after- ward to Salem, Indiana. He was a captain under nearly as long as its body, having previously shed one of its horns beside a stump, upon which leans a small but graceful black-handled mop. In the background old Sol, with his hair on end, sinks down behind a sway-back hill to rest." * In the history of Porter county (page 18) it is claimed that the cabin described by Finley as the "Hoosier's Nest" was a house on the old Sac trail built by Thomas Snow. William Henry Harrison in the battle of Tippe- canoe. He was prominent in the territorial gov- ernment and a member of the constitutional con- vention that framed our first constitution. He served until his death, July 13, 1835. From 1817 until 1825 the court was held at the old capital at Corydon, Indiana. The record books, which are still well preserved and in the custody of Noble C. Butler, clerk, exhibit inter- esting and varied, though comparatively unim- portant litigation during Judge Parke's adminis- tration. The common law and chancery plead- ings, with technical verbosity as recorded in the plain, old-fashioned handwriting of Henry Hurst, the first clerk of the courts, are curious mementos of obsolete and cumbersome judicial procedure. The first case recorded was that of United States vs. Andrew Hilton, on May 4, 1819, an indictment prosecuted by Thomas H. Blake, district attorney, charging that the de- fendant did "deal in and sell to a certain Charles Dewey" domestic distilled spirituous liquors without having paid the tax, at the town of Liverpool, Daviess county. There was a trial by jury and a verdict of not guilty. It does not appear whether the Dewey mentioned in the in- dictment was the same Charles Dewey who in 1825 was appointed United States district attor- ney and afterward for many years was a judge of the Supreme Court of Indiana. The last case at Corydon was Cuthbert Bullitt vs. Rich- ard M. Heth's Administrators, a scire facias on a judgment in debt amounting to $1,031.23, which, on November 6, 1824, was dismissed at plaintiff's costs. In January, 1825, the federal courts were re- moved to Indianapolis. The first case tried in this city was on January 5, 1825, and is entitled United States vs. Sundry Goods, Wares and Merchandizes. It was a libel of information filed by Charles Dewey, the then district attor- ney, for the confiscation of a varied assortment of goods, including liquor, seized from William H. Wallace, for illegal trading with the Indian tribes on the northwest side of the river Tippe- canoe. There was a judgment forfeiting the goods and awarding one-half to the United States and one-half to Edward McCartney, the informer. An appeal was prayed to the Supreme Court, but does not appear to have been per- fected. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 195 Jesse Lynch Holman, the second district judge, was commissioned September 16, 1835, and held office until his death, March 28, 1842. He was born in Danville, Kentucky, in 1784, and studied law in the office of Henry Clay, coming to Indiana in 1808. He was a territorial circuit judge and afterward, from 1816 to 1830, judge of the Indiana Supreme Court. It is said that Judge Holman, in addition to his judicial labors, served as a Baptist clergyman in Aurora, from 1834 until his death. The third district judge for Indiana, Elisha Mills Huntington, was commissioned May 2, 1842, and served until his death, October 26, 1862. He was born in Otsego county, New York, in 1806, and removed to Indiana, where - he was admitted to the bar. He was prosecuting attorney in 1829, circuit judge in 1831, and com- missioner of the General Land Office at Wash- ington in 1841. During Judge Huntington's administration an interesting case was tried under the fugitive slave law. In the year 1845 Vaughan, a citizen of Missouri, sued Williams for rescuing slaves of the plaintiff after the plaintiff had found and arrested them in a cabin near Noblesville. The defendant demurred to the complaint on the ground that the Ordinance of 1787, which pro- hibited slavery in the territory northwest of the river Ohio, required fugitive slaves to be re- turned only when claimed in one of the thirteen original States. The circuit justice ruled, how- ever, that the Constitution of the United States operated to repeal any provisions of the Ordi- nance repugnant to its terms, when Indiana was admitted into the Union, and, the provision of the federal Constitution requiring the return of fugitive slaves escaping from one State into an- other being paramount, the obligation to return them was binding if the plaintiff successfully established his title. The evidence in the case developed that the slaves, Sam, Mariah and child, were purchased by the plaintiff from a man named Tipton, in Missouri, and that Tipton, having prior to the sale of the slaves moved with them into Illinois, remained in that State the statutory time required to gain a residence, and having also voted and exercised the rights of a citizen of that State prior to the sale to Vaughan, the slaves became free under the laws of Illinois and therefore Vaughan had no title. The jury, so instructed, returned a verdict for the de- fendant. — Vaughan v. IVMiams, 3 McLean 530. Judge Huntington was succeeded by Caleb Blood Smith, a native of Boston, who studied law at Cincinnati, Ohio, and at Connersville, Indiana, whence he removed to Indianapolis. Judge Smith was influential in procuring Lin- coln's nomination and was Secretary of the Inte- rior in Lincoln's cabinet, which position he re- signed to accept the district judgeship on Decem- ber 22, 1862. He was a man of remarkable ora- torical powers. After serving a little over one year he died, and Albert Smith White, of La- fayette, was his successor, but White held the Old United States Court-House and Postoffice Building at Indianapolis, occupied until 1904. office only a few months, dying at Stockwell, Indiana, September 4, 1864. President Lincoln then appointed David Mc- Donald, who took the oath of office December 13, 1864. Judge McDonald was a professor of law in the Indiana University, which institution conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He was also author of McDonald's Treatise, a work on practice, which for many years was relied upon, and is to this day esteemed by many as a most useful textbook to guide the logic of the practitioner and the judgment of the justices to "turn upon the poles of truth." It was during Judge McDonald's administra- tion that the military commission composed of Brevet-Major General Alvin P. Hovey and others convened in the United States court room and tried Harrison H. Dodd, William A. Bowks, Andrew Humphreys, Horace Heffren, Lambdin 196 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA P. Milligan and Stephen Horsey, leaders of the Indiana branch of the Knights of the Golden Circle. The conspiracy embraced an alleged scheme for an armed uprising of rebel sym- pathizers, the liberation of prisoners of war at Camp Morton and other military prisons in Ohio and Illinois, the assassination of Governor Mor- ton, and the establishment of a Northwestern Confederacy, to be composed of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Kentucky. The prisoners were confined in cells in the Postoffice building, except Dodd, who, upon his parol, was allowed, while his trial was in progress, to occupy a room on the third floor, from which, about four o'clock in the morning of October 7, 1864, he escaped through a window by means of a rope fastened to his bed. Friends who visited him had fur- nished him with a ball of twine, which he utilized to draw up a rope from the outside. The street lamps near the federal building had been dark- ened to conceal his exit. He went to Canada and remained there until the Supreme Court of the United States released his co-conspirator, Milli- gan, on habeas corpus proceedings. Dodd after- ward became a prominent Republican politician in Wisconsin. After Milligan had been found guilty and sentenced to death, application was made by his counsel, Major J. W. Gordon, to the United States Circuit Court for a writ of habeas corpus. Judge McDonald and Circuit Justice Swayne, who heard the application, being unable to agree, certified the questions involved to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the jurisdiction of the military tribunal was denied. The case is a leading one on the subject of the jurisdiction of military tribunals and the power of civil courts to review their judgments upon writs of habeas corpus. — In re Milligan. 4 Wallace 2. Until May 10, 1869, there were no circuit judges, the work of the circuit court being di- vided between the justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the circuit, and the district judge. John McLean was the first Supreme Court jus- tice assigned to duty in this circuit, followed by Justices Noah H. Swayne, David Davis, John M. Harlan, Mellville W. Fuller, John M. Harlan and Henry S. Brown. In 1869 the act providing for circuit judges was passed and Thomas H. Drum- mond, of Illinois, was appointed to that office by President Grant. Walter Q. Gresham was appointed district judge to succeed Judge McDonald, and commis- sioned September 1, 1869. In 1882 he resigned and became postmaster general in the cabinet of President Arthur, and was succeeded by William Allen Woods, of Goshen. Judge Gresham was appointed circuit judge on October 28, 1884, after the resignation of Judge Drummond. Judge Woods continued as district judge until the creation of the circuit court of appeals, when, on March 17, 1892, he was commissioned circuit judge by President Harrison, and subsequently became, and was at the time of his death, on June 29, 1901, the presiding judge of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh . Judicial Circuit. To fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of Judge Woods to the bench of the circuit court of appeals, John H. Baker, of Goshen, was ap- pointed district judge and served until December 18, 1902, when his resignation took effect. Judge Baker tendered his resignation to the president on May 1, 1902, to take effect upon the appoint- ment of his successor, shortly after his son, Francis E. Baker, was appointed by President Roosevelt circuit judge in place of Judge Woods. Francis E. Baker, who, at the time of his ap- pointment by President Roosevelt, was one of the justices of the Supreme Court of Indiana, was commissioned January 21, 1902, as judge of the circuit court of appeals for the seventh ju- dicial circuit, and is now in office.* After the resignation of Judge John H. Baker, Albert B. Anderson of Crawfordsville, was ap- pointed district judge on December 8, 1902, and qualified on December 18, 1902, and is now in office. While Gresham was on the district bench the Whisky Ring conspirators were prosecuted by Charles L. Holstein, as assistant and afterward United States attorney. The Whisky Ring was a conspiracy between distillers and government officials whereby distillers who were not in the ring were trapped into technical violations of the law and members of the ring were made exempt from the payment of certain taxes. In less than one year the government had been defrauded out of nearly two millions of dollars. The prose- cutions were ordered by President Grant under * Judge Baker died at his home in Goshen on October 21, 1915, at the age of eighty-four years. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 197 the injunction, "Let no guilty man escape." A number of persons were indicted in this district and convicted and a large amount of property confiscated. About the year 1877 the prosecutions against James Slaughter and Carey Miller for defalca- tions in the First National Bank were conducted. It is said that while the grand jury was engaged in the investigation of these cases preparatory to returning the indictments one of the grand jurors came to Judge Gresham and asked him whether the government of the United States, or the ad- ministration (at that time President Hayes) had any right to control the deliberations of the grand jury. Judge Gresham replied that it cer- tainly had not. The juror stated that the dis- trict attorney had said that the government did not wish to prosecute a particular case and wanted to withdraw proceedings against a certain man. As soon as Judge Gresham took his seat on the bench that day he had the grand jury brought in and charged that they should not be influenced by the wishes of the administration or the desire of the district attorney in any way whatever in their deliberations ; that where a matter had been submitted to them it could not be withdrawn, and that the president of the United States had no more control over their deliberations than the czar of Russia. About this time also the first cases under the federal election law were brought, resulting in the indictment of Henry Wrappe from Jennings county. In this cage General Benjamin Harrison was pitted against Thomas A. Hendricks. Hen- dricks challenged the array on account of their political opinions, and Judge Gresham ordered the jury to be made up of half and half, Repub- licans and Democrats. During Judge Gresham's administration and immediately following the panic of 1873, there was an epidemic of railroad foreclosure suits. In the Hush times prior to 1873 eastern capital had sought investment in the development of the railroads of the west and many railroad com- panies were thrown into the hands of receivers because of their embarrassed financial condition. It was in the receivership of the Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railway that Hon. John M. Butler contended before Judge Drum- mond for a modification of the doctrine of real estate mortgages when applied to railroads so that claims for labor performed and supplies fur- nished shortly before the appointment of a re- ceiver should be paid in preference to the mort- gage debt. Judge Drummond in this case an- nounced the famous "six-months' rule," which he adhered to in subsequent cases, that claims for labor, supplies and materials accrued in the op- eration and maintenance of a railroad during a period of six months prior to the appointment of a receiver should be paid out of the proceeds of sale in preference to the payment of the mort- gage bonds. In the Chicago, Danville and Vin- cennes receivership the rule was applied to the case of some equipment purchased by the road. Henry Crawford, who appeared for the bond- holders, vigorously assailed before Judges Drum- mond and Gresham the application of the six- months' rule as an attempt at confiscation of property and denounced the rule as a figment of "sentimental equity." Crawford took the case to the Supreme Court of the United States (Fos- dick v. Schall, 99 U. S. 235), where the six- months' rule was fully approved, but the case reversed on another point. It is related that after the decision of the Fosdick case. Judge Drummond met Mr. Crawford and said to him: "What do you think now of my sentimental equity?" Crawford replied: "Yes, Judge, you had the ingenuity to invent, but not the common sense to apply the doctrine." The principle of the Fosdick case wrought a revolution in the law of railroad receiverships. It became firmly em- bedded in federal jurisprudence and has proved a blessing to railroad employes all over the country. While Judge Woods was on the district bench the celebrated tally sheet forgery cases were tried, resulting in the conviction and imprison- ment of Simeon Coy and William F. A. Bern- hamer. To General John Coburn. more than am other man, is due the credit for the prompt or- ganization of the Committee of One Hundred and the manifestation of a determined sentiment, non-partisan in character, to purify the political atmosphere of Marion county by punishment of a most brazen crime against the ballot. After conviction, and with the inevitable consequences of his crime before him. C03 announced his unique aphorism "When I'm done I'm did." W. W. Dudley, who during the Garfield ad- ministration was Linked States marshal for In- 198 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA diana, and who, during the Harrison campaign of 1888 was chairman of the National Republi- can Committee, during that campaign mailed let- ters to Indiana chairmen containing this lan- guage : "Divide the floaters into blocks of five and put a trusted man with necessary funds in charge of these five, and make him responsible that none get away, and that all vote our ticket." Hon. Solomon Claypool was district attorney at the time, and very promptly after the election an attempt was made to indict Dudley under Sec. 5511 (the federal election law, since repealed) making one who "aids, counsels, procures or ad- vises" another "to commit or attempt to commit any offense" named in the section (including the bribery of a voter) punishable by fine or impris- onment. The grand jury was impaneled and instructed November 14, 1888, and continued their deliberations until December 24, when they requested a construction of the language of the act. An adjournment was had until January 15, 1889, when the court further instructed the jury essentially as follows : "But in any case, beyond the mere fact of the advice or counsel, it must be shown that the crime contemplated was com- mitted or an attempt was made to commit it." It was immediately charged by the Democratic- press that Judge Woods had "changed his in- structions" so as to shield Dudley ; that after pro- ceedings were commenced, "Republican leaders were frightened ; Quay and Wanamaker, one or both, hastened to Indianapolis ; high and close counsels of the party were held, and the supple- mental charge devised, carefully weighed and adopted." A sharp issue of fact arose out of what constituted the first charge. There being at that time no official court reporter, the news- paper reports of the first charge were said to be inaccurate and untrue. On the other hand Judge Woods insisted that his first charge, which was oral, did not put any construction on the statute, but kept close to its very words ; and even his loudest and most persistent accusers commended the first of the charges in question as being "in the plain, simple language of Section 5511." Whether the counseling or advising of another to do an act made criminal, by Section 5511, was a punishable offense under that section, unless the act so counseled or advised was done or at- tempted to be done, was a legal question about which at first blush great lawyers differed. Judge Woods' conclusion, in the negative, was supported by very able decisions ; Republic v. Roberts, 1 Dall. 39; Regina v. Gregory, 10 Cox C. C. 459 ; and by the language of Section 5323 R. S., relating to piracies. Hon. Joseph E. Mc- Donald took the opposite view, and even Justice John M. Harlan at first was so inclined, but on examination of the authorities cited the latter very frankly acknowledged the correctness of Judge Woods' conclusion. But the defamers of Judge Woods continued their efforts to smirch his judicial character. The following Democratic State convention adopted a resolution solemnly declaring "that the brazen prostitution of the machinery of the federal court of the United States for the District of Indiana, by its judge and attorney, to the protection of these conspira- tors (Dudley and others) against the suffrage, constitutes the most infamous chapter in the ju- dicial annals of the Republic." The fight was continued in the Senate by Senators Turpie and Voorhees in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat the confirmation of Woods as circuit judge. Senator McDonald's letter of November 9, 1888, and Mr. Claypool's testimony before the Senate Committee, show beyond question that the last charge was in exact accord with the view of the statute which Judge Woods had declared to Mc- Donald, to Claypool, and to others before the first charge was given. There was, therefore, no change of front. After newspaper discussion of the subject had died out, Hon. W. H. H. Miller, then attorney-general, called Judge Woods' attention to the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Mills, 7 Peters 138, where the precise point was decided as long ago as 1833. The Supreme Court held in that case "that an indictment for advising, etc., a mail carrier to rob the mail, ought to set forth or aver that the said carrier did in fact commit the offense of robbing the mail." This decision was entirely overlooked at the time of the Dudley controversy, and sustains emphat- ically the correctness of the judge's instructions. The most notable judicial action of Judge Woods was the injunction against the American Railway Union in the strike of 1894, and the trial and punishment of Debs and others for vio- lation of the injunction. During Judge Baker's administration as dis- trict judge the cases growing out of the embez- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 199 zlement of funds of the Indianapolis National Bank were tried. The sensational events accom- panying the trial, which are yet well remembered, include the trial and conviction for contempt of court of a juror who solicited a bribe, and the accidental shooting of Addison C. Harris by a client in another case. In the summer and fall of 1894 the attention of the court was directed to the trial of the strike cases, resulting from the so-called "omnibus in- junction" against Debs and other officers and members of the American Railway Union. The fearless and prompt prosecutions conducted by Frank B. Burke, district attorney, before Judge Baker, for the first violations of the injunction in this district resulted in early breaking the backbone of the strike in this State and a prompt restoration of law and order in the railroad centers. In the Scott county lynching case, tried in 1899 and resulting in a small verdict for the plaintiff. Judge Baker announced the doctrine that a sheriff is liable on his official bond for damages resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care in protecting the life and health of prisoners in his custody. Tyler v. Cobin, 94 Fed. 48. This decision attracted wide attention, and has resulted in legislation in this and other States designed to hold sheriffs to a stricter ac- countability for the safety of prisoners. Notable cases have been tried and determined during Judge Anderson's occupancy of the federal bench for the Indiana district. In 1909 the Pan- ama libel suit was commenced in Washington, D. C. and an effort made to extradite the editors of the Indianapolis News from Indianapolis to Washington for trial. It was contended that the publication of an editorial in the Indianapolis Nezvs reflecting upon Theodore Roosevelt and others was libelous, and as the paper circulated in Washington, as well as elsewhere, the editors could be extradited from Indianapolis to Wash- ington for trial. In denying the application for a warrant of extradition, Judge Anderson, in an able oral opinion, said : "To my mind that man has read the history of our institutions to little purpose who does not look with grave apprehen- sion upon the possibility of the success of a pro- ceeding such as this. If the history of liberty means anything, if constitutional guaranties are worth anything, this proceeding must fail. If the prosecuting authorities have the authority to select the tribunal, if there be more than one tribunal to select from; if the government has that power and can drag citizens from distant States to the capital of the nation, there to be tried, then, as Judge Cooley says, this is a strange result of a revolution where one of the grievances complained of was the assertion of the right to send parties abroad for trial." A similar result was reached in the New York district, where the case was appealed to the Supreme Court and the decision denying the application for extradition of editors of the New York World was affirmed. In 1912 an indictment was returned in Judge Anderson's court against a large number of offi- cers and members of the International Association of Structural Steel and Iron Workers for conspir- acy to unlawfully transport dynamite on passen- ger trains from State to State. The purpose was to further the interests of the iron workers in strikes in various parts of the country. Mys- terious explosions, resulting in great destruction of property and loss of life, occurred in various parts of the country. Witnesses from Boston and San Francisco, in all parts of the country, and some from foreign countries, told details of a most amazing plot that resulted in great loss of life and of property. The case was prosecuted by Charles W. Miller, then United States attor- ney, and resulted in the conviction and sentence of thirty-eight officers and members of the union. In 1914 Judge Anderson tried the Election Conspiracy Case, growing out of an election in Terre Haute. It was popularly believed that since the repeal of the so-called Force Bill, under which the case In re Coy was tried during Judge Woods' administration, there was no federal stat- ute which could be invoked for the protection of the purity of the ballot in federal elections. Nevertheless a large number of Terre Haute politicians were indicted and brought to trial, found guilty and sentenced to prison for con- spiracy to violate various sections of the federal statutes relating to elections. This case was vig- orously prosecuted by United States Attorney Frank C. Daily, under a Democratic administra- tion, against a large number of Democrats, Re- publicans and Progressives, resulting in convic- tion and punishment of the offenders, and the example set by the Indiana court has resulted in election conspiracy cases in other States. 200 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA The legislation of Congress has shown a con- sistent design to enlarge the jurisdiction of State courts over controversies between citizens of dif- ferent States by limiting the jurisdiction of fed- eral courts over the subject-matter involved. The decisions of the Supreme Court on jurisdic- tional questions have imposed still further limita- tions, as, for example, the decision in Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, 178 U. S. 524, construing the bankruptcy law in such a way as to throw into the State courts practically all litigation involving the marshaling of assets of a bankrupt fraudu- lently or preferentially transferred. Notwith- standing these jurisdictional contractions, the fed- eral courts of Indiana are very busy, and although Indiana is one of the largest districts in the Union, the nisi prius work was practically all performed by Judge Anderson during his term, while other States having less work are subdi- vided into two or more districts or divisions with a district judge for each. — Rowland Evans. Insurance in Indiana. — Prior to the year 1852 all the insurance companies in the State of In- diana were organized by special act of the Leg- islature. The acts incorporating these com- panies were very broad, giving power to do all kinds of insurance, and most of them also includ- ing banking powers. The, first insurance com- pany to be chartered in Indiana, in 1832, was the Lawrenceburg Insurance Company of Lawrence- burg. The stock of this company was trans- ferred to Drew & Bennett, of Evansville, Ind., in 1884, who changed the name of the company to the Citizens' Insurance Company of Evans- ville, Ind., under which name it was operated until 1903, when it went out of business. Nota- ble among the insurance companies that were granted special charters prior to the adoption of the Constitution of 1852, are the Firemen's and Mechanics' Insurance Company and the Madison Insurance Company. These companies were or- ganized by prominent citizens of Madison and have been successfully operated up to the present day. When the Constitution of 1852 was adopted there was put into it the following provision : "In all cases enumerated in the preceding section and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general and of uniform operation throughout the State" ( Art. 4, Sec. 23, Ind. Const. 1852). This section re- voked the power to create corporations by spe- cial enactment. At the first session of the Legislature under the new constitution a law was passed for the organization of both stock and mutual insurance companies. (Ind. R. S. 1852, p. 351.) This law of 1852, with some few amendments, is still the only law in the State of Indiana providing for the organization of fire insurance companies. When this law was enacted there was contained therein Section 22, which read as follows : "Whenever such company shall be notified of any loss sustained on a policy of insurance issued by them, the company shall pay the amount so lost within sixty days after such notice, under a pen- alty of ten per centum damages for every thirty days such loss remains unpaid thereafter." This section virtually prohibited the organization of insurance companies in the State of Indiana. Beginning with the year 1881 and at nearly every session of the Legislature thereafter, up to the session of 1897, a bill was prepared by the writer and introduced in the Legislature to re- peal this Section 22, but the bill was defeated at every session until the session of 1897, when it was passed. No stock insurance company worthy of the name had ever organized under the law of 1852 from the time of its passage until the repeal of this Section 22. The reason therefor is readily apparent. Since the repeal of this section sev- eral strong stock fire insurance companies have organized under the law of 1852 and are reflect- ing credit upon the State by their successful man- agement. A number of mutual fire insurance companies were organized under the amendments to the Act of 1852, passed in 1865, and attained very large success. Few of these companies are, how- ever, in existence, and those that are in existence confine their business to a limited territory. A few life insurance companies were organ- ized under the mutual law of 1865, but none of them are now in existence. They have either retired from business or reincorporated under later enacted laws. In 1881 the Legislature passed an act provid- ing for the organization of farmers' mutual fire insurance companies. The business of these CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 201 companies was confined to three contiguous coun- ties. Under this law a great many farmers' mutual fire insurance companies are existing to-day. A number of assessment life and accident in- surance companies were organized in Indiana prior to 1883. under the provisions of the Volun- tary Association Act. A number of these com- panies did a very large business, but none of them are in existence to-day. In 1883 the Legislature passed an act provid- ing for the organization of life and accident in- surance companies on the assessment plan, and thereafter, at the session of 1897, passed the Stip- ulated Premium Assessment Law. The life in- surance business in Indiana may be said to date from the enactment of the law of 1897. Several of the strong life insurance companies in the State were organized thereunder and continued to operate under these laws until the year 1899, when the law relating to stock and mutual life insurance companies was passed. After the pas- sage of this last-mentioned law all the companies that had previously organized under the Assess- ment and the Stipulated Premium Laws reorgan- ized under the Stock and Mutual Life Insurance Company Law and have continued to since op- erate under the provisions thereof. The life in- surance business in Indiana really dates from the year 1899. Previous to 1901 life insurance companies on the stock plan, in order to do business outside of the State, were required to have not less than $200,000 of capital stock, and mutual life insur- ance companies were required to have not less than $200,000 of net surplus funds. This was liv reason of what is known as the Retaliatory Section in the laws of the different States. The law of Indiana would not admit a foreign in- surance company with less than $200,000 of cap- ital stock paid up, or, in case of a mutual com- pany, with less than $200,000 of net surplus, and, therefore, other States virtually said to Indiana companies : "We will exact a like requirement of you and will not permit you to do business un- less you have a like capital stock, or a like sur- plus." As none of the Indiana companies, prior to 1901, had such an amount of capital stock or net surplus, they were thereby confined to the limits of the State of Indiana for business. In c h3 n o 202 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 1901, however, the Legislature amended the law of Indiana as related to life insurance companies and permitted life insurance companies of other states to do business in Indiana with $100,000 capital stock or net surplus. This let the Indiana companies into other States, and their material growth may be dated from that year. In 1907 the Indiana life insurance companies passed through their most crucial period. At the session of the Legislature of that year there was a bill introduced, which, if it had passed, would have wiped out all Indiana life insurance companies and would have rendered it impossible ever thereafter to have organized a life insur- ance company within the State so long as the bill would have remained as a law on the statute books. Fortunately for the State of Indiana the life insurance companies and an aroused public sentiment were enabled to defeat this vicious leg- islation, and saved the life insurance business to the State. Prior to 1899 the fraternal orders existing in the State of Indiana were organized under the Voluntary Association Act heretofore mentioned. In 1899 the Legislature passed a law for the organization of fraternal beneficiary associations and established rates for insurance therein. There are a number of very strong fraternal beneficiary associations in the State doing busi- ness under the provisions of this act. In 1893 the Legislature enacted a law for the organization of live-stock insurance companies. A number of companies have been organized under this law and one of these companies is recognized to-day as the leading live-stock in- surance company in the United States. Prior to 1909 the only laws under which an accident insurance company could be organized were the old laws of 1852 and amendments thereto, the assessment laws of 1883 and 1897, and the Voluntary Association Act, neither of which laws were satisfactory. In 1903 a casualty law was passed in Indiana, but it did not provide, however, for insurance against personal accidents until amended by the Act of 1909. There are several companies doing business in the State at this time that are organ- ized under the law of 1903 and the amendments of 1909, and are doing business throughout the United States. In 1907 and again in 1909 and 1911 unsuccess- ful attempts were made to pass the Fire Marshal Law. The bill was again introduced at the ses- sion of the Legislature in 1913 and passed. The law is now in successful operation. — Guilford A. Deitch, author of Insurance Digest. PART III A General Survey of Indiana by Counties with Brief Historical Sketches Edited and Compiled by Max R. Hyman HISTORICAL NOTE An Outline of the State's Development The Mound Builders. — That the territory now occupied by Indiana was inhabited by prehistoric people is evidenced by their work, silent, yet indisputable evidence of their former occupancy, which still remains. These works, notable in the southern part of the State, are in the form of mounds, memorial pillars, fortifications, weapons and domestic utensils that furnish "abundant evidence to show that at one time, long anterior to the coming of the red man, Indiana was quite densely populated by a race that lived, nourished and passed away,"* leaving no other traces of their existence. They have been classed as the Mound Builders. Under Three Flags. — The territory which is now included within the present boundaries of Indiana was formerly owned by the Miami Con- federacy of Indians. It was first explored by La Salle in the latter part of the seventeenth century, about 1670, when he is said to have descended the Ohio river as far as the Louisville rapids. It is well established that he traversed the region of the Kankakee and St. Joseph rivers in the northwestern part of the State in 1679. Father Allouez, the French missionary, accom- panied by Dablon, visited this vicinity in 1675- 80, f and French trappers appeared at the end of the seventeenth century. It was under the domination of France! from the time of the discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi by La Salle, in 1682, until 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain after the French and Indian war. From 1763 to 1779, it was held nominally by Great Britain as a part of her colo- * Smith's History of Indiana, p. 42. "i" History of Notre Dame, p. 30. t Jacob Piatt Dunn, in his History of Indiana, says "Indiana had no capital within her boundaries for one hundred and thirty years after white men had been upon her soil. She was but part of a province of a province. For ninety years her provincial seat of government vacillated between Quebec, New Orleans and Montreal, with intermediate authority at Fort Chartres and De- troit and the ultimate power at Paris. Then her capital was whisked away to London, without the slightest regard to the wishes of her scattered inhabitants, by the treaty of Paris. Six- teen years later, it came over the Atlantic to Richmond, on the James, by conquest; and after a tarry of five years at that point, it shifted to New York City, then the national seat of govern- ment, by cession. In 1788 it reached Marietta, Ohio, on its progress toward its final location. In 1800 it came within the limits of the State." nial possessions in North America and the juris- diction of the State of Virginia was formally ex- tended over it from 1779 to 1784. In 1778, during the Revolution, Vincennes and Kaskaskia were captured from the British by a force of Virginians under George Rogers Clark and later in the same year the region northwest of the Ohio was made the county of Illinois by the Virginia Legislature. In 1783, the British claims to all territory east of the Mississippi and north of Florida were re- linquished in favor of the United States. The States which claimed title to lands northwest of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi ceded their rights to the United States before 1787, and in that year this region was organized as the Northwest Territory. Indiana Territory. — In 1800, that part of the Northwest Territory lying between the Missis- sippi river and a line extending from a point on the Ohio river opposite the mouth of the Ken- tucky to Fort Recovery and thence to the Cana- dian line was organized as the Territory of Indi- ana, together with the area now constituting Illi- nois, Wisconsin, northeastern Minnesota and western Michigan. Two years later, by a clause in the enabling act for Ohio, the boundary be- tween Indiana and Ohio was fixed in its present location and by the same act the region north of Ohio was added to Indiana. In 1804, the form of territorial government was changed from the first to the second grade, thus giving Indiana a Legislature and a Delegate in Congress. The organization of Michigan Territory in 1805, and Illinois Territory in 1809, left Indiana with its present boundaries, and in December, 1816, the State of Indiana was admitted to the Union. TOPOGRAPHY OF INDIANA 1. Highest elevation in the State — 1,285 feet above sea level, Summit, Randolph county, eight miles south of Winchester. 2. Lowest elevation in the State — 313 feet above sea level, at the confluence of the Wabash and Ohio rivers, Posey county. 205 206 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 3. Average elevation above sea level — esti- mated to be 700 feet. A topographic map of an area is an expression of the surface features of that area. Such a map could be absolutely true in detail only when based upon a system of contour lines having the smallest possible intervals. The map herewith is not offered as a piece of perfect workmanship. The elevations were de- rived from the data published in the State Geolo- gist's Thirty-sixth Annual Report, and in the ab- sence of complete topographic contours the boundaries of areas of different elevations could not be established with exactness, but the bound- aries are generally true. Could one but stand at some point in southeast- ern Indiana, say between the southeastern corner of Switzerland county and the southeastern cor- ner of Union county, and look westward or southwestward and see the outcropping features of the geological formations of the State, they would present an ascending series, geologically speaking, from the Lower Silurian, in the extreme southeastern part of the State, up to the highest formation, the Merom sandstone, along the Wa- bash river on the western side of the State. Above this of course is the glacial drift. Or, to put the matter in another way, the formations are successively younger as we ascend geologic- ally from the eastern and southeastern parts of the State to the western part, the sediments and drift of the western part having been laid last. The picture is more difficult to draw from any viewpoint along the eastern margin of the State, from Union county northward, for the reason (1) that the northern two-thirds of the State are covered with a thick mantle of glacial drift; and, for the further reason, (2) that erosion has not played such a prominent part in the northern part of the State as in the southern part, where it has profoundly influenced the topography of the State. While the above is true from a geologic stand- point, the reverse is true from a topographic standpoint. Topographically speaking the east- ern parts of the State are the highest, the slope or dip being to the south and southwest. The only exception to this southwestern slope worthy of notice is a small area in the extreme north- ern end of the State, which area is drained by the Pigeon, Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers. The lower courses of these rivers have been largely influenced, if not entirely changed, by the depo- sition of drift materials during the later glacial periods. The elevation along the eastern margin of the State, from Franklin county to Steuben county, is from 800 to about 1,200 feet above the mean sea level. Along the western margin of the State, from Posey county to Lake county, the elevation varies from 313 feet in the extreme southeastern part of Posey county to about 750 feet in Lake county. Indiana is not a mountainous State. It has never been such. There is no geological evidence within the State of violent agitation or upheaval in the formative period of the portion of the earth's crust now known as Indiana. All of the valleys and hills and undulations in the State were formed by the erosive power of water, either glacial or stream. The differences in ele- vation above sea level in the State are not suf- ficient to cause any marked difference either in climate or in vegetation, either native or culti- vated. The oak, the maple and the ash grow as vigorously in Randolph county, where the alti- tude is greatest, as in Posey county, where it is the least. The same thing is true of corn and wheat. The slight difference in seeding time in the southern part of the State, and seeding time in the northern part is due to latitude and not to altitude. Perhaps spring is incidentally encour- aged in the southern part of the State by the pre- vailing south to southwestern slopes, and re- tarded somewhat by the flat and slopeless areas in the northern part of the State. The same thing would be true of harvest time. While differences in life and crop zones of the State have not been profoundly influenced by altitude, nevertheless an intimate knowledge of the topography of the State is of inestimable value to the people in the several ways enumerated under the head of Hyp- sometry of Indiana in the Thirty-sixth Annual Report of Department of Geology, as follows : 1. As preliminary maps for planning extensive irrigation and drainage projects, showing areas of catchment for water supply, sites for reser- voirs, routes of canals, etc. 2. For laying out of highways, electric roads, railroads, aqueducts, and sewage systems, thus saving the cost of preliminary surveys. 3. In improving rivers and smaller waterways. KV>"* r iCJiGAN Altitudes: 300-400 ft. 400-500 ft. 500-600 ft. !£ |W«S«E 600-700 ft. &^ 700-800 1 IPlp. \ l 800-900 ft. 900-1000 ft. 1100-1200 1.. I Above 1200 ft. \~_ ^S Topographical Map of Indiana. The highest points in Indiana are located in the south central and southeast corner of Randolph County.— Map by Edward Barrett, State Geologist. 208 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 4. As bases for the compilation of maps show- ing the extent and character of forest and graz- ing lands. 5. In classifying lands and in plotting the dis- tribution and nature of soils. 6. In locating and mapping the boundaries of the life and crop zones, and in mapping the geo- graphic distribution of plants and animals. 7. As base maps for the plotting of informa- tion relating to the geology and mineral resources of the country. 8. In connection with questions relating to State, county and town boundaries. 9. As a means of promoting an exact knowl- edge of the country and serving teachers and pupils in geographic studies. 10. In connection with legislation involving the granting of charters, rights, etc., when a physical knowledge of the country may be desir- able or necessary. — Edward Barrett, State Geolo- gist, j/th Annual Report Department of Geology and Natural Resources. Scene on White River at Broad Ripple, Marion County. ADAMS COUNTY DECATUR, SEAT OF JUSTICE ADAMS COUNTY is located in the north- eastern part of Indiana. It is bounded on the north by Allen county, on the west by Wells, on the south by Jay county and on the east by the State of Ohio. It contains 336 square miles of practically level surface admirably suited to agriculture. Organization. — The county was organized in 1836 with Decatur as the seat of justice. The site' was offered to the locating commissioners by Samuel Johnson, who offered as an inducement to have the county seat located on his land, the sum of $3,100, four church lots, half an acre for Limberlost." This district, since it has been dredged, has proved to be the most fertile and valuable soil in Adams county, and many very productive oil wells have been sunk in and near this district. Population of Adams county in 1890 was 20,181 ; in 1900 it was 22,232, and according to United States Census in 1910 it was 21,840, of which 958 were of foreign birth. There were 4,810 families in the county and 4,774 dwellings. Township, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Adams county : Blue Creek, French, Hartford, Jefferson, Kirkland, Monroe, Court-House and Soldiers' Monument, Decatur, a public square, one acre for a seminary and two acres for a cemetery. He further agreed to pay the expenses of the locating commissioners, and furnish a house to hold court in until suitable buildings could be erected. This offer was ac- cepted and the commissioners promptly accepted the offer "and proceeded to the aforesaid town site, and marked a white oak tree with blazes on four sides, on each of which they individually in- scribed their names." A large tract of land lying between Allen and Randolph counties had been previously called Adams county, after the distin- guished statesman who bore that name ; yet no organization had been effected. Notable Features. — The southern part of the county embraces the famous "Limberlost" dis- trict, immortalized by Mrs. Gene Stratton-Porter in her books, "Freckles" and "A Girl From the Public Library, Decatur, Adams County. Preble, Root, St. Marys, Union, Wabash and Washington. The incorporated towns are De- catur, Berne, Geneva and Monroe. Decatur is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State, from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913 the total value of lands and lots in Adams county was $7,447,405 ; value of improvements was $2,508,870, and the total net value of taxables was $16,251,740. There were 3,598 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 500 miles of improved roads in Adams county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Gravel road bonds outstanding, $6 12,259.46. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 209 14 210 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 55.74 miles of steam railroad operated in Adams county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati, Rich- mond & Fort Wayne ; G. R. & I. ; and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroads. The Bluffton, Geneva & Celina Traction Company, and the Fort Wayne & Springfield Railway Company, operate 18.70 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of E. S. Christen, county superintendent of Adams county, there were ninety-five schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in Adams county in 1914 employing 149 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,170. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $72,003.50. The estimated value of school property in the county was $410,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $120,378. Agriculture. — There were in Adams county in 1910 over 2,300 farms embraced in 208,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 88.7 acres. The value of all farm property was $23,000,000, showing a per cent, of increase in value over 1900 of 107.3. The average value of land per acre was $76.70. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,000,000: Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $450,000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 55.000, valued at $320,000; sheep 25,000, valued at $106,000. The total value of poultry was $100,000. ALLEN COUNTY FORT WAYNE, SEAT OF JUSTICE ALLEN COUNTY is located in the north- eastern part of Indiana, bordering on the State of Ohio. It is bounded on the north by Noble and Dekalb counties, on the west by Whit- ley and Huntington counties and on the south by Portrait of John Allen, in Allen County Court-House. —Painted by Jouctt. Wells and Adams counties. It is the largest county in the State with an area of over 650 square miles. Its geographical location has been a pronounced factor in determining its pros- perity, particularly in its earlier history. Fort Wayne, its predecessor of the old French period, Fort Miami, and the Indian town antedating that, were all located at the fork of the Maumee river, because it was a controlling point in an im- portant line of travel between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi valley. When, in course of time, that travel was augmented by the Wabash and Erie canal, and the tides of migration set in from the east, Fort Wayne became a gateway to the State and Allen county received the first fruits of the invasion. Organization. — The organization of Allen county became effective April 1, 1824, with Fort Wayne as the seat of justice, and the first elec- tion for county officers was held in the last week of May. The county at that time embraced also the territory afterward given to Wells, Adams, Huntington and Whitley counties. The first cir- cuit court was held August 9, 1824, with Samuel Hanna and Benjamin Cushman on the bench and C. W. Ewing as prosecuting attorney. Allen county is named for Colonel John Allen, a dis- tinguished Kentucky lawyer. During the period preceding the siege of Fort Wayne by the Indian CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 211 tribes in 1812, the governors of Kentucky and Ohio took military precautions against invasion by the red men. In May of that year, Governor Scott of Kentucky organized ten regiments. Among the patriots who enlisted was Colonel Allen, who was placed in command of the rifle regiment. He lost his life at the battle of River Raisin. An oil painting of him hangs on the wall of the "relic room" in the court-house. Population of Allen county in 1890 was 66,689; in 1900 was 77,270, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 93,386, of which 9,251 were of foreign birth. There were 21,128 in the county and 20,282 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twenty townships in Allen county: Aboite, Adams, Cedar Creek, Eel River, Jackson, Jef- ferson, Lafayette, Lake, Madison, Marion, Mau- mee, Milan, Monroe, Perry, Pleasant, Scipio, Springfield, St. Joseph, Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Fort Wayne, Monroeville, New Haven, Shirley City. The county seat is Fort Wayne. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Allen county was $34,064,690; value of improvements was $18,- 426,060, and the total net value of taxables was $63,420,840. There were 17,555 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 325 miles of improved roads in Allen county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $700,847. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 173.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Allen county by the Cincinnati, Findlay & Fort Wayne ; Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Fort Wayne iS: Jackson; Grand Rapids & Indiana; Lake Erie & Fort Wayne ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Yandalia ; Wabash ; and the Fort Wayne & De- troit branch of the Wabash railroad. There are 91.6 miles of electric railway operated by the Fort Wayne & Springfield; Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company ; Fort Wayne & Northwestern Railway Company, and the Ohio Electric Railway Company. n a a s O -I i - S Bilk 6 •' " B* 1 "^"9 ■I 2 " BJ '■•_. ?-V_> 212 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA School for Feeble-Minded Youth, Fort Wayne. Educational. — According to the report of D. O. McComb, county superintendent of Allen county, there were 191 schoolhouses, including six high schools, in Allen county in 1914 employ- ing 467 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 10,866. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi- pals and teachers was $332,206.86. The estimated value of school property in the county was vSi. 184,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $726,668. Agriculture. — There were in Allen county in 1910 over 4,300 farms embraced in 395,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 91.3 acres. The value of all farm property was $43,000,000, showing 93.2 per cent, increase in value over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $74.97. The total value of domestic animals was over $3,500,000: Number of cattle 30,000, valued at over $800,- 000; horses 17,000, valued at $2,000,000; hogs 56,000, valued at $380.000 ; sheep 37,000, valued at $166,000. The total value of poultry was $180,000. Industrial. — According to the United States < 'ensus of 1910, there were 230 industries in Fort Wayne, furnishing employment to 12,184 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $20,- 346,176. Value of products, $23,686,809, value added by manufacture, $12,271,618. Fort Wayne, the seat of justice of Allen county, was located on a high bank opposite which, on the north, the St. Marys and the St. Joseph unite and form the Maumee river. On the site of this town was the old "Twightwee Fort Wayne, 1794. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 213 Village" or principal seat of the Miamis, in their language called Ke-ki-on-ga, a place of impor- tance over 150 years ago. Here, too, was old Fort Wayne, erected by order of General Wayne in September, 1794, and just below this fort, on the opposite side of the Maumee, was fought the disastrous battle of General Harmar with the Miamis under Chief Little Turtle, on October 20. 1790. This place at one time was called "The French Stores," as it was for a long time a place of resort for many of the French traders, and near it was the carrying place from the naviga- ble waters of Lake Erie to those of the Wabash. Fort Wayne continued to be a military post until 1819. Until the removal of the Miamis and the Pottawatomies, west of the Mississippi in 1841. it was used as a trading point by the Indians for the disposal of their furs. According to the United States Census for 1910, Fort Wayne has a population of 74,352, and is now the second largest city in the State. Fort Wayne has seven railroads : The Penn- sylvania Lines ; Wabash system ; New York, Chi- cago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate) railway and Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railway — four great east and west trunk lines ; Grand Rap- ids & Indiana railway with its direct line from the Straights of Mackinaw to Cincinnati, and the Lake Erie & Western, and the Cincin- nati, Hamilton & Dayton railroads, which run to the territory south and southwest. It is the di- visional point of six of its seven railroads. The ostomce Building, Fort Wayne. v^B.« |'T tff&M P5? f ■ i * 1 lit | KZs Sacred Heart Academy. Fort Wayne large car building and repair shops of the Penn- sylvania lines are located here, and the Wabash, Nickel Plate, and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroads maintain modern plants for light car and locomotive repair. Fort Wayne is the terminal point of five important electric inter- urban railways, reaching in all directions. The public schools of Fort Wayne rank among the best of the cities of America : be- sides it has numerous private and parochial schools and colleges of high standard. It is the seat of Concordia College, founded in 1839, in Perry county. Missouri, by Lutheran refugees from Saxony, which was removed to Fort Wayne in 1861. The college is SU] purled mainly by the Missouri Synod of the German L u t h e r a n church. Sacred Heart Academy. — In 1866. when the road to Fort Wayne was still un- 214 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA made, when as yet for many miles the wood- man's ax had not been heard, the ground for the foundation of Sacred Heart Academy was broken. It is conducted by the Sisters of the Holy Cross. Built upon an eminence, the academy com- mands a charming view of the surrounding coun- try, beautiful in its rolling stretches of cultivated fields and native woodland. The timber used in the building was cut from the neighboring woods ; the bricks, of which the house is con- structed, made upon the spot. The academy curriculum embraces all studies from the minim department through the four years of academic work as well as the commer- cial course. Special attention has always been paid to music in its varied branches. Art, too, claims a prominent place, its disciples being taught not only the rudiments of drawing, but advanced work in still life and from the cast. While every effort is made for their bodily comfort and mental training, paramount atten- tion is bestowed upon the moral development and heart culture of the students of Sacred Heart Academy. School for Feeble-Minded Youth. — By an act of the Legislature, approved March 7, 1887, the School for Feeble-Minded Youth, at Fort Wayne, was established, and the trustees were authorized to take immediate charge of the feeble-minded children then at "The Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children" at the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans Home at Knightstown. The present site at Fort Wayne was purchased May 19, 1887. Certain buildings of the Eastern Hos- pital for the Insane at Richmond were utilized as temporary quarters for the children from May 1, 1887, to July 8, 1890, when the new in- stitution was opened. The privileges of the school are extended to feeble-minded, idiotic, epileptic, and paralytic children under sixteen years of age. Since 1901 the school has also maintained a custodial department for feeble- minded women between the ages of sixteen and forty-five years, such women to be received by commitment from the courts. An interesting and valuable adjunct to this institution is called "Colony Farm," a tract of land containing 509^4 acres, on which the older and stronger male in- mates are employed in all kinds of farm work. This farm has been in operation since 1893. For such of the children as are capable of receiving it, the school affords literary, manual and indus- trial training. BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY COLUMBUS, SEAT OF JUSTICE BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY is located south of the center of the State. It is bounded on the north by Johnson and Shelby, on the east by Decatur and Jennings, on the south by Jackson and Jennings and on the west by Brown county. The county contains 405 square miles and is noted for its splendid soil. Organization. — The county was organized by legislative act January 8, 1821, which became effective February 12, 1821. The county was named for General Joseph Bartholomew, a dis- tinguished citizen of Clark county and a senator in the State Legislature from 1821 to 1824. Gen- eral Bartholomew was lieutenant-colonel com- manding a battalion of infantry at the battle of Tippecanoe, where he was severely wounded. He died twenty-nine years later on the day of the presidential election in 1840. John Tipton, later United States senator from Indiana, was con- nected in an interesting way with the founding of the county seat at Columbus. He donated thirty acres for the site, and the commissioners, grateful for the donation, named the county seat Tiptona, in honor of General Tipton. This was done February 15, 1821. However, on March 20, the commissioners rescinded their action, on ac- count of Tipton's political views, it is supposed, and changed the name of the county seat to Co- lumbus. Population of Bartholomew county in 1890 was 23,867 ; in 1900 was 24,594, and according to United States Census in 1910 was 24,813, of which 561 were of foreign birth. There were 6,281 families in the county and 6,112 dwellings. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 215 Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Bartholomew county : Clay, Clifty, Columbus, Flat Rock, German, Har- rison, Haw Creek, Jackson, Nineveh, Ohio, Rock Creek, Sand Creek, Union and Wayne. The in- corporated cities and towns are Columbus, Clif- ford, Elizabetbtown, Hartsville, Hope and Jones- ville. Columbus is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Bartholomew county was $11,944,026; value of improvements was $3,777,950, and the total net value of tax- ables was $20,203,861. There were 4,226 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 424 miles of improved roads in Bartholomew county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $282,165.25. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 70.5 miles of steam railroad operated in Bar- tholomew county by the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern : Columbus, Hope & Greensburg, Swinging Bridge, Hartsville, Bartholomew County. Clifty Falls. Clifty rises in the southeast corner of Rush county, flows through Decatur and empties into White River three miles below Columbus. The Indian name of this stream was Es-the-nou-o-ne-ho-neque, or Cliff of Rocks River. — Photograph by Wm. M. Herschell. 216 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA and the P., C, C. & St. L. railway. There are 26.43 miles of electric railway operated by the Central Indiana Lighting Company and the In- terstate Public Service Company. Educational. — According to the report of Samuel Sharp, county superintendent of Bar- tholomew county, there were eighty-two school- houses, including two high schools, in Bartholo- mew county in 1914, employing T86 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4.371. The aggregate amount paid in salaries', to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $98,111.69. Estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $373,400, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $32,051. Agriculture. — There were in Bartholomew- county in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 244,000 acres. Average acres per farm 115.1 acres. The value of all farm property was $21,- 000,000, showing 70.2 per cent, increase in value over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $67.73. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,400,000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $280,000; horses, 7,500, valued at $670,000; hogs, 30,000, valued at $197,000; sheep, 8,000, valued at $33,000. The total value of poultry was $86,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were twenty-four industries in Columbus, furnishing employment to more than 1,500 persons. Among the more important industries are the W. W. Mooney & Sons Tannery, one of the largest in the United States ; Reeves & Co., manufacturers of thrashing machinery ; the Reeves Pulley Com- pany, manufacturers of wood pulleys, and Cald- well & Drake Iron Works. BENTON COUNTY FOWLER, SEAT OF JUSTICE BENTON COUNTY is located in the north- western part of the State. It is bounded on the north by Newton and Jasper, on the east by White and Tippecanoe, on the south by Warren county and on the west by the State of Illinois. The county contains 414 square miles. Organization. — The year 1840 witnessed the organization of Benton county, named for the celebrated Thomas H. Benton. The act of Feb- ruary, 1840, however, did not name commission- ers and it was not until January 31, 1843, that the Legislature named commissioners to locate a county seat. The commissioners met on the third Monday of May, 1843, at the home of Basil Jus- tus and chose a site on section 18, township 34 north, range 7 west, on land donated by Henry W. Ellsworth and David Watkinson. In Septem- ber, 1843, the commissioners ordered that a court-house be erected in the county seat "in the town of Milroy," which was named in honor of Samuel Milroy, one of the locating commission- ers. Learning that there was another town of that name in the State, the commissioners, at the October session, changed the name to "Oxford." The county seat remained here until July 10, 1874, when it was transferred to Fowler, which had been laid out in 1871, for the ostensible pur- pose of making a bid for the county seat. This change gave rise to a bitter fight between the towns of Oxford and Fowler. The immediate cause for the hostilities was the condemnation of the old court-house at Oxford on March 20, 1873, which was followed by injunctions and other legal proceedings which culminated in the court- house being ordered erected at Fowler. The court-house was largely the gift of the late Moses Fowler of Lafayette. Its corner-stone was laid August, 1874, and the first court was held Febru- ary, 1875. Benton county has no large towns or large manufacturing enterprises, but is noted for its agricultural enterprises and live stock interests. It is also noted as the home of the "Hickory Grove Herd" of Hereford cattle, the substantial basis of the Hereford cattle industry of America. The county has the special distinction of being the birthplace and training ground of two of the most remarkable horses in the history of the world — the world-famed "Dan Patch" was bred, trained and campaigned as an unbeaten race CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 217 horse by Daniel A. Messner of Oxford, Ind., and "Honest George" was raised and trained at Bos- well by Mat Cooper. Population of Benton county in 1890 was 11.903; in 1900 was 13,123, and according to I'nited States Census in 1910 was 12,688, of which 695 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,029 families in the county and 3,017 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Benton county : Bolivar, Center, Gilboa, Grant, Hickory Grove, Oak Grove, Parish Grove, Pine, Richland, Union and York. The incorporated cities and towns are Anibia, Boswell, Earl Park, Fowler, Otterbein, and Oxford. Fowler is the county seat of Ben- ton county. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Benton county was $13,777,275 ; value of improvements was $2,009,385, and the total net value of taxables was $20,745,375. There were 1,837 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 440 miles of improved roads in Benton county, built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $710,354. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 84.22 miles of steam railroad operated in Benton county by the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Chi- cago, Indiana & Southern ; Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago ; C, C, C. & St. L., and Lake Eric & Western railways. Educational. — According to the report of Charles H. Dodson, county superintendent of Benton county, there were seventy-three school- houses, including eleven high schools, in Benton county in 1914, employing 138 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 1,811. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $81,500.97. The estimated value of school property in the county was $230,600. Agriculture. — There were in Benton count) in 1910 over 1,200 farms embraced in 252,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 198.4 acres. The value of all farm property was $37,000,000, showing 111.6 per cent, increase in value over 1900. The average value of land per acre was Views in Fowler, Benton County. 218 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA $128.94. The total value of domestic animals was $1,400,000; hogs, 25,000, valued at $194,000; over $2,000,000: Number of cattle, 11,000, sheep 5,600, valued at $29,000. The total value valued at $401,000; horses, 11,000, valued at of poultry was $51,000. BLACKFORD COUNTY HARTFORD CITY, SEAT OF JUSTICE BLACKFORD COUNTY is located in the second tier of counties northeast of Indi- anapolis. It is bounded on the north by Wells, on the east by Jay, on the south by Delaware and on the west by Grant counties, and contains an area of 169 square miles. Organization. — The county, which was orig- inally a part of Jay county, was organized Feb- ruary 18, 1839, and named in honor of Judge Blackford. The first settlement in the county was made by John Blount in 1835 and in the winter of 1836 Abel Baldwin, of Vermont, made an exploration of the forests and entered land for a party of emigrants from that State. In the autumn following, they removed to the Sala- monie and laid off the town of Montpelier. named after the capital of Vermont. Hartford was founded in 1839 and for several years the rival towns were competitors for the county seat. It took two separate acts of the Legislature be- fore the organization of the county became ef- fective, and it was not until after the fourth set of commissioners were appointed, February 24, 1840, that the county seat was finally located at Hartford, the site probably selected by the second set of commissioners. Later the town name was changed to Hartford City at the suggestion of F. L. Shelton. What is known as the "Godfroy Reserve," where the one-time noted war chief Godfroy of the Miamis long resided, is located in the eastern part of the county. Godfroy was a noble-looking, kind-hearted man, and was held in great esteem by the Indians and white men. Population of Blackford county in 1890 was 10,461 ; in 1900 was 17,213, and' according to United States Census in 1910 was 15,820, of which 629 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,837 families in the county and 3.775 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are four townships in Blackford county: Harrison, Jackson, Licking and Washington. The incor- porated cities and towns are Hartford City and Montpelier. Hartford City is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to- tal value of lands and lots in Blackford county was $3,829,610; value of improvements was .$2,116,745, and the total net value of taxables was $10,317,690. There were 2,246 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 250 miles of improved roads in Blackford county, built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $366,648.46. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 27.92 miles of steam railroad operated in Black- ford county by the Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville and the P., C, C. & St. L. railways. The Union Traction Company of Indiana oper- ates 15.25 miles of electric lines. Educational. — According to the report of Edgar M. Servies, county superintendent of Boone county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in Boone county in 1914. employing 150 grade and forty high-school teach- ers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,997.99 grade ; 585.73 high school. The aggre- gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $100.- 775.50. The estimated value of school property in the county was $430,335, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $150,830. One orphanage school, two miles south of Zions- ville, is maintained by the Baptist church, but the teacher is furnished by the township trustee. Agriculture. — There were in Blackford county in 1910 over 1,100 farms embraced in 98,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 85.4 acres. The value of all farm property was $9,000,000, show- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 219 ing 73 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $65.22. The total value of domestic animals was over $995,000: Number of cattle 7.600, valued at $227,000; horses, 4,900, valued at $518,000; hogs, 28,000, valued at $167,000; sheep, 14,000, valued at $68,000. The total value of poultry was about $50,000. BOONE COUNTY LEBANON, SEAT OF JUSTICE BOONE COUNTY, named after the famous Indian hunter and trapper, Daniel Boone, is bounded on the north by Clinton, on the east by Hamilton, on the south by Marion and Hen- dricks and on the west by Montgomery counties. It is situated on the ridge of what were in the early days called the dividing swamps between White river and the Wabash. The area of the county is 418 square miles. Organization. — The county was organized in 1830 and the first courts were held in James- town, which remained the seat of justice until the removal to Lebanon, made effective by an act of the Legislature January 26, 1832, providing for commissioners to relocate the county seat. The first court-house was completed in 1833 and it is presumed that the formal transfer of the county seat to Lebanon occurred that year. This county was once the abode and hunting ground of the Eel river tribe of the Miami In- dians. In 1819 Thorntown had a population of 400 Indians and a few French traders. The large reserve at this place was not purchased un- til 1828, nor did the Indians remove until 1835. The present court-house, which was completed and dedicated July 4, 1912, is built of Bedford limestone and one of the features is the dome, which is the second in size in the State, being fifty feet in diameter. The north and south en- trances are each adorned by four columns 35 feet 3 inches in length, 52 inches in diameter at the base and 48 inches at the top. These columns are said to be the largest mie-piece columns in the United States. Population of Boone county in 1890 was 26,572; in 1900 was 26,321, and according to United States Census in 1910 was 24,673, of which 131 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,414 families in the county and 6,33 1 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Boone county : Center, Clin- ton, Eagle, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Marion, Perry, Sugar Creek, Union, Washington and Worth. The incorporated cities and towns are Lebanon, Advance, Jamestown, Thorntown and Zionsville. Lebanon is the county seat of Boone county. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to Boone County Court-House, Lebanon. the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Boone county was $12,867,745 ; value of improvements was $3,720,295, and the total net value of taxables was $24,893,350. There were 4,200 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 563 miles ol improved roads in Boone county, built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $232,024. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 63.74 miles of steam railroad operated in Boone county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago, Indian- apolis & Louisville ; C, C, C. & St. L. ; Peoria & Eastern, and Vandalia railways. The Lebanon & 220 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Thorntown Traction Company and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- pany operate 50.14 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Edgar M. Servies, county superintendent of Boone county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 190 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 4,584. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $100,775. Estimated value of school property in the county was $430,335, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $160,650. Agriculture. — There were in Boone county in 1910 over 3,300 farms embraced in 264.000 acres. Average acres per farm, 79.7 acres. The value of all farm property was $35,000,000, showing 116.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $103.12. The total value of domestic animals was over $3,000,000 : Number of cattle. 21.000, valued at $720,000; horses, 14,- 0C0, valued at $1,500,000; hogs, 92,000. valued at $624,000; sheep, 22,000, valued at $105,000. The total value of poultry was $146,000. BROWN COUNTY NASHVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE BROWN COUNTY is located in the second tier of counties south of Indianapolis. It is bounded on the north by Morgan and Johnson, on the east by Bartholomew, on the south by Monroe and Jackson and on the west by Monroe counties. It contains 320 square miles. Organization. — It was organized February 4, 1836, which was made effective April 1, 1836. The county was named in honor of General Jacob Brown, one of the heroes of the war of 1812. The first name of the county seat was Jack- sonburg, but during the first year of its ca- Hohenpoint, near Weed Patch, Brown County. — Photo By Frank M. Hohenbcrger. Cd re r> CO o in p n .to n O :» 3 o o c 3 222 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA reer was changed to Nashville. The original jail, built in 1837, is still in use and is the last remain- ing relic of the log jails doing service in the State. Brown county lies in the northern angle of the unglaciated region of Indiana, which condition brings the rugged portion of the State farther north and nearer Indianapolis at this point, than at any other. Here the mighty grinding, planing force of the ice sheet has not cut down the ridges and filled up the hollows. It has not worn the underlying rocks into soil enriched by silt from far-off regions. The ridges stand out boldly as chiseled by the cutting force of the streams. The soil is home-made out of the underlying rocks, which are mostly shale and sand-stone. The ease with which the finer soil can be removed from the slopes by water causes the soil to be coarse and loose. This accounts for the wonderful growth of timber with which nature has covered it, also making this region an ideal one for adap- tation to fruit growing. The rugged nature of the county had a deter- rent effect upon railroa'd building and it was not until 1906 that the Illinois Central railroad, which runs twelve miles through the county, was built from Indianapolis to Effingham, 111., where it joins the main line from Chicago to New Orleans. With the entrance of the railroad this region of exceptional natural beauty, which before lay all but unknown almost in the shadow of the State Capital, has become the mecca for artists and the admirers of the beautiful in nature. Many sum- mer homes have been built here since and large sums of money have been invested in the fruit- raising industry. Population of Brown county in 1890 was 10,308; in 1900 was 9,727, and according to United States Census in 1910 was 7,975, of which 45 were of white foreign birth. There were 1,745 families in the county and 1,724 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are five townships in Brown county : Hamblen, Jack- son, Johnson, Van Buren and Washington. Nash- ville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Brown county was $1,049,665; value of improvements was $310,595, and the total net value of taxables was $2,143,380. There were 1,035 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were thirty-three miles of improved roads in Brown county built and under jurisdiction of the county commission- ers January 1, 1915. There were no gravel road bonds outstanding January 1, 1915. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 11.36 miles of steam railroad operated in Brown county by the Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central railroad. Educational. — According to the report of Sylvester Barnes, county superintendent of Brown county, there were seventy-six school- houses, including three high schools, in Brown county in 1914, employing eighty-seven teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 1,437. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $34,184.33. The estimated value of school property in the county was $49,900, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $3,030. Agriculture. — There were in Brown county in 1910 over 1,500 farms embraced in 160,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 107.1 acres. The value of all farm property was $3,400,000, show- ing 40.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $12.75. The total value of domestic animals was over $530,000- Number of cattle, 5,000, valued at $123,000:' horses, 3,000, valued at $305,000; hogs, 5,300, valued at $41,000; sheep, 5,600, valued at $21,- 000. The total value of poultry was $38,000. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 223 CARROLL COUNTY DELPHI, SEAT OF JUSTICE CARROLL COUNTY, located in the third tier northwest of Indianapolis, is bounded on the north by White and Cass, on the east by Howard and Cass, on the south by Clinton and on the west by White and Tippecanoe counties, and contains 376 square miles. The county is traversed by the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers, by Deer creek and Wild creek, which are its prin- cipal streams. The western side of the county borders on what is known as the "Grand Prairie." The surface is generally level and clay and black soil predominate about equally. Organization. — It was organized January 7, 1828, which became effective May 1, 1828. The first county seat was christened Carrollton, but on May 24, 1828, was changed to Delphi. The county was named in honor of the venerable Charles Carroll, then the sole survivor of those who had signed the Declaration of Independence. In its earlier history, the Wabash and Erie canal furnished it with great facilities for trade and exportation of produce. Population of Carroll county in 1890 was 20,021 ; in 1900 was 19,953, and according to United States Census in 1910 was 17,970, of which 263 were of white foreign birth. There crat, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Rock Creek, Tippecanoe and Washington. The incor- porated cities and towns are Delphi, Camden and Flora. Delphi is the county seat. Carroll County Court-House, Delphi. were 4,579 families in the county and 4,536 dwell- ings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Carroll county : Adams, Burlington, Carrollton, Clay, Deer Creek. Demo- Delphi Library, Carroll County. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Carroll county was $7,567,840 ; value of improvements was $2,181,410, and the total net value of taxables was $14,489,540. There were 2,967 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 385 miles of improved roads in Carroll county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $450,283. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 59.01 miles of steam railroad operated in Carroll county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville : Yandalia ; and the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company operates 15.62 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Philip B. Hemmig, county superintendent of Car- roll county, there were eighty-seven schoolhoiw-, including seven high schools, in the county in 1914 employing 160 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,243. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $76,567.80. 224 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Estimated value of school property in the county was $267,000, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $47,646.03. Agriculture. — There were in Carroll county in 1910 over 2,200 farms embraced in 227,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 101.7 acres. The value of all farm property was $27,000,000, show- ing 105 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $93.69. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,200,000: Number of cattle, 16,000, valued at $485,000; horses, 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs, 57,000, valued at $365,000; sheep, 11,000, valued at $55,000. The total value of poultry was $87,000. CASS COUNTY LOGANSr'ORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE CASS COUNTY is bounded on the north by Pulaski and Fulton, on the east by Miami, on the south by Howard and Carroll and on the west by White and Carroll counties. It contains 420 square miles. plant and factories of the city of Logansport, which is built on both sides of the two rivers. Along these streams there is an inexhaustible supply of limestone, gravel and sand of superior quality for building purposes and road-making High School. Logansport. Organization. — The organization of Cass county became effective April 13, 1829, and the county seat was fixed at Logansport by three of the five commissioners named by the legislative Act of December 18, 1828. The county was named after the Honorable Lewis Cass. Here was located the town of Kenapacomequa or l'Anguille, the French name, or Old Town, which was destroyed by General Wilkinson August 8, 1791. The village stood on the north bank of Eel river, six miles northeast of Logans- port and extended for two miles and a half along the stream. It was then called a village of the Kickapoos. The Eel and Wabash rivers unite near the center of the county, furnishing an abundance of water power for the water works, electric light Public Library, Logansport. and a good quality of clay for making brick is found in abundance in different parts of the county. Population of Cass county in 1890 was 31,153; in 1900 was 34,545, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 36,368, of which 2,031 were of white foreign birth. There were 9,080 families in the county and 8,758 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Cass county : Adams, Bethlehem, Boone, Clay, Clinton, Deer Creek, Eel, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Miami, Noble, Tipton and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Logansport, Galveston, Royal Center and Walton. Logansport is the county seat. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 225 Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Cass county was $12,264,550, value of improvements was $4,950,- 780 and the total net value of taxables was $26,858,345. There were 6,178 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 402 miles of improved roads in Cass county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1. 1914. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing. $675,194.75. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 107.99 miles of steam railroad operated in Cass count\- by the Chesapeake & Ohio; Logansport division P., C, C. & St. L. ; Richmond division P., C, C. & St. L. ; Effner branch P., C, C. & St. L. : Michigan division of Vandalia ; Butler branch of the Vandalia, and the Wabash Railways. The Fort Wayne & Northern Traction Company and the Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 40.48 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of A. L. Frantz, Logansport, Ind., county superin- tendent of Cass county, there were 108 school- houses, including ten high schools in Cass county in 1914, employing 241 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,595. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ent, supervisors, principals and teachers was $139,317.09. The estimated value of school property in the county was $643,500, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $142,898. There are three Catholic and one German Lutheran schools in Cass county. Consolidation is coming fast ; almost every township has one consolidated school building of from five to nine teachers. Agriculture. — There were in Cass county in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 240,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 102.3 acres. The value of all farm property was $27,000,000, showing 92.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $80.57. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,- 000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $590,000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 52,000, valued at $360,000 ; sheep 20,000, valued at $95,- 000. The total value of poultry was $105,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were sixty-eight industries in Logansport, furnishing employment to 2,412 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $2,003,965. Value of products, $4,201,369; value added by manufacture, $2,219,816. Northern Hospital for Insane. — The General Assembly of 1883, by an act approved March 7, made provision for the erection of three addi- tional hospitals for the insane (Laws 1883, p. 164). The first of these to be opened was the Northern Hospital, located a mile west of Logansport and popularly known as Longcliff. The site was purchased October 4, 1883. The work of construction, which was on the "block plan," began in the following summer, but was discontinued in 1886 because of the exhaustion of funds. It was not until July 1, 1888, that the first patients were received. These came at first from all parts of the State, but the hospital is now limited to the care of patients from twenty-two counties designated the northern district for the insane ( Laws, 1889, p. 391). CLARK COUNTY JEFFERSONVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE CLARK COUNTY is located in the south- east section of the State and its entire southeastern section is bounded by the Ohio river. To the north are Jefferson and Scott counties, while Washington bounds it on the west and Floyd county on the south. Organization. — Clark county was set apart 15 February 1, 1801, by William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Territory of Indiana, and was named in honor of the celebrated General George Rogers Clark, at one time a citizen of the county. At that time the boundaries, as defined by the Governor, were "Beginning on the Ohio river at the mouth of the Blue river, thence up that river 226 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA , fc^£ ^™ss t |jyr i MHP , T^3 ••■ Administration Building, Indiana State Forest Reserva- tion, Clark County. to the crossing of the Vincennes road, thence in a direct line to the nearest point on White river, thence up that river to its source and to Fort Recovery, thence on the line of the northwest territory to the Ohio at the mouth of the Ken- tucky, thence to the place of beginning." The original county was very large and included in whole or in part twenty-one of the present coun- ties of the State, which constituted about one- fifth of the area. Clark county now contains about 400 square miles. Most of the land within the present limits of the county is embraced in what is called "Illinois Grant," or "Clark's Grant," made by the Legislature of Virginia in 1786, which conveyed to certain commissioners 149,000 acres of land in trust, to be apportioned accord- ing to rank, to General Clark and the officers and men of the regiment which he commanded in the expedition to Vincennes and Kaskaskia. It was divided into 500-acre tracts and apportioned ac- cordingly. One thousand acres more, lying along the Falls of the Ohio, was also granted at the same time for the location of a town to be called Clarksville, which flourished for a time, but has since gone to decay. The first settlements of any consequence were made from 1790 up to 1800 in the towns along the river, so that the inhabi- tants on the first notice of the approach of In- dians might escape into Kentucky. Clark county was the gateway to the great northwest and constituted the highway over which the stream of civilization made its way from the east and south to the new country north of the Ohio river. The Falls of the Ohio furnished the means of crossing the river and determined the earlier settlement of this part of the State. The first county seat was Springville, a little village which stood near where Charlestown now stands. It was on the old Indian trail from the falls of the Ohio to the Indian nations of the north, west and east. A short distance west of this little town lived Jonathan Jennings, first Governor of Indiana. Springville, at one time, was a great trading center for the French and Indians, but not a vestige now remains to tell where the village stood. On June 9, 1802, Governor Harrison issued a proclamation "fixing the seat of justice at the town of Jeffersonville . . . after the first day of August next." The territorial Legislature changed it to Charles- town by the Act of December 14, 1810, and it remained there until September 23, 1873, when it was permanently located at Jeffersonville. The old court-house at Charlestown is still standing and in a good state of preservation. Indiana State Forest Reservation. — By an act of the Legislature, March 3, 1903, the State purchased 2,000 acres of land for a forest reser- vation, laboratory of forestry, demonstration and State nurseries. The reservation is lo- cated one mile north of Henry ville, which may be reached by going to Henryville via the Penn- sylvania or the Indianapolis & Louisville electric line which touches the east side of the reserva- tion. The "Knobs." — Five miles below the Falls of the Ohio commences a range of hills called the "Knobs." They rise about 500 feet high, are from a mile to a half a mile in width and are about equal in elevation. Each hill, separately, is small, often covering less than half an acre; they unite, Postoffice Building, Jeffersonville. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 227 generally, one hundred or two hundred feet be- low their summits. They extend about fifty miles into the interior and the country behind them falls off very little from a level. A similar ridge of hills extends intoTCentucky, from the south side of the river opposite. It is not un- likely that they were once united and formed an obstruction, the only remains of which at this time are the Falls of the Ohio. A few miles above Jeffersonville is an elevated pear-shaped ridge overlooking the Ohio river, which is sup- posed to be the remains of a fort built by the Mound Builders. About eight miles north of this stone fort is a circular inclosure. This is an earthwork of about 2,000 feet in circumference and the embankment was originally about twelve feet high. In form it is almost a perfect circle. Pottery, fresh water shells and fragments of bones have been found here in great abundance. From this place to the stone fort is a line of mounds. On the bank of Big creek, about eight feet above the creek bed, is another stone in- closure, embracing about ten acres. A short dis- tance south of the inclosure are three curious stone mounds or pillars. The object for which these mounds were erected can only be conjec- tured, but were evidently intended as memorials of some event in the history of the Mound Builders. Indiana Reformatory. — The first State insti- tution established in Indiana was the State Prison at Jeffersonville. It was authorized by an act of the Legislature, approved January 9, 1821 (Laws 1821, p. 24), and the first prisoner was received November 1, 1822. Provision was made by the Legislature of 1859 for another prison north of the National road (Laws 1859, p. 135). It was opened at Michigan City in 1860. From that date until 1897 the institution Carnegie Public Library. Jeffersonville Statue of General George Rogers Clark in Monument Place, Indianapolis. at Jeffersonville was known as the Southern In- diana State Prison and its prisoners were com- mitted from the counties south of the National road. In accordance with an act approved Feb- ruary 26, 1897 (Laws 1897, p. 69), the State Prison, South, on April 1 of that year became the Indiana Reformatory for the incarceration of men between the ages of sixteen and thirty years unless convicted of treason or murder in the first or second degree, sentenced from any county in the State. Population of Clark county in 1890 was 30,259; in 1900 was 31,835. and according to United States Census of 1910 was 30,260, of which 833 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,901 families in the county and 6.704 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Clark county : Bethlehem, Carr, Charlestown, Jefferson, Monroe, Oregon, Owen, Silver Creek, Union, Utica. Washington and Wood. The incorporated cities and towns are Jeffersonville, Clarkstown. Clarksville, Clays- 228 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA burg, New Providence, Port Fulton and Sellers- burg. Jeffersonville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Clark county was $5,454,350, value of improvements was $3,082,- 130 and the total net value of taxables was $14,470,840. There were 4,725 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 219 miles of improved roads in Clark county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $329,730. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 73.56 miles of steam railroad operated in Clark county by the Louisville division Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern ; C, I. & L. ; Louisville Bridge Company ; C, C, C. & St. L. ; Louisville & Jef- ferson Bridge Company, and the Louisville di- vision, the Jeffersonville branch and the New Albany branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. Rail- ways. The Indianapolis & Louisville Traction Company, the Louisville & Northern Railway & Lighting Company and the Louisville & Southern Indiana Traction Company operate 40.25 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Samuel L. Scott, county superintendent of Clark county, there were 104 schoolhouses, including four high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- ing 191 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,863. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $97,518.31. Esti- mated value of school property in the county in 1914 was $385,000, and the total amount of in- debtedness, including bonds, was $57,500. Agriculture. — There were in Clark county in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 216,000 acres. Average acres per farm 99.2 acres. The value of all farm property was $9,500,000, show- ing 39.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $28.61. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $267,000; horses 5,500, valued at $520,000; hogs 15,000, valued at $100,000; sheep 9,000, valued at $35,000. The total value of poultry was $56,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were thirty-six industries in Jeffersonville, furnishing employment to 919 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $2,681,753. Value of products, $1,915,682 ; value ridded by manufacture, $832,957. CLAY COUNTY BRAZIL, SEAT OF JUSTICE CLAY COUNTY lies south of Parke, west of Putnam and Owen, north of Greene and east of Sullivan and Vigo counties and con- tains 360 square miles. Organization. — The organization of the county was made effective April 1, 1825. Bow- ling Green was selected as the first county seat and held that distinction for fifty years. When on November 30, 1851, the court-house and all the records were burned a fight was precipitated to select a new location for the county seat, the town of Bellaire was the chief contender. On February 23, 1853, the advocates of relocation got an act through the Legislature providing commissioners to select and locate a new seat of justice, and for the second time Bowling Green was selected. In 1872 the county seat was or- dered removed to Brazil, as a result of a petition on the part of those favoring that place, and the formal transfer was made January 26, 1877. The county was named in honor of the famous states- man Henry Clay. In past years Clay county was noted as the largest producer of coal in the State, but later developments in Indiana coal fields have out- ranked Clay county by reason of the fact that the mines, where the famous Brazil Block coal is mined, have been in operation over forty years and much of the coal has been taken out. Ac- cording to the mine inspector's report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there are seventeen mines in operation in Clay county, CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 229 under the jurisdiction of the State Mine In- spector, which produced 464,948 tons of block- coal. During the past two decades the county has become the leading clay manufacturing cen- ter in the State. Population of Clay county in 1890 was 30,536 ; in 1900 was 34,285, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 32,535, of which 1,869 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,626 families in the county and 7.480 dwellings. Improved Roads. — There were 346 miles of improved roads in Clay county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $415,604.37. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 94.69 miles of steam railroad operated in Clay county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago & East- ern Illinois; C, C. C. & St. L. ; Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Evansville & Indianap- Big Four Railroad Bridge Over Walnut Creek in Putnam County. — Photograph by Bert IVeedoH. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Clay county : Brazil, Cass, Dick Johnson, Harrison, Jackson, Lewis, Perry, Posey, Sugar Ridge, Van Buren and Washing- ton. The incorporated cities and towns are Brazil, Bowling Green, Carbon, Center Point, Clay City, Knightsville and Staunton. Brazil is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Clay county was $6,299,480, value of improvements was $3,384,- 670 and the total net value of taxables was $15,- 262,530. There were 5,048 polls in the county. olis ; Indianapolis & Louisville, and the Vandalia Railways. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operates 12.36 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Willis E. Akre. county superintendent of Clay county, there were 115 schoolhouses, including six high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- ing 226 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,926. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- cipals and teachers was $111,653.37. Estimated value of school property in the county in 1914 was $2,494,504, and the total amount of indebt- edness, including bonds, was $110,310. 230 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Agriculture. — There were in Clay county in 1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 212,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 82.2 acres. The value of all farm property was $13,000,000, showing 48.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,300,- 000 : Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $350,- 000; horses 7,600, valued at $730,000; hogs 23,000, valued at $150,000; sheep 5,900, valued at $23,000. The total value of poultry was average value of land per acre was $43.72. The $58,000. CLINTON COUNTY FRANKFORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE CLINTON COUNTY is bounded on the north by Carroll and Howard, on the east by Tipton and Hamilton, on the south by Boone and on the west by Tippecanoe and Montgomery counties. It has an area of 408 square miles, and is located in the second tier of counties northwest of Indianapolis. Organization. — The organization of the county became effective March 1, 1830. The town of Jefferson, four miles west of the then future town of Frankfort, was the temporary county seat of Clinton from the day of its organi- Clinton County Court-House, Frankfort. zation, May 3, 1830, until the proper buildings were erected at Frankfort. The site of Frank- fort was selected by the State commissioners and the county agent was ordered on May 19, 1830, to have the land surveyed and laid off in lots. The first term of court in Frankfort con- vened April, 1831, in the new log court-house. Clinton county was named after DeWitt Clinton, at one time Governor of New York. The principal streams in the county are the south fork of Wild Cat, Kilmore and Sugar Creek. The soil surface is sufficiently undulating to afford good drainage and the farms of the county are well drained and under a high state of cultivation. In a small portion of the south- eastern part of the county natural gas was found. In many places in the county there is a large deposit of excellent clay for the manufacture of brick, tile and pottery. Population of Clinton county in 1890 was 27,370; in 1900 was 28,202, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 26,674, of which 186 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,905 families in the county and 6,732 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Clinton county: Center, Forest, Jackson, Johnson, Kirkland, Madison, Michigan, Owen, Perry, Ross, Sugar Creek, Union, Warren and Washington. The incorpo- rated cities and towns are Frankfort, Colfax, Kirkland, Michigantown and Rossville. Frank- fort is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Clinton county was $12,717,685, value of improvements was CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 231 $4,248,290 and the total net value of taxables was $25,172,520. There were 4,721 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 789 miles of improved roads in Clinton county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $708,203.05. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 99.05 miles of steam railroad operated in Clinton county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Chicago division of the C, C, C. & St. L. ; Lake Erie & Western; Toledo, St. Louis & Western, and the Michigan division of the Vandalia Rail- ways. The Indiana Railways & Light Company and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operate 32.13 miles of elec- tric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Marion W. Salmon, county superintendent of Clinton county, there were seventy schoolhouses, including eight high schools, in Clinton county in 1914, employing 195 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,071. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $115,109.82. Estimated value of school property in the county was $548,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $152,400. Agriculture. — There were in Clinton county Public Library, Frankfort. in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 253,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 93.2 acres. The value of all farm property was $36,000,000, showing 123.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre is $113.20. The total value of domestic animals was over $3,000,- 000: Number of cattle 19,000, valued at $703,- 000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,600,000; hogs 78,000, valued at $500,000 ; sheep 12,000, valued at $61,000. The value of poultry was $108,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were nineteen industries in Frankfort, employing about 850 persons, of which about 450 were em- ployed in the repair shops of the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroad. CRAWFORD COUNTY ENGLISH, SEAT OF JUSTICE CRAWFORD COUNTY is situated in the southern tier of counties bordering on the Ohio river and lies between Harrison and Perry counties on the river, Orange and Washington counties on the north and Dubois on the west. It contains about 320 square miles, much of the surface of which is rough and hilly. There is an inexhaustible supply of stone and large plants are operated at Marengo and Mill- town. The county is particularly distinguished on account of the location of two of the greatest underground caverns in the world, the Marengo and Wyandotte caves. Organization. — The county was organized by legislative act January 29, 1818, which became effective March 1, 1818. It was named after the unfortunate Colonel William Crawford, the land agent of General Washington in the west, who was taken prisoner by the Indians and burned at the stake at Sandusky in 1782. The county seat history of Crawford county has never been sat- isfactorily recorded owing to inability to gather all of the records. According to the best avail- able data Mt. Sterling became the county seat in 1818 and remained so at least until 1822. The Legislature passed an act on December 21, 1821, providing for a change of the county seat from "Mountsterling." It was probably removed to 232 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Fredonia, a town on the Ohio river, where it was in 1843. In that year the Legislature passed an act on January 4 providing for its removal from that place to Leavenworth, which became the next county seat, where it remained until 1894, when it was removed to English after a most notable and picturesque struggle. The court-house at English is the only one in the State which was erected outside the limits of the county seat town. The town of English was 13,941 ; in 1900 was 13,476, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 12.057, of which sixty-nine were of white foreign birth. There were 2,759 families in the county and 2.728 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Crawford county: Boone, Jen- nings, Johnson, Liberty, Ohio, Patoka, Sterling, Union and Whiskey Run. The incorporated cities and towns are Alton, English, Marengo, Monumental Mountain, Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County. Height 135 feet — highest underground mountain in the world. named in honor of Honorable William H. Eng- lish, whose death occurred February 7, 1896, and who was one of Indiana's most distinguished sons. In 1851 he was elected to represent his native county (Scott) in the State Legislature and in 1852 as a member of Congress, to which he was re-elected. At the national convention at Cincinnati in June, 1880, he was unanimously nominated for Vice-President of the United States on the Democratic ticket with General Winfield Scott Hancock for President. The last years of his life were devoted to the writing of his "History of the Conquest of the Northwest." Population of Crawford county in 1890 was Leavenworth and Milltown. English is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Crawford county was $938,050, value of improvements was $505,- 515 and the total net value of taxables was $2,725,632. There were 1,781 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were fifty-four miles of improved roads in Crawford county built and under jurisdiction of the county com- missioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $68,759.20. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 233 Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 25.62 miles of steam railroad operated in Craw- ford county by the Southern Railway Company of Indiana. Educational. — According to the report of Stuart A. Beals, county superintendent of Craw- ford county, there were eighty-five schoolhouses, including five high schools in Crawford county in 1914, employing 113 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2.236. The aggre- gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $40,- 972.20. The estimated value of school property in the county was $55,750. and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $19,000. Agriculture. — There were in Crawford count v in 1910 over 1.800 farms, embraced in 181,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 97.5 acres. The value of all farm property was $3,800,000, show- ing 70.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $11.73. The total value of domestic animals was over $600,000 : Number of cattle 5,700, valued at $130,000; horses 3,500, valued at $344,000; hogs 7,400, valued at $50,000 ; sheep 7,300, valued at $28,000. The total value of poultry was $47,000. Entrance to Pil Palace, Wyandotte Cave. DAVIESS COUNTY WASHINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE DAVIESS COUNTY is located in the south western part of the State, between the east and west forks of White river, which stream with its tributaries, Sugar, Mud. Aikman, Veal, Prairie, Smithers, Pond, Purse and other creeks, drain the county. The county lies wholly within the area of the coal measures and has an abun- dant supply of coal. It is bounded on the north by Greene, on the east by Martin, on the south by Dubois and Pike and on the west by Knox and a very small portion of Sullivan counties. It contains about 420 square miles, which is marked by a variety of soil. The White river bottoms are rich, sandy and black loam soil, while clay predominates in the other portions. Farming is the principal occupation of the people. Corn and wheat are the leading products, and other farm products are grown in abundance. Melons are raised extensively for shipment and tomatoes are grown in a number of places for canning pur- poses. Many hogs are raised and fattened here for shipment. The principal natural resource is coal. According to the State Mine Inspector's report for September 30, 1914, there were three coal mines in operation in the county under his jurisdiction, which produced 89,506 tons of coal. The first settler came into the territory now occupied by Daviess county some time in 1801 or 1806. The first deed for land within the present limits of the county was given to John Baptiste Cardinal by Congress, and - the first deed of record was made in 1792. This tract consisted of 400 acres. In 1783 the Congress of the United States made numerous donations of land to the early French settlers about Vincennes, and in 1807 the Congress made what has since been called "French 1. ocat inns," which lie mostly in what is now Knox county. The making of early history in Daviess county was marked with Indian depredations, and after the killing of William McGowen by the Indians in the spring of 1812, the settlers, in order to 234 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA protect themselves, erected ten block houses or forts. Five of these were built in 1812 and were known as "Hawkins' Fort," "Comer's Fort" and "Purcell's Fort," the others being built at a later period. Organization. — Daviess county was organized by an act of the Legislature December 24, 1816, which became effective February 15, 1817. The county was named in honor of the distinguished lawyer, Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed Population of Daviess county in 1890 was 26,227; 1900, 29,914, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 27,747, of which 389 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,231 families in the county and 6,144 dwelling- houses. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Daviess county : Barr, Bogard, Elmore, Harrison, Madison, Reeve, Steele, Van Buren, Veale and Washington. The incorporated . > ""^ *%», . Views in Washington, Daviess County. 1. Public Library. 4. Soldiers' Monument. High School. 3. Court-House. in the battle of Tippecanoe November 7, 1811. Daviess county was originally part of Knox and contained nearly all of the territory now com- prising Martin, all of Greene, east of the west fork of White river, and all of Owen county, east of the west fork of White river. The first county seat of Daviess county was located in the town of Liverpool on March 15, 1817. The name was changed to Washington August 18, 1817, and it has remained the county seat since the organiza- tion of the county. It is located on the B. & O. Southwestern and C. & E. I. railroads. The shops of the B. & O. Southwestern railroad are located here. cities and towns are Washington, Cannelburg, Elnora, Montgomery and Odon. Washington is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Daviess county was $7,438,535, value of improvements was $2,869,965 and the total net value of taxables was $14,558,915. There were 4,428 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 326 miles of improved roads in Daviess county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 235 January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $427,389.24. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 65.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Daviess county by the B. & O. Southwestern; Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern, and the E. & I. Railways. Educational. — According to the report of Alva O. Fulkerson, county superintendent of Daviess county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in- cluding nine high schools in Daviess county in 1914, employing 204 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,278. There are six consolidated school buildings in the county. They have proved such a success that opposition against consolidation has almost disappeared. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $98,229.54. The estimated value of school property in the county was $385,800, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $109,825. Agriculture. — There were in Daviess county in 1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 253,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 91.8 acres. The value of all farm property was $18,000,000, showing 103.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre $54.98. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,000: Number of cattle, 14,000, valued at $375,000; horses 9,000, valued at $950,000; hogs 40,000, valued at $280,000; sheep 11,000, valued at $46,000. The total value of poultry was $113,000. DEARBORN COUNTY LAWRENCEBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE DEARBORN COUNTY is located in the southeast part of the State, bordering on the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by Franklin county, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the south by the Ohio river and Ohio county and on the west by Ripley county. It contains 207 square miles and the general char- acter of the land is rolling and in some parts broken by ranges of hills, which, however, are not so high nor so steep as to prevent cultiva- tion. Archeological remains are found through- out the county, some of which are believed to be not less than 2,000 years old and which required much labor and engineering skill. Moore's Hill College, one of the oldest edu- cational institutions in the State, is located at Moore's Hill in this county. Organization. — Dearborn county was organ- ized on March 7, 1803, with the seat of justice at Lawrenceburg, the court-house being one-half of a double log cabin belonging to Doctor Jabez Percival, one of the associate judges. Rising Sun was ambitious to be the county seat and wanted to have a new county formed, of which it could be the county seat if it could not wrest the honor from Lawrenceburg. Through this struggle Lawrenceburg lost the county seat for a few years. On September 26, 1836, Wilmington became the seat of justice, where it remained until April 4, 1844, when Lawrenceburg again became the county seat, through an act of the Legislature of January 3, 1844. Population of Dearborn county in 1890 was 23,364; in 1900 was 22,194, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 21,396, of which 1,163 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,274 families in the county and 5,058 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Dearborn county : Caesar Creek, Center, Clay, Harrison, Hogan, Jackson, Kelso, Lawrenceburg, Logan, Manchester, Mil- ler, Sparta, Washington and York. The incor- porated cities and towns are Aurora, Lawrence- burg, Dillsboro, Greendale, Moore's Hill, St. Leon and West Harrison. Lawrenceburg is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Dearborn county was $3,084,170, value of improvements was 236 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA $2,582,125 and the total net value of taxables was $10,170,790. There were 3,143 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were eighty miles of improved roads in Dearborn county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $264,365.12. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 52.79 miles of steam railroad operated in Dear- born county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Cin- cinnati & Southern Ohio River ; the Chicago divi- sion, Lawrenceburg branch and Harrison branch, of the Big Four, and the White Water railroads. The Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg & Aurora Elec- tric Street Railway Company operates 9.38 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of George C. Cole, county superintendent of Dear- born county, there were ninety-four school- houses, including two high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 150 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,992. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $71,559.64. Estimated value of school property in the county was $192,450, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $11,600. Agriculture. — There were in Dearborn county in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 185,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 82.5 acres. The value of all farm property was $9,800,000, show- ing 51.0 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $30.43. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,000: Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $360,000; horses 6,000, valued at $604,000; hogs 10,000, valued at $76,000; sheep 6,000, valued at $25,000. The total value of poultry in the county was $72,000. DECATUR COUNTY GREENSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE DECATUR COUNTY is located in the sec- ond tier of counties southeast of Indian- apolis. It is bounded on the north by Rush, on the east by Franklin, on the south by Ripley and Jennings and on the west by Bartholomew and Shelby counties. It contains 400 square miles and is especially adapted to agriculture. Some of the finest limestone quarries of the State are located in the county. Organization. — Decatur county was organ- Carnegie Library, Greensburg. ized December 31, 1821, and became effective March 4, 1822. It was named after the gallant Commodore Stephen Decatur. Greensburg was selected as the county seat, which, tradition says, was so named by Mrs. Thomas A. Hendricks in honor of her old home town in Pennsylvania. Population of Decatur county in 1890 was 19,277; in 1900 was 19,518, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 18,793, of which 370 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,935 families in the county and 4,844 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Decatur county : Adams, Clay, Clinton, Fugit, Jackson, Marion, Salt Creek, Sand Creek and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Greensburg, Milford, Mill- housen, New Point and Westport. Greensburg is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913 the total value of lands and lots in Decatur county was $9,832,000, value of improvements was $3,020,- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 237 510 and the total net value of taxables was $16,655,615. There were 3,183 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 345 miles of improved roads in Decatur county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $538,847.60. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 60.97 miles of steam railroad operated in Decatur county by the Chicago division of the Big Four : Westport branch of the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Columbus. Hope & Greensburg, and the Vernon, Greensburg & Rushville rail- roads. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Com- pany operates 10.40 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Frank C. Fields, county superintendent of Deca- tur county, there were sixty-eight schoolhouses. including ten high schools in Decatur county in 1914, employing 138 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,235. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $84,041.21. The estimated value of school property in the county was $487,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $129,888. Clinton township, this county, was the first township in the State to consolidate entirely all its schools into one. This was accomplished at Sandusky in 1903. Six hacks carry the children to this centralized school. Since that day the other townships have all followed the lead of Clinton and more or less consolidation has been accomplished in each. Agriculture. — There were in Decatur county Decatur County Court-House, Greensburg. in 1910 over 1,900 farms embraced in 223,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 116.1 acres. The value of all farm property was $19,000,000, showing 79.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre, $60.77. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,800,000: Number of cattle, 14,000. valued at $450,000; horses, 7,800, valued at $780,000; hogs, 57,000, valued at $370,000; sheep, 13,000, valued at $57,- 000. The total value of poultry was $86,000. DEKALB COUNTY AUBURN, SEAT OF JUSTICE DEKALB COUNTY is located in the north- east corner of the State, bordering on the State of Ohio, and is separated from the State of Michigan on the north by Steuben county. It is bounded on the west by Noble and on the south by Allen counties. The St. Joseph river runs of the county, and other parts of it are well watered by Cedar creek and its numerous branches. Organization. — Dekalb county was organized February 2, 1837, and was named in honor of Baron Dekalb, a German nobleman, who joined about twelve miles through the southeast corner the American army during the revolution. He 238 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA was made a general and was killed at the battle of Camden. The county began its career with Auburn as the county seat May 1, 1837. Pend- ing the building of a new court-house, a disastrous fire occurred February 8, 1913, which destroyed part of the county records, among which were all of the records of the county clerk. Population of Dekalb county in 1890 was 24,307; in 1900 was 25,711, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 25,054, of $7,432,060, value of improvements was $3,367,- 170 and the total net value of taxables was $18,124,560. There were 4,018 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were fourteen miles of improved roads in Dekalb county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. There were no gravel road bonds outstanding January 1, 1915. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are Views in Auburn, Dekalb County. which 1,060 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,581 families in the county and 6,427 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fifteen townships in Dekalb county : Butler, Con- cord, Fairfield, Franklin, Grant, Jackson, Key- ser. Newville. Richland, Smithfield, Spencer, Stafford, Troy, Union and Wilmington. The in- corporated cities and towns are Auburn, Butler, Garrett, Altona, Ashley, Corunna, St. Joe and Waterloo. Auburn is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Dekalb county was 97.75 miles of steam railroad operated in Dekalb county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; G. R. & I. ; Fort Wayne & Jackson ; Fort Wayne & Detroit ; L. S. & M. S., and the Butler branch of the Vandalia railroad. The Fort Wayne & Northwestern Rail- way Company operates 20.48 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Lida Leasure, county superintendent of Dekalb county, there were ninety-eight schoolhouses, including seven high schools, in Dekalb county in 1914, employing 177 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,285. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 239 $90,061.95. The estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $340,575, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds was $90,240. Agriculture. — There were in Dekalb county in 1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 220,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 88.1 acres. The total value of all farm property was $19,000,000, showing 76.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $56.92. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $460,- 000; horses 8,500, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 36,000, valued at $250,000 ; sheep 42,000, valued at $180,000. The total value of poultry was $104,000. DELAWARE COUNTY MUNCIE, SEAT OF JUSTICE DELAWARE COUNTY is located in the first tier of counties northeast of Indian- apolis and is bounded on the north by Grant and Blackford, on the east by Jay and Randolph, on the south by Henry and on the west by Madison counties. It contains 399 square miles. The face of the county is mostly level or gently un- dulating. There is but very little land in the county which is not well adapted to farming. White river in the center, the Mississinewa in the north and Buck creek are the principal streams in the county. Organization. — Delaware county was organ- ized January 18, 1827, and becoming effective April 21 of that year. It was so named from its having been long the home of the largest di- vision of the Delaware tribe of Indians who had migrated here from their eastern home. The county seat of Delaware county was first called "Munseytown" and was named after the old Indian chief who lived in Delaware county. This was the home of the Prophet, brother of the Indian Chief Tecumseh, and until it fell by decay here stood the post at which he caused his ene- mies, whites and Indians, to be tortured. It was through the influence of David Conner, an In- dian trader, who was the first white man to set- tle in Delaware county, that the tribe ceased to use the post. Population of Delaware county in 1890 was 30,131 ; in 1900 was 49,624, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 51,414. of which 1.199 were of white foreign birth. There were 12,913 families in the county and 12,530 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Delaware county: Center, Delaware, Hamilton, Harrison, Liberty, Monroe, Mt. Pleasant, Niles, Perry, Salem, Union and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Muncie, Albany, Eaton, Gaston, Normal City, Riverside and Selma. Muncie is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Delaware county was $12,858,475, value of improvements was $8,036,675 and the total net value of taxables was $32,750,000. There were 9,516 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 430 miles of improved roads in Delaware county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $743,435. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 124.70 miles of steam railroad operated in Dela- ware county by the Central Indiana : C. & O. ; Chicago, Indiana & Eastern ; Indianapolis divi- sion and the Muncie belt of the Big Four ; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Lake Erie & Western and Muncie & Western railroads. The Indianapolis, New Castle & Eastern Traction Company, Muncie & Portland Traction Company and the Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 67.90 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Ernest J. P.lack, county superintendent of Dela- ware county, there were ninety-five schoolhouses, including ten high schools, in the count}' in 1914, employing 330 teachers. The average daily at- 240 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA tendance by pupils was 8.851. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $215,688.90. Estimated value of school property in the county was $1,278,600, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $210,815. Agriculture. — There were in Delaware county in 1910 over 2,900 farms, embraced in 240,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 82.4 acres. The total value of all farm property was $26,000,000, showing 77.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $83.19. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,- 000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $619,- 000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 84,000, valued at $470,000; sheep 22,000, valued at $92,000. The total value of poultry was $120,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were 102 industries in Muncie, furnishing employment to 4,444 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $6,626,626; value of products, $9,686,234; value added by manufacture, $4,210,467. 1. Public Library, Muncie. 2. Delaware County Court-House. 3. High School, Muncie. 4. Post-Office, Muncie. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 241 DUBOIS COUNTY JASPER, SEAT OF JUSTICE DUBOIS COUNTY is located in the south- ern part of the State. It is bounded on the north by Martin and Daviess, on the east by Orange and Crawford, on the south by Spencer, Perry and Warrick and on the west by Pike and Warrick counties. It contains 420 square miles, and coal, sandstone, limestone and fire clay are mined in parts of the county. The Patoka river flows through the county and White river forms a part of its northern boundary. Organization. — It was organized by legisla- tive act December 20, 1817, which became ef- fective February 1, 1818. This section was set- tled about 1801, and the county was named in honor of Toussaint Dubois, a French soldier under General William Henry Harrison, who lived in Yincennes and who had charge of the guards and spies in the Tippecanoe campaign. The first county seat of Dubois county was Por- tersville. Owing to its location on White river, the northern boundary of the county, efforts were made at various times in the Legislature to have the county seat removed to a more de- sirable location. By a supplementary act of the Legislature of January 30, 1830, commissioners were ordered to meet at Portersville in August, 1830, and select a new county seat "as near the center of the county as possible." The town of Jasper was selected as the county seat. The record of the commissioners, who selected the site of Jasper, was lost in the fire of August, 1839, which completely destroyed the court-house and all records. Population of Dubois county in 1890 was 20,253 ; in 1900 was 20,357, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 19,843, of which 699 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,150 families in the county and 4,074 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Dubois county: Bainbridge, Boone, Cass, Columbia, Ferdinand, Hall, Harbi- son, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Marion and Patoka. The incorporated cities and towns are Huntingburg, Birds Eye, Ferdinand and Jasper. Jasper is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Dubois county was $3,560,725, value of improvements was $1,965,720 and the total net value of taxables was $8,847,125. There were 3,291 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were eighty-five miles of improved roads in Dubois county built and under jurisdiction of the county commis- sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $183,934.95. Academy of the Immaculate Conception, Ferdinand, Dubois County. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 62.17 miles of steam railroad operated in Dubois county by the Ferdinand Railway Company : Southern Railway Company of Indiana, and the Evansville branch and French Lick line of the Southern Railway Company. Educational. — According to the report of William Melchier, county superintendent of Du- bois county, there were one hundred school- houses, including five high schools, in Dubois county in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,193. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $66,137.49. Estimated value of school property in the county was $171,250, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $21,823. 16 242 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Agriculture. — There were in Dubois county in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 262,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 117.1 acres. The value of all farm property was $10,000,000, showing 47.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $25.23. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,- 000: Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $230,- 000; horses 6,700, valued at $614,000; hogs 23,000, valued at $125,000; sheep 5,800, valued at $21,000. The total value of poultry was $73,000. Convent and Academy of the Immaculate Conception at Ferdinand, Ind., is conducted by the Sisters of St. Benedict. The constantly increasing demand for teachers, competent in religious and moral training as well as in the profane sciences, urged the Benedictine Fathers of St. Meinrad's Abbey, to procure Nuns of the same order and erect, for them, a convent. The town of Ferdinand was selected as a site, while the erection and charge thereof was en- trusted, by the Rt. Rev. Martin Marty, to the zealous young priest and pastor, the Rev. P. Chrysostom Foffa, O. S. B., of the St. Ferdinand congregation. He obtained four Nuns from St. Walburgis Convent, Covington, Ky., as pioneers in the undertaking. They arrived at Ferdinand August 20, 1867, and took up the work of teach- ing the parish school. The convent was completed and the little chapel within its walls was dedicated December 8, 1867. After a number of postulants had petitioned for admission into the new community, the Rt. Rev. Martin Marty drew up the Constitutions for the government of the sisterhood and appointed Rev. P. Chrysostom, O. S. B., spiritual director. At the first election held in June, 1872, accord- ing to the new Constitution, Sister M. Benedicta Berns was elected Prioress. The young commu- nity flourished and the parish school of St. Mein- rad marked its first mission. In 1872 the Nuns purchased sixty-four acres of land, by which means they began to provide for themselves the necessaries of subsistence. The farm lands be- longing to the Convent were gradually increased, so that, at present, about 300 acres are in its pos- session. The growth of the Community and the open- ing of a boarding school for girls and young ladies rendered the erection of a more spacious building necessary. Under the direction of the Rev. P. Eberhard Stadler, O. S. B., the successor of the Rev. P. Chrysostom, O. S. B., since 1871, a new convent began to build in 1883 ; it was com- pleted in 1887 at a cost of $80,000. In 1903 a large and handsome addition was made to accom- modate the ever growing membership, making the cost of the convent as it stands to-day more than $130,000. The chief occupation of the sisters is teaching, more extensively, in the parochial schools, which number fifty-five. Besides these, they conduct twenty-four public schools ; also an academy at this place (Ferdinand, Ind.). The last named was commissioned as a public high school in 1912, and accredited as a teachers' training school in 1914 by the State Board of Public Instruction. The arts of music and painting occupy a promi- nent place in the curriculum. At present the num- ber of pupils receiving instruction in the various branches of learning is 3,500. The present number of members in the com- munity (175) necessitated the erection of the ad- dition now building, the principal parts of which are : a chapel, promising to be a monument of art ; a conservatory and a library. This, having been contemplated for some time, ripened into reality under the directorship of the Rev. P. Fintan Wiederkehr, O. S. B., and during the administra- tion of the Rev. Mother M. Seraphine Kordes, O. S. B. Jasper College, a department of St. Mein- rad's College, for secular students, was estab- lished and opened for the reception of students on September 12, 1889. It is incorporated under the laws of the State of Indiana in conjunction with St. Meinrad's College and is empowered to confer the usual academic degrees. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 243 ELKHART COUNTY GOSHEN, SEAT OF JUSTICE ELKHART COUNTY is located in the northern part of the State. It is bounded on the north by the State of Michigan, on the east by Lagrange and Noble, on the south by Kosciusko, and on the west by Marshall and St. loseph counties. It contains about 470 square miles. Practically all of the county is tillable. The Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers run through the county and there are several lakes located in the northern part of the county, which afford splendid fishing. Organization. — Elkhart county was organ- ized by an act of the Legislature January 29, 1830, becoming effective April 1, 1830. Elkhart county experienced some difficulty in getting its county seat permanently located. The commis- sioners, named in the organizing act, fixed the new county seat at a town known as Dunlap, about five miles northwest of the present city of Goshen. The ceding of half a tier of townships on the west side of the county to St. Joseph county made it necessary to choose a more cen- tral location. By an act of the Legislature of February 10, 1831, the present site of Goshen was selected ; the site was at once surveyed and platted and the first sale of lots took place June 20, 1831. Goshen College was founded at Elkhart in 1895, by the members of the Mennonite church, who continue to control it. The institution be- gan its career in 1895 in the city of Elkhart, where it was known as the Elkhart Institute. The school was moved to Goshen in 1903. The enrolment in 1914 was 425, which was more than double that when the first college class was graduated ten years ago. The college has a cam- pus of ten acres with four buildings and a forty- acre farm adjoining the campus. Nearly 5,000 volumes are in the library. The Mennonite His- torical library has been donated by individuals and alumni. The normal school has been placed upon the accredited list of schools doing Class "A" and Class "B" work for the State Board of Education. In addition to the regular four-year college work, the institution has an academy work, which is equivalent to a four years' high school course. It has a well organized three years' music teachers' course in vocal and in- strumental music, and a commercial course. The Bible department offers two courses of two years each. John E. Hartzler is president of Goshen College. Population of Elkhart county in 1890 was 39,201; in 1900 was 45,052, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 49,008, of which 2,521 were of white foreign birth. There were 12,750 families in the county and 12,419 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are sixteen townships in Elkhart county : Bango, Benton, Cleveland, Clinton, Concord, Elkhart, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Locke, Middle- bury, Olive, Osolo, Union, Washington and York. The incorporated cities and towns are Elkhart, Goshen, Bristol, Millersburg, Middle- bury, Nappanee and Wakarusa. Goshen is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to Goshen College, Goshen, Elkhart County. 244 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Elkhart county was $11,905,335; value of improvements was $6,825,060, and the total net value of taxables was $30,496,930. There were 8,864 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were twenty-six miles of improved roads in Elkhart county built and under jurisdiction of the county commission- ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $268,000. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 112.93 miles of steam railroad operated in Elk- hart county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; C, W. & M. ; Elkhart & Western ; L. S. & M. S. ; Sturgis, Goshen & St. Louis ; St. Joseph Valley and Wa- bash railroads. The Chicago, South Bend & Northern Indiana Railway Company, St. Joseph Valley Traction Company, Winona Interurban Railway Company and the W. I. Railway Com- pany operate 50.81 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of A. E. Weaver, county superintendent of Elkhart county, there were 125 schoolhouses, including seven high schools, in the county in 1914, em- ploying 309 teachers. The average daily attend- ance by pupils was 8,426. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $197,171.92. Esti- mated value of school property in the county was $1,070,000, and the total amount of indebt- edness, including bonds, was $210,530. Agriculture. — There were in Elkhart county in 1910 over 3,100 farms embraced in 270,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 84.9 acres. The value of all farm property was $26,000,000, showing 56.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $66.58. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,500,- 000: Number of cattle 22,000, valued at $650,- 000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,500,000; hogs 29,000, valued at $228,000 ; sheep 23,000, valued at $100,000. The total value of poultry was $100,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910, there were sixty-nine industries in Elkhart, furnishing employment to 3,508 per- sons. Total amount of capital employed, $5,478,- 046. Value of products, $6,932,065, value added by manufacture, $3,911,492. There were over fifty industries in Goshen employing more than 1,500 men and women. FAYETTE COUNTY CONNERSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE FAYETTE COUNTY is located in the sec- ond tier of counties southeast of Indianapo- lis. It is bounded on the north by Henry and Wayne, on the east by Union and Wayne, on the south by Franklin and on the west by Rush coun- ties. The county is divided nearly in the center from north to south by the west fork of the White Water, which feeds the canal. The sur- face of the country is rolling in the east and south and level or gently undulating in the north and west, with a large proportion of bottom lands and all susceptible of profitable cultivation. The county contains 211 square miles. Organization. — Fayette county was organ- ized December 28, 1818, by an act of the Legis- lature which became effective January 1, 1819. From its organization, Connersville has been the county seat, which was laid out by John Conner in 1817, from whom it took its name. Fayette county was named in honor of General Lafay- ette. Population of Fayette county in 1890 was 12,630; in 1900 was 13,495, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 14,415, of which 363 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,761 families in the county and 3,647 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Fayette county : Columbia, Connersville, Fairview, Harrison, Jackson, Jen- nings, Orange, Posey and Waterloo. The incor- porated cities and towns are Connersville, East Connersville and Glenwood. Connersville is the county seat. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 245 Fayette County Court-House, Connersville. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Fayette county- was $5,500,100; value of improvements was $2,566,675, and the total net value of taxables was $12,429,080. There were 2,888 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were sixty-two miles of improved roads in Fayette county built and under jurisdiction of the county commission- ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $81,060.67. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 42.05 miles of steam railroad operated in Fayette county by the Cincinnati division of C, I. & W. ; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Cambridge City branch P., C, C. & St. L., and the White Water railroads. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Trac- tion Company operates 9.28 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Claude L. Trusler, county superintendent, there were thirty-three schoolhouses, including two high schools, in Fayette county in 1914, employ- Public Library, Connersville. ing ninety-four teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 2,348. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $63,974.40. Estimated value of school property in the county was $313,200, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $99,079. Agriculture. — There were in Fayette county in 1910 over 1.100 farms embraced in 134,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 119.2 acres. The value of all farm property was $11,000,000, showing 83.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre, $61.55. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,000: Number of cattle 8.100, valued at $237,000; horses 4,700. valued at $470,000; hogs 52,000, valued at $333,000; sheep 9,400, valued at $43,- 000. The total value of poultry was $42,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were thirty-five industries in Connersville, employing over 1,500 persons. The manufacture of automo- biles, springs and axles, rotary blowers and pumps, pianos and buggies are the principal in- dustries. 246 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA FLOYD COUNTY NEW ALBANY, SEAT OF JUSTICE FLOYD COUNTY is located in the southern tier of counties on the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by Clark and Washington, on the east by Clark and the Ohio river, and on the south and west by Harrison counties. It is one of the smallest counties in the State contain- ing about 150 square miles. A range of hills called "The Knobs," from one to three miles in width, runs through the county from north to south, coming to the Ohio river a short distance below New Albany. Although the country is much broken, yet north of the hills, the country is comparatively level and affords a fine oppor- tunity for the raising of crops. South of the hills occur the alluvial river terraces, which are very fertile because of numerous overflows of the Ohio river. Large orchards are found upon the slopes of the hills and in the upper strata of the Silver Hills limestone of excellent quality has been quarried for many years. Organization. — Floyd county, which was or- ganized by an act of the Legislature January 2, 1819, and which became effective a month later was named after Colonel John Floyd, of the dis- tinguished Virginia family of that name, who had been killed by the Indians on the opposite side of the river. New Albany has been the county seat ever since the organization of the county, although one effort was made to relocate the county seat by an act of the Legislature Jan- uary 10, 1823. Population of Floyd county in 1890 was 29,458; in 1900 was 30,118, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 30,293. of which 1,233 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,433 families in the county and 7,049 dwellings. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Floyd county was $4,541,515; value of improvements was $4,301,- Falls of the Ohio Between New Albany and Jeffersonville. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 247 305, and the total net value of taxables was $12,- 693,190. There were 3,304 polls in the count}-. Improved Roads. — There were thirty-eight miles of improved roads in Floyd county built and under jurisdiction of the county commission- ers January 1. 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $160,440. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are five townships in Floyd county : Franklin, Georgetown, Greenville, Lafayette and New Al- bany. The incorporated cities and towns are New Albany. Georgetown, Greenville and Silver Grove. New Albany is the county seat of Floyd county. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 23.26 miles of steam railroad operated in Floyd county by the Louisville division B. & O. South- western ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; K. & I. Terminal ; New Albany branch P., C, C. & St. L., and the Southern Railway Company of Indiana. The Louisville & Northern Railway and Lighting Company, Louisville & Southern Indi- ana Traction Company, and the New Albany Street Railway Company operate 11.24 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Glenn Y. Scott, county superintendent of Floyd county, there were fifty-four schoolhouses, in- cluding two high schools, in Floyd county in 1914, employing 157 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,197. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $87,987.12. Floyd County Lourt-House, New Albany. Estimated value of school property in the county was $383,927, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $43,500. Agriculture. — There were in Floyd county in 1910 over 1,200 farms embraced in 80,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 66.4 acres. The value of all farm property was over $4,400,000, showing 38.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre, $33.60. The total value of domestic animals was over $395,000: Number of cattle 4,700, valued at $117,000; horses 2,300, valued at $213,000; hogs 3,700, valued at $25,000; sheep 658, valued at $2,100. The total value of poultry was $24,000. Industrial. — According to the Linked States Census of 1910, there were ninety-five industries in New Albany, furnishing employment to 2,135 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $3,565,968. Value of products, $3,492,530, value added by manufacture, $1,606,057. FOUNTAIN COUNTY COVINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE Fl (UNTAIN COUNTY is located in the western part of the State and is bounded on the north and west by Warren and Vermilion counties, on the east by Tippecanoe and Mont- gomery and on the south by Park counties. The Wabash river flows along its entire north and west border. The county contains about 400 square miles, its surface being mostly level and admirably adapted to agriculture and cattle rais- ing. Some coal mining is done in the county. According to the mine inspectors' report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, 19,710 tons of coal were mined in the county. Organization. — The county was organized December 31, 1825, becoming effective April 1, 1826, with Covington as the county seat, which was chosen by the locating commissioners, who made their report July 25, 1826. As Covington was located on the W "abash river, which forms the boundary between Warren ami Vermilion counties, there was an agitation started in the latter part of the twenties to move the county 248 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA seat to a more central location, with the result that the Legislature appointed locating commis- sioners on January 29, 1831, to investigate the question of relocation. The commissioners unani- mously agreed that the town of Covington remain the permanent seat of justice of the county. Again in 1851, another effort was made to move the county seat from Covington to Chambers- burg, which failed, and in 1870 and 1871 Vee- dersburg tried to get a bill through the Legisla- ture to secure the seat of justice. Fountain county was so named in memory of Major Fountain of Kentucky, who was killed at the head of the mounted militia at the battle on the Maumee near Fort Wayne in 1790. Population of Fountain county in 1890 was 19,558; in 1900 was 21,446, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,439, of which 412 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,258 families in the county and 5,117 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Fountain county : Cain, Davis, Fulton, Jackson, Logan, Mill Creek, Rich- land, Shawnee, Troy, Van Buren and Wabash. The incorporated cities and towns are Attica. Covington, Veedersburg, Hillsboro, Kingman, Mellott, Newtown and Wallace. Covington is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Fountain county was $8,642,635 ; value of improvements was $2,227,710, and the total net value of taxables was $15,347,085. There were 3,425 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 320 miles of improved roads in Fountain county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $527,430.50. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 90.03 miles of steam railroads operated in Foun- tain county by the Brazil division of C. & E. I. ; western division P. & E. ; Toledo, St. Louis & Western ; Wabash railroad, and the Attica, Cov- ington & Southern branch of the Wabash rail- road. Educational. — According to the report of Man ford F. Livengood, county superintendent of Fountain county, there were sixty school- houses, including eight high schools, in Fountain county in 1914, employing 160 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,571. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $82,435.92. Estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $332,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $116,057. Agriculture. — There were in Fountain county in 1910 over 2,000 farms em- braced in 240.000 acres. Aver- age acres per farm, 114.8 acres. The value of all farm property was over $25,000,000. showing 94.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $81.05. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,000: Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $407,000; horses 10.000, valued at $1,100,- 000; hogs 55,000, valued at $414,000; sheep 17,000, valued at $81,000. The total value of poultry was $78,000. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 249 FRANKLIN COUNTY BROOKVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE FRANKLIN COUNTY is located in the east- ern part of the State, bordering on the State of Ohio. It is bounded on the north by Fayette and Union, on the south by Ripley and Dearborn, and on the west by Decatur and Rush counties. It contains an area of 394 square miles. The topography of the country is rolling, except in the extreme eastern part. The White Water river is the largest stream that flows diagonally from the northwest to the southeast. The best agricul- tural regions of the county are in the bottom lands of the White Water and the level lands east and north of the White Water Valley. Olden- burg is located in this county and is noted for its Catholic institutions. The Academy of the Im- maculate Conception is located here as well as a great monastery. The Whitewater Valley. — The Whitewater region, comprising the valley of the Whitewater river with its two branches, extends from the Ohio river northward for nearly half the length of the State, with a width varying from twelve to twenty-five miles. In pioneer times it was familiarly known as "The Whitewater," and the frequency with which it is alluded to in the local literature of those days reveals its then impor- tance. This territory has, indeed, claims to distinc- tion. There, it may be said, Indiana practically had her beginnings. There lay the first strip of land that marked, in Indiana, the oncoming tide of the white man's progress westward — the first overlap from Ohio, which grew, cession by ces- sion, west and north. There sprang up some of our most important early centers of population — Lawrenceburg, Brookville, Connersville, Rich- mond and others ; there resided at one time or another a remarkable number of men who have made their impress upon the State's history or on the world at large, and thence came waves of migration that have spread over the State. This immigration has supplied an important ele- ment of the population in not a few localities. Indianapolis, for example, in her first days was so nearly made up of people from Whitewater and Kentucky that a political division, it is said, sprang up along the sectional line, and these two classes were arrayed against each other in the ■ it & 1 MM 1 **~ B^HiW ^Bi WB Pltf JIL " '■ z » J |B|1 i ■ #jj IDI .^PM^^Lgvr' *■ * * j^^l a n ill ,\ n n «fj " >w%^^-^ : W&maMlmEP y ii ii n| ii ii ii a m LMmJ*r m ^^ r .^H ■ ' * H n I tgpmmBX ^^^MfiM^I I ■ -*- "PtMlJ^TB ■*j^^^"»"H^Hi ^^^^^^M^^^— . — _-- „—,..... View of Oldenburg, Franklin County, showing the Monastery, and the Convent and Academy of the Immaculate Conception. 250 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA first local campaign, with Whitewater leading. Long after that they continued to come from the cities mentioned above and intervening localities, and the number at the capital to-day who look back to the Whitewater as their old home is sur- prisingly large. Madison, also, in her growing, hopeful days drew good blood from this center ; and over the State generally and beyond the bor- ders the same is true. Of the men of mark who have hailed from the Whitewater, Brookville and Franklin county alone lay claim to perhaps half a hundred, the most notable of whom I find named and classi- fied as follows in the columns of a Brookville paper : Governors. — James B. Ray, Noah Noble, Will- McKendrie M. E. Church, near Brookville. iam Wallace and Abraham Hammond, governors of Indiana ; Will Cumback, lieutenant-governor of Indiana ; Lew Wallace, governor of New Mexico; John P. St. John, governor of Kansas; Stephen S. Harding, governor of Utah ; J. Wal- lace, governor of Wyoming, nominated for gov- ernor of Indiana but defeated ; J. A. Matson, Whig, and C. C. Matson. Democrat, father and son. United States Senators. — Jesse B. Thomas, from Illinois; James Noble and Robert Hanna, from Indiana ; John Henderson, from Missis- sippi. Cabinet Officers, Foreign Ministers, etc. — James B. Tyner, postmaster general ; James S. Clarkson, assistant postmaster general ; Lew Wallace, minister to Turkey ; Edwin Terrell, minister to Belgium ; George Hitt, vice-consul to London ; L. T. Mitchener, attorney-general of Indiana. Supreme Judges. — Isaac Blackford, John T. McKinney and Stephen C. Stephens. It is cited as the most remarkable instance on record that in these three men Brookville had at one time the entire Supreme Bench of Indiana. Writers, Educators and Ministers. — Lew Wal- lace, Maurice Thompson (born in the county), Joaquin Miller (born in the county), and a dozen or more of local fame ; J. P. D. John, president De Pauw University ; William M. Dailey, presi- dent Indiana University ; L. D. Potter, president Glendale College ; R. B. Abbott, president Al- bert Lea College; Charles N. Sims, chancellor Syracuse University; S. A. Lattimore, professor of chemistry, Rochester University ; E. A. Bar- ber, professor in University of Nebraska; C. W. Hargitt, professor in Syracuse University ; Fran- cis A. Shoup, professor in University of Missis- sippi ; J. H. Martin, president Moores Hill Col- lege ; Rev. T. A. Goodwin, Rev. Charles N. Sims and Rev. Francis A. Shoup. Art. — William M. Chase, painter ; Hiram Pow- ers, sculptor. Science. — James B. Eads, civil engineer, con- structor of the great bridge at St. Louis, and of the jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river; Amos W. Butler, ornithologist and ethnologist, now secretary of the State Board of Charities. Military and Naval Officers. — Gen. Lew Wal- lace, Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, Gen. Francis A. Shoup, Gen. Joseph E. Johnson, Gen. P. A. Hackleman, Oliver H. Glisson, rear admiral, and William L. Herndon, commander U. S. N. A few of the above, perhaps, had but slight re- lations with this region, but allowing for this the output of able men is still remarkably large. If, from Franklin county we look northward to Con- nersville, Centerville and Richmond, we find other men whose services and fame are well known within the State, and in not a few in- stances far beyond its borders. In this galaxy are Oliver P. Morton, George W. Julian, Oliver H. Smith, Caleb B. Smith, Charles H. Test, James Rariden, Samuel W. Parker, Samuel K. Hoshour, and other men notable for caliber. Many of these were gathered at Centerville dur- ing the time it was the seat of justice of Wayne county, but with the removal of the courts to Richmond they dispersed, a good proportion of these finding their way to Indianapolis, beckoned < *1 n o c w 252 CENTENNIAL HISTORY WD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA thither, doubtless, by the promise of a larger field for their talents. The shiftings of the prominent men to and from the Whitewater are, indeed, something of an index to its fluctuating fortunes. Thus many of the more notable names of Brookville were identified with it only during brief eras of pros- perity induced by extraneous causes, and when these lapsed those who were on the track of op- portunities sought pastures new. For example, one of the most flourishing periods in the history of the town began in 1820, when the lands of the interior of the State, as far north as the Wabash, were thrown open and the land office established at Brookville. As all purchasers of lands in this vast new tract visited the land office, not only Old State Bank Building, Brookville. One of the first banks in the State. with their purchase money but with the pre- sumable surplus of travelers, the great impetus to the town's prosperity and growth may easily be conceived. For five years, fed by the visiting thousands, the place throve, and the men who were drawn thither made it a political and intel- lectual center. Then the question of removing the office to Indianapolis, as a more central loca- tion, was agitated. It was bitterly opposed by Brookville citizens, who had an unconcealed con- tempt for the little insignificant "capital in the woods, buried in miasmatic solitude and sur- rounded," as James Brown Ray said in one of his pompous speeches, "by a boundless contiguity of shade." Nevertheless, the despised and ague- ridden capital got the land office ; the fortune seekers of Brookville betook themselves else- where like migrating birds, and then followed a period of sorry decadence, during which houses over town stood vacant and dilapidated ; all busi- ness languished ; money became all but extinct, and there was a reversion to the communistic method of exchanging goods for goods, or goods for labor. This paralysis lay on Brookville and the sur- rounding county until the schemes for the inter- nal improvement, agitated throughout the twen- ties and for one-half of the third decade, began to take definite and practical shape. About 1833, according to Mr. T. A. Goodwin, there was a revival of life in the Whitewater; people began to paint their houses and mend their fences, and deserted houses began to fill up. The internal improvement act of 1836 provided for the con- struction of "the Whitewater canal, commenc- ing on the west branch of the Whitewater river, at the crossing of the National road, thence pass- ing down the valley of the same to the Ohio river, at Lawrenceburg, and extending up the said west branch of the Whitewater above the National road as may be practicable." This was a promise of commercial prosperity and a new lease of life to the Whitewater region. The day that the contracts were let at Brookville for building the various sections of the canal there was a grand jollification — speech-making, dinner, toasts and all the rest ; and a like enthusiasm pre- vailed in all the valley. Towns sprang up along the proposed route and lay in wait, and as the canal, crawling northward, reached them, suc- cessively, making one and then another the head of navigation, each flourished and had its day, drawing to itself the wheat and hogs and other agricultural exports from the inlying country for many miles east, north and west. This great trade, of course, always sought the nearest point of shipment, and so Brookville, Metamora, Lau- rel, Connersville and Cambridge City were, in turn, receiving ports and reaped the benefits of traffic. The people on the east branch, not to be outdone by their neighbors on the west, also strove energetically for a canal between Brook- ville and Richmond that should promote the de- velopment of this valley, and, though the work- was never completed, much labor and money was expended upon it. The old canal days are a distinct era in the history of our State. The younger generation knows little about them, but many a reminis- cence might be picked up of the merchant fleets CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 253 of the Whitewater and the idyllic journeyings up and down the beautiful valley by packet. This order of things, which continued about thirty years, was maintained in the face of serious dis- couragements, for the Whitewater river, one of the swiftest streams in the State, is subject to violent freshets, and these have repeatedly dam- aged the canal, effectually stopping traffic and entailing heavy expenses in repairs. The great flood of 1847 all but ruined the ditch, and scarcely was this recovered from when another proved almost as disastrous. Besides these checks on traffic, untold thousands of dollars have been lost by the sweeping away of mills and other property, and in the opinion of many old citizens, these disheartening losses have caused much of the exodus from the valley. The lower part of the Whitewater valley, with Brookville as its center, lies to-day aloof from the trunk railway lines that have been the great determining factor in the development of the country. But if it lacks the bustle and growth of some other newer sections of the State, it has another and different attraction — the attraction of great natural beauty of landscape combined with quiet idyllic charm and pleasing reminders of the past. The disused bed of the old White- water Canal and its crumbling stone locks are grown with grass. Grass grows in the peaceful thoroughfares in and about the villages of Laurel and Metamora, and in these villages and in Brookville quaint and weatherworn houses speak of a past generation of builders. Our artists have already discovered the picturesqueness of the region, and some of Indiana's abundant lit- erary talent might well find inspiration here be- fore it is too late. — Geo. S. Cottman. Organization. — Franklin county was the sixth county organized in Indiana. It was named in honor of Benjamin Franklin and its organiza- tion became effective February 1, 1811. It was formed from Dearborn and Clark counties in conformity with the legislative act of November 27, 1810. Brookville, which had previously been organized, was made the county seat. The or- ganization of Fayette and Union counties in 1819 and 1821 greatly reduced the area of Franklin county. Population of Franklin county in 1890 was 18,366; in 1900 was 16,388, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 15,335, of which 681 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,684 families in the county and 3,622 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Franklin county : Bath, Bloomington Grove, Brookville, Butler, Fairfield. Highland, Laurel, Aletamora, Posey, Ray, Salt Creek, Springfield and White Water. The in- corporated cities and towns are Brookville, Cedar Grove, Laurel, Mt. Carmel, and Oldenburg. Brookville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Franklin county was $4,349,965 ; value of improvements was Little Cedar Baptist Church, near Brookville, Building Completed in 1812. $1,954,370, and the total net value of taxables was $9,441,250. There were 2.389 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 178 miles of improved roads in Franklin county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1914. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $129,796. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There arc 37.93 miles of steam railroad operated in Frank lin county by the C. & O. ; Chicago. division of the Big Four, and the White Water railroads. Educational. — According to the biennial re- port of T. J. McCarty, county superintendent, there were eighty-four schoolhouses, including eight high schools, in Franklin county in 1913- 1914, employing 101 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,265. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 254 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Convent and Academy of the Immaculate Conception, Oldenburg, Franklin County. pervisors, principals and teachers was $48,017.15 ; estimated value of school property in the county was $124,685, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $31,190. There is one parochial school, enrolling 183 pupils and em- ploying four teachers. This school is conducted in a new modern brick building containing class rooms, basement with gymnasium, reading rooms and the largest hall in the city of Brookville. Agriculture. — There were in Franklin county in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 240,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 113.9 acres. The value of all farm property was over $12,000,000, showing 69.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre, $32.65. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,400,000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $357,000; horses 6,700, valued at $650,000; hogs 42,000, valued at $272,000; sheep 15,000, valued at $65,- 000. The total value of poultry was $73,000. Convent of the Immaculate Conception, con- ducted by Sisters of St. Francis of the Third Order Regular, Oldenburg, Ind. The founder of the Oldenburg convent and academy was the sainted Rev. Francis Joseph Rudolf. He was ordained priest August 10, 1839, at Strasburg, Alsace, and in 1842 came to the United States as missionary. On January, 6, 1851, the first steps were taken toward the foundation of a teaching community, with the auspicious aid of Sister M. Theresa, who volunteered to bid farewell to her convent in Vienna, Austria, to serve God in the wild West. She landed in New York in January, 1851. This saintly maiden formed the corner-stone of the Oldenburg con- vent, and became its first superior general, under the title of "Mother." The old convent was re- constructed in 1899-1901. The community advanced steadily, though often under great difficulties, opening new schools from year to year, until now it numbers seventy-three mission schools, in which 13,500 children are educated. These schools are located mainly in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky and Kansas. These great achievements are due to the sainted founders and their worthy successors who continued the good work. Among the latter ranks the present Mother General Olivia, sec- onded by her energetic counsel and devoted sub- jects. The Academy of the Immaculate Concep- tion, Oldenburg, Ind. — The foundation of the academy is so closely connected with the convent that its history is virtually contained in that of the convent or Mother house. The Mother General always has been, and still is its president, with the directress as vice-president. The academy's beginning was lowly as that of the convent. The first boarders, attending a fall and winter session, had their first quarters in the convent, and only in 1859 was a special two- story brick building erected for the academy stu- dents. This was replaced by a handsome, exten- sive three-story structure in 1863. Later, in 1876, the conservatory of music was added to the academy building. This building, with occasional later improvements, still continues its efficient service, as does the north addition of the convent, the only buildings not contained in the great re- construction of 1899-1901. The new convent church, a veritable gem of architectural beauty, had been built in 1890. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 255 The newly erected edifices rank among the best in the State. The efficiency of this school has been recognized by the Indiana State Board of Education, and its Normal department has been accredited by the State Teachers' Training Board, and it is affiliated with the Catholic Uni- versity of America, Washington, D. C, and the University of Cincinnati. FULTON COUNTY ROCHESTER, SEAT OF JUSTICE FULTON COUNTY is located in the north- ern part of the State and is bounded on the north by Marshall, on the east by Kosciusko. Wabash and Miami, on the south by Cass and Miami, and on the west by Pulaski counties. It contains 350 square miles. A ridge of small, rugged hills, from one to two miles in width, ex- tend along the north bank of the Tippecanoe through the county. With this exception, the face of the county is level or undulating. There are numerous lakes in the county, which abound with game fish of almost every variety. The most important lake in the county is Manitou, which lies one mile southeast of Rochester, the county seat. According to a late survey by H. B. Hol- man, the area of the lake is 886.75 acres, making it the eighth in size of Indiana lakes. When and how the lake was given its name is a matter of conjecture, for it was called "Manitou" by the Indians before the white settlers came. Jacob P. Dunn, in his book, entitled "True Indian Stories," says : "Manitou Lake in Fulton county. This is the Potawatomi mah-nee-to — the Miami form be- ing mah-nat-o-wah — and refers to a supernatural monster said to inhabit the lake. Mah-nee-to signifies merely a spirit, and good or bad quali- ties are indicated by adjectives." Some writers state that probably the lake received its name through the fact that unusually large spoon-bill catfish were in early days caught in the lake and that these were the monsters thought by the In- dians to be the spirits. The first white men to enter this vicinity found five small basins of water, separated by low marshes, in most places, while at some the ground was high enough to permit farming, which was being done by some of the Pottawatomie In- dians, then residing here. The first dam, at the outlet into the Tippecanoe river was built by the United States government in 1830. Between 1836 and 1840 the Indians were removed from this vi- cinity to a place reserved for them west of the Mississippi river and the dam was discontinued. A little later, however, another dam was built farther down the stream at the town site of Rochester, then just laid out and plotted. Later, about 1850, the dam was rebuilt at the lake and the water raised as a reservoir, the water being taken from the lake by an artificial race to the mill at Rochester. No use is made at the present time of the water power at the lake, but through the old mill race or canal, leading to Rochester, is drawn the supply for the city water works. Organization. — Fulton county w r as organ- Colonial Park. Lake Manitou. Wolf Point. 256 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA ized February 4, 1836, and named in honor of Robert Fulton, the inventor of the steamboat. Rochester was selected by the locating commis- sioners the second Monday of June, 1836, as the county seat, after examining several places. Population of Fulton county in 1890 was 16,746; in 1900 was 17,453, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 16,879, of which 251 were of foreign white birth. There were 4,347 families in the county and 4,258 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eight townships in Fulton county : Aubbeenaub- bee, Henry, Liberty, Newcastle, Richland, Rochester, Union and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Rochester, Fulton, Akron, and Kewanna. Rochester is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Fulton county was $7,787,195; value of improvements was $2,081,965, and the total net value of taxables was $13,612,700. There were 2,722 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were eighty-seven miles of improved roads in Fulton county built and under jurisdiction of the county commission- ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding. $86,739.20. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 77.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Fulton county by the C. & O. ; C. & E. ; Indianapolis, Michigan City division of L. E. & W., and the Michigan division of the Vandalia railroads. The Winona Interurban Railway Company operates 6.49 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Henry L. Becker, county superintendent of Ful- ton county, there were 73 schoolhouses, including eight high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- ing 155 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 37,925. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- cipals and teachers was $71,128.26. Estimated value of school property in the county was $366,050, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $140,190. Agriculture. — There were in Fulton county in 1910 over 2,300 farms embraced in 221,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 94.5 acres. The value of all farm property was over $18,000,000. showing 80.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre, $59.96. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,800,000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $500,000; horses 8,800, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 32,000, valued at $208,000 ; sheep 24,000, valued at $100,- 000. The total value of poultry in Fulton county was $100,000. GIBSON COUNTY PRINCETON, SEAT OF JUSTICE GIBSON COUNTY is located in the south- western part of the State and is bounded on the north by Knox, on the east by Pike and Warrick, on the south by Warrick, Vanderburg and Posey and on the west by the Wabash river, separating it from the State of Illinois. It con- tains 450 square miles of the richest land in the State. In parts of the county, the soil is a sandy loam which produces the finest melons and can- telopes. All of the surface land is comparatively level and all being suitable for agriculture and orchards. A part of the county has three veins of good coal, and oil and gas have been found in paying quantities. According to the report of the State mine inspector for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were four mines in operation under his jurisdiction that produced 251,379 tons of coal. « Organization. — Gibson county was organ- ized April 1, 1813, the same year that the capital of the territory was moved to Corydon. The county was named in honor of General John Gib- son, secretary of the territory from 1801-16, and repeatedly acting governor of the territory in the absence of General Harrison. He had been taken prisoner in early life by the Indians, and con- tinued among them for many years and was fa- miliar with their language and usages. It was to CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 257 him that the celebrated speech of the Indiana chief Logan was made. Princeton has always been the county seat of Gibson and was named in honor of Judge William Prince, who represented the first congressional district in Congress in 1823-25. Population of Gibson county in 1890 was 24,920; in 1900 was 30,099, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 30,137, of which 518 were of white foreign birth. There $3,686,615, and the total net value of taxablcs was $18,814,375. There were 4,938 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 241 miles of improved roads in Gibson county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January l t 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $557,358. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 89.77 miles of steam railroad operated in Gibson Hazelton Ferry on White River between Gibson and Knox Counties. were 7,119 families in the county and 6,977 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Gibson county: Barton, Center, Columbia, Johnson, Montgomery, Patoka, Union, Wabash, Washington and White River. The in- corporated cities and towns are Princeton, Fort Branch, Francisco, Hazelton, Oakland City, Owensville and Patoka. Princeton is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Gibson county was $10,166,355 ; value of improvements was county by the Evansville & Indianapolis; Evans- ville division of the C. & E. I. ; Mount Vernon branch of the C. & E. I. ; Evansville, Mount Car- mel & Northern division of the Big Four ; Peori i division of the Illinois Central, and the Southern Railway Company of Indiana. The Public Utili- ties Company operate 17.79 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Wilbur F. Fisher, county superintendent of Gib- son county, there were 120 schoolhouses, includ- ing ten high schools, in Gibson county in 1914, employing 239 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 5,636. The aggregat amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- Yi 258 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA pervisors, principals and teachers was $126,- 685.54. The estimated value of school property in the county was $455,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $102,200 for school purposes. Agriculture. — There were in Gibson county in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 270,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 94.8 acres. The value of all farm property was over $21,000,000, showing 73.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre, $59.59. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,000,000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $350,000; horses 10,000, valued at $980,000; hogs 45,000, valued at $250,000; sheep 13,000, valued at $58,- 000. The total value of poultry was $87,000. Oakland City College is the final outgrowth of an effort on the part of the General Baptist denomination, a body of Liberal Baptists, to found an institution of learning in the Mississippi valley. After several previous efforts the pres- ent organization was incorporated in 1885. A beautiful campus of native oaks in the west edge of the town of Oakland City was donated by Colonel W. M. Cockrum, and the building was begun. After a long period of hard struggle, owing to the lack of financial strength, the build- ing was completed, and schools opened in 1891. Since its beginning the college has enjoyed a growth, not rapid but constant, and has been gradually enlarging its equipment and scope of work. It now has the following departments : Preparatory, Collegiate, Normal, Theological, Vocational, Music and Art. It is partially en- dowed, having been the recipient of several gifts, including some 400 acres of land. The plans are practically completed by which it is to receive during the present year, through the generosity of a friend, a special building, 40 by 300 feet and two stories high, which is to be the future home of the entire vocational department. This will make possible the realization of a dream to give to this immediate territory a needed service in practical education along the lines of agriculture, orcharding, dairying, poultry, domestic science, and such other things as will meet the commu- nity's needs. W. P. Dearing, just then graduating from the college at the age of twenty, and being the first graduate of the institution, was in 1895 chosen dean of the college and placed in actual charge of the institution. Eight years later he was pro- moted to the presidency, which position he is still holding. GRANT COUNTY MARION, SEAT OF JUSTICE GRANT COUNTY is located in the third tier of counties northeast of Indianapolis and is bounded on the north by Wabash and Huntington, on the east by Wells and Blackford, on the south by Delaware and Madison and on the west by Miami, Howard and Tipton coun- ties. It contains 418 square miles and a consid- erable part of Grant county lies in the bounds of the Miami Reserve. Here, on the banks of the Mississinewa river, formerly lived Menshinge- mesia and his ancestors, and the battle of Mis- sissinewa between the reds and whites was fought here in primitive days. On the west bank of this river is located the Marion branch of the National Soldiers' Home, just beyond the south- ern limits of the city of Marion. Several notable educational institutions are located in the county, notably Marion Normal College, Taylor Univer- sity at Upland and the Wesleyan Theological Seminary and the Fairmount Academy at Fair- mount. Organization. — Grant county was formally organized April 1, 1831, and was named in honor of Captain Samuel Grant and Moses Grant, who were killed in 1789 in a battle with the Indians near the creek, since called by their name in the northeast part of Switzerland county. Marion was selected as the county seat during the sum- mer of 1831, and the first lots were sold on the first Monday in November. The first court-house was not erected until three years later. National Soldiers' Home. — In 1890 Congress passed an act establishing a branch of the Na- tional Soldiers' Home at Marion, which was se- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 259 cured mainly through the efforts of George W. Steele, member of Congress from the Marion district, who served as superintendent of the home until the spring of 1915. The home is located on a beautiful rolling tract of land cover- ing about 250 acres, about two and a half miles southeast of the city of Marion. It is bordered on the east and south by the Mississinewa river. About 1,500 veterans are cared for here. Population of Grant county in 1890 was 31,493; in 1900 was 54,693, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 51,426, of which 1,722 were of white foreign birth. There were 12,676 families in the county and 12,332 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Grant county : Center, Fairmount, Franklin, Green, Jefferson. Liberty, Mill, Monroe, Pleasant, Richland, Sims, Van Buren and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Gas City, Marion, Fairmount, Fowlerton, Jonesboro, Matthews, Swayzee, Up- land and Van Buren. Marion is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Grant county was $12,175,800, value of improvements was $6,544,- 725 and the total net value of taxables was $30,- 235,865. There were 8,075 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 900 miles of improved roads in Grant county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $857,583.06. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 122.42 miles of steam railroad operated in Grant county by the C. & O. ; C, W. & M. ; C, I. & E. ; Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L., and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroads. The Indiana Railway & Light Company, Marion. Bluffton & Eastern Traction Company, and the Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 58.60 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Charles H. Terrell, county superintendent of Grant county, there were 138 schoolhouses, in- cluding nine high schools, in Grant county in 1914, employing 327 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 8,416. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $193,658. Estimated value of school property in the county was $946,500, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $132,825. Agriculture. — There were in Grant county in .1910 over 2,800 farms, embraced in 240,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 85.5 acres. The value of all farm property was over $30,000,000, showing 106.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $92.32. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,800.- 000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $630,- 000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 95,000, valued at $570,000 ; sheep 27,000, valued at $119,000. The value of poultry was $111,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were eighty-nine industries in Marion, furnishing employment to 2,610 per- sons. Total amount of capital employed, $3,933,- 723; value of products, $4,442,116; value added by manufacture. $2,118,513. mil if r u| iii iii • intiiijuinjni «;»• jgiffiMfc .~~ja**~~ i -* J Tp£liEf ' ■»-4.-.'.U». , 5V«i-- v-, r.'l^.r-3B!l J »- National Soldiers' Home, Marion. 260 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA GREENE COUNTY BLOOMFIELD, SEAT OF JUSTICE GREENE COUNTY is located in the south- western part of the State and is bounded on the north by Clay and Owen, on the east by Monroe and Lawrence, on the south by Martin, Daviess and Knox and on the west by Sullivan counties. It has an area of 535 square miles. The eastern part of the county is rough and broken, extending into the limestone region. In- dian, Doans, Plummer, Richland and Beech creeks drain this section. White river drains the central part and the west fork of White river flows entirely across the county. The coal fields are located in the western section. According to the report of the State Mine Inspector for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were nineteen mines in operation in the county under his jurisdiction, which produced 2,388,182 tons of coal. Agriculture and fruit raising is carried on extensively in the central part of the county. Organization. — The organization of Greene county was made effective February 5, 1821. The county was named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, one of the heroes of the revo- lution. The first county seat was located at Burlington. The site had been selected by the locating commissioners March 10, 1821, and the land had been donated by Thomas Bradford, Frederick Shepherd and Zebulon Hague. The county seat remained here until 1824, when it became necessary to find a new location, for the reason that an adequate supply of water was not obtainable at this point. Peter C. Van Slyke, a wealthy landowner, offered to donate the land for the location of the new county seat, which the commissioners accepted, and Bloomfield came into being. The first sale of lots was set for April 22, 1824, and a log court-house built that summer of "hewed logs, 26 by 20 feet, one story and a half high, with one door and one window, with twelve lights in it (8 by 16) in the lower Bridge Over Richland Creek Near Bloomfield, Greene County, on the Illinois Central Railroad. highest bridge in United States. Height, 158 feet. Third CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 261 story, with a good poplar plank floor. House to be covered with shingles." The board of justices met for the last time in Burlington in September, 1824, and adjourned to meet in the new court- house in Bloomfield. At the present time not a vestige remains of the former county seat. Population of Greene county in 1890 was 24,379 ; in 1900 was 28,530, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 36,873, of which 1,647 were of white foreign birth. There were 8,466 families in the county and 8,344 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fifteen townships in Greene county: Beech Creek, Cass, Center, Fairplay, Grant, Highland, Jackson, Jefferson, Richland, Smith, Stafford, Stockton, Taylor, Washington and Wright. The incorporated cities and towns are Jasonville, Linton, Bloomfield, Lyons, Newberry and Worth- ington. Bloomfield is the county seat of Greene county. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Greene county was $6,906,380, value of improvements was $3,678,915 and the total net value of taxables was $16,217,505. There were 6,587 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 453 miles of improved roads in Greene county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $408,450.50. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 150.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Greene county by the C. I. & L. ; Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Evansville & Indianapolis ; In- dianapolis & Louisville ; Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and the Vincennes branch and the Greene county coal branch of the Van- dalia railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Daniel C. Mcintosh, county superintendent of Greene county, there were 154 schoolhouses, in- cluding nine high schools, in Greene county in 1914, employing 279 teachers. The average daily This sycamore is the largest non-nutbearing tree in the United States of which there is any record. It is ISO feet high, 45 feet in circumference. Its spread is 100 feet. The tree is located near Worthington, Greene Count v. attendance by pupils was 7,601. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $130,- 051.79. Estimated value of school property in the county was $431,675, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $136,- 254.08. Agriculture. — There were in Greene county in 1910 over 3,500 farms, embraced in 315,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 89.6 acres. The value of all farm property was over $16,000,000, showing 69 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $38. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,800,- 000: Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $440,- 000; horses 9,400, valued at $904,000; hogs 25,000, valued at $160,000; sheep 16,000, valued at $66,000. The total value of poultry was $115,000. 262 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA HAMILTON COUNTY NOBLESV1LLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE HAMILTON COUNTY is located immedi- ately north of Indianapolis in the first tier of counties. It is bounded on the north by Tip- ton, on the east by Madison and Hancock, south by Marion and on the west by Boone and Clinton counties. It contains 400 square miles and the surface is of such nature that practically every acre is available for agricultural purposes. Organization. — Hamilton county was for- mally organized April 7, 1823. Noblesville has been the seat of justice since the organization of the county. The county was named in honor of Alexander Hamilton, the patriot and statesman. Population of Hamilton county in 1890 was 26,123; in 1900 was 29,914, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 27,026, of which 235 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,941 families in the county and 6,783 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Hamilton county : Adams, Clay, Delaware, Fall Creek, Jackson, Nobles- ville, Washington, Wayne and White River. The incorporated cities and towns are Noblesville, Arcadia, Atlanta, Carmel, Cicero, Fishers, Sheri- dan and Westfield. Noblesville is the county seat. Scene on White River near Noblesville Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of 'the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Hamilton county was $10,977,265, value of improvements was $3,909,615 and the total net value of taxables was $20,121,120. There were 4,191 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 650 miles of improved roads in Hamilton county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $410,776.31. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 58.67 miles of steam railroad operated in Ham- ilton county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago, In- dianapolis & Louisville ; Lake Erie & Western, and the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The T. H., I. & E. Traction Company and the Union Trac- tion Company of Indiana operate 25.39 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of John F. Haines, county superintendent of Hamilton county, there were seventy-seven schoolhouses, including ten high schools, in Hamilton county in 1914, employing 204 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,847. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, princi- pals and teachers was $108,684. The estimated value of school property in the county was $443,- 600, and the total amount of in- debtedness, including bonds, was $107,500. Hamilton county or- ganized the first Boys' Corn Club in the world and has been a leader in vocational work. The county also has excellent rural schools. Agriculture. — There were in Hamilton county in 1910 over 3,000 farms embraced in 243,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 81 acres. The value of all farm property was over $31,000,000, CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 263 showing 105.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $95.06. The total value of domestic animals was over $3,- 300.000: Number of cattle 22,000, valued at $690,000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,900,000; hogs 87,000, valued at $500,000; sheep 13,000, valued at $66,000. The total value of poultry was $122,000. HANCOCK COUNTY GREENFIELD, SEAT OF JUSTICE HANCOCK COUNTY is located due east of Indianapolis in the first tier of coun- ties. It is bounded on the north by Hamilton and Madison, on the east by Henry and Rush, on the south by Shelby and on the west by Ma- rion counties. It contains 307 square miles, its surface is level and the soil fertile. Natural gas was once found here in what was supposed to be limitless quantities. Organization. — The organization of Hancock county became effective March 1, 1828, and Greenfield has been the county seat since its organization. The county was named in honor of John Hancock, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Greenfield, the county seat, has become famous as the birth- place of James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, and the fountain from which he drew in- spiration for his poems, "The Brandywine," "The Old Swimmin' Hole," and other poems. Population of Hancock county in 1890 was 17,829; in 1900 was 19,189, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 19,030, of which 402 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,935 families in the county and 4,817 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Hancock county : Blue River, Brandywine, Brown, Buck Creek, Center, Greene, Jackson, Sugar Creek and Vernon. The incor- The Brandywine, in Hancock County, Made Famous by James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier Poet. 264 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Home of James Whitcomb Riley, Greenfield. porated cities and towns are Greenfield, Fortville, New Palestine and Shirley. Greenfield is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Hancock county was $9,011,000, value of improvements was $3,176,310 and the total net value of taxables was $19,043,510. There were 3,340 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 281 miles of improved roads in Hancock county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $196,378.30. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 59.19 miles of steam railroad operated in Han- cock county by the Cincinnati division of the C, I. & W. ; C, W. & M. ; Big Four, and the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapolis & Cin- cinnati Traction Company, Indianapolis, New- castle & Eastern Traction Company, Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- pany, and the Union Traction Company of Indi- ana operate 55.39 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of George J. Richman, county superintendent of Hancock county, there were seventy-five school- houses, including ten high schools, in Hancock county in 1914, employing 140 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was : High school, 469; grade school, 2,633. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $78,257.79. The estimated value of school property in the county was $312,900, and the total amount of in- debtedness, including bonds, was $59,032.50. Agriculture. — There were in Hancock county in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 186,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 86.4 acres. The value of all farm property was over $21,000,000, showing 87.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $89.15. The total value of domestic animals was $1,800,000: Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $404,000; horses 9,400, valued at $990,000; hogs 43,000, valued at $280,000; sheep 10,000, valued at $46,000. The total value of poultry was $87,000. HARRISON COUNTY CORYDON, SEAT OF JUSTICE HARRISON COUNTY is located in the southern part of the State and borders on the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by Washington, on the east by Floyd and its entire southeastern, southern and southwestern section is on the Ohio river and is bounded on the west by Crawford county. It contains 478 square miles. The face of the country as well as the character of the land is much diversified. The greater part of the county is broken, and the chain of Knobs on the east, the river, hills and many places along Indian creek and Blue river present as fine scen- ery as can be found in any part of the State. The sloping hillsides, which are fast being cleared of their valuable forests of poplar and oak, are producing great orchards of the finest flavored apples and peaches in the world. Tobacco of an excellent quality is being raised in large quanti- ties, and two of the largest distilleries in the United States are located here. The county also has excellent quarries of limestone. For some years, wells of natural gas have been flowing in the county. Several large caves and a system of subterranean rivers, brooks and creeks are to be CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OE INDIANA 265 found in ihe county. In one of the large caverns Squire Boone lived, died and was buried, and is marked by his inscriptions, Bible texts and draw- ings of animals and birds. Organization. — Harrison county is one of the oldest and most historic counties in the State. It was the fourth one to be organized, and De- cember 1, 1808, witnessed its official beginning, when the Territorial Legislature carved it out of Knox and Clark counties. It was named in honor of General William Henry Harrison, ter- ritorial Governor of Indiana. On May 1, 1813. the capital of the territory was removed from Vincennes to Corydon. Corydon has been the county seat since the organization of the county. and here still stands the old stone building that was the first State capitol. and near which stands the grand old elm, now fast decaying, under whose spreading branches was written the first constitution of the State of Indiana. In 1807 William Henry Harrison entered a tract of land on Blue river at Wilson Springs in Harrison county, and when he was Governor of the territory he traveled to and from Vincennes on horseback to visit this location. On these trips he often visited the home of Edward Smith, who is said to have left the British army during the revolutionary war and made his way to Indi- ana and married and lived with his family in a log cabin in Harrison county. On the occasion of General Harrison's visits after the evening meal was finished, the members of the family and their guest would gather around the open cabin door and sing the general's favorite songs. On one of these visits, as General Harrison was making his departure, tradition says he re- marked : "In a few days 1 expect to lay out a town here and would like to have you suggest a suitable name for it." Whereupon Miss Jennie Smith asked : "Why not name it 'Corydon,' from the piece you like so much ?" Her suggestion pleased the Governor, and thus the town is said to have derived its name. The words and music of this traditional song appeared in the "Mis- souri Harmony," a copy of which is preserved in our State library. Population of Harrison county in 1890 was 20.786: in 1900 was 21,702, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,232, of which 312 were of white foreign birth. There Pillar of Constitution, Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County. Largest stalagmite in the world, 24 feet in diameter and 35 feet high. 266 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA were 4,579 families in the county and 4,515 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Harrison county : Blue River, Boone, Franklin, Harrison, Heth, Jackson, Morgan, Posey, Scott, Spencer, Taylor, Wash- ington and Webster. The incorporated cities and towns are Corydon, Elizabeth, Laconia, Lanesville, Mauckport, New Amsterdam, New Middletown and Palmyra. Corydon is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Harrison county was $2,709,610, value of improvements was $1,272,770 and the total net value of taxables was $6,422,975. There were 3,028 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 145 miles of improved roads in Harrison county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $232,252. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 24.80 miles of steam railroad operated in Harri- son county by the Louisville, New Albany & Corydon and the Southern Railway Company of Indiana. Educational. — According to the report of Arville O. Deweese, county superintendent of Harrison county, there were 148 schoolhouses, including eleven high schools, in Harrison county in 1914, employing 184 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,642. There are three parochial schools in the county with an en- rolment of one hundred pupils. The county has an excellent school spirit, but because of the rough and broken country school consolidation is coming very slowly. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers in 1914 was $79,870.93. The estimated value of school property in Har- rison county was $122,400, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was approxi- mately $30,596. Agriculture. — There were in Harrison county in 1910 over 3,100 farms, embraced in 288,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 93 acres. The value of all the farm property was over $9,300,- 000, showing 55.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $19.41. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $240,000 ; horses 7,600, valued at $660,000 ; hogs 18,000, valued at $110,000; sheep 6,700, valued at $27,000. The total value of poultry was $78,000. HENDRICKS COUNTY DANVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE HENDRICKS COUNTY is located in the central part of the State and in the first tier of counties west of Indianapolis, and is bounded on the north by Boone, on the east by Marion, on the south by Morgan and a very small section of Putnam and on the west by Montgomery and Putnam counties. The county has 480 square miles, the surface of which is rolling, and with one or two exceptions some of the greatest elevations in the State are found here. The natural drainage is afforded by com- paratively small streams. The wonderfully fertile soil is especially adapted to agriculture and stock raising, its two greatest industries. This county is the home of the Central Normal College at Danville and the Friends Academy at Plainfield. Organization. — Hendricks county was organ- ized by legislative act December 28, 1823, which was made effective by formal organization April 21, 1824. The county was named for William Hendricks, who at that time was Governor of the State of Indiana. Danville was selected as the seat of justice, where it has remained ever since. Population of Hendricks county in 1890 was 21,498; in 1900 was 21,292, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,840, of which 172 were of white foreign birth. There CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 267 were 5,262 families in the county and 5,204 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Hendricks county : Brown, Center, Clay, Eel River, Franklin, Guilford, Lib- erty, Lincoln, Marion, Middle, Union and Wash- ington. The incorporated cities and towns are Brownsburg, Coatesville, Clayton, Danville, Liz- ton, North Salem, Pittsboro and Plainfield. Dan- ville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Hendricks county was $11,655,606, value of improvements was $2,785,065 and the total net value of taxables was $19,583,852. There were 3,581 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 330 miles of improved roads in Hendricks county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding. $390,863.91. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 78.19 miles of steam railroad operated in Hen- dricks county by the Springfield division of the C, I. & W. ; St. Louis division and the P. & E. division of the Big Four; the St. Louis division and the Vincennes division of the Vandalia rail- Public Library, Danville. Central Normal College, Danville. roads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operates 49.62 miles of elec- tric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Theodore B. Martin, county superintendent of Hendricks county, there were seventy-two school- houses, including ten high schools, in Hendricks County in 1914, employing 173 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,269. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $89,213.90. Estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $501,700, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $148,605. Agriculture. — There were in Hendricks county in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 250,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 91.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $28,000,000, showing 94.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $85.52. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,500,- 000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $660,- 000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 74,000, valued at $490,000; sheep 20,000, valued at $94,000. The total value of poultry was $108,000. Central Normal College, Danville, was made possible by the abandoned buildings of two of the earlier educational institutions of Hendricks county, the Hendricks County Seminary, which was opened soon after the county was organized, and the Danville Academy, which was established in 1858 by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Central Normal College was organized in 1876 by William F. Harper and Warren Darst at La- doga, Ind., and was known as the Central 268 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Normal School and Commercial Institute. Out- growing the accommodations at Ladoga, the fac- ulty and nearly two hundred students moved to Danville on May 10, 1878. The school is self- supporting, independent of church, State or en- dowment of any character. During the thirty- seven years of the existence of the college it has graduated more than 1,500 students. J. W. Laird is president and C. A. Hargrave is secretary- treasurer. Indiana Boys' School. — The constitution of Indiana (1851, art. 9, sec. 2) expressly declared that the State should provide houses of refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. The first action of the General As- sembly looking to this end was the law approved March 8, 1867, establishing "the House of Refuge for Juvenile Offenders." The institution was located on a farm nearly a mile southwest of the village of Plainfield and was occupied Janu- ary 1, 1868. Its name was changed in 1883 to the Indiana Reform School for Boys (Laws 1883, p. 19), and twenty years later to the Indiana Boys' School (Laws 1903, p. 172). The school receives boys committed for crime from eight to sixteen years of age and for incorrigibility from ten to seventeen, no commitment being for a shorter period than until the boy attains the age of twenty-one. One-half the cost of keeping and taking care of each boy is paid by the county from which he is committed. By rule of the institution a boy may earn his release in eighteen months from the time of his commitment. The institution has its own schools, graded like those of the public schools and also affords manual and industrial training. The law of 1903, p. 251, provides for the transfer to the State Reformatory of any inmate of the Boys' School convicted of crime who is more than seventeen years old and whose presence is detrimental to the welfare of the school. HENRY COUNTY NEWCASTLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE HENRY COUNTY is located in the second tier of counties east of Indianapolis. It is bounded on the north by Delaware, on the east by Randolph and Wayne, on the south by Fay- ette and Rush and on the west by Hancock and Madison counties. It contains 385 square miles. The face of the country is gently undulating, with many large and beautiful tracts on the east side of the county. Blue river runs from near the northeast to the southwest corner of the county and Fall creek through the north. The State's Village for Epileptics is located on a tract of 1,200 acres two miles north of New- castle. Organization. — The first white men who were known to locate in the territory now known as Henry county, were Daniel and Asa Heaton, who settled in the year 1819. The county was organ- ized formally June 1, 1822. It was named in honor of Patrick Henry, the patriot and orator of revolutionary war times. Newcastle has been the county seat since the organization of the county. In recent years it has become famous for the production of roses, which are shipped all over the United States. Population of Henry county in 1890 was 23,879; in 1900 was 25,088, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 29,758, of which 465 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,661 families in the county and 7,422 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Henry county : Blue River, Dudley, Franklin, Fall Creek, Greensboro. Harrison, Henry, Jefferson, Liberty. Prairie, Spiceland, Stony Creek and Wayne. The incor- porated cities and towns are Newcastle, Blounts- ville, Cadiz, Dunreith, Greensboro, Kennard, Knightstown, Lewisville, Middletown, Moore- land, Mt. Summit, Shirley, Spiceland, Straughn and Sulphur Springs. Newcastle is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Henry county CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 269 was $11,806,480, value of improvements was $4,305,570 and the total net value of taxables was $24,922,890. There were 4,794 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of improved roads in Henry county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $86,978. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 108.29 miles of steam railroad operated in Henry county by the C. & O. ; C, W. & M. ; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Big Four, and the Indi- anapolis and Richmond divisions and the Cam- bridge City branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapolis, Newcastle & East- ern Traction Company, T. H., I. & E. Traction Company, and the Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 56.11 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Harry B. Roberts, county superintendent of Henry county, there were sixty-seven school- houses, including thirteen high schools, in Henry county in 1914, employing 218 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 1,007. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $120,477.31. The estimated value of school property in the county was $532,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $294,548. Agriculture. — There were in Henry county in 1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 244,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 94.9 acres. The value of all farm property was over $27,000,000, showing 90.8 per cent, increase over 1900." The average value of land per acre was $82.86. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,600,- 000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $580,- 000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 86,000, valued at $540,000; sheep 19,000, valued at $89,000. The total value of poultry was $101,000. Industrial. — There were over twenty-five in- dustries in Newcastle that furnish employment to more than 1,500 persons, according to the re- port of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912. Automobiles, furniture and pianos are the lead- ing products. The Indiana Village for Epileptics was authorized by an act approved March 6, 1905, and a 1,245-acre site near Newcastle was pur- chased one year later. The purpose of the in- stitution is "the scientific treatment, education, employment and custody of epileptics," all epi- leptics having a legal settlement in the State to be considered admissible. With what was left from the original appropriation of $150,000, after the site was purchased, two small cottages were erected and the first patient was received September 16, 1907. Five cottages have been erected and others are in process of construction. Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home. — The Indiana Soldiers' and Seamans' Home for the maintenance of sick and disabled soldiers and seamen, their widows and orphans, was author- ized by an act approved March 11, 1867. It was The Indiana Village for Epileptics, Henry County. 270 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA formally opened June 15, 1867, in the Home for Disabled Soldiers, previously established at Knightstown by a private corporation. On the morning of December 25, 1871, fire destroyed that part of the institution occupied by the sol- diers and they were moved to the National Mili- tary Home at Dayton, Ohio. The orphans were left in full possession of the home until the Leg- islature of 1879 provided for the care of the feeble-minded children therein. The two classes of inmates were maintained in the home until 1887, when the institution was reorganized as the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, and the feeble-minded children were moved to new quar- ters. The home has twice been destroyed by fire —September 8, 1877, and July 21, 1886. It is lo- cated in Rush county, two miles south of Knights- town. As now maintained it is open to children under the age of sixteen years whose fathers were soldiers or sailors in the army or navy of the United States in the civil war or the war with Spain or the war in the Philippine Islands. Educational, religious and industrial training is given. HOWARD COUNTY KOKOMO, SEAT OF JUSTICE HOWARD COUNTY is located in the cen- ter of the northern half of the State, fifty miles north of Indianapolis. It is bounded on the north by Cass and Miami, on the east by Grant, on the south by Tipton and Clinton and on the west by Carroll counties, and contains approxi- mately 300 square miles of rich farm land. It is pre-eminently an agricultural county. It is trav- ersed by the Wildcat river, which forms a most excellent natural outlet for the many little streams that empty into it. Organization. — Howard county was formally organized May 1, 1844, under the name of Rich- ardville county, which was nearly all within the old Miami Reserve. It was this fact which led the Legislature to name the new county in honor of Richardville, a Miami chief and successor of Little Turtle. This sentiment did not prevail for any length of time, and on December 28, 1846, the Legislature passed its first and only act changing the name of a county in Indiana, and it was rechristened "Howard" in honor of Tilghman A. Howard, a noted Indiana states- man of that period. Kokomo, the county seat of Howard county, is located on the site of an In- dian village of the same name and was first set- tled in the autumn of 1844. According to the United States Census of 1910 it has a population of over 17,000, with seventy-two manufacturing establishments, furnishing employment to more than 2.700 wage-earners. It is particularly dis- tinguished as being the home of the first automo- bile made in America, work on which was com- menced in 1893 by Elwood Haynes. For want of a better name it was called "The Horseless Carriage," and on July 4, 1894, Mr. Haynes made a successful trial trip on the streets of Kokomo, running at a speed of about eight miles an hour. Population of Howard county in 1890 was 26.186; in 1900 was 28,575. and according to United States Census of 1910 was 33,177, of which 993 were of white foreign birth. There were 8,266 families in the county and 8,056 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Howard county : Center, Clay, Ervin, Harrison, Honey Creek, Howard, Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Taylor and Union. The incorporated cities and towns are Kokomo and Greentown. Kokomo is the county seat of Howard county. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Howard county was $9,436,985, value of improvements was $5,266,560 and the total net value of taxables was $23,079,110. There were 6,272 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 518 miles of improved roads in Howard county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $862,745.50. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 271 Educational. — According to the report of Albert F. Hietson, county superintendent of Howard county, there were sixty-seven school- houses, including five high schools, in Howard county in 1914, employing 203 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,925. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $116,900.95. Estimated value of school property in the county was $761,050, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $272,287. Agriculture. — There were in Howard county in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 184,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 74.8 acres. The value of all farm property was over $26,000,000, showing 117.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $108.22. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,- 000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $470,- 000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 71,000, valued at $420,000; sheep 11,000, valued at $52,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 51.79 miles of steam railroads operated in How- ard county by the Lake Erie & Western ; P., C, C. & St. L. ; Richmond division of the P., C, C. & St. L., and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroads. Indiana Railways & Light Company and the Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 51.08 miles of electric line in the county. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were seventy-two industries in Kokomo, furnishing employment to 2,366 per- sons ; total amount of capital employed, $3,921,- 141 ; value of products, $5,451,441 ; value added by manufacture, $2,469,526. Kokomo — 1. Hotel Francis. 2. City Building. 3. Posloff.ce. -). City Library. 272 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA HUNTINGTON COUNTY HUNTINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE HUNTINGTON COUNTY is located in the northeastern part of the State and is bounded on the north by Whitley, on the east by Allen and Wells, on the south by Grant and Wells and on the west by Wabash counties. It contains about 384 square miles. The soil is a glacial deposit, with the exception of the river valleys, which are a sedimentary deposit. The Wabash river flows west across the county, di- viding it into two almost equal portions. What is known as Little river joins it west of the cen- ter of the county. Another small river, the Sala- Public Library. Huntington. monie, cuts off a small portion of the southwest corner of the county and joins the Wabash river soon after leaving Huntington county. Because of the fertility of the soil farming, fruit growing and stock raising are chief occupations of the people. Organization. — The organization of Hunting- ton county became effective December 2, 18*4. It was named in honor of Samuel Huntington, a delegate in the Continental Congress from Con- necticut and one of the signers of the Declara- tion of Independence. The name was proposed by Captain Elias Murray, then a member of the Legislature. Huntington was selected as the seat of justice at the time of the organization and General Tipton was the proprietor and Captain Murray among the first settlers. Population of Huntington county in 1890 was 27,644; in 1900 was 28,901, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 28,982, of which 735 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,399 families in the county and 7,290 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Huntington county : Clear Creek, Dallas, Huntington, Jackson, Jefferson. Lancaster, Polk, Rock Creek, Salamonie, Union, Warren and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Huntington, Andrews, College Park, Markle, Mt. Etna, Roanoke and Warren. Huntington is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Huntington county was $9,700,000, value of improvements was $4,1 19,270 and the total net value of taxables was $21,741,080. There were 4,904 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 383 miles of improved roads in Huntington county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $456,774.42. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 56.62 miles of steam railroad operated in Hunt- ington county by the Chicago & Erie; Cincinnati. Bluffton & Chicago; Toledo, St. Louis & West- ern, and the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company and the Marion, Bluffton & Eastern Traction Company operate 59.61 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Clifford Funderburg, county superintendent of Huntington county, there were 111 schoolhouses, including twelve high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 222 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,273. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $126,860.13. Estimated value of school property in the county was $487,313, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $81,851.87. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 273 Agriculture. — There were in Huntington county in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in 234,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 89.5 acres. The value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, showing 112.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $72.66. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,200,000: Number of cattle 19,000, valued at $500,000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 61,000, valued at $370,000; sheep 22,000, valued at $11,000. The total value of poultry was $107,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were thirty-three industries in Huntington, furnishing employment to 1.575 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $1,301,621; value of products, $2,227,558; value added by manufacture, $1,097,361. Huntington City Free Library. — The first organization of a library for Huntington oc- curred in the year 1874. It was called the Pub- lic School Library Association. The yearly mem- bership fee was $2. The Central School building gave space for the books constituting the library, which in a short time possessed over 1,200 vol- umes, many of which had belonged to the famous Mechanics' and Working Men's Library, estab- lished by William McClure, who founded the New Harmony Library. A number of these books, bound in sheepskin, and bearing on the cover the words, "Mechanics' and Working Men's Library," may still be seen in the present library. In 1889 the library was reorganized under State laws, making it a free library, thus reach- ing more people. In January, 1902, the school board formally accepted Mr. Andrew Carnegie's offering of $25,000 for the erection of a library building and donated the site. This building as it now stands, represents the sum of about $29,- 000. This includes recent additions and improve- ments. The building was first open to the pub- lic February 21, 1903. The library contains about 24.000 volumes. JACKSON COUNTY BROWNSTOWX, SEAT OF JUSTICE JACKSON COUNTY is located in the south central part of the State and is bounded on the north by Brown and Bartholomew, on the east by Jennings, on the south by Scott and Washington and on the west by Lawrence and Mc in roe counties. A range of hills passes through the county from northeast to southwest and there is another range of hills or knolls in the north- west part of the county, but the face of the country for the most part is level or gently un- dulating. The bottoms along the different streams are very large and fertile, and they oc- cupy about one-half of the whole county. In the northeast corner of the county, in the bed of White river, is a solitary boulder of granite weighing several tons. No other rock of any kind is found in the vicinity. In the same neigh- borhood is a large mound 200 yards in circum- ference at the base, and it was upon this spol in 1812 that a party of Indians held a coin nil in decide whether they should retreat or light. A party of thirty men. under General Tipton, was 18 then in close pursuit on their trail. They re- tired to what is now known as Tipton's Island, where General Tipton engaged them, and which practically ended the Indian warfare in Indiana territory. Organization. — Jackson county, which was named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, hero of the battle of New Orleans, was organ- ized in 1816. It was the fourteenth county to be organized in the Territory of Indiana and was formed from Washington and Jefferson counties, the legislative act having been passed December 18, 1815. The first county seat of Jackson was established at Vallonia June, 1816, and the first courts were held in the shade of the old fort in the village. It remained here but for a short time, as the commissioners in November, 1816, decided to establish the seat of justice at Browns- town, where it has since remained. Population of Jackson county in 1890 was 24,139; in 1900 was 26,633. and according to United States Census of 1910 was 24,727, of 274 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA which 570 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,927 families in the county and 5,822 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Jackson county : Browns- town, Carr, Driftwood, Grassy Fork, Hamilton, Jackson, Owen, Redding, Salt Creek, Vernon and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Seymour, Brownstown and Crothers- ville. Brownstown is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Jackson county was $6,684,440, value of improvements was $2,780,900 and the total net value of taxables was $15,167,640. There were 3,846 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 577 miles of improved roads in Jackson county built and under jurisdiction of the county commsisioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $204,572.83. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 81.57 miles of steam railroad operated in Jackson county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Westport branch of the C, T. H. & S. E., and the Louisville divi- sion of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Brownstown & Ewing Street Railway Company, Indianapolis & Louisville Traction Company, and the Interstate Public Service Company operate 22.96 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Jeremiah E. Payne, county superintendent of Jackson county, there were 103 schoolhouses, in- cluding eleven high schools, in Jackson county in 1914, employing 179 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4.359.2. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $62,578.72. The estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $265,465, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $164,800. Agriculture. — There were in Jackson county in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 290,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 106 acres. The value of all farm property was over $17,000,000, showing 89.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $44.44. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $314,- 000; horses 6,500, valued at $650,000; hogs 23,000, valued at $160,000; sheep 5,900, valued at $21,000. The value of poultry was $87,000. JASPER COUNTY RENSSELAER, SEAT OF JUSTICE JASPER COUNTY is located in the north- west part of the State and is bounded on the north by the Kankakee river, which separates it from Lake and Porter counties, on the east by Starke, Pulaski and White, on the south by Ben- ton and on the west by Newton counties. The county contains about 575 square miles and the principal resources of the county are agriculture and stock raising. Organization. — It was the Legislature of 1838 that made Jasper county possible. Its for- mal organization taking place on March 15, 1838. when its territory included all of the present county of Newton and most of Benton. The first county seat was located at Parish Grove, thirty miles south of the present seat of justice and five miles southwest of Fowler, the county seat of Benton. This was chosen because it was near the center of population and for the additional reason that it is one of the few high and dry spots in the county. At the first meeting of the commis- sioners it was decided to change the county seat to the cabin of George W. Spitler, in what is now Iroquois township, Newton county, he having been elected county clerk and refusing to serve unless this was done. This temporary arrange- ment was upset by the legislative act of January 29, 1839, which appointed commissioners to ex- amine the counties of Jasper and Newton and see whether they should be consolidated. The State CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 275 commissioners met in June, 1839, and decided upon a consolidation, selecting the present site of Rensselaer for the county seat, which was called Newton in accordance with the act, and the orig- inal plat of the newly chosen county seat was filed June 12, 1839. The early history of the county can never be satisfactorily recorded owing to two destructive fires, one which occurred in 1843 and the second in 1864, which practically destroyed all of the records at those periods. Population of Jasper county in 1890 was 11,185; in 1900 was 14,292, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 13,044, of which 843 were of white foreign birth. There were 2,951 families in the county and 2,915 dwell- ings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Jasper county : Barkley, Carpenter, Gillam, Hanging Grove, Jordan, Kan- kakee, Keener, Marion, Milroy, Newton, Union, Walker and Wheatfield. The incorporated cities and towns are Rensselaer, Remington and Wheat- field. Rensselaer is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Jasper county was $7,303,610; value of improvements was $1,589,- 395 ; and the total net value of taxables was $12,- 743,181. There were 2,384 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 209 miles of improved roads in Jasper county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel Voad bonds outstand- ing, $248,410. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 94.30 miles of steam railroad operated in Jasper county by the LaCrosse branch of the C. & E. I. ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Kankakee division of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; Chicago & Wabash Valley, and the Effner branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Ernest Lamson, county superintendent of Jasper county, there were eighty-nine schoolhouses, in- cluding four high schools, in Jasper county in 1914, employing 133 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2.548. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $63,958.43. The estimated value of school property in the county was $195,100, and the total amount of in- debtedness, including bonds, was $34,877.48. Agriculture. — There were in Jasper county in 1910 over 1,700 farms embraced in 307,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 179.1 acres. The value of all farm property was over $22,000,000, showing 76.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $57.04. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 000: Number of cattle 21.000, valued at $650,- 000; horses 9,100, valued at $960,000; hogs 18,- 000, valued at $184,000 ; sheep 7,000, valued at $35,000. The total value of poultry was $86,000. Kankakee Swamps and the Home of a Big Family of Muskrats. 276 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA JAY COUNTY PORTLAND, SEAT OF JUSTICE JAY COUNTY is located in the eastern part of the State and borders on the State of Ohio. It is bounded on the north by Wells and Adams, on the south by Randolph and on the west by Jay County Court-House, Portland. Delaware and Blackford counties. It contains about 378 square miles. It is purely an agricul- tural county, having a large percentage of black loam soil which was formerly thickly overgrown with oak, hickory and other species of hardwood. Organization. — Jay county was formally or- ganized March 1, 1836. It was named in honor of the celebrated patriot and statesman, John Jay. The locating commissioners met on the first Mon- day in June, 1836, and decided upon the site at Portland and at a special meeting of the county board on December 5, 1835, gave the new county seat the name of Portland, where it has remained ever since. Population of Jay county in 1890 was 23,478 ; in 1900 was 26,818, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 24,961, of which 406 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,359 families in the county and 6,224 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Jay county : Bear Creek, Green, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Madison, Noble, Penn, Pike, Richland, Wabash and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Dunkirk, Port- land, Bryan, Pennville, Red Key and Salamonia. Portland is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to- tal value of lands and lots in Jay county was $8,342,700; value of improvements was $3,073,- 385, and the total net value of taxables was $17,- 109,425. There were 3,663 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 451 miles of improved roads in Jay county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $359,033.94. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 67.50 miles of steam railroad operated in Jay county by the Cincinnati, Bluffton & Chicago ; Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Grand Rapids & Indiana ; Lake Erie & Western, and the Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Muncie & Portland Traction Com- pany operates 15.82 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of William R. Armstrong, county superintendent of Jay county, there were ninety-eight schoolhouses, including six high schools, in Jay county in 1914, employing 183 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 4,484. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- s^^^fl Public Library, Portland. visors, principals and teachers was $98,037.98. The estimated value of school property in the county was $487,754, and the total amount of in- debtedness, including bonds, was $101,250. Agriculture. — There were in Jay county in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 235,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 82.9 acres. The value of CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 277 all farm property was over $23,000,000, showing 115.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre, $69.08. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,000 : Num- ber of cattle 15,000, valued at $470,000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 56,000, valued at $360,000; sheep 26,000, valued at $130,000. The total value of poultry was $121,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were twenty industrial establishments, employing about 450 persons. Among its unique establishments is one for the production of baseball bats and its largest establishment is devoted to the manufac- ture of automobile wheels, etc. Drain tile is manu- factured extensively. JEFFERSON COUNTY MADISON, SEAT OF JUSTICE JEFFERSON COUNTY, the second one from the eastern line of the State in the tier border- ing on the Ohio river, is bounded by Switzerland, Ripley, Jennings, Scott and Clark counties and the Ohio river. The county contains 370 square miles. Its bluffs, many of them 400 feet high, are intersected by frequent deep ravines, adding slopes to its cultivable area, raising it to the con- stitutional 400 square miles per territory. A no- table feature of the county is its varied topogra- phy. In the western part, the ground is rolling, in the center, a level plateau, and the eastern sec- tion, which is traversed by "Indian-Kentuck" creek and its tributaries, is an uninterrupted series of hills and vales. The character of the soil varies from the black alluvial deposits of the river bottom to the clay and loam on the level lands. Tile clay abounds in the central part of the county. Wheat and corn are staple products, yet all grains are successfully grown in this county and fruits are grown in abundance. Forty years ago the experiment of raising tobacco was tried and proved successful and it is now grown extensively. The county is rich in building stone of excel- lent quality and has many quarries, the largest one being at Deputy, on the B. & O. railroad. A beautiful species of marble is found in the south- ern part of the county. There are numerous water courses in the county, many with cataracts quite as picturesque as Minnehaha, comparing favorably with it in height and volume. The geological formation fol- lowing the line of the north bend of the river bounding Jefferson county forms a watershed about two and one-half or three miles west and north of Madison, which divides the flow of the streams between the Ohio and the Wabash by way of the White and Muscatatuck rivers. Ken- tucky creek rises in Ripley county, flows through the eastern part of Jefferson county into the Ohio. Big creek flows through the northwestern corner of the county into the Muscatatuck and the Mid- dlefork. Harbert's, Bear's, Lewis, Marble and Camp creeks are all tributaries of Big creek. Crooked creek parallels the Ohio river for some seven miles, beginning far up the Canaan valley, running through the full length of Madison and falling into the river beyond the western corpora- tion line of the city. Jefferson county is noted for its wealth of ro- mantic spots. Just across the river on the Ken- tucky hill is a prehistoric Indian fort, near which in ante-bellum days stood the cabin of Delia Web- ster, a station of the "underground railroad" operated through Madison. Three miles east of Madison on the Indiana side, is Cedar cliff, a sheer precipice one and one-half miles long, and hundreds of feet high. Little Cedar, nearer town, has quite as fine an outlook. Three and a half miles northwest of Madison are Clifty Falls and glen. The series of falls is 200 feet in height, one pitch being over a jutting ledge of rock eighty feet above the receiving basin into which plunges ail immense volume of foaming, spraying water. A shelving rock canopies the North Madison pike for a stretch of 100 feet, veiling it with mist or ice, according to the temperature. Chain Mill falls, near North Madison, guards the mouth of an unfinished railroad tunnel, making a unique 278 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA combination. Crowe's, Chain Mill, Hart's, Dead- man's and Butler's falls cluster around Hanover most invitingly. Organization. — The act of the Legislature creating Jefferson county was approved Novem- ber 23, 1810, and went into effect February 1, 1811. It was named for President Jefferson, probably because of the personal interest he had taken in the campaign of George Rogers Clark, for ex-soldiers of Clark's command formed the nucleus of the pioneers of Jefferson county, one of whom, John Paul, suggested the name, having, as original proprietor of Madison, which was made the seat of justice, named the city for the President in office when it was founded. Historical. — The keynote of State expansion was sounded in Jefferson county. Independently of this, an honorable position among the coun- ties of the State is due it, by reason of the names and events associated with its past. The original proprietors of Madison and their families were educated people from Philadelphia and Bal- timore. Colonel John Paul — a soldier of the Revolution and the War of 1812, founder of the cities of Xenia, Ohio, and Madison — purchased the site and came to Madison in 1809. In 1810, associated with Lewis Davis and Jonathan Lyons, he enlarged his original plans, and founded a city which grew to be the metropolis of the State. This it was until it was superseded by the present capital. The name of Indianapolis was coined by Judge Jeremiah Sullivan, a member of the Jef- ferson county bar. Jacob Burnett and Lewis Whiteman bought the share of Lewis Davis in 1813 and in 1817 and became later joint-proprie- tors of the town. Very many of the 140,000 pioneers from cul- tured centers, who poured into Indiana between 1810 and 1819, came through Madison's portals and here many builders of the commonwealth re- mained. The Rev. Thomas C. Searles was promi- nent in all early educational movements, as were General Milton Stapp, Dr. William Goode, Beau- mont Park and Charles Barnes. Early resident lawyers were Hon. Alexander A. Meek, Judge Miles, Cary Eggleston, Governor William Hendricks and his kinsman, William Hendricks, Jr. ; Judges Jeremiah Sullivan, Wil- liamson Dunn, Stephen C. Stevens, and Charles Test, also Joseph Glass Marshall, Milton Stapp * x, #§1^ ' -*i^J* & * K *^lS^J ' %&*<> ■Mp" ,-' - '5ftt 1 A ipHfeSV ~ r 1 '_ . - * * . 9 ' I ' ' '■'" -*i" "',V' ' ."'■''•.. View of Canaan Road, Jefferson County. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 279 and Nathaniel Hunt. Jesse L. Holman, Elijah Sparks, Jesse Olds, Isaac Blackford and John Lawrence were present at nearly every term of court. Hugh McCulloch and J. F. D. Lanier, financiers ; Edward and George Cary Eggleston and David Graham Phillips were all Madisonians of national reputation. Harvey W. Wiley, John Merle Coulter and Stanley Coulter are scientists of note from this county. Dr. Fisk was the first physician. Dr. Hicks, Dr. Robert Cravens, Dr. Samuel Mackarnes Goode, the two Drs. Howes, Dr. Howard Watts, Dr. Norwood, Dr. Hodges, Dr. J. H. D. Rogers and Drs. McClure, Lewis and Alexander Mullen followed in the early decades. Dr. Israel T. Canby, father of General R. Canby, came to Madison in 1816 and was a large owner of real estate. The intellectual die of Hanover may have been cast when Christopher Harrison, a graduate of St. John's College, Maryland, the rejected lover of "Glorious Betsy" Patterson, sought the far- away West, and found a lone spot where he might bury his sorrow, in the point west of Hanover college point. Between the year of his coming to Hanover, 1808, and 1803, he is supposed to have been an inmate or a fre- quent guest of the island home of the Blan- nerhassets, which he left to escape the toils of Aaron Burr. His cabin on the Hanover bluff is said to have reflected the art and culture of Blannerhasset Island, its walls being cov- ered with rare paintings by the masters, and some of his own execution. One of his own, "The Tryst," was kept veiled, and when at last revealed, showed a maid of wondrous beauty ; beside her a knight, who is carving their blended initials on a majestic beech tree. Upon a noble beech which had sheltered his cabin door, felled a few years ago by a storm, was found cut deep into the bark a century before, "Christopher Harrison, July 8, 1808," and in "The Tryst" a romantic dream is read. The maid becomes Eliz- abeth Patterson, the lover Christopher Harrison. Jefferson county has later artists, but the ro- mance is not paralleled. William McKendree Snyder immortalizes the beech groves of the county, and contributes other memorials of its picturesque beauties to Indiana art. As a sculp- tor, George Grey Barnard is in the first rank of those who have won fame. His frequent visits ^s . . - v .- : ■ .; . ■'■' ■ ' - ■ ' i - - .^►v;' = VSb -.»" ;- y -5.' '■- - - " • - * • > ■ < . '• a - ■ ••'«'■ • 7* "t^A. . i 3W"w ' __ ^«m^ l-^H >■«.« jji^^-^M * •*'. ,\, ^^ i, Z •■& 8'- ^ ' Hanging Rock, Madison, Jefferson County. 280 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA to the home of his parents in Madison establish a claim to citizenship. The first newspaper established in the county, the second in the State, was the Western Eagle, owned by Colonel John Paul, edited by his son- in-law, William Hendricks, afterward first mem- ber of Congress from Indiana, United States Senator, and second Governor of Indiana. With him was associated William Cameron. The first issue was on May 26, 1813. Editors of papers following were John Lodge, Colonel C. P. J. Arion, Judge Courtland Cushing, D. D. Jones, W. W. Crail, John R. Cravens, W. W. Woolen, Milton Stapp, Rolla Doolittle. S. F. Covington and Colonel M. C. Garber were editors of the Madison Courier, established in 1837, and the leading paper in the county ever since. It is now under the management of Michael Christian Gar- ber and Michael Eggleston Garber. Hanover College grew out of Hanover Acad- emy, which was established in the village of Han- over near Madison, January 1, 1827, by the Rev. John Finley Crowe, D. D. The institution was adopted by the Presbyterian church in 1829, and college work begun the same year. The first class was graduated in 1834. During the early years a theological department and a law school were maintained in addition to the liberal arts and pre- paratory departments. The theological depart- ment was subsequently moved to Chicago, where it became McCormick Seminary. The law school was abandoned. The total number of matricu- lants to the present time is something under 5,000. Of this number 1,104 have been granted the baccalaureate degree and sixty-five the mas- ter's degree. Many of the history makers of In- diana are Hanover men. Prominent among them are Thomas A. Hendricks, William H. English, Albert G. Porter, Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, John H. Holliday, Walter L. Fisher, Robert J. Tracewell and R. J. L. Matthews. The college is thoroughly equipped and throughout its history has stood for the highest educational standards. The doors were opened to women in 1880. The president is William Alfred Millis, LL. D. Among its latest buildings, Science Hall and the Hendricks Me- morial Library are especially worthy of men- tion. The latter, a memorial of Vice-President Thomas A. Hendricks, erected by his widow. The co-education of white and colored stu- dents was tried but once in this county. A col- lege, called Eleutherian College, was founded in 1850 by Elder Thomas Craven and his son, John ( i. Craven, at Lancaster. A church, in which the college was housed, and boarding houses were built, was burned by the neighbors to whom the ideas were obnoxious, and rebuilt many times. Stone buildings were at last erected and stood, but the project was abandoned in the early six- ties. From 1857 to 1860 it was in its prime, hav- ing from seventy-five to eighty students, equally divided as to color. The Southeastern Hospital for the Insane, "Cragmont." — The crowded condition of the Central Hospital for the Insane led the General Assembly of 1905 to set aside fifteen of the thirty-eight counties constituting the central dis- trict as the southeastern district and to establish therein an additional hospital. On September 4, 1905, the commission created by the act selected a site containing 363.79 acres near the city of Madison overlooking the valley of the Ohio river. Industries. — The industries of the county center in Madison, which from a commercial city has changed to a manufacturing one. Milling was the earliest and has been perhaps the most important industry. The first flour mill in this part of the State was built and operated by Colonel John Paul on Crooked creek, north of John Paul park. It was running in 1814. Madi- son now builds steamboats and vehicles, manu- factures furniture, saddle trees, cotton and woolen goods, pearl buttons, engines and boilers, nails, tacks, hubs and spokes, glue, fertilizer, chewing gum, ice, candy and ice cream on a large scale for shipping. It has also several flour mills and bakeries, a cracker factory, a brewery and a packing house which stores and ships exten- sively. Madison is one of the largest markets for bur- ley tobacco in the country and here is located the largest business establishment in the United States for handling roots and herbs for medical purposes. These are shipped to all parts of the world. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Jefferson county wis $3,401,815; value of improvements was 282 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA $2,445,470, and the total net value of taxables was $9,415,815. There were 3,148 polls in the county. Population of Jefferson county in 1890 was 24,507 ; in 1900 was 22,913, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,483, of which 471 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,254 families in the county and 5,096 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Jefferson county : Graham, Hanover, Lancaster, Madison, Milton, Monroe, Republican, Saluda, Shelby and Smyrna. The in- corporated cities and towns are Madison, Brooks- burg and Hanover. Madison is the county seat. Improved Roads. — There were 190 miles of improved roads in Jefferson county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $197,443.30. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 21.56 miles of steam railroad operated in Jeffer- son county by the Louisville division of the B. & O. Southwestern ; Big Four, and the Madison branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Madison Light & Railway Company operates three miles of electric line in the county. The branch of the Pennsylvania railroad which con- nects Indianapolis with the Ohio river traffic, en- ters Jefferson county a few miles northwest of Dupont, and has its terminus at Madison. This was originally the Madison & Indianapolis rail- road ; later, the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indi- anapolis, "The J. M. & I.," as familiarly known. This was the first railroad west of the Alleghany mountains, the first to be completed of the six lines chartered by the Legislature of 1831, hav- ing been begun September 16, 1836; completed to Vernon by 1839; to Griffith's Station, twenty- eight miles from Madison, in 1841 ; and to Indi- anapolis, October, 1847. The descent of 473 feet from North Madison to Madison is by an in- clined plane one and one-half miles in length, which in two places cuts 100 feet deep through spurs of the hill formed of solid rock. The dis- tance through the south cut is 800 feet; through the north, or Big cut, 1,100 feet, and both pass through solid rock walls, rising perpendicularly on each side of the track to the height of 100 feet. This grade was the steepest known to rail- road engineering until the construction of the Mount Cenis road over the Alps, which has a Hanover College, Hanover, Jefferson County. 1. Observatory. 2. President's Residence. 3. Science Hall. 4. Hendricks Library. 5. Classic Hall. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 283 grade slightly exceeding this. The plane was fin- ished in 1841 and sixteen horses hauled the train up it to meet the engine at the top of the incline, until 1848. Educational. — According to the report of Joseph H. Hanna, county superintendent of Jef- ferson county, there were ninety schoolhouses, including seven high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 150 teacher's. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,222. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $69,285.34. Estimated value of school property in the county was $156,400 and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $56,300. Agriculture. — There were in Jefferson county in 1910 over 2,500 farms embraced in 219,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 85.6 acres. The value of all farm property was over $8,800,000, showing 64.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $24.40. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,- 000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $260,- 000; horses 6,800, valued at $620,000; hogs 10,- 000, valued at $82,000; sheep 8,400, valued at $35,000. The total value of poultry was $70,000. JENNINGS COUNTY VERNON, SEAT OF JUSTICE JENNINGS COUNTY is located in the southern part of the State and is bounded on the north by Bartholomew and Decatur, on the east by Ripley, on the south by Jefferson and Scott and on the west by Bartholomew and Jack- son counties. It contains 375 square miles and the principal occupations of the people are farm- ing and stock raising. A fine quality of limestone underlies the county, and much fine building stone has been taken out. Organization. — The organization of Jennings county was made effective February 1, 1817, and Muscatatuck. Xorth Vernon, Jennings County. 284 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the county seat was established at Vernon. There have been several attempts made to move the county seat to North Vernon and the Legislature on March 5, 1913, passed an act which provided for an election to determine whether the county seat should be moved from Vernon to North Vernon. The election was held September 22, 1913, and Vernon retained the county seat by the slender majority of sixteen. Jennings county was named in honor of Jonathan Jennings, the first Governor of the State. Population of Jennings county in 1890 was 14,608; in 1900 was 15,757, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 14,203, of which 358 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,457 families in the county and 3,417 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Jennings county : Bigger, Campbell, Center, Columbia, Geneva, Lovett, Marion, Montgomery, Sand Creek, Spencer and Vernon. The incorporated cities and towns are North Vernon and Vernon. Vernon is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Jennings county was $2,651,970; value of improvements was $1,316,305, and the total net value of taxables was $6,447,905. There were 1,992 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 262 miles of improved roads in Jennings county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $156,319.64. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 64.16 miles of steam railroad operated in Jen- nings county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Big Four; Madison branch of the P., C, C. & St. L., and the Vernon, Gfeensburg & Rushville rail- roads. Educational. — According to the report of Shepherd Whitcomb, county superintendent of Jennings county, there were eighty-three school- houses, including five high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 129 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,624. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $50,268.51. Estimated value of school property in the county was $131,873, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $26,250. Agriculture. — There were in Jennings county in 1910 over 2,000 farms embraced in 219,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 108.7 acres. The value of all farm property was over $9,300,000, showing 79.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $27.56. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,- 000: Number of cattle 9,500, valued at $235,000; horses 5,900, valued at $580,000; hogs 15,000, valued at $110,000; sheep 8,300, valued at $35,- 000. The estimated value of poultry was $73,000. JOHNSON COUNTY FRANKLIN, SEAT OF JUSTICE JOHNSON COUNTY is located south of Marion county, which bounds it on the north, Shelby on the east, Bartholomew and Brown on the south and Morgan on the west. The surface is comparatively level and the soil is a rich sandy loam, being covered entirely from a depth of a few feet to more than 200 feet with glacial drifts. It is distinctly an agricultural county and is known as the greatest corn producing county in the world, producing the finest quality, having won more first prizes in national contests than any county in the Union. Organization. — Johnson county was formally organized May 5, 1823, with Franklin as the county seat. It was named in honor of the Hon. John Johnson, one of the first judges of the Supreme Court of the State of Indiana. Franklin is the home of Franklin College, that was chartered in 1835 under the name of the In- diana Baptist Manual Labor Institute, and is now CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 285 one of the best equipped colleges for higher cul- ture in the State. Franklin College was chartered in 1835 under the name of the Indiana Baptist Manual Labor Institute. It was organized at a meeting of Bap- tists in Indianapolis, held in the First Baptist Church, June 5, 1834. Instructions began in the summer of 1837, and the school was opened in a wooden building costing $350. While the in- dustrial element was prominent, literary and phil- large part of this amount was given by the Gen- eral Education Board of New York City, being the third appropriation which that board has made to Franklin College. It has been admitted to the Carnegie foundation, which is a marked recognition of its standard of scholarship. Population of Johnson county in 1890 was 19,561; in 1900 was 20,223, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,394, of which 140 were of white foreign birth. There Franklin College, Franklin, Johnson County. osophical interest, which were in mind from the beginning, soon predominated, and in 1845 the in- stitution was chartered under the name of Frank- lin College. In the beginning, only male students were received. In 1842 a department for young ladies was established and the college has con- tinued on a co-educational basis ever since. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the students vol- unteered practically in a body and the school was closed. Because of financial difficulties, a stock company took over the school in 1872 and con- tinued in charge until 1908, when the college was reorganized. In 1913 the college completed the largest financial campaign in its history, raising $250,000 as an additional endowment fund. A were 5,287 families in the county and 5,203 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Johnson county : Blue River. Clark, Franklin, Hensley, Needham, Nineveh, Pleasant, Union and White River. The incor- porated cities and towns are Franklin, Edinburg, Greenwood and Whiteland. Franklin is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913. the total value of lands and lots in Johnson county was $8,957,895; value of improvements was $3,352,535, and the total net value of taxables 286 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA was $18,495,405. There were 3,524 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 320 miles of improved roads in Johnson county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $187,834.30. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 62.05 miles of steam railroad operated in John- son county by the Fairland, Franklin & Martins- ville; Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and the Louisville division of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Interstate Public Service Company operates 22.12 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Jesse C. Webb, county superintendent of John- son county, there were sixty-one (fifty-three now) schoolhouses, including ten high schools, in Johnson county, all eligible for commission now, seven commissioned in 1914, employing 165 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,578. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi- pals and teachers was $87,882 ; the estimated value of school property in the county was $559,- 600, and the total amount of indebtedness, in- cluding bonds, was $174,568. We have the only vocational school (home-making and agricul- tural) located in a strictly rural district in the State. Agriculture. — There were in Johnson county in 1910 over 2,000 farms embraced in 197,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 97.5 acres. The value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, showing 107.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $97.29. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $512,- 000; horses 9,500, valued at $990,000; hogs 41,- 000, valued at $288,000; sheep 11,000, valued at $51,000. The total value of poultry was $82,000. KNOX COUNTY VINCENNES, SEAT OF JUSTICE KNOX COUNTY is located in the south- western section of the State and is bounded on the north by Sullivan and Green counties, on the east by the west fork of White river, which separates it from Daviess ; south by White river, which separates it from Pike and Gibson, and on the west by the Wabash, which separates it from the State of Illinois. It contains about 513 square miles of the richest land in the State of Indiana and one of the products that has given Knox county fame throughout America is the famous "Decker" cantelope. Wheat is extensively grown on the upland and stock raising and fruit growing are engaged in on a large scale. Knox county is also a large producer of coal. Accord- ing to the report of the State mine inspector for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were eight mines in operation in the county un- St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Parsonage and Library, Vincennes. St. Francis Xavier Library, Vincennes. in the State. Oldest library CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 287 der his jurisdiction, which produced 1,576,567 tons of coal. Organization. — Knox county, with Vincennes for its county seat, is one of the oldest historical points in the State. It has been designated "The Mother of Indiana Counties," having existence even before the territorial government. The orig- inal boundaries of Knox county embraced one- third of the present State of Indiana, extending from the Ohio river to the lakes and from the Wabash river to about the middle of the State. When Michigan and Illinois were withdrawn from Knox county it became a distinct territory. When Knox county was organized on June 30, 1790, by Winthrop Sargent, the secretary of the Northwest Territory, Vincennes became the county seat and it has so remained since. When Indiana Territory was organized May 7, 1800, it became the capital of the new territory and re- tained this honor until the capital was removed to Corydon in 1813. Knox county was named in honor of General Henry Knox, of the Revolu- tion, who was the first secretary of war. In 1809, there were only four counties in In- diana: Knox, Clark, Dearborn and Harrison. Out of Knox county were formed in 1810, Jef- ferson and Franklin counties; in 1813, Gibson and Warrick ; in 1817, Sullivan county, and in 1820, Greene county. Knox was thus reduced to its present area. Vincennes University was organized by an act of the Territorial Legislature in 1806, and was authorized under its incorporation, "for the instruction of youth in the Latin, Greek, French and English languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, ancient and modern history, moral philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and the laws of nature and nations." When Vincennes University was incorporated it was designated to receive a town- ship of land of 23,040 acres, which had been granted by Congress for a seminary of learning. After Congress had confirmed titles of pur- chasers of land from Vincennes University of parts of this township in 1816, commissioners were appointed by the State of Indiana to rent lands and turn rents into the State Treasury. This was in January, 1820, and in 1822 the Gen- eral Assembly passed an act to provide for sale of Seminary township in Gibson county. About 17,000 acres of the lands, which had originally been given to Vincennes University, were sold Vincennes University. under these acts and the proceeds, amounting to more than $30,000, were turned into the State Treasury. This precipitated a struggle which lasted for nearly a century. Among other priv- ileges granted to the university was one to oper- ate a lottery, which was also the cause of much litigation. About 1874, Congress gave the uni- versity all the unclaimed and vacant lands in Km ix county. This gift proved of material bene- fit, but the institution has never received enough from the public to realize the high hopes of its founders. Population of Knox county in 1890 was 28,- 044 ; in 1900 was 32,746. and according to United States Census in 1910 was 39,183, of which 1,398 were of white foreign birth. There were 9,140 families in the countv and 8,882 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Knox county : Busseron, Decker. Harrison, Johnson, Palmyra, Steen, Vigo, Vin- cennes, Washington and Widner. The incor- 288 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA r WKfc' % : 3k3 9^B 1 1 ■^tfriT) j •^^^^^HaSffQIH Home of General William Henry Harrison, Vincennes. porated cities and towns are Vincennes, Bicknell, Monroe City, Oaktown and Sandborn. Vincennes is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Knox county was $11,712,760; value of improvements was $6,219,- 510, and the total net value of taxables was $26,- 527,625. There were 7,083 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 543 miles of improved roads in Knox county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $838,040.83. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 78.61 miles of steam railroad operated in Knox county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Big Four ; Evansville division of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, and the Vincennes division of the Van- dalia railroads. The Vincennes Traction Com- pany operates 7.61 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Edgar N. Haskins, superintendent of Knox county, there were eighty-nine schoolhouses, in- cluding eleven high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 290 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 7,516. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $165,468.83. Estimated value of school property in the county was $851,228, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $289,300. Agriculture. — There were in Knox county in 1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 300,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 111.7 acres. The value of all farm property was over $27,000,000, show- ing 105.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $70.42. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,000 : Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $490,000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 57,000, valued at $370,000 ; sheep 9,900, valued at $39,- 000. The total value of poultry, $99,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910, there were eighty-four industries in Vincennes, furnishing employment to 1,461 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $3,560,444. Value of products, $4,232,574; value added by manufacture, $1,817,323. KOSCIUSKO COUNTY WARSAW, SEAT OF JUSTICE KOSCIUSKO COUNTY is located in the northern part of the State and is bounded on the north by Elkhart, on the east by Noble and Whitley, on the south by Wabash and Fulton and on the west by Marshall and Fulton counties. It contains 567 square miles and is dotted with thirty-seven beautiful lakes, famous among which are Wawasee, Winona and Tippecanoe. Among the natural resources of the county are the vast marl deposits. The farms are among the best in the northern part of the State. Organization. — Kosciusko county was organ- ized June 1, 1837, and was named after General Kosciusko, the Polish soldier and patriot who had served in the American army in the war of the Revolution. Warsaw was chosen as the first county seat of Kosciusko county, although the courts were held at Leesburg in 1836, and the latter place for several years was the most pop- ulous of the two. Leesburg was the only other place considered when the commissioners made their selection in 1836. Winona College, Winona Lake — Jonathan Rigdon, president from the beginning — opened In Quiet Cherry Creek, at Winona, Kosciusko County. Among the Lily Pads, at Winona Lake, Kosciusko 19 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 291 in the fall of 1908 as a normal school for the training of teachers. Became a college in 1909, offering in addition to the academic or college preparatory course a full four-year liberal arts course leading to a diploma and the degree of Bachelor of Arts. These departments are main- tained to the present time and have constantly grown. In addition to the college preparatory depart- ment and the school of liberal arts, Winona Col- lege now maintains a school of education fully- accredited by the State Board of Education for classes A, B and C ; a school of domestic science offering a two-year course in sewing, cooking and household arts ; a school of business offering courses in all commercial subjects, and a school of music offering courses in voice, violin, piano and piano tuning. The Winona College Summer School has grown to be one of the strongest and largest in the United States, enrolling from 600 to 1,000 students every summer. In this summer school, in addition to the regular courses named above, special work is offered for primary teachers, drawing and music supervisors and teachers of agriculture and manual training. The Winona College laboratories in physics, chemistry and biology are well equipped and the domestic science kitchens are among the very best in the country. The Winona College of Agriculture, organ- ized in 1906, is the outgrowth of the Winona Agricultural Institute, established in 1902. The parent institution specified a combined academic and agricultural course of four years. The in- stitution received hearty support, but with the advent of the agricultural high schools it was felt that a larger field of usefulness awaited it. In 1906 the academic branches were eliminated and the title of the college changed to what it now bears, and a two years' course, consisting wholly of agricultural subjects, was substituted. The institution stands for a thoroughly practical course, based on scientific principles, which may be used in the daily routine of farm life and all of the nonessentials which have been associated with traditional college and university curricula have been avoided. The institution does not in any way desire to duplicate or supplement either the work of the State agricultural colleges or agricultural high schools. -, Winona College. Population of Kosciusko county in 1890 was 28,645; in 1900 was 29,109, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 27,936, of which 555 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,312 families in the county and 7,206 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are seventeen townships in Kosciusko county : Clay, Edna, Franklin, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Monroe, Plain, Prairie, Scott, Seward, Tippecanoe, Turkey Lake, Van Buren, Wash- ington and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Warsaw, Claypool, Etna Green, Lees- burg, Mentone, Milford, Pierceton, Silver Lake and Syracuse. Warsaw is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Kosciusko county was $10,430,580, value of improvements was $3,- 917,240 and the total net value of taxables was $23,414,880. There were 4,378 polls in the county. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 94.60 miles of steam railroad operated in Kos- ciusko county by the Baltimore & Ohio & Chi- cago ; Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan ; New Winona College of Agriculture. 292 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Wawasee Lake. Kosciusko County. Wawasee Inn. York, Chicago and St. Louis ; Pittsburg. Fort Wayne & Chicago ; Syracuse & Milford, and the Butler branch of the Vandalia railroads. The Winona Interurban Railway Company and the Winona & Warsaw operate 34.10 miles of elec- tric lines in the county. Improved Roads. — There were sixteen miles of improved roads in Kosciusko county built and under jurisdiction of the county commis- sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $12,728. Educational. — According to the report of Edson B. Sarber, county superintendent of Kos- ciusko county, there were 124 schoolhouses, in- cluding sixteen high schools, in Kosciusko county in 1914, employing 221 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,461. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $114,343.96. The estimated value of school property in the county was $535,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $1,591.65. Agriculture. — There were in Kosciusko county in 1910 over 3,300 farms, embraced in 316,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 94.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $28,000,000, showing 88.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $63.54. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,800,- 000: Number of cattle 23,000, valued at $685,- 000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,600,000; hogs 50,000, valued at $340,000; sheep 35,000, valued at $159,000. The value of poultry was $143,000. LAGRANGE COUNTY LAGRANGE, SEAT OF JUSTICE LAGRANGE COUNTY is located in the / northern tier of counties bordering on the State of Michigan and is bounded on the east by Steuben, on the south by Noble and on the west by Elkhart counties. Its 336 square miles of area are unequaled in fertility, as an unusually efficient system of drainage has converted thousands of its' acres of lowlands and marshes into highly productive farms. Within the borders of La- grange lies the famous "Hawpatch" and "Eng- lish Prairie" country. Numerous lakes dot its surface, twenty-one of which are listed in the report of the Commissioner of Fisheries and Game for the fiscal year of 1914, which cover an area from Cass lake, with twenty-eight acres, to Oliver lake, which is the largest, with an area of 548 acres. Located at Stroh, in Milford township, is one of the largest cement plants in the United States, which draws its raw material from the almost inexhaustible bed of marl near the plant. There are other large marl deposits in the county. Located at Howe is the famous "Howe School" for boys, which was established in memory of John Badlam Howe. Organization. — April 1, 1832, witnessed the formal organization of Lagrange county. The first county seat of Lagrange was located at the site of the old Indian village of Mongoquinong, CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 293 which afterward was changed to Lima, and re- mained the county seat for more than ten years. As the county grew, in order to have the seat of justice nearer the center of population, by an act of the Legislature of February 13, 1840, the commissioners selected the town of Lagrange, which had been platted June 18, 1836. The new court-house was completed December 5, 1843, and the transfer of the record occurred the fol- lowing year. Howe School (for boys), Howe, Ind., was established in memory of John Badlam Howe, who died January 22, 1883. He provided in his will for the establishment of a training school for candidates for holy orders and made other bequests for church purposes, which suggested to the minds of Bishop Knickerbacker and Mrs. Howe the idea of establishing the school in Lima. Ind. Mr. Howe bequeathed to the bishop of Indiana $10,000, the interest of which was to be used for the education of young men for the ministry of the church. He also left his resi- dence to the diocese for such use as the diocese directed. After some legal complication had been adjusted through the Lagrange Circuit Court. Bishop Knickerbacker decided in co-operation with Mrs. Howe and Mr. James Howe to con- centrate these . bequests in the establishment of the Howe Grammar School. The late Mrs. Frances M. Howe, widow of John B. Howe, gave her former residence, with four acres of land, and Bishop Knickerbacker purchased with his own private means a mansion and six acres of land opposite. The late James B. Howe, brother of Mr. Howe, and the people of Lima made some subscriptions for the purpose of opening the school, which was opened in Septem- ber, 1884, with two pupils. Since then the school has received many generous bequests. In the summer of 1895 the management of the school was entirely changed under the direction of the present bishop of the diocese. The Right Rev- erend John Hazen White, D. D., shortly after his consecration, asked the present rector, the Reverend John H. McKenzie, who was maintain- ing a private school at Lake Maxinkuckee, to con- sider a plan to unite the two schools. This cul- minated in uniting them under the name of Howe School. The school is one of the best equipped in the State and is making steady and substantial progress, preserving the ideals of its benefactors and founders. »•* Howe School tt t«t fl. OWE, INDIANA jfj'lf i isfsTi. n *i ■ ■ * *■'■ 294 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Population of Lagrange county in 1890 was 15,615; in 1900 was 15,284, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 15,148, of which 336 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,879 families in the county and 3,802 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Lagrange county : Bloom- field, Clay, Clear Spring, Eden, Greenfield, John- son, Lima, Milford, Newbury, Springfield and Van Buren. The incorporated cities and towns are Lagrange and Wolcottville. Lagrange is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Lagrange county was $6,940,265, value of improvements was $1,923,530 and the total net value of taxables was $12,219,740. There were 2,284 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were no improved roads in Lagrange county and no road bond in- debtedness. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 65.64 miles of steam railroad operated in La- grange county by the Grand Rapids & Indiana ; Montpelier & Chicago; St. Joseph Valley, and the Sturgis, Goshen & St. Louis railroads. The St. Joseph Valley Traction Company operates 13.16 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Frederick G. Smeltzly, superintendent of La- grange county, there were eighty-three school- houses, including six high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 135 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,911. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $66,892.39. Estimated value of school property in the county was $334,182, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $94,000. Agriculture. — There were in Lagrange county in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 230,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 108.8 acres. The value of all farm property was over $18,- 000,000, showing 60.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land was $54.91. The total value of domestic animals was $1,900,- 000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $415,- 000; horses 8,500, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 39,000, valued at $277,000 ; sheep 46,000, valued at $197,000. The total value of poultry was $81,000. LAKE COUNTY CROWN POINT, SEAT OF JUSTICE LAKE COUNTY is located in the northwest _j corner of the State and borders on Lake Michigan ; on the west it is bounded by the State of Illinois, on the east by Porter and on the Public Library, Hammond, Lake County. south by Jasper and Newton counties. It con- tains about 360 acres. Lake county is varied in its industries, the southern part being agricul- tural and the northern part containing the larg- est and most important industrial establish- ments in the State. This county has. more miles of railroad than any other county, and every trunk line from east to west passes through Lake county. A great deal of attention has been given to horse raising and breeding, and some of the finest breeding farms in the State are located here; dairy cattle breeding is an important busi- ness and many hogs are also raised for the market. Organization. — Lake county began its formal existence February 15, 1837, and it was with con- siderable trouble that it succeeded in locating its CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 295 county seat. Although the locating commission- ers were named in the act of January, 1837, which organized the county, nothing had been done until February, 1838, when the Legislature passed an act establishing a temporary court- house at the residence of Milo Robinson, as nearly all the lands within the limits of Lake county were still the property of the general Government. On February 14, 1839, the Legis- lature passed an act creating a new set of com- missioners with discretionary authority to locate the seat of justice. They selected Liverpool, but the site was not satisfactory to a majority of the citizens, and for a third time the Legislature was tion of the United States Steel Corporation in 1902, with its stupendous capitalization of $1,450,000,000 astounded the financial world, so has the creation and development of the city of Gary amazed the industrial world. Population of Lake county in 1890 was 23,886 ; in 1900 was 37,892, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 82,864, of which 30,434 were of white foreign birth. There were 16,176 families in the county and 13,492 dwell- ings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Lake county : Calumet, Cedar Creek, Center, Eagle Creek, Hanover, Ho- Where Gary Started, April 18, 1906. Thomas E. Knotts (to left), Gary's first mayor, A. F. Knotts, his brother, planting the first stake. This point is now Broadway and Fifth Avenue. appealed to with the result that the third set of commissioners finally settled on the original court-house of Robinson, called "Lake County Court-house." This name being too cumbersome, it was suggested that the county agent, George Earle, and the two proprietors, Judge Clark and Solon Robinson, select a new name. They agreed on Crown Point, and the county seat has ever since borne that name. Gary, America's magic city and the cap sheaf that marks Indiana's wonderful industrial de- velopment at the end of the century, is located in the northern part of the county at the head of Lake Michigan. From vast stretches of sand dunes and scrub oaks that marked its site in 1906, it has been developed into a model city, with splendid public buildings, business blocks and homes with every modern convenience. Its school buildings are the largest in the State and its school management has become a model for educators throughout America. As the forma- Same Locality at Night, April 18, 1910. bart, North, Ross, St. John's, West Creek and Winfield. The incorporated cities and towns are Crown Point, East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, Whiting, Aetna, Dyer, East Gary, Griffith, High- land, Hobart, Lowell, Miller, Munster, New Chi- cago, Schererville and St. John, Crown Point is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Lake county was $23,945.575 ; value of improvements was $14,- 059,385, and the total net value of taxables was $71,814,480. There were 11,456 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 450 miles of improved roads in Lake county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $2,621,036.81. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 376.87 miles of steam railroad operated in Lake county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; B. & O. Chi- 296 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA cago Terminal ; Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago & Erie ; Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; Kankakee division .of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern ; Chicago & Wabash Val- ley; Dinwiddie & Gary; Elgin, Joliet & Eastern; Gary & Western ; Grand Trunk Western ; Indi- ana Harbor Belt ; Joliet & Northern Indiana ; Lake Shore & Michigan Southern ; Michigan Central ; Montpelier & Chicago ; New York, Chi- cago & St. Louis ; Pere Marquette ; Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago ; South Chicago & South- ern, and the Wabash railroads. The Chicago, Lake Shore & South Bend Railway Company ; Gary Interurban Railway Company ; Gary & Southern Traction Company, and the Hammond, Whiting & East Chicago Railway Company oper- ate 86.75 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Frank F. Heighway, superintendent of Lake county, there were 121 schoolhouses. including eight high schools, in Lake county in 1914, em- ploying 617 teachers. The average daily attend- ance by pupils was 14,398. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $519,- 342.50. Estimated value of school property in the county was $2,979,185, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $796,474. Agriculture. — There were in Lake county in 1910 over 1,800 farms, embraced in 224,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 123.6 acres. The value of all farm property was over $21,- 000,000, showing 72.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $72.61. The total value of domestic animals was $1,900,000: Number of cattle, 21,000. valued at $690,000; horses 92,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 12,000, valued at $125,000; sheep 6,900, valued at $43,000. The total value of poultry was $76,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were sixteen industries in East Chicago, furnishing employment to 2,568 persons ; total amount of capital employed, $4,614,380; value of products, $5,483,500; value added by manufacture, $2,423,585. At Ham- mond there were forty-nine industries, furnish- m in 1 Hi u & >m s j.< ' i a . I.lf -&**ttfmai&NBS$Bm&Bm Gary Y. M. C. A. Building Froebel School Building, Gary. The Gary Carnegie Public Library. The Hub of Gary, Broadway and Fifth Avenue. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 297 ing employment to 4,379 persons ; total amount able giving details, but according to the report of capital employed, $16,270,855 ; value of prod- of the State Bureau of Inspection of Indiana for ucts, $15,580,250; value added by manufacture, 1912, there were nine industries in Gary, furnish- $8,928,895. For Gary statistics were not avail- ing employment to more than 8,500 persons. LAPORTE COUNTY LAPORTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 1APORTE COUNTY is located in the north- _j west part of the State and is bounded on the north by Lake Michigan and the State of Michigan, on the east by St. Joseph and .Mar- shall, on the south by Starke and on the west by Porter counties. It contains about 562 square miles. The highest point of surface in the county is about 270 feet above the surface of Lake Michigan and 870 feet above the ocean. Across the county, from east to west, runs an elevated ridge forming a watershed, dividing the sur- face waters of the county into tributaries of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence rivers. The soil of the county is varied, consisting of sandy tim- ber loam, prairie loam and vegetable mold, and is especially adapted to the growth of potatoes, wheat and corn. Aside from Lake Michigan, Laporte county contains a number of beautiful lakes that find their outlet through the Kankakee river. The Interlaken School (for boys) is located at Rolling Prairie in Laporte count)-. It is one of the most unique educational institutions in America and was established by Dr. Edward A. Rumely. It is a boys' training or preparatory school, and its certificate is recognized by western State universities, and it gives thorough prepara- tion for eastern colleges, as well as < ierman uni- versities. Special courses in scientific agricul- ture and related subjects are offered with prac- tical experience in the use of all farm tools and the care of cattle. The school has a 500-acre farm, which is equipped with every modern ap- pliance. Organization. — ( >n the 9th of January. 1832, the Legislature passed an act that gave Laporte county its existence. This was accomplished formally April 1, 1832. The county "Laporte," which in French means "door" or "gate," took its origin from a natural opening through the timber of a grove leading from one part of the prairie to another. The city of Laporte has been the county seat since the organization of the county, although Michigan City has been an aspirant for this honor. Population of Laporte county in 1890 was 34,445 ; in 1900 was 38,386, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 45,797, of which 8,847 were of white foreign birth. There were 10,362 families in the county and 9.866 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twenty-one townships in Laporte county: Cass, Center, Clinton, Cool Spring, Dewey, Galena, Hanna, Hudson, Johnson, Kankakee, Linton, Laporte County Court-House, Laporte. 298 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA First National Bank, Laporte. Michigan, New Durham, Noble, Pleasant, Prairie, Scipio, Springfield, Union, Washington and Wills. The incorporated cities and towns are Laporte, Michigan City and Westville. La- porte is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Laporte county was $11,452,370; value of improvements was $7,730,970 and the total net value of taxables Postoffice. Laporte. Y. M. C. A., Laporte. was $35,679,465. There were 7,450 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 258 miles of improved roads in Laporte county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $967,290.10. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 250.27 miles of steam railroad operated in La- porte county by the B.*& O. & Chicago; Chesa- peake & Ohio ; Chicago & Erie ; LaCrosse branch of the C. & E. I. ; Michigan City division of the C, I. & L. ; Chicago & West Michigan; Grand Trunk Western; Indianapolis & Michigan City division of the L. E. & W. ; L. S. & M. S. ; Michi- gan Central ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wa- bash ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pere Marquette ; Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L., and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi- cago railroads. The Chicago, Lake Shore & South Bend Railway Company ; Chicago, South Bend & North- ern Indiana Railway Company, and the Gary & Interurban Rail- road Company operate 65.35 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Fred R. Farnam, county superintendent of La- porte county, there were 120 school houses, including nine high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 309 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 6,723. The aggre- gate amount paid in salaries to n o h3 300 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Indiana State Prison. Michigan City.- made by a prisoner. -From sketch superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $185,417.26. Estimated value of school property in the county was $902,559, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $245,710. Agriculture. — There were in Laporte county in 1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 340,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 134.3 acres. The value of all farm property was over $25,000,000, showing 63.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $54.48. The total value of domestic animals was $1,900,000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $550,000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 25,000, valued at $185,000; sheep 11,000, valued at $57,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were forty-one industries in Laporte. furnishing employment to 1,960 per- sons. Total amount of capital employed, $5,871,- 936. Value of products, $3,971,624; value added by manufacture, $2,158,139. At Michigan City there were forty-eight industries, furnishing em- ployment to 3,123 persons. Total amount of cap- ital", $8,890,017. Value of products, $8,289,579; value added by manufacture, $2,925,100. Indiana State Prison. — This institution was established by authority of an act approved March 5, 1859, providing for the erection of a prison in that part of the State north of the Na- tional road. It was first known as the Northern Indiana State Prison. Its site at Michigan City was chosen March 1, 1860, and approved by the Governor the next day. The organic law re- quired that a certain number of convicts should be transferred from the Jeffersonville prison and their labor utilized in the work of construction. The first detachment of these arrived in Michi- gan City April 5, 1860, and was housed in tem- porary quarters. The new institution was made a receiving prison by an act approved June 1, 1861, and from that day until April 1. 1897, was the place of confinement for all persons sentenced to State prison from the counties north. of the National road. An act approved February 26, 1897, converted this institution into the Indiana State Prison for the incarceration of men con- victed of treason or murder in the first or second degree and all men thirty years or over convicted of felony in any court in the State. Views of Hudson Lake, Laporte County. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 301 LAWRENCE COUNTY BEDFORD, SEAT OF JUSTICE LAWRENCE COUNTY is located near the j center of the unglaciated portion of south- ern Indiana. It is bounded on the north by Mon- roe and a part of Jackson, on the east by Jack- son and Washington, on the south by Orange and on the west by Martin and Greene counties. It contains 438 square miles. The surface of the county is hilly, but abounds in natural re- sources. Of the products yielded, oolitic lime- stone is the most valuable, and the stone industry furnishes the principal means of support for the various communities of the county. There are in operation in Bedford and the town of Oolitic more than twenty-one stone mills for sawing and dressing stone, and nearly as many quarries. The product of these mills is sent to every State in the Union as well as to Canada. Many of America's greatest public buildings have been built of this stone. Lawrence county is also the seat of the famous cement industry. At Will- iams the Southern Indiana Power Company has built a dam across White river for the purpose of producing electricity for furnishing power at a low rate of cost. In recent years the county has become famous as a fruit region and the dairy business has grown rapidly. Organization. — Lawrence county, named in honor of Captain James Lawrence, of the Frigate Chesapeake, who was killed in the battle with the Frigate Shannon, began its formal existence March 1, 1818. Its first county seat was named Palestine and was chosen May 21, 1818, on land donated by Benjamin and Ezekial Blackwell and Henry H. Massie. The commissioners named in the legislative act of February 9, 1825, moved the county seat to Bedford, where it has since re- mained. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Lawrence county : Bono, ( iuthrie. Indian Creek, Marion, Marshall, Perry, Pleasant Run, Shawswick and Spice Valley. The incorporated cities and towns are Bedford, Red Cross Tavern, near Bedford, Lawrence County. 302 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Mitchell, Huron and Oolitic. Bedford is the county seat. Population of Lawrence county in 1890 was 19,792; in 1900 was 25,729, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 30,625, of which 813 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,050 families in the county and 6,916 dwellings. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Lawrence county was $4,674,570, value of improvements was $3,473,385 and the total net value of taxables was $14,309,090. There were 5,004 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 454 miles of improved roads in Lawrence county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $419,549.64. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 113.98 miles of steam railroad operated in Law- rence county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Bed- ford Stone; Bedford & Wallner; Bedford & Bloomfield branch of the C, I. & L. ; Chicago, In- dianapolis & Louisville, and the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Laurence P. Sanders, county superintendent of Lawrence county, there were 111 schoolhouses, including eleven high schools, in Lawrence county in 1914, employing 238 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 6,189. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $120,547. Estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $418,470, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $93,046.81. Agriculture. — There were in Lawrence county in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 259,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 110.9 acres. The value of all farm property was over $8,400,000, showing 66.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $21.56. The total value of domestic animals was $1,100,000: Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $315,000; horses 5,400, valued at $470,000; hogs 18,000, valued at $131,000; sheep 9,900, valued at $40,000. The total value of poultry was about $56,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were twenty-four industrial establishments in Bedford, employing nearly 2,500 persons, the most of whom are engaged in the production of stone in its various forms. MADISON COUNTY ANDERSON, SEAT OF JUSTICE MADISON COUNTY lies in the central part of the State and is bounded on the north by Grant, on the east by Delaware and Henry, on the south by Hancock and on the west by Hamilton and Tipton counties. It contains 465 square miles and its surface is level or gently rolling, and the soil is very fertile. White river and five creeks with many brooks cross it, af- fording excellent drainage and water supply. Oil is found in the northern part as well as nat- ural gas. Nearly the whole county is underlaid with deep beds of sand and gravel. It has a few good limestone quarries and many extensive de- posits of clay suitable for making brick and drain tile. Organization. — Madison county, which was named in honor of the fourth president of the United States, James Madison, was formally or- ganized July 1, 1823. Madison county had some difficulty in getting its county seat located perma- nently. Pendleton, the first county seat, was selected in 1823, but it was too far from the center of the county to be satisfactory. Accord- ing to the act of January 13, 1826, it was located at a town called Bedford. The rapid growth of Andersontown, a town much nearer the center of the county, caused the citizens of the county to apply to the Legislature for an act to relocate the county seat. The change was made as the result of the act of January 4, 1827, and the new CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 303 site appears to have been chosen in 1828. A court-house was not built at Andersontown until the latter part of 1831, and the name of the county seat was changed from Andersontown to Anderson by the legislative act of December 6, 1848. The court-house, with most of the records, was destroyed by fire on December 10, 1880, and the present court-house was ready for occupancy February 21, 1885. Population of Madison county in 1890 was 36,487: in 1900 was 70,470, and according to the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Madison county was $15,323,175, value of improvements was $8,799,445 and the total net value of taxables was $36,815,400. There were 10,918 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There are 836 miles of im- proved roads in Madison county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $850,549.89. Views in Anderson, Madison County. 1. Court-House H. K h 4. I'.»-t..iti. United States Census of 1910 was 65,224, of which 2,704 were of white foreign birth. There were 16,136 families in the county and 15,579 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Madison county: Adams, Anderson, Boone, Duck Creek, Fall Creek, Greene, Jackson, Lafayette, Monroe, Pipe Creek, Richland, Stony Creek, Union and Van Buren. The incorporated cities and towns are Alexandria, Anderson, Elwood, Chesterfield, Frankton, In- galls, Lapel, Orestes, Pendleton and Summitville. Anderson is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 109.89 miles of steam railroad operated in Madi- son county on the Anderson belt by the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Central Indiana ; C, W. & M. ; Indian- apolis division of the Big Four ; Elwood, Ander- son & Lapel ; L. E. & \\\. and the Richmond di- vision of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Union Traction Company of Indiana operates 66.88 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of James W. Frazier, county superintendent of Madison county, there were 153 schoolhouses, including seven high schools, in Madison county in 1914, employing 388 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 11,400. The ag- 304 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was S245.799.59. The estimated value of school property was $1,252,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $213,000. Agriculture. — There were in Madison county in 1910 over 3,200 farms, embraced in 269,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 82.8 acres. The value of all farm properly was over $30,000,000, showing 76.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $87.08. The total value of domestic animals was $2,600,000 : Number of cattle 22,000, valued at $660,000; horses 14.000, valued at $1,400,000; hogs 85,000, valued at $495,000; sheep 13,000, valued at $60,000. The total value of poultry was $131,000. Industrial. — According to the L*. S. Census of 1910. there were 116 industries in Anderson, furnishing employment to 5,109 persons. Total amount of capital employed $10,727,952. Value of products $13,764,933; value added by manu- facture $5,637,669. There were thirty-seven industries in Elwood, furnishing employment to 2,301 persons. Total amount of capital employed $4,572,330. Value of products $8,407,550; value added by manu- facture $2,158,343. MARION COUNTY INDIANAPOLIS, SEAT OF JUSTICE MARION COUNTY is located in the cen- ter of the State, almost midway between its east and west and north and south boundaries. It is bounded on the north by Boone and Ham- ilton, on the east by Hancock and Shelby, on the south by Johnson and Morgan and on the west by Hendricks counties. It contains 400 square miles. In the north part of the county, near White river. Fall creek and Eagle creek, is a rolling country beautifully diversified with hills, and a small portion of the southwest of the county is of similar description ; the rest of the county, with few exceptions, is almost level. Organization. — Marion county was created by an act of the Legislature December 31, 1821, and began its formal existence April 1, 1822. It was named in honor of General Francis Marion. In- dianapolis was selected as the seat of justice and the first court-house in Marion county was built on the present site, with a view of utilizing it as a state-house until a suitable capital building could be erected. It continued to serve the double purpose of court-house and state-house until 1835, when the capitol was completed. It was often used as a public hall, and for many years it was frequently used as a house of wor- ship. The first court-house, built in 1824. was used until 1870, when it was torn down to make way for the present building. Population of Marion county in 1890 was 141,156; in 1900 was 197,227, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 263,661, of which 21,210 were of white foreign birth. There were 65,695 families in the county and 60,292 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Marion county ; Center, De- catur, Franklin, Lawrence, Perry, Pike, Warren, Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Indianapolis, Beech Grove, Broad Ripple, Castleton, Clermont, Southport, Univer- sity Heights and Woodruff Place. Indianapolis is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Marion county was $121,391,300, value of improvements was $80,293,380 and the total net value of taxables was $262,709,780. There were 51.259 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 449 miles of improved roads in Marion county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $142,859*20. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 177.63 miles of steam railroad operated in Ma- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 305 rion county by the Central Railroad of Indian- apolis ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Cin- cinnati division of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western; Springfield division of the C, I. & W. ; Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis divisions of the Big Four; Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central ; Indianapolis Union Belt Railroad ; Belt Railroad & Stock Yards ; Indianapolis and Michi- gan City division of the L. E. & W. ; Peoria & Eastern ; Indianapolis and Louisville divisions of the P., C, C. & St. L. ; St. Louis and Vincennes divisions of the Vandalia and the White River railroads. The Beech Grove Traction Company ; Broad Ripple Traction Company; Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Company ; Indianapolis, Newcastle & Eastern Traction Company ; Indian- apolis Street Railway Company ; Indianapolis Traction & Terminal Company ; Interstate Public Service Company; Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Company, and the Union Trac- tion Company of Indiana operate 245.11 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Lee A. Swails, superintendent of Marion county, there were 140 schoolhouses. including thirteen high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 1,345 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 34,799. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- cipals and teachers was $1,130,343.45. Esti- mated value of school property in the county was $4,864,290, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $2,137,220. Agriculture. — There were in Marion county in 1910 over 3,200 farms, embracing 218,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 67.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $42,000,000, showing 74.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $152.85. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,- 000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $624,- 000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 29,000, valued at $224,000; sheep 5,600, valued at $125,000. The value of poultry was $93,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were 855 industries in Indi- anapolis, furnishing employment to 37,929 per- sons. Total amount of capital employed, $76,497,- 083. Value of products, $126,522,113; value added by manufacture, $42,371,177. MBM^HB^ I Marion County Court-House, Indianapolis. 20 306 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA HISTORICAL Indianapolis From the Earliest Period. — Indiana was organized as a territory July 4, 1800, and admitted as a State December 11, 1816. In 1810 the Territory of Indiana had a population of 24,520, and in 1820, four years after its admis- sion to statehood, the population had expanded to 147,178. The settlers had not strayed very far away from the Ohio river, but there were a few settlements along Whitewater, and a. few along the Wabash ; but most of them were along the southern border of the State. The State stretched from the Ohio to the lake, but the cen- tral and northern sections were an unknown wilderness given over to the Indians. Dense forests covered the central section, while to the north stretched away the trackless prairies. It was not an inviting field for the hardy pioneer. It was a struggle for existence. The soil was rich enough, but it was the work of years to clear a farm and get it ready to produce, and when its productions were ready for the harvest there was no market, and the malaria arising from the de- caying vegetation made the outlook anything but favorable. It was under such circumstances In- diana became a member of the great Federal Union. Indian wars had about ceased east of the Mississippi river, but Indian massacres had not come to an end. It was not safe to stray very far away from the confines of the few set- tlements, and if human life was spared stock was stolen and driven away, thus depriving the settler of all means of cultivating his homestead. Cory- don, the capital, was a little village on the south- ern border, some miles back from the river, and hidden among the hills ; hard to get at in the best of seasons, in the winter it was almost inaccessi- ble. Around it there was nothing that gave promise of future growth ; there was no future for it even if the capital remained there. There was absolutely no foundation on which to build a city. The Beginning of Indianapolis. — When the State was admitted into the Union Congress do- nated to the infant commonwealth four sections of land on which to build a capital city, the land to be selected by the State from any that re- mained unsold. So, in 1820, the Legislature de- termined to go out into the wilderness and hunt for a site for its future capital city. Commission- ers were appointed and sent out to seek for the site of its future city, and make selection of the land donated by Congress. It might have been a prescience of what was to come that led the com- missioners to seek a spot as near the geographical center of the State as possible. It may be they naturally concluded that in time the geographical center of the State would be also the center of population, but it is more probable they thought only of finding a spot to reach which would take about the same number of miles travel from the four corners. Whatever may have been their mo- tive, they did determine on the geographical cen- ter. Water furnished then the only, or rather the best and surest means of communication with the outside world, and as they did not want to get too far away from some stream supposed to be navigable, they clung to the banks of White river. Three sites were offered, one a few miles south of the present city, and one a few miles north- east. They came here through the wilderness, and after much debating and considerable disputing, decided on accepting four sections of land around the mouth of Fall creek. It was a most unprom- ising site. White river itself was not very invit- ing, while deep bayous and ravines cut up the land in a way to make it look anything but at- tractive to one seeking for town lots. But here were the four sections with only half a dozen or so settlers. It was in the wilderness, it was near the geographical center. With the exception of a lonely cabin here and there, it was sixty miles away from the nearest settlements. All around were dense forests ; to the south were the hills reaching to the Ohio river, and to the north the woods and prairies stretching out to the lake. Only a few miles away was the boundary which divided the "New Pur- chase" from the lands still claimed by the In- dians. There was no town, no people, not a road leading anywhere. A town had to be built, people induced to come, roads to be opened. No farms had been opened up, and supplies of every kind would have to be wagoned many miles over roads often almost impassable, and at that time pack- horses were the only means of conveyance. But here, in this unpromising locality, the commis- sioners staked off a city that in less than three- quarters of a century was to become the largest inland city on the continent. They believed that White river would prove to be navigable for the Birdseye View of Indianapolis, Southwest from Blind Asylum, 1854. Birdseye View of Indianapolis, Southeast from Blind Asylum, 1854. 308 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA North Side of Washington Street, Indianapolis, Looking East from Illinois Street, 1854. only boats then known on the western waters, and by it the people of the new city could be fed and clothed. Naming the Capital. — The Legislature ap- proved the report of the commissioners and pro- ceeded to hunt for a name for the new city. It was a difficult thing to find. Every member of the Legislature had a name to propose. Some were of Indian origin, and some compounded from Latin words, and others from Greek. Finally "Indianapolis" was determined upon, and the city in embryo had a name. First Survey. — In April, 1821, the work of "laying off" the city actively began. Christopher Harrison, representing the State, appointed as surveyors, Elias P. Fordham and Alexander Ral- ston. Some years before, Ralston had been em- ployed in some of the work of mapping out Washington, the national capital, and at his sug- gestion the city was to be one mile square, with streets crossing each other at right angles, and with four wide avenues pointing toward a circle that was to be the center of the new city. The ground was uniformly level, but a slight knoll was found, and it was determined the city should start from that point, or rather that the knoll should be in the center, and that it should be crowned by a residence for the chief magistrate of the commonwealth. Streets were marked off, lots laid out and the new city was ready for business, that is, the sale of lots. The streets ran through the woods and the lots were all heavily timbered, but could be determined by the stakes set by the surveyors. Certain plots of ground were reserved for pub- lic purposes. One was to be the site of the ex- pected state-house. One was for the court-house, and one was reserved on which to build a great State educational institution, which already had been designated as a university. The university never materialized. It having gone abroad through the settlements that the new capital city had been located, and information given as to where it could be found, immigrants began to arrive, and among them was the first lawyer. A store had been opened up and a sawmill started. Most of the settlers had located along the bank of the river, taking it for granted that the choice corner lots would be in that section. The land outside of the mile square was to be laid off into out-lots and farms. Mr. Ralston and the com- missioners evidently thought that the mile square would contain all the inhabitants the city was ever likely to have, and had provided no division of the city lots from the out-lots but the imagi- nary line, but some one suggested that it would be the proper thing to bound the city by streets, and name them East, West, North and South streets, and it was done accordingly. First Sale of Lots.— In October, 1821, the sale of lots began. The money arising from the sale was to be used in erecting the necessary buildings for the use of the State, and it was ex- pected that there would be a great demand. After continuing the sale for several days, and dispos- ing of 314 lots, the real estate business was stopped for a while. Something more than $7,000 was realized in cash, the rest of the purchase- South Side of Washington Street, Indianapolis, West from Little's Hotel, 1854. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 309 price of the lots being evidenced by promissory notes running over a period of four years. But few of the lots were eventually paid for, the pur- chasers forfeiting the advance payments and abandoning their purchases. Ten years afterward the State still owned three-fourths of the lots in the city limits, and nearly all of the out-lots. They were not finally disposed of until 1842, and for its mile square of town lots, and the three outlying sections, the State realized less than $150,000. more new settlers, and the town began to show some signs of improving. It had been rumored around that notwithstanding the town had been laid out for the capital of the State, the capital would not be removed here on account of the unhealthy location, and this deterred a number from coming who had designed doing so. The town thus received a "black eye" at the very start, and then, too, the seasons were not favor- able for crops for a year or two. and this gave Indianapolis a bad name. A few hardy souls View of Washington Street, Indianapolis, Looking East from Meridian, 1862. First Birth and Marriage. — This first year of the life of the city witnessed the birth of the first child, and the marriage of the first couple, the happy bridegroom having been compelled to go to Connersville, sixty miles away, for his li- cense. Last Indian Killing. — In the spring of the year, about the time the commissioners were busy laying out the new town, George Pogue, the tra- ditional first settler, was killed by the Indians, and this tragedy kept up the excited fears of the people for some months, but it was the last of the Indian killings in this section. The spring of 1822 came, and brought with it stuck to it, however, and began to clamor for rec- ognition. They were tired of being the capital of the State and having the county seat sixty miles away. They were also anxious for mail facili- ties. First Mail Facilities. — In the beginning of 1822 the little town boasted of about 500 inhab- itants, and they thought it was time they were be- ing served with mail. So a meeting of the citi- zens of Indianapolis was called at Hawkins' tav- ern. Mr. Aaron Drake was appointed postmaster, and he made regular trips to Connersville. re- ceived the mail for the new settlement and trans- ported it through the woods to its destination. 310 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA This was all done by private enterprise. He re- turned from his first trip, reaching the settlement some time after the pall of darkness had fallen over the woods, but the loud blowing of his horn called the people together and he was given a royal welcome. A few weeks later the govern- ment assumed the duty of conveying the mails and distributing them and appointed Samuel Henderson as postmaster. First Roads Built. — The settlers also began asking that the streets be cleared, and the com- missioners undertook to have the streets opened by cutting down the timber. Roads were needed, and the Legislature, in the winter of 1821-2, ap- propriated $100,000 to open up and construct a number of roads to its new capital. One led from the Ohio river, near Lawrenceburg, to In- dianapolis, and another came up from Madison, while Noblesville, Crawfordsville, and other set- tlements were to be connected in the same way with Indianapolis. The trees were cut out, leav- ing the stumps still standing, and in rainy sea- sons, when the mud was deep, those stumps were terrible annoyances to wagoners. The wheels would sink so deep in the mud that the axle-tree of the wagon would strike on the stump, and thus the wagon would be stranded sometimes for hours. The wants of the new settlement began to be numerous, and all supplies had to be hauled over these roads, that in the winter were some- times impassable for weeks. They were just as bad in the rainy seasons of the spring and fall. Organizing Marion County. — The Legisla- ture of 1821-2 also organized Marion county, making Indianapolis the county seat, appropri- ating a square of ground and $8,000 to build a court-house. Attached to the new county, for ju- dicial purposes, was the territory now compris- ing the counties of Johnson, Hamilton, Hancock, Madison and Boone. A new county demanded a new judge and a new sheriff. Hon. William W. Wick was made judge, and Hervey Bates sheriff. The new city might now be said to be fairly launched on the road to greatness. It had a judge of its own, a lawyer, Calvin Fletcher, to look after the legal wants of all the people, a store, a tavern, a sawmill or two, a postorfice, and was soon to have its first paper. The First Newspaper. — Among the enter- prising citizens of Indianapolis were George Smith and Nathaniel Bolton, and they became the editors and proprietors of the Gazette, Indian- View of Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Looking North from Washington Street, 1856. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 311 apolis' first newspaper. It made its appearance January 28, 1822. First County Election. — The Legislature could name a judge for the new county, but could not choose the other officers, so in February, 1822, Sheriff Bates issued forth his proclamation calling on the people of the new county to meet together at certain named polling places and choose for themselves two associate justices, a clerk, a recorder and three county commissioners. Two of the voting places were in Indianapolis, one near Noblesville, one at Strawtown, one at Anderson and the other near Pendleton. Only 336 votes were cast in the entire county. The vote of Indianapolis was about 100. James M. Ray was elected clerk, James C. Reed, recorder ; John T. Osborne, John McCormack and William McCartney, commissioners ; Eliakim Harding and James Mcllvain, associate judges. In the August following, the election for Governor took place, when 317 votes were cast, 315 of them be- ing for William Hendricks. First Session County Court. — On September 26, 1822, the court began its first session. There being no court-house, its sessions were held in the cabin of Jonathan Carr, it being the most pre- tentious structure in the town. The grand jury returned twenty-two indictments for sundry and various offenses against the peace and dignity of the commonwealth. A candidate for naturaliza- tion appeared, in the person of Richard Goode, late of Ireland, and a subject of George IV. No jail had been provided, and as the laws then made imprisonment for debt permissible, certain streets were named as the boundaries within which im- prisoned debtors should confine themselves. Building First Court-House and Jail. — The county commissioners, as soon as they had been inducted into office, set industriously about the work of erecting a court-house and jail. The State had appropriated $8,000 to assist in this work, and in September the plan for the pro- posed structure submitted by John E. Baker and James Paxton was accepted and the contract for the building awarded them. They did not begin the work of construction until the next summer, and it was not until 1824 the building was com- pleted. The square of ground selected for a court-house and jail was covered with heavy tim- ber. A jail made of hewed logs was erected and remained as the bastile of Marion county until 1833, when it was destroyed by fire. A brick Same View in 1915. 312 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA jail was then constructed, and in 1845 it was en- larged by an addition made of logs a foot thick. First Fourth of July Celebration.^In the midst of the turmoil of starting a new city on its upward way patriotism was not forgotten, and the fourth of July, 1822, was duly celebrated by an oration, the reading of the Declaration of In- dependence and a barbecue. First Camp-Meeting. — The first camp-meet- ing was also held that fall, under the auspices of Reverend James Scott, the first Methodist preacher of the town. First Militia. — This year was also signalized by the organization of a militia regiment, the fortieth, with James Paxton as colonel; Samuel Morrow, lieutenant-colonel, and Alexander W. Russell, major. Those days all the able-bodied citizens had to attend regular musters of the militia. Beginning of Progress. — The year was not one of prosperity to the new settlement, but was marked by several important events, among them being the establishment of a ferry across White river ; the opening of a brick yard ; the erection of the first brick and the first two-story frame house. The first brick house was erected by John Johnson, on Market street, opposite the present post-office. The frame house was on Washington street, a little east of the present site of the Lyceum theater. It was long used for the stor- age of documents belonging to the State, and afterward became a tavern. At that time the capital of the State had no member of the Legislature to represent its in- terest, and so the actual capital remained at Corydon. Again the rumors began to circulate that after all Indianapolis would never be the capital, and holders of real estate began to get a little shaky over their purchases. There was a leaven of faith, however, and the citizens began to petition the Legislature for representation, and at its session in 1823 the people of the new county were authorized to elect a representative in the following August. In the early days of the spring a new newspaper was started with a rather startling name — Western Censor and Emigrant's Guide — by Harvey Gregg and Douglass Maguire. This was now the third year of the town, and the second since it had been given its name, but the election in August disclosed the fact that its growth during the last year had been very limited. In August, 1822, at the election for Governor, the county had polled 317 votes, and at the election in 1823 only 270. It was an "off" year, and that may account for the falling off of the vote. First Theatrical Performance. — Having a representative in the Legislature, the town began to prepare for the advent of the capital, and a new tavern was built by Thomas Carter. It was now a rival of Hawkins' tavern that had first opened out its doors for the "entertainment of man and beast." It became celebrated as being a place of the exhibition of the first show ever given in Indianapolis. It was given on the last night of the year 1823, the bill being "The Doc- tor's Courtship, or the Indulgent Father," and the farce of the "Jealous Lovers." First School and Church. — The first school was started in 1821, but its teacher was shortly afterward elected county recorder and it was temporarily suspended. Religious teachings be- gan with the advent of French missionaries preaching among the Indians. When the country was wrested from the French the order was changed somewhat, but it was never very long after the hardy pioneer had erected his cabin until the "itinerant circuit rider" was knocking at his door with his bible and hymn book in hand. It has never been definitely settled who preached the first sermon in Indianapolis, the honor lying between John McClung, a preacher of the New Light school, and Rezin Hammond, a Methodist. They both preached here in the fall of 1821. They were soon followed by Reverend Ludlow G. Haines, a Presbyterian. The Presbyterians organized the first church, and in 1823 began the erection of a house of worship on Pennsylvania street opposite where the Denison hotel now stands. It was completed the following year at the cost of $1,200. The Indianapolis circuit of the Methodist denomination was organized in 1822, under the charge of Reverend William Cravens, but Reverend James Scott had preached here before that and held one or two camp-meet- ings. The Methodists did not begin the erection of a church building right away, but in 1823 pur- chased a hewed log house on Maryland street, near Meridian, to be used for religious meetings. The Baptists organized a society in 1822, and held meetings at different places until 1829, when they erected a church. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 313 First Permanent School. — Not long after the school of Joseph C. Reed suspended on his being elected to the office of recorder of the county, a meeting of the citizens was called to make ar- rangements for a permanent school. Mr. Reed's schoolhouse had been at the intersection of Ken- tucky avenue and Illinois street. Arrangements were made with a Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence to open out a school and keep it going. There were no free schools then maintained by public tax, but thus, soon after its first settlement, Indian- that year, State Treasurer Samuel Merrill set out on his journey to the new capital with the archives of the State, in a large two-horse wagon. It was a slow journey over the hills and through the woods, a dozen miles a day being all that could be accomplished, and that by the hardest effort. By the end of November the State was settled in its new quarters, and the meeting of the first Legislature was impatiently waited for. When the members of the Legislature came to the new capital in 1825 they found it a straggling Old National Bridge at Indianapolis, and Packet Governor Morton on White River, 1865. apolis laid the foundation of its educational system. Removal of the Capital. — At the meeting of the Legislature in January, 1824, the final order was made for the removal of the capital to Indi- anapolis, and this gave an impetus to the town and more emigrants began to flock in. The re- moval was to be made by January 10, 1825, and the next Legislature was to assemble in the court- house of Marion county. When Marion county's representatives to the Legislature returned home from the session of 1824 they were given a grand reception at Washington Hall, which was then the great tavern of the city. In November of village with only one street "cleared," and that was still full of stumps. It was a town in the mud, hard to get to, and almost impossible to move around in after once reached. But it was the capital, the State officers were here, and the "do- nation" of the general government had been ac- cepted, and they had to make the best of it. It was a dreary winter, though, here in the deep woods, with the houses scattered around over a mile square, with only cow tracks through the woods from one to the other. The three taverns were the center of interest in the evenings, and around huge fires in their "bar rooms" the legis- lators and citizens gathered to discuss matters of 314 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA State. During the session one of the taverns, Carter's, was destroyed by fire. Some efforts were made by the Legislature to improve the town, and $50 were appropriated to clean out Pogue's run, so as to cut off some of its malaria- breeding powers. The outlying portions of the donation were also ordered sold or leased in four- acre tracts to encourage farming. First Organizations. — The coming of the Legislature did not add greatly to the permanent cessity of a fire company, and as the town was too poor to buy an engine a bucket and ladder company was organized, which did service for ten years until the first fire engine was purchased. Building of Governor's Mansion. — The same year the Legislature attempted to build a resi- dence for the governor. In the original laying off of the town the circle in the center of the plat was intended for such a structure, and so designated, but up to this time no provision had View of Canal and State-House, Indianapolis. growth of the town, for in February, 1826, the population consisted of 762 persons. But the town did begin to show signs of permanency and several societies were organized, among them be- ing the Indianapolis Bible Society, which is still in existence. An agricultural society was also or- ganized, but it did not last long. The United States land office was removed to Indianapolis from Brookville, and thus the city was recognized by the federal government. Indian depredations had ceased, but the military spirit was strong, and an artillery company was formed with James Blake as captain. The government furnished the company with one cannon of small caliber. The burning of Carter's tavern demonstrated the ne- been made for its building. One of the first acts of the Legislature in 1827 was to appropriate $4,000 to build a governor's house on the circle, and work began by enclosing the circle with a rail fence. Under this appropriation a building was begun. It was rather elaborate in design, square in form, two stories high and a large attic. It had a semi-basement. The building was completed far enough to be used for public offices, and was turned over for that purpose. In 1859 it was sold at auction and torn down. The governors were still left to hunt homes for themselves, until 1839, when the Legislature or- dered the State officers to purchase a suitable building for such a residence. At that time the CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 315 handsomest and largest dwelling in the city was on the northwest corner of Illinois and Market streets. It was owned by Dr. John H. Sanders, and the State officers decided upon it, and it was bought. Governor Wallace moved into it, and it was occupied in turn by Governors Bigger, Whit- comb, Wright, Willard and Morton. From some cause it had always been an unhealthy building. The wife of Governor Whitcomb was the first to die there. Governor Wright, during his occu- pancy, lost two wives in the same building. The family of Governor Willard was sick during the whole time he occupied it, and Governor Morton suffered so much that he finally abandoned it. It was sold in 1865, and since then the State has owned no executive mansion. Early Navigation. — The growth of the town was very slow for some years. The building of the National road gave it a slight impetus and brought here the first and only steamboat that ever succeeded in navigating White river to this point. It rejoiced in the name of "Robert Hanna," and was owned by General Hanna, one of the contractors building the new road for the government. It was brought here to tow barges loaded with stone and timber for use in con- structing the road and its bridges. It arrived here April 11, 1831. The next day a free excursion was given to the citizens, but the overhanging boughs of the trees lining the banks knocked down her chimneys and pilot-house and smashed a wheel-house. The next day she ran aground and remained fast for several weeks. When the high water came in the fall it was taken down the river and was never seen again. Many years afterward a little steamer named after Governor Morton was built here to ply up and down for the amusement and entertainment of the people, but it had bad luck, and was soon destroyed. Even keel-boats and flat-boats early abandoned all ef- forts to navigate the stream which Mr. Ralston had declared to be navigable for at least four months in the year. Governor Noble, however, would not give up his hopes that the river would prove navigable, and offered a reward of $200 for the first boat that would land at the town. Two efforts were made, and one steamer reached Spencer and another came a few miles farther. A plan for slack water navigation was submitted to the Legislature and pressed for several years, and in 1851 the White River Navigation Com- pany was chartered, but it accomplished nothing. First Historical Society. — About this time the town thought it was old enough to have a his- torical society, so one was formed, with Benja- min Parke for president, and B. F. Morris for secretary. It did not have many active members, but elected about all the distinguished men of the nation as honorary members. First Internal Improvements, Etc. — The craze for internal improvements, that had been sweeping over other parts of the country, struck Indianapolis early in 1831, and the Legislature spent most of its session in granting charters to railroads. Six such roads were projected to cen- ter in Indianapolis. The roads were all to run to Old State-House, Indianapolis, 1832. the south, as there was no population to the north. Some of the projected roads were partly sur- veyed and then the work was dropped. A few years later, however, the State entered upon a wholesale system of internal improvement, in- cluding railroads, canals and turnpikes. None of the projected works were ever fully completed by the State, but the State debt was increased enormously j and the State had to practically go into bankruptcy. The State sold out its interest in all the works, together with 2,000,000 acres of land, in- discharge of half of the debt that had been contracted. Erection of First State-House. — The State had been occupying the court-house for the use of the Legislature, and in making its appropriation to erect that building had reserved the right to so occupy it for fifty years, but it was deemed 316 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the time had come to erect a building for the use of the State. It still owned a considerable portion of the original donation by Congress, and it was estimated that the lots would sell for $58,000, and this was estimated sufficient to erect a suitable building. Ithiel Town was the architect and con- tracted to build the house for $58,000, and ac- tually did complete it for $60,000. It was begun in 1832 and finished in time for the meeting of the Legislature in 1836, and it served the State for forty years. Incorporation of the City. — Up to 1832 the city's business had been administered under the laws of the State, and on September 3, 1832, the citizens made the first formal effort toward in- corporation. Five trustees were elected, and Samuel Henderson, who had been the first regu- larly appointed postmaster of the town, was ap- 0£4kyHI ™m ShW Byfflfi 9 fciffSl iiiiflinngwitiii ■»— — ciL SaaglSiss Bank of the State of Indiana Building at Indian- apolis, 1854. pointed president of the board, with J. P. Griffith clerk, and Samuel Jennison marshal and collector. This municipal government lasted until 1836, when the Legislature granted a special charter. About the only notable thing the old municipality did was to purchase the first fire engine for the town, the State giving one-half of the price. The organization had lasted four years, and the en- tire income of the fourth year was only $1,510. State Bank of Indiana. — In 1834 the Legisla- ture chartered the State Bank of Indiana, with a capital of $1,600,000. Up to that time Indian- apolis had contained nothing but a small private bank. The charter of the State bank was to run twenty-five years. The State was to take one- half of the capital stock, and raised the money by the sale of bonds. Her share of the dividends, after paying the bonds, was to go to the estab- lishment of a general school fund. This was the starting point of Indiana's splendid endowment of her public schools. The State's share of the proceeds was loaned out from time to time on real estate security. The final yield of this in- vestment by the State was $3,700,000, after pay- ing off the bank bonds. The main bank and one of its branches were located in Indianapolis. The bank began business November 26, 1834, in the building on the Governor's Circle which had been intended as a residence for the governor. It was afterward removed to Washington street. Sam- uel Merrill was the first president, and Calvin Fletcher, Seaton W. Norris, Robert Morrison and Thomas R. Scott were the directors. In 1840 the bank removed to its new building at the cor- ner of Kentucky avenue and Illinois street. The Indianapolis branch was organized by the ap- pointment of Hervey Bates, president, and B. F. Morris, cashier. At the expiration of the charter the Bank of the State of Indiana was started, with Hugh McCullough as president. In this bank the State had no interest. It remained in business, with its seventeen branches, until wiped out by the institution of the national banks. Panic of 1837. — The great financial panic of 1837 proved very disastrous to Indianapolis. It stopped all work on the great enterprises under- taken by the State, leaving contractors and labor- ers without their pay. The banks were compelled to suspend specie payments and private business was overwhelmed with the credit of the State. Large stocks of goods had been purchased by the merchants and remained unsold on their shelves, or had been disposed of on credit, and collections were impossible. Nobody had any money. East- ern creditors were disposed to be very liberal and extend time of payments, trusting to a revival of business to relieve their debtors from their em- barrassment. The Legislature came to the help of the debtor by providing that property sold on execution should not be sold for less than two- thirds of its appraised value. It also exempted a certain amount of household property from exe- cution. These two measures proved of great benefit, but did not relieve the distress altogether. There was a lack of currency, and the Legisla- ture issued bills secured by the credit of the State, and bearing six per cent, interest. This "scrip" was made receivable for taxes, but from the want of credit by the State abroad the scrip passed only at a heavy discount. After a while, when confidence was restored again, the "scrip" com- manded a large premium, and before it was all CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 317 finally redeemed it was worth about two dollars for one. It was not until 1843, when the Madi- son railroad was approaching completion, that an upward tendency in business occurred. The city has suffered from several panics since, the worst in the earlier years being in 1840, '41 and '42. The State Bank resumed specie pay- ment in June, 1842, but it was a year or more be- fore business generally revived. These were the famous "hard times" following the election of William Henry Harrison. So grievous were the times that an effort was made, in 1842, to abolish the town government on account of its expense, although the entire cost of operating the munici- pal government was a little less than $3,000. It might be well to note at this point the salaries paid to the municipal officers in those early days. Members of the council received $12 each a year, the secretary $200, the treasurer and marshal each $100, and the assessors $75. The other sal- aries were in a like proportion. First Militia Organized. — For some years after the organization of the State, a militia was maintained by requiring all the able-bodied men between certain ages to be enrolled and report at stated periods for muster. When the danger from Indian wars ceased these musters ended. The military spirit of the people, however, did not die out, and in February, 1837, the first com- pany of militia was organized, with Colonel Rus- sell as captain. It was called the "Marion Guards." Their uniform was of gray cloth with patent leather shakoes. They were armed with the old-fashioned flint-lock muskets, and drilled according to the Prussian tactics. Thomas A. Morris, a graduate of West Point, succeeded Captain Russell. In 1838 Captain Thomas Mc- Baker organized the "Marion Rifles." The uni- form of the Rifles was a blue fringed hunting shirt, blue pantaloons and caps. In 1842 the two companies organized into a battalion under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey Brown and Major George Drum. First Female Academy. — In 1837 was opened the first female school of the city. It was called the "Indianapolis Female Institute," and was chartered by the Legislature. It was opened by two sisters, Mary J. and Harriet Axtell. It flour- ished for several years, and its reputation was so high that quite a number of pupils from other towns and states attended it. The same year a neat frame schoolhouse was erected on Circle street, adjoining what was so long known as Henry Ward Beecher's church. The school was opened by Mr. Gilman Marston, afterward a member of Congress from New Hampshire, and a distinguished general during the late war. It was called the "Franklin Institute." Building State Institutions. — In 1839 the subject of erecting a hospital for the insane of the State had been broached, but nothing definite was done, owing to the financial embarrassment of the State and people, but as soon as business began to exhibit signs of recovery the matter was again taken up. Insane Hospital. — Dr. John Evans, of Chi- cago, who had made a study'of mental diseases, delivered a lecture before the members of the "S r ^MHb«Mii [ u I 3 <'g~H Branch Bank Building of Bank of the State of Indiana at Indianapolis, 1854. Legislature of 1842-3, and the Governor was di- rected to obtain plans for the erection of suitable buildings. At the next session of the Legislature plans were approved and a tax of one cent on each one hundred dollars' worth of property was levied to provide the means for erecting the buildings. All this was but carrying out a direc- tion in the constitution adopted at the organiza- tion of the State, one of the cares of the framers of that document being to provide for the un- fortunate. Dr. John Evans, Dr. L. Dunlap and James Blake were appointed a commission to ob- tain a site for the proposed buildings. They se- lected Mount Jackson, where the hospital now stands. In 1846 the Legislature ordered the sale of "hospital" square, a plat of ground that had been reserved for hospital purposes, the proceeds to be applied to the work, and an additional sum of $15,000 was appropriated. The work of construction was begun at once, and the main building was completed the next 318 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA year, at a cost of $75,000. The grounds are hand- somely laid out, and every convenience and com- fort for this class of unfortunates have been pro- vided. Deaf and Dumb Asylum. — The Legislature of 1843 also began the work of caring for the deaf mutes, by levying a tax of one-fifth of a cent on each one hundred dollars of property. The first work of this kind in the State, however, was done by William Willard, a mute who had been a teacher of mutes in Ohio. He came to Indianapolis in the spring of 1843 and opened a school on his own account. In 1844 the State adopted his school and appointed a board of trus- Circle Hall — Formerly on the Site of English Hotel, Indianapolis tees, consisting of the Governor, Treasurer of State, Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Gurley, L. H. Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, James Morrison and .Matthew Simpson, afterward a distinguished bishop of the Methodist church. They rented a building at the corner of Maryland and Illinois streets, and opened the first asylum in October, 1844. In January, 1846, a site for a permanent building was selected just east of the town. The permanent building was completed in 1850, at a cost of $30,000. Blind Asylum. — During the winter of 1844-5, through the efforts of James M. Ray, William H. Churchman, of the Kentucky Blind Asylum, was brought here with some of his pupils and gave an exhibition or two in Mr. Beecher's church. This had a decidedly good effect on the Legislature, which was then in session, and a tax of one-fifth of a cent was levied to provide sup- port for the blind. James M. Ray, George W. Mears and the secretary, auditor and treasurer of State, were appointed a commission to carry out the work, either by the establishment of an asylum or by providing for the care and educa- tion of the blind at the institution in Ohio or that in Kentucky. In 1847, James M. Ray, George W. Mears and Seaton W. Norris were appointed to erect a suitable building for this purpose and $5,000 was appropriated to purchase a site. They purchased the ground formerly oc- cupied on East Washington street, and while waiting for the erection of a building opened a school in the building that had been used for the first deaf and dumb asylum. This building was completed in 1851, at the cost of $50,000. War with Mexico. — The year 1846 brought some excitement, and for a while made things a little more lively. The war with Mexico was on, and troops called for. Indianapolis raised one company for the first regi- ment. It was officered by James P. Drake as captain and John A. McDougal and Lewis Wallace as lieutenants. Captain Drake was afterward made colonel of the two additional companies, one each for the fourth and fifth regiments. These two com- panies were with General Scott on his march to the capital of Mexico, and participated in some of the battles of that campaign. They were commanded by James McDougal and Ed- ward Lander. The First Railroad. — While the Mexican war was going on the railroad that was building to connect Indianapolis and the Ohio river at Madi- son was slowly creeping along. It was finally completed to the city in 1847 amid great re- joicing. With the opening of the Madison rail- road a change came, and the town put on a bustling air of activity. This furnished an open- ing to the Ohio river, and by that stream to Cin- cinnati and the south. Business at once revived and new stores were opened, and new factories started, while others were projected. Up to that time the stores kept a little of everything, but a railroad demanded a division of trade, and stores The Earliest Churches in Indianapolis in 1854. 320 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA for dry goods and stores for groceries were opened. The price of property advanced, and a new city government organized. At the first set- tlement of the town, lots along or near the river front were the favorites in the market. The sickly season soon drove business and the settle- ments farther east, and the opening of the rail- road attracted everything toward the south, so as to be near the depot. First Mayor. — In February, 1847, the Legis- lature granted a city charter to Indianapolis, and on the 27th of March an election was held to determine whether the people would accept or not. It was approved by a vote of 449 to 19. An election for municipal officers was held on the 24th of April, and Samuel Henderson was elected the first mayor of the city. The population of the city was estimated at that time at 6,000. Practically there were no streets, except Wash- ington, and it was still full of stumps. Some of the other streets had been partly cleared, but no attempt had been made to improve any of them. Here and there on Washington street were patches of sidewalks, some of brick and some of plank. When it rained mud predominated on the only streets that had been opened and used, while in the summer the dust was thick enough to be almost stifling. First Street Improvements. — The new city council at once determined to enter upon a sys- tematic and general system of street improve- ments. Stumps were pulled out, the streets in the central portion of the city graded and grav- eled and sidewalks were made. This first effort at improvement caused a good deal of friction and litigation, the property owners objecting to the expense entailed upon them. Bowldering for streets was not introduced until 1850, when Washington street was so paved from Illinois to Meridian. Free schools also made their appear- ance soon after the formation of the city govern- ment. The State had provided a small fund, but it was only large enough to keep the schools going for three or four months of the year. It was decided to levy a small tax on the citizens to provide funds for the erection of houses and to pay teachers, and by 1853 this tax furnished enough to make a more permanent organization of the schools necessary. First Public Hall and Masonic Temple. — The year 1847 brought also the first hall erected for the use of the public. The Grand Lodge of Free 3f *. m j J. i il A J ^m \wjmm\Vhmm 9 frMi$M«.AR3k Jl II 111 | PlliJI MM j^HB i ls^ ><•'■■ • ' r 1 M^Hf^Hi^^BSHBl^v 4 ^K* V^H^B Funeral of General Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, March 17, 1901. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 321 Masons determined to erect a building that would contain rooms for lodge purposes and a large hall that could be used for entertainments, public meetings, etc. The location decided upon was the First Masonic Temple, Indianapolis, Built 1847. southeast corner of Washington and Tennessee (now known as Capitol avenue) streets. The cor- ner-stone was laid on the 25th of October, but the building was not finally completed until 1850. The convention to revise the constitution of the State held its sessions in the public hall in 1850. First Gas Lighting Company. — In 1851 a company was chartered to furnish gas light to the citizens, but it was not until 1854 the city took any gas for the streets, and then only for a few lamps. First Odd Fellows Building. — The same year the Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows began the erec- tion of a building on the northeast corner of Washington and Pennsylvania streets. Change in City Government. — In the same year the city again changed its form of govern- ment, surrendering the special charter and ac- cepting the general law. This change was mainly occasioned because the special charter limited the power of taxation to 15 cents on the one hun- dred dollars, and it had been found totally in- adequate to the needs of the city. Building Permit Ordinance. — Up to the close of the war there had been no steps taken by the city to mark the growth of the city in any way, but in 1864 the council passed an ordinance re- quiring those proposing to build to take out per- mits, and since then there has been a record by which the changes could be noted. First Street Railway.— In 1863 the first at- tempt was made to construct a street railroad. Two companies applied for a charter, and after a long delay and a bitter fight a charter was granted to the Citizens' Company, and by 1866 about seven miles of track was completed. The first line was that on Illinois street, and this was opened in June, 1864, the mayor of the city driv- ing a car over it. Indianapolis at Present is the largest inland city on the American continent, and one of the most important railroad centers in this country. It is, too, one of the handsomest cities, and one of the most prosperous and progressive. Its growth has been practically that of only two dec- ades. Within that time it has emerged from a rambling village-like town into a city of magnifi- cent business blocks, public buildings and hand- some residences. It is the commercial, industrial, social, religious, educational, political and gov- ernmental center of Indiana — rich in natural re- sources and one of the most progressive States in the Union. It is more typically a capital of a State than any other city in the country and is recognized as such in all parts of the United States. The Area actually within the city is over thirty square miles. The original plat was one First Odd Fellows Hall, Indianapolis, 1854. mile square, and for many years after the first laying off of the town it kept within those bounds. The Population has grown in a wonderful manner during the last twenty years. In 1870 the population was 48,244 ; in 1880 it had grown to 21 322 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 75,056. In 1890 it showed another great advance, the returns showing 105,436, and, according to the United States Census for 1900, the actual population was 170,963, including Irvington, a suburb, which had since been added to the city. According to United States Census the popula- tion in 1910 was 233.650; the estimated popula- tion for 1915 is 282,877, showing a gain of 77,622 over estimated population of 1914. Nearly every nationality on the globe is represented in this population. Of the foreign-born the Germans predominate, closely followed by the Irish. The State-House is the largest and most im- posing structure in the city. It is built of Indiana oolitic limestone, the interior being finished in marble. It was begun in 1878 and completed in 1888, at a cost of nearly $2,000,000, and is the only great public building in the country built within the original estimate of cost. It is located in the heart of the business section of the city, in the center of a plot of ground containing over eight acres. Here are the offices of the Gov- ernor of Indiana, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, reporter of the Su- preme Court, Bureau of Statistics, department of geology, Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-Gen- eral, custodian and engineer, department of in- spection. State Labor Commission, Superintend- ent of Public Instruction, State Library, State Law Library, State Museum, State Board of Health and Charities, State Board of Agricul- ture, Board of Medical Examination, and the Supreme and Appellate Courts of the State, and the offices of all of the various departments and commissions. The City Building, one of the most attractive public buildings in the city, was erected in 1897. It is a handsome edifice, three stories in height and built of Indiana oolitic limestone. Here are located the city clerk's office, superintendent of police, city police court, Bertillon department, de- tective department, bicycle corps, bailiff of police court, juvenile court, police patrol, council cham- ber, station house, morgue and city dispensary. The City Hall Building. — The ground was purchased at the northwest corner of Alabama and Ohio streets October 30, 1907, on which to erect the City Hall building at a cost of $115,000. Building operations were begun in 1909, and on July 27, 1909, the corner-stone was laid. Before the construction of this building the city offices were in rented quarters in different portions of the city. For many years the city rented rooms for the different offices in the Marion county court-house. The building cost about $700,000, and is one of the most imposing structures in the city and one of the most important works of the administration of Mayor Charles A. Bookwalter. Tomlinson Hall. — Among the generous citi- zens of Indianapolis some years ago was Mr. Daniel Tomlinson. After his death, on opening his will, it was found that he had devised a large amount of real estate and other property to the city for the erection of a public building, provid- ing in his will that the building should be erected on the west end of what is known as East Mar- ket square. The devise was accepted by the city and the bequest taken possession of. Nothing was done, however, toward carrying out the wishes of the testator for several years. Some attempts were then made to use the money as in- tended by Mr. Tomlinson, but at every effort hostility was aroused, until at last the matter was made an issue at a city election. The council then took steps and the present Tomlinson Hall was built in 1885. Marion County Court-House is one of the largest and most imposing buildings in the city. It was completed in 1877, at a cost of $1,750,000. It is occupied by the county offices and the cir- cuit, superior and criminal courts, Indiana Bar Association library, Marion county library, county clerk, recorder, treasurer, assessor, sheriff, coroner, commissioners, surveyor, etc. The County jail was built in 1892 and is archi- tecturally one of the best built buildings in the city. It is constructed of Indiana oolitic lime- stone and cost $175,000. The sheriff's residence is located in the building. The Workhouse is located in the northwest- ern part of the city, on West Twenty-first street. It is a large brick structure and is provided with 160 cells. Connected with the institution is twelve acres of ground, which is kept under cultivation. Prisoners from the city and county courts are sent here. The U. S. Army Post, "Fort Benjamin Har- rison," is located about eleven miles northeast of the city, where the Government has arranged for the care of a regiment of regulars. The build- ings for the officers and barracks for the troops were completed in 1907, and this post is regarded 324 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA as one of the best equipped in the United States. It is reached by electric cars every hour, and is one of the points of greatest interest about the city. U. S. Court-house and Post-Office is the only architectural representative of the federal gov- ernment in. the city. The old buildings were sold for $400,100 in 1900. The new federal building erected in Indianapolis was authorized by an act of Congress, approved March 1, 1899, which ap- propriated $1,500,000 for the structure. During 1900 the government acquired possession of the whole square lying between Pennsylvania and Meridian and Ohio and New York streets by paying the various owners of the property a total of $626,000. The plans of the building were opened to competition and Rankin & Kellogg, of Philadelphia, were the successful architects. The building is of generous proportions and magnifi- cent conception. The length of the building over all is 355 feet 5 inches. This is exclusive of steps and approaches. The depth over all, exclusive of steps and approaches, is 172 feet 6 inches. The height over all, from sidewalk, is 91 feet. The work on the excavations for the new building be- gan in May, 1902 ; the building was completed in 1904. With the exception of the United States weather bureau, the United States army recruit- ing office and the bureau of animal industries, all the offices of the government are located in this building. The Indianapolis post-office has been established eighty years, and the following is a list of the postmasters : Samuel Henderson, 1822 ; John Cain, 1831; Joseph Moore, 1841 (removed by President Tyler one month after appointment and John Cain appointed) ; Livingston Dunlap, 1845; Alexander W. Russell, 1849 (died before his term expired and his son appointed in his place) ; James Russell, 1851 ; William W. Wick, 1853; John M. Talbott, 1857; A. H. Conner, 1861 ; D. G. Rose, 1866; W. R. Holloway, 1869; J. A. Wildman, 1881 ; Aquilla Jones, Sr., 1885 ; William Wallace, 1889 (died April 9, 1891) ; Ed- ward P. Thomson, 1891; Albert Sahm, 1894; James W. Hess, 1898 (died June, 1900) ; George F. McGinnis, 1900; Henry W. Bennett, 1905 (re- signed May, 1908) ; Robert H. Bryson, May, 1908 ; Robert E. Springsteen was appointed April 24, 1913. Other Federal Officers and Officials are United States marshal, surveyor of customs, revenue collector, pension agent, special examiner of pensions, United States weather bureau and the bureau of animal industry. The Custom House is a very important ad- junct to the trade of the city. The value of the goods imported into the district of Indianapolis for the fiscal year ending 1915 was $653,997; total entries, 604; duties collected, $267,468.34. Indiana Girls' School. — First established in 1889 as a part of the Indiana Reformatory In- stitution for Women and Girls, in Indianapolis, this institution has been variously known as the Reform School for Girls (1889), the Industrial School for Girls (1899), and the Indiana Girls' School (1907). It was housed under the same roof with women prisoners until July 11, 1907, when it was moved to a new location, as author- ized by an act approved March 11, 1903. The new school, constructed on the cottage plan, is located on a farm seven and one-half miles north- west of Indianapolis. Its post-office is Clermont. Girls are committed by the courts until they are twenty-one years of age, the age limit for com- mitment being from ten to eighteen years. The girls are given thorough courses in school, man- ual and industrial training. They may be released on parole at the discretion of the board of trus- tees subject to supervision by visiting agents. Indiana Woman's Prison. — The Indiana Re- formatory Institution for Women and Girls was founded by an act of the General Assembly ap- proved May 13, 1869. The institution, located about one and three-fourths miles from the cen- ter of the city of Indianapolis, was opened Octo- ber 4, 1873, there being received that day all the women then imprisoned in the State prison at Jeffersonville. While the organic act provided for separate buildings for the women and girls, both were housed under one roof. The name of the institution was changed first to the Reform School for Girls and Woman's Prison, and ten years later the two departments were made dis- tinct and called the "Industrial School for Girls" and the "Indiana Woman's Prison." This change in name, however, did not obviate the unsatis- factory conditions growing out of the dual nature of the institution, and in 1903 the Legislature au- thorized the erection of new buildings for the girls. It was stipulated that the new location was to be outside of Indianapolis, but within ten miles United States Court-House and Post-Office, Indianapolis. Indiana State Capitol, Indianapolis. 326 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA thereof. The girls were moved in July, 1907, and the quarters thus vacated were remodeled and occupied as the correctional department of the Indiana Woman's Prison. This department, opened February 3, 1908, receives women misde- meanants who would otherwise be sent to county jails. If the sentence is ninety days or less it is left to the discretion of the court whether the commitment shall be to the State or to the county institutions. The institution is managed solely by women. Masonic Temple, corner of Illinois and North streets, is one of the most beautiful structures of the kind in the country. The building is designed along classic lines in the Greek-Ionic style, is very massive and of monumental character. It is 100 feet high, with 150 feet on North street and 130 feet on Illinois street. The entire exterior is of Bedford oolitic stone and the structure is strictly fireproof. The building was erected un- der the direction of the Indianapolis Masonic Temple Association in 1908. Odd Fellows Building and Grand Lodge Hall, at the corner of Washington and Pennsylvania streets, is one of the most notable additions to the many fine structures that have been erected in Indianapolis in recent years. Though it has only thirteen stories it is equivalent in height to a fif- teen-story building by reason of the high audi- torium which occupies the top floor. The twelfth floor is used for Grand Lodge offices and the top floor contains an auditorium to seat 1,500 per- sons. The exterior is entirely of oolitic limestone which is enriched by carvings, executed in a bold and artistic manner, and so distributed through- out the design as to give the building a sense of good taste and refinement. The main entrance is at the north end of the building on Pennsylvania street and is expressed by a massive stone en- trance enriched by beautifully wrought carvings and the doors are entirely of bronze metal. Indiana Pythian Building, which was dedi- cated August 14, 1907, is located at the intersec- tion of Pennsylvania street and Massachusetts avenue. It is one of the monuments that marks the new building era of the city and accentuates the marked difference in the appearance of the "down-town district" that has occurred in recent years. Murat Temple of the A. A. O. M. S. is one of the most unique buildings in America and one of the sights of Indianapolis. In it is located the Murat theater, said to be one of the finest and most complete in the country. It is located at the intersection of Massachusetts avenue and New Jersey and Michigan streets. The corner-stone was laid March 13, 1909, on the twenty-fifth an- niversary of the charter of Murat Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Prior to the erection of this building Murat Temple had its home in the Scot- tish Rite building. The erection of this building is due to the initiative of Elias J. Jacoby. Monuments, Statues, Fountains, Streets, Etc. — In Indianapolis the center of attraction is Monument Place. Originally it was known as the Circle, and was designed by those who made the first plat of the city as the spot upon which to erect the mansion of the executive of the State of Indiana. Now it is the location of the greatest monument in the world erected to commemorate the services of its citizen soldiery of the State, and it is the city's chief adornment. The Indiana State Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. — Indianapolis has the proud dis- tinction of containing the first monument ever erected directly in honor of the private soldier. It is also one of the few real works of art in this line to be found in America. It is not a plain and unsightly shaft like that on Bunker Hill or in Washington City, but is a beautiful obelisk of artistic design. It was designed by Bruno Schmidt, the great German architect. Its con- struction was authorized by an act of the Gen- eral Assembly of the State of Indiana, and passed at the session of 1887. This act appropri- ated the sum of $200,000 to defray the cost of erection, and empowered certain of the State officers to appoint five commissioners who should have charge of the work. In addition to the amount appropriated by the Legislature, the sum raised by the monument committee of the G. A. R. was paid over to the commissioners to be expended by them. In 1891 the State Leg- islature made a further appropriation of $100,000 to aid in the construction. It was completed at a cost in excess of $500,000 and was dedicated with fitting ceremonies, attended by thousands of citizens from all parts of the State, May 15, 1902. It is constructed of Indiana oolitic limestone. The park in which it stands has an area of 3.12 acres, and lies at the intersection of Meridian and Mar- ket streets. It is surrounded by a circular street, o o o a o 3 3 •o 1 i ! ■ j ^1 fe^Th ~~ ! ;^K3! ■1 immnS\ '■ N - r. ii^ n ■ 1 l^K.-vifc 328 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA paved with asphalt. There are four approaches to the monument from the surrounding street, the approaches on the north and south sides lead- ing directly to the stairway by which the terrace surrounding the base of the pedestal shaft is reached. The monument, including the crowning figure, is 284y 2 feet in height. The top of the monument is reached by an elevator and stairway from the base of the interior of the shaft. A magnificent view of the city of Indianapolis and the surrounding country is obtained from the top of the monument. Monuments to Notable Men. — Four epochs Masonic Temple, Indianapolis. in the history of Indiana are commemorated by bronze statues of representative men of the times occupying positions around the monument between the converging points of the intersecting streets. These are the period of the Revolution, represented by a statue of George Rogers Clark ; the war with Mexico, by a statue of Governor Whitcomb ; the war of 1812 and the battle of Tip- pecanoe, by the statue of William Henry Harri- son ; and the war for the Union by Indiana's great war Governor, Oliver P. Morton. George Rogers Clark Statue stands on the northwest of the monument and represents that dauntless commander leading his little band of men to the capture of Fort Sackville from the hands of the British. To Clark, more than to any other man, is the United States indebted for the acquisition of the territory northwest of the Ohio river. The statue was designed by John H. Ma- honey, of Indianapolis. William Henry Harrison Statue occupies a position northeast of the soldiers' monument and is a fitting memorial of the period of the Revolu- tionary war. General Harrison was appointed first Governor of Indiana territory in 1800, and during the twelve years he served as executive of the embryo State he extinguished the Indian titles to more than 29,000,000 acres of land now included in the State of Indiana. His campaign against the Indians culminated in the battle of Tippecanoe, No- vember 7, 1811. This statue was designed by John H. Mahoney, of Indianapolis. James Whitcomb Statue com- memorates the third period in the military history of Indiana, and stands to the southwest of the monument. During his ad- ministration the war with Mex- ico occurred, lasting through the years 1846-47-48. During the six years he served as Governor of Indiana he did much to re- store the State's credit, which had been impaired by the failure of the internal improvement sys- tem, and it was largely through his efforts that a sentiment was created among the people in favor of the establishment of benevolent and reformatory institutions. This statue was designed by John H. Mahoney, of In- dianapolis. Oliver P. Morton Statue stands to the south- east of the soldiers' monument. After the death of Governor Morton, in 1877, his friends con- ceived the plan of erecting a statue in Indian- apolis, in commemoration of his inestimable serv- ice during the war for the Union ; and to carry this plan into effect the "Morton Memorial Asso- ciation" was organized. A bronze statue of Gov- ernor Morton was cast, for which the association paid $14,000. By the authority of the Legislature the statue was placed in the center of Circle park,, where it stood until the erection of the soldiers'' monument, when it was removed to the south- Pythian Building, Indianapolis. Odd Fellows Building, Indianapolis. Murat Temple, Indianapolis. Majestic and Scottish Rite Buildings, Indianapolis. 3 H^ William Henry Harrison. George Rogers Clark. Governor James Whitcomb. Oliver P. Morton. Statues in Monument Place, Indianapolis. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 331 east to represent the fourth period in the military history of the State. He will be known to future generations, as he is to the present, as Indiana's great war Governor. This statue was designed by Franklin Simmons, of Rome, Italy, and was cast there. Schuyler Colfax Statue. — The first citizen of Indiana to reach the vice-presidential chair was Schuyler Colfax, who had served three terms as speaker of the national house of representa- statue is of bronze; the pedestal is of Bavano granite from the quarries at Lake Maggiore, Italy. Two allegorical statues representing "His- tory" and "Peace" stand upon the base of the monument to its right and left. The monument was designed by R. H. Parks, of Florence, Italy. Statue of Gen. Henry W. Lawton, who fell at San Mateo, Philippine Islands, December 19, 1899, formerly stood on the southwest corner of the county court-house grounds, but was moved Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. tives. He was a leading member of the Odd Fel- lows, and to his memory that organization has erected a bronze statue in University park. It was erected in 1887. The designer was Laredo Taft, of Chicago. Thomas A. Hendricks Statue. — Governor, senator and Vice-President of the United States, Thomas A. Hendricks was one of the distin- guished sons of Indiana, and to him the people of the State have erected a bronze statue in the southeast corner of the state-house grounds. It was erected by popular subscription, and unveiled in July, 1890. The statue itself is fourteen feet six inches high, and the monument as a whole has a height of thirty-eight feet six inches. The to Garfield park in 1915. It was unveiled May 30, 1907, with most impressive services, attended by President Roosevelt, and was built as a tribute to the memory of General Lawton by the people of Indiana. It was designed by the noted sculp- tor Niehaus. Monument to Governor Morton, which stands at the east entrance to the state-house, was un- veiled July 23, 1907. It is the second statue erected in the city, and is a tribute of the State to the memory of the great "War Governor." Through the efforts of the G. A. R. a bill was passed by the Legislature of 1905 appropriating $35,000 for the purpose. The figure was designed by Rudolph Schwartz. 332 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Peace Groups, Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. Benjamin Harrison Monument was erected at the south edge of University park, opposite the Federal building, by the Benjamin Harrison Monument Association and unveiled October, 1908. It had its inception in the desire of friends of the late President Harrison throughout the country to perpetuate the memory of his life and services in the city of his residence among the people he loved and with whom he spent the larger part of his mature years. The Park System. — Indianapolis began the work of building parks on a systematic plan in 1895, when J. Clyde Power was appointed park engineer. Riverside Park is the largest and most pre- tentious park in the city. The lands embraced by it were purchased in 1898 and contain 950 acres. White river runs through the park, the water of which is utilized for boating purposes by the erec- tion of a substantial dam, which is one of the handsomest ma- sonry structures of its kind in the country. A splendid boule- vard stretches along the river bluffs within the park, golf links have been established, and the clubhouse of the Canoe club is located here. One of the most entertaining features of this park is the collection of birds and an- imals. Garfield Park is located in the southeastern section of the city and contains about 108 acres. It is one of the most pleasing bits of landscape in the city. Military Park lies between New York street and the Indi- ana Central canal on the north and south, and West and Black- ford streets on the east and west, and includes fourteen acres. In the early days of the city's his- tory it was known as "Military Reservation," and was the place where the militia musters were held. All the military companies of the city during the pioneer days camped and drilled there, and at the time of the Black- hawk outbreak 300 Indiana mili- tia camped there before marching to Chicago. It was also the first camping ground of Indiana's quota of six regiments under President Lincoln's first call for troops, and throughout the war it was used as a camp ground. The park was then known as Camp Sullivan. Many of the old forest trees still stand, with some hundreds of younger growth. A large fountain is situated in the cen- ter of the park at the meeting place of the con- verging pathways. University Square comprises four acres, lying between Pennsylvania and Meridian streets on the east and west, and Vermont and New York streets on the north and south. It was the site of a university that flourished from 1834 to 1846, and thus acquired its name. A statue of Schuyler Colfax stands in the southwestern side. St. Clair Square adjoins the grounds of the Institution for the Blind on the north, from Me- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 333 ridian to Pennsylvania streets, extending to St. Clair street. It is four acres in extent, and in its center there is a fountain. Reached by North Pennsylvania street cars. Brookside Park is one of the new additions to the park areas, and is located in the eastern part of the city. It contains about eighty acres of beautifully wooded land. Fairview Park is the most popular outing place near Indi- anapolis. It is the property of the street car company, is located seven miles northwest of the and is a beautiful expanse about 200 acres of wooded and ravines overlooking White river and the Indiana Central canal. Ample street car service is maintained regularly between the park and the city, sufficient to handle the large crowds that attend it. The park is well supplied with amusement fea- tures, and a well-stocked restau- rant conducted at popular prices. Other Parks and Park Places are Elmwood Place, Fletcher Place, McCarty Place, Morris Park, Morton Place, Wayne Place and Hendricks Place, Ellenberger Park, at Irvington, and other parks and places. Thoroughfares. — This city can lay claim to having some of the handsomest streets and ave- nues of any city in the country. In the original platting the streets were made broad, but some have been narrowed in recent years. Lockerbie Street. — A little street that has be- come famous because of its association with the Hoosier poet, whose home is situated in it, is Lockerbie street. His home has been here for twenty years or more. Mr. Riley's discovery of Lockerbie street impressed him so much that he indited a poem to it that first appeared in the Indianapolis Journal. The part he refers to is but a block long, a roadbed of gravel, greensward on the sides, fine old trees with flowers and lawns in front of the old-fashioned houses. The march War Groups, Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. of improvement has not marred its original quaintness and beauty and it is yet as when he wrote : "O, my Lockerbie street ! You are fair to be seen — Be it noon of the day or the rare and serene Afternoon of the night — you are one to my heart And I love you above all the phrases of art, For no language could frame and no lips could repeat My rhyme-haunted raptures of Lockerbie street !" Churches and Charity. — Indiana has from the earliest years of its pioneer history given due at- tention to the vital matters of morals and religion. In the early French occupation the missionary priest was always the pioneer, who was on the ground long before the immigrants appeared. In the American settlement of the west the settler came first, but as soon as a small community had been formed the earnest pioneer preacher, full of fervor and zeal, would come to call the people to a realization of their spiritual needs. In the 334 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA \ 1 ^r^ }*. i *S Wk y i luf Mff^SCdL-l |^E- ^H ^E^H ZSS^^Bd\m Benjamin Harrison Monument, University Park. autumn of 1821 — the city having been laid out in April — the people of the newly incubated me- tropolis had the gospel preached to them by min- isters of three denominations. Either Rezin Hammond, a Methodist circuit rider, or John McClung, of the New Light school, can be claimed as having been the first to preach in Indi- anapolis. They came about the same time in 1821, and accounts vary as to which was the earliest, but both came before the Rev. Ludlow G. Haines, of the Presbyterian church. The first Catholic service was held here in 1835, and the first Jewish congregation was organized in 1855. Orphan Asylums. — Several orphan asylums are maintained in the city. The Indianapolis Orphan Asylum was incorporated in 1851 ; the German General Protestant Orphans' Home, which is under the supervision of the German Protestants of the city ; the German Lutheran Orphans' Home, which is supervised by the Ger- man Lutherans of the city, and Home for Friend- less Colored Children. The County Poor Asylum is located north- west of the city, and the Poor Farm covers 220 acres. Young Men's Christian Association of Indi- anapolis was organized December 12, 1854. In the long years of its existence its influence for good has been demonstrated in thousands of in- stances. The public appreciation of the benefi- cent work of this organization was shown in a practical way by subscribing over $250,000 in 1907 to a fund to further its work and extend its influence. The Young Women's Christian Association Lockerbie Street, Indianapolis. Made famous by the Hoosier Poet, James Whitcomb Riley, in which his home is situated. 336 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA n :l en. Inn o pq <" u was organized in 1870. It maintains amply sup- plied reading rooms and library, a fine gym- nasium, etc. There are also classes in German, literature, sewing, etc. Charities. — Several charities are carried on by private contributions, some of which are con- nected with special churches, while others are nonsectarian. These include homes for orphans, home for friendless women, homes for aged poor, a summer sanatorium for the benefit of sick children, and other organizations of a benevolent character for the relief of the poor and suffering. In religious endeavor and humanitarian effort, no less than material progress, Indianapolis is representative of the best ideals and most useful activities. Crown Hill Cemetery. — This is one of the most beautiful and interesting resting places of the dead in the country. The organization having control of it was founded in 1863 and the ceme- tery was dedicated in 1864. It is located about three miles northwest from the center of the city and embraces over 540 acres. It contains the national cemetery, in which are buried the Union soldiers who died in Indianapolis and those whose bodies were brought here for inter- ment. There among the soldiers for whose wel- fare he worked so tirelessly lies the body of Governor Oliver P. Morton ; also that of Thomas A. Hendricks, Vice-President of the United States ; President Benjamin Harrison and many other notable men and women. Other Cemeteries are the Roman Catholic, Lutheran and Jewish. Sanitary Organizations. — The Quarantine Service is under the control of the department of public health and charities. The city council appropriates a special fund for the prevention of the spread of contagious diseases. Hospitals. — There are many hospitals in In- dianapolis, including the institutions for the in- sane, the blind and deaf and dumb, that are supported by the State. They are as finely equipped and as ably conducted as any in the country, and there is no kind of bodily suffering that may not find skilful treatment and kindly nursing in one or the other of these healing insti- tutions, where the most eminent physicians and surgeons give freely of their time and skill. The wealthy patient may command all the luxuries a •q o in C/) ^ 22 338 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA St. Mary's Cathedral. fine private home could give, and the poor man may enjoy comforts and conveniences not pos- sible in his condition. The City Hospital is under the control of a superintendent appointed by the department of public health and charities, assisted by internes who are graduates from the regular medical col- leges and are selected by a competent board of examiners appointed by the board of health. The City hospital was built in 1856, and its bene- ficiaries are the sick poor of the city. The Indi- anapolis Training School for Nurses is conducted in this institution under the charge of the hos- pital authorities. Protestant Deaconess Home and Hospital is conducted under the auspices of the German Protestants. It is located on North Capitol ave- nue in one of the finest hospital buildings in the city. Patients are received from any place. The Robert W. Long Hospital, which has a total capacity of eighty-five beds and sixteen pri- vate rooms, was dedicated June 15, 1914. It is a part of the equipment of the University Medical School, and furnishes superior facilities for clin- ical teaching. The building, complete in every particular, was erected at a cost of $250,000, and is a token of the generosity of Doctor Robert W. Long and Mrs. Long, of Indianapolis. St. Vincent's Hospital, located on the corner of Fall Creek boulevard and Illinois street, is one of the greatest of the institutions erected and conducted under the auspices of the Catholic church in this city. The Methodist Episcopal Hospital, which is located on Sixteenth street, between Capitol and Senate avenues, is conducted under the auspices of the Methodists of Indiana. Central Hospital for the Insane. — The Legis- lature of 1844 enacted a law setting aside a spe- cial tax of one cent on each one hundred dollars' ($100) worth of property listed for taxation for the erection of a State Lunatic Asylum. Steps were at once taken to carry out the requirements of the law. A site on West Washington street, three miles from the center of the city of Indi- anapolis, was purchased August 29, 1845, and the erection of buildings begun, but it was not until 1848 that it was possible to receive patients. The first was admitted November 21 of that year. The name was changed first to the Indiana Hospital for the Insane and later to the Central Indiana Hospital for the Insane. This institu- tion is one of the largest of its kind in the United States. The hospital has a pathological labora- tory completely equipped for scientific study and investigation. A lecture course for physicians and medical students is maintained. Indiana State School for the Deaf. — "The Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb" was authorized by an act of the Legisla- ture, approved January 15, 1844. The institution was opened in a rented building on the southeast Robert W. Long Hospital, Indianapolis. n 340 CKNTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA corner of Illinois and Maryland streets, Indian- apolis, October 1, 1844. On October 1, 1846. the school was moved to a larger building on the south side of Washington street, between Penn- sylvania and Delaware streets. The site on East Washington street was acquired in 1846, and the building erected thereon was occupied October 2, 1850. An act of the Legislature of 1903 pro- vided for the relocation of the school, and on May 12, 1905, a commission composed of the Governor, the Attorney General and the Board of Trustees of the institution purchased a tract containing 76.93 acres of land four miles north of the center of Indianapolis, where the institu- tion is now located. The name of the institu- tion was changed by the Legislature of 1907 to the Indiana State School for the Deaf. The school is open to all deaf children of suitable capacity between the ages of eight and twenty- one years. Attendance is compulsory for chil- dren from eight to sixteen years of age. All maintenance expenses are paid by the State, but the pupils must be supplied with clothing. This institution is not an asylum, but a school and a part of the State's educational system. Indiana School for the Blind. — By an act ap- proved January 27, 1847, provision was made for the establishment of the Indiana Institute for the Education of the Blind. On October 1, 1847, the school was opened in rented" property, the building contemplated by the law not being ready for occupancy until about the middle of Febru- ary, 1853. This building, located on North street, between Pennsylvania and Meridian streets, Indianapolis, is still in use. The name of the institution was changed in 1907 to the Indi- ana School for the Blind. The purpose of the ' school is purely educational. All the common school branches are taught and a thorough course is given in several industrial trades. Tuition, board and washing are furnished by the State ; clothing and traveling expenses bv parents or guardians. The school is open to all blind chil- dren of suitable capacity between the ages of eight and twenty-one years. Attendance is com- pulsory for children eight to sixteen years of age. Asylum for Incurable Insane. — In May, 1900, a new asylum for the incurable insane was com- pleted at Julietta which has accommodations for 150 inmates. The building is fireproof, two stories high and modern in every respect. It is equipped with a steam heating, water and light- ing plant, and cost in construction $106,000. The farm which the institution occupies contains 148 acres and cost $8,857. City Dispensary is under the control of a superintendent, who is appointed by the board of public health and charities, and is assisted by five internes. These internes are selected from the regular medical colleges by a board of examiners. The dispensary maintains an ambulance service and responds to emergency calls. Bobbs' Free Dispensary, in connection with the Indiana University School of Medicine, is located on the northwest corner of Senate avenue and Market street. Notable Private Sanatoriums. — There are several here that are sought by the afflicted and are nationally known for their efficiency in the treatment of mental, nervous and other physical ailments. Notable among these are "Neuron- hurst," "Norways" and Mt. Jackson sanatoriums. Hotels, Clubs and Places of Amusement. — The hotel is a necessary institution in any place or settlement presenting any kind of urban pre- tensions, and Indianapolis, among its first settlers, included a tavern-keeper, Hawkins by name, who built a cabin from the abundant supply of logs which surrounded the site, and gave notice that he was prepared to furnish good entertainment for man or beast. His monopoly did not last very long, for, in 1822, a year after he estab- lished business, Thomas Carter erected a larger hostelry and furnished entertainment for immi- grants, who at that time were coming in some- what numerously, and who needed a stopping place until they could build cabins of their own. Carter's tavern was also utilized for meetings, and the first theatrical performance was held in it. The Bates House, which, until 1901, was rec- ognized as one of the city's chief hostelries, was built in 1852. It served its purpose with distinc- tion until 1901, when it was torn down to make room for the Claypool. Clubs and Social Organizations. — Club life in Indianapolis has come to be one of its most prominent and interesting features. There are nearly 250 organizations and miscellaneous soci- eties representing club life in the city. These embrace social, political, literary, musical, dra- matic, athletic, driving clubs, etc. Some of the club-houses in point of construction and equip- 342 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA raent are the equal of the finest in the country and represent an investment of many thousands of dollars, affording their members a variety of luxuries and delights not possible at home. Columbia Club. — It might be matter for aston- ishment to become aware of what our inland Hoosier State has done, not only for her sisters, but for the world at large. For out of this Judea have come prophets to all people. Statesmen, poets, novelists and artists, song and story, and men to sit in the highest place of honor have been sent out to the world from Indiana ; and nowhere in the west is there a people more atbirst for knowledge and beauty than in our flourishing western capital, Indianapolis. Out of this have grown clubs for the propagation of all interests — social, artistic, literary and political. The Columbia club was dedicated New Year's eve, December 31, 1900, and is an organization which has grown out of these conditions. The features and functions of this club are so unique as to call attention to it all over the country. In all its acts and influences it fosters the principles of Republicanism, and yet is never dominated by extreme partisanship. Through the extended in- fluence of the many strong men who are among its members, it is a potent factor in all public questions of Indiana, and often in the politics of the country. There is probably no club in this country which is more widely known on account of events which have taken place within its walls affecting large national political interests. Its membership is in no sense local. Outside of Indianapolis its members are chosen by invitation from every county, important town and commu- nity in the State. Men who are so honored must be Republicans and representative in some dis- tinguished manner of the community in which they reside. As a business man's club it repre- sents eminently a large portion of the leading men of affairs in Indiana. It is the foremost social club of Indianapolis and of the State, and the only social State club in this country. The club building is situated on Monument place. Indianapolis Maennerchor was organized in 1854, and is one of the oldest and most influential German organizations in this city. It has given in concerts and in courses of instruction the best works of German composers, and it has been potent in developing the love of music in this Columbia Club, Indianapolis. Severin Hotel, Indianapolis. B 3 C. p' 3 P •O o 344 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIAN' \ Chamber of Commerce Building, Indianapolis. community. Its membership is composed of active members who are musicians or students, and others to whom the social features of the organization appeal. In 1906 it erected its pres- ent magnificent building on the northwest corner of Michigan and Illinois streets, and it is one of the finest examples of club architecture in Amer- ica. It is sumptuously furnished and js fitted with all the conveniences necessary to modern club life. A unique feature of the building is the beautiful roof garden. Das Deutsche Haus, one of the finest German club-houses in the country, is the result of a reso- lution passed by the Socialer Turnverein of In- dianapolis in 1891 to procure more commodious quarters. A building association was founded and incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000, which was later increased to $160,000. Before the building operations were begun it became evi- dent that the time was propitious to build a club- bouse of sufficient proportions to accommodate the Turnverein and other German literary, musical and dramatic societies. The first official meeting of the stock association was held in January, 1892. Real estate was purchased in the same year, 135x203 feet, at the corner of New Jersey and Michigan streets. Ground was broken in the summer of 1893, and the first of the build- ings, the eastern half, was dedicated on Washing- ton's birthday, 1894. The balance of the real es- tate, now comprising a fourth of a block, was purchased in 1896. In 1897 the building on the corner was begun and completion of the improve- ments were celebrated by a three days' festival in June. 1898. In pursuance of the plan of the builders, Der Deutsche Klub, a social club, was organized upon completion of the first building. Der Musikverein was founded in October, 1897, and in 1899 these two clubs were merged under the name of Der Deutsche Klub and Musikverein of Indianapolis. Notable features of the club are the Sunday school, a girls' industrial school and kindergarten that are maintained by indi- vidual effort. A series of choral and orchestral concerts during the winter, and band concerts in the garden, weekly, during the summer months are special attractions. The Indianapolis Board of Trade. — This or- ganization was the successor of the old Chamber of Commerce and was organized June 12, 1882. It has, at present, a membership of over 500, among which are to be found not only the grain dealers, but many of the leading merchants, manufacturers and financiers of the city. Many prominent legal and professional men also hold membership in the organization. The objects of the association are to promote the commercial, financial, industrial and other interests of the city of Indianapolis ; to secure uniformity in com- mercial usages and customs ; to facilitate business intercourse ; to promote commercial ethics, and to adjust differences and disputes in trade. The Board of Trade is the headquarters for the grain trade in this city. The Indianapolis cash grain market is established through the medium of its grain call, which takes place each business day at noon. The fine eight-story office building at the southeast corner of Meridian and Ohio streets is the home of the Board of Trade. Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce was or- ganized in December, 1912. It was the request of a consolidation of the Indianapolis Commer- cial Club, the Indianapolis Trade Association, the Indianapolis Freight Bureau, the Manufacturers' Association and the Adscript Club. Later the Indianapolis Convention and Tourists' Bureau CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 345 was also absorbed. The purpose of the organiza- tion is to promote the commercial, industrial and general welfare of the city of Indianapolis and vicinity. In addition to its general offices the Chamber maintains various departments or divi- sions, these being the following : Wholesale Trade Division, Manufacturers' Division, Freight and Traffic Division, Advertisers Club, Conven- tion Division and the Municipal Development Division. The work of the Chamber is performed by nearly half a hundred different committees in whose membership are found most of the mem- bers of the Chamber. In addition to working for the industrial and commercial progress of the citv and taking a very lively interest in all public affairs, the Chamber maintains an attractive and commodious club. It is the owner of an eight- story building at Meridian and Pearl streets. Three and one-half stories of this building are occupied by the Chamber with its general offices, departmental offices, social rooms, reading rooms, billiard room, committee rooms and cafe. The Indianapolis Propylaeum was incorpo- rated June 6, 1888, for the purpose of promot- ing and encouraging literary endeavors, also for erecting and maintaining a suitable building that would provide a center of higher culture for the public and particularly for the women of Indi- anapolis. It is located on North street, opposite the State School for the Blind. The membership is composed exclusively of women. The Independent Turnverein. — This society was organized January, 1879. The present hand- some club-house is one of the most substantial contributions to club architecture in the city. Marion Club maintains its club-house on North Meridian, opposite the site of the new ferleral building. It is maintained for the pur- pose of promoting the interests of Republicanism and has a very large and active membership, which embraces some of the most highly honored and popular men in the Republican party. The Indiana Club was organized in 1907 by prominent Democrats of the city and State lor the purpose of advancing the interests ol their political organization in local, State and national affairs. The Canoe Club maintains a splendidly equipped club. It has a membership of about 346 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA a. •a on 300 business and professional men, who enjoy boating and give encouragement to aquatic sports. Beside the club- house its members own numerous steam and electric launches, canoes and other craft, which are cared for in a well-appointed boat-house. Other Club and Society Buildings. — Among other notable club and so- ciety buildings are the Scottish Rite building, the Elks' Club building, the University Club, the club building erected by the Knights of Pythias lodges, Highland Golf Club and many others. The Race Track, located on the State fair grounds, is one of the best in the country. The Speedway, which was built in 1909, is the largest track of its kind in the world built specially for motor car racing and for large outdoor events. Indiana State Fair, which is held in Indianapolis in the fall of the year, is the great event that attracts thousands of Indianians with their families to the Hoosier capital. It is the annual ex- hibition of progress in agriculture, hor- ticulture, stock raising and the various departments of husbandry. In 1893 the State Board of Agriculture secured the beautiful tract of 214 acres north- east of the city it now has covered with convenient buildings, including the magnificent coliseum erected in 1907, which is one of the finest and largest in this country. The ground formerly occupied by the fair was sold in 1892 for $275,000, and is now one of the most attractive residential dis- tricts in the city. Educational Institutions, Libraries, Etc. — The streets and highways of In- dianapolis had hardly been staked off by the surveyor when the few people who had gathered here at this embryo capital of the State began to look around and make some arrangements for the education of the children. At that time there was no provision for 348 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA public, or free, schools, and the only means for education were by private or "subscription" schools. The first building devoted to education in the city was erected at the intersection of Ken- tucky avenue and Washington and Illinois streets. From that little beginning has developed the great school system of Indianapolis which has made the Indiana capital take high rank in edu- cational matters among the cities of the country. The magnificently endowed school fund of the State of Indiana, and the open-handed liberality bright, and the young city was buoyant with ex- pectations of the future of the new school sys- tem, when the courts decided that the taxation provided for by the Legislature was illegal, and the schools were compelled to depend for their maintenance on what was received from the gen- eral school fund. In consequence of this decision the schools languished for some years, but after a while a brighter day dawned, and once again the people were permitted to tax themselves to maintain schools for the general education of • fsK^jS/m *w*Jk §5^--- **" W%L. M ,.. J ' "■ — r' . ^S-a -„.j^ v^l^^P IMH^ti^^^ -*£Jj|S3S! v ^ tTBEp&jl '.'. ^n*"**^ ^v* ; ^' I "" v Jljjf -yJT 5, r (J. jUSl! ' r «» ' * 1? --1 ^^ -*^^F " *_ j .r ■• * i **™ -' ■■? «* ' :i - :-' . •.*/ .fir : > . _ . V ' -I "■ • '^** m^. 1 * ■ * f j»^^a "f ■ ■■» r, ■ 1>? j*\ * r- j, if 1 1 i / 1 - -V. / 1 Indianapolis Speedway. — Photo by W. H. Coburn. of the people of Indianapolis, have united in building up the present great free school system. Just when Indianapolis first began to feel the impetus of the legislation in favor of free schools it received a severe setback by an adverse de- cision of the Supreme .Court. It was just emerg- ing from the first crude efforts to establish free schools, and was getting on a higher plane when this decision came. Graded schools were being established in different parts of the city, and the "old seminary," wherein many of the youth in the early days of the city had been prepared for college, had been changed into a high school under the jurisdiction of the city. Hope was their children. From that day the progress has been steady and rapid. The city has been fortu- nate in its selection of those chosen to have gen- eral management and control of this great interest. One idea has been steadily before them, and that was to bring the schools up to the high- est grade possible, while at the same time fur- nishing ample provision to accommo late all the children. Cinder the law all persons between the ages of six and twenty-one years are entitled to school privileges: Other Schools. — The efficiency and number oi schools which Indianapolis possesses in addition to those belonging to the public school system is CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 349 also a matter of pride and importance. Several schools of music are conducted where pupils are brought by eminent instructors to the highest degree of skill and knowledge to which they are capable. In the Herron Art Institute painting, sketching, pen-drawing and modeling are taught by capable artists. This school is maintained and controlled by an association of liberal citi- zens. The schools which are connected with the Catholic churches are popular and attended by many pupils from distant parts of the country, and there are other schools of education, of sten- ography, telegraphy, business colleges and others in great number. For literary culture the people of Indianapolis have the advantage of two large and' several small but very valuable libraries. The Manual Training High School is one of the largest and most thoroughly equipped insti- tutions of its kind in this country. The history of manual training in Indianapolis schools began in the establishment of the Gewerbe Schule, which was organized by a number of German citizens, particularly active among whom was Clemens Yonnegut, Sr., who had been a mem- ber of the public school board for twenty-seven years. Later the Gewerbe Schule was disbanded and merged into the Manual Training school. With the year 1889. when a course of wood- working and mechanical drawing, in charge of W. H. Bass, was opened at high school No. 1 (now Shortridge High school), it became a part of the public school work. The numerous appli- cations for admission to this department soon proved the popularity of a course of this nature in the high school curriculum, and the school board of 1891 conceived the idea of the estab- lishment of a school in which special attention should be paid to manual training. The city council sanctioned the establishment of such an institution, and levied a special tax of five cents per hundred dollars for its erection and mainte- nance. Consequently ground was purchased in 1892 and the building begun, costing $165,000, in March, 1894. The school was opened February 18. 1895. The curriculum of the school includes a regular high school course and a course in me- chanic and domestic arts. The latter consists of woodworking, forging, foundry work, pattern making, machine shop practise and mechanical drawing for the boys ; cooking, sewing, hygiene 350 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA and home nursing for the girls. Further, courses in stenography, typewriting and bookkeeping. Free Kindergarten and Domestic Training Schools. — There are schools of this character in the city under the supervision of a board of di- rectors of the Free Kindergarten Association. The State Library was started soon after In- diana became a State, but for several years it met with but little encouragement from the Leg- islature, and through carelessness and neglect many of its most valuable books were lost or destroyed. Within the last few years, however, the Legislature has been more liberal in furnish- ing means for the purchase of new books and caring for the library. The library occupies several elegantly appointed rooms in the state- house. The library contains about 70,000 vol- umes and a large number of pamphlets. Public Library was established in 1873 under the authority of the school commissioners. It occupies a handsome stone building erected for its use by the city. It has connected with it a reading-room for consulting the books, and for the use of those who desire to read the papers and periodicals kept there for that purpose. The reading-room is kept open from 9 a.m. until 10 p. M. on each day of the week. Any citizen is entitled to withdraw books from the library for home reading. The whole is under the control of the board of school commissioners. Branch libraries were established the latter part of 1896 in various parts of the city, each being supplied with 1.500 to 5,000 volumes, and newspaper, magazine and reading-room accommodations. There are now five Carnegie and seven sub- branch libraries in the city. Beside these there are fourteen delivery stations where books are delivered to and received from the patrons of the library. There are 195,899 volumes and pamphlets in the library. Agricultural Library of the State Board of Agriculture, located in the state-house, contains about 1,200 volumes. Marion County Library, located in the court- house, was established in 1844, and contains about 5,200 volumes. It is open on Saturdays. State Law Library, which was separated from the State library in 1867, contains over 40,000 volumes. It is located in the state-house. Indianapolis Bar Association Library, in the Marion county court-house, contains over 8,000 volumes and was established in 1880. Horticultural Library, of the State Horticul- tural Society, in the' state-house, contains over 500 volumes. Other Libraries are Bona Thompson Library, Butler University, at Irvington ; the St. Aloysius, St. Cecilia, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Law School library and excellent special libraries in the dif- ferent medical colleges. Butler College, Indianapolis. — Was incorpo- rated by special act of the Legislature in January, 1850. Its charter was obtained under the auspices of the Christian churches of Indiana, and its name was then "Northwestern Christian University." In 1877, on account of the large gifts of land and money from Ovid Butler, the institution was renamed in his honor ; but the charter was otherwise unchanged, and the spirit and scope of the work carried on remained the same. The first location of the college was at College avenue and Fourteenth street, Indian- apolis, but it was changed to the present campus in Irvington — then outside of the city — in 1873. The college began its work with a subscription of $75,000 to its funds. This amount was in- creased from time to time by gifts, and still more largely augmented by the sale of the old campus when the removal was made to the present site. Until 1907 the income-bearing endowment had for a long time remained stationary at about $200,000; but in March, 1907, a movement for the increase of the resources of the institution culminated in the addition of $250,000 to the productive endowment. This additional fund has now been collected so that the work of the col- lege can be greatly strengthened. The physical equipment of the college represents an invest- ment of about $300,000 in addition to the amounts named above. The campus and adjoin- ing property comprise about twenty-five acres, the campus proper being beautifully wooded. There are five substantial buildings, besides the astronomical observatory. The most noteworthy of these is the Bona Thompson Memorial Library building. The college has always been associated with the Christian church. It is bound by its charter "to teach and inculcate the Christian faith and Christian morality as taught in the sacred scrip- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 351 tures," but is under no other religious or sec- tarian limitation. The institution has maintained from the beginning a liberal attitude toward all classes of students that have come to it. It is the first college in the world to open its doors to women on exactly equal terms with those offered to men. In educational policy the college has adhered to the theory that it is the function of a college to give a liberal education in the arts and sciences. It has resisted the tendency toward America and Europe. In 1907 Doctor Scot But- ler, for many years president of the college, was retired on a pension by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He was suc- ceeded as president by Professor Thomas C. Howe, for many years head of the department of Germanic languages. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indi- anapolis. — By provision of an act of the Legisla- ture, Indiana University was expressly author- Butler College Buildings and Campus. excessive specialization, and continues to stand for general culture. It has, nevertheless, kept pace with the educational progress of the coun- try, advancing its requirements for a degree and adding new departments, as these steps were re- quired by the educational movements of the age. The requirements for admission and graduation are now equal to those of the largest universities of the country, and the degree of Butler College is recognized as equivalent to the corresponding degree of any other educational institution. The college maintains a faculty of trained spe- cialists in their respective departments, who have enjoyed the advantages of the best universities of ized to teach medicine. Acting upon this provision, for many years science courses were, given which led up to the course in medicine. About 1890 a full biologic course was established which was equivalent to the course given in the freshman year of the best medical colleges of the time, with the exception of dissection in human anatomy. In 1903 a full two years' course, in- cluding every subject taught in the irishman and sophomore years of the standard medical college, was established. Indiana University School of Medicine now represents a union of all of the medical interests formerly represented by the Medical College (if 352 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Indiana, located at Indianapolis, organized in 1869; the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons of Indianapolis, organized in 1879; the Fort Wayne College of Medicine at Fort Wayne, Intl., organized in 1879; the Indiana University School of .Medicine at Bloomington, Ind., organ- Indiana Dental College. ized in 1903, and the State College of Physicians and Surgeons of Indianapolis, organized in 1906. In September, 1905, the Medical College of In- diana, the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Fort Wayne College of Medi- cine merged under the name of the Medical Col- lege of Indiana, the School of Medicine of Purdue University. In the summer of 1907 the Indiana University School of Medicine and the State College of Physicians and Surgeons merged under the name of the Indiana University School of Medicine, and in April, 1908, negotiations were completed whereby the Indiana Medical College was united with the Indiana University School of Medicine. The progressiveness in higher medical educa- tion is shown in this school by its requirement that each student must possess a credit of at least two years of a college course before he is entitled "to matriculate as a student of medicine and sanc- tion must then be given by the Indiana State Medical Board. The American Medical Associa- tion placed this school among the A-plus schools. Out of the 106 medical institutions now in exist- ence, there are but twenty-two given this superior standing. The Robert W. Long Hospital, which was dedicated June 15, 1914, is a part of the equipment of the University Medical School, and furnishes superior facilities for clinical teaching. The building, complete in every particular, was erected at a cost of $250,000, and is a token of the generosity of Doctor Robert W. Long and Mrs. Long, of Indianapolis. The clinical advantages, in addition to its own hospital, the Long Hospital, are derived from the City hospital, Protestant Deaconess, Methodist, St. Vincent's and the Central Indiana Hospital for the Insane. Bedside teaching is paramount. In addition to this is the Bobbs and City Dispen- sary, which is also conducted by the college. The officers of the university are : William Lowe Bryan, Ph. D., LL. D., president ; Charles Phillips Emerson, A. B., M. D., dean of the School of Medicine ; Burton D. Myers, A. M., M. D., secretary at Bloomington ; Edmund D. Clark, M. D.. secretary at Indianapolis, and John F. Barnhill, M. D., treasurer. The Indiana Law School (Department of Law of the University of Indianapolis). — The Indiana Law School was organized in 1894 for the purpose of giving to the law students of the middle west an opportunity to acquire a more thorough and systematic knowledge of the law than has heretofore been afforded them by any institution within easy reach of their homes, and especially to give to those young men who con- template the practise of law in Indiana the same facilities and advantages which are to be found in the oldest schools of law. The school, now fife M •JS? \ "' WfT I/- fr\d ' ISEfi8By£->^* ill' wr I'H 1 ■ . -Us » '»w/i «— - - 1 mm bsi --" H^^^^**^ .««*■ ■5^ %m£fT<~; .". .-..» ■ '-' ■ College of Missions. entering upon its twentieth year, has already taken high rank among the professional schools of the country. Being the capital city of the State, where the Supreme and appellate courts, the federal courts and the local courts, both civil CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 353 and criminal, are in session practically through- out the year, the students have unusual oppor- tunity for witnessing court procedure in all its various forms, and the sessions of the Legisla- ture enable them to see how the business of law- Indiana Veterinary College, Indianapolis. making is transacted. With the rapid growth of the State in wealth and population, the law of Indiana, while in its general and elementary fea- tures like that of the other States of the Union, has developed a jurisprudence of its own. A thorough and practical knowledge of this law can not be acquired at law schools located in other States. The course of study covers a period of three years of thirty-two weeks each, and the two classes have separate and distinct instruction throughout the course. The dean of the Indiana ' Law School is James A. Rohbach, A. M., LL. B. Indiana Dental College, Indianapolis. — Was established in the fall of 1879. The course in the college consists of three sessions of eight months each. The institution is co-educational, admitting women on the same terms as men. The college has about 1,500 graduates, and they are in practise all over the globe. Many of them have attained national distinction in their profession. The clinic of the college is large and interest- ing. The operatory is eighty feet long and fifty- four feet wide, on the second floor of the build- ing, facing on both North and Meridian streets. Here work is done for the general public. The college sees about 3,000 patients each year, and as the most of these have several operations per- formed, the total of operations runs into the tens of thousands. Every operation known to dental surgery is performed. The oral surgical clinic is especially good, and all operations which do not require that the patient be put to bed after it are performed at the college. Graver operations are performed at one of the hospitals, the stu- dents having an opportunity to be present. The dean of the college is Frederic R. Henshaw, D. D. S. Indiana Veterinary College, Indianapolis, was established by Louis A. Greiner in 1892. It is one of the most distinguished of this character of educational institutions in the United States. In its earlier development it was materially as- sisted by Ferdinand A. Mueller, its present sec- retary and treasurer, in the financial direction and erection of the present college building in 1909. Doctors William 1!. Craig, dean of the faculty; G. H. Roberts, president, and Joseph W. Koltz, vice president, notable veterinarians and educators, are the executive officers of the college. The college maintains one of the finest hospitals for the treatment of animals in the country, which is one of the most important ad- juncts to the college building. Graduates of this school are eligible to membership in the Ameri- can Veterinary Association and are recognized by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Indianapolis College of Pharmacy was or ganized in 1904 as a department of Winona Technical Institute, at Indianapolis. Since its organization it ^ development has been steady and several hundred students have graduated from •23 354 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA it from all parts of the United States and foreign countries. The course leading to the degree of Ph.G. covers two years of twenty-six weeks each. Each year is divided into two terms of thirteen weeks each. A period of about five months sepa- rates the two college years. This often is of great advantage, enabling students to spend the intervening time in practical and profitable work in pharmaceutical establishments. The college was reorganized May 14 with a capital stock of $50,000 to secure added facilities for the work. The officers are Ferdinand A. Mueller, president, and Edward H. Niles, secretary. Teachers' College. — The Teachers' College of Indianapolis has become one of the most favor- ably known teacher-training schools in the Lain Business College. United States. Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker, the presi- dent of Teachers' College and superintendent of the Free Kindergarten schools of Indianapolis since their organization in 1882, was called to Indianapolis by Mr. A. C. Shortridge to estab- lish a kindergarten in the Hadley-Roberts Acad- emy. Later she organized the system of free kindergartens in Indianapolis, which has received the indorsement of Indianapolis citizens and the substantial support of the General Assembly of Indiana. Teachers' College of Indianapolis was first founded in 1882 under the name of Kinder- garten Normal Training School, which later was changed to the Indiana Kindergarten and Primary Normal Training School. In 1893 the name was again changed to the Teachers' College of Indi- anapolis. The aim of the school during its for- mative period was the training of kindergartners. While this is still continued as an essential de- partment of the teacher-training, the courses of instruction now included in the curriculum of the college are not only arranged for the training of kindergartners and grade school teachers, but also afford the specialized training so necessary to the teachers of domestic science, art, music and manual work. In 1907 the Teachers' College was fully accredited by the State Board of Edu- cation and thus has obtained official recognition. In addition, the students are also fitted for play- ground work, for teaching defective children and for work in social settlements. During the thirty-three years of its existence some 3,000 students have received diplomas, while at least double that number have taken partial courses and work in certificate courses. Lain Business College is the leading private commercial school in Indianapolis. It was estab- lished in 1906 by Mr. and Mrs. Marvin M. Lain. The building occupied by the school was built by them, and is one of the largest business col- lege buildings in the State. The Normal College of the North American Gymnastic Union is an institution established for the purpose of educating teachers of physical training for schools maintained by gymnastic so- cieties, for public schools and for higher educa- tional institutions. The college is empowered by law to confer academic titles and degrees on students that complete certain prescribed courses. The Normal College is associated with, and controlled by, the North American Gymnastic Union, which was organized in 1850 for the pur- pose of bringing up men and women strong in body, mind and morals, and for the promotion and dissemination of progressive and liberal ideas. It is not a money-making institution, as the tuition fees cover but a fraction of its ex- penses. The additional income required for the defrayal of expenses is derived from appropria- tions made by the North American Gymnastic Union and from assessments that are levied on a guaranty fund created by subscriptions. The college is located in the east wing of the German House. College of Missions. — The Sarah A. Davis- Deterding Memorial is located in Irvington and is conducted under the auspices of the Christian Woman's Board of Missions for the purpose of training missionaries and Christian workers. The ground was broken for the erection of the building August 29, 1907. The offices of the Christian Woman's Board of Missions are lo- cated in this building. Indiana Central University, just south of In- dianapolis, was incorporated October 6, 1902. It CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 355 was not, however, until September 26, 1905, that its doors were opened for the reception of stu- dents. The school came as the result of a want long felt by the Church of the United Brethren in Christ for a school in Indiana. In a sense the school is the logical successor of the old Harts- ville College, which for many years flourished at Hartsville, a village east of Columbus, Ind. The latter school had gone down under the disastrous fire which destroyed the building, and certain differences which had arisen from changes of the fundamental laws of the church. Several times there had been put forth plans for the re- newal of church educational enterprises in the State, in the interim between the closing down of the did school and the opening of the new, but it was not until the summer of 1902 that plans sufficiently matured and practicable to invite co- operation were advanced. The church felt at that time the work could be done, and the subse- quent history of the new school has justified the hopes of those who backed the enterprise. The proposition laid before the three annual confer- ences by William L. Elder, a well-known busi- ness man of Indianapolis, to give, upon certain conditions, the land for a campus and to erect a college building thereon, met with favor in the conferences, and the college is the direct out- growth of his proposition. The present beauti- ful and imposing administration building was erected and the property turned over to the board of trustees. University Heights, the home of the college, is at the junction of the Pennsylvania railroad and the Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern Traction Company, a little more than a mile south of the present city limits of Indianapolis. Railway Facilities. — The great resources of Indianapolis have been made available as ele- ments of progress by the development of trans- portation facilities that are exceptional in their completeness. The earliest years of the State's history preceded the railway era, and during those first years the towns that were located upon the Ohio river and the lower Wabash had a great advantage over any other of the locations in the State. Soon afterward came the canal building era, when American enterprise manifested itself all over the country in the endeavor to give con- venient outlets to the products of the various sections through the medium of artificial water- ways, Indiana especially participating in the ex- tensive canal building activity by constructing the Wabash & Erie canal from Toledo to Evans- ville, 476 miles, which is the longest in the United States, part of which is being held by the slack- water navigation on the Maumee and Wabash rivers. The Whitewater canal, from Lawrence- burg, on the Ohio, to Hagerstown, was also built, and these waterways for many years constituted the principal features, outside of the Ohio river, in the transportation facilities of the State. The A Union Station, Indianapolis. canals are still used to a considerable extent, although the section of the Wabash & Erie canal between Fort Wayne and Lafayette has not been used for many years. In 1847 the first railroad was completed into Indianapolis, and connected this city with the Ohio river at Madison. This was the beginning, and the transportation facili- ties have continued to increase, until now there are sixteen completed lines in Indianapolis, con- necting in the State with many other lines, which all bring their passengers to one magnificent union station. The erection of the present union passenger station was begun in 1888. No capital city in any of the States is more advantageously situated with reference to convenience of access 356 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA by the citizens of the- State, and there are but few county seats in the entire State from which it is not possible to reach Indianapolis and return the same day. Indianapolis Union Railway Company. — The Indianapolis Union Railway Company succeeded in 1883 to the enterprise inaugurated in 1853 by the Union Railway Company. The company operates fourteen miles of track known as the Belt railroad, which is double-tracked and ex- tends around the city, and also has a mile of track in the city, connecting the Belt with the union passenger station, which is also owned by ated in and out of Indianapolis every twenty- four hours, and these carry more than 6.000,000 people annually. Indianapolis secured its first interurban lines in 1900, when two short lines were completed, one between Indianapolis and Greenfield, a dis- tance of sixteen miles, and between Indianapolis and Greenwood, a distance of twelve miles. Indianapolis Terminal Station, for use of the electric roads entering Indianapolis, was the idea of Hugh J. McGowan, president of the Indian- apolis Terminal and Traction Company. It is the greatest station of its kind in the world, and Belt Railroad and Stock Yards. this company. The station is one of the finest in the United States, has a train shed 300 x 650 feet, and has a handsome three-story brick build- ing surmounted by a lofty tower, which is a beautiful structure in Romanesque architecture, used for offices and waiting rooms of the station. ( her one million freight cars are handled annu- ally over the Belt railroad. It was the first switching railroad to be built in the country, and transfers freight from factory switches to all roads. Interurban Railways. — Coming into its great terminal station, the finest in the world, are four- teen independent electric traction lines, connect- ing with more than twenty-five roads, which tap one of the richest and most densely populated sections of the country. Over 600 cars are oper- was built at a cost of $1,000,000. The building, in addition to being the terminal for all electric traction interests, is one of the finest office struc- tures in the city. The Indianapolis Terminal and Traction Company. — The completeness of the street car service of Indianapolis is one of its most notable features. Over 168 miles of track are in opera- tion, reaching all sections of the city, parks and suburbs. The first street car line was built in this city in 1864, and from this grew the present magnificent system. Under the management of the present company, which was organized August 4, 1902, many notable improvements and extensions have been made. The Belt Railroad & Stock Yard Company of Indianapolis was organized in 1877. The geo- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA .V?7 graphical location of the yards has made this the most important point in the country for the un- loading, watering and marketing of stock des- tined for New England and export slaughter. The system of railroads centering at Indianapolis makes it the most accessible point in the country for live stock shippers. The great capacity of the yards and the facilities for unloading, resting and reshipping are unequaled by any other yards in the country, east or west. Track Elevation in Indianapolis was started by the Commercial Club at a meeting held in 1894. The meeting authorized the appointment of a permanent commission on track elevation to continue the effort in Indianapolis until success- ful. The commission was headed in the begin- ning by Colonel Eli Lilly as chairman and Will- iam Fortune as secretary. On the death of Colonel Lilly in 1898, Mr. Fortune became the chairman, and has since continued at the head of the commission. In 1898 an ordinance was passed under the Taggart administration regard- ing elevation of tracks, but was defeated in the courts. Finally in 1905, under the Holtzman administration, track elevation at the Massachu- setts avenue crossing was started. Early Banking in Indiana. — The history of banking in Indiana from the earliest settlement of the territory until the inauguration of the national banking system has furnished many in- teresting pages — vivid pictures of frenzied finance, with eras of artificial prosperity and wild speculation, to be followed by periods of depres- sion and financial failure. In the earlier days money was rarely seen. Peltries were used as currency and values were estimated in coon skins and other commodities. Many interesting anecdotes are related to illus- trate the expedients to which the early settlers were driven to supply mediums of exchange. One that aptly describes the situation is told of a settler near Vincennes who required the serv- ices of a doctor. When time for settlement came he discharged the obligation by giving the doc- tor an agreed number of ax handles, the only commodity he had. The doctor in turn drove to town and made a purchase of bacon, flour, etc.. paving the merchant in ax handles. After computing the value of the ax handles, as the amount was greater than the value of the mer- chandise purchased, the merchant gave the doc- Indiana National Bank. tor two hatchet handles as change for the differ- ence due him. Indiana had no distinctive currency of its own. Spanish milled dollars and a few notes of the Bank of the United States and its branches am] "cut silver," an attempted division of a dollar into five quarters, according to E. Chamberlain, an early historian, was the only circulating medium. First Banks in Indiana. — In 1814. the Ter- ritorial Legislature chartered the Bank of Vin- cennes and the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank of Madison, and on January 1, 1817, the Bank of Vincennes was adopted by the Legislature as a State bank. It was empowered conditionally to adopt the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank of Madison as one of its branches and to establish other branches at Brookville, Corydon and Ve- vay. Immediately upon its adoption, its man- Fletcher American National Bank. 358 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA agers entered upon a system of frenzied finance, issuing more paper than the bank could possibly redeem, and embezzling $250,000 deposited in the bank by an agent of the United States for safekeeping. The notes of the bank became worthless, but the bills of the Farmers' and .Merchants' Bank of Madison were ultimately re- deemed after passing at a depreciated value for many years. In 1832, when the State began a vast scheme of internal improvements, witnessed another period of inflated currency. Cheap money, im- yaaijgaiaaiiiHjjjjj, £ S E C SB is fit ma s a e as» '■ii, Hill Merchants' National Bank Building. ported from Michigan by the contractors on the canals and other public works, was used by them in paying their laborers. It was paid out in vast sums and very little of any other kind of money was in circulation in Indiana. Merchants and millers and others also issued bills. Wra. H. Smith, in his history of Indiana, says: "As a rule these bills, or 'shin-plasters,' were redeem- able oidy at the mill or the store of the issuer. . . . Most of the merchants or mi'lers eventually became bankrupts and left thousands of dollars of their currency unredeemed." Ac- cording to the same authority, Asbury Univer- sity issued a great many of these "shin-plasters," all of which the university redeemed. Present Financial Institutions. — According to the report of the Banking Department of the State of Indiana, of June 23, 1915, there were 258 national banks in operation in the State, with total resources of $244,134,274.76. Under State supervision, there were 378 State banks, total resources $103,441,098.16; there were 144 trust companies, total resources $126,116,750.76; there were 201 private banks, total resources $30,058,- 998.12; there were five savings banks, total re- sources $14,703,030.30, and 341 building and loan associations December 31, 1914, with total resources of $56,427,548.66. The grand total of all resources of building and loan associations and all banking institutions in Indiana according to this report was $575,242,318.61. Banking in Indianapolis. — The history of banking in Indianapolis dates back to the early days of the city, when a private bank was started ; but the first chartered bank was the State Bank of Indiana, which was chartered in 1834, with a capital of $1,600,000. The charter was to run twenty-five years and half of the capital stock- was to be taken by the State, which raised the money by the sale of bonds. The State's share of the dividends, after paying the bonds, was to go to the establishment of a general school fund, and this was the foundation of the excellent en- dowment of Indiana's public schools. The in- vestment ultimately yielded to the State $3,- 700,000 after the payment of the bank bonds. The main bank and one of its branches were located in Indianapolis, beginning business No- vember 26, 1832. The first president of this bank was Samuel Merrill, with whom were associated Calvin Fletcher, Seaton W. Norris, Robert Mor- rison and Thomas R. Scott as directors. In 1840 the bank removed to its new building at Ken- tucky avenue and Illinois street. The Indian- apolis branch was organized with Hervey Bates president and B. F. Morris cashier. After the charter expired, the Bank of the State of Indiana was chartered, the interest of the State being withdrawn, and Hugh McCulloch, who was later secretary of the treasury of the United States, became president of the bank, which remained in business, with seventeen branches, until the inauguration of the national banking system, CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 359 when the various branches were merged into dif- ferent national banks in their respective localities. William H. English organized the first national bank that was established in Indianapolis May 11, 1863. It was known as the First National Bank of Indianapolis and was one of the first in the country to operate under the national banking act. The bank facilities of Indianapolis are furnished by six national banks, with re- sources of more than $55,000,000, and nine trust companies, with capital and resources in excess of more than $39,000,000, in addition to State banks, most of which are devoted more especially to investment banking and the loaning of money on mortgages for clients. Beginning of Trust Companies. — The devel- opment of the trust company business in Indian- apolis and throughout the State has been the most important feature of financial business dur- ing the past twenty years. The law authorizing the establishment of trust companies was passed by the Legislature in 1893, but prior to that time there had been several attempts to secure such a law. Forty years ago a tentative organization was formed for a safety deposit company with Indiana Trust Company Building. Union Trust Company Building. some trust features, but the Legislature refused to grant the necessary rights, and the matter was dropped. In 1891 several citizens of Indian- apolis, notable among whom were John H. Holli- day and John P. Frenzel, seeing the need of such institutions, presented the matter to the Legis- lature, but without success. At the next session, in 1893, the matter was brought forward again by them, and a fair and substantial law was adopted. So good was it that few changes have been made in it since, only one of which, that permitting the organization of companies in smaller towns with smaller capital stock, has had any particular effect upon the business. First Trust Companies. — Conditions were ripe in Indianapolis for the organization of two companies immediately, and the establishment of the Indiana Trust Company on April 4, 1893, and the Union Trust Company on May 31, 1893, speedily followed. This was followed by the Marion Trust Company, December 10, 1895, after which time nine others were established. Of these one failed and three have gone out of business by sale or consolidation, leaving nine in the field. Trust companies have also been established in almost every county seat, the prin- cipal towns having more than one. The great factor in building up the business has been the lack of savings banks. The anti- quated law authorizing such institutions has been prohibitory, and no successful savings bank has been started in more than sixty years. This has left a rich and virgin field which the trust com- 360 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Fletcher Savings and Trust Company Building. parries have occupied, thus satisfying "a long-felt want." This has been recognized and permitted by the authorities, although not specifically au- thorized in the fundamental law. It is safe to say that seventy-five per cent, of the trust com- pany deposits are of this character or such that interest is paid on them. The trust companies, dealing mainly in time money, can afford to do this, and the benefit to the people of the State is incalculable. They are not only encouraged to save money by being provided with ample de- positories and receive interest on it, but the enor- mous amount that is gathered in this way is made available for the uses of business. Indiana se- curities for many years went abroad, but now they are almost entirely absorbed by her own people, whose ability to take them has been greatly enhanced by the existence of trust com- panies. These companies have also proved of great value in their work of trusteeship in its varied necessities, and their use in this line wi increase as wealth accumulates and their great advantages are realized. — John H. Holliday. Journalism and Publishing. — Indianapolis had a newspaper before it had mail facilities, roads, or even the most primitive means of reg- ular communication with the outside world. There are at present over ninety daily, weekly, bi-monthly, monthly and quarterly publications issued from this city. In class or industrial pub- lications Indianapolis is exceptionally well repre- sented, some of the most influential journals of their kind in the country being published here. In recent years this city has also become prom- inent as a book and music publishing center. In the mechanical and manufacturing branches of the printing business it has kept pace with the largest cities in the country, and it affords ad- vantages in the production of blank books, coupon books, bank and county office supplies not excelled elsewhere. There are several large plants located here engaged in this work, and Indianapolis ranks third in size as a publishing center in this country. The Indianapolis News, now the oldest daily paper published in Indianapolis, is lo- cated in the ten-story building constructed for its needs, in 1909, by Delavan Smith, one of its owners. The building is on the site of the old News building in 'Washington street and immediately in front of the News Mechanical building in Court street. The business and editorial offices of the paper are in the new build- ing, while the manu- facturing processes are carried on in the 11 fireproof building Indianapolis News Building. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 361 constructed for that purpose in 1896. The News was founded by John H. Holliday in 1869, and has had a continuous existence from that date. It was the first two-cent (ten cents weekly) daily paper in the West. Though not an old paper, as compared with other publications in the East, yet its career spans practically the period of de- velopment of the modern newspaper. The News has had but two owners, its founder and his associates, including Major W. Richards, and the present proprietor, Delavan Smith, with whom was associated for about twenty years Charles R. Williams as editor. Mr. Smith is now the publisher and sole owner. Louis How- lam 1 is the editor and Richard Smith the man- aging editor. There are employes in every de- partment who have grown up with it, including the present general manager, Hilton U. Brown, who began as market reporter in 1881. The Indiana Times was established on May 12, 1888, under the name of The Indianapolis Sun. It is a daily afternoon paper and for a period published a Sunday morning edition. The Indianapolis Star was established in 1903, first issue appearing on June 6th. Immedi- ately after it was started the Star associated itself with the Muncie Star and the Terre Haute Ex- press, now the Terre Haute Star, the three form- ing the chain of papers known as the Star League. On June 8, 1904, the Star management bought the Indianapolis Journal, its morning con- temporary, a high-class newspaper established as a weekly in 1823, and as a daily in 1850. The Journal was merged with the Star and some of its best features incorporated in the latter paper. In February. 1906, the Star bought the Sunday Sentinel and combined it with the Sunday Star. Thus the Star became the only Sunday and morning newspaper in Indianapolis. In June. 1907, the Indianapolis Star removed to its present quarters at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania 00- IMHk |afc|iit.Ml UJJfcw HKpidOi Indianapolis Star Building. and New York streets, a building built especially for its use. John C. Shaffer is editor and pub- lisher of the Star, B. F. Lawrence is business manager and Ernest Bross managing editor. The German Daily Telegraph and Tribune. — Established 1865, is the only German and the oldest daily newspaper published in Indianapolis. It is independent-democratic in politics, and is a member of the Associated Press. It is published by the Gutenberg Co. The Sunday Spottvogel, a humorous and literary paper, established in 1865, is also published by this company. August Tamm is president of the company. The Indianapolis Commercial. — Published daily by the Central City Publishing Co., makes a specialty of court news, financial matters, etc., and has a wide and influential circulation. It is considered the standard for newspapers of this class in the United States. Fred L. Purdy is the editor and O. L. Thayer secretary-treasurer. The Indianapolis Daily Live Stock Journal is devoted to the interests of shippers and is pub- lished at the Union Stock Yards. Other Publications are numerous, embracing weeklies, semi-monthly and monthly issues, among which are a number of the most influ- ential trade journals in America. Interior Big Four Railway Shops, Beech Grove. 362 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA MARSHALL COUNTY PLYMOUTH, SEAT OK JUSTICE MARSHALL COUNTY lies in the second tier of comities south of the Michigan- Indiana State line. It forms a square with an area of 441 square miles. The principal drainage stream of the county is Yellow river, which flows diagonally across its area from northeast to southwest. The southeastern portion is drained by the Tippecanoe river, which crosses the outlet through Pine creek into the Kankakee. There are a number of picturesque lakes, among them being Maxinkuckee, one of the largest and most beau- tiful in the State. The surface of the county is composed of gla- cial drift, and when first settled most of it was covered with a fine growth of timber. By the labor of the sturdy pioneers the land has been cleared and drained, so that immense crops of corn, wheat, oats, hay and other products have been produced on the muck lands, which were formerly considered almost useless. It is bounded on the north by St. Joseph, on the east by Elk- hart and Kosciusko, on the south by Fulton, on the west by Pulaski, Starke and Laporte coun- ties. Organization. — Marshall county, named after Chief Justice Marshall, was formally organized on April 1, 1836. Plymouth has been the county seat of Marshall county since its beginning. Population of Marshall county in 1890 was 23,818; in 1900 was 25,119, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 24,175, of which 828 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,057 families in the county and 5,962 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Marshall county : Bourbon, Center, German, Green, North, Polk, Tippecanoe, Union, Walnut and West. The incorporated Parade Grounds and Battalion Review, Culver Military Academy, Marshall County. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 363 South Barrack, Culver Academy. cities and towns are Plymouth, Argos, Bourbon, Bremen, Culver and LaPaz. Plymouth is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Marshall county was $7,710,705 ; value of improvements was $2,739,815, and the total net value of taxables was $18,975,070. There were 3,881 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 105 miles of improved roads in Marshall county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding. $189,426.40. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 113.24 miles of steam railroad operated in Mar- shall county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; Indian- apolis cc Michigan City division of the L. E. & W. ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago, and the Michigan City division of the Vandalia railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Louis E. Steinbach, county superintendent of Marshall county, there were 123 schoolhouses, including ten high schools, in Marshall county in 1914, employing 201 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,991. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $97,638.05. The estimated value of school prop- erty was $392,475, and the total amount of in- debtedness, including bonds, was $62,000. In addition to the above. Marshall county has a Lu- theran school in Bremen, a Catholic academy at Plymouth and Culver Military Academy on Lake Maxinkuckee, at Culver. Agriculture. — There were in Marshall county in 1910 over 2,803 farms embraced in 268,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 95.3 acres. The value of all farm property was over $22,000,000, showing 75.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $58.76. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,200,- 000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $595,- 000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 41,000, valued at $280,000; sheep 24,000, valued at $107,000. The total value of poultry was $104,- 000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were eight industrial establishments in Plymouth, which furnished employment to 250 persons. Culver Military Academy. — Culver was founded in 1894 by Henry Harrison Culver, a business man of St. Louis, Missouri, who had come to realize the lack of system, order and im- mediate obedience on the part of the young men whom he took into his employment. The first school opened in a frame building with twenty- Black Horse Troop and Riding Hall, Culver Military Acad. 364 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Cutter Race on Lake Maxinkuckee by Culver Naval School. five pupils. This building was destroyed by lire, but was replaced with a fireproof brick barracks, which was opened in 1895. The following year, after the military academy at Mexico, Missouri, had burned, Mr. Culver succeeded in effecting a combination of the Indiana and Missouri schools under the management of Colonel A. F. Fleet, the founder of the Missouri Academy. Under his superintendency, the Culver Military Academy acquired an enrolment of nearly seven hundred cadets and achieved high rank as a mili- tary school. Colonel Fleet retired as superin- tendent in 1910, and was succeeded by Major Leigh R. Gignilliat, who had been commandant of cadets at Culver from 1896. Mr. Culver, the founder, dying in 1897, members of his family since that time have greatly strengthened the in- stitution and beautified the grounds. Five bar- racks, for cadets, a gymnasium, riding hall, hospi- tal, administration building, class rooms and lab- oratories, and a magnificent mess hall and kitchen, which Governor Marshall helped to dedicate in 1911, constitute the material equipment of the school. The academy is a member of the North Central Association of Schools and Colleges. The entire routine of the school is ordered closely on the lines followed at West Point. One of the favorite features of the work at Culver has been the cavalry drill and the Culver Black Horse Troop has made a reputation for horsemanship that has traveled beyond the United States. After President McKinley was inaugurated in 1896, the black horses used by his Ohio escort were sold to the Culver Academy and have al- ways been replaced from time to time.* Dur- ing the inauguration of President Wilson and Vice-President Marshall, the Culver Black Horse Troop acted as personal escort to Mr. Marshall. The Culver Summer Naval School was estab- lished in 1902, with a session of eight weeks in which naval drills supplant the infantry drills of the winter school. The United States Navy De- partment supplies ten- and twelve-oar cutters for the use of the school. The instructions are under an Annapolis graduate and an act of the Legislature has also authorized the mustering in each summer of the cadets as the First Bat- talion of the Indiana Naval Militia. In 1912, a school of woodcraft was added to the Culver program with Daniel Carter Beard, founder of the Boy Scouts of America and chief scout com- missioner, in charge of this department. The Culver Military Academy is located on the north shore of Maxinkuckee, overlooking Aubbenaub- bee Bay. * On October 24, 1915, many of these horses were lost in a disastrous fire which destroyed the barns. MARTIN COUNTY SHOALS, SEAT OF JUSTICE MARTIN COUNTY is located in the south- western part of the State, about fifty miles north of the Ohio river and forty miles east of the Wabash, or western border of the State. The east fork of White river trav- erses the county from the northeast to the southwest. It is bounded on the north by Greene, on the east by Lawrence and Orange, on the south by Dubois and on the west by Daviess counties. Its surface is broken and hilly and the conditions render the county as a whole unsuitable for general farming, but there CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 365 is quite an amount of Martin count)-, which is bottom land, that is very fertile and produces all kinds of grain and grasses. In its original state, the county was very heavily timbered with black walnut, yellow poplar, white and red oak and other hardwoods. There is still quite an area that is heavily timbered, but the landowners, recog- nizing the agricultural possibilities, are reclaim- ing the waste lands by proper scientific methods and are establishing commercial orchards and go- ing into the production of grains and grasses on an extensive scale and into stock raising and grazing. The soil in the major portion of Martin county is freestone soil, underlaid at varying depths from six to seventy-five feet in sandstone ; also much of the lands are underlaid with a very fine grade of bituminous coal. There are many drift mines in the county and a few shaft mines. From the central portion of the county to the northern quarter there are found numerous iron deposits of red and blue hemastite. On one part, near the eastern border of the county, a company is mining a vein some forty feet in depth. The county is dotted with fine springs of pure, cold water. The renowned Trinity and Indian Mineral Springs and the famous LaSalle Springs are lo- cated here. In addition, nature has been lavish in carving out some of the most beautiful scenery that is to be found in America. "Jug Rock," which is located at the north boundary of the town of Shoals, takes its name from the resem- blance to a jug, and stands seventy-six feet high. It stands alone and causes one who views it to be impressed with wonder how this marvelous curi- osity was created. East of this rock, and within one-quarter of a mile, is what is known as "The Pinnacle," where a backbone extends out to the river's edge, affording a view to White river, 276 feet below. There is also "House Rock," the "Aquatic Rock." the "Cedar Cliff" and "Gor- merly Bluff," all of which are beautiful. Organization. — Martin county, named in honor of the late Major Martin, of Newport, Ky., was formally organized February 1, 1820. Martin county holds the record for the greatest number of county seat changes. It seems that the citizens of the county were hard to satisfy. When they failed to change the location of the county seat, they did the next best thing and changed the name of the town where the county seat was located. The first town to have the honor was Hindostan. Before a court-house was built, the county seat was changed to Mount Pleasant, where it remained until May, 1844, when it was removed to Memphis, the present site of Shoals, only to be moved in the fall of the same year to Harrisonville, near the site of Trin- ity Springs. On April 30, 1845, a new location was selected at Hillsboro, changing the name to Dover Hill by a legislative act of February 11, 1848. While the county buildings were being built at Dover Hill, the county seat was established at Mount Pleasant. After the building of the Ohio & Mississippi railroad through the county in 1856, for the sixth time an agitation was started to change the county seat and on December 11, 1869, the county seat was located on the west side of White river at Memphis, which was christened the town of "West Shoals." where business was opened July 4, 1871. On April 27, 1876, the court- house was destroyed by fire, and pending the erection of new buildings, the offices were moved across the river to Shoals. A few years later, the boundaries of West Shoals were dissolved and extended to take in that territory, thus placing the county seat at Shoals. White River from Pinnacle Rock. Hindostan Falls, Martin County. 366 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Jug Rock, Shoals, Martin County. Population of Martin county in 1890 was 13,973: in 1900 was 14,711, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 12,950, of which 105 were of white foreign birth. There were 2,840 families in the county and 2,791 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Martin county : Baker, Brown, Center, Halbert, Lost River, McCameron, Mitchelltree, Perry and Rutherford. The in- corporated cities and towns are Loogootee, Shoals and West Shoals. Shoals is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Martin county was $1,782,770, value of improvements was $821,260 and the total net value of taxables was $4,474,544. There were 1,856 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were ninety-four miles of improved roads in Martin county built and under jurisdiction of the county commis- sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $98,279. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 31.44 miles of steam railroad operated in Martin county by the Baltimore & Ohio & Southwestern and the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Charles O. Williams, county superintendent of Martin county, there were ninety-six school- houses, including five high schools, in Martin county in 1914, employing 115 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,273. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $44,424.57. The estimated value of school property in the county was $84,300, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $3,000. There is one parochial school at Loo- gootee. Agriculture. — There were in Martin county in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced in 194,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 111.9 acres. The value of all farm property was over $5,500,000, showing 53.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $18.11. The total value of domestic animals was over $847,- 000: Number of cattle 9,700, valued at $212,000; horses 4,100, valued at $379,000; hogs 13,000, valued at $89,000; sheep 12,000, valued at $47,000. The total value of poultry was $51,000. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 367 MIAMI COUNTY PERU, SEAT OF JUSTICE MIAMI COUNTY, which is located in the central part of the northern half of the State, is bounded on the north by Fulton, on the east by Wabash and Grant, on the south by How- ard and on the west by Cass and Fulton counties. It contains 384 square miles and includes, within its borders, nearly every industry known to that section of the State. The county is rich agricul- turally and the variety of its soil enables it to produce every crop which can be grown in Indi- ana. Across the southern end of the county ex- tends a broad belt of black loam, through the center run the fertile valleys of the Wabash and Mississinewa and Eel rivers. Stock raising is engaged in generally, and there are many fine breeding farms in the county. Organization. — Miami county began its ca- reer officially March 1. 1834, and was named after the tribe of Indians who once possessed this land and the adjoining parts of the State. The first county seat of Miami county was at Miamis- port, a town laid out in 1828. It was on the same section of land that is now occupied by Peru, a section originally set aside as a reservation for John B. Richardville, the noted Miami Indian chief. He sold the east half to William N. Hood and the western half to Joseph Holman, and the two men then laid out the town of Miamisport. They failed to agree and Hood outbid Holman and secured the location east of Miamisport, where Peru now stands. The growth of Peru was such that Miamisport was taken within its limits and it was ordered vacated June, 1841. The first court-house was burned down March 16, 1843, destroying all of the county records but those of the county commissioners. The Legislature helped to straighten out the situation with the act of December 26, 1843. Population of Miami county in 1890 was 25,823 ; in 1900 was 28,344, and according to Peru— 1. Postomce. 2. Miami County Court-House. 3. Carnegie Library. 4. Y. M. C. A. Building, 3<,s CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA United States Census of 1910 was 29,350, of which 1,245 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,339 families in the county and 7,190 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Miami county : Allen, Butler, Clay, Deer Creek, Erie, Harrison, Jack- son, Jefferson, Perry, Peru, Pipe Creek, Rich- land, Union and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Peru, Amboy, Bunker Hill, Converse, Macy, North Grove, Ridgeview and South Peru. Peru is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Miami county was $7,665,740, value of improvements was $2,915,900 and the total net value of taxables was $17,444,250. There were 3,649 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 351 miles of improved roads in Miami county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $496,339.88. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 102.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Miami county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago & Erie ; C, I. & E. by the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Indi- anapolis and Michigan City division of the L. E. & W. ; Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. ; the Butler branch of the Vandalia, and the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company, Union Traction Company of Indiana and the Winona Interurban Railway Company operate 45.75 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of E. B. Wetherow, county superintendent of Miami county, there were 107 schoolhouses, including eight high schools, in the county in 1914, em- ploying 215 teachers. The average daily attend- ance by pupils was 4,920. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $115,122.47. Esti- mated value of school property in the county was $519,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $109,695. Agriculture. — There were in Miami county in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 229,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 97.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, showing 86.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $78.46. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,- 000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $614,- 000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 54,000, valued at $329,000; sheep 15,000, valued at $67,000. The total value of poultry was $98,- 000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were thirty-one industries in Peru, furnishing employment to 692 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $1,654,050. Value of products, $1,097,156; value added by manufacture, $614,707.. MONROE COUNTY BLOOMINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE MONROE COUNTY, the center of popu- lation of the United States, is located near the center of the southern half of the State, and is bounded on the north by Morgan and a part of Owen, on the east by Brown and Jack- son, on the south by Lawrence and on the west by Greene and Owen counties, and contains 450 square miles. It excels not only in the quarrying of limestone for building and ornamental pur- poses but also in preparing it for the market. This stone is shipped all over the United States and Canada, and aside from Lawrence county, Monroe has no competitors in the amount of quarry products. This county excels in its public schools, and Indiana University, which is located in Bloom- ington, is doing a work second to no other in the middle west. Organization. — Monroe county, named in honor of James Monroe, the fifth President of 2i 370 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the United States, was organized April 10, 1818, when it began its official existence. Bloomington has been the county seat since its organization. Indiana University, the head of the common school system of the State, was established at Bloomington in 1820. This act was taken in ac- cordance with a provision of the first Constitu- tion of the State, which provided for a general system of education ascending in regular grada- tion from the township school to the University. The first building was erected in 1824, and its doors were opened for the reception of students that year when ten boys entered. The attendance from 1824 to 1884 varied from ten to 194. It was not until 1886 that the attendance exceeded 200. In 1885 the elective course was established and from that date the attendance rapidly in- creased. The attendance for 1915 was 2,644. Almost six thousand degrees have been con- ferred by the University. The school was made co-educational in 1867. For many years the number of men and women has remained relatively constant at a ratio of two to one. For many years every county in the State has been represented, and a large number of students from other states and foreign coun- tries are in attendance annually. The University consists of the College of Liberal Arts, the School of Education, the School of Law, the School of Medicine, the Graduate School and the Extension Division. In the com- bined faculties there are more than 200 members. There are ten large buildings on the campus at Bloomington, nearly all of which are of native stone. The campus consists of 125 acres, and is recognized as one of the most beautiful in the United States. The buildings and campus are valued at one million dollars. The President of the University is William Lowe Bryan. Population of Monroe county in 1890 was 17,673 ; in 1900 was 20,873, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 23,426, of which 273 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,556 families in the county and 5,373 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Monroe county : Bean Blos- som, Benton, Bloomington, Clear Creek, Indian Creek, Marion, Perry, Polk, Richland, Salt Creek, Van Buren and Washington. The incor- porated cities and towns are Bloomington, Elletts- ville, Perry City and Stinesville. Bloomington is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Monroe count) was $3,967,760, value of improvements was $3,157,060 and the total net value of taxables was $11,016,332. There were 3.675 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 328 miles of improved roads in Monroe county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $267,721.19. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 69.57 miles of steam railroad operated in Monroe county by the Bloomington Southern ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville, and the Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central. Educational. — According to the report of Will- iam H. Jones, county superintendent of Monroe county, there were 110 schoolhouses, including four high schools, in Monroe county in 1914, em- ploying 191 teachers. The average daily attend- ance by pupils was 4,774. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $94,483.27. The esti- mated value of school property in the county was $471,845, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $140,000. Agriculture. — There were in Monroe county in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 228,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 103.9 acres. The value of all farm property was over $7,800,000. showing 52.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $22.02. The total value of domestic animals was $974,000: Number of cattle 10.000, valued at $257,000; horses 5,800, valued at $506,000; hogs 13.000, valued at $91,000 ; sheep 9,000, valued at $31,000. The total value of poultry was $55,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were thirty industrial establishments, furnishing em- ployment to over 1,200 persons, principally em- ployed in the production of stone in its various forms. There is one large furniture factory in Bloomington which employs nearly 400 persons. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 37] MONTGOMERY COUNTY C KAWFORDSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE MONTGOMERY COUNTY lies in the richest agricultural section of the State, less than forty miles northwest from the State capital, and contains 504 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Tippecanoe, on the east b) Clinton, Boone and Hendricks, on the south by Putnam and Parke and on the west by Foun- tain and Parke counties. Aside from being a great agricultural and stock raising center, the county has an inexhaustible supply of shale, which is manufactured into paving and fancy building brick. Perhaps no county in the Union is more favor- ably known in the field of education than Mont- gomery county. It was the home of Caleb Mills, the founder of the great public school system of the State. It is also the home of the late General Lew Wallace and Maurice Thompson, whose homes were in Crawfordsville, which is the site of Wabash College. Organization. — Montgomery county, named in honor of General Richard Montgomery, began its official existence March 1, 1823. Crawfords- ville has been the county seat since its organi- zation. Wabash College. — This institution owes its origin to a few friends of sound learning who were the first settlers of the upper Wabash val- When it was founded there were but two colleges in the State, and both in the southern part. Educated men themselves — among them graduates of Dartmouth in the east and Miami in the west — the founders felt the necessity of bringing the college to the doors of the sons of pioneers here who could not afford the expense of seeking the older and more distant institu- tions. So it was that in the fall of 1832 a meeting was held in Crawfordsville, at which "it was re- solved unanimously that such an institution be established, at first a classical and English high school, rising into a college as soon as the wants of the country demand." Trustees were chosen, a frame building was erected — which still stands — and in December, 1833, the first classes were formed under the direction of the Reverend Caleb Mills, a graduate of Dartmouth and An- dover Theological Seminary, lie was known as the father of the "Public School System of In- diana." It was first chartered as "Wabash Manual Labor College and Teachers' Seminary," and in 1838 it conferred the degree of A. B. on two men, and since that time has turned out its quota of full-fledged graduates annually, with the ex- ception of one year, 1841. The manual labor fea- ture seems never to have been carried out fully, perhaps for want of suitable equipment. Very soon Wabash was offering the regular curricu- lum, which was the standard among colleges. Many of the professors have served long terms, John Lyle Campbell having been a mem- ber of the faculty fifty-five years, from 1849 to 1904. Wabash is one of the few western colleges which does not admit women, and its list of graduates numbers more than 1,200, which is only a small fraction of those who have studied here one, two or three years. Among its alumni are Vice-President Marshall and Judge Ander- son, and among those no longer living were Judge William Allen Woods, John A. Finch, John Ma) - nard Butler and General John Coburn. Among its nongraduates were General Lew Wallace, E. R. S. Canby and Bayless W. I [anna. From the first Wabash has been a Christian college without being under the control of any denomination. George 1.. .Mackintosh, an alum- nus of the college, is the president. Population of Montgomery county in 1890 was 28,025: in 1900 was 29,388, and according to United States Census of 1910 was _ >:, .-"'< which 333 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,685 families in the county and 7.445 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Montgomery count) : Bro Clark, Coal Creek, Franklin, Madison, Ripley. Scott, Sugar Creek, Union, Walnut and Wayne. The incorporated cities and town-, arc Craw- 372 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA fordsville, Alamo, Darlington, Ladoga, Linden, Newmarket, New Richmond, New Ross, Wave- land, Waynetown and Wingate. Craw fordsville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the animal report of the Auditor of Slate from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Montgomery county \va> $13,363,660, value of improvements was $4,753,145 and the total net value of taxa- ble was $28,090,155. There were 4.969 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 520 miles of improved roads in Montgomery county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $793,857. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There arc 119.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Mont- gomery county by the Central Indiana Railway Company ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Western division of the Peoria & Eastern ; To- ledo, St. Louis & Western, and the Michigan division of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- pany operates 24.63 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Karl C. James, county superintendent of Mont- gomery county, there were fifty schoolhouses, including thirteen high schools, in Montgomery county in 1914, employing 193 teachers. The average daily attendance 1>\ pupils was 3,880. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $132,771.55. Estimated value of school property in the county was $833,900, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $362,991.94. Agriculture. — There were in Montgomery county in 1910 over 2,800 farms, embraced in 307,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 109.6 acres. The value of all farm property was over $34,000,000, showing 92.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $87.45. The total value of domestic animals was $2,800,000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $596,000; horses 13.000. valued at $1,300,000; Wabash College and Campus, Craw fordsville. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 373 hogs 100,000, valued at $621,000; sheep 30,000, valued at $139,000. The total value of poultry was $119,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 then' were twenty-five industrial establishments, furnishing employment to 700 persons. Its largest industry is engaged in making wire, nails and tanks. MORGAN COUNTY MARTINSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE MORGAN COUNTY, which lies directly southeast and adjoining Marion county, is bounded on the north by Hendricks and Ma- rion, on the east by Johnson, on the south by Brown and Monroe and on the west by Owen and Putnam counties. It contains 453 square miles and is in the valley of the west fork of White river. Morgan county is an agricultural, rich, fertile body of highly cultivated soil. The only natural resources are fine sandstone and hard brick shale that is being manufactured into hard paving brick, and its wonderful hardwoods — oak, yellow poplar and black walnut timber — and the sugar camps so common to the early settlers of Indiana. After the discovery of nat- ural gas in eastern Indiana, the citizens of .Mar- tinsville, now- familiarly known as the "Artesian City" of medicated waters, bored a well 700 feet deep, which produced a flowing well. This has been followed by many others, and several sana- toriums have been erected, where thousands of afflicted people come to partake of the wati i and get relief for their ailments. Organization. — Morgan county, which was named in honor of General Daniel Morgan, began its official existence Februarv 15, 1822, and Mar- Pioneer Well on a Farm m Morgan County. This type of well is rapidly di 374 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA tinsville has been its county seat since the day of its organization. Population of Morgan county in 1890 was 18,643 ; in 1900 was 20,457, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 21,182, of which 178 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,320 families in the county and 5,216 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Morgan county : Adams, Ashland, Baker, Brown, Clay, Green, Gregg, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Ray and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Martinsville, Brooklyn, Moores- ville, Morgantown and Paragon. Martinsville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Morgan county was $6,765,700, value of improvements was $2,599,690 and the total net value of taxables was $13,378,020. There were 3,374 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 278 miles of improved roads in Morgan county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $370,723.90. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 42.71 miles of steam railroad operated in Morgan county by the Fairland, Franklin & Martinsville ; Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and the Yincennes division of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Trac- tion Company operates 16.30 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of William D. Curtis, county superintendent of public instruction, there were ninety-seven school- houses, including seven high schools, in Morgan county in 1914, employing 183 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,796. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $92,014.08. Estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $347,500, and total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, $99,031.10. Grassy Fork Farm, Morgan County, Largest Goldfish Hatchery in United States. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 375 Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were seventeen industrial establishments in Martins- ville, furnishing employment to nearly 400 per- sons. The largest industries are engaged in the manufacture of rustic chairs and furniture, coop- erage, wooden ware, and building and paving brick. Agriculture. — There were in Morgan county in 1910 over 2.700 farms, embraced in 240,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 87.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $17,000,000, showing 96.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $53.47. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,- 000 : Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $432,000 ; horses 9,200, valued at $876,000; hogs 32,000. valued at $229,000; sheep 11,000, valued at $46,000. The total value of poultry was ap- proximately $85,000. NEWTON COUNTY KENTLAND, SEAT OF JUSTICE NEWT< >N COUNTY, located in the north- western part of the State, is bounded on the north by Lake county, the Kankakee river being the dividing line between the two coun- ties ; on the east by,Jasper, on the south by Ben- ton and on the west by the State of Illinois. It contains a little over 400 square miles, and the south half of the county is a rolling prairie, with skirts of timber along the banks of the streams. It is very fertile, producing as fine crops of wheat, corn, oats and hay as are raised in the State. In recent years there has been a great production of small fruits, vegetables and melons, and the indications are that this county will be- come the "truck-patch" for Chicago and the northern part of Indiana. Three miles east of Kentland, along the right of way of the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company, is a quarry said to be the finest road-building limestone in the State ; the foundation of the quarry being peculiar, as it stands mi edge instead of lying flat, evidently caused from some volcanic upheaval. The stone is verv hard and flintlike, and when crushed and placed on the roadway becomes almost as solid as cement. Here also is located the celebrated I Irchafd Lake stock farm, home of the greatest herd of Hereford cattle in the world, the head of which is "Perfection Fairfax," the bull that was given the title, "King of Hereford Sires." Organization. — Newton county, the last county organized in the State of Indiana, began its official existence December 9, 1859. It was first organized by the act of 1838 and later joined to Jasper county and continued as a part of that county for twenty years, until December 8, 1859, when the commissioners of Jasper county made the final border defining the boundaries of the new county. Kent, a town two miles from the southern line of the county, was made the county seat. From that period there were many efforts made to relocate the county seat until the election held June 19, 1900, when Kentland was made the permanent county seat. Population of Newton county in 1890 was 8,803; in 1900 was 10,448, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 10,504, of which 597 were of white foreign birth. There were 2,516 families in the county and 2.490 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Newton county: Beaver, Col- tax. Grant, Iroquois, Jackson. Jefferson, hake. _ -v. ■ • ! -?■? * ' *, Orchard Lake Farm. Newton County. Home of the Greatest Herd of Hereford Cattle in the World. 376 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Lincoln, McClellan and Washington. The in- corporated cities and towns are Brook, Goodland, Kentland, Morocco and Mt. Ayr. Kentland is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Newton county was $7,715,410, value of improvements was $1,601,170 and the total net value of taxable^ was $13,758,800. There were 1,658 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 300 miles of improved roads in Newton county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $412,071.90. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 96 miles of steam railroad operated in Newton county by the Brazil and LaCrosse divisions of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Chicago, Indian- apolis & Louisville ; Danville and Kankakee divi- sions of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern; Cin- cinnati, Lafayette & Chicago, and the Effner branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Win. O. Schanlaub, county superintendent of Newton county, there were sixty schoolhouses, including five high schools, in Newton county in 1914, employing 105 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,162. The aggre- gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $55,- 421.37. The estimated value of school property in the county was $151,500, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $28,846. St. Joseph's Parochial School is located in Kent- land. Agriculture. — There were in Newton county in 1910 over 1,000 farms, embraced in 231,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 231.5 acres. The value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, showing 94.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $87.21. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $420,- 000; horses 7,100, valued at $844,000; hogs 17,000, valued at $149,000; sheep 5,300, valued at $25,000. The total value of poultry was $50,000. View of Orchard Lake Stock Farm, Newton County. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 177 NOBLE COUNTY ALBION, SEAT OF JUSTICE N( IBLE O il'NTY is located in the north- eastern part of the State and is separated from the State of Michigan on the north by the county of Lagrange, and is bounded on the east by Dekalb, on the south by Allen and Whitley and on the west by Kosciusko and Elkhart coun- ties. It contains 420 square miles, the surface of which is marked by twenty-three lakes, rally- ing in area from eleven acres to 1.100 acres, be- sides numerous small lakes. Those of the north- eastern part of the county flow into the Elkhart river, while the drainage of the lakes of the In the early history of Indiana there was a fa- mous band of horse thieves and counterfeiters who had headquarters in this county. They were called "Blacklegs." This gang was notorious all over the United States, and every township was infested with them, lint the safest place was in the northeastern part around Rome City at a spot called "The Tamarock." Here is where they made their bogus money. In 1852 the State Legislature enacted a law authorizing the forma- tion of companies of "Regulators" to put a stop to their operation. Several companies were A Xohle County Jewel. southwestern half of the county is into the Tip- pecanoe river. With the exception of the arti- ficial lake at Rome City, known as Sylvan lake, there are no important summer resorts in the county. Organization. — Noble county was first in- cluded in Randolph county, next in Allen county, then in Lagrange county and finally in 1836 X «il ile county was organized as it stands to-day, except for a strip two miles wide, which was joined to Whitley. The county seat was first lo- cated in Sparta township on the old Fort Wayne and Goshen trail. Next, came Augusta, near Albion. In 1844 it was located at Fort Mitchell, and some buildings were constructed. In 1846, by a vote of the people, it was changed to "The Center," which was afterward called Albion, where it has since remained. The county was named after Noah Noble, Governor of Indiana from 1831 to 1837, Woodland Beach, Noble County. formed in Noble count\ who soon overthrew the "Blacklegs." Many evidences of Mound Builders are found all over the county. The Indian tribes here were the Miamis and Pottawatomies, and their vil- lages were in the county as late as 1848. Population of Noble county in 1890 was 23,359; in 1900 was 23,533, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 24,009, of which 942 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,201 families in the county and 6,090 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Noble count) : Ubion, Al- len, Elkhart, Green, Jefferson, Noble, < trange, Perry, Sparta. Swan, Washington, Wayne and York. The incorporated cities and towns are Kendallville, Ligonier, Ubion, \\illa. Cromwell, \\ olcottville, Albion is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 378 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Noble county was $7,501,505, value of improvements was $3,306,- 455 and the total net value of taxables was $19,460,245. There were 3,701 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were no improved roads in Noble county in 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $12,000. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 77.50 miles of steam railroad operated in Noble county by the B. & O. & Chicago; Grand Rapids & Indiana ; Lake Shore & Michigan Southern ; Montpelier <& Chicago, by the Wabash and the Butler branch of the Vandalia railroads. The Fort Wayne & Northwestern Railroad Company operates 8.12 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of C. V. Kilgore, county superintendent of Noble county, there were eighty-seven schoolhouses, in- cluding nine high schools, in Noble county in 1914, employing 176 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,023. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $97,828.07. The estimated value of school property in the county was $378,750, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $96,866. In parochial schools there were 208 pupils enrolled, under control of Catholic, German Lutheran and Adventist denominations. Agriculture. — There were in Noble count}- in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 266,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 93 acres. The value of all farm property was over $22,000,000, showing 80.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $59.79. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,- 000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $620,- 000; horses 9,800, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 45,000, valued at $313,000; sheep 41,000, valued at $175,000. The total value of poultry was $104,000. OHIO COUNTY RISING SUN, SEAT OF JUSTICE OHIO COUNTY is situated in the south- eastern corner of the State and is bounded on the north by Dearborn, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the south by Switzerland and on the west by Switzerland and Ripley counties. It is the smallest county in the State, containing but ninety square miles. The surface is very broken and marked by several ranges of rugged hills and the soil is very fertile. The Ohio river flows along the southern border of the county. There are no railroads in the county and all products are shipped and brought by boats which ply the Ohio from Cincinnati, I.awrenceburg and Louisville and other neighboring cities. Organization. — Ohio county was organized by a legislative act January 15, 1844. and its origin was undoubtedly due to the county seat contest in Dearborn county. The question arising as to the constitutionality of its organization has been waived to meet the convenience of the public. Rising Sun has been the county seat since the organization. Automobile bus and mail lines have been established between Rising Sun and Aurora, which is ten miles distant. Population of Ohio county in 1890 was 4,955 : in 1900 was 4,724, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 4,329, of which 119 were of white foreign birth. There were 1,127 families in the county and 1,109 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are four townships in Ohio county : Cass, Pike, Ran- dolph and Union. Rising Sun is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Ohio county was $907,580, value of improvements was $500,195, and the total net value of taxables was $2,026,- 090. There were 690 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were forty-two miles of improved roads in Ohio county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $20,141.25. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 379 Educational. — According to the report of Charles H. French, county superintendent of Ohio county, there were twenty-three school- houses, including one high school, in Ohio county in 1914, employing thirty-four teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 602. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $13,949.55. The estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $29,200, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds. $5,400. Agriculture. — There were in ( thio county in 1910 over 652 farms, embraced in 54,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 81 acres. The value of all farm property was over $2,500,000, showing 39.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $29.95. The total value of domestic animals was over $292,000: Number of cattle 3,200, valued at $78,000; horses 1,500, valued at $145,000; hogs 2,600, valued at $22,000; sheep 4,300, valued at $18,000. The total value of poultry was 820,000. ORANGE COUNTY PAOLI, SEAT OF JUSTICE ORANGE COUNTY, which is located in the center of the southern part of the State, is bounded on the north by Lawrence, on the east by Washington and a very small section of Crawford, on the south by Crawford and on the west by Dubois and Martin counties, and is about twenty miles north of the Ohio river. The country is of a very rugged nature and the sur- face broken with hills, a condition that makes it unsuitable for farming. Fruit growing, dairying and stock raising is receiving marked attention, and in recent years has made considerable prog- ress. The great resources of Orange county are its mineral waters that have made it world famous, and the magnificent establishments, the most noted of which are the French Lick hotel at French Lick Springs, and the West Baden hotel, at West Baden, besides many others more or less notable. Countless thousands from all over the French Lick Hotel, Orange County. 380 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 3x^1 '* l "■'•^sfti'c'A . • > £1 '^v p II Hi: IfXiHMHBiSMH Tlie Famous Pluto Spring, French Lick. world have visited these institutions, enjoyed their hospitality, departing with health and vigor restored and converts to the charms of this ideal spot. Nature has given a touch of the mystic to this region, with its underground cav- erns and channels, about which have been woven many stories. Here is the wonderful Lost river, with its curious blind fish, that ripples along, only to be swallowed up, disappearing into the earth to rise again some miles away. Organization. — Orange county was named by the early settlers who came from North Carolina after the county by that name from which they hailed. Its formal organization became effective February 1, 1816, and Paoli has been the seat of justice from its beginning. Population of Orange county in 1890 was 14,678; in 1900 was 16,854, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 17,192, of which seventy were of white foreign birth. There were 4,011 families in the county and 3,924 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Orange county : French Lick, Greenfield, Jackson, North East, North West, Orangeville, Orleans, Paoli, South East and Stampers' Creek. The incorporated cities and towns are French Lick, Orleans, Paoli and West Baden. Paoli is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Orange county was $2,846,780, value of improvements was $1,711,645 and the total net value of taxables was $6,557,520. There were 2,737 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 300 miles of improved roads in Orange county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $190,125. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 34.16 miles of steam railroad operated in Orange county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Orleans, West Baden and French Lick branch of the C, I. & L. ; and the Jasper and French Lick branch of the Southern Railroad Company. The French Lick & West Baden Street Railway Com- pany operates 1.90 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Claude E. Cogswell, county superintendent of Orange county, there were ninety-two school- houses, including four high schools, in Orange county in 1914, employing 139 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,426. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $61,764.28. The estimated value of school property in the county was $148,100, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $55,903.81. The schools of Orleans town- ship are consolidated with those of the town, making a joint school between the two corpora- tions. In no other townships are the schools combined. Agriculture. — There were in Orange county in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 260,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 100.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $7,400,000, showing 79.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $19.87. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,- 000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $249,000 ; horses 5,600, valued at $502,000 ; hogs 16,000, valued at $108,000; sheep 12,000. valued at $54,000. The total value of poultry was $69,000. to Grq C in - r o O o c - 382 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA OWEN COUNTY SPENCER, SEAT OF JUSTICE OWEN COUNTY.— One hundred years ago that part of the White river valley in which Owen county is located was an unbroken wilderness, but even in that time the county was noted far and wide among the Indians for its beauty and its healthy climate. To-day there are yet to be seen through the magnificent forests frequent signs that show where "Sweet Owen" now is, which was then a favorite camping place for the Indians. There is also much in evidence that this locality was formerly inhabited by pre- historic peoples, as their mounds and burial places testify. It is certain that in latter times the Delaware, Eel River, Miami and Pottawato- mie Indians swarmed the hills and valleys. Owen county is located in the northern edge of southern Indiana. It is bounded on the north by Putnam and a small section of Morgan, on the east by Morgan and Monroe, on the south by Greene and on the west by Clay counties. It contains 396 square miles, rich in natural re- sources and blessed with ideal conditions, well balanced between hill land and rich creek and river bottoms. The soil is diversified and very productive, and is unsurpassed for tobacco rais- ing. This county is best known, however, for its stone and coal output. At Romona is found the famous Bedford oolitic limestone, used ex- tensively in the construction of Government buildings and sold throughout America. Owen county's coal has been pronounced by the State Geologist as Indiana's best coal. It exceeds any other bituminous coal in heat units and shows only 15 per cent. ash. The county is beginning to be recognized as a splendid fruit growing lo- cality. Organization.— Owen county was named after Colonel Abraham Owen, who was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe while serving as volunteer aid to General Harrison. It was organized Jan- uary 1, 1819. The first county seat of Owen was located about a half mile up the river from the White River at Gosport, Owen County. — Photo by Wm. M. Herschell. %■. M Upper Falls on Eel River, Owen County. — Photo by W in. M. Herschell. Cataract Falls on Eel River, Owen County. — Photo by Wm. 1. Hoffmann. 384 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA present town of Spencer on 150 acres that were donated by John Dunn. The place was called Lancaster. On account of a defect in the title to the land, commissioners were appointed to change the location, and the present site was se- lected and Spencer became the county seat Feb- ruary 12, 1820. Eel river falls, which are lo- cated in tliis county, are among the most re- markable of nature's handiwork in the State. They are three-fourths of a mile apart. The upper fall is forty-five feet within a short dis- tance and the lower thirty-five feet perpendicular. Population of Owen county in 1890 was 15,040; in 1900 was 15,149, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 14,053, of which 136 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,476 families in the county and 3,320 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Owen county: Clay, Frank- lin, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Jennings, La- fayette, Marion, Montgomery, Morgan, Taylor, Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Gosport and Spencer. Spencer is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Owen county was $2,966,935, value of improvements was $1,136,- 070 and the total net value of taxables was $6,808,061. There were 2,099 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 240 miles of improved roads in Owen county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $165,659.08. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 63.96 miles of steam railroad operated in Owen county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Indianapolis and Louisville branch of the C, I. & L. ; Evansville & Indianapolis, and the Vin- cennes division of the Vandalia railroads. Educational. — According to the report of W. H. Stone, county superintendent, there were ninety-one schoolhouses, including six high schools, in Owen county in 1914, employing 130 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,645. The aggregate amount paid in sal- aries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $50,768.16. Estimated value of school property in the county was $147,550, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $50,410. Agriculture. — There were in Owen county in 1910 over 1,900 farms, embraced in 251,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 116.6 acres. The value of all farm property was over $9,000,000, showing 62.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $26.57. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,- 000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $275,000; horses 5,800, valued at $520,000; hogs 15,000, valued at $106,000; sheep 15,000, valued at $58,000. The total value of poultry was $57,000. PARKE COUNTY ROCKVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE PARKE COUNTY is located in the central part of the tier of counties on the Wabash river in the western part of the State. It is bounded on the north by Fountain, on the east by Montgomery and Putnam, on the south by < lay and Vigo and on the west by Vermilion counties. It contains about 440 square miles. It is an agricultural county, that being the principal resource. Coal mining is carried on to some ex- tent and, according to the State Mine Inspector's report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were five mines in operation under his jurisdiction that produced 339,682 tons of coal. Parke county has become familiar to thou- sands of lovers of natural beauty by Blooming- dale Glens and Turkey Run. An effort has been made to preserve this region for the future as a State park. Hospital for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. — By an act approved March 8, 1907, the General Assembly authorized the establishment of a hos- pital for the treatment of incipient pulmonary Scenes in Turkey Run, Parke County, Indiana. •2.-. 386 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA tuberculosis. The commission created by the act selected a site, containing 504 acres, three miles east of Rockville and purchased it in Sep- tember, 1908. Organization. — Parke county, named in honor of Benjamin Parke, the first member of Congress for the Territory, and afterward a territorial and then district judge, was organized January 9, 1821. The first county seats were located tem- porarily at Roseville and Armiesburg. In 1823 the locating commissioners named Rockville as the permanent seat of justice. No county build- ings were erected until 1826, when a log court- house was built, which served the dual purpose of a temple of justice and a house of worship. Rockville has become famous as the home of Mrs. Juliet V. Strauss, familiarly known as "The Country Contributor," one of Indiana's most pro- lific writers. Population of Parke county in 1890 was 20,296; in 1900 was 23,000, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 22,214, of which 856 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,414 families in the county and 5,349 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Parke county : Adams, Florida, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Liberty, Penn, Raccoon, Reserve, Sugar Creek, Union, Wabash and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Bloomingdale, Diamond, Judson, Marshall, Montezuma, Rockville and Rosedale. The county seat of Parke county is situated at Rockville. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Parke county was $6,782,720, value of improvements was $2,214,- 725 and the total net value of taxables was $14,815,715. There were 3,333 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 710 miles of improved roads in Parke county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $416,549.98. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 91.45 miles of steam railroad operated in Parke county by the Central Indiana Railway, Brazil and Terre Haute divisions of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Springfield division of the C, I. & W. ; St. Louis division of the Big Four ; To- ledo, St. Louis & Western, and the Michigan di- vision of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- pany operates 4.16 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Homer J. Skeeters, county superintendent of Parke county, there were 104 schoolhouses, in- cluding eight high schools, in Parke county in 1914, employing 170 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,707. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $77,001.75. The estimated value of school property in the county was $251,500, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $65,275. Friends' Bloomingdale Academy at Blooming- dale offers a high school course of commissioned high school grade. In addition to the academic work strong courses in manual training, domestic science and agriculture are offered. Agriculture. — There were in Parke county in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 256,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 104.7 acres. The value of all farm property was over $18,000,000, showing 87.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $51.27. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,800,000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $464,000; horses 9,100, valued at $890,000; hogs 43,000, valued at $297,000; sheep 18,000, valued at $89,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 387 PERRY COUNTY CANNELTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE PERRY COUNTY is situated on the Ohio river, just west of a central line dividing the State from north to south. It contains about 400 square miles and is bounded on the north by Dubois and Crawford counties, on the east and south by the Ohio river and on the west by Spencer and Dubois counties. It is in the coal belt and has an almost inexhaustible supply of coal which has not been extensively developed, excepting along the river. According to the State Mine Inspector's report for the fiscal year end- ing September 30, 1914, there was one mine in operation in Perry county, under his jurisdiction, which produced 3,250 tons of coal. Clay and sandstone are also found in paying quantities. The county is primarily an agricultural one, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The abundant and easily accessible veins of coal in Perry county early attracted the atten- tion of capitalists to this section. The Legisla- tures of the early thirties granted liberal charters, and many large enterprises, with several million dollars' capital, were launched, notable among which were the Indiana Cotton Mills and the American Cannel Coal Company. This lat- ter company purchased 7,000 acres of land and proceeded to lay out the town of Can- nelton on a site of 1,000 acres on a bend of the Ohio river. It became the home of the early "boomer," and some of the optimistic claims made at that time have a familiar ring to-day. Regarding one of the enterprises that was being exploited the following was published: "... The mill is to contain 2,000 spindles and make coarse ticking and flannel. . . . This enterprise is intended to be but the begin- ning of a movement which may result in giving the control of the price of cotton to the country where it is produced. It may, too, operate as a check to overproduction by giving planters other means of investment besides lands and slaves, and may result in changing the character of the present cotton manufacturing districts of the world, for the coal districts in this vicinity and the fertile and healthy regions around present opportunities for the increase of manufactures to an unlimited extent. The wealth of Indiana may be eventually concentrated in this part of the State, which was so long overlooked by the emigrants." And to this an early historian added : "The home market that will here be made for our agricultural products, and the cap- ital and population which will be attracted from abroad by this affluent combination of manufac- turing advantages, warrants the anticipation that Cannelton at no distant day will become a large and important manufacturing city." Thus Perry county holds the record for first bringing Indiana and its lavish opportunities before the world. Organization. — Perry county, which was named after Commodore Oliver PI. Perry, was the fourth county organized, in 1814, and the thirteenth and last county to be created before the Territory of Indiana applied to Congress for an enabling act. In November of the same year the commissioners chose a site on the Ohio river for the new county seat and gave it the classical name of Troy ; later it was moved to Washing- ton, which changed its name to Franklin, and in September, 1819, found the county seat moved to Rome. Here it remained until December 7, 1859, when it was moved to Cannelton, where a new court-house had been built and donated as an inducement to move by an enterprising coal com- pany that was interested in booming the town. Population of Perry county in 1890 was 18,240; in 1900 was \^,77». and according to United States Census of 1910 was 18.078, of which 753 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,919 families in the county and 3.814 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are seven townships in Terry county: Anderson, Clark, Leopold, Oil, Tobin, Troy ami Union. The incorporated cities and towns are Cannelton, Tell City and Troy. Cannelton is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Perry county was 388 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA $1,526,180, value of improvements was $1,379,- 010 and the total net value of taxables was $4,164,500. There were 2,608 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were fourteen miles of improved roads in Perry county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $66,500. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 8.41 miles of steam railroad operated in Perry county by the Southern Railway Company. Educational. — According to the annual report of Lee B. Mullen, county superintendent of Perry county, there were 109 schoolhouses. in- cluding seven high schools, in the county in 1914. employing 152 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 2.900. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $67,493.27. Estimated value of school property in the county was $139,683, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $22,104.93. Agriculture. — There were in Perry county in 1910 over 1,900 farms, embraced in 212,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 109.3 acres. The value of all farm property was over $5,100,- 000, showing 82.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $14.29. The total value of domestic animals was over $762,000: Number of cattle 7,300, valued at $139,000; horses 4,500, valued at $431,000; hogs 9,900. valued at $68,000; sheep 3,900, valued at $12,000. The total value of poultry was $41,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the Slate Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were eii;lil industrial establishments in Cannelton, fur- nishing employment to over 200 persons. The principal products are cotton sheeting and sewer pipe-. At Tell City there are sixteen industries, which employ over 500 persons. The principal products are furniture, desks and wood hames. PIKE COUNTY PETERSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE PIKE COUNTY is situated in the southwest- ern section of the State. It is bounded on the north by Knox and Daviess, on the east by Dubois, on the south by Warrick and on the west by < iibson counties. It contains 337 square miles, part of which is hilly, while the western part is rolling and contains much fine bottom land. Great interest is taken in farming and stock rais- ing, and this is said to be one of the largest live stock shipping points in Indiana. Pike county is rich in bituminous coal deposits, most of the land being underlaid with fine workable veins of from four tu nine feet in thickness. According to the State Mine Inspector's report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were thirteen mines in operation under his jurisdiction, from which 602,032 tons were produced. Organization. — Pike county which was named in honor of General Z. M. Pike, who fell at the capture of York April 27. 1813, was organized on February 1, 1817, with Petersburg as the county seat since its organization. Population of Pike county in 1890 was 18,544; in 1900 was 20,486, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 19,684, of which 164 were of white foreign birth. There were 4.522 families in the county and 4,468 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Pike county: Clay, Jefferson, Lockhart, Logan, Madison, Marion, Monroe, Pa- toka and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Petersburg and Winslow. Peters- burg is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Pike county was S.i, 578,320; value of improvements was $1,215,- 010, and the total net value of taxables was $7,347,910. There were 2,909 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were seventy-eight miles of improved roads in Pike county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $156,887.60. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 389 28.72 miles of steam railroad operated in Pike county by the Evansville & Indianapolis and the Southern Railway Company of Indiana. Agriculture. — There were in Pike county in 1910 over 2,400 farms embraced in 194,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 79.8 acres. The value of all farm property was over $9,700,000, showing 63.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $33.10. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,300,- 000 : Number of cattle 9,700, valued at $238,000 ; horses 7,500, valued at $696,000; hogs 26,000, valued at $167,000; sheep 9,400, valued at $35,- 000. The total value of poultry was about $73,000. Educational. — According to the report of Andrew Jewell, county superintendent of Pike county, there were ninety-seven schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in Pike county in 1914, employing 152 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 3,758. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $57,264.68. Estimated value of school property in the county was $159,300, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $39,270. Scene on the Patoka River. Rises in northern part of Orange county and flows west through Crawford, Dubois, Pike and Gibson counties, and empties into the Wabash River below the mouth of White River.— Photo by Mm. M. Herschell. 390 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA PORTER COUNTY VALPARAISO, SEAT OF JUSTICE PORTER COUNTY, located in the north- western part of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, is bounded on the east by La- porte, on the south by Jasper and on the west by Lake counties. It is divided into three sections ; the southern contains the great Kankakee marsh ; the central part, the Morainic hills, and the northern section the three beaches of old Lake Chicago and the present beach of Lake Michi- gan. It contains 575 square miles. For many years the Kankakee marsh was considered al- most worthless, but since it has been drained it forms one of the most valuable parts of the county, much of which has been given to the raising of hay. Hebron, a thriving town of 800, has the distinction of shipping more native hay than any other town in the world. The proximity of Chicago has encouraged dairy farming and the county ships daily over 10,000 gallons of milk. Valuable clay deposits are found in the county, the different kinds producing several of the best varieties of brick. The scenic beauty of the county is notable ; the two most attractive features being the group of Morainic-basin and kettle-hole lakes around Valparaiso, and the magnificent range of sand hills near Lake Michigan. Valparaiso University was founded Septem- ber 16, 1873, by Henry B. Brown. Two years alter the university was started, Oliver P. Kin- sey became associated with Mr. Brown, and to- gether they applied to their problem all of their knowledge on the subject. Valparaiso University' has an enrolment of more than 5,000 students, twenty-two departments, eleven school buildings, including three in Chicago for medical and dental work and a library containing over 12,000 works of reference. The classes are in session the entire year. Its largest department is the normal col- lege, which gives instruction to more than 1,100 students annually, and a large percentage of the students earn all or a part of their expenses at Valparaiso. The university has no secret socie- ties, nor does it compete with other institutions in the field of athletics. It is one of the largest universities in the United States in point of at- tendance and its students come from all over the United States and foreign countries. Organization. — Porter county, organized Feb- ruary 1, 1836, was named in honor of Commo- dore David Porter, of the United States Navy. The county seat has always been at Valparaiso, although the first plat dated July 7, 1836, bears the name of Portersville. The name of the county seat was changed to Valparaiso during the first year and it seems to have been done by the local authorities. Population of Porter county in 1890 was 18,052; in 1900 was 19,175, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,540, of which 2,939 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,544 families in the county and 4,396 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Porter county: Boone, Cen- ter, Jackson, Liberty, Morgan, Pine, Pleasant, Portage, Porter, Union, Washington and West- chester. The incorporated cities and towns are Valparaiso, Chesterton, Hebron and Porter. Valparaiso is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Porter county was $6,938,790; value of improvements was $2,841,160, and the total net value of taxables was $21,950,810. There were 2,516 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of improved roads in Porter county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $707,526.50. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 187.82 miles of steam railroad operated in Por- ter county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; C. & O. ; C. & E. ; LaCrosse branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Dune Park extension of the C, I. & S. ; Elgin, Joliet & Eastern ; Grand Trunk & Western ; L. S. & M. S. ; Michigan Cen- tral ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wabash ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pere Marquette ; CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 391 Valparaiso University, Porter County. Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago, and the In- diana Harbor Belt railroads. The Chicago, Lake Shore & South Bend and the Gary & Interurban Railroad Companies operate 42.50 miles of elec- tric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Fred H. Cole, county superintendent of Porter county, there were ninety-one schoolhouses, in- cluding seven high schools, in Porter county in 1914, employing 164 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,540. The ag- gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $102,388.42. Estimated value of school property in the county was $392,745, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $99,310.79. Agriculture. — There were in Porter county in 1910 over 1,900 farms embraced in 239,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 125 acres. The value of all farm property was over $19,000,000, showing 78.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $58.09. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,- 000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $664.- 000; horses 8,200, valued at $869,000; hogs 17,- 000, valued at $141,000; sheep 7,700, valued at $38,000. The total value of poultry was $68,000. POSEY COUNTY MOUNT VERNON, SEAT OF JUSTICE Pi ISEY C< »UNTY is located in the extreme southwestern corner or "pocket" of the State, is bounded on the north by Gibson county, on the east by Vanderburg, on the south by the Ohio river, the north bank of which separates it from the State of Kentucky, and on the west by the Wabash river, the dividing line between In- diana and Illinois. The county contains 420 square miles, and the surface is level or slightly rolling, with a few sand-clay hills, due to the ac- tion of the wind. The soils of the county are well adapted to the raising of grains and vege- tables of all kinds, including watermelons and muskmelons, for which the county has become noted. Within the borders of Posey county, fifty miles from the mouth of the Wabash, is the famous town of New Harmony, which was first settled in 1814, by Frederick Rapp and a Ger- man colony from western Pennsylvania. Here he cleared an immense farm of 17,000 acre-, planted fine orchards and vineyards and erected mills and manufactories, 200 neat and comfort- able houses in the town, among which were two churches, one of which was then much the largest in the State. In 1825, the celebrated Robert Owen purchased the town and a considerable part of the land for the purpose of making an experiment of his "social system," and Rapp and his company returned to Pennsylvania. Organization. — Posey county was organized November 1, 1814, and was the twelfth in order 392 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA of organization. It was named after Thomas Posey, the second and last Governor of Indiana Territory, who aided in the creation of the county. Posey county had three county seat changes within the first ten years of its history, and built a new court-house at each place. The first location was at Blackford, in the northeastern corner of .Mars township, the town being named after Judge Isaac Blackford, a famous lawyer in In- diana for more than forty years. In 1817, it was removed to Springfield, near the town of Har- monie, where Frederick Rapp and his colony of Rappites lived. Here it remained until, by the legislative act of February 12, 1825, it was re- moved to Mount Vernon, which has remained the county seat ever since. Population of Posey county in 1890 was 21,529; in 1900 was 22,333, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 21,670, of which 710 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,063 families in the county and 4,984 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Posey county : Bethel, Black. Center, Harmony, Lynn, Mars, Point. Robb, Robinson and Smith. The incorporated cities and towns are Mount Vernon, Cynthiana, Griffin, New Harmony and Posey ville. Mount Vernon is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Posey county was $8,501,580; value of improvements was $2,797,- 105, and the total net value of taxables was $15,705,991. There were 3,079 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 210 miles of improved roads in Posey county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $499,111.86. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 72.80 miles of steam railroad operated in Posey county by the Evansville, Mount Carmel & Northern branch of the Big Four ; Mount Ver- non branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Peoria division and the New Harmony branch of the Illinois Central, and the Louisville & Nash- ville railroads. The Evansville Railways Com- pany operates 11.69 miles of electric line in the count} - . Educational. — According to the report of Laboratory of Dr. David Dale Owen, New Harmony, Posev County. Library, Workingmen's Institute, New Harmony, Posey County. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 393 G. E. Behrens, county superintendent of Posey county, there were seventy-eight schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 164 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 3,381. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $90,431.67. Estimated value of school property in the county was $427,350, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $117,007.65. Agriculture. — There were in Posey county in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 238,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 112 acres. The value of all farm property was over $18,000,000, showing 56.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $58.65. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,400,000: Number of cattle 8,000, valued at $190,000; horses 6,500, valued at $619,000; hogs 27,000, valued at $123,000; sheep 4,600, valued at $20,000. The total value of poultry was $48,000. PULASKI COUNTY WINAMAC, SEAT OF JUSTICE PULASKI COUNTY is located in the north central part of Indiana. It is bounded on the north by Starke, on the east by Fulton, on the south by Cass and White and on the west by Jasper counties. It contains 432 square miles and is now considered among the best farming counties in the State. The soil is clay, sand. muck or loam, and corn is the principal product. Through it flows the Tippecanoe, one of the most beautiful rivers in Indiana. Organization. — Pulaski county began its of- ficial existence May 6, 1840, and was named after the celebrated Polish soldier, Count Pulaski, who. failing to sustain the independence of his own country, came to America during the Revolu- tionary war, was appointed a brigadier-general, and fell mortally wounded in the attack on Sa- vannah in 1779. Winamac was selected as the county seat May 6, 1839. The town was named in honor of Winamac of the Pottawatomies, who lived at this place. Population of Pulaski county in 1890 was 11,233; in 1900 was 14,033, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 13,312, of which 825 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,036 families in the county and 3,006 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Pulaski county : Beaver, Cass, Franklin, Harrison, Indian Creek, Jeffer- son, Monroe, Rich Grove, Salem, Tippecanoe, Van Buren and White Post. The incorporated cities and towns are Francesville, Medaryville, Monterey and Winamac. The county seat is Winamac. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Pulaski county was $4,314,610; value of improvements was $1,289,235, and the total net value of taxables was $9,601,490. There were 2,111 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 302 miles of improved roads in Pulaski county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $332,823.85. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 56.27 miles of steam railroad operated in Pu- laski county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Clu & Erie; Michigan City branch of the C, I. & L.. and the Logansport division of the I'.. C, C. & St. L. railroads. Educational. — According to the report ol Homer L. Rogers, county superintendent of Pulaski county, there were seventy-five school- houses, including seven high schools, in Pulaski county in 1914. employing 123 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was _' The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $53,657.14. The estimated value of school property in the county was $362,000, and the to- tal amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $93,100. 394 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Agriculture. — There were in Pulaski county in 1910 over 1,800 farms embraced in 258,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 136 acres. The value of all farm property was over $16,000,000, showing 105.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $47.97. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $424,- 000 ; horses 8,000, valued at $856,000 ; hogs 18,- 000, valued at $143,000; sheep 12,000, valued at $53,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. PUTNAM COUNTY GREENCASTLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE PUTNAM COUNTY, popularly known as the Blue Grass county of Indiana, comprises 486 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Montgomery, on the east by Hendricks and Mor- gan, on the south by Owen and Clay, and on the west by Parke counties. Its principal stream, Walnut creek, traverses the county in a south- westerly direction, and just before passing into Clay county is joined by Deer and Mill creeks and thus forms Eel river. The surface of the land in the northern half of the county is gen- erally level, but south of Greencastle it becomes undulating and, in some cases, hilly and precipi- tant. The soil is known as rich calcareous loam or clay, especially adapted to grain or grass, and to the profitable cultivation of fruits. In two other items, however, Putnam county is greatly in the lead of other counties — live stock and lime- stone rock. Its pre-eminence in the development of live stock dates from 1853, when the late Dr. Alexander C. Stevenson visited England and succeeded in bringing across the Atlantic from that country several head of pedigreed short- horn or Durham cattle, the first of the kind to reach this part of the country. From this modest beginning has sprung the many valuable strains of cattle for which the county has long been noted. The State Farm for Misdemeanants is lo- cated in Putnam county. It contains 1,600 acres. De Pauw University. — With the breaking of the ground in 1915 for the new $100,000 gym- nasium, "The Thomas Bowman Memorial," which followed a campaign placing the active endowment beyond $1,000,000, De Pauw Univer- sity, at Greencastle, has become one of the best equipped institutions in the Middle West. Ac- cording to an early record, the college was first conceived and advocated as early as 1832, but it was not until 1836, at the session of the Indiana Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, that it was finally determined upon. As the largest subscriptions were procured at Green- castle, this location was selected as the site for the college. The name of the university at the time of its founding was "Indiana Asbury University," which name it was given in honor of Francis As- bury, the great pioneer bishop. This name was changed to De Pauw University in 1884, in rec- ognition of liberal gifts from Washington T. De Pauw, of New Albany, Ind. Ten buildings scattered over a campus of twenty-five acres, in the heart of Greencastle, are given over to the work of De Pauw Univer- sity. The college library contains over 41,000 bound volumes and several thousand pamphlets. It numbers among its alumni Daniel W. Voor- hees, Albert G. Porter, John Clark Ridpath, Al- bert J. Beveridge and other distinguished men. Dr. George R. Grose is the president of the uni- versity. Organization. — Putnam county was organ- ized April 1, 1822, and was named in honor of General Israel Putnam of the war of the Revo- lution. Greencastle, the county seat of Putnam county, was so named at the suggestion of Ephraim Dukes, one of the donors of the land on which the county seat was established, after Greencastle, Pa., his native town. Population of Putnam county in 1890 was 22,335; in 1900 was 21,478, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,520, of which 201 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,317 families in the county and 5,199 dwellings. DePauw University (Formerly Asbury), Greencastle. 396 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Putnam county : Clinton, Cloverdale, Floyd, Franklin, Greencastle, Jack- son, Jefferson, Madison, Marion, Mill Creek, Monroe, Russell, Warren and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Greencastle, Bainbridge, Cloverdale, Roachdale and Russell- ville. Greencastle is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Putnam county was $7,660,835 ; value of improvements was $2,757,325, and the total net value of taxables was $17,283,771. There were 3,368 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 800 miles of improved roads in Putnam county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $646,126. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 89.42 miles of steam railroad operated in Putnam county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louis- ville ; Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western ; St. Louis division of the Big Four, and the St. Louis division of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- pany operates 20.33 miles of electric lines in the county. Educational. — According to the report of L. G. Wright, county superintendent of Putnam county, there were 104 schoolhouses, including eighteen high schools, in Putnam county in 1914, employing 183 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 3,506. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $73,144.02. The estimated value of school property in the county was $255,219, and the total amount of in- debtedness, including bonds, was $50,299. Agriculture. — There were in Putnam county in 1910 over 2,900 farms embraced in 292,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 98.7 acres. The value of all farm property was over $20,000,000, showing 71.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $49.41. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,- 000 : Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $581,- 000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 58,000, valued at $393,000; sheep 25,000, valued at $116,000. The total value of poultry was $114,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1915, there were eleven industrial establishments in Greencastle which employ nearly 200 persons. The leading industries are engaged in the production of lum- ber and veneer, kitchen cabinets and lightning rods. RANDOLPH COUNTY WINCHESTER, SEAT OF JUSTICE RANDOLPH COUNTY is situated in the east central part of the State and is marked by the highest altitude in Indiana. The highest of surveyed points is on the Springfield division of the Big Four, about four miles west of Lynn and is 1,285 feet above sea level. It is quite probable that the highest point in the State is north and east of this point about three miles at the head of the west fork of White river. The entire county is a level plateau, there being no hills of any consequence whatever. The natural resources of Randolph county consist of gas, oil and stone. The gas and oil are about ex- hausted, but the limestone is being used more than ever. The quarry and crusher are at Bridge- ville and are among the largest in the State. Ran- dolph county contains 450 square miles and is bounded on the north by Jay, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the south by Union and Fay- ette, and on the west by Henry and a small sec- tion of Fayette county. In or near this county are the head waters of the Big Miami, White Water, Blue river, White river, the Mississin- ewa, the Salamonie, Wabash and St. Mans, all of which run in different directions. Organization. — Randolph county is said to have been named at the request of the settlers after the county in North Carolina from which CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 397 they emigrated, though it is said also that the name was given in honor of Thomas Randolph, attorney-general of the territory, who was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. It was organized August 10, 1818, and Winchester has been the county seat since its organization. Population of Randolph county in 1890 was 28,085; in 1900 was 28,653, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 29,013, of which 555 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,354 families in the county and 7,260 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Randolph county : Frank- lin, Green, Greens Fork, Jackson, Monroe, Nettle Creek, Stony Creek, Ward, 'Washington, Wayne. \\ est River and White River. The incorporated cities and towns are Union City, Winchester, Easl Modoc, West Modoc, Farmland, Losant- ville. Lynn, Parker City. Ridgeville and Sara- toga. Winchester is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Randolph county was S10,442,230; value of improvements was 84,101,820, and the total net value of taxables was S23.267.290. There were 4,718 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 515 miles of improved roads in Randolph county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $621,221.16. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are ^/..^.^ miles of steam railroad operated in Ran- dolph county by the Chesapeake & Ohio; Cincin- nati, Richmond & Fort Wayne; Indianapolis di- vision of the Big Four; Eastern division of the 1 'cria & Eastern; Grand Rapids & Indiana, and tin Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Union Traction Company of Indiana operates 23.49 miles of electric line in the countw Educational. — According t<> the report of Lee L. Driver, county superintendent of Ran- dolph county, there were eighty-seven school- houses (twenty-four of which were not in use), including eighteen high schools, in Randolph county in 1914, employing 239 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 5,441. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $120,462.61. The estimated value of school property in the county was $598,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $229,077. Randolph county has twenty consolidated schools, fifteen of which are consolidated high schools, to which last year 2,144 pupils were transported, by ninety-one school wagons and interurban. Of the ninety-seven abandoned dis- trict schools of this county, twenty one have been abandoned because of lack of attendance, the re- maining seventy-six were abandoned upon peti- tion of the patrons. The high school attendance in township schools has increased in eight years from sixty-one to 601. The per cent, of eighth- year graduates to enter high school has increased in the same length of time from 21 per cent, to 50 per cent, before consolidation to 93 per cent. to 100 per cent, since consolidation, varying in the different corporations. Agriculture. — There were in Randolph county in 1910 over 3,200 farms embraced in 280,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 85.1 acres. The value of all farm property was over $29,000,000, showing 106.7 per cent, increase over 1,900. The average value of land per acre was $78.03. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,750,- 000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $636,- 000; horses 13.000. valued at $1,500,000; hogs 81,000, valued at $472,000; sheep 18,000, valued .it SS4,000. Total value of poultry $131,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were seventeen industrial establishments in Winches- ter, which furnish employment to over 6(H) per- sons. The largest industry is engaged in the manufacture of glass bottles and bottle pack 398 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA RIPLEY COUNTY VERSAILLES, SEAT OF JUSTICE RIPLEY COUNTY is in the southeastern part of Indiana, -and contains 440 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Decatur and Franklin, on the east by Dearborn and Ohio, on the south by Switzerland and Jefferson and on the west by Jennings counties. It is situated in the Ohio valley approximately fifteen miles from the Ohio river. A small tributary of the Ohio, the Laughrey, drains the greater part of the county. Its source is in the north central part and flows directly south of southeast, cutting a picturesque channel through a bed of limestone. Although, as one approaches the Ohio river, the surface is undulating, the contour in general is level. The top soil is of three types, that formed by giaciation, that formed by decaying limestone, and that formed by overflow of the streams. This, together with the temperate climate, is fa- vorable for the production of grains, grasses, fruits and vegetables. Many valuable and dense forests are still found in this section and poultry and dairy products are extensive. While farming is the leading industry, quarrying is a profitable one on account of the abundance of limestone. Organization. — Ripley county, which was named in honor of General E. W. Ripley, a dis- tinguished officer of the war of 1812, was organ- ized April 10, 1818. The first courts in Ripley county were held at Marion, as a county seat was not selected until April 27, 1818. The place se- lected was the present site of Versailles, now the county seat, on land donated by John Paul, of Jefferson county. The first lots were sold on September 21, 1818, and temporary provisions were made for holding the courts in the spring of 1819. A court-house was not built until 1821. Population of Ripley county in 1890 was 19,350; in 1900 was 19,881, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 19,452, of which 1,019 were of white foreign birth. There The Muscatatuck River. Rises in Ripley county and flows into White River near west lines of Washington and Jackson counties; one of its branches rises within two miles of the Ohio River, near Hanover. — Photograph by Wm. M. Herschell. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 399 were 4,796 families in the county and 4,701 dwellings. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Ripley county was $3,569,965 ; value of improvements was $1,902,175, and the total net value of taxables was $8,680,560. The county had 3,126 polls. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in Ripley county : Adams, Brown, Center, Delaware, Franklin, Jackson, Johnson, Laughrey, Otter Creek, Shelby and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Batesville, Milan, Osgood, Sunman, Ver- sailles. The county seat is Versailles. Improved Roads. — There were 283 miles of improved roads in Ripley county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $266,639. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 30.29 miles of steam railroad operated in Ripley county by the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chicago division of the Big Four rail- roads. Educational. — According to the report of Charles R. Hertenstein, county superintendent of Ripley county, there were 100 schoolhouses, including eight high schools, in Ripley county in 1914, employing 137 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,500. The aggre- gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $57,- 470.51. The estimated value of school property in the county was $187,660, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $33,744. Agriculture. — There were in Ripley county in 1910 over 3,000 farms embraced in 273,000 acres. Average acres per farm, ninety-one acres. The value of all farm property was over $12,- 000,000, showing 74.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $27.11. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $455,000; horses 8,300, valued at $825,000; hogs 19,000, valued at $134,000; sheep 6,200, valued at $24,000. The value of poultry, $118,000. RUSH COUNTY RUSHVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE RUSH COUNTY is situated in the second tier of counties east of Indianapolis and is bounded on the north by Hancock and Henry, on the east by Fayette and Franklin, on the south by Decatur and on the west by Shelby and Hancock counties. It contains 414 square miles of the most fertile land in the State. The county is given particularly to the most advanced type of farming and stock raising. A special feature for which the county is noted is the importing and breeding of Jersey cattle. Several large stock farms of national reputation are conducted here that are devoted to this particular industry. .Many fine orchards are in the county that have won prizes for their apples in America and Eu- rope. Hundreds of farmers are doing excellent work, adding to the fame of Rush county in the raising of all classes of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. Organization. — Rush county was organized by an act of the Legislature December 31, 1821, which became effective April 1, 1822. At the suggestion of Dr. Laughlin it was named in honor of Dr. Rush, as well as the town of Rush- ville, which has been the county seat since the organization. Population of Rush county in 1890 was 19,034; in 1900 was 20,148. and according to United States Census of 1910 was 19,349, of which 214 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,994 families in the county and 4,895 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Rush county : Anderson, Center, Jackson, Noble, < (range, Posey, Richland, Ripley, Rushville. Union, Walker and Washing- ton. The incorporated cities and towns are Rush- ville, Carthage and Glenwood. Rushville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 400 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Ford on Flat Rock. Rises in northeast corner of Henry County, flows through Rush, Decatur. Shelby and Bartholomew counties, and empties into east fork of White River. The Indian name is Puck-op-ka. — Photograph by Wm. M. Hcrschcll. total value of lands and lots in Rush county was $10,775,375 ; value of improvements was $3,346,- 285, and the total net value of taxables was $20,- 957,525. There were 3,377 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of improved roads in Rush county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $579,937.90. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 77.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Rush county by the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & West- ern ; Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan ; Big Four over Lake Erie & Western ; Fort Wayne, Cin- cinnati & Louisville; Indianapolis division and Cambridge City branch of the P., C, C. & St. L., and the Vernon, Greensburg & Rushville rail- roads. The Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Company operates 18.73 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Chester M. George, the county superintendent, there were fifty-seven schoolhouses, including nine high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- ing 146 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,059. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- cipals and teachers was $88,231.12. Estimated value of school property in the county was $561,- 500, and the total amount of indebtedness, includ- ing bonds, was $187,960. Agriculture. — There were in Rush county in 1910 over 2.100 farms embraced in 253,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 118.5 acres. The value of all farm property was over $31,000,000, showing 92.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $95.45. The total value of. domestic animals was over $2,700,- 000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $505,- 000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 122,000. valued at $782,000; sheep 15,000, valued at $65,000. The total value of poultry. $96,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were twenty-three industrial establishments in Rush- ville, furnishing employment to over 500 per- sons. The principal articles manufactured are furniture and lumber. SCOTT COUNTY SCOTTSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE SCOTT COUNTY, the fourth smallest county in the State, is located a little to the east of the central part of the southern section of Indiana. It contains about 200 square miles and is bounded on the north by Jackson and Jen- nings, on the east by Jefferson, on the south by Clark and on the west by Washington, Jackson and a small section of Clark counties. There are three distinct kinds of land in the county: hill, table and bottom land. Few counties contain more real good bottom land compared with its areas. Straightening, shortening and cleaning the streams have been resorted to in relieving the low lands of surplus rainfall, one of the most CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 401 notable improvements being the shortening of Stucker creek from fourteen to seven miles in length. Numerous good-sized streams afford ex- cellent drainage facilities, and the soil is admira- bly adapted to the cultivation of farm and garden products. The breeding and raising of horses and mules is carried on extensively. Organization. — Scott county, which was named in honor of General Charles Scott, a dis- tinguished officer of the army of the Revolution, then in the Indian wars and afterward Governor of Kentucky, was organized January 12, 1820. For more than fifty years the county seat was located at the town of Lexington. Several ap- peals were made to the Legislature to relocate the county seat and this was not done until the building of a railroad through the county in 1871 was accomplished. A new town was laid out on the railroad March 27, 1871, named Scottsburg, in honor of Thomas Scott, president of the Jef- fersonville, Madison & Indianapolis railroad, to which the seat of justice was removed after com- pletion of the new court-house. A statue of the late William H. English, who was born in Scott county, has been erected in the court-house yard. Population of Scott county in 1890 was 7.833 ; in 1900 was 8,307, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 8,323, of which fifty-three were of white foreign birth. There were 1,980 families in the county and 1,967 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are five townships in Scott county: Finley, Jennings, Johnson, Lexington and Vienna. Scottsburg is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract from the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Scott county was SI. 432, 700; value of improvements was $638,110, and the total net value of taxables was $3,626,- 590. There were 1,279 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 153 miles of improved roads in Scott county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing. SI 24,640.86. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 21.35 miles of steam railroad operated in Scott count}- by the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern ; Big Four, and the Louisville division of the P., 26 C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapolis & Louisville Traction Company operates 12.09 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of William S. Griffith, county superintendent of Scott county, there were forty-six schoolhouses, including three high schools, in Scott county in 1914, employing sixty-eight teachers. The aver- age daily attendance by pupils was 1,643. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $25,441.72. The estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $115,500, and the amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $33,289.46. Agriculture. — There were in Scott county in 1910 over 1,300 farms embraced in 111,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 85.3 acres. The value of all farm property was over $4,600,000, showing 97.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $26.90. The total value of domestic animals was over $572,- 000 : Number of cattle 3,800, valued at $97,000 ; horses 3,300, valued at $317,000; hogs 6,100, valued at $44,000 ; sheep 2,000, valued at $9,000. The total value of poultry was $39,000. Statue of Win. 11 English on Court-House Grounds, Scottsburg. 402 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA SHELBY COUNTY SHELBYVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE SHELBY COUNTY adjoins Marion county on the southeast and contains about 408 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Han- cock, on the east by Rush and Decatur, on the south by Bartholomew and a very small section of Decatur, and on the west by Marion and Johnson. The soil is very fertile and there is practically no waste land. The county is trav- ersed by small rivers and creeks, affording fine were 6,905 families in the county and 6,779 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fourteen townships in Shelby county : Addison, Brandywine, Hanover, Hendricks, Jackson, Lib- erty, Marion, Moral, Noble, Shelby, Sugar Creek, Union, Van Buren and Washington. The incor- porated cities and towns are Shelbyville and Morristown. Shelbyville is the county seat. 1 m 4K*I^ ; A . _•■ Wd^^ 'i jgggT-V ; - ^ • Ford on the Brandywine. The Brandywine rises in Hancock county, empties into Blue River in Shelby county. flows through and drainage, insuring bountiful crops of all farm products. Organization. — Shelby county, which was named in honor of Isaac Shelby, an officer of distinction in the Revolutionary war and in that of 1812, also Governor of Kentucky, was organ- ized April 1, 1822. It was formerly a part of Delaware county and was occupied by the Miami Indians, but vacated by them before the organi- zation of the county. Shelbyville was made the seat of justice at the organization. It is now one of the State's most important manufacturing centers, devoted largely to the manufacture of furniture. Population of Shelby county in 1890 was 25,454; in 1900 was 26,491, and according to United States Census in 1910 was 26.802, of which 401 were of white foreign birth. There Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Shelby county was $12,477,000; value of improvements was $3,833,930, and the total net value of taxables was $23,646,356. There were 4,993 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 332 miles of improved roads in Shelby county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $243,608.20. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 58.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Shelby county by the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & West- ern ; Chicago division of the Big Four ; Fairland, Franklin & Martinsville, and the Cambridge City CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 403 branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Company operates 32.13 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of William Everson, the county superintendent, there were ninety-three schoolhouses, including six high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- ing 201 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,655. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- cipals and teachers was $112,951.71. Estimated value of school property in the county was $524,- 300, and the total amount of indebtedness, includ- ing bonds, was $167,946. Agriculture. — There were in Shelby county in 1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 251,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 93.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $31,000,000, showing 91.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $98.81. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,- 000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $462,- 000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,250,000; hogs 49,000, valued at $306,000 ; sheep 10,000, valued at $46,000. The total value of poultry was $111,- 000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were twenty-two industrial establishments in Shelby- ville, which employ nearly 1,600 persons. Shelby- ville is one of the largest furniture manufactur- ing centers in Indiana. SPENCER COUNTY ROCKPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE SPENCER COUNTY, situated upon the Ohio river, reaches as far south as any other county in the State. It contains about 410 square miles, and leads all other counties in the State in the production of tobacco, and much corn is raised on the rich bottom lands along the river. In the northern part of the county are some rich beds of coal, one mine being in opera- tion in 1914 under the jurisdiction of the State mine inspector. Organization. — Spencer county, which was first settled by Kentuckians, was organized by an act of the Legislature, which became effective February 1. 1818. It was named in honor of Captain Spier Spencer, of Harrison county, who was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. Rockport has been the seat of justice since the organiza- tion of the county. Spencer county has the dis- tinction of having been the home of Abraham Lincoln, and the site of his father's log cabin is still pointed out by old settlers about Lincoln City. St. Meinrad's Abbey, Spencer county, Indi- ana, is the name of that flourishing branch of the great and venerable Benedictine Order, which some sixty years ago was transplanted from Eu- rope to America. The name which this institution of piety and learning bears is taken from the holy man and hermit. St. Meinrad, born in the year 797, a mem- Nancy Hanks Park and Monument, Lincoln City, Spencer County. 404 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA ber of the noble house of Hohenzollern (the same that to-day in the person of Emperor Will- iam II rules in Germany). For years he lived as a hermit a life of prayer and penance at a spot which to-day is the world-renowned place of pilgrimage in Switzerland — Maria Einsiedeln (Our Lady of the Hermits). There he died as a martyr in the year 861, being slain by two rob- bers, who falsely thought that the holy man had concealed in his hut rich gifts received from the pilgrims. Although aware of the impending dan- ger, he nevertheless extended to them the hospi- tality of his humble cell, thus falling a victim to his own charity. It was by this famous Abbey of Einsiedeln in Switzerland that the Abbey of St. Meinrad in Spencer County, Indiana, was founded. In 1852 the Rev. Joseph Kundeck, of Jasper, Ind., upon the urgent request of Bishop de Saint Palais, of Vincennes, Ind., secured from Einsiedeln several Benedictine recruits for the American missions — the Rev. Bede O'Connor and the Rev. Ulrich Christin, who arrived in New York Jan- uary 31, 1853. Shortly after, more recruits were sent from the mother house, and on March 21, 1854, full possession was taken of the new Bene- dictine colony established at St. Meinrad. The Rev. Kundeck dedicated the little log cabin, held solemn celebration of high-mass in the open air, and preached to the throng that had gathered from all directions. Soon frame buildings and a church were erected ; missions, together with a school (college and seminary), were begun; and by re-enforcement of members the new settle- ment was able, in 1866, to count in its family twenty religieux, all ready to sacrifice their time, their strength and even their lives for the good cause. Many were the hardships and struggles during these years ; but in spite of all adversity, the Benedictine colony progressed so satisfac- torily that it was deemed feasible to have it ele- vated by Rome to the title of an independent Ab- bey, with all rights and privileges ; this was ef- fected on September 30, 1870. The Rev. Martin Marty, up to this time Prior, became its first Ab- bot ; but in 1880 he was appointed Bishop of all the Dakotas, where he accomplished an immense amount of good work for the Indian cause, set- tling many a difference between the Indians and the government. He died as Bishop of St. Cloud in 1896. With this elevation to the title and rank of an Abbey, a period of great activity set in for the institution under the leadership of Abbot Marty. In 1872 the corner-stone of the new Abbey build- ing was laid, and in 1874 the community aban- doned their old frame buildings and occupied their new stately edifice constructed of sandstone from its own quarry. The successor of Abbot Marty was Abbot Fintan (1880-1898), under whose administration the large and spacious col- lege building of stone was erected; he also founded a new Benedictine colony at St. Bene- dict's in the State of Arkansas, and one at St. Joseph's in the State of Louisiana. Affairs had thus made marked progress at St. Meinrad. Its missions, as well as college and seminary, were in a flourishing condition ; the institution enjoyed a great increase of members not only in the community, but also in all depart- ments of the student body; when of a sudden, on September 2, 1887, at the noon hour, a terrific disaster fell upon the Abbey, bringing gloom and desolation with it. On that day the Abbey build- ings, church, library, college, seminary and all workshops were destroyed by fire. What had taken many years of labor and self-sacrifice to build up, an unexpected conflagration of an hour or two turned into a waste of smoldering ruins. The community immediately set to work for the reconstruction of the new Abbey build- ings, and on the second anniversary day of the fire, September 2, 1889, the new Abbey was ready for occupancy. In 1898, after the death of Abbot Fintan, the third incumbent of the abbatial chair was elected, the choice falling upon the rector of the semi- nary — Reverend Athanasius Schmitt, O. S. B. His chief aim was to erect a church large enough to accommodate choir members, priests, clerics, brothers, students of the college, philosophers, theologians and a large number of lay people. This church is a huge structure of solid stone masonry built in the pure Romanesque style of architecture, 200 feet long by 72 feet wide, with two beautiful towers containing a chime of six bells. These towers are covered with copper shingles, whilst the roofing of the church proper is of slate. The magnificent art glass windows were imported from Munich, Germany. The high altar, a unique, gorgeous structure of Italian marble and fire-gilt bronze, hails likewise from CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 405 the art studios of Germany and Italy. Beneath the chancel there is a crypt containing four dif- ferent grottoes ; these grottoes are built of natural stone obtained from a cave in Ohio. The church contains fourteen altars, with baptismal chapel and a chapel of Our Lady near the entrance. The mammoth double organ is an instrument of fifty- five registers and 3,015 pipes. After completion of the beautiful church a new four-storv library 125 feet by 30 feet and a brethren, to-wit : carpenters, blacksmiths, wagon- makers, gardeners, butchers, shoemakers, tailors, bookbinders, cooks, electricians, tinners, mechan- ics, painters, scientists, musicians, etc., and is again proof, as in past centuries, that such set- tlements become centers of industry, art, science, learning and piety, all of which naturally will exercise an influence upon its surroundings. St. Meinrad's College, which was first opened for the education of young men on January 1, St. Meinrad Abbey, St. Meinrad, Spencer County. new seminary 200 feet by 40 feet, five stories high, built entirely of sandstone (from the mon- astery's own quarry), reinforced concrete and with tile roofs were added; also a reinforced concrete water tank, containing 500,000 gallons of water for supply and fire protection purposes was erected. The membership of the Abbey at present is as follows : Priests, fifty-five ; clerics, twelve ; lay-brothers, forty; students of the college, 120; of the seminary, seventy ; besides workingmen and employes, averaging about 300 all in all. A Benedictine family is an industrious colony in itself, with agricultural facilities and practi- cally all kinds of trades represented in the lay- 1857, has developed since its establishment into an institution with three distinct departments and faculties : St. Meinrad's Seminary, St. Mein- rad's College, and Jasper College. The three de- partments of this institution are conducted by the Fathers of the Benedictine Order, and are con- nected with the Abbey of St. Meinrad: the first two (for ecclesiastical students) at St. Meinrad, Ind., the last named (for secular students) at Jasper, Ind. All three departments were incor- porated in the year 1890 under the title of "St. Meinrad's Abbey," subject to the laws of incor- poration of the State of Indiana, ami empowered to confer Collegiate degrees. Population of Spencer county in 1890 was 406 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 22,060; in 1900 was 22,407, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 20,676, of which 527 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,819 families in the county and 4,700 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Spencer county : Carter, Clay, Grass, Hammond, Harrison, Huff, Jackson, Luce and Ohio. The incorporated cities and towns are Rockport, Chrisney, Dale, Gentryville, Grand- view and St. Meinrad. Rockport is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Spencer county was $4,358,750; value of improvements was $1,541,760, and the total net value of taxables was $8,105,790. There were 3,005 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were forty-two miles of improved roads in Spencer county built and under jurisdiction of the county commission- ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $81,483-50. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 41.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Spen- cer county by the Southern Railroad Company. The Evansville Railways Company operates 21.77 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Joseph W. Strassell, county superintendent of Spencer county, there were 111 schoolhouses, in- cluding seven high schools, in Spencer county in 1914, employing 182 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,001 ; elementary high schools, 315. The aggregate amount paid in sal- aries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $74,655. The estimated value of school property in the county was $179,835, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $38,662. Spencer county has just be- gun to consolidate her district schools. Seven wagons are used to transport the children. In Luce township there remain but five district schools out of twenty-three. Three consolidated graded buildings have been erected in their stead. It has increased the general school effi- ciency and reduced the cost per capita from $22 to $14. Agriculture. — There were in Spencer county in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 236,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 83.3 acres. The value of all farm property was over $13,000,000, showing 103.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $38.59. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,270,- 000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $208,- 000 ; horses 7,400, valued at $677,000 ; hogs 18,- 000, valued at $112,000; sheep 3,000, valued at $9,900. The value of poultry was estimated to be $65,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were eight industrial establishments in Rockport, which employ nearly 200 persons. The leading industries are the manufacture of tile and pearl buttons. STARKE COUNTY KNOX, SEAT OF JUSTICE STARKE COUNTY is located in the north- ern part of the State, west of the dividing line from north to south, and contains about 320 square miles. It is bounded on the north and northwest by Laporte and St. Joseph, on the east by Marshall, on the south by Pulaski, and on the west by Jasper counties. Up to the time of its organization it was situated mostly in the marshes of Kankakee and was at that time not supposed to have any particular value except for stock raising. In the late '90s, a system of dredge ditches were established and every year since that time more and more of the lowlands have been brought under cultivation. Prior to that time, only the highlands were tilled and no one even suspected the value of the black soil that lay between the sand hills, beneath from one to four feet of water. Fully one-third of the county surface is covered with a deposit of muck from one to ten feet deep. On it can be grown CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 407 any kind of a crop, the most valuable one, how- ever, being onions, $1,800 of which it is said have been sold off of one acre of this muck land. Organization. — Starke county, named in honor of General John Starke, the victor in the battle of Bennington, was organized by an act of the Legislature of January 15, 1844, but the organization was not made effective until Janu- ary 15, 1850. The locating commissioners estab- lished the county seat on April 1, 1850, at the present site of Knox. There was no town there at the time, but the site was chosen because of its central location. There are a number of beauti- ful lakes in the county. The best known and one of the largest lakes in Indiana is Bass lake, which was $8,271,910. There were 1,729 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 288 miles of improved roads in Starke county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $283,711.44. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 99.36 miles of steam railroad operated in Starke county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago & Erie; Michigan City division of the C, I. & L. ; Kankakee division of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Lo- gansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L., and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroads. Views of Bass Lake, Starke County. lies in the southern part of the county and has an area of over 1,600 acres. The early sur- veyors called it Cedar lake and it was known by this name for many years. Population of Starke county in 1890 was 7,339; in 1900 was 10,431, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 10,567, of which 1,484 were of white foreign birth. There were 2,481 families in the county and 2,460 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Starke county: California, Center, Davis, Jackson, North Bend, Oregon, Railroad, Washington and Wayne. The incor- porated cities and towns are Hamlet, Knox and North Judson. Knox is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Starke county was $2,429,885 ; value of improvements was $907,660, and the total net value of taxables Educational. — According to the report of Carroll W. Cannon, county superintendent of Starke county, there were fifty-five schoolhouses, including six high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 101 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 2,395. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $51,874.02. Estimated value of school property in the county was $178,500, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $47,650. Agriculture. — There were in Starke county in 1910 over 1.300 farms embraced in 158,000 acres. Average acres per farm. 114.3 acres. The value of all farm property was over $8,900,000, showing 64.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $40.64. The total value of domestic animals was over $751,- 000: Number of cattle 9,300, valued at $232,000; horses 4,300, valued at $432,000; hogs 8,000, valued at $63,000; sheep 1,400, valued at $7,100. The total value of poultry was $40,000. 41 IS CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA ST. JOSEPH COUNTY SOUTH BEND, SEAT OF JUSTICE ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, which is situated in the northern part of the State, is bounded on the north by the State of Michigan, on the east by Elkhart, on the south by Marshall and Starke and on the west by Laporte counties. This county is at the division of the waters flow- ing into the St. Lawrence river and the Gulf of Mexico. It contains 477 square miles, and the soil is well adapted for the cultivation of crops of all kinds and the raising of fruit. Organization. — St. Joseph county was organ- ized January 29, 1830, the organization becom- High School, South Bend. ing effective April 1, 1830. The first county seat was located on a farm owned by William Brook- field a few miles southwest of South Bend, in ( rerman township. However, it is known that the first board of justices met at the house of Alexis Coquillard, at South Bend, and the courts were also held in his house. Judge Timothy A. How- ard, in his history of St. Joseph county, says : "Theoretically, the county seat was for a time mi the farm owned by William Brookfield, at the town laid out by him at the portage of the St. Joseph river. This town was called St. Jo- seph. Though named as the first county seat, it was never more than a town on paper. The lo- cation of the county seat at St. Joseph on May 24, 1830, was made by the commissioners under section 3 of the act for the formation of St. Joseph and Elkhart counties." By an act of Feb- ruary 1, 1831, five commissioners were named to relocate the county seat, which was done Sep- tember 7, 1831, when South Bend was chosen as the seat of justice. The county owns and maintains one of the best county asylums in the State. The court- house is also a modern substantial building cost- ing $184,246. The largest manufacturers of farm tools, wagons, plows, windmills, gas engines, au- tomobiles and watches are located in St. Joseph county. Within the county are numerous springs, lakes and streams that are popular as summer re- sorts. Public Library, South Bend. South Bend, the county seat, is the intersecting point of six railroads and the terminal point of three steam railroads and two interurbans. Ac- cording to the United States Census of 1910, it was the fourth largest city in the State, with a population of 53,684. South Bend maintains thir- teen public parks and playgrounds with a total area of 204 acres for park purposes. The city has its own water plant, the water being taken from deep artesian wells and furnished free to seventeen public schools, nine private and paro- chial schools, and for other public purposes. On July 25, 1911, the city adopted a free public mar- ket, which is kept open three days each week at the city's expense. The University of Notre Dame, which is situated adjoining the city, was founded in 1842 by the Very Reverend Edward Sorin, the late superior general of the Congregation of Holy View of Notre Dame University. St. Mary's Academy, Notre Dame. 410 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Cross. The Legislature, in 1844, gave the uni- versity power to grant degrees. From one col- lege program of studies in 1842 leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, the University has expanded to six distinct colleges, offering twenty- two different programs in arts, letters, sciences, engineering, architecture and law. The equip- ment, especially in technical lines, is complete and of the latest type. The main library has 75,000 volumes and 16,000 manuscripts. There are de- partment libraries equally well supplied. In the general museum the historical collection is espe- cially noteworthy and valuable. In the scientific museum the department of botany has, in the Edward Lee Green collection, the most valuable herbaria in America. St. Mary's Academy, located one mile west from Notre Dame, is conducted by the Sisters of the Holy Cross and is one of the largest and best equipped institutions of its kind in the United States. The early history of St. Mary's is touchingly interesting, brightened by the faith that is endured through hardships. St. Mary's as it stands to-day is a realization of the hopes and dreams of Father Sorin, made possible by the co-operation of the great Mother Angela, a woman fitted by nature, grace and education to dare and to do. The community itself may be said to have had its beginning with the four Sis- ters of the Holy Cross, who came from France in 1843 in response to an invitation from Father Sorin, the founder of Notre Dame. Bringing with them the statue of Our Lady, which is still sacredly preserved in the Sisters' Infirmary at St. Mary's, these humble-hearted women became founders of a community and school destined to be beacon lights in the history of religious orders and Catholic education in the LTnited States. St. Mary's of to-day is a city in itself, includ- ing in its system of buildings, connected, yet dis- tinct, the college, academy, music hall, convent, novitiate, conventual chapel, loretto, presbytery, St. Joseph's hall or students' infirmary, St. An- gela's hall, used for gymnasium and commence- ment exercises ; Sisters' infirmary, laundry, St. Basil's hall, and rosary hall — the latter a plain, strong brick building which is used for kitchen, dairy and industrial purposes. The college is built in the form of a "T." Every room in the college is an "outside room" with an abundance of daylight and fresh air. Population of St. Joseph county in 1890 was 42,457; in 1900 was 58,881, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 84,312, of which 16,866 were of white foreign birth. There were 19,067 families in the county and 18,004 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in St. Joseph county : Center, Clay, German, Green, Harris, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, Olive, Penn, Portage, Union and War- ren. The incorporated cities and towns are Mish- awaka, South Bend, Lakeville, New Carlisle, North Liberty, Osceola and Walkerton. South Bend is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in St. Joseph county was $25,187,250; value of improvements was $14,145,460, and the total net value of taxables was $50,917,230. There were 16,804 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were thirty-one miles of improved roads in St. Joseph county built and under jurisdiction of the county com- missioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $149,550. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 159.03 miles of steam railroad operated in St. Jo- seph county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; Kankakee division of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; Chicago & South Bend ; C, W. & M. ; Elkhart & Western by the L. S. & M. S. ; Grand Trunk Western ; Indiana Northern ; Indianapolis & Michigan City division of the L. E. & W. ; Lake Shore & Michigan S.outhern ; Michigan Air Line by the Michigan Central ; Michigan Central over the L. S. & M. S. and the C, I. & S. ; New Jer- sey, Indiana & Illinois ; St. Joseph, South Bend & Southern by the Michigan Central ; Michigan division of the Vandalia, and the Montpelier & Chicago by the Wabash railroads. The Chicago, Lake Shore & South Bend Railroad Company; Chicago, South Bend & Northern Indiana Rail- road Company, and the Southern Michigan Rail- road Company operate 61.60 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Ralph Longfield, county superintendent of St. Joseph county, there were 138 schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in St. Joseph county in CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 411 View of Notre Dame from St. Mary's Lake, St. Joseph County. 1914, employing 541 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 12,800. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $375,- 007.54. The estimated value of school property in the county was $2,230,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $680,500. Agriculture. — There were in St. Joseph county in 1910 over 2,400 farms embraced in 253,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 103 acres. The value of all farm property was over $25,000,000, showing 51.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $73.55. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $555,- 000; horses, 9,600, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 20,000, valued at $168,000; sheep 12,000, val- ued at $57,000. The total value of poultry was $84,000. Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census of 1910, there were 218 industries in South Bend, furnishing employment to 13,609 persons. Total amount of capital employed $41,466,882. Value of products, $27,854,527 ; value added by manu- facture, $12,601,359. At Mishawaka, there were forty-two establishments employing 3,934 per- sons. Total amount of capital employed, $14,- 223,645. Value of products, $10,882,846; value added by manufacture, $5,612,884. STEUBEN COUNTY ANGOLA, SEAT OF JUSTICE STEUBEN COUNTY, frequently spoken of as "the Switzerland of Indiana" because of its more than fifty sparkling lakes, is located at the extreme northeastern corner of the State and contains 330 square miles. The surface of Steu- ben county is somewhat broken, especially in the central portion. The west part is rolling and level and is composed of what was originally called "openings" and prairie land. The soil is generally good, being especially adapted to the raising of stock and cereals. The lowlands being especially adapted to the raising of onions and peppermint, industries that are growing rapidly. The county is widely known for its fresh water 412 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA lake, teeming with bass, blue gills, perch and other good fish. P. T. Barnura, traveling with his show through the county, with wagons over forty years ago, coming to the shore of beautiful Lake James, exclaimed as he drove into the lake to water his team: "This is the most beautiful body of water I have ever seen, and all that Steuben county needs is advertising." This state- ment has proven to be true, for thousands of people come here from all over the United States seeking pleasure and erecting their summer homes here. — 0. F. Rakestraw. Organization. — Beginning with February 2, 1832, the territory was included in the organiza- tion of Lagrange county and so continued until May 1, 1837, when Steuben county was formally organized. Two sites were offered the locating commissioners on which to locate the county seat, but Angola was accepted and has been the county seat since the organization of the county. The county was named after Baron Steuben, who joined the American army during the Revolu- tionary war. Before the white men came, the Indians, at- tracted by the many lakes and good fishing, were here in great numbers. They were Pottawato- mies, and their chief was BawBeese. Indian mounds and burials places are found on all the shores of larger lakes, indicating that this had been their favorite resort for ages. They left Steuben in 1840. Tri-State College. — The Association was formed July 23, 1823, at Angola. L. M. Smith, the first president, has remained at the head of the school for thirty-two years. Tri-State is a college of respectable departments planted and grown wholly by private enterprise, receiving no assistance from church or State, nor has it any income through the beneficence of the rich. All its expenses, including teachers' salaries, are ob- tained from the tuition fees. It is rated by the State Board of Education as a standard normal school. The enrolment varies from 350 to 650 students, usually being greatest in the spring and summer terms, when teachers' training classes add to the attendance. Population of Steuben county in 1890 was 14,478; in 1900 was 15,219, and according to Scenes in Steuben County. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 413 United States Census of 1910 was 14,274, of which 195 were of white foreign birth. There were 3,997 families in the county and 3.931 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There arc twelve townships in Steuben county : Clear Lake, Fremont, Jackson. Jamestown, Mill Grove, Otsego, Pleasant, Richland, Salem, Scott, Steu- ben and York. The incorporated cities and towns are Angola, Ashley, Fremont and Hudson. An- gola is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Steuben county was $4,558,055, value of improvements was $1,897,625, and the total net value of taxables was $9,217,960. There were 2,371 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There was but one mile of improved roads reported in Steuben county in 1915 and no road bonds outstanding. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 51.67 miles of steam railroad operated in Steuben county by the Fort Wayne & Jackson by the L. S. & M. S. ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wa- bash, and the St. Joseph Valley railroads. The Indiana Utilities Company operates 3.70 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of H. Lyle Shank, the county superintendent, there were ninety-one schoolhouses, including seven •~4 Hfilt J&r- *^ ' • ^2 B» a 5fcl mm KaA ' • ,j « fc !T' ,JI -JxSntfWHnr ' '- ■> " — Tri-State College, Angola. high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 130 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,664. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- cipals and teachers was $58,405.29. Estimated value of school property in the county was $284,- 000, and the total amount of indebtedness, in- cluding bonds, was $35,632. Agriculture. — There were in Steuben county in 1910 over 1,800 farms, embraced in 183,001) acres. Average acres per farm, 96.8 acres. The value of all farm property was over $13,700,000, showing 71.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $47.34. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,650, 000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $353,- 000; horses 6,200, valued at $731,000; hogs 40,000, valued at $293,000; sheep 58,000, valued at $262,000. The value of poultry was $80,000. SULLIVAN COUNTY SULLIVAN, SEAT OF JUSTICE SULLIVAN COUNTY is situated in the western part of the State in the central part of the southern section of Indiana and is bounded on the north by Vigo, on the east by Clay and Greene and a small part of Knox, on the south by Knox and on the west by the State of Illinois, the Wabash forming the boundary line. Sullivan county is one of the largest coal- producing counties in the State. According to the report of the State Mine Inspector of Sep- tember 30, 1914, there were twenty-four coal mines in operation under his jurisdiction that produced 3,152,083 tons of coal. The western half of the county is devoted almost wholly to agriculture. It is noted for its luscious melons and many acres are cultivated in this industry. The mines are located in the eastern half of the county and are of every character, some with the most improved machinery, while others are sim- ply "strip mines." Union Christian College of Merom is located in this county and is situated on the bluff of the Wabash, visible for miles in every direction. Organization. — Sullivan county was organ- 414 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA ized by an act of the Legislature which became effective January 15, 1817, and was named after Daniel Sullivan, who was killed by the Indians on the road from Vincennes to Louisville while carrying an express in the public service between those places. The first county seat of Sullivan county was Carlisle, from where it was moved to Merom, a town on the Wabash, in 1819. For twenty-nine years it remained at this point. On February 15, 1841, the Legislature passed an act nine townships in Sullivan county : Cass, Curry, Fairbanks, Gill, Haddon, Hamilton, Jackson, Jef- ferson and Turman. The incorporated cities and towns are Sullivan, Carlisle, Dugger, Farmers- burg, Hymera, Merom and Shelburn. Sullivan is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Sullivan county Wabash River, Sullivan County. which provided for a board of commissioners to select a new seat of justice, to be located as near the center of the county as possible. The pres- ent site of Sullivan, then an unbroken wilderness, was selected and the present town was platted. The formal transfer of records took place in 1843. The Sullivan county court-house, with all its records, was destroyed February 6, 1850. Population of Sullivan county in 1890 was 21,877; in 1900 was 26,005, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 32,437, of which 1,474 were of white foreign birth. There were 7,571 families in the county and 7,473 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are was $9,043,155, value of improvements was $4,003,530 and the total net value of taxables was $19,968,170. There were 5,951 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 464 miles of improved roads in Sullivan county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $714,681.36. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 72.59 miles of steam railroad operated in Sulli- van county by the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Sullivan branch of the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Evansville division of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Indianapolis CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 415 and Louisville division of the C, I. & L. ; Indi- anapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and the Green County Coal branch of the Vandalia rail- roads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & East- ern Traction Company operates 11.46 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Richard Park, county superintendent of Sullivan county, there were 119 schoolhouses, including 115 high schools, in Sullivan county in 1914, employing 233 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 6,952. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $118,- 932.95. The estimated value of school property in the county was $453,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $203,378. Sullivan county has consolidated schools at Fairbanks, Graysville, New Lebanon, Merom and Paxton. A large joint high school (Carlisle and Haddon townships) is located at Carlisle. Every township has at least one high school within its borders. Agriculture. — There were in Sullivan county in 1910 over 2,900 farms, embraced in 255,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 87.5 acres. The value of all farm property was over $18,000,000, showing 66.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $51.46. The total value of domestic animals was $1,800,000: Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $378,000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 36,000, valued at $239,000; sheep 19,000, valued at $80,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. SWITZERLAND COUNTY VEVAY, SEAT OF JUSTICE SWITZERLAND COUNTY, in the extreme southeastern part of the State, part of which extends east of the meridian which forms the boundary between Ohio and Indiana, fully deserves its name, as the most beautiful scenery is found along the Ohio, which forms its eastern and southern boundaries. This river also affords the best means of transportation in the county, no part of which is more than twelve miles from it. Lying, as it does, along the edge of the break of the river valley, the surface is broken and is drained by several large creeks. It contains about 225 square miles and is bounded on the north by Ohio and a very small portion of Ripley, and on the west by Jefferson counties. Along the creeks and the rivers are large alluvial bot- toms, thousands of acres in extent, while the uplands are fertile and form excellent pasture and meadow lands. Formerly, the whole county was very heavily wooded with valuable timber. ( )nly a few tracts of this timber remains stand- ing, and these are being gradually used by a furniture factory at Vevay, which makes goods for exportation to Mexico. Organization. — Switzerland county was or- ganized formally C Mober 1. 1814, and derived its name from a settlement of Swiss who came within the bounds of the county in 1802 and there began the cultivation of grapes. The leader of the colony was John James DuFour, who procured a grant of land from the United States for his little colony on long credit, and by this means about 200 acres of land was procured for each of the original settlers. They were very industrious and prudent, and they and their pos- terity have been prosperous. Vevay has been the seat of justice since the organization of the county. It constitutes a part of the tract of land sold by the VJnited States for the Swiss settle- Home in Which Edward Eggleston Was Born, Vevay. 416 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA ment in 1802. It was laid out in 1813 by the brothers, J. J., J. F. and Daniel DuFour and re- ceived the name of a town in Switzerland from the vicinity from which they had emigrated. Population of Switzerland county in 1890 was 12,514; in 1900 was 11,840, and according to the United States Census of 1910 was 9,914, of which 123 were of white foreign birth. There were 2,521 families in the county and 2,487 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are six townships in Switzerland county : Cotton, Craig, Jefferson, Pleasant, Posey and York. The incorporated cities and towns are Vevay, Moore- field and Patriot. Vevay is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of land and lots in Switzerland county was $1,599,875, value of improvements was $749,375 and the total net value of taxables was $3,325,885. There were 1,600 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 124 miles of improved roads in Switzerland county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $61,373.40. Educational. — According to the report of Oliver M. Given, county superintendent of Switzerland county, there were seventy-six schoolhouses, including three high schools, in Switzerland county in 1914, employing ninety- five teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 1,641.6. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- cipals and teachers was $35,840.02. The esti- mated value of school property in the county was $69,250, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $13,245. Agriculture. — There were in Switzerland county in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced in 136,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 76.4 acres. The value of all farm property was over $5,600,000, showing 43 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $23.77. The total value of domestic animals was $750,000: Number of cattle 7,000, valued at $179,000; horses 4,200, valued at $432,000; hogs 5,700, valued at $42,000; sheep 7,900, valued at $36,000. The total value of poultry was $49,000. TIPPECANOE COUNTY LAFAYETTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE TIPPECANOE COUNTY, located in the second tier of counties northwest of Indi- anapolis, is bounded on the north by White and Carroll, on the east by Carroll and Clinton, on the south by Montgomery and on the west by Fountain, Warren and Benton counties. It con- tains 504 square miles. The surface of the county in most parts is comparatively level. There are, however, along the Wabash and its tributaries many ranges of hills from 50 to 200 feet in height that spread out into table-lands and present much beautiful scenery. The Wabash river flows through the county from the north- east corner to the middle of the west side. The soil of the county is peculiarly adapted to the production of corn, as well as wheat and oats. Here, within the county, is the famous "Battle Ground," where the battle of Tippecanoe was fought by General William Henry Harrison on November 7, 1811. At West Lafayette is the seat of Purdue Uni- versity, one of the greatest technical schools in the United States. Organization. — Tippecanoe county was for- mally organized March 1, 1826, and Lafayette, which has been the seat of justice since the county was organized, was laid out in 1825 by William Digby. It is situated near the center of the county on the east bank of the Wabash. Ac- cording to the United States Census of 1910 it had a population of 20,081, and is the only in- corporated city in the county. Population of Tippecanoe county in 1890 was 35,078; in 1900 was 38,659, and according to HJ n - 418 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA United States Census of 1910 was 40,063, of which 3,111 were of white foreign birth. There were 9,814 families in the county and 9,401 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are thirteen townships in Tippecanoe county : Fair- field, Jackson, Lauramie, Perry, Randolph, Shef- field, Shelby, Tippecanoe, Union, Wabash, Washington, Wayne and Wea. The incorpo- rated cities and towns are Lafayette, Battle Ground, Clarks Hill and West Lafayette. La- fayette is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the Public Library, Lafayette. total value of lands and lots in Tippecanoe county was $15,581,775, value of improvements was $8,830,545 and the total net value of taxables was $36,170,290. There are 6,861 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 597 miles of improved roads in Tippecanoe county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $377,826.7S. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 110.55 miles of steam railroad operated in Tippe- canoe county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville; Chicago division of the Big Four; Big Four over the Lake Erie & Western ; La- fayette Union ; Lake Erie & Western ; Toledo, St. Louis & Western, and Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Com- pany and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & East- ern Traction Company operate 43.11 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Brainard Hooker, county superintendent of Tip- pecanoe county, there were seventy-three school- houses, including fifteen high schools, in Tippe- canoe county in 1914, employing 282 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 6,245. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $193,409.06. The estimated value of school property in the county was $1,236,- 997.05, and the total amount of indebtedness, in- cluding bonds, was $335,740. Six of the thirteen townships are completely consolidated. But one township remains under the old district system completely ; the remaining townships are in various stages of evolution from the district to the consolidated system of schools. There were 1,386 children transported to school last year at public expense in more than a hundred wagons at a total expense of $31,864.87, or an average cost per pupil of $22.99. The per cent, of pupils transported varied from 7 per cent, in the township under the district system to 99 per cent, in LTnion and in Wea townships. The average transportation for the county was 41 per cent. Three townships have had medical inspection with excellent results. St. Ignatius Academy (Catholic) is located here, besides several parochial schools, both Catholic and Lutheran; also Lafayette Voca- tional School (public), and the Lafayette Busi- ness College (private). Agriculture. — There were in Tippecanoe county in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 299,000 acres. Average acres per farm. 121.9 acres. The value of all farm property was over $34,000,000, showing 90.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $90.03. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,500,000: Number of cattle 16,000. valued at $552,000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,460,000; hogs 53,000, valued at $365,000; sheep 8,400, valued at $38,000. The total value of poultry was $88,000. Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census of 1910 there were sixty-nine industries in Lafay- ette, furnishing employment to 1,660 persons. Total amount of capital employed was $3,913,788. Value of products, $5,541,966; value added by manufacture, $2,096,232. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 419 The Lafayette Public Library was estab- lished in November, 1882, under the Indiana State law passed in 1881. The beginning was made possible at that time by the gift of $10,000 from Mr. J. J. Perrin. This gift enabled the library to start with 8,000 volumes. It has now increased to some 28,000, and its magazine list includes the leading periodicals. The library also houses and circulates what is probably the best collection of missionary books in the State, and the collection is constantly growing. These books are the property of the First Baptist church of Lafayette and are the gift of Mr. Frank Lever- ing, a missionary worker in India. Among the historic possessions of the library is an interesting portrait of William Digby, the much unrecorded work done for schools, clubs and individuals. State Soldiers' Home. — After the Soldiers' and Seamen's Home at Knightstown was burned in 1871, the State made no provision for the care of this class of citizens until the Indiana State Soldiers' Home was opened in July, 1896, at Lafayette. This home is "an institution for the support of disabled or destitute soldiers, sailors, and marines and their wives or the destitute widows of such soldiers, sailors and marines." It was established by an act approved February 23, 1895. In 1905 the Legislature authorized the admission also of disabled or destitute army nurses. The institution buildings include a num- ber erected by the State and several frame cot- Campus, Purdue University, 1908. founder of the city of Lafayette. The painting was made in the first half of the last century and is the work of Mr. George Winter. An old plat of the city, dating from 1844, and a colored print showing the place about ten years later are also objects of interest. Other treasures are an auto- graph letter written by the Marquis de Lafayette, a bronze medallion and an old engraving, both portraits of the distinguished Frenchman. For some years the library occupied a part of the high school building; but it now has as its home an old residence, the gift of Mrs. W. F. Reynolds in 1901. This building was at one time one of the handsomest homes in Lafayette, and is surrounded by considerable ground ; though it is not adapted to the needs of a library, there is a certain quaintness and charm about the place that appeals to the aesthetic sense. The library is not large, but it is rich in history, literature and reference books. Last year there were taken out for home use 61,500 books, and there is also tages constructed by counties or private funds. The State appropriates $16 per month for each inmate, officer and employe residing at the home and is reimbursed by the United States govern- ment at the rate of $100 per annum for each soldier. Purdue University. — Situated on the banks of the Wabash at West Lafayette, this university stands as an exponent of the opportunities offered for the practical education of the youth of the land. Purdue belongs to the group of land- grant colleges, one of which has been established in each State under the Morrill act of Congress of 1862. This bill donated public lauds to each State accepting the act for the "endowment, sup- porl and maintenance of at least one college, where the leading subject shall be, without I \ eluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and me- chanic arts." On July 2, 1862, the act received 420 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the signature of President Lincoln and became a law. Indiana was quick to accept the provisions of the act. On March 6, 1865, the formal accept- ance by the State was made. In accordance with provisions contained, which granted each State 30,000 acres of land for every senator and repre- sentative to which the State was entitled, follow- ing the census of 1860, Indiana received a tract of 390,000 acres as its share. From this source was realized the sum of $340,000, which has canoe county, together with numerous minor gifts, and, as a mark of its appreciation, the Leg- islature elected John Purdue a life member of the board of trustees and agreed to call the institu- tion by the name of Purdue University. On account of unforeseen events and delays the work of construction was not begun until the spring of 1874, and then only in a provisional way. in order to meet conditions of the federal government. The university derives its support from Fed- View of Lafayette from Point Lookout. since remained as a permanent endowment, the interest of which is guaranteed by the State under the provisions of the Morrill act. Imme- diately following the State's acceptance a board composed of five trustees was appointed to pro- vide for the management of the school and act as its supervisors. The location of the institution created rivalry, and it was not until 1869 that the location of the institution at West Lafayette was determined upon. By this action the institution received a sum of $150,000 from John Purdue, a donation of 100 acres of land from the citizens of West Lafayette, a donation of $50,000 from Tippe- eral and State appropriations, from fees from students and from its endowment fund. While the State has, from time to time, made special appropriations for buildings and equipment, a large part of the actual support of the institution as well as the property now owned by the State at Purdue, has come from Federal and private sources. During the forty years of existence it has received from the United States treasury for its department of instruction a sum aggregat- ing $1,400,000, and for the experiment station $510,000. Beginning with 1915 it will receive a regular appropriation to the Department of Agri- cultural Extension of $10,000, which in a few CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 421 years will amount to $100,000 annually. From private sources it has received gifts aggregating more than $500,000. The university offers instruction in agricul- ture, applied sciences, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and pharmacy. The followng gen- eral departments of instruction are maintained in connection with the above : English, mathematics, home economics, modern languages, history, economics, education and military science. is the Department of Agricultural Extension, or- ganized under the act of the Legislature of 1911, and has for its function the extension of knowl- edge, carrying the work of the experiment sta- tion and the school of agriculture to persons not in attendance at the university. This department has made most rapid expansion during the past three years and is an important factor in better- ing agricultural conditions of the State. The university is equipped with over a score of fine buildings, fitted with complete laboratories View of Lafayette from Point Lookout. In addition to the departments of instruction, the university has two other branches of great importance to the public : The Agricultural Ex- periment Station, organized under the act of Congress, approved in 1887, "to promote scien- tific investigation and experiments respecting the principles and applications of agricultural sci- ence." The experiment station is a scientific bureau not concerned with teaching students, but an independent staff of scientific workers with separate funds and an extensive plant of offices and laboratories. Its functions are closely re- lated to the school of agriculture. The third co-ordinate branch of the university and shops. The important buildings are: Fowler hall, containing a large auditorium for public exercises; general library, erected in 1912 at a cost of $100,000; university hall; Purdue hall; ladies' hall; memorial gymnasium, erected in 1908 in memory of the football team that lost their lives in the wreck in 1903 ; mechanical en- gineering building, which the university owes largely to Amos Heavilon. a citizen of Clinton county ; electrical engineering building ; civil en- gineering building ; practical mechanics building ; chemistry hall; physics hall; science hall; phar- macy building ; agricultural experiment station ; agricultural hall; Smith hall, the new fifty-thou- 422 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA sand-dollar dairy building with a twenty-eight- thousand-dollar equipment, made possible by the bequest of the late W. C. Smith, of Williams- port; farm mechanics building; dairy cattle barn ; live stock judging pavilion ; serum plant and farm John Purdue. buildings. A thirty-thousand-dollar greenhouse is the latest addition to the resources of the insti- tution. The extensive equipment and the use of the laboratories in every department, and the fa- cilities offered for students to study their special- ties in contact with real machines and apparatus such as is actually used in commercial business life, viz., the locomotive, known to every Purdue student as "Old Schenectady" ; the shops, the electric test car, the dairy laboratories with ex- tensive working equipment, the fine herds, ex- perimental fields and the general library are all features of the laboratory equipment. Pro- fessor W. E. Stone is president of Purdue Uni- versity. John Purdue. — The founder of Purdue Uni- versity was born in Huntington county, Pennsyl- vania, October 31, 1802, of a pioneer family in very humble circumstances. His early years were spent in Marion county, Ohio, where he en- gaged in farming. He came to Lafayette, Indi- ana, in 1837, and opened a store of general mer- chandise in 1839. By thrift and good judgment he acquired a fortune. During the controversy which arose between various sections of the State for the location of the college provided for in the act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, Mr. Pur- due's donation was the deciding factor. On May 6, 1869, the State Legislature voted to accept his donation of $150,000 and in consideration thereof the institution "shall have the name and style of Purdue University and the faith of the State is pledged that such name and style shall be a per- manent designation of said institution without addition thereto or modification thereof." John Purdue died September 12, 1876, and his body rests upon the campus of the University. TIPTON COUNTY TIPTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE TIPTON COUNTY is located near the center of the north half of Indiana and is bounded on the north by Howard, on the east by Grant and Madison, on the south by Hamilton and on the west by Boone, Clinton and a small section of Howard counties. It contains 260 square miles. The surface of the county is level, and in an early day was covered with water ex- cept on the higher levels. By a system of public and private ditches the marshes have been drained, and to-day is looked upon as one of the garden spots of Indiana. On account of the fer- tility of the soil Tipton county ranks high in the production of all grains and vegetables. "Corn is King," an average of from 75 to 80 bushels per acre not being an unusual yield, and the county has held the highest rank in the State on several occasions in the yield per acre of corn. In recent years the cultivation of peas, sugar corn and tomatoes for the canning factories lo- cated in the county has become a profitable and important industry. Organization. — Tipton county was organized May 1, 1844, and was named in honor of General 1. Tipton County Court-House. 2. High School. 3. Public Library. O 01 St. Joseph's Academy. Tipton. 424 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA John Tipton, a distinguished citizen of the State and a United States senator from 1832 until his death in 1839. Tiptontown, which was named after him, also has been the county seat since the organization of the county. St. Joseph's Academy, a noted Catholic edu- cational institution, is located about a mile north of Tipton. It is conducted by the Sisters of St. Joseph and was opened September 18. 1891. The academy is located in a quiet vale, surrounded by a large campus, skirted by forests and shady groves. Its location makes it peculiarly beautiful and healthful, and the pure country air and the delights of the rustic scenery contribute to make it an ideal home for the student. It is far enough removed from the city to insure the quiet sur- roundings so necessary to student life, yet it is, at the same time, easily accessible by the Lake Erie & Western railroad, the Louisville division of the Pennsylvania lines and the Indiana Union Traction system. The building, which is an academy for young ladies, has a frontage of over 150 feet and a depth of 53 feet, and is five stories high, including the basement. The object of the institution is to form the hearts of the students to virtue, order and industry. The aim of the sisters is to surround the children, committed to their care, with a quiet influence of a Christian home ; to strengthen their bodies by regular hours, exercise and wholesome food ; to adorn their minds with culture and their manners with refined grace, and above all to develop in their youthful minds the principles of virtue and re- ligion, which alone can render education profit- able. Tipton Public Library was organized in 1901 under the laws of the State of Indiana and was the first one in the State to be organized under the new law. The library was opened in 1901. A year later, in answer to a request by Mrs. Sam Mathews, a letter was received from Andrew Carnegie offering a gift of $10,000 for a library, with the understanding that the city guarantee $100,000 for its maintenance. Later -Mr. Carnegie made a gift of $3,000. The corner- stone of the new library was laid on October 15, 1902. the Masonic order of Tipton having charge of the ceremony. On invitation by the city, Mrs. Sam Mathews placed the first brick in the struc- ture. Within a year after the dedication of the building the library was perpetually endowed with a gift of $5,000 by Mrs. Nannie R. Shirk as a memorial to her late husband, E. H. Shirk. Population of Tipton county in 1890 was 18,157; in 1900 was 19,116, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 17,459, of which 206 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,325 families in the county and 4,242 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are six townships in Tipton county : Cicero, Jeffer- son, Liberty, Madison, Prairie and Wild Cat. The incorporated cities and towns are Kempton, Tipton and Windfall. Tipton is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Tipton county was $7,491,055, value of improvements was $2,343,440 and the total net value of taxables was $14,152,390. There were 3,036 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 665 miles of improved roads in Tipton county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- standing, $376,487. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 45.37 miles of steam railroad operated in Tipton county by the main line of the Indianapolis and Michigan City division of the Lake Erie & West- ern ; the Richmond division of the P., C, C. & St. L.. and the P., C, C. & St. L. over the Lake Erie & Western railroads. The Union Traction Company of Indiana operates 23.79 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Larkin D. Summers, county superintendent, there were sixty schoolhouses. including seven high schools, in Tipton county in 1914. employing 124 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,142. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi- pals and teachers was $62,840. Estimated value of school property in the county was $270,140, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $66,260. The schools in Jefferson township are all consolidated at Kempton and Goldsmith, with the exception of two large dis- trict schools on the south side of the township. In addition to the public schools in Tipton county the Catholics maintain St. Joseph's and St. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 425 Mary's Academy and St. John's School for Chil- dren. The German Lutherans also maintain a school for grade children. Agriculture. — There were in Tipton county in 1910 over 2,000 farms, embraced in 163,000 acres. Average acres per farm. 79.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $23,600,000, showing 116.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $113.94. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 000: Number of cattle 13,000, valued at S401.000; horses 9,200, valued at $1,049,000; hogs 60,000, valued at $360,000; sheep 12,000, valued at $62,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection there were nineteen industrial establishments in Tipton, employing nearly 500 persons. The principal industry is the canning of vegetables. UNION COUNTY LIBERTY, SEAT OF JUSTICE UNION COUNTY is located in the south- eastern part of the State, and contains 168 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Wayne, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the south by Franklin and on the west by Fayette counties. The eastern portion of the county is level, and there are large areas of level land in the north, central and southern portions. The western part of the county is undulating or hilly. The east fork of White Water river flows from north to south through the western part. Beau- tiful scenery is found along the streams and among the hills. The soil of the eastern portion of the county is a deep, rich, fertile, dark loam. Other parts have mostly a clay with a slight mix- ture of sand and gravel. An abundance of lime- stone suitable for building purposes is found in the western part of the county. Where once stood forests of oak, ash, maple, poplar, beech and walnut now grow abundant crops of cereals and fruits, pasture lands and meadows. Organization. — Union county was organized February 1, 1821, deriving its name from the hope that it would harmonize the difficulties that existed in relation to the county seats in Wayne and Fayette counties. Brownsville, located in the northwestern part of the county, was the first county seat, but within a year an agitation was started to change it to Liberty, in the center of the county. This was done by the legislative act of December 21, 1822, the change being made to Liberty in 1823. and it has been the seat of justice since that period. Population of Union county in 1890 was 7,006 ; in 1900 was 6,748. and according to United States Census of 1910 was 6,260, of which 105 were of white foreign birth. There were 1.743 families in the county and 1,704 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are six townships in Union county : Brownsville, Center, Harmony, Harrison, Liberty and Union. The incorporated cities and towns are Liberty and West College Corner. Liberty is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the x\uditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Union county was $3,284,510, value of improvements was $1,032,- 990 and the total net value of taxables was $6,400,510. There were 875 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 120 miles of improved roads in Union county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January Union County Court-House, Liberty. 426 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $44,680.30. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 30.34 miles of steam railroad operated in Union county by the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Cin- cinnati, Indianapolis & Western railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Charles C. Abernathy, county superintendent of Union county, there were thirty-two school- houses, including eight high schools, in Union county in 1914, employing fifty teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 1,053. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $23,862.56. The estimated value of school property in the county was $148,500, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $29,500. Agriculture. — There were in Union county in 1910 over 817 farms, embraced in 102,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 125 acres. The value of all farm property was over $9,400,000, showing 65.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $66.38. The total value of domestic animals was over $989,000: Number of cattle 7,300, valued at $222,000; horses 3,500, valued at $394,000; hogs 38,000, valued at $290,000; sheep 8,100, valued at $35,000. The total value of poultry was about $33,000. VANDERBURG COUNTY EVANSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE VANDERBURG COUNTY, located in the southwest part of the State, on the Ohio river, is one of the leading counties in In- diana. Its importance is due to location, soil and proximity to ready markets for its products. It contains 240 square miles. The extreme width of the county is twelve and one-half miles, yet more than thirty miles of its southern border is washed by the waters of the Ohio. Farming and manufacturing are the principal occupations of the people and coal mining is carried on to a limited extent. According to the State Mine In- spector's report for the fiscal year ending Sep- tember 30, 1914, there were four mines in opera- tion in the county, under his jurisdiction, which produced 295,469 tons of coal. The county is bounded on the north by Gibson, on the east by Warrick and on the south by the Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucky, with the ex- ception of a small tract of land adjoining the city of Evansville. This particular spot is unique, as it is the only place in Indiana from which one can go into Kentucky without crossing the Ohio river. Organization. — Vanderburg county was or- ganized February 1, 1818, in honor of Henry Vanderburg, who had been a captain in the Revolution, a member of the Legislative Council of the Northwest Territory and a judge of the first court ever formed in the Indiana Territory. Evansville was selected as the county seat, which enjoys the unique distinction of being the only town in the State which has been the county seat of two counties, it having been the county seat Southern Indiana Hospital for the Insane. 2 o td - M 4- - \ k- fin »M * < I nwMi'.> —J - P FW3 : fr* lnnrmrtrirfr. W * mmShf ■ P «j - ;'3»t#~ * 1 ■> T^ VKXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 429 of Warrick county up to September 1, 1814. According to the United States Census of 1910 Evansville had a population of 69,647, and was rated as the second largest city in the State. As a manufacturing city it stands pre-eminent in the central west, with 400 factories, notable in the production of furniture, flour, stoves, plows, brooms, lumber, buggies, beer, steam shovels, pottery and locomotive headlights. The average number of wage-earners employed in the fac- tories of Evansville is 12,000; the average value of products is $27,000,000 annually ; the amount of capital invested is $24,500,000. It is the larg- est exclusive winter wheat market in the world, with live flour mills having an output of 6,500 barrels daily. It is the second largest hardwood lumber market in the world, with seven saw mills that cut and ship lumber to all parts of this coun- try and Europe, and is second in rank in the pro- duction of furniture in the United States. Several of its factories are the largest of their kind in the world. Evansville has forty-five miles of street railway, seven steam railroads, six traction lines and six steamboat lines. It has eighty-eight miles of water mains, 250 miles of sidewalk, over fifty miles of improved streets and over forty- seven miles of sewer, a new improved Holly sys- tem of water works, with a total pumping ca- pacity of .iD.OOO.OOO gallons and perfect filtra- tion plant. It has three public libraries, twenty- five school buildings, including a junior high school and a manual training school, in addition to sixteen private and parochial schools. Southern Hospital for the Insane. — The Southern Hospital for the Insane, "Woodmere," was the only one of the three "additional hos- pitals" whose location was fixed by the Legisla- ture. The law approved March 7, 1883, stated that one of these should be located at or near Evansville. The site purchased on January 3, 1884. is four miles east of the city. The original building i- an arrangement of wings radiating from the central block. Additional wings have been added from time to time. The first patients were admitted October 30, 1890. The hospital receives patients from what is known as the southern district for the insane, composed of the sixteen counties which form the southwestern part of the State. Green River Island. — It is not generally known that Kentucky can be reached from In- diana without some means of crossing the Ohio River. To do so, however, requires but a few minutes' walk from Evansville. Green River Island, a part of the State of Ken- tucky, is taxed by Henderson county. It adjoins Vanderburg county and by reason of its being north of the Ohio river is generally credited with being Indiana territory. The island contains ap- proximately 2,800 acres of bottom land and is about seven miles long and a mile wide at the widest point. It has an interesting history, in that it was cre- ated by a peculiar change in the course of the Ohio river and has been the subject of dispute between the States of Indiana and Kentucky. Many years ago the Ohio, which, in the region of the mouth of Green river, has always had a e^ R *M$ iMB l on " *. H ;c ■ s ': Map of Green River Island, a Part of Kentucky Ad- joining Vanderburg County, Indiana. Arrow points to Green River Island. tendency to cut into the Kentucky shore during flood times, gradually wore a new channel for a distance of six or seven miles through the north- ern part of Henderson county, Ky., deserting the original lied along a part of the southern border of Vanderburg county. The new channel cut into the State of Kentucky at a point about a mile below the mouth of Green river and emerged again into the original bed about a mile above the Port of Evansville. The old bed became a slough and filled with water only at flood times. After this change in the river channel a ques- tion arose as to whether Indiana or Kentucky should rule the island formed by the old and new beds. The contention grew, Indiana claim- ing, since the river was the dividing line between the two States that she had gained so much ter- ritory bv the change in the stream's course, while the Blue Grass State was reluctant to give up the land, and insisted thai it was hers originally, and should remain so. The question dragged on for several years until 430 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the two States finally agreed that the original river bed was properly the dividing line and, in legal parlance, an "agreed" suit was filed in the federal courts to legally establish the boundary which had been in question. The question dragged along for several years until a suit was commenced in the Supreme Court of the United States (Indiana vs. Kentucky, 136 U. S. 479) to establish the boundary. At that time a commissioner came from Washington to Evansville to take testimony which in printed form is now part of the records in the case now on file in Washington.* An old river pilot, who had steamboated on this part of the Ohio for years, was produced and testified that he had piloted boats on the river when it flowed in its old bed on the north side of the island. His testimony satisfied the en- gineer that the slough was the original river bed and as such should remain the boundary between the two States. This hearing was held about thirty years ago, in the office of United States Commissioner Wartmann, the present commissioner, who was then young in his career as clerk of the United States District Court at Evansville. After the decision of the federal agent a new survey was run on the north side of the old bed and the line between the only part of the two States that join, is now fixed by small stone markers, on one side of which is chiseled the word Indiana and on the opposite side Kentucky. Most of the island is owned by Henderson, Ky., people. Despite the officially established boundaries complications not infrequently arise. Recently what proved to be an accidental shoot- ing occurred on the island. The police of this city were notified and, for purposes of investiga- tion, took the man who did the shooting into custody. Not until after he had been held an hour or more did it develop that the shooting had taken place in Kentucky. The man arrested was about to be turned over to Henderson au- thorities when it was satisfactorily proved the shooting was accidental. Henderson county seldom needs to give at- tention to the island and it has gradually taken on an atmosphere of being a little province of its own. Population of Vanderburg county in 1890 * Report W. A. Ketcham, Atty. Gen. Ind., 1897-98, page 23. was 59,809; in 1900 was 71,769, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 77,438, of which 4,944 were of white foreign birth. There were 17,779 families in the county and 16,807 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eight townships in Vanderburg county : Arm- strong, Center, German, Knight, Perry, Pigeon, Scott and Union. The incorporated cities and towns are Evansville and Howell. Evansville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Vanderburg county was $18,266,680, value of improvements was $17,909,230 and the total net value of taxa- bles was $50,740,190. There were 19,267 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 201 miles of improved roads in Vanderburg county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $345,180. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 77.06 miles of steam railroad operated in Vander- burg county by the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans ; Evansville division and Evansville belt of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois; Evansville & Indianapolis ; Evansville, Mt. Carmel and North- ern branch of the Big Four; Peoria division of the Illinois Central ; Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis over the Louisville & Nashville ; the Louis- ville & Nashville, and the Evansville branch of the Southern Railway Company. The Evansville Railways Company, the Evansville Suburban & Newburgh Railway Company and the Public Utilities Company operate 57.89 miles of electric line in the. county. Educational. — According to the report of Floyd C. Ragland, the county superintendent, there were ninety-one schoolhouses, including two high schools, in the county in 1914, em- ploying 418 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 10,401. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $318,611.40. Estimated value of school property in the county was $1,347,900, and the total amount of indebt- edness, including bonds, was $101,450. Agriculture. — There were in Vanderburg CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 431 county in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced in 132,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 74.6 acres. The value of all farm property was over $13,000,000, showing 54.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $68.02. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,000: Number of cattle 8,800, valued at $225,000; horses 3,900, valued at $404,000; hogs 11,000, valued at $63,000; sheep 900. valued at $3,300. The value of poultry was $38,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were 299 industries in Evansville, furnishing employment to 10,162 per- sons. Total amount of capital employed, $20.- 092,572. Value of products. $22,929,024 ; value added by manufacture, $10,135,180. VERMILION COUNTY NEWPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE VERMILION COUNTY, located west of the Wabash river in the central part of the western border of the State, bounded on the north by Warren, on the east by Fountain and Parke, on the south by Vigo county and on the west by the State of Illinois, is commonly known as the "Shoe String County." Its length is approximately thirty-seven miles, with an average width of six miles. It contains about 222 square miles. The surface is high and generally level, except near the streams. All of the soil is excellent for agricultural purposes, and the raising of Shetland ponies, as well as fruit rais- ing, in the county has been well developed. Un- derlying all the ridge or uplands, between High- land on the south and Newport on the north, are veins of "block coal." The same seam underlies the greater part of the county still farther south from the Indiana blast furnace to the Horse Shoe on the Little Vermilion river. The total thick- ness of the bed ranges from five to seven feet, and is separated into two or more seams of shale or fire clay. According to the State Mine In- spector's report for the year ending September 30, 1914, there were seventeen mines in opera- tion in the county under his jurisdiction, which produced 2,388*182 tons of coal. Organization. — Vermilion county, named so from the color of the stream by that name which flows through it, was organized January 2. 1824. Newport has been the county seat since the or- ganization of the county. The court-house at Newport was destroyed by fire on two occasions, January 24, 1844, and on January 5, 18^6. At neither time, fortunately, were the county rec- ords lost. Population of Vermilion county in 1890 was 13,154; in 1900 was 15,252, and according to United States Census in 1910 was 18,865, of which 2,334 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,544 families in the county and 4,347 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are five townships in Vermilion county : Clinton, Eugene, Helt, Highland and Vermilion. The in- corporated cities and towns are Clinton, Cayuga, Dana, Fairview Park and Newport. The count} seat is Newport. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Vermilion county was $6,152,150, value of improvements was $2,555,295 and the total net value of taxables was $14,594,330. There were 4,150 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 407 miles of improved roads in Vermilion county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners Pioneer Hoosier Log Cabin. 432 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $416,724. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 72.41 miles of steam railroad operated in Ver- milion county by the Bunsen Coal Company ; Terre Haute division of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern over the C. & E. I. ; Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western ; Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Western division of the Peoria & Eastern, and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroads. Terre Haute, In- dianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operates 1.40 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of R. H. Valentine, county superintendent of Ver- milion county, there were sixty-one school- houses, including six high schools, in Vermilion county in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,735. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $92,801.92. The estimated value of school property in the county was $348,350, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $87,475. Agriculture. — There were in Vermilion county in 1910 over 1,300 farms, embraced in 149,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 110.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $13,000,000, showing 81.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $71.79. The total value of domestic animals was over $927,- 000: Number of cattle 7,600, valued at $216,000; horses 5,900, valued at $504,000; hogs 20,000, valued at $134,000; sheep 3,500, valued at $16,000. The total value of poultry was $45,000. VIGO COUNTY TERRE HAUTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE VIGO COUNTY is situated in the western tier of counties near the center of the State. It is bounded on the north by Vermilion and Parke, on the east by Clay, on the south by Sullivan and on the west by the State of Illinois. It contains about 400 square miles, and the Wa- bash flows through the county in a southeasterly direction. The surface of the county is prac- tically level, there being no prominent hills of rugged scenery. Every acre of the county is underlaid with coal, in most places several veins, and all workable. On the west side of the river are four veins with an average thickness of twenty-one feet. According to the State Aline Inspector's report for the fiscal year ending Sep- tember 30, 1914, there were thirty-four mines in operation in the county, under his jurisdiction, with an output of 4,723,316 tons, leading all other counties in Indiana in the production of coal. It is estimated that there are over 3,000,000,000 tons of coal underlying the lands in Vigo county. The county is also rich in clay and shale of a superior quality, large deposits being available for manufacturing purposes in various localities. In places the shale ranges from fifteen to two hundred feet in thickness, under which are coal deposits and under the coal there is more shale and clay. Organization. — Vigo county was organized by an act of the Legislature January 21, 1818, which was made effective February 15, 1818. It was named in honor of Colonel Francis Vigo, who was a native of Sardinia, Italy, and came to Vincennes about 1777 as a Spanish merchant and died in Vincennes in March, 1836. In his will he bequeathed $500 to this county to buy a bell for the court-house, provided a certain claim was col- lected from the government for supplies fur- nished the destitute army of Colonel George Rogers Clark in 1778. This claim was paid to his heirs in 1884 and the amount was paid by the heirs to the county in 1887. This amount is a part of the expense of the bell now in the dome of the new court-house and has the name of Colonel Francis Vigo inscribed upon it. The territory now comprising Vigo county was originally a part of Sullivan count)', and was set off by an act of the Legislature at Corydon Jan- uary 1, 1818. In September, 1811, General Will- iam Henry Harrison advanced up the Wabash river with troops in his command, and selected the site of Fort Harrison on the east bank of the CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 433 Wabash river, one mile above the present city of Terre Haute. About 1816 settlers began to come in and locate near the fort. Soon afterward the town of Terre Haute was laid off, and on March 21, 1818, the town was selected for the county seat by the commissioners appointed by the Leg- islature. The first steamboat that ever ascended the Wabash to this point was the "Florence," in the spring of 1822, and the captain was awarded a town lot as a premium. The first regular ferry The Big Four and Vandalia lines reaching St. Louis to the west in about five hours and the same lines reaching Indianapolis to the east in about two hours and a half. The Chicago & East- ern Illinois furnishes a service that places Chi- cago within five hours to the north and Evans- ville to the south in about three hours. The Van- dalia also operates lines northeast to South Bend and northwest to Peoria, and the Terre Haute & Southeastern operates to the southeast and north Terre Haute — 1. Vigo County Court-House. i. Memorial Library. Rose Polytechnic Institute. 4. Wiley High School. 3. Emeline Fairbanks was established by Dr. Modesitt and James Far- rington in 1818. Terre Haute is the fourth largest city in the State, having a population in 1910, according to the United States Census, of more than 58,100. With the Indiana State Normal, the Rose Poly- technic Institute, the widely known St. Mary's- of-the-Woods Academy for Girls across the Wa- bash, and with its numerous private, parochial, and other technical, classical and business schools and colleges, it merits the reputation as one of the leading seats of learning in America. Its pub- lic schools vie with the best in the country. Terre Haute has exceptional transportation facilities. into Chicago. In addition to the steam lines Terre Haute has an excellent hourly interurban service to the north, east, south and west. It is the center of the greatest bituminous coal beds in the world. It has been estimated by the State geologist that there is enough coal under and in the vicinity of Terre Haute to last 250 years. It has the largest distillery in the United States, with a daily capacity of 60,000 gallons and over 400,000 barrels of beer are made here annually. The Terre Haute United States revenue district collects over $21,000,000 annually for the gov- ernment. Its glass factories make on an average over 500,000 bottles daily. It is the headquarters 28 434 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA of the Vandalia-Pennsylvania railroad, whose new shops, when completed, will cost $2,000,000 and furnish employment to 4,500 men. There are over sixty churches and missions in the city and its church edifices are among the most stately and beautiful houses of worship in Indiana. Population of Vigo county in 1890 was 50,- 195 ; in 1900 was 62,035, and according to the United States Census of 1910 was 87,930, of which 5,574 were of white foreign birth. There were 21,148 families in the county and 20,164 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Vigo county : Fayette, Har- rison, Honey Creek, Linton, Lost Creek, Nevins, Otter Creek, Pierson, Prairie Creek, Prairieton, Riley and Sugar Creek. The incorporated cities and towns are Terre Haute, Seeleyville and West Terre Haute. Terre Haute is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to- tal value of lands and lots in Vigo county was $20,441,740; value of improvements was $18,- 486,510, and the total net value of taxables was $53,771,715. The county had 13,601 polls. Improved Roads. — There were 402 miles of improved roads in Vigo county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $536,555.68. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 127.66 miles of steam railroad operated in Vigo county by the Brazil, Terre Haute & Evansville divisions and the Brazil branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Terre Haute division of the C. & E. I. over the Vandalia ; St. Louis division of the Big Four ; Chicago, Terre Haute & South- eastern ; Sullivan branch & Chicago extension of the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern over the Vandalia ; Evansville & Indianapolis, and the Michigan & St. Louis divisions of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operates 65.10 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of James M. Propst, county superintendent of Vigo county, there were 140 schoolhouses, including eight high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- ing 566 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 14,681. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $385,299.30. Esti- mated value of school property in the count}- was $1,756,545, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $497,801.82. Agriculture. — There were in Vigo county in 1910 over 3,000 farms embraced in 230,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 76.1 acres. The value of all farm property was over $20,000,000, showing 74.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $67.90. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,480,000: Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $339,000; horses 9,700, valued at $819,000; hogs 19,000. valued at $130,000 ; sheep 4,700, valued at $18,- 000. The total value of poultry was $64,000. Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census of 1910 there were 170 industries in Terre Haute, furnishing employment to 5,159 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $10,371,261. Value of products, $21,793,446; value added by manufacture. $13,136,014. Indiana State Normal School was organized under an act of the Legislature December 20, 1865. This act defined the object of the school to be "the preparation of teachers for teaching in the common schools of Indiana," provided for the appointment of a number of trustees, loca- tion of the buildings, the organization of a train- ing school and the adoption of courses ol study, and created the normal school fund for the maintenance of the institution. The act further required the trustees to locate the school at the town or city of the State that would obligate it- self to give the largest amount in cash, or build- ings and grounds to secure the school. Terre Haute was the only place to offer any induce- ments whatever and secured the location of the institution. The first annual appropriation for maintenance was $15,000. The school was opened January 6, 1870, thir- teen young women and eight young men pre- senting themselves as students. At the end of the first term of three months, the number had increased to fifty-one. It had meager attendance and little popular sympathy, and began its work under very discouraging conditions. It was really at work in an environment somewhat hos- tile to it, with a verv small maintenance fund. £ 436 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA This, however, was increased from time to time by the Legislature, and appropriations were also made to complete the original building and to erect additional buildings. In 1888 the original building was destroyed by fire, together with all its contents, including a library that had been accumulating for eighteen years. Under its con- tract to meet half its expense for repairs, the city of Terre Haute gave $50,000 in cash, with which to begin the work of rebuilding and the next General Assembly appropriated $100,000. Since 1889, three large buildings have been added and one new building for manual training and do- mestic science has just been completed. The school now has a library of 65,000 volumes, one of the largest of any normal school in the coun- try, which has been collected since the fire of 1888. The books are selected with primary ref- erence to the needs of the various lines of work represented in the curriculum of the school. At the beginning of the school, there was or- ganized an elementary course of two years, the instruction being limited to the common school branches, psychology, methods, observation and practise. The aim in reconsidering the common school branches was to master them more thor- oughly and to organize each branch from a peda- gogical viewpoint. Later, there was formed an advance course of study which required two ad- ditional years of work. This included the study of Latin, German, higher mathematics, science and advance work in history. After two years this advance course was temporarily discon- tinued and the elementary course changed to a course of three years. Later, this course of three years was based upon graduation from certified high schools or its equivalent. In the year 1907, a college course of four years was established. This included, along with branches belonging to a college curriculum, nine courses in professional work, consisting of gen- eral and educational psychology, history and philosophy of education, observation and prac- tise. In connection with the State Normal School, there has been maintained from the first a train- ing school for observation and practise. During the last year of the work, in the State Normal School, the student enters upon a period of ob- servation and practise so as to gain actual skill in managing a school and in instructing scien- tifically. The schools for observation and practise con- sist at this time of the eight grades, a high school and a country training school. The eight grades and the high school are in a large training school building adjacent to the Normal school building. The country training school is situated several miles east of the city. William Woods Parsons is president and Howard Sandison is vice-presi- dent of the school. Rose Polytechnic Institute, which was estab- lished in 1874 as the Terre Haute school of in- dustrial science, owes its existence as well as its name to Chauncey Rose, one of Indiana's great- est philanthropists, who came to Terre Haute as a young man and began his career contempo- raneously with the birth of the city in 1818. For sixty years he was closely identified with the town on the banks of the Wabash, during which time he rose from a poor boy to a millionaire. His fortune, in addition to $1,500,000, inherited from his brother, was practically all bestowed ultimately upon philanthropies during his life- time. As he neared the close of his long life, mind- ful of his own struggles, his thoughts were turned to plans for helping young men. He called into council some of his friends, which led to the establishment in 1874 of the Terre Haute School of Industrial Science for the train- ing of young men in "the useful and practical knowledge of some art or occupation, by which they could be better able to earn a competent liv- ing." Mr. Rose selected to co-operate with him a board of managers comprised of Barnabas C. Hobbs, Josephus Collett, Charles R. Peddle and six other trusted friends. The erection of suitable buildings upon the ten-acre campus was begun with little delay and the corner-stone of the academic building was laid with appropriate ceremonies January 11, 1875, at which time the name was changed to Rose Polytechnic Institute over the protest of the founder. Mr. Rose did not live to see his ambition real- ized, for he passed away in the summer of 1877. By his will the institute was made his residuary legatee, thus bringing his gifts to this one philan- thropy to more than $500,000. Since that time the institute has received from the Rose heirs almost another half million, so that from the original estate the school has benefited through 438 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA this one man to the amount of more than $1,000,- 000. A tract of 125 acres near Terre Haute has been bought as a new site and plans are being made for new buildings, the present location within Terre Haute being too small. C. Leo Mees is president of Rose Polytechnic Institute. The Terre Haute Veterinary College was organized and incorporated under the laws of Indiana in 1909 and is now entering upon its seventh annual session. Students may enter, who are graduates from recognized colleges, normal or high schools, without an examination, but all other candidates are required to pass an exami- nation in United States history, United States geography, arithmetic, spelling, penmanship, copying from plain copy and a composition on a given subject, requiring an average of not less than 70 per cent, to pass. Negroes are not ad- mitted. Advance standing is given students who have attended one or more terms at a recognized veterinary college, upon presentation of a certifi- cate showing sufficient attendance and having at- tained the studies and grades in accordance with the curriculum of this college. The officers of the college are S. V. Ramsey, D. V. S., president ; L. A. Greiner, D. S., vice-president, and C. I. Fleming, M. D. C, dean. St. Mary-of-the-Woods — College and Acad- emy. — This educational institution, the pioneer of conventual establishments in Indiana, orig- inated in the year 1840, when a sisterhood from France made a foundation in Vigo county, about four miles west of the Wabash river at a spot they named St. Mary-of-the-Woods. The little colony consisted of six members be- longing to the order of Sisters of Providence at Ruille-sur-Loir, one of the earliest and most popular teaching organizations having birth in France after the Great Revolution. The foundress of St. Mary-of-the-Woods was the illustrious Mother Theodore Guerin, widely celebrated on both continents for her beneficent and religious activities, her masterly qualifica- tions and influence. Honored in her native country with medallion decorations from the French Academy, and with the plaudits of the court and ecclesiastical authorities, her fame nevertheless rests upon the magnificent institu- tion she founded, which, in its ideals, its scope, and its attainments, perpetuate her teachings and represents the most progressive and cultured educational system of our day. Like all our earlier institutions, St. Mary-of- the-Woods had an humble beginning. A log cabin served for a church, a rough board house, small, and primitive in every sense, constituted the con- vent, surrounded by a few acres of uncleared land in the heart of a dense and desolate wilder- ness. St. Mary-of-the-Woods to-day presents a scene vastly different from St. Mary's of earlier days. For fifty years the institution grew stead- ily, though slowly, passing through many vicissi- tudes. The twenty-five years that have since fol- lowed may truly be called a period of marvelous development. Instead of the forest primeval and a poor little frame dwelling, there may now be seen an array of buildings, the massiveness, adaptability, and elegance of which are unsur- passed in our country. Enclosing within its pre- cincts a six-hundred-acre plot, St. Mary-of-the- Woods is a little world in itself, self-governing and self-sustaining, preserving all the charm of sylvan environment and yet possessing all mod- ern conveniences, from its railway and interur- ban stations to its coal mine. The principal buildings are arranged in a semi- circle, with a frontage of 1,100 feet, a magnifi- cent white stone conventual church occupying the center of the group. To the east is the convent, a large and commanding brick edifice, adjoining which, to the north, is another large three-story brick building, the Normal training school for those who are aspiring to become members of the community. West of the church is St. Agatha's hall, a dormitory structure connecting with the academy or main building. To the southwest is the conservatory of music, and farther on. the ( hierin college hall. The main building is of white Bedford stone, in pure Renaissance archi- tecture, four stories in height, a faithful imita- tion of the early Florentine palaces designed by Michael Angelo. The new college hall is also a handsome four-story edifice in Renaissance style, built of Bedford stone and light brick. Of similar style and construction is the conserva- tory of music, its elegant auditorium having a seating capacity of 1,000. Other buildings on the grounds are the gymnasium and natatorium ; the "Woodland," an inn for the accommodation of guests of the institution ; the presbytery ; the CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 439 pharmacy and infirmary ; the laundry, the bakery, and the power house, which furnishes light and heat and the power for some fifty motors used in various ways on the premises. The hilly location of the grounds gives them a varied beauty. A mile of cement walks, afford- ing opportunity for exercise, even in most un- propitious weather, wind around and through the parks, from which extend tennis courts and golf links ; while orchards and gardens and spread- ing fields yield their bounty, and wooded tracts and meadow lands furnish grazing for the cattle. Twenty-five thousand young people are now receiving instruction from the Sisters of Provi- dence in their various schools and academies throughout Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts, and at Washington, D. C. Many women of distinc- tion in society and of prominence in the business and professional world claim St. Mary-of-the- Woods as their Alma Mater. A large and enthu- siastic alumnae association evidences the attach- ment of the "old girls" and contributes to the further progress of the school. Every summer the sisters return to the Mother house from the cities in which they are engaged during the scholastic year. A regular normal in- stitute is conducted during the vacation, with lecture courses and studio work by eminent edu- cators, professors, and artists. At present writ- ing (1915) when the establishment is rounding out its seventy-fifth year of existence, more than 1,000 members of the order have just dispersed to resume their activities in the schools under Terre Haute Veterinary College. their charge. The Novitiate, or training school (the recruiting station of the Sisterhood), after contributing forty-six members to the body of the professed religieux during the past year, still numbers about 100. The probationary period covers nearly three years. While the Sisters of Providence now concen- trate all their forces in the field of education, they have at times engaged in other work. Dur- ing the Civil war they had charge of the military hospitals at Indianapolis and Vincennes, and the cholera epidemic that raged so violently half a century ago found them devoting themselves to the plague-stricken and forsaken. Should any other public distress claim their assistance, they will be ready to respond to humanity's need, for these women have left the world not to live for themselves alone, but that the world may be bet- tered by their service. WABASH COUNTY WABASH, SEAT OF JUSTICE WABASH COUNTY is located a little north of the center of the northern part of the State. It is bounded on the north by Kos- ciusko, on the east by Whitley and Huntington, on the south by Grant and Miami and on the west by Miami counties. It contains 448 square miles. There are no high or steep hills in the county, though the land is rolling or undulating near the Mississinewa, Salamonie, Wabash and Eel rivers, and their numerous branches. There is a goodly area of river bottom land, which is corn-producing. The most part of the upland is of the best farming land. Hogs, cattle and sheep are very extensively raised and the county is dis- tinguished for its hoise markets, and one of the most advanced in manufacturing in the State. Organization. — Wabash county was formally organized March 1, 1835, being a part of what is now Huntington county and named by its lo- cation on the Wabash river, one of the principal rivers of the county. Wabash was selected as the county seat by the commissioners named in the 440 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Memorial Building, Wabash. Carnegie Library, Wabash. legislative act on May 19, 1835. The first court- house was a brick structure forty feet square, costing $3,000. It was finished in 1839 and con- tinued in use until June 17, 1871, when it was destroyed by fire. The present court-house was built in 1878, and paid for as soon as the build- ing was completed. Wabash has the distinction of being the first city in the world to be lighted by electricity. It also is particularly noted for having one of the few memorial halls built in memory of the soldiers of the Civil war, together with a fine government building and public li- brary. About five miles from Wabash is situated the "White's Institute," a home maintained by the Friends' Yearly Meeting for homeless chil- dren. Population of Wabash county in 1890 was 27,126; in 1900 was 28,235, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 26,926, of which 629 were of white foreign birth. There were 6,851 families in the county and 6,711 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are seven townships in Wabash county : Chester, Lagro, Liberty, Noble, Paw-Paw, Pleasant and Waltz. The incorporated cities and towns are Wabash, LaFontaine, Lagro, North Manchester, and Roann. Wabash is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Wabash county was $9,723,395; value of improvements was $4,250,050, and the total net value of taxables was $21,222,275. There were 4,400 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 425 miles of improved roads in Wabash county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $813,001. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 80.49 miles of steam railroad operated in Wa- bash county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan ; Butler branch of the Van- dalia, and the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company and Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 32.28 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Robert K. Devricks, county superintendent of Wabash county, there were eighty-four school- houses, including seven high schools, in Wabash county in 1915, employing 218 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,979. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $135,902. The estimated value of school property in the county was $762,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $230,000. Agriculture. — There were in Wabash county CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 441 High School. Wabash. Wabash County Court-House. in 1910 over 2,500 farms embraced in 249,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 98.7 acres. The value of all farm property was over $26,000,000, showing 98.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $75.22. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,570,- 000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $632,- 000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,340,000; hogs 61,000, valued at $412,000; sheep 22,000, valued at $115,000. The value of poultry was $103,000. Industrial. — According to the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were thirteen indus- trial establishments in Wabash, which furnish employment to over 500 persons. The manufac- ture of box-board and of woodwork are the prin- cipal industries. WARREN COUNTY WILLIAMSPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE WARREN COUNTY is located in the western part of the State, a little north of the center in the western tier of counties, and lies in the edge of the Grand Prairie. It is bounded on the north by Benton, on the east by Tippecanoe, on the southeast and south by Foun- tain and Vermilion counties, and on the west by the State of Illinois. The Wabash river flows along its entire southeastern border. Its surface is about half a rolling prairie and the other half, a once well-wooded timber surface, broken by streams and hills. The northwest part of the county has a rich black loam soil, yielding large crops of corn, oats and hay. In the southeast half, bordering on the Wabash river and the small tributary streams, the soil is clay and the crops are principally corn, wheat, timothy and clover. The bluffs along or near the Wabash fur- nish much excellent gravel for building, cement and road-making. Coal of an excellent quality, rivaling the Brazil block coal, has been found in the county and promises to become an important industry. At Kramer is located a well-known sanatorium where mud baths are given rheumatic patients and this locality has grown to be the rival of many of the noted health resorts. Organization. — Warren county was organ- ized March 1, 1827, and was named in honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, of the Revolution, who fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. The first seat of justice of Warren county was located at Warrentown, two miles up the river from 442 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the present county seat. For reasons unknown, this site proved unsatisfactory and the Legis- lature, January 22, 1829, passed an act for the relocation of the county seat. On the second Monday of the following June, locating commis- sioners met at Warrentown, and after a liberal donation of land by William Harrison, selected the present site of Williamsport for the new county seat. In 1870, West Lebanon made an effort to secure the location of the county seat at that point without success. The court-house at Williamsport was destroyed by fire on Sun- day, January 20, 1907. All the records but Warren County Court-House, Williamsport. those of the commissioners were saved. Near Williamsport is a remarkable water-fall which is precipitated over a perpendicular rock into a wild glen, and there is much other wild and ro- mantic scenery within an hour's ride from Will- iamsport. Population of Warren county in 1890 was 10,955; in 1900 was 11,371, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 10,899, of which 210 were of white foreign birth. There were 2,772 families in the county and 2,752 dwellings. Improved Roads. — There were 380 miles of improved roads in Warren county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $43 1 ,770.26. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are twelve townships in Warren county : Adams, Jordan, Kent, Liberty, Medina, Mount, Pike, Pine, Prairie, Steuben, Warren and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Pine Vil- lage, State Line, West Lebanon and Williams- port. The county seat is Williamsport. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Warren county was $7,873,695 ; value of improvements was $1,190,885, and the total net value of taxables was $13,472,850. There were 1,724 polls in the county. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 69.58 miles of steam railroad operated in War- ren county by the Danville division of the Chi- cago, Indiana & Southern ; Brazil division and Judyville branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illi- nois; Rantoul division of the Illinois Central; Western division of the Peoria & Eastern, and the Wabash railroads. Educational. — According to the report of Harry Evans, county superintendent of Warren county, there were eighty schoolhouses, includ- ing three high schools, in Warren county in 1914, employing 106 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 1,893. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $47,942.35. The estimated value of school property in the county was $137,800, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $6,700. Agriculture. — There were in Warren county in 1910 over 1,300 farms embraced in 217,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 161.4 acres. The value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, showing 88.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $92.17. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,- 000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $331,- 000; horses 9,000, valued at $980,000; hogs 29,000, valued at $201,000; sheep 7.700, valued at $36,000. The total value of poultry was $48,- 000. CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 443 WARRICK COUNTY BOONVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE WARRICK COUNTY.— Less than 100 years ago the territory which now com- prises Warrick county was an unblazed forest, a wilderness in which the red man reigned su- preme. It is situated in the southwestern part of Indiana and borders on the Ohio river, and is bounded on the north by < libson, Pike and Du- bois, on the east by Little Pigeon creek, which separates it from Spencer county ; on the south by the Ohio, and on the west by Vanderburg and a very small portion of Gibson counties. It has an area of about 388 square miles. The face of the country is mostly rolling or undulating, though there is a range of hills back of the river bottoms and large tracts of bottom lands along the Pigeon and other creeks, with which the country is watered. The soil in the bottom lands is very rich and large crops of corn are produced here. Much of the upland is of very good qual- ity and tobacco raising is one of the important industries of the county. Coal is found in abundance and is the principal natural resource. According to the State mine inspector's report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were seventeen mines in operation in the county under his jurisdiction which produced 515,368 tons of coal. Organization. — Warrick county was organ- ized March 9, 1813, by an act of the Legislature, which became effective April 1, 1813. It was named in honor of Captain Jacob Warrick, who fell at the head of his company at the battle of Tippecanoe. At the time of its organization, Warrick embraced practically all of the present counties of Posey. Vanderburg, Spencer. Perry and a part of Crawford county. Evansville was selected as the first county seat, which was prob ably done on account of the donation of 10 I acres of land as a site for the county seat by I olonel Hugh McGary, July 15, 1814. Within three months from the time Evansville was made the county seat of Warrick, Posey county was organized with practically its present limits, leaving Evansville in the extreme southwestern corner of Warrick, with the result that the Ter- ritorial Legislature, September 1, 1814, moved the county seat from Evansville to Darlington, a town on the Ohio river. The organization of Vanderburg and Spencer counties. February 1. 1818, out of Warrick county, left it with nearly its present boundaries, and as Darlington was in the southeastern corner of Warrick, after the two counties were cut off from either side of it, the Legislature was again called upon to name commissioners to select a more central site, with the result that the present site of Boonville was selected. Some authorities state that the town was called "Boonsville" in honor of Ratliff Boon. According to authentic, local historians, Warrick county had one court-house fire on September 3, 1833, and it is stated that another fire occurred sometime in 1818. The first white man said to have settled in Warrick county was John Sprinkle, a native of Pennsylvania, who founded the town of Sprinklesburg, now known as New- burg. Among its distinguished citizens are Gen- eral Joseph Lane, who once represented Warrick county in the State senate, and had a national reputation as a Mexican war veteran, once Unv- ernor of Oregon and a candidate for Vice- President of the United States on the Brecken- ridge ticket in 1860 ; former Governor of Alaska Wilford D. Hoggatt ; former United States Sena- tor James A. Hemenway, and many others of Slate and national reputation. Population of Warrick county in 1890 was 21,161; in 1900 was 22,329, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 21,911, of which 508 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,071 families in the county and 5,015 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Warrick county : Anderson, Boon, Campbell, Greer, Hart, Lane, Ohio, Owen, I 'igeon and Skelton. The incorporated cities and towns are Boonville, Elberfeld, Lynnville, New- burg and Tennyson. Boonville is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Warrick countv 444 ( I.XTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA was $4,219,470; value of improvements was $2,114,785, and the total net value of taxables was $9,075,025. There were 3,459 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were fifty-five miles of improved roads in Warrick county built and under jurisdiction of the county commission- ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $88,107. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 28.49 miles of steam railroad operated in War- rick county by the Evansville & Indianapolis, and the Evansville branch of the Southern Rail- way Companies. The Evansville Railways Com- pany and the Evansville Suburban & Newburg Railroad Company operate 24.06 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Andrew J. Hopkins, superintendent of public instruction, there were 121 schoolhouses, includ- ing five high schools, in Warrick county in 1914, employing 186 teachers. The average daily at- tendance by pupils was 4,506. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- pervisors, principals and teachers was $86,278.75. Estimated value of school property in the county was $216,750, and the total amount of indebted- ness, including bonds, was $73,280.43. Agriculture. — There were in Warrick county in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 235,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 82.9 acres. The value of all farm property was over $13,000,000, showing 89.8 per cent, increase over 19 DO. The average value of land per acre was $37.11. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $248,- 000; horses 7,600, valued at $744,000; hogs 17,- 000, valued at $113,000; sheep 7,600, valued at $32,000. The total value of poultry in the county was $70,000. WASHINGTON COUNTY SALEM, SEAT OF JUSTICE WASHINGTON COUNTY is located in the southern part of the State in the cen- ter of the second tier of counties north of the Ohio river. It contains about 510 square miles and is bounded on the north by Jackson, on the east by Scott and Clark, on the south by a section of Floyd, Harrison and Crawford, and on the west by Orange and Lawrence counties. This county presents more variety of surface and soils than any other part of the State of equal size and Birthplace of John Hay, Salem. fur beauty of scenery is not surpassed by any other county in the State. About ten per cent, of the territory is embraced by what is known as "The Barrens," so named for the reason that the land is nearly barren of timber. The range of hills called "The Knobs" passes along the east side of Washington county separating it from Clark and Scott counties until they are lost in the bluffs of the Muscatatuck and White rivers. Other parts of the county are curiously diver- sified with "sink holes" varying in shape and size, but all showing the cavernous nature of the earth beneath. The county is watered by the Muscata- tuck and east fork of White river on the north and northwest, Lost river in the west and by the head waters of Blue river in the east and south. About one-fifth of the county is bottom lands and very productive. The upland is rolling and in many parts, especially along the water courses, is quite broken. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, potatoes, butter, wool, pork and live stock are produced in abundance. No portion of the State is better adapted to fruit growing, and fruits and berries of all kinds are raised and shipped yearly CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 445 from the county. A number of streams traversing the county, many of them fed by never-failing springs of pure cold water, render it one of the very foremost for stock raising. Fine quarries of oolitic are found in almost all parts of the county. In the eastern portion, however, it is a sandstone, and after being worked becomes quite hardened. Good clay for the manufacture of brick and tile is also found in abundance throughout the county. Fossils of every variety are found, espe- cially at Spurgeon's Hill, four miles east of Sa- Chimney Rock in Washington County. Is ten miles south of Salem, formed by erosion. Rock is of hard limestone and about twenty feet high. — Photo by Orra Hopper. lem, which has been visited by geologists from all over the United States. There are quite a number of caves in the county, the largest and most noted of which is located one mile west of Salem and has been explored for some distance. Clifty Cave, in the northwest part of the county, is quite a resort and the county is marked gen- erally with scenery of a romantic character. Organization. — Washington county was or- ganized December 21, 1813, by an act of the Leg- islature, which became effective January 17, 1814. It was created out of Clark and Harrison counties. Orange and Jackson counties were taken from Washington county in 1815, and Scott was carved out in 1820, reducing Wash- ington county to its present boundaries. Salem has been the seat of justice since the organization of the county. Salem is particularly distinguished as the birth- place of John Hay, one time private secretary to President Lincoln, who represented the United States abroad as secretary of the legations at Paris, Madrid and Vienna, and was charge ^j IMA m^r-m 3 E3& >Sn aEfc v ^ ' r-y Ju* iife;^«C p H " tji>v ' 1 $ w* mmm I ' h *^5S fF'-v i f^iJfl "GrS* ■ ^ : -«'^# , ::' * 1. '■W^'^y,'-, JZ ^^Hkv •+■** ' n J«C ._.,',' -^ ■' >*v» ^ ; k ki •■ i ^/ 3L' W^~~ ' '?> ■': f p . i^fcy r--^fe . ; I ■ _V' .■■ 'V, ,yK.':rf'-:\ ' : ... ■'. V: ^ .;/.*••.. ^v* >-• (if -3 "V '.~.-7 '* '• A.- ' S : Lovers' Leap "Clifty," Washington County. This ledge is about twenty-five feet high and called "Lovers' Leap" because many betrothed have tried to leap from the rocks to the main ledge, five feet away. d'affaires at Vienna ; ambassador to England, 1897-8; Secretary of State from 1898 to Septem- ber 20, 1905. He was the author of "Pike County Ballots," "Castulian Days" and the "Bio- graphs of Lincoln." Population of Washington county in 1800 was 18.619; in 1900 was 19,409, and ai cording to United States Census of 1910 was 17,445, of which fifty-six were of white foreign birth. There were 4,146 families in the county and 4,093 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 446 ( PXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Washington County Court-House, Salem. thirteen townships in Washington county : Brown, Franklin, Gibson, Howard, Jackson, Jef- ferson, Madison, Monroe, Pierce, Polk, Posey, Vernon and Washington. The incorporated cities and towns are Campbellsburg, Fredericksburg, Hardinsburg, Little York, Livonia, New Pekin, Salem and Saltillo. Salem is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Washington county was $3,685,895 ; value of improvements was $1,529,400, and the total net value of taxa- bles was $8,511,305. There were 2,793 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 225 miles of improved roads in Washington county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $254,323. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 27.71 miles of steam railroad operated in Wash- ington county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railroad Company. Educational. — According to the report of Orra Hopper, county superintendent of Wash- ington county, there were 124 schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in Washington county in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3.823. The aggre- gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was i$73,- 816.41. The estimated value of school property in the county was $179,290, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $24,355. There are three commissioned high schools at Campbellsburg, Salem and New Pekin, and three non-certified high schools and one township con- solidated graded school in the county. Agriculture. — There were in Washington county in 1910 over 2,600 farms embraced in 310,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 115.6 acres. The value of all farm property was over $11,000,000, showing 76.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $23.20. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,000: Number of cattle 14,000. valued at $349,000; horses 7,600, valued at $750,000; hogs 26,000, valued at $169,000; sheep 16,000, valued at $71,000. The poultry value was $83,000. WAYNE COUNTY RICHMOND, SEAT OF JUSTICE WAYNE COUNTY is located in the cen- tral part of the eastern tier of counties and is bounded on the north by Randolph, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the south by Union and Fayette and on the west by Henry and Fay- ette counties. The Cumberland or National road runs through it, and in the early days was the gateway to the State and the great Northwest beyond, over which the tide of emigration moved from the East. Its area is about 394 square miles. The soil is rich and varied, from the alluvial to the heavy clays of the elevated por- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OE INDIANA 447 tions, and all susceptible to a high state of culti- vation. Every section is well watered, and few localities are better adapted to dairying. Wayne county is famous for its production of wheat, corn, hogs, cattle and horses. The soil and cli- mate are well adapted to the production of fruit, and an eminent authority has said: "Wayne count}' lies in the coming apple belt of the Cen- tral States." Agriculture has received much en- couragement in the public schools, in associations and in institutes, conducted from year to year among the farmers, and it was among the first in the State to add agriculture to its common school course of study. Organization. — Wayne county, the seventh in line in the State, was organized under an act of the Legislature of November 27, 1810, made effective February 1, 1811. It was named in honor of General Anthony Wayne, known to history as "Mad Anthony," whose name has been indelibly fixed upon the pages of the early his- tory of this country because of his victory at the battle of "Fallen Timbers" and the defeat of Little Turtle. The city of Fort Wayne is also named in his honor. He died December 15, 1796. The first countv seat of Wavne count v was located at Salisbury, which by a Legislative act was changed to Centerville December 21, 1816. The dissensions which this created were as noth- ing compared with the struggle that was precipi- tated following the change of the county seat from Centerville to Richmond. This stretched over a period of fifty years, and had a marked effect on the political fortunes of State and county officials, judges and members of the Leg- islature, as well as Governors. This struggle re- sulted in the creation of a number of acts of the Legislature providing for the removal of county seats. The removal of the county seat of Wayne county from Centerville to Richmond occurred August 15, 1873, terminating the longest and bit- terest county seat war in Indiana. The rancor which it engendered has not entirely died out to this day. Richmond has a population, according to the United States Census of 1910, of 22,324, and it is one of the most thriving industrial cities in Indiana. It is located on the east bank of the east fork of White Water on the National road, four miles from the ( thio line. It was first settled in 1816, and it was here that the "Friends' Boarding School" was established June Earlham College, Richmond, Wayne County. 448 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 7, 1847, and from which has developed Earlham College. Earlham College took its name from "Earl- ham Hall," the name of the Gurney home, at Norfolk, England, the source of the far-reaching humanitarian work of John Gurney, the promi- nent English Quaker banker, and his better known sister, Elizabeth Fry. As to location no isolated spot was chosen. A large tract of land was purchased on either side of "The Great Road," as the Friends referred to the now historic "National road," which led straight into the unbounded west. Here, on the now beautiful campus they built "their house by the side of the road," a token of the service for which the college was to stand. Nine years after Louis Agassiz came to Har- First Log Schoolhouse, Wayne County, 1813. vard, a young Earlham instructor, Joseph Moore, who was later to be Earlham's president, went east to work with him, and the young Indiana college was thus early linked with the movement to add natural science to its curriculum. In 1847 the college was the beneficiary of a contribution of £300 sterling from English Friends, two- thirds of which was set apart to the college authorities to purchase scientific apparatus and start a library. In 1853 the foundation of the Joseph Moore museum was laid, in the beginning of a permanent collection of materials in the field of natural science as a subject for instruction. On the Earlham campus was established the first astronomical observatory in the State, where is located the transit mounted at Fort Sumter at the outbreak of the Civil war. It was the first college in Indiana to establish a laboratory equipped for the use of students, and is one of the very first institutions committed to the mod- ern policy of co-education. In a list, prepared at the request of the German universities, by the Association of American Universities, Earlham was listed as one whose work ranks with their own. It was one of the colleges among the six mentioned by Doctor K. C. Babcock, educa- tional expert of the United States Bureau of Education, as representing the most progressive and efficient work now being done among Amer- ican colleges. Eastern Hospital for the Insane. — The East- ern Hospital for the Insane, "Easthaven," lo- cated a short distance west of Richmond, was the second of the additional hospitals to be opened. Its site was purchased August 9, 1883, and it was constructed on the cottage plan. The arrangement is in the form of a modified quad- rangle, with the power-house in the center and the cottages on two sides and a part of the front. As previously mentioned, some of the buildings were completed in 1887 and were occupied by the School for Feeble-Minded Youth. The school was moved to its new location July 8, 1890, and on August 4 following the Eastern hospital received its first patient. Population of Wayne county in 1890 was 37,628; in 1900 was 38,970, and according to Lhiited States Census of 1910 was 43,757, of which 2,044 were of white foreign birth. There were 11,404 families in the county and 10,958 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are fifteen townships in Wayne county: Abington, Boston, Center, Clay, Dalton, Franklin, Green, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Newgarden, Perry, Washington, Wayne and Webster. The incor- porated cities and towns are Richmond, Boston, Cambridge City, Centerville, Dublin, East Ger- mantown, Fountain City, Hagerstown, Milton, Mt. Auburn, Spring Grove and Whitewater. Richmond is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Wayne county was $12,724,870, value of improvements was $9,371,110 and the total net value of taxables was $35,344,585. There were 8,099 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 312 miles of CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 449 improved roads in Wayne county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $311,088. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 110.81 miles of steam railroad operated in Wayne county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Cin- cinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Grand Rapids & Indiana over C, R. & Ft. W. and the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Indianapolis and Richmond divisions of the P., C, C. & St. L., and the White Water railroads. The Ohio Electric Railway Company and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operate 27.80 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Charles O. Williams, county superintendent of Wayne county, there were sixty-eight school- houses, including twelve high schools, in Wayne county in 1914, employing 148 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 2,748. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $176,818.03. The estimated value of school property in the county was $1,096,096, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $224,900. Agriculture. — There were in Wayne county in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in 247,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 94 acres. The value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, showing 70.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $68.97. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,190,000: Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $525,000; horses 9,600, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 85,000, valued at $532,000; sheep 12,000, valued at $56,000. The total value of poultry was $82,000. Industrial. — According to the United States Census of 1910 there were 107 industries in Richmond, furnishing employment to 4,432 per- sons. Total amount of capital employed, $13,139,- 159. Value of products, $10,373,837; value added by manufacture, $5,255,401. WELLS COUNTY BLUFFTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE WELLS COUNTY is located in the north- western part of Indiana, about twenty-five miles south of Fort Wayne. It contains 372 square miles and is bounded on the north by Al- len, on the east by Adams, on the south by Jay and Blackford, and on the west by Grant and Huntington counties. The Wabash river in the northern part and the Salamonie river in the southern part of the county afford ample drain- age. The soil is fertile, producing abundant crops. The southern part of the county is in the oil and gas field, which was opened up in 1897. Very few new oil wells are being drilled and the sound of the oil pump is fast dying away ; the oil peo- ple are moving to new fields of labor, while the farmer is paying more attention to agriculture in this territory, which is the main occupation of the people in the county. Organization. — Wells county was organized by an act of the Legislature February 17, 1837, which became effective May 1, of that year. The 29 county was named in honor of Captain William H. Wells of Fort Wayne, who was killed by the Indians on August 15, 1812, near Chicago, in an attempt to escort the garrison of Fort Dearborn to Fort Wayne. Bluffton was selected as the county seat at the organization of the county. Population of Wells county in 1890 was 21,514; in 1900 was 23,449, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 22,418, of which 330 were of white foreign birth. There were 5,566 families in the county and 5,489 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are nine townships in Wells county : Chester, Harri- son, Jackson, Jefferson, Lancaster, Liberty, Not- tington, Rock Creek, and Union. The incorpo- rated cities and towns are Bluffton, Keystone, Markle, Ossian, Poneto, Uniondale and Vera Cruz. Bluffton is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from 450 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Wells county was $8,055,770; value of improvements was $2,793,- 000, and the total net value of taxables was $17,- 813,615. There were 3,527 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 728 miles of improved roads in Wells county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $631,415. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 80.40 miles of steam railroad operated in Wells county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati, Bluff- ton & Chicago ; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louis- ville, and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western rail- roads. The Bluffton, Geneva & Celina Traction Company ; Fort W'ayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company ; Marion, Bluffton & Eastern Traction Company, and the Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 43.36 miles of elec- tric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Arthur R. Huyette,. county superintendent of Wells county, there were ninety-six school- houses, including nine high schools in Wells county in 1914, employing 160 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,136. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $178,789.96. The estimated value of school property in the county was $332,245, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $58,800. Agriculture. — There were in Wells county in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in 226,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 85.2 acres. The value of all farm property was over $26,000,000, showing 116.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $82.54. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,350,- 000 : Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $474,000 ; horses 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 69,000, valued at $418,000; sheep 25,000, valued at $120,- 000. The total value of poultry, $122,000. Industrial. — According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912. there were fourteen industrial establishments in Bluffton employing nearly 300 persons. The manufac- ture of pianos, oil-field machinery, drain tile and cooperage are the leading industries. WHITE COUNTY MONTICELLO, SEAT OF JUSTICE WHITE COUNTY is located in the fourth tier of counties northwest of Indianapolis and is bounded on the north by Jasper and Pu- laski, on the east by Cass and Carroll, on the south by Tippecanoe, and on the west by Benton and Jasper counties. It contains 504 square miles. The soil is chiefly rich, black farm land, producing large yields of corn, oats, wheat and other agricultural products. Cattle and hogs are fed in large numbers. At Motion there is a lime- stone quarry, which is the only place where stone is found near the surface. The county is crossed by the Tippecanoe river in its lower course, a stream of crystal water that has cut a channel about 100 feet deep, with frequent rapids and fine fishing. The banks are dotted with sum- mer resorts. Organization. — White county was organized April 1, 1834. It was named in honor of Col. Isaac White, of Gallatin county, Illinois, who volunteered his services as a private in the Tip- pecanoe campaign and fell at the side of Major Daviess in the battle of Tippecanoe. The com- missioners, who were selected by the Legislature to choose the county seat, did not make a report until September 5, 1834, when they chose Monti- cello, which has been the county seat ever since the organization of the county. Population of White county in 1890 was 15,671 ; in 1900 was 19,138, and, according to U. S. Census, in 1910 was 17,602, of which 589 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,294 families in the county and 4,249 dwellings. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are eleven townships in White county: Big Creek, Cass, Honey Creek, Jackson, Liberty, Motion, Prairie, Princeton Round Grove, Union and West Point. The incorporated cities and towns CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 451 are Monticello, Brookston, Burnettsville, Chal- mers, Monon, Reynolds and Wolcott. Monti- cello is the county seat. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in White cou lty was $8.339,500 ; value of improvements was $2,392,- 160, and the total net value of taxables was $15,- 246,560. There were 2,979 polls in the county. Improved Roads. — There were 349 miles of improved roads in White county, built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $449,876.25. Educational. — According to the report of Henry J. Reid, county superintendent, there were ninety-eight schoolhouses. including seven high schools, in White county in 1914, employing 162 teachers. The daily average attendance by pupils was 3,571. The aggregate amount paid to superintendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $83,818.37. Estimated value of school property was $307,850, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $55,909.52. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 69.35 miles of steam railroad operated in White county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville and its Michigan City branch, and the Effner branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. Agriculture. — There were in White county in 1910 over 2,000 farms, embraced in 314.000 acres. Average acres per farm, 150.4 acres. The value of all farm property was over $30,003,000, showing 93 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $77.69. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,- 000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $641.- 000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,400,000; hogs 29,030. valued at $235,000; sheep 10,000, valued at $55,000. The value of poultry was $100,000. WHITLEY COUNTY COLUMBIA CITY, SEAT OF JUSTICE WHITLEY COUNTY lies in the northeast corner of the State and is bounded oiv the north by Noble, on the east by Allen, on the south by Huntington and Wabash and on the west by Kosciusko and Wabash counties. It contains 336 square miles. Eel river, flowing across the county from the northeast to the south- west, is the principal stream within its bound- aries. Fed by its main tributary, Blue river, and a network of small creeks, it affords an out- let for almost the entire drainage of the county. In the northern part of the county lie some of the most beautiful lakes in Indiana. Blue river lake, the largest, lies in Smith township near the town of Churubusco. In Troy township are Robinson, Cedar, Spruce and New lakes and several smaller ones. In Etna township is Old lake and a part of Loon lake. Cedar and Shriner lakes in Thorncreek township, widely known as Tri-Lake-Resort. forms the most at- tractive group. Here the State Fish and Game Commission has established a fish hatchery. A portion of Crooked lake, with its heavily wooded shores, regarded by many as the most beautiful lake in the county, also lies in Thorncreek town- ship. The abundant supply of fish with which these lakes are stocked, and their picturesque surroundings, attract many pleasure seekers from all parts of the middle west. The character of the soil is a rich, clay loam, varied in parts of the county with sandy soil, and is very productive. All of the different varieties of the staple farm products are raised in alum- dance, and sugar beets, peppermint, hemp and millet are raised on a smaller scale. A large area of muck lands, once regarded as worthless, are now utilized for onion raising, which has be- come one of the principal industries. Organization. — Whitley county was organ- ized by an act of the Legislature January 29, 1839, which became effective April 1, 1839. It was named in honor of Col. William Whitley, of Lincoln county, Kentucky, one of the lira vest of the early pioneers of that State, who. after being a successful leader in many daring expedi- tions, fell at last at the age of 64. in the battle of 452 CKXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA the Thames, where he had volunteered to serve as a private. Whitley county was formed out of what was originally Cleveland township of Hunt- ington county. The site for the first county seat, which was selected by the State commis- sioners, did not prove satisfactory and the Leg- islature passed an act February 18, 1839, naming five commissioners to relocate the county seat. On October 19, 1839, the commissioners met and decided to locate the county seat on fractional section 11, township 31 north, range 9, east, on land owned by Elihu Chauncey, of Philadelphia. He was to donate 222 ^ acres and build a saw- mill on the land. There was not a white family living within one mile and a half at the time, but its central location had been the determining factor in making the choice. The new town was first called Columbia and afterward changed to Columbia City, now particularly distinguished as the home of Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall, former Governor of Indiana. The territory comprising Whitley county was at one time dotted with villages of the Miami In- dians, the most important of which was Turtle Village, located on the banks of Eel river in Union township. This was the home of Little Turtle, one of the greatest of the Miami chiefs. He is known as having been the first of the In- dians to discard the practise of the Medicine Man and adopt vaccination for the prevention of smallpox among his people. His village was destroyed by a detail from General Harrison's army in the year 1812. Coesse, a nephew of Little Turtle, was another famous Indian chief who lived in this county. The village of Coesse is named for him. Kilsoquah, the granddaughter of Little Turtle, was one of the most interesting figures in the Indian history of the State. She died recently, at the town of Roanoke, at the age of 105 years. Some of the richest lands of the county were granted by treaty to the Indians, several hundred acres being comprised in the Beaver, Seeks Village and Chapine Reservations in Columbia and Union townships and the Rac- coon Reservations in the southeast corner of Jef- ferson township. — Phil C. McNagny. Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ten townships in Whitley county : Cleveland, Co- lumbia, Etna, Jefferson, Richland, Smith, Thorn- creek, Troy, Union and Washington. The incor- porated cities and towns are Columbia City, Churubusco and South Whitley. Columbia City is the county seat. Population of Whitley county in 1890 was 17,768; in 1900 was 17,328, and according to U. S. Census in 1910 was 16,892, of which 298 were of white foreign birth. There were 4,306 families in the county and 4,242 dwellings. Taxable Property and Polls. — According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Whitley county was $6,645,205 ; value of improvements was $2,- 422,222, and the total net value of taxables was $14,869,000. The county had 2,835 polls. Improved Roads. — There were fifteen miles of improved roads in Whitley county, built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners, January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $179,947.50. Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 58.70 miles of steam railroad operated in Whit- ley county by the New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago, and the Butler branch of the Vandalia railroad. The Ft. Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Co. operates .66 miles of electric line in the county. Educational. — According to the report of Alvin R. Fleck, county superintendent of Whit- ley county, there were seventy-three school houses, including nine high schools, in Whitley county in 1914, employing 130 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 3,173.6. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superin- tendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $68,299.14. The estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $307,850, and the total in- debtedness, including bonds, was $43,300. Agriculture. — There were in Whitley county in 1910 over 2.100 farms, embraced in 202,000 acres. Average acres per farm, ninety-four acres. The value of all farm property was over $18,000,000, showing 98.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $61.97. The total value of domestic animals was over $1,790,000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $463,000; horses 8,100, valued at $956,000; hogs 37,000, valued at $250,000; sheep 21,000, valued at $93,000. The total value of poultry was $95,000. Views in Columbia City, Whitley County. 454 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns in Indiana, U. S. Census 1910. CITY OR TOWN. Advance town. Aetna town — Alamo town — Albany town... Albion town... Alexandria city. Alton town Altona town Ambla town Amboy town Anderson city.. Andrews town. Angola city Arcadia town.. Argostown Ashley town.. Atlanta town. Attica city.... Auburn city.. Aurora city... Avllla town Balnbridge town Batesville city Battle Oround town. Bedford city Beech Grove town. Berne town Bicknejl town Birdseye town Bloomfleld town... Bloomingdale town. Bloom ington city. . . Blufltonclty Boonville city Boston town Boswell town Bourbon town Bowling Green town. Brazil city Bremen town County. 1910 Bristol town Broadrlpple town Bronson town (Losantville P. O.) Brook town Brooklyn town Brooksburg town . . Brookston town.... Brookville town — Brownsburg town.. Brownstown town. Bryant town Bunker Hill town. . . Bumettsville town. Butler town Cadiz town Cambridge City town. Camden town Campbellsburg town . . Cannelburg town Cannelton city Carbon town Carlisle town Carmeltown Carthage town.. Castleton town: Cayuga town... Boone Lake Montgomery. Delaware Noble Madison.. Crawford. Dekalb..., Benton... Miami Madison Huntington. Steuben Hamilton... Marshall. . .. Dekalb... Steuben . . Hamilton. Fountain.. Dekalb.... Dearborn . Noble Putnam Ripley Tippecanoe. Lawrence... Marlon.. Adams.. Knox... Dubois.. Greene.. Parke Monroe... Wells.... Warrick.. Wayne... Benton... Marshall. Clay Clay Marshall. Elkhart.... Marlon Randolph.. Newton Morgan Jefferson... White Franklin... Hendricks.. Jackson Jay Miami White Dekalb Henry Wayne Carroll Washington.. Daviess Perry Clay Sullivan... Hamilton. Rush Marlon Vermilion.. 416 161 209 1,289 1,213 6,096 161 349 369 621 22,476 957 2,610 990 1,088 639 876 3,336 3,919 4,410 579 449 2,151 443 8,716 668 1,316 2,794 439 2,069 8,838 4,987 3,934 122 1900 241 2,116 1,324 438 402 20,178 746 2,141 1,413 1,307 1,040 1,000 3,005 3,396 3,645 658 431 1,384 150 6,115 1,037 476 1,588 505 6,460 4,479 2,849 134 814 824 1,163 1,187 336 432 9,340 7,786 2,008 1,671 535 546 770 487 300 177 1,067 677 572 150 149 907 949 2,169 2,037 876 676 1,492 1,685 469 384 668 568 489 497 1,818 2,063 209 253 2,237 1,754 557 666 672 300 280 2,130 2,188 493 951 850 699 626 498 873 1,028 194 199 911 832 CITY OR TOWN. Cedar Grove town Center Point town Centervllle town Chalmers town Charlestown town Chesterfield town Chesterton town Chrisney town Churubusco town Cicero town Clarkshill town Clarksvllle town Clay City town Claypool town Claysburg town Clayton town Clermont town Clifford town Clinton city Cloverdale town Coatesville town Colfax town College Park town Columbia city Columbus city Connersville city Converse town Corunna town Corydon town Covington city Crandall town Crawlordsville city Cromwell town Crothersville town Crown Point town Culver town Cynthiana town Dale town Dana town Danville town Darlington town Decatur city Delphi city Diamond town Dills boro town Dublin town Dugger town Dunkirk city Dunreith town Dyer town Earl Park town East Chicago city East Connersville town . East Gary town East Gennantown town Eaton town Edinburg town Elberfela town Elizabeth town Elizabeth town town Elkhart city Ellettsville town Elnora town Elwoodcity English town Etna Green town County. Franklin Clay Wayne White Clark Madison Porter Spencer.. Whitley Hamilton Tippecanoe.. ClaA Clay Kosciusko — Clark Hendricks Marion Bartholomew, Vermilion Putnam Hendricks Clinton Huntington.. Whitley Bartholomew, Fayette Miami Dekalb Harrison Fountain Harrison Montgomery. Noble Jackson Lake Marshall Posey Spencer Vermilion . . . Hendricks. . . Montgomery. Adams Carroll Parke Dearborn Wayne Sullivan (Blackford.... Uay Henry Lake Benton Lake Fayette Lake Wayne Delaware Johnson Warrick Harrison Bartholomew Elkhart Monroe Daviess Madison Crawford Kosciusko.... 185 414 1,019 613 864 285 1,400 524 870 990 463 2,743 1,213 408 380 497 205 210 6,229 624 472 801 103 3,448 8,813 7,738 1,164 318 1,703 133 9,371 520 1,038 2,526 810 610 5S3 748 1,640 780 4,471 2,161 1,070 425 704 1,226 3,031 181 545 609 19,098 706 484 302 1,428 2,040 438 238 350 19,282 676 961 11,028 583 431 600 785 462 915 1,603 539 2,370 1,503 399 116 233 2,918 445 2,975 8,130 6,836 1,415 i,'6l6' 2,213 137 6,619 "765 2,336 505 502 624 893 727 4,142 2,135 3,187 205 563 3,411 556 1,567 1,820 ""in 407 15,184 70S 908 12,950 649 420 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 455 CITY OE TOWN. Evansvllle city Fairmount town Fairvlew Park town. Farmersburg town . . Farmland town Ferdinand town Fishers Station town Flora town Forest Hill town Fort Branch town . .. Fort Wayne city Fortville town, Fountain City town. Fowler town Fowlerton town Francesville town Francisco town Frankfort city Franklin city Frankton town Fredericksburg town. Fremont town French Lick town. . . Fulton town Galveston town Garrett city Gary city Gas city Gaston town Geneva town Gentryvtlle town Georgetown town Glenwood town Goodland town Goshen city Gosport town Grand view town G reencastle city Greendale town Greenfield city Greensboro town Greens burg city Greentown town Greenville town Greenwood town Griffin town Griffith town Hagerstown town Hamlet town Hammond city Hanover town Hardlnsburg town . . . Hartford City HartsviUe town Hazelton town Hebron town Highland town Hlflshoro town Hobart town Hope town Hudson town Huntingburg city Huntington city Huron town , Hytnera town Indianapolis city Tngalls town Jamestown town Jason vllle town Jasper town Jeffersonville city — Jonesboro town Jonesvlile town Judson town Kempton town Kendall ville city Kennard town Kentland town Kewanna town Keystone town Kingman town Klrkllntown Knlchtstown town.. Knights vllle town. . . Knox town Kokomoelty La Fontaine town. . . Laconia town Ladoga town Lafayette city Lagrange town Dekalb... Lake Grant Delaware. Adams Spencer. Floyd... /Fayette.. \Rush Newton. Elkhart. County. Vanderburg. . Grant Vermilion Sullivan Randolph — Dubois Hamilton Carrolh Decatur Gibson Allen.... Hancock. Wayne... Benton... Grant Pulaski.. Gibson... Clinton . . Johnson.. Madison. Washington.. Steuben Orange Fulton Owen Spencer... Putnam.. Dearborn. Hancock.. Henry... Decatur. . Howard.. Floyd.... Johnson., Posey... Lake Wayne. Starke.. Lake — Jefferson Washington... Blackford Bartholomew Gibson Porter Lake Fountain Lake Bartholomew . . Steuben Dubois Huntington. Lawrence... Sullivan Marlon Madison. Boone... Greene. . . Dubois... Clark.... Grant Bartholomew. Parke Tipton Noble Henry Newton... Fulton.... Wells Fountain . Clinton.. Henry... Clay Starke... Howard. Harrison Montgomery. Tippecanoe.. Lagrange 69,647 2,506 630 1,115 907 827 188 1,386 111 1,182 63,933 1,174 448 1,491 293 729 407 8,634 4,502 936 271 694 1,803 296 658 4,149 16,802 3,224 638 1,140 383 331 1,105 8,514 776 735 3,790 697 4,448 250 5,420 1,166 227 1,608 275 523 936 579 20,925 356 254 6,187 358 648 821 304 528 1,753 1,223 390 2,464 10,272 197 1,515 233,650 322 690 3,295 2,196 10,412 1,573 213 141 600 4,981 449 1,209 728 242 535 699 2,008 1,081 1,644 17,010 683 82 1,148 59,007 3,205 625 870 1,209 152 849 45,115 1,006 455 1,429 7,100 4,005 1,464 281 709 260 3,910 3,622 464 350 1,205 7,810 726 822 3,661 473 4,489 284 5,034 1,287 309 1,503 862 432 12,376 377 210 5,912 439 758 794 600 1,390 1,088 558 2,527 9,491 1G9.164 642 640 1,863 10,774 1,838 268 136 3,354 417 1,006 646 250 624 1,942 1,171 1,466 10,609 135 1,176 1,703 CITY OB TOWN. Lagro town Lakevllle town. . Lanesville town . Lapel town Laporte city Laurel town Lawrenceburg city . . Leavenworth town . Lebanon city T«esburg town Lewlsvllle town.. Liberty town LIgoniercity Linden town Linton city Little York town. Livonia town Llzton town Logansport city. . . Loogootee city Lowell town Lynn town Lynnvllle town . Lyons town Macy town Madison city Marengo town Marion city M ark I e town Marshall town Martinsville city.. Matthews town... Mauckport town . . Medaryville town. Mellott town Men tone town Merom town Michigan City Mlchigantown town. Middlebury town Middletown town. Milan town Milford town MUford town Miller town Mlllersburg town. . . Mlllhousen town... Milltown town Milton town Mlshawaka city Mitchell city Modoc town Monon town Monroe town Monroe City town.. Monroeville town . . Monterey town Montezuma town . . Montgomery town. Monticello city Montpelier city. .. Moorefield town. . . Mooreland town... Moores Hill town. Mooresville town.. Morgan town town Morocco town Morristown town Mount Auburn town. . Mount Ayr town Mount Carmel town... Mount Etna town Mount Summit town . Mount Vernon city Munciecity Munster town. Nappanee town Nashville town New Albany city New Amsterdam town. New Carlisle town New Castle city New Chicago town New Harmony town. New Haven town New Market town — County. New Middletown town New Palestine town New Pekin town New Providence town (Borden P. O.). New Richmond town Wabash St. Joseph . Harrison . . , Madison. . . Laporte — Franklin... Dearborn . . Crawford... Boone Kosciusko. Henry Union Noble Montgomery. Greene Washington.. Washington.. Hendricks. . . Cass Martin Lake Randolph. Warrick... Greene ' Miami Jefferson Crawford Grant /Huntington . \Wells Parke Morgan... Grant Harrison . . Pulaski... Fountain. Kosciusko. Sullivan... Laporte Clinton Elkhart.... Henry Ripley Decatur Kosciusko. Lake Elkhart... Decatur.. Crawford. ivne Joseph.. St Lawrence. Randolph., White Adams Knox Allen... Pulaski. Parke... Daviess. White... Blackford Switzerland. , Henry Dearborn Morgan , Morgan.. Newton. Shelby.. Waytfe.. Newton. Franklin Huntington. Henry Posey Delaware... Lake Elkhart.... Brown Floyd Harrison... St. Joseph.. nenry Lake Posey Allen Montgomery. Harrison Hancock Washington.. Clark 1910 Montgomery. 463 227 290 1,045 10,525 503 3,930 690 5,474 401 446 1,338 2,173 556 5,906 195 197 224 19,050 2,154 1,235 917 297 993 320 19,359 820 334 4,529 688 279 710 372 728 521 19,027 395 600 1,174 657 428 211 586 601 11,886 3,438 261 1,184 334 630 910 280 1,537 611 2,168 2,786 94 455 424 1,608 667 927 622 167 231 142 148 193 5,563 24,005 543 2,260 354 20,029 134 612 9,446 105 1,229 1.0.1S 334 145 450 246 350 1900 464 456 "324' 869 7,113 600 4,326 655 4,465 390 404 1,449 2,231 572 3,071 224 200 16,204 1,382 1,275 705 314 7,835 700 17,337 729 4,038 '"296 757 478 14,860 417 672 1,801 422 211 905 481 265 1,772 221 1,160 688 690 261 1,172 616 2,107 3,405 113 309 338 974 920 665 163 153 175 5,132 20,942 2,208 393 20,628 200 597 3,406 1,341 950 107 444 357 456 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA CITY OB TOWN. New Ross town. Newberry town. Newburg town. . Newpointtown. Newport town.. County. Montgomery. Greene Warrick Decatur Vermilion Noblesville city Hamilton . Normal City town I Delaware.. North Judson town Starke North Liberty town I St. Joseph. North Manchester town I Wabash North Salem town ' Hendricks. North Vernon city i Jennings... Oakland City town ' Gibson Oaktown town l Knox Odon town 'Daviess Oldenburg town I Franklin Oolitic town. Orestes town. . Orleans town. Osgood town. . Ossian town Otterbein town.. Owensville town. Oxford town Palmyra town... Paol! town Paragon town Parker City town. Patoka town Patriot town Lawrence. Madison.. Orange Ripley Wells.... Benton.. Gibson... Benton... Harrison. Madison. Jay Miami... Pendleton town Pennville town Peru city Petersburg town ! Pike. Pierceton town I Kosciusko.. Pine Village town I Warren Plttsboro town ' Hendricks . Plainfield town i Hendricks . Plymouth city • Marshall . . . Poneto town Wells Port Fulton town ' Clark Porter town j Porter Portland city Jay Posey ville town Posey Princeton city Gibson Redkey town J Jay Remington town Jasper Rensselaer city Jasper Reynolds town White Richmond city Wayne Rldgevlew town Miami Ridgeville town i Randolph. , Rising Sun city Ohio River Park town I St. Joseph. Riverside town I Delaware.. Roachdale town. Roann town Roanoke town . . , Rochester city . . . Rockport city. . . . Rockville city Rosedale town Rossville town Royal Center town. Rush vlUe city Russellville town.. St. Joe town St. Leon town St. Meuirad town. Salamonla town.. . Salem town Saltlilotown.... Sandborn town. Saratoga town... Scottsburg town . SeelyviHe town... Sellersburg town . Selina town Seymour city.... Putnam Wabash Huntington . Fulton Spencer Parke... Parke... Clinton.. Cass Rush.... Putnam Dekalb Dearborn... Spencer Jay Washington. Washington. Knox Randolph... Scott Vigo Clark Delaware. Jackson . . . 1910 Orange Morgan I Randolph I Gibson Switzerland... 296 455 1,097 341 732 5,073 1,122 1,143 681 2,428 569 2,915 2,370 608 1,004 956 1,079 420 1,367 1,169 661 652 1,237 1,010 252 1,278 409 800 657 340 1,293 800 10,910 2,170 817 352 408 1,303 3,838 308 1,060 524 5,130 780 6,448 1,714 982 2,393 377 22, 324 440 1,302 1,513 1,505 863 849 447 699 3.364 2,736 1,943 1,166 677 909 4,925 443 391 261 538 169 2,283 162 445 410 1,669 1,188 676 350 6.305 1900 284 1,371 451 610 4,792 868 944 504 2,398 599 2,823 1,991 923 957 778 1,236 1,035 529 1,019 949 1,186 413 909 710 408 1,512 773 8,463 1,751 S86 279 3,656 332 1,101 4,798 628 0,041 2,206 1,120 2,255 393 18,226 1,098 1,548 942 631 536 3,421 2,882 2,045 865 698 657 4,541 298 483 369 525 168 1,995 207 1,274 6.445 CITY OB TOWN. Shelburn town Shelbyvillectty... Sheridan town Shirley town Shirley City town. Shoals town Silver Grove town.. Sliver Lake town... South Bend city... South Peru town... South Whitley town. Southport town Spenoer city Spiceland town Spring Grove town... State Line city. . Staunton town.. Stinesville town. Straugrm town.. Sullivan city Sulphur Springs town.. Summitville town Sunman town , Swayzee town Syracuse town , Tell City Tennyson town.. Terre Haute city. Thorntown town. Tipton city Troy town Union City i Uniondale town University Heights town.. Upland town , Versailles town. . Vevay city Vincennes city.. Wabash city Wakarusa town. Walkerton town.., Wallace town Walton town Warren town Warsaw city Washington city.. Waterloo town Waveland town. . . Waynetown town. West Baden town.. Sullivan... Shelby.... Hamilton . i Hancock.. \Henry Allen Valparaiso city Porter Van Buren town Grant Veedersburg city Fountain., Vera Cruz town Wells Vernon town Jennings.. County. Martin Floyd Kosciusko.. St. Joseph.. Miami Whitley.. Marion. . . Owen Henry . . . Wayne... Warren . . Clay Monroe... Henry... Sullivan.. Henry Madison Ripley Grant Kosciusko.. Perry Warrick.. Vigo Boone Tipton... Perry Randolph. Wells Marion Grant Ripley Switzerland . Knox Wabash Elkhart St. Joseph... Fountain Cass Huntington. Kosciusko... Daviess Dekalb Montgomery. Montgomery . Orange West College Corner town Union West Harrison town 2 Dearborn... West Lafayette town Tippecanoe. I West Lebanon town I Warren West Terra Haute town ! Vigo Westfleld town Hamilton... Westport town Decatur Westville town ! Laporte Wheatfield town I Jasper Whlteland town I Johnson.... Whitewater town ! Wayne Whiting city | Lake Williamsport city i Warren Winamac town I Pulaski..., Winchester city Randolph. Windfall city... Wlngate town.. Wlnslow town. Wolcott town.. Wolcottvllle town.. Woodruff town Worthington town. Zlonsvlile town.... Tipton Montgomery. Pike White /Lagrange., \Noble Marlon Greene Boone 1910 2,055 9,500 1,768 1,619 375 1,015 783 493 53.6S4 1 863 1,176 352 2,150 622 122 194 746 497 234 4,115 209 1,387 353 836 1,379 3,369 371 58,157 1,508 4,075 510 3,209 189 102 l,0SO 6,987 1,189 1,757 133 453 486 1,256 14,895 8,687 859 1,003 116 579 1,189 4,430 7,854 1,167 676 734 746 432 281 3,867 642 3,083 700 675 503 357 343 112 0,587 1,243 1,607 4,206 446 932 873 627 j 833 i 1,732 I 840 ; 659 477 1,448 765 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 457 ADDENDA The First Monopoly. — The first French set- tlement in the Province of Louisiana was made at Biloxi, on the shores of Lake Borgne, by D'Ibberville and Bienville in 1699. After the war between England and France in 1702, the colony was neglected until September 14, 1712, when Louis XIV, king of France, granted letters patent to Crozat, an officer of his household, giving him a virtual monopoly of trade through- out "all the lands possessed by us and bounded by New Mexico and by the lands of the English of Carolina, . . . the river of St. Louis, heretofore called the Mississippi, from the edge of the sea as far as the Illinois, together with the river St. Philip, heretofore called Missouri, and of St. Jerome, heretofore called Ouabache ; with all the countries, territories, lakes within land, and rivers which fall directly or indirectly into that part of the river St. Louis. . . ."* After the death of Louis XIV, Crozat sur- rendered his charter and the Province of Louisi- ana was granted a monopoly to what was called the Mississippi Company, which ceded to it for- ever "all the lands, coasts, havens, islands which formed the Province of Louisiana." Early in 1719, after extended activities had been begun in the Province of Louisiana, and having re- ceived enlarged privileges from the crown, the name of the company was changed to the Com- pany of the Indies. In 1721, the country was divided into nine districts, which were called New Orleans, Biloxi, Mobile, Alabama, Natchez, Yazoo, Natchitoches, Arkansas and Illinois. The district of Illinois included the territory now lying within the borders of the State of Indi- ana. — (See Matthse Seutteri's Map of 1720, page 11.) Religious Intolerance : Expulsion of Jews. — That the activities of the Company of the Indies in the extension of trade throughout the Province of Louisiana attracted Portuguese, Spanish and French Jewish traders, numbers of whom must have undoubtedly come at an earlier period, and whose presence was undesirable, is apparent from the edict of Louis XV. In March, 1724. the king of France published an ordinance which was designed to serve "as a regulation for the government and administration of justice . . . in the Province of Louisiana." The first article of the ordinance reads as follows : "The edict of the late King Louis XIII, of glorious memory, dated the 23rd of April, 1615, Mi ill be in force in our Province of Louisiana; in the execution of which, we enjoin the directors general of said company, to remove from said country all the Jews who have taken up their abode there." Prior to this, in the Charter granted by James I of England to the Colony of Virginia, May 23, 1609, an order was made to prevent the settlement of Catholics in the Colony of Vir- ginia : from which colony, in 1642, all catholic priests were ordered to depart in five days, t The Indiana Historical Commission. — The Legislature of 1915 passed an act creating an Indiana Historical Commission, whose function should be twofold. Its permanent function is to edit and publish documentary and other ma- terials on the history of the State of Indiana — in short, to conserve the historic interests of the State. Its more immediate purpose is to prepare and execute plans for a historical and educa- tional celebration of the Centennial of Indiana. The membership of the Commission is in part ex-officio, but for the most part appointive by the Governor. The members are : Governor Samuel M. Ralston, president; Frank B. Wynn, Indianapolis, vice-president ; Harlow Lindley, Richmond, secretary; James A. Woodburn, Bloomington ; Charles W. Moores, Indianap- olis ; Samuel M. Foster, Fort Wayne ; Charity Dye, Indianapolis ; John Cavanaugh, Notre Dame; Lew M. O'Bannon, Corydon. The State Institutions. — There are nineteen State charitable and correctional institutions. Five of these institutions are devoted to the treatment of the insane, one each to the educa- tion of the deaf and blind, one each to the care and training of the feeble-minded and the epilep- tic, one to the treatment of pulmonary tubercu- losis, five to the detention and reformation of delinquents ; there is one home for soldiers' and sailors' orphans, and one general hospital. All these institutions are maintained by appro- * Dillon, pp. 24, 25. t Dillon, pp. 31, 32. 458 CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA priations from the State's general fund, made bi- ennially by the Legislature. The one exception to this rule is the State Soldiers' Home, which receives a statutory monthly allowance of $16 for each member, officer and employe in the home. The State is subsequently reimbursed by the Federal government at the rate of $100 per annum for each soldier. The State also receives from the various counties one-half the mainte- nance cost of the Indiana Boys' School and the Girls' School, and the total expense for clothing indigent patients in the hospitals for insane and Village for Epileptics. In making appropria- tions, the Legislature is guided by a committee of three of its members — one from the Senate and two from the House — appointed by the Gov- ernor within ten days after the November gen- eral election. This "Legislative Investigating Committee" inquires into the needs of the in- stitutions, boards and officers maintained by the State, and makes recommendations to the Gen- eral Assembly. The State makes no subsidies to private institutions. The law requires that these institutions shall be conducted on a thorough non-partisan basis. Each is managed by a board of trustees, ap- pointed by the Governor. Not more than two members of a board may be of the same political party. Only honorably discharged soldiers or sailors of the civil war may serve as trustees of the Soldiers' Home and the Soldiers' and Sail- ors' Orphans' Home ; none but women may be appointed on the boards of the Woman's Prison and the Indiana Girls' School ; one member of the School for Feeble-Minded Youth board and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home board may be a woman. These trustees receive an an- nual compensation of $300 each and reasonable expenses, not to exceed $125 a year, each. Each board appoints the superintendent of its partic- ular institution, and the superintendent in turn appoints and discharges all officers and employes. Such appointments must be made on the basis of fitness and regardless of political or religious affiliation. The trustees are forbidden to "so- licit or request or in any way interfere with the appointment or discharge of any officer or em- ploye." Campaign assessments are forbidden. Supplies are purchased by competitive bids, the contract being awarded to the lowest and best responsible bidder. Annual reports, uniform in character, are made to the Governor and printed for general dis- tribution. Each institution also makes to the Governor a semi-annual report of all receipts and earnings. The Board of State Charities re- ceives from each a quarterly statistical report of receipts and earnings, expenditures and move- ment of population, and from all except the Sol- diers' Home and the School for the Blind a statement of daily population and a monthly re- port of admissions and discharges. All these institutions are subject to supervi- sion by the Board of State Charities, of which the Governor is president ex-officio. The Ripley County Lynching. — On Septem- ber 15, 1897, the State and county was shocked by the news that five persons had been taken out of the jail at Versailles in the early hours of the morning and hung. Although an investi- gation was immediately undertaken by the State authorities with a view of prosecuting those who participated in the lynching, it was openly and defiantly proclaimed throughout Ripley county that nothing would come of the investigation. At the time of the lynching the court was in session, and the judge called the attention of the grand jury to the heinous character of the crime, that it be investigated and the guilty par- ties, if they could be ascertained, be indicted. This jury accomplished nothing and it remained for the attorney-general, Wm. A. Ketcham, on behalf of the State, to undertake the investiga- tion, discover the guilty parties and prosecute them. That he discovered who some of the guilty parties were is evident from a summary of the case by Attorney-General Ketcham (Biennial Re- port 1897-98, page 47), in which he says: "The case, although dependent upon circumstantial evi- dence, outside of this particular witness, was an impregnable one, and the defendant and his counsel recognized, before the case was con- cluded, that a case had been made," and his failure to bring the guilty to justice is set forth in his unique report to Governor Mount on the subject of The Ripley County Lynching, as fol- lows : March 2, 1898. To His Excellency Jcunes A. Mount, Governor of In- diana: I have the honor to submit the following report of my efforts during the last ten days in endeavoring to ascer- tain the method and manner of the killing of five citi- CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 459 zens in Indiana, in Ripley county jail, on the night of the 14th and morning of the 15th of Septemher last. I ascertained the following facts to be indisputably true, namely: 1. Some time prior to that time one Wilder Levi had pawned at McCoy's store, in Osgood, a 44-calibre re- volver. 2. That this revolver was in McCoy's store under pawn on the evening of the 14th of September. 3. That neither McCoy, nor any employe of his, on that evening, had aught to do with this revolver. 4. That Lyle Levi was killed on the night of the 14th. or the morning of the 15th, with this identical revolver, and was subsequently found hanging to a tree in the neighborhood of the jail. 5. That of the four other inmates of the jail, two, Henry Schuter and William Jenkins, were killed in jail and subsequently hung with the other two, who were not killed in jail, on the same tree with Levi. 6. That the sheriff of the county, being disabled, and therefore incapacitated from attending to the business during the night when wrongs might be perpetrated, was absent from his post of duty during that particular night and the two preceding nights, although being con- spicuously present, with his wife, at the jail during the day, when harm could not be expected to come to the inmates. 7. That in the absence of the sheriff, the jail was carefully and sedulously watched by five vigilant and faithful guards, who had been selected by the sheriff for that purpose. 8. That of the guards, some were armed with re- volvers, some with shotguns, and some, apparently, with the weapons that nature had conferred on them, and that in order to make their weapons more efficient, the loads had been withdrawn from the shotguns, so that, undoubtedly in the case of an emergency requiring ac- tion, a sufficient charge could be placed in the gun to deter any persons bent on crime from approaching the body of the jail. 9. That no person whatever, either of the county, or from any other place, participated either directly or in- directly in the killing of those five men, or any of them. Conan Doyle, who has devoted great thought and at- tention to the ferreting out of crime, and of the prin- ciples upon which discoveries in that line shall be made, lays down the following axiom as a cardinal principle in detective work, namely : That when you have ex- cluded every other possible hypothesis, the one remain- ing is undoubtedly the correct one. however improbable or unreasonable it may seem. This proposition com- mends itself to my judgment, and must, I submit, com- mend itself to yours; and as every other possible hypothesis is necessarily excluded by the foregoing statement of facts (which are each undoubtedly true), I submit that the following is the only correct and true solution of the killing of these men. namely: That Lyle Levi, having been incarcerated in the jail. and nut being satisfied with surroundings or associates, and knowing that Wilder Levi's revolver was at Mc- store in Osgood, broke jail — it's not important in this connection to ascertain how he broke jail — and went to Osgood — the manner of his getting to ' Isgood is likewise immaterial — that he broke into McCoy's store, stole Wilder Levi's revolver, returned to Ver- sailles, broke back into jail, without the knowledge of the guards, who apparently were asleep at their posts at this time, returned to his cell, shot himself, then killed Schuter and Jenkins and with a rope that he had got hold of somehow — but the evidence does not dis- close how or in what place he obtained it — hung the dead bodies of Schuter and Jenkins to the tree, put the finishing touches to his crime by hanging Andrews and Gordon, and then, in order that suspicion might be directed against innocent men, finally hung himself, and his nefarious conduct in attempting to distract attention from himself and divert suspicion to the good citizens of Osgood, Napoleon, Milan and Versailles, all of whom were in the habit of retiring to their beds (and followed that habit on this particular night), im- mediately after eleven o'clock at night — the hour at which, under the law, saloons are required to be closed — is the more reprehensible, as apparently nothing in his life so became him as the leaving of it. It is clear that, except as to Levi, nobody was abroad that night. It is clear that everybody, especially in Versailles, Osgood, Napoleon and Milan, condemns in the strongest language the conduct of Levi in thus sum- marily putting an end to the lives of his companions in crime, imprisonment and death. Every one in the county, especially the men (other than Levi) suspected of the crime, the lawyers, the officials and the justices, condemn in unmeasured terms the unlawful taking of life. I know of no crime they regard as worse than that, unless it be the crimes of which these five men were suspected, and on account of which they were in- carcerated. It will doubtless be a great relief to your mind, as it is to mine, to know that the sentiment of Ripley county is a unit, outside of the five men who where hung, and I had no opportunity to discover what their sentiments on that subject were against the com- mission of any such crimes as the community outside of Ripley county has heretofore, without any just cause, charged upon the good citizens of the county. In this feeling the Methodist minister in charge at Versailles measurably coincides, but only within limits. While opposed in the abstract to the killing of prisoners con- fined in jail, the crimes of which the men so confined were accused, seem to him to be the more heinous of the two, and I sincerely trust that when your mind is coerced to the conclusion, as it must be by this report, that Levi, and Levi alone, is guilty of the killing, and that it is simply one more crime added to the long list of which he has been charged and suspected, the good man in his relief at knowing that nobody else in Ripley county except Levi was responsible for the killing, will feel at liberty to denounce this additional crime by Levi in the manner that it deserves, and that as a result of this sad chapter in the history of the State, all criminals henceforth confined in county jails will be deterred from adding further to their crimes, and permit their fellow prisoners to be hung decently and in order, by the constituted authorities, under the law of the land, and not attempt to add to their other crimes the killing of those who are confined with them, and finish the story by suicide. GENERAL INDEX Maps and Illustrations are. Indicated by Italic Figures.] Academy of Immaculate Conception, Ferdi- nand: 241, 242; Oldenburg, 249, 254, 254. Adams county, 200, 210. Agriculture: 107; 1840-50, 124; State Board of, 125; survey, 1860, 134. See County Histories, 209-453. Agricultural advancement since Civil War: Area farmed and values, 187; crops and their distribution, 187 ; live stock, 190; organization of farmers, 190; agri- cultural tendencies, 191; social status of farmers, 192; state aid, 192. See County Histories, 209-453. Agricultural societies, 108, 125, 187-193. Allen county, 210, 211, 212, 211, 214. Allen, John, 210. Auburn, 238. Audubon Society of Indiana, 174. Automobile era, 166, 167. Asb'ury University, 358, 395. Banks: first, 48; "Wildcat," 121; State of Indiana, 122; Indianapolis, 316; Indian- apolis branch, 317; number of national, State and savings. See Present Financial Institutions, 358. Banking, Early, 84, 357. Baptist Church: Little Cedar, 1812, Brook- ville, 253. "Barrens, The," 444. Bartholomew county, 214, 215. Bartholomew, General Joseph, 214. Bass lake, 407. Bedford, 179. Beecher, Henry Ward, 318. Benevolent institutions, 112, 212, 214, 225, 269. Benton county, 216. Bird life, conservation of, 174. Benton, Thomas H., 216. "Big Tree," Greene county, 261. Blackford county, 218. Blind, State School for, 112-318, 340, 341. Blockhouses, 63, 64, 212, 234. Bonded indebtedness. See Educational in County Histories, 209-453. Boon, Ratliff, 81. Boone county, 21Q. Bounties, 144. Bowman's Journal, 30. Brandy wine, The: 263, ford on, 402. Bridge over Richland creek, 260. Bright's, Senator, disloyalty, 144. Broad Ripple, 208. Brookville, 53, 249, 250, 25;. Brown county, 82, 91, no] 150, 220, 221, 222. Brownstown, 53. Buena Vista, Battle of, 118. Building and loan associations. See Pres- ent Financial Institutions, 358. Busseron's, Francis, Commission as Justice, 39. Butler bill compromise. 111. Butler College, 350, 351. Canaan Road, 278. Canals, 75, .101. "Capital in the Woods," 81. Capital, locating the, 1820, 78. Capital, removal of, 78, 313. Carroll county, 223. Cass county, 224. Cataract Falls, 117. Catholic Church, first, 50, 90. Caves: "Wet Cave," Washington county, 147; Marengo, 231; Wyandotte, 231, *&* 233- Cement industry, 181. Census, 1900-1910, cities and towns, 454. Centennial, Indiana Historical Commission, 4 5 7. Centerville, 53. Central Hospital for the Insane, 317, 338. Central Normal College, 267. Charities, State. See State Institutions. Charlestown, 53, 226. Christian or Disciples church, 90. Churches: first, 50; 1850, 116. Churchman, William H., 112, 318. Cities and towns. See County Histories, 209-453. Civil organization, the first, 33. Civil War period: antecedent conditions, 135; the Secession Issue and Morton's stand, 135; conditions at beginning, 136; Morion's activity, 136; organiza- tion of State troops, 138; six first regi- ments, 138; extra session of Legisla- ture, 138; the Hundred Days' troops, 139; the Indiana Legion, 140; invasions of the St.ile, 14D; Julmsnn and Hine-, 140; the Morgan raid, 141; the disloyal element, 142; Sons of Liberty, 143: Senator Bright's disloyalty, 144; the draft, 144; bounties, 144; Indiana's care for her soldiers, 146; the military agency, 146; sanitary commission, 146; relief of soldiers' families, 148; tempo- rary and permanent homes, 148; influ- ences of the war, 153. Clark county, 53, 225. Clark, George Rogers, 17, 29, 225, 227, 328, 330. (.lark's campaign, documentary material, 29. Clark's conquest, story of, 17-29. Clark's "Grant," 31, 226. Clark's ill-fortune, 30. Clark's memoirs and letter to Mason, 30. Clay county, 228. Clays of Indiana, 180. Clifty Falls: Bartholomew county, 215; Jefferson county, jSi; Clinton county, 230, 231. Coal, early history, 174. Coal, amount mined, and number of mines. See County Histories — Clay, Daviess, Gibson, Fountain, Greene, Knox, Parke, Perry, Pike, Spencer, Sullivan, Vander- burg, Vermilion, Vigo and Warrick counties. Colfax, Schuyler, 331. College buildings, early, 49. College beginnings, 88. Colleges. See Educational Institutions. Columbia City, views in, 453. Conner, Davis, 239. Connersville, 245. Constitution, the new, 119. Constitutional convention: 71; 1850, 120. Convent of Sisters of St. Francis, Olden- burg, 185. Corydon: 53; Pastoral Elegy (song), 55; Old Constitutional Elm, 79; first State- house, 79, 264. County organization. See County His- tories, 209-453. County divisions and towns, 52. County histories, 203-453. Crawford, Col. William, 231. Crawford county, 231. "Crazy Asylum," first, 113. Cultural Beginnings, 52. Culver Military Academy (parade ground), 362, 363, 363. Danger period, the, Indian History, 57, 67. "Dan Patch," 216. Daviess county, 233. Deaf and Dumb, State School for, 112- 318, 338, 341. Dearborn county, 53, 235. Decatur county, 236. Decius, letters of, 56. Deitch, Guilford A. (contribution, "Insur- ance in Indiana"), 200. Dekalb, Baron, 237. Dekalb county, 237. Delaware county, 239. DePauw University: sketch of, 395; views of, 394- Developments to 1836: 83; prior to 1840, 107; 1840-1850, 111; 1850-1860, 119; since 1870, 153; outline from earliest period, 205. Draft, the, 144. Dubois county, 241. Dubois, Toussaint, 241. Dunn, Jacob Piatt (note), 205. 461 Earlham College, 40, 447, 448. Early Indian types, 19. Eastern Hospital for Insane, 448. Education: constitutional provision, 86; school law of 1824, 87; typical log schoolhouse, $~; illiteracy, 1840-1850, 108; new movement in latter '40s, 122; law of 1852, 124; Perkins' decision, 124. See Cm niv Histories, 209-453. Educational beginnings, 49. Educational Institutions; Academy of Im- maculate Conception, Ferdinand, 242; Oldenburg, 254; Butler College, 350; College of Missions, 354; Convent, Sis- ters St. Francis, Oldenburg, 254; Cul- ver Military Academy, 363; DePauw University, 395; Earlham College, 448; Franklin College, 285; Goshen College, 343; Hanover College, 280; Howe School, 293; Indiana Central Univer- sity, 354; Indiana Dental College, 353; Indiana Law School, 352; Indiana State Normal, 434; Indiana University, 370; School of Medicine, 351; Indiana Veter- inary College, 353; Indianapolis College of Pharmacy, 353; Interlaken School, 297; Jasper College, 242; Lain Business College, Indianapolis, 354; Moores Hill College, 235; North American Gym- nastic Union, 354; Notre Dame Uni- versity, 408; Oakland City College, 258; Purdue University, 419; Rose Poly- technic Institute, 436; Sacred Heart Academy, Fort Wayne, 213; St. Agnes Academy, 341; St. Joseph's Academy, 424; St. Marv's Academy, Notre Dame, 410; St. Marys-of-the-Woods, 437; St. Meinrad's College, 403: Teachers' I ..I lege of Indianapolis, 354; Terre Haute Veterinary College, 438; Tri-State Col- lege, 412; Valparaiso University, 390; Vincennes University, 287; Wabash Col- lege, 371; Winona College, 288; Winona Agricultural College, 291. See County Histories, 209-453. Eel River Falls, Owen county, 381; Cata- ract Falls, 383. Eggleston, Edward, home of, 415. Electric railways, 162, 166, 356. See County Histories, 209-453. Electric railways, map of, 1915, 165. Elkhart county, 243. Enabling Act (text of), The, 69; Ordinance of Acceptance (text), 70. English, William H.: 232; statue of, 401. "Erie War," The, 131. Evans, Rowland (contribution, "The V. S. Courts for District of Indiana"), 194. Evansville: 426-429; notable buildings, V-Y, 4-8. Express and transportation companies, 166. Fallen Timbers, battle of, 447. Falls of the Ohio, 246. Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Madison, 84, 357. Fayette county, 244. Federal acts relating to Indiana, 71. Feeble-minded youth, school for, 212, 214. Financial embarrassment of State, 111. Financial institutions, present, 358. First American occupancy, 29. First automobile, 167. First bank, 48. First civil organization, 33. First county division and towns, 52. First "crazy" asylum, //;. First election, 73. First electric lines, 164. First geological survey, 109. First immigrants, 38. First insane asylum, 113. First laws, 46. First legislation, 73. First library, 286. First monopoly, 457. First newspaper, 52. First party division, 45. First public questions, 43. First railroad, 128-130. 462 GENERAL INDEX First settler central Indiana, 77, 239. First State fair, 125. Fish hatchery, 374. Flat Rock, ford on, 400. Floyd county, 246. Forests of Indiana, resources, destruction, 169-172. Forest reserve, State, 73, 226. Forestry building, 171. Fort Harrison, attack on, 62, 63. Fort McKniglit, 63, Fort Miamis, 213. Fort Sackville, monument marking site of, 23- Fort Wayne, 212. Fort Wayne in 1794, 212. Forts, 234. Fountain county, 247. Fowler, 217. Franklin county, 53, 183, 249, 251. Franklin College, 49, 108, 285. French, abuse of, 39. French and American differences, 38. French beginnings, 12. French history, geologic antecedents, 16. French Lick Springs and Hotel, 183, 379- 381. "French Locations," 233. French maps, early, 11, 15. French, music of the, 14. French, passing of the, 29. French period, the, 10, 16, 457. French settlers. 10, 457. Frenzel, John P., 359. "Friends' Boarding School," 447. Friends' church, first, 51. Frontier defense, 63. Fulton county, 255. Fur trade, early, 14. Garber, Mrs. M. C. (contribution, "Story of Jefferson county"), 277. Gary, 295, 296, Geological survey, first, 109. Gibault, Father Pierre, 22, 32. Gibson county, 53, 256, 257. Gibson, John, 54, 256. Glass sand, 181. "Godfrey Reserve," 218. "Gore," the, 42-45. Goshen College, 243. Government, beginning of at Vincennes, 42. "Grand Prairie," 223. Grant county, 258. Greasy creek, Brown county, 82. Greensburg, 236, 237. Green River Island: 429; map of, 429. Greene county, 260. "Grouseland," 55. Hair buyer, General, 28. Hamilton county, 262. Hammond, 294. Hancock county, 263. Hanging Rock, Jefferson county, 279. Hanover College, 49, 51, 88, 280, 282. Harmar, General Josiah, 213. Harmonic, 1816, 05. Harrison, Benjamin, funeral of, 320; monu- ment, 332, 334. Harrison, Christopher, 80, 279. Harrison, Fort, attack on, 62. Harrison's military circular, 63. Harrison, William Henrv: 45, 54, 59; pass- ing of, 67, 225. 2H8, 328, 330. Harrison county, 53, 264. Hartford City, 218. Hay, John, birthplace of, 4^4. Haynes, El wood, 167. Hazelton Ferry, 257. Hendricks, Thomas A., 156. Hendricks county, 266. Henry county, 268. Historical Commission (Centennial), 457. Hoagland, Merica (contribution, "Music of the French"), 14. Hohenpoint, Brown county, 220. Holliday, John H. (contribution, "Begin ning of Trust Companies"), 359. "Hoosier," the word, 194. "Hoosier Limited," 120, Housing, improvement in 1835, 110. Howard county, 270. Howe School, 293, Huntington county, 272. "Illinois Grant," 226. Indian campaigns: attack on Fort Wayne, Hopkins' expedition, Mississinewa expe- dition, Bartholomew's White river expe- dition, Russell's expedition, 65, 66. Indian history, 57-67. Indian hostilities, end of, 66. Indian intemperance, 66. Indian land cessions, 31. Indian mineral springs, 365. Indian territorial claims and distribution of, 57. Indian treaties and land purchases, 43. Indiana, early types of people, ;o. Indiana by counties, 203 45.1. Indiana Boys' School, 268. Indiana, division of, 45. Indiana, federal acts relating to, 71. Indiana, first American occupancy of, 29. Indiana, general conditions in 1815, 74. Indiana Girls' School, 324, Indiana history, beginning point in, 28. Indiana history: fundamental factors in, 9; political antecedents, 35. Indiana Historical Commission (Centen- nial), 457. Indiana Legion, 140. Indiana lottery, 56. Indiana, maps, 25, 67, 75, 77, 83. Indiana, origin ot, 41. Indiana: State seal of, 79; State School for the Deaf, 112; School for the Blind. 112; State prison, 300. Indiana State Normal School, 434, 435. Indiana Territory, map of, 37; creating of, 42, 205; division of, 45. Indiana University: first buildings, 471 sketch of, 370; School of medicine, 351, 35?- Indiana Village for Epileptics, 269. Indiana Woman's Prison, 324, Indianapolis: agricultural library, 350; area, 321 ; army post, United States, 322; Art Institute, John Herron, 341; asylum for the blind, 318; asylum for the deaf and dumb, 318; asylum for the incurable insane, 340; banking in, 358; Bank of the State of Indiana, 316; begin- ning of, 306-312; Belt Railway and Stock Yards, 356; Blind Institute, 112, 318; Board of Trade, 344, 345; Broad Ripple scene, 208; Brookside Park, 333; build- ing permit ordinance, 321; Butler Col- lege, 350, 351; Caleb Mills Hall, 349; Canoe Club, Riverside Park, 345 ; cap- ital, naming of, 308; capital, removal of, 313; Chamber of Commerce, 344', charities, 336 ; churches and charity, 333; churches, earliest, 1854, 319; Circle Hall, 318; city building, 322, 327; city dispensary, 340 ; city government, charge of, 1854, 321; city hall, 322, 327; city hospital, 33S; Clark, George Rogers, 328, 310; Claypool Hotel, 341; clubs, 340; Colfax, Schuyler, 331; College of Missions, 354; Commercial Club, 342; county jail, 322, 327; Crown Hill ceme- tery, 336; custom house, 324; Davis- Deterding Training School, 353, 254 ; Deaconess Home and Hospital, Protes- tant, 338, 339; Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 112-318; Deutsche Haus, 34^ 344; dis- pensaries, 340; educational institutions, 346; Fairview Park, 333; federal build- ing and United States court, 324, 325; federal officers, 324 ; financial, insur- ance and commercial institutions, 358; First Baptist Church, 337; first birth, 309; first camp meeting, 312; first cap- ital. 306; first church, 312; first county election, 381; first county court session, 312; first court-house and jail, 312; first female academy, 317 ; first Fourth of July celebration, 312; first free schools, 320; first gas lighting, 321; first his- torical society, 315; first internal im- provements, 315 ; first mail facilities, 309; first marriage, 309; first mayor, 320; first militia, 312. 317; first news- paper, 310; first organizations, 314; First Presbyterian Church, 337; first public hall, 320; first railroad, 318; first rail- road depots, 1854, 103; first roads built, 309; first sale of lots, 308; first school, 312, 313 ; first steamboat, 313; first street improvements, 320; first street railway, 321 ; first survey, 308; first theatrical performance, 312; Fletcher American National Bank, 357; Fletcher Trust and Savings Company, 360 ; Forestry building, 171 ; Fort Har- rison, 322; Free Kindergarten and Do- mestic Training School, 350 ; Garfield Park, 332; gas lighting, first, 321; Ger- man House, 343, 344; German Telegraph, 361 ; "Gewerbe Schule," 349 ; govern- or's mansion, 314; Harrison, Fort Gen. Indianapolis — Continued. Benjamin, 322; Harrison, Gen. Benja- min, funeral of, 320; Harrison, Benja- min, monument, 332, 334; Harrison, William Henry, statue, 328, 330; Hen- dricks monument, 331, 335; Herron Art Institute, 341; historical, 306; horticul- tural library, 350; Hospital for the In- sane, Central Indiana, 113-317, 338; . hospitals, 317, 336, 338, 339; hotels and cafes, 340; Independent Turnverein, 343; 345; Indiana Central University, 354; Indiana Club, 345; Indiana Dental College, 352, 353; Indiana Girls* School, 324 ; Insane Hospital, women's build- ing, Central Indiana, 339; Indiana Insti- tute for the Blind, 340, 341; Indian killing, last, 309; Indiana Law School, 352; Indiana National Bank. 357] In- diana Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, 326, 331, 332, 333; Indiana State Fair, 345, 347; Indiana State School for the Deaf, 338, 341; Indiana Times, 361; Indiana Trust Company, 339; Indiana University School of Medicine, 351, 35?l Indiana Veterinary College, 353 ; Indiana Woman's Prison, 324; Indian- apolis 1820, 81; at present. 321; Indi- anapolis Bar Association Library, 350; Indianapolis, beginning of. 306; Indi- anapolis, birdseye view, 1854, 307; 1915, 323; Indianapolis College of Pharmacy, 353; Indianapolis Commercial, 361; In- dianapolis, Incorporation of, 316; Indi- anapolis News, 360; Indianapolis Star, 361 ; Indianapolis Terminal and Trac- tion Station, 163, 35o; Indianapolis Union Railway Company, 356; jail, county, 322, 327; Jewish Temple, 337; journalism and publishing, 360; Kin- dergartners' Normal Training School, 350; Lain Business College, 354; Lawton statue, 333; libraries, 346, 350; Live Stock Journal, the Indianapolis, 361 ; Lockerbie street, 333, 334; Long, Robert W., Hospital, 338; Maenner- chor, Indianapolis, 342, 343; Majestic building, 329; Manual Training High School, 349; Marion Club, 345; Marion county court-house, 322; Marion county library, 350; Marion county organizing, 310; Masonic Temple, 1847, 320, 321, 126, 128; Merchants' National Bank, 358; Methodist Hospital, 338, 339; Mex- ico, war with, 318; Military Park, 332; militia, first, 312-317; Monument Place, 1915, U7; monuments, 326, 328; Mor- ton, Oliver P., 328, 330, 331 ; Murat Temple, 326, 329: National Bridge, Old, lOJ, 3:3; navigation, early, 315; "Neu- ronhurst, 340; newspaper, first, 310; Normal College. North American Gym- nastic Union, 354; "Norwavs." 340; Odd Fellows' Hall, 1854, 321, 326, 329; old State-house, 1865, 313; orphan asylums, 334; packet, "Gov. Morton," 313; panic, 1837, 316; park system, 332; Pennsyl- vania street, 1856, 30; same view, 1915, 311 ; population, Indianapolis, 321 ; post- office, 324; public library, 345, 350; Pythian building. 326, 329; race track, 346, 347; railroad, the first, 318; rail- way facilities. 132, 355; railways, inter- urban, 356; Railway Lines, Union, 355; Riley, James Whitcomb, 334; Riverside Park, 332; sanatoriums. 340; sanitary organizations, 336; schools and colleges, 346, 347, 348, 349; schools, first free, 320; Scottish Rite building. 329; Severin Hotel, 343; Shortridge High School, 349; Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, dedication of, 331-333; Speedway, the, 346, 348; St. Agnes Academy, 341; St. Clair Square, 332; St. Mary's Cathedral, 338; St. Vincent's Infirmarv, 338, 339; Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, 3371 State Bank of Indiana, 316; State Fair: 1852, 126, 171; at present, 346, 347; State-house, 315, 322, 325; state institu- tions, buildings of. 317; state law li- brary, 350; state library, 350; statutes, 328, 330; street improvement, first, 320; street railway, first, 321; street railway system, 356; Teachers' College, 354; Tom- linson Hall, 322, 327; track elevation, 357; trust companies, 359; Union Depot, old, 1887, 131; Union Railway Passen- ger Station, 132. 355J Union Trust Com- pany, ?59," United States Army Post, 322; United States Court-house, 324; University Square, 332; Vonnegut Clemens, Sr., 349; Washington street. GENERAL INDEX 463 Indianapolis — Contm \ied. 1854, 308; Washington street, 1862, 309; 1902, 161; Whitcomb, Governor James, statue, 328, 330; Woman's Prison, 324 ; work-house, 322 ; Young Men's Christian Association, 334, 336; Young Women's Christian Association, 334, 336. Indianapolis, views of, 1820, 81. Industrial beginnings, 48. Industrial statistics, 185, Industries, 86. See County Histories, 209-453. Insane hospitals, 113, 225, 280-317, 338, 429, 438. Insurance in Indiana, 200. Intemperance among the Indians, 66. Interlaken School, Internal improvemen 5: 75; preliminary to law of 1836, 99; bill, 103. Iron ore, 182. Jackson county, 273. Jasper College, 242. Jasper county, 274. Jay county, 276. Jefferson county, 277, w Jeffersonville, 226. Jennings, Jonathan : 74 ; sketch of, 79. ; Jennings-Harrison incident, 80. Jennings county, 2S3. Jews, expulsion of, 457. Johnson county, 284. Johnson and Hines' Raid, 140. Judiciary, Difficulties of early, 47. "Jug Rock," 365, 366. Kankakee swamps, 27^. Krkionga, 213. "Knobs," the, 226, 246, 444. Knox county, 53, 286. Kokomo, 2/i. Kosciusko county, 288. Lafayette: 145; public library, 418, 419; view from Point Lookout, 420, 421. Lagrange county, 292. Lake county, 294. Lakes, 255, 292, 300. Land cessions, Indian, u. Land companies, Wabash, 33. Land purchases and Indian treaties, 43. Land sales and land offices, 44. Land surveys, rectangular system, 44. Laporte county, 297, 298. La Salle Springs, 365. Lasselle Documents, the, 33. Lawrence county, 301. Laws, first original, 46. Legislature, first, 46. Letters of Decius, 56. Libraries, 56, 88, 89, 9.8, 108, 286, 392. Lime industrv, 180. Little Turtle, 213. Log cabin, pioneer hoosier, 431. Lottery, Indiana, 56. Louisiana purchase, 56. Lynching, Ripley county, 458. Maclure, William and his co-worker- Maclure libraries, 98. BfcGowan, Hugh, J., 163. McKendrie M. E. Church, 230. McNagny, Phil C. (contribution, "Story of Whitley county"), 451. Madison, 53-131, 277. Madison county: 302; views, 303. Madison Railroad, 128, 131. Manitou Lake, 255. Manufactures, 185. Maps: French map, 1720, showing bound- ary line between the two French prov- inces and the English possessions, 11 ; early French maps, 15; Green River Is- land (Vanderburg county), 429; interur- ban electric lines, 1915, 165; Indiana, 1778 (Hutchins'), 25; Indiana Territory, May 7, 1800; 37; Indiana at time of admission, 1816, 67 ; Indiana, 1817 (Melish), 67; 1820, 75; 1824, 77; 1827, . 85; Indian land cessions, 31; Northwest Territory, chronological and historical, 27 ; population, density of, 1910, 154; per cent, of increase or decrease, 1900- 1910, 755; showing proportion foreign born white and native white of foreign or mixed parentage, 1910, 157 ; topo- graphical map, 207; "Underground Rail- road," 149; per cent, of land in farms, etc., 189; topography, 207, Marengo Cave, 231. Marion county, 304-362. Marion Soldiers' Home, 259. Marshall county, 362. Marshall, Thomas R., home of, 453. Martin county, 364. Maxinkuckee, Lake, 364. "Maxwell Code," 37. Medicinal waters, 183. Medicine, 92. Methodist churches, 50-90. Mexican War period, 116, 318. Miami county: 367; views, 367. Michigan Road, 100. Militarism, 68, 116, 138. Military agency, the, 146. Military circular of 1812, 63. Militia. 92. Mill, Becks', 109. Mill, Neals', 115. Mills, Caleb, 123; "messages," 123. Mineral resources, 182. Mineral paint rocks, etc., 182. Monon route, scenes on, 127. Monopoly, first, 457. Monroe county, 368-370. Montgomery county: 371; scene in, 372. Moore's Hill College, 235. Morgan county: 373; scenes in, 373; fish hatchery, 374, Morgan's Raid, 141. Morton, Governor, and the Civil War, 135- 14''. Morton monument, 139, 328, 330. Mound-builders. 205, Muncie, 240. Muscatatuck, 283, 398. Music of the French, 14. National Road, 100, 101. Natural gas, 175. Natural resources, 169-184. Negroes, 92. New Albany, 53, 247. New Harmony, 51, 93; 1816, 0-. New purchase, 76. Newspapers, first, 52-90, 109. New; t.m county, 375. Noble county: 377; lake views, y; Normal College, North American Gym- nastic Union, 354. Northern Hospital for Insane, 225. N01 thwest Territory, first map of, 27, 35- 37, 38. Northwestern University, 49. Notre Dame University: 49, 5/, 53, 108; sketch of, 408; views of, 409, 411. Oakland City College, 258. < - > j 1 . « county, 378. ( hio Falls canal, 75, 101. Oldenburg, view of, 249. Oolitic limestone, 178, 170. Orange county : 183, 379 ; French Lick Springs and Hotel, 379; Pluto Springs, $0; scenes French Lick Hotel grounds, Orchard Lake stock farm, 37$, 376. Ordinance of 1787, 36. Ordinance of acceptance, 1816, 70. Organization, county, 209-453. Owen county, Cataract Falls, 117, 382. Owen, David Dale, laboratory, ( >wen, Robert, 93. Owen, Robert Dale: 96; laboratory of, ■ Panic of 1837, 106, 316. Parke county : old mill on Big Raccoon creek, 45; scenes in Turkey Run, 97, 248; Shades of Death, 133, 291. Party divisions, first, 45. Party politics, beginning of, 86. Patoka river, 389. Peat, 182. Period 1850-1860, 119. Perkins' decision, 124. Perry county, 53, 387. Petroleum, development of, 177. Pigeon Roost Massacre, 62. Pike county, 388. Political beginnings, 52. Politics, 85, 153. Polls. See County Histories, 209-453. Population, distribution of in 1800, 72. Population: 85; 1840-1850. 115, 154, 155, 156, 157. See Count •> Histories, 209- 453. All incorporated cities and towns, 455. Porter county, 390. Posey county, 53, 391, Posey, Thomas, 54. Precious metals and stones, 183. Presbyterian churches, first, 50, 89. Prophet, the, 58, 239. Prophet's Rock, 61. Public domain, origin of, 35; (note), 37. Pulaski county, 393. Purdue, John, 422. Purdue University: views of, 417, 419 ; view of, 1908, 419. Putnam county: Neal's Mill on Eel river, 115, 2 -9t 395; DePauw University, views of, 394- Quaker Church, first, 51. Quarry stone, 178. Raids: Johnson and Hines, 140; Morgan, 141. Railroad depots, earlv, 105. Railroads, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 160. See C01 nty Histories, 209-453. Rakestraw, O. F. (contribution, "Story of Sti uben county"), 412. Randolph county, 396. l: ngers of 1813, 65. Rangi rs, sei vice of, 1807, 58. Rapp, Frederick, 93. Rapp, Ceorge, home of, 98. Rappites, the, 51, 93. Ray, Governor: on hard times, 83, 92; on paupers and negrm_- s , 92; on roads, 99. Reformatory, Indiana, 221 , Religious and moral societies, 90. Religious beginnings, 50, 89, 90. Religious intolerance, 457. Resources, natural, 169-184. Revenues of State, 83, 84. Richmond, 53. Riley, James Whitcomb, home of, 264, 233, 334- Ripley county, 398; lynching, 4o8. Rising Sun, 53. Roads, 99, 126, 150, 159. See County Histories, 209-453. Rockville, 384. Rose Polytechnic Institute: 433; sketch of, 136 Rush county, 399. Sackville, Knit, 23, 29. Sacred Heart Academy, Fort Wayne, 213. Salaries, first increase of official, 109. Salem, 53. Salisbury ■ 53. "Sanitary Comniission," 146. Savings banks, number of. See Present Financial Institutions, 358. School for Feeble-Minded Youth, 212, 214. Schools. See Education. Scott county, 400. Scrip issues, 1837, 106. Seal of the State, 71, 193. Seminaries, county, 87. Seminaries and academies: list of (note), 88; script issues of state internal im- provement period, 106. Shades of Death. 133. "Shakers," the, 51. Shelby county, 402. Slavery question, 43. Smith, Alonzo Greene, incident, 156. Soldiers' Home, National, 258, Soldiers' Home. State, 145. Soldiers* and Sailors' Orphans' Home, 269. Sorin, Father, 5/. Sons of Liberty, 143. Southeastern Hospital for Insane, 280. Southern Indiana Hospital for Insani Spencer county, 403. Springville, 53, 226. Squatter population in new purchase, 77. St. Francis Navier Church, - St. Francis Xavier Library. • St. Joseph's Academv, Tipton county, 4-\:., 424. St. Joseph county: 408; views South Bend, 408, St, Mary's College, Notre Dame: views <>t. , sketch of, 410. Si Marys-of-the-Woods, 437, 438. Si M'inrad's Abbey and College, 403 Starke county, 406. State Bank building, Brookville, State banks, number of. See Pi 1 Financial Institutions, State Bank of Indiana, 84. 121. 316. State Fair: first, 125; Indianapolis, 347- State government, beginning of, 73. State-house, first in Indianapolis, 89, 109, 137 322, 32$ Sr.iT . institutions : developing ni of. 112. 457; State Soldiers and Sailors' H 464 GENERAL INDEX State institutions— Continued. 145; School for Feeble-Minded Youth, 214; Northern Hospital for Insane, 225; Indiana State Forest Reservation, 226; Indiana Boys' School, 268; Indiana Vil- lage for Epileptics, 269 ; Soldiers' and Sailors* Orphans' Home, 269 ; Indiana Girls' School, 324 ; Southeastern Hos- pital for the Insane, 280; Indiana State Prison, 300; Central Hospital for In- sane, 317, 338; Indiana State School for the Deaf, 338; Indiana School for the Blind, 340; Woman's Prison, 324; Hospital for Treatment of Tuberculosis, 384 ; State Farm for Misdemeanants, 395; Southern Hospital for the Insane, 429 ; Eastern Hospital for Insane, 438 ; Indiana Reformatory, 227. State library, 89, 350. State prison, enlargement of 1840, 113. State seal, 71, 193. State seminary, 75, 88. State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, views of, 145, 419. State troops, Civil War, 138. State University, 88. Statistical survey: 1840-1850, 115; 1850- 1860, 134; since Civil War, 156-168. Steuben county: 411; scenes in, 412. Stone industry, 178, 179. Suffrage, extension of, 46. Sullivan county, 413. Switzerland county, 53, 415. Taxable property. See County Histories, 209-453. Taxing system: first, 83; of 1835, 110. Teachers' College, Indianapolis, 354. Tecumseh Trail, 61. Tecumtha, or Tecumseh, 58, 239. Telegraph, 167. Telephone, 167. Terre Haute : 433 ; views in, 433; Veteri- nary College, 438, 439, Territorial Hall at Vincennes, 41. Territorial leaders, 53. Territory northwest of the Ohio: first civil organization by Virginia, 33 ; Virginia's cession to United States, 37; map of, -7- Tippecanoe, battle of, 45, 59, 61. Tippecanoe county, 416-419. Tipton: 424; public library, sketch of, 424. Tipton county, 422, 423. Tipton, John, 214. Topography, 205-208, 207. Towns, early, 52. Township, cities and towns. See County Histories, 209-453. Traction and Terminal Station, Indianap- olis, 163. Transportation, 159, 167. Trinitv Springs, 365. Tri-State College, 412, 413. Trust Companies, number of. See Present Financial Institutions, 358. Tuberculosis hospital, 384. Turkey Run, 97, 248, 383. Underground railroad, 115, 149. Under three flags (note), 205. Union county: 425; court-house, 425. Union Depot, old, at Indianapolis, 131, 132. United States Court, 194-200. Universities. See Educational Institu- tions. Valonia, 53. Valparaiso University, 390, 391. Vanderburg county, 426. Vermilion county, 431. Vevay, 53. Vigo county, 432. Vigo, Francis, 23, 32, 432. Vincennes, 53. Vincennes, Bank of, 84, 357. Vincennes, French life at, 13. Vincennes Library Company, 56. Vincennes, lottery, 56. Vincennes, operation against, 24. Vincennes University, 287. Wabash and Erie canal, 102; commercial development, 1 13. Wabash College: 49, 88, 371; view of, 372. Wabash county, 439, 440, 441. Wabash Land Company, 33. Wabash river: names of, 15; view of, 414. Wabash valley, French occupancy, 9. War of 1812, 61. War with Mexico, 318. Warren county, 441, 442. Warrick county, 443. Washington, 234. Washington county : 444; views, 445, 446; Becks' Mill, 109; views in, 147; trees, *73- Water falls: Washington county, 39; Cata- ract, 117 ; Clifty, Bartholomew county, 215; Clifty, Jefferson county, 281; Ohio Falls, 246; Hindostan Falls, Martin county, 365. Wawasee lake, 392. Wayne, Anthony, 447. Wayne county, 446. Wells county, 449. White county, 450. White river, 208, 262, 313, 365, 382. White Water canal, 101, 112. White Water valley, 249. Whitley county: 451; views in, 453. Whitcomb, Governor, 116, 328, 330. Winona College: 288; of agriculture, 291. Winona lake, 289, 290. Workingmen's Institute Library, 392. Wyandotte Cave, 231, 232, 233, 265. PART IV Who's Who in Indiana— Brief Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women. 31 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA Autographs and Brief Biographical Sketches of Men and Women of Indiana Identified With the State's Progress in Various Activities. SAMUEL M. RALSTON, born in Ohio Dec. 1. 1857. Sank first coal shaft at Fontanet. Ind. and operated mine; taught school several years; grad. Central Normal Coll. 1884; read law; admitted to the bar 1886; elected Governor of Ind. Nov., 1912. WM. P. O'NEILL, born South Bend. Ind.. Feb. 7, 1874; grad. Notre Dame. B. S., LL. B. ; journalism, Mishawaka and South Bend, 13 years; city att'y Mishawaka 1906-1913; resigned; elected Lt. Gov. of Ind., 1912. L. G. ELLINGHAM, born Wells county, Ind., Feb. 23, 1868; grad. Bluff- ton High Sch.; began work as printer's devil, Bluffton Banner; at 19 years old pub. Geneva Herald, 1887; Winchester Democrat, 1891-94; Decatur Dem- ocrat, 1894; Dem. dist. ch. 1906-08; elected Secy. State of Ind., 1910; re- elected 1912. WILLIAM H. VOLLMER, born and reared on a farm near Vincennes. Ind.; attended com. sch.; instrumental in organization and pres. Citizens' Trust Co., Vincennes, 1902; elected Treas. State of Ind., 1910. W. H. O'BRIEN, born Lawrenceburg. Ind , Aug. 22, 1855; grad. Asbury Univ. class '76; editor and prop. Lawrenceburg Register, 1877-94; banking business 1890-1914; mayor Lawrenceburg 1885-87-89-91-98; Jt. State Sen. Dearborn. Franklin. Ohio counties, 1902; Ch. Dem. State Com., 1902-4-6; elect. State Auditor, 1910 and 1912. CHARLES A. GREATHOl'SE, born Posey Co., Ind., 1870; attended Cen- tral Normal Coll., Danville, Ind., two years; Ind. Univ. three years; princi- pal Mt. Vernon High School, 1894; supt. Posey County Sch., 1895-1905; appt Supt Public Instruction by Gov Marshall; elected Nov, 1910; re-elected 1912-14; res, Indpls. THOMAS M. HONAN, born Seymour, Ind, Aug S, 1867; grad Ind Univ., A. B., 1889; city att'y Seymour, 1892; pros, att'y Jackson, Wash, and Orange Co.. 1895 to 1901; eict. Ind. Legis., 1905-7-9; Speaker of House, 1909; elected Atty Gen, 1910-14; res, Seymour. J. FRED FRANCE, born Mercer Co., Ohio, May 12, 1861; attended High Sch., Decatur, Ind.; admit, bar, 1884; city att'y Huntington, Ind.. 1898- 1904; Mayor Huntington, Ind., 1904-06; elct. Clerk Sup. Court. 1910; re- nom. 1914. PHILIP ZOERCHER, born Tell City, Ind., Oct. 1, 1866; grad. Cen Nor. Coll., Danville, Ind., 1890; elected Legis. 18S8-90 (youngest mem. b' sessions); newspaper bus., 1891-1900; editor-prop. Tell City News; began practice law, 1897; elected Pros. Att'y Perry, Spencer, Warwick count: 1900; elct Rep. Sup. CL. 1912. THOMAS W. BROLLEY, born Newport, Ky., Feb. 10, 1854; attended common schools and St. Mary's, North Vernon, Ind. ; Jt. Rep. Scott and Jennings counties, 1906-08; author Brolley's Baseball Bill; elct. State Statis., 1910-12. EDWARD BARRETT, born Indianapolis, Feb. 6. 1859; attd. Central Nor. Coll., Danville, 1879-82-85; State Nor., Terre Haute, 1883; DePauw Univ., 1887-8; asst. supt. Reform Sch., Plainfteld, 1894-98; mem. bd. trust. E. Ind. Hosp. Ins., 1907-10; resigned; elect. State Geologist, 1910-14. THOMAS TAGGART, ex-mayor Indpls, hotel propr; born County Monaghan, Ireland, Nov 17, 1856; educ schls Xenia, O; began work as a boy clerk railway hotel and restaurant; elect twice Auditor Marion Co; was county chrmn and slate Chrmn Dem party; elected mayor of Indpls 3 times; mem Dent Nat Comm since 1900 (Chrmn 1904); developed and made French Lick Hotel one of the greatest health resorts in the world; propr Denison Hotel, Indpls; res French Lick and Indpls. WILLIAM LOWE BRYAN, university pres; born near Bloomington, Ind, Nov 11, I860; A B, A M Ind Univ, Berlin, Paris, Wurzburg; Ph D Clark Univ (LL D 111 Coll & Hanover); was v-p now pres Ind Univ; author (with his wife) Plato the Teacher; The Republic of Plato, etc; contrt Johnson's Encyclopedia, etc; trust Carnegie found; mem st-v scientific and learned socs; res Bloomington, Ind. HARLOW LLNDLEY", educator; born Sylvania, Parke Co. Ind, May 31, 1875; grad Friends Acad, Bloomingdale, Ind; M A Earlham; att'Univ of Wise; fellow in hist Chicago Univ; librn Earlham; head dept hist and political science Earlham; dire dept archives and hist Ind State Library; was pres Ind Library and Ind Hist Teachers assns; mem Ind (Centennial) Historical Comm; res Richmond. W C WOODWARD, Educator; born Mooresvllle, Ind, Nov 28, 187S; \ i; Pacific College; B L Earlham; Ph D Univ Calif; prof hist and polit science Earlham coll; director Ind (Centennial) Historical Commsn: res Richmond. JOHN W CRAVENS, born on a farm Hendricks Co, Ind. October 1. 1864: Grad Central Normal Coll; A B Ind Univ; was Editor Danville Gazette; Supt Monroe Co Schools; Clerk Monroe Co Cir Ct ; Ed Bloomington World-Courier; mem Ind Legis; Presidential Elector; Registrar of Ind Univ 1895-1914; Secretary since 1914; res Bloomington. JAMES E WATSON, ex-Congressman; was born Winchester. Ind, Nov 2. 1864; educ Depauw Univ; admitted to bar; was mem 54th Congress and 56th to 60th Congress.-s 6th Indiana District; Republican Nominee for Governor of Ind 1908; was Grand Chancellor K of P; State Presi- dent Epworth League; res Rushville, Ind. 1 JK^&S&ju^ Qs- ila^aa^ \ hrdL CX/M WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA MRS. ELIZA A. BLAEER (Mrs. Louis Blaker), pres. of Teachers' Coll. and snpt. of Free Kindergarten Schls,, Indianapolis, since 1SS2; born and educated in Phil.; after marriage was called to Indianapolis by Mr. A. C. Shortridge to establish a kindergarten in the Hadley-Roberts Acad.; later she organized the system of free kindergartens in connection with Teachers' Coll. of Indianapolis and Free Kindergarten Assn. MISS GEORGIA ALEXANDER, born Indianapolis; educ. in Pub. Sch., Chicago Univ. and Columbia Univ., Teachers' Coll., N. T. ; teacher Pub. Schools Indianapolis; supervisor since 189S; author Child Classic Reader series, Alexanders Spellers and Arithmetics, also Graded Poetry for Chil- dren; mem. Woman's Franchise League and other orgs. MRS. EUGENIA K. NICHOLSON (Mrs. Meredith Nicholson), born In Omaha, Neb.; attended Kappes Sch., Indianapolis; grad. Vassar Coll.; mar- ried Meredith Nicholson, 1896; pres. Indianapolis "Woman's Club; former pres. Indiana "Vassar Club; director Kindergarten Assn. and Woman's Fran- chise League; mem. Herron Art Inst, and Contemporary Club. MISS ANNA NICHOLAS, born and educated Meadville, Pa.; followed sister and brothers to Indianapolis; entered business office Indianapolis Journal; became editorial writer, continuing as such after Journal was pur- chased by Indianapolis Star; author of "Idylls of the Wabash" and "Mak- ing of Thomas Barton;" member Indianapolis Woman's Club. MISS ANNA McKENZIE, born Conneaut, Ohio; educated In Indianap- olis private and pub. schls.; musical critic and reporter Indianapolis News; mem. Matinee Musicale; life member John Herron Art Inst.; historian Woman's Press Club of Indiana, MISS MARY H. PEACOCK, born Lawrenceburg, Ind. ; educated in In- dianapolis Pub. Schls.; studied medicine; in 18S1 appointed Record Clerk, office Clerk of Supreme Court of Ind., continuing to the present. MRS. ELIZABETH B. HTTT (Mrs. George C. Hitt), born Andover, Mass.; in 1S77 married and removed to Indianapolis; member Indpls. Wom- an's Club; director Propylaeum Assn.; pres. Indpls. Woman's Dept. Club. DR. AMELIA R. KELLER, born Cleveland, Ohio; educated in Indian- apolis; att. Woman's Coll., Chicago; Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons (now Ind. Univ. Sch. Of Med.). Indianapolis; married in 1SS9 to Dr. Eug. Buehler; mem. Local Council of Women; pres. Indianapolis and Indiana Franchise League; practicing physician. MRS. GRACE JULIAN CLARKE (Mrs. C. B. Clarke), born at Center- ville, Wayne Co., Ind.; when a child moved with parents to Irvington; at- tended public school and Butler College; married in 1887; mem. and former pres. of Indianapolis Woman's Club, Local Council of Women, Irvington Woman's Club and State Federation of Clubs; editor of club columns In- dianapolis Star; mem. Press Club ; director in the Franchise League and Nat. Fed. of Clubs. MARY A. SPINK, M. D., born Washington, Ind., Nov., 1863; grad. Si- mon's Acad., Washington; M. D. Med. Coll. Ind., 1887; post-grad, course mental and nerv. diseases, N. Y. Post-Grad. Sch.; pathologist Cent. Ind. Hosp. Ins.. 1886-7; with Dr. W. B. Fletcher, established Fletcher Sanit., 1888; now pres.; mem. Ind. State Bd. Char, since 1893 (com. on prisons); mem. A. M. A., State, Co. Med. Socs. ; residence, Indianapolis. ADDISON C. HARRIS, born Wayne Co., Ind., Oct. 1, 1840; att. North- western Univ. (now Butler), 1S60-3; adm. to bar, 1865; Ind. Senate. 1S77-9; Envoy Ex. Minister Plen. of U. S. to Austria-Hungary, 1899-1901; trust. Purdue Univ.; Pres. Indpls. Law Schl. since 1899; Pres. Ind. Bar Assn., 1904-5 ; res., Indpls. JOSEPH B. KEALING, born Marion Co., Ind., June 25, 1859; grad. Butler Coll., A. B., 1879; Central Law Schl., Indpls., 1883; taught school two years, Marion Co.; pauper atty., 1882-84; Dept. Pros. Atty., 18S4-6; appt. U. S. Atty. Mch. 1, 1901, resigned Mch., 1909; Corp. Counsel Indpls., 1910-14. PAXTON HIBBEN, born Indpls., Dec. 5^ 1880; grad. Shtdge. High Schl., 1898; A. B. Princeton, 1903; A. M. Harvard, 1904; 3rd Sec. Am. Emb., St. Petersburg, 1905; 2nd Sec. Emb., Mexico City, 1906; Sec. Leg., Bogota, 190S; Ch. d'Aff., ad. int., Colombia, 190S; Sec. Leg., The Hague and Luxbg., 1909; Ch. d'Aff.. ad. int., Neth. and Luxbg., 1911; Sec. Leg., Santiago de Chili; Fellow Royal Geog. Soc. ; Sec. Intl. Trib. for U. S. on Venezuelan Arbit., The Hague, 1910. Res. "Off. Side" Irvington, Indpls. ALBERT J. BEVERLDGE, born on farm, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1862; laborer and teamster till 15; then att high schl; Ph B DePauw Univ, 1S85; read law in off. of Sen. McDonald; adm. bar, 18S7; asso. with McDonald & But- ler until he began practice for himself; U. S. Senator, 1899-05, '05-11; au- thor "The Russian Advance," etc.; contr. to mags.; res., Indpls. RUSSELL B. HARRISON, born Oxford, O., Aug. 12^ 1854; grad. La- fayette Coll., Easton, Pa,, C. E., M. E., G. E. ; studied law with his father, Benj. Harrison, 23rd Pres. U. S. ; Supt. U. S. Mint Serv., 1878; Journalist, Helena, Mont., Leslie's and Judge, N. Y. City; Pres. Terre Haute Elec. Ry. Co.; Lt,-Col. and Ins. Gen. Pro v. Marsh., 7th Army Corps. Spanish war; pract. law, Indpls. Mexican Consul for Ind. EDWARD DANIELS, born near Xenia. O.. May 11, 1854; grad. Wabash Coll., 1875, A. B. ; Law, Columbia Univ. Law Sch., 1877; appt. Master-in- Chancery, 1911. J. FRANK HANLY, born St. Joseph, 111., Apl. 4, 1863; att. common sch. Champ. Co., 111.; taught sch. nine years, Warren Co., Ind.; adm. bar, 1889; elect. State Senator, 1890; elect. Congress, 1894; elect. Gov. Ind., 1904; res., Indpls. ROBERT E. SPRINGSTEEN, born Indpls.. May 25, 1S57; att. common schls, Indpls; was mgr When Clothing Store and in mercantile . bus many years; active in Democratic politics; appt Postmaster Indpls Apl 24, 1913. by President Wilson. FRANK C. DAILEY, born Bluffton. Ind., Dec. 22, 1870; grad. Ind. Univ. Law, 1894; appt. U. S. Dist. Atty. Jan. 1, 1914. EDWARD H. SCHMIDT, born March 14. 1868; att. common schls., Indpls.; Purdue Univ. sped, Phar. & Chera.; appt. U. S. Marshal May 9, '11. CHARLES W. BYFTELD, born Franklin, Ind.. Sept. 9, 1865; att. Short- ridge High Schl., Indpls.; appt. elk. M. O. Dept. P. O., Indpls., 1885; Asst. Postmaster Sept. 1. 1913. WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA CHARLES DOWNING, born New York City, Aug. 7, 1857: attended common schools; Clerk Hancock County. 1S82-S6-90-94; Prosecutor Hancock County, 1893; mem. State Bd. of Agr., 1893-1900; sec. State Bd. Agr„ 1900-; mem. Bd. Trust. Purdue Univ. DEMARCHIS C. BROV\"N, born Indianapolis. June 24. 1SB7; A. B. Butler Coll., Indianapolis. 1879; A. M. 18S0; Univ. Tubingen. Germany. 1882-3: Am. Sch. Classic Studies. Athens, Greece, 1S92-3 and 1S97. in part; British Museum. 1SS3; Munich Museum, 1897; Prof. Greek and Greek Art. Butler Coll.. 1SS2-1906; State Libr. Ind., Sept., 1906; Mem. Am. Inst. Arch.; Mem. Am. Philog. Soc. ; Mem. Bd. State Char., 1891 — . CHARLES E. COX, born Feb. 21. 1860. near Westfield, Ind.; grad. High Sch. of Noblesville and Tipton; studied law with brother. Millard F. Cox and Judge Wm. E. Niblack. at Indianapoiis; admit, bar Nov. 20, 1886: Libr. Supreme Ct., 1880-89; elct. Judge Supreme Ct., 1910. DOI'GLAS MORRIS, born Knightstown. Ind., Jan. 5, 1861; grad. As- bury Coll.. 1SS2: studied law under Gen. Benj. Harrison; admit, to bar 1883: Circuit Judge Rush. Shelby counties, 1898-1904; elct. Judge Supreme Ct., 1910. JOHN W. SPENCER, born March 7, 1S64: attended Central Normal College; began practice law. 1SS5. Mt. Vernon, Ind.: Pros. Vanderburg and Posey counties. 1S92: elect judge Supreme Ct, 1912. QVINCY A. MYERS, born Cass Co., Ind., near Logansport: grad. Dart- mouth Coll. and Law Sch. Union Univ., Albany, N. Y. ; city att'y Logans- port; pros, att'y Cass Co.; mem. Logansport Sch. Bd. 13 years; trustee De- Pauw Univ.; pres. Am. Inst. Criminal Law and Criminology; Judge Sup. Ct. 1910; renom. 1914. RICHARD K. ERWIN, born July 11. 1860: att. M. E. Coll.. Ft. Wayne; 1 studied law under France & Merryman. Decatur, Ind.; Justice of Peace. 1884; admt. bar. 1887; mem. Ind. Legis., 1890-92; Judge Circuit Ct. Adams Co, 1900; Judge Ind. Supr. Ct., 1912- W. CARY CARSON, born Falmouth. Ind.. March 26. 1SS7: att. Fair- view High Sch.; grad. Ind. Law Sch.. 1908; admt. bar. 1908; Secy, to Judge Dougla.s Morris, 1910-12; appt. Libr. Ind. Supr. Ct. Law Libr., 1913; res., Rushville, Ind. MOSES B. LAIRY, born in Cass Co.. Ind.. Aug. 13. 1S59; taught sch. Cass Co.; grad. Law Dept.. Univ. Mich.. 1S89; began prac. law. Logansport; Judge Circuit Ct. Cass Co. 1895-96; elect judge Ind Appl Ct. 1910; elect judge Supreme Ct of Ind. 1914; res, Logansport. Ind. JOSEPH H. SHEA, born Lexington, Ind., July 24, 1863; grad. Ind. Univ., 1889; began prac. law Scottsburg, Ind.; Pros. Atty. Scott, Jennings and Ripley Cos.. 1891; elect. State Sen.. 1896; elect. Circuit Judge, Scott and Jackson Cos.. 1906; elect. Judge Appl. Ct.. 1912; res.. Seymour, Ind. MILTON B. HOTTEL, born Harrison Co., Ind., May 1, 1860; grad. Ind. Univ., 18S2; pract. law. 1884. Salem. Ind.. until elect. Judge Appel. Ct., 1910; res., Indianapolis. EDWARD W. FELT, born Allegheny Co.. Va., Nov. 7, 1859; grad. Cen- tral Normal Coll., Danville, Ind., 1884; began pract. law. Greenfield. Ind.. 1887; elect. Pros. Atty. Hancock Co.. 1890-92: Circuit Judge Hancock Co.. 1900; Judge Appl. Ct.. 1910; res.. Indianapolis. JOSEPH G. IBACH, born Hammond. Ind.. March 15. 1862: att. High Sch.. Huntington. Ind.. 18S0; DePauw Univ.. 1S83; DePauw Law Sch., 1885; began pract. law, 1SS6: Dept. Pros. Huntington Co., 1SS6-S8; elct. Judge Appl. Ct.. 1910; mem. Bd. of Educ. Hammond. Ind.. 1905-10; res.. Ham mond, Ind. FREDERICK S. CALDWELL, born Meigs Co., O.. Jan. 17, 1862; grad Natl. Normal Univ., Lebanon. O. ; prin. Winchester, Ind.. High Sch.. 18S5- 91; supt. City Sch.. 1891-92; began pract. law, 1892; appt. Judge Appl. Ct Sept. 1, 1913; res., Winchester. W. E. LONGLEY, born Noblesville. Ind.. Sept. 26, 1S54; att. common schl. and Ladoga Acad.. 1867; appt. State Fire Marshal March 27, 1913, term four years; res., Noblesville. GILBERT H. HENDREN, born Canal Winchester, O., March 29, 1857; grad. Central Law Schl.. Indianapolis. 1880; Dept. Clk. Greene Co. Circ. Ct.. 1886-1904; Chf. Clk. State Bid. and Loan Dept., 2% years, from Dec. 1. 1910; appt. State Exam., June 7. 1913. ROGER W. WALLACE, born Spencer. Ind.. Oct. 24, 1888: att. Indpls. common schls. ; grad. Shortridge High Schl.. Butler Coll.. Leland Stanford, Jr., Univ.. Calif.. Law Dept.; admit, bar. 1911; appt. Dept. State Fire Mar- shal, March. 1913; res., Indianapolis. EDGAR A. PERKINS, born Indianapolis, Aug. 1, 1866; att. common schl. Indianapolis; pres. State Fed. of Labor. Ind.. 1895-1913; appt. Chief State Bureau of Inspection. 1 May 1. 1913: now pres Industrial Bd of Ind: res, Indpls. ELIJAH A. GLADDEN, born Scott Co.. Ind.. Jan. 30. 1860; att. High Sch; Univ. Ind.; taught school; county supt. Scotl Co., 1897-1903; appt. s< State Bd. of Forestry, July 2, 1913. JOSEPH L. REILEY, born Jefferson Co*. Ind., sec. Dem. State Com., lss: to 190S; Deputy Pfnsion Agt. for Ind.. 1S94-9S; secy. Railroad and Public Service Comm. of Ind.. 1914-; res.. Indianapolis. THOMAS DIXCAX, born May 5. 1860: att. Central Normal Coll.. Dan- ville. Ind : began pract. law, 1SS9: appt. chm. Public Service Commission of Ind.. May 1. 1913; res.. Princeton. Ind. AMOS W. Bl'TLER, born Bronkville, Ind.. Oct. 1. 1860; grad. Ind. Univ. (A. M.): secy. Ind. Bd. State Char., 1S97-; a founder of Ind. Acad, of Science; secy, till 1893; pres., 1895; Fellow Am. Assn. Adv. of Science; gen. secy., 1892; vice pres.. 1900; pres. Natl. Con. Char, and Cor., 1906-7; pres. Am. Prison Assn.. 1910; res., Indianapolis. Ultu. A^c/ WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA WILLIAM D BTNUM, ex-congressman, born Newberry, Ind. June 26, 1846; adm bar 1869; pract law Washington, Ind, 1869-81; Indpls since 1881; city atty Wash, Ind, 1871; mayor 1875-9; mem Ind legis 1SS2-3 (speaker 1S83); mem Congress 18S5-95; mem Comm to revise U S laws; active in orgn Nat Gold-stanc* Dem party 1896; res Indpls. CHARLES W FAIRBANKS, ex-Vice President U S, born Union Co, O, May 11, 1862; A B Ohio Wesleyan Univ 1872; A M 1875 (LL D 1901); LL D Baker Usiv 1903; la State 1903; Northwestern 1903; agt Assc Press 1872-4; adm Ohio bar 1874; U S Sen 1897-1903; elect V P U S 1904; mem Jt high Brit-Am Commn 1898; trustee Ohio Weslyn, Am and DePauw Univs; regent Smithsonian Inst; res Indpls. WM K ENGLISH, born "Englishton Park," Scott Co, Ind, Nov 3, 1854; att N W Christian Univ (now Butler). LL B; mem Ind Leg 1879-SO; mem Congress 1883-85; Pres Indpls Park Bd 1S98; Pres Indpls Bd Safety 1901-2; ex-Pres Indpls Comm Club; Capt and ADC Staff Gen Wheeler. Santiago camp. Span Am War ; staff Gov Ind ; del to three Nat polit convs; author Hist of Masonry, etc; res Indpls. HARRY S NEW, born ndpls Dec 31, 185S; att Butler Univ 1877; prop Indpla Journal 1S78-1903; State Senator 1S96-1900; elect mem Rep Nat Comm at Phila 1900; re-elect till 1912; declined re-elect; vice- chm 1906, chm 1907; Capt, A A G, 3d brig 2d div 7th Army CorpB Span Am war; now pres Bedford Stone and Cons Co. Indpls. MARTIN M HL'GG, lawyer, born Indpls, Mch 17, 1858; grad law dept Mich Univ 1879; Dept Pros 1884-5; State Senator Marion Co, 1896-1904; County Attorney 1901-5; res Indpls. LEW SHANK, born Indpls. Jan 23, 1872; att pub sch and Shtrdge High sch, Indpls; elect Recorder Marion Co 1902-6 ; elect Mayor Indpls 1910-14; engaged in business in Indpls since 1896; lecturer "High Cost of Living" tour U S 1914; res Indpls. JOHN C CHAKEY, lawyer, born in Columbiana Co. O, 1S54; came to La- fayette Tp, Allen Co. Ind, when a child; grad Ascension Sera, Sullivan Co, Ind, 1874; grad Law Sch, Cincinnati Univ. LL B, 1882; five years Supt Sch Is. Farmersburg and Worthington, Ind; mem 59 th and 60 th Congress from Ind; res Sullivan. Ind. WILLIAM L TAYXOR, lawyer, born Wolcottville, Ind; att pub sch Wol- cottville; grad Law Sch Ind Univ; City Atty Indpls 1SS5-91; Atty Gen Ind 1898-1902; donated Taylor Bathing Pool to city 1908; res Indpls. ROBERT W McBRIDE, lawyer, born Richland Co, O. Jan 25, 1842; att Kirkville, la, acad; adm bar 1867; Judge Circ Ct 35th Jud Circ, Ind, 1882-8; Just Supr Ct, Ind, 1890-93; dir & couns loan dept State Life Ins Co; mem Union Lt Grd, Ohio (Lincoln's body guard); capt. It-col, col 3d Reg Ind N G; author, "Personal Recollections Abraham Lincoln," etc; res Indpls. W H H MILLER, ex-Attorney General U S, born Augusta, N Y. Sep 6, 1840; A B Hamilton Coll 1865 (LL D 1889); Lt 84th Ohio vols 1S62; adm bar 1865; pract Ft Wayne 1S66-74; Indpls 1874-S9 in partnership with Gen Ben.1 Harrison; U S Atty Gen 1889-93 Pres Harrison's cabinet; pract Indpls since 1S93; res Indpls. W W THORNTON, lawyer and author, bom Logansport. Ind, June 27, 1851; att Smithson Coll, Logansport; LL B Mich Univ 1876; dept atty-gen Ind 1880-2; author: Statutory Construction (Ind) 1SS7; Ind Practice Code 1888; Lost Wills 1890; Rev Statutes Ind 1897; Ind Negligence 190S, etc; elect Judge Superior Ct Marion Co 1914; res Indpls. MEREDITH NICHOLSON, author, born Crawfordsville, Ind, Dec 9, 1866: edc pub schls Indpls (hon A M Wabash Coll 1901, Butler Coll 1902. Litt D Wabash 1907); mem Nat Inst Arts and Letters; author. Short Flights (poems) 1891; The Hooriers (in "Nat Studies Am Letters) 1900; The Main Chance 1903. and many other novels since; Provincial- America (essays) 1913; res Indpls. FRANK BOWERS, cartoonist, born Silverton, Ore, Dec 2S, 1S72; began work cartoonist San Francisco Exam 1S96; N Y Journal 189S; Indpls News 1S99-1908; Indpls Star 1912 — ; res Indpls, JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY, author, born Greenfield, Ind. 1853; att pub schls; (hon A M Yale 1902, Litt D Wabash 1903 and Univ of Pa 1904. LL D Ind Univ 1907); mem Am Acad Arts and Letters; be^an rontrib poems Ind papers 1873 ; long known as "Hoosier Poet" ; his earlier Hoosier dialect and first work appeared under pen name "Benj F Johnson of Boone" ; res Indpls. HECTOR FULLER, born London, Eng, Oct IS, 1864; att Kilburn Coll, London; H M S Worcester 1877-9; mere marine 5 years; South African diamond fields 18S5 ; came to U S 1886 ; began newspaper work Mid- dletown, N Y, 1S87; Indpls 18S9; war corresp Russo-Jap war 1904-5; Indpls Star 1913 ; dramatic critic, lecturer, etc; res Indpls. DELAVIN SMITH, journalist, born Cincinnati Dec 28, 1861; edc Lake Forest (HI) Acad; Lake Forest Coll and Mass Tech; propr Indpls News; V-P Oliver Typewriter Co; pres Cox Multi- Mailer Co, etc ; mem Am Hist Assn. etc; office Indpls. RICHARD SMITH, born Cincinnatti, O, Aug 14, 1859; son of Richard Smith, many years edtr Cincinnati Gazette; grad Checkering acad, Cincinnati, 1S76; opened serv Assov Press St Paul for northwest 1881: trans to N Y City 1S84 as agt Westn Assoc Press; later became asst gen tnang; came to Indpls News 1901; mang editor since 1903; res Indpls. HILTON U BROWN, newspaper man. born Indpls Feb 20, 1859; grad Butler Coll B A 1SS0; taught "Oaktown Academy," Knox Co, Ind, one year; began as reporter Indpls News 1881; city editor 1S92-5; now general manager; dir Am Newspaper Pub Assn; trustee Butler Coll 1S94 — , and pres bd since 1903; res ( Irvington) Indpls. LOUIS HOAVLAND, newspaper man, born Indpls June 13, 1857; A B Yale 1879 (A M Wabash Coll 1900; Litt D 1903); pract law 1S79-98; in editorial work since 1S84; editorial writer Indpls News .1893-11; editor since 1911; res Indpls. MORRIS ROSS, born Indpls, Ind. Aug 21, 1S50; att priv sch Indpls; grad Cornell Univ 1870; read law; editorial writer Indpls Sentinel 187- ; N Y Tribune 1876 ; same year Indpls News; 8 years managing editor News; now editorial writer; res Indpls. CHARLES DENNIS, born Lawrenceburg, Ind, 1S45; writer on Indpls Journal 1875; on Indpls News from July, 1877, to 1880; with Geo C Harding owned Indpls Sat Review; then on Journal 10 years; on Indpls News continuously since 1892. WM M HERSCHEL, born Spencer, Ind, Nov 17, 1S73; att Co comm sch Evansville and Huntingburg; learned mchnst trade; became one of the seer Am Ry Union 1S94; adopted the newspaper bus 1897; with Indpls News since 1902 ; author, "Songs of the High-and-By-Ways" ; res Indpls. T « - , if ^~ « S -A^sU nee 1911: joint ^-^<--K^V>«5l--C-C--«-t^ KS ^^^* 'ad p / _ ^ =ch (Qr/Uri^x u?^ luw v — ^ Ls^ J 1883; grad law DePauw ^ — / C^^f sst U S atty, 1S93-97; /J atty-gen. 1911-14; trus- SI ; attd Indpls pub schs ^T f* rl^Xs 1897; supt Indpls City *^ n *^lyLA /to- ■j^*C***tf% 1£ WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 19 R A Bl'TLER, newspaperman, born Andrews. Ind, 1884; began newspaper work at Huntington. Ind. when 16 : after att high sch ; mang editor News- Tribune. Marion. Ind. three years; edit writer and city editor Terre Haute Tribune prior to coming to Indpls News 1911; now city editor; res Indpls. EARL MXSHLITZ, newspaper man, born Frankfort, Ind; grad Ind Univ A B 1900; taught sch Evansville 1901-2; city and mang editor Evans- ville Journal -News 1902-13; in newspaper work In Chic and Evans- ville; now assoc editor Indpls Star; res. Indpls. ELLIS SEARLES. newspaper man. born Kelso. Hunt Co. Ind. Aug 1. 1S66; att coram sch Huntington ; learned printers trade at 12 ; stud law Huntington; edt-prop Huntington News 1S94-5; mng edtr Indpls Sun five years; city edt Detroit Tribune one year, etc; Indpls News since 1906; polit writer; res Indpls. OEL L THAYER, publisher, born Whltestown. Ind, May 21, 1868; grad. Indpls High sch 1884-7; began newspaper work on Indpls Sun 1881- 1907 ; with Indpls Commercial 1907 till present, now sec-treas Central City Pub Co, Indpls; res Indpls. FRED L PURDY, editor, born Bellaire, O. Jan 22, 1S59; began newspaper work at 13; on Elmira Free Press 1S78; later on Elmira Union, Cleve- land Press; est Indpls "Sun" 1888, editor and manager till 1904; with Indpls Star till 1906; edit Sun 1905-7; pres and edit Indpls Commercial 1907 till present; res Indpls. PAUL R MARTIN, newspaper man. born Galway. Ireland, Jan 23, 1884; LL B, A M Notre Dame 1902-7; spec post grad Univ Ind. 1903-4; began newspaper work Marion. Ind; Chicago Record-Herald 1906; Indpls Star dram and mus edtr 1907; Cleveland Leader 1910; Indpls Star; now asst edtr Ind Catholic, etc; res Indpls. SEPTIMUS H SMITH, born Sterling, 111, Nov 21. 185 7; att coram schl War- ren Co. O, est "Woodworker" as editor and prop Indianapolis 1882; now pres S H Smith Co, pubs Indpls, writer on woodworking machin- ery topics; res Indpls. OSCAR G THOMAS, born Dayton, O, Sep 11. 1SG4; att comm schls Dayton and Indpls; began newspaper work as comp Indpls Journal 18S4 ; org firm of Thomas & Evans, trade composition plant, 190S; mem Cham Com; res Indpls. WM L EVANS, born Clinton Co. Ind, Feb 7, 186S; att comm and High sch Tipton; began print bus 1882 in office Tipton Advocate; with O G Thomas org firm of Thomas & Evans, trade compositers. 1908 ; res Indpls. CHARLES C BROWN, civil engineer, born Austinburg. O, Oct 4. 1856; stud engr Cornell 1874-5; C E Univ Mich 1879 (hon A M 1913); Prof civ engr Rose Poly Inst 18S3-6; Union Coll, 1886-93; cousltg engr N T State Bd Health 1888-93; city engr Indpls 1894-5; const engr 18S8 — ; mem Am Soc C E; past pres Ind Engr Soc, etc; edtr Municipal Engineering; res Indpls. CHARLES M WALKER, newspaper man. born Athens, Ohio, Dec 25, 1834: grad Ohio Univ 1854; taught schl; read law; 6th Aud U S Treas; connct with Indpls Journal 1872-80; Indpls Times 18S0-S2; ehf elk post office dept 1883-5; Indpls Journal 1886-93; Indpls News since 1903; res Indpls. LOt'IS HOLLWEG. business man, born near Westphalia, Germany, July 27. 1S40; attd Gymnasium Soest Germany; came to America in IS 60; three months in Cleveland and came lo Indpls Jan 7. 1861; estb firm Louis Hollweg, later Hollweg & Reese. Jan 1S6S ; mem firm Hibben, Hollweg & Co; V-P C U Tele Co & New Long Dist Co; V-P Indpls Charity Assn ; Treas League 1914; res Indpls. J GEORGE Ml ELLER, business man. born Indpls June 21, 1860; attd German Eng Schl; Cincinnati College Phar Ph G; began as Pharma- cist Indpls 1887; orgn Indpls Drug Co 1891. later merged into Mooney- Mueller Drug Co in 1902 ; was Sec & Treas; Mem of Amer Pharm Assn; Dir Chamber Commerce; Mem Board Trade; Mem Normal Sch N A Gym Univ; now secy-treas Moonev-Mufller. Ward Co; res. Indpls CORTLAND VAN CAMP, business man. born Franklin Co. Ind; Pres Van Camp Hardware & Iron Co; V-P of Van Camp Packing Co; V-P Van Camp Products Co; one of builders Indpls Southern R R. which made low coal rates permanent; now part of Ills Cent system; mem Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls. S AMI.' EL E RACH, financier, born Bavaria, Germany, Dec 21, 1S53; came to America at 13; educ public schls and Commercial Coll, Dayton O; came to Indpls 187 4 ; engaged in various business enterprises: pres Moore Packing Co 1S91-7; pres Belt R R & Stock Yards Co since 1897; dir Union Trust Co. Indpls Abattoir Co, E Rauh Fertilizer Co, etc; res Indpls. ALBERT A BARNES, manufacturer, born Stockbridge Vt Fob 14. 1839; attd common schls ; pres Udell Works; dir Union Trust Co and Natl City Bank; Trustee Franklin College; res Indpls, HENRY KAHN, business man. born Bloomtngton. Ind. March 31, I860; attd Butler College ; started in wholesale business Indpls: estb Kahn Tai- loring Co 188 6; pres since organization ; trustee Citizens Gas Co; res Indpls. CARL G FISHER, business man. born in Indiana; educ public schls; orig- inator of plan to build highway from coast to coast and V-P and dir Lincoln Highway Assn; originator and one of builders of the Motor Speedway, Indpls: pres Prest-O-Lite Co. Fisher Automobile Co, etc; orgnr "Dixie Highway" movement; res, Indpls. JAMES W LILLY, business man. born Lafayette, Ind. Nov 10. 18C2; attd Butler Coll; engaged in retail hardware business Indpls April 1 now pres Lilly & Stalnaker ; dir Ind Natl Bank. Farmers Trust Co & Indpls Trac & Ter Co; trustee S E Hosp for Insane. Madison, Ind; res Indpls. CLEMENS VONNEGIT, business man. born Indpls Nov 19, 1*53; attd German -English & Indpls High Schl; began mercantile business April, IS 70 : V-P Vonnegut Hardware Co; mem Ind Legislature 1S95 ; res Indpls. GUSTAV A RECKER, business man, born Indpls July 19. 1SG5; attd Ger- man-English & High Schl; began with Sander & Recker 1SS3; now pres Sander & Recker Furn Co; was pres Ind Ret Furn Dealers Assn; me m B oard of Trade & ''hamber of Commerce; res Indpls. A B MEYER, business man, born Indpls Dec 24. 1853; attd German-Eng- lish and Cincti Schls; began business 1872; - st A B Meyer & Co 1^77; pres A B Meyer & Co, A & C Stone & Lime Co & Ind Plaster & Roof- ing Co; dir United Fourth Vein Coal Co; mem Bd of Trade, Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls. CHARLES D PEARSON, business man, born Bloomfield. Dec 15. 1851: attd public and high schls; at IS became traveling salesman for Hollweg & Reese, Indpls; estb business Pearson & Wetzel 18S2, succeeding Mr Wetzel on his retirement in 1896 : continuously 45 yrs in who china & glassware business; res Indpls. vjszryncvo d-^£*auv£x-1 (—**-Msv£* '»A-trtvx^-- ^2^^^t/ 20 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA GEORGE A GAY, business man, born Dedham, Mass. June IS, 1859: attd public schls: came to Indpls Jan 1, 1S92; pres Pettis Dry Goods Co, "The New York Store"; res Indpls. CARL H LIEBER, business man, born Indpls Mch 16. 1S66; attd German- English & Shortridge High Schl; treas the H Lieber Co; dir of Art Assn, etc; res Indpls. WILLIAM K STEWART, business man, born Indpls July 26, 1S75; attd Shortridge High Schl & "Wise Univ; A B Yale, 1899; mere business un- til 1909, then orgn W K Stewart Co of Indpls and Stewart & Kldd Co of Cincti; pres & treas of both; mem Economic Club, Indpls Literary Club, etc; dir Boys' Club Assn, Ind State Tax, Public "Welfare Loan Assns; res Indpls. EDWARD J ROBISON. business man, born Bedford, O. Sept IS, 1S55; grad 1SS0 Hiram Coll, Hiram, O; treas State Bd of Agr, 1900-5; mem Indpls Bd of Schl Comn, 1897-1900; County Treas Marion Co, 1908-10; res Indpls. WILLIAM FORTUNE, business man, born Boonville, Ind, May 27, 1863; edit writer Indpls News, 1SS8-90; founder Munic Eng Mag, 1890; pres Indpls Tel Co, New Long Dis Co, etc: dir various corp; nrgri Indpls Com I Club. 1890 (sec 1890-95), V-P 95-97, pres 97-9S; originator Ind State Bd of Commerce, 1894 (pres 1897-8-9); chmn Elevated R R Comn. 1S9S-14 ; presented with Loving Cup 189S by citizens for promoting general welfare of city; res Indpls. JOHN C PERRY, business man. born Paoli, Pa, Feb 21, 1834; attd com- mon schls; came to Indpls 1S53; began work as wood turner; in whole- sale grocery business 45 years; pres J C Perry & Co, Inc; res Indpls. C. W. CRAIG, business man, born Peru, 111. Nov 6, 1860; attd common schls; began business mfg confectioner, Indpls, April, 1873; mem Cham- ber of Commerce; res Indpls. JOSIAH K LILLY, manufacturing chemist, born Greencastle, Ind. Nov IS, 1S61; attd Phila Coll of Phar & Asbury Univ; became supt Lilly Lab 1882; after death of his father, Eli Lilly, June, 1898, became pres of Co; res Indpls. ALBERT LIEBER, business man. born Indpls Aug 16, 1863; attd German- English Schl & Indpls Bus Coll; pres Indpls Brewing Co; pres Schakk Brewing Co, Newark, N J; "V-P Kibler-Lieber Chem Co; dir Merchants Natl, also Ind Trust Co; V-P Progress Mach Co; res Indpls. FREDERIC M AYBES, business man, born Geneva, N Y, Feb 17, 1872: Yale Univ, Ph B, 1892; pres L S Ayres & Co; dir Fletcher Trust Co & Chandler & Taylor; res Indpls, W B WIIEELOCK, business man. born Ogdensburg, N Y, May 17, 1862; attd Greene St High Schl, Ogdensburg, N Y; came to Indpls Jan, 1893; V-P L S Ayres & Co; sec & Treas Murray Inv Co; res Indpls. WILLIAM J. MOONEY, business man, born "Washington, Ind, Apr 17, 1863: attd public & parochial schls; came to Indpls 1881, with A Kiefer ; nrgn Mooney- Mueller Drug Co 19 02; pres Board Trade 1907-8; dir Fletcher Trust & Sav Co. State Life Ins Co, Citizens Gas Co, Greater Indpls Indust Assn, Children's Aid Poc. Merchants & Mfg Ins Bur; pres Mooney-Mueller-Ward Co; res, Indpls. OLIVER P ENSLEY, business man, born Auburn, Ind, Oct 9, 1866; grad Auburn High Schl & Bus Coll; came to Indpls as chief elk U S Pen- sion Agency 1890-94; in lumber bus until elected treas Marion Co, 1904-8; dir Union Natl Sav & Loan Assn; now pres A Burdsal Co, paint mfrs ; res Indpls. JOHN F DARMODY, business man, born Indpls Nov 26, 1865; attd public schls; began work with Daggett & Co, mfg confectioners, 1879; est Darmody Co 1895; mem Chamber Commerce, Bd of Trade; secy-treas & gen mgr J F Darmody Co; res Indpls. FRANK S FISHBACK, born Indpls, May 14. 1866; att comm and Shrtdge High schls, Indpls; newspaper work, Indpls Times, 1885; Merch broker 1889 ; mem city council 1903-5 ; treas Marion Co 1910-11 ; now pres Geiger-Fishback Co, Frank S Fishback Co, merch, brokers; prop Fish- back Warehouse Co; res Indpls. ALMIS G RFDDELL, business man. born Indpls July 29. 1873; A B Ice- land Stanford Jr Univ 1S95 ; came to Indpls in 1S95; in mere business until Nov. 1S97; pres & mgr Central Rubber & Supply Co, 1897 to date; mem Chamber Commerce Exec Committee & Chrman Wholesale Trade Division, 1913-14 ; res Indpls. GEORGE J MAROTT, business man, born Daventry, Northamptonshire, England, Dec 10, 1S5S ; attd schl one year; built railways from Ko- komo to Marion & from Kokomo to Frankfort; now pres Ind Ry & Lt Co; V-P Security Trust Co; operates one of the finest & largest shoe stores in U S; res Indpls. WILLIAM SCOTT, business man. born County of Donegal, Ireland. April 6, 1850 ; received classical educ Londonderry, Ireland ; came to U S 1S6S. to Indpls 1S70; estb firm William Scott & Co; in 1890 became associated in wholesale drug bus with Daniel Stewart; was pres Daniel Stewart Drug Co; mem Bd Governor Board of Trade since 1S82; V-P 1887; pres 1S88; mem Bd of Schl Comms 1891-1900 (pres 1896-7); now pres Kiefer-Stewart Drug Co; res Indpls. CARL VERNON GRIFFITH, business man, born Dayton, O, Aug 8, 1S69; grad Rose Poly 1SS9; mem firm Griffith Bros, wholesale milliners; sec & treas Potter Hat Co; res Indpls. MERRITT A POTTER, manufacturer, born Clarkston, Mich.; attd Univ of 111; with E C Atkins & Co since 1S7S, now secy; mem Chamber of Commerce, Bd of Trade; res Indpls. WILLIAM L ELDER, born Indpls, July 31. 1S55; att Indpls High sch; be- gan work as bank elk. after 5 years was appt paymaster I D & S Ry; in furniture bus till 1S93; since large operator in real estate: devel and platted Armstrong and N W Park, Clifton PI, Edgewood, Marlon East and Univ Heights, and other additions; res Indpls. WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 21 ARTHUR JORDAN, financier, born Madison, Ind, Sept 1, 1S55; attd Indple High Schl; engaged in various mfg. coml & financial enterprises since 187 7 ; now pres Meridian Life Ins Co, Intern! Mach Tool Co, Keyless Lock Co, City Ice & Coal Co, Printing Arts Co, Capital Gas Eng Co, Western Cold Storage Co. etc; dir Franklin Coll; trustee Y "W C A, Indpls; mem Ind Commdry Loyal Leg; res Indpls. FRED FAHNLEY, business man, born Wurtemburg. Germany, Nov 1, 1839; came to America in 1864 at age of 15; came to Indpls in 1S65; eng In wholesale millinery; one of the orgn of the firm styled Fahnley & McCrea; now pres Fahnley & McCrea; V-P & dir Ind Trust; V-P & dir Merchants Natl; res Indpls. SEVERANCE BURRAGE, chemist, born West Newton, Mass, July 18. 1868; attd Mass Inst Techn '92 ; Ph D Hanover Coll; D P H Valparaiso Univ; Prof Sanlt Science Purdue Univ 1895-1912; at present dir Biol Lab Eli Lilly & Co, lndpl-s & Greenfield: pres Ind Acad Science, Ind Soc Prev Tubercls; dir Natl Assn Study & Prevn Tuber; dir Indpls Boys' Club; mem A M A, State & County Med Soc, Am Pub Health Assn, Soc Am Bact. Am Phar Assn, Am Chem Soc; author {with H T Bailey) "School Sanitation & Decoration"; res Indpls. OTTO R LIEBER, business man, born Indpls Oct 1. 1861: attd German- English Indep Schl; began bus with H Lieber & Co. 1876; now pres H Lieber Co; dir German House; owner Wiscinda Stock & Dairy Farm, Acton, Ind; res Indpls. JAMES E LILLY, business man. born Lexington, Ky. July 8, 1844; attd common schls, Asbury Univ; came to Ind 1852; 1st lieut Co H, 43rd Ind Vols, Civil War, 1861-65; began bus with Eli Lilly 1878; V-P Eli Lilly Co. Mfg Chemists; dir Sterling Fire Ins Co; mem Loyal Legion; res Indpls. WILLIAM J HOGAN, business man, born Chillicothe, O, Aug 18, 1872; attd common schls; began bus Indpls 1892. transfer and storage; pres Hogan Trans & Storage Co, Ind Refrigerating Co. Ind State Chamber of Commerce; mem Cham of Com, Indpls: res Indpls. ANDREW STEFFEN, cigar manufacturer, born Madison. Ind, Mch 4, 1850; att comm sch Madison; came to Indpls 1870; now engaged In manufact cigars; res Indpls. FRANKLIN VONNEGLT, business man, born Indpls Oct 20, 1856; attd German-English Indep Schl and High Schl; school commissioner 5 years; pres Commercial Club 2 years; pres Normal Schl of N A Gymn Union; pres Citizens Gas Co; res Indpls. JOHN N CAREY, business man, born Dayton. O. Mar 4. 1855; attd Brown Univ, Providence. R I; began business in Indpls with Layman, Carey & Co, wholesale hdwe, 1876; in 1883 went in drug business with Daniel Stewart: orgn the Stewart-Carey Glass Co; 190S pres & treas; dir Indpls Tele Co: pres Y M C A; first pres Indpls Trade Assn; trustee Methodist Hosp ; res Indpls. FRANK G WOOD, business man, born Indpls Feb 7, 1S59; attd Indpls Pub- lic & High Schl; with Singer Sewing Machine Co 21 years; pres Atlas Paper Co since 1900; res Indpls. WILLIAM H ELVTN, business man, born Madison, Ind, 1853; attd Madi- son and Hanover Colleges; came to Indpls Oct, 1871; with Merrill & Field Publ; was pres Bowen-Merrill Co Pubs six years; one of Orgn Indpls Book & Stationery Co, now pres; Trustee Rescue Mission 15 years; res Indpls. LEONIDAS H LEWIS, born Manilla, Ind. July 30, 1886; attd Valparaiso Univ and Indiana Univ; former newspaper man and manager Conven- tion and Publicity Bureau; was chosen Gen Secy of Chamber of Com- merce at its formation in 1912; engaged in business 1915; res Indpls. RALPH W DOUGLASS, born Bartholomew Co. Ind. Dec 5, 1882; grad Ind Univ, 1905; attd Ind Univ Law Schl, 1906-7. Indpls Coll of Law. 1908; in newspaper work, Shelbyville, 1905-7; prac law, Shelbyville, 1908-10; on staff Indpls Star, 1910, and Indpls News, 1910-13; publicity dir Indpls Chamber of Commerce; elec asst Gen Secy Chamber of Com- merce, 1914 ; res Indpls. C C PERRY, financier, born Richmond, Ind, Dec 15, 1S57; educ Earlham Coll; began work as messenger boy PCC&StLRR; learned tel- egraphy; mgr W U Tel Co, Richmond, 1880-84; came to Indpls '86 as representative Jenny Elec Co; one of orgn Marmon-Perrv Light Co, 1888, and Indpls Lt & Pr Co, 1892; now pres and treas Indpls Lt & Ht Co; res Indpls. J EDWARD MORRIS, real est broker, born Broad Ripple, Ind; attd State Normal, Terre Haute; taught schl 5 years Marion Co; mgr C U Tele Co, Shelbyville, 1903-7; engaged real estate bus. Indpls, 1907; orgn & elect pres Ind Real Est Assn, 1914 ; res Indpls. DR R C LIGHT, physician, born Somerset, Ky, June 3, 1S56; grad Rush Med College, 1879; orgn Broad Ripple Nat Gas Co, 18S6; orgn Broad Ripple Rapid Transit Co, 1892: built Broad Ripple electric line and ran first cars, Sept. 1894; built White City, 1906; practiced med in Broad Ripple since 1SS0; res Broad Ripple, Ind. THOMAS A WYNNE, business man, born Ottawa, Canada, 1866; attd com- mon schls; moved to Indpls 1SS7; connected with Indpls Lt & Ht Co 28 years; V-P & Treas Indpls Lt & Ht Co; V-P Farmers Trust Co; served term in Indpls City Council; res Indpls. FREMONT ALFORD, lawyer, born near Eden, Ind, Dec 30, 1857; attd common schl. State Normal, Terre Haute; grad Central Law Schl, 1881; Depty Pros Atty, 1894-1898; Judge Criminal Court Marion Co. 1898- 1907; res Indpls. JEFFERSON H CLAYPOOL, lawyer, born Connersville, Ind, Aug 15, 1866; attd Univ of Va & Miami Univ; mem Ind Legislature, 1889-91; mem State Board Election Commissioners; res Indpls. ROWLAND EVANS, laws.:, born Boston. Mass, Apr 10, 1SS4; attd Boston Public Schls, Ind Law Schl; standing examiner in chancery U S Court; mem Am, Indpls & State Bar Assns, Amer Assn for Advancement of Science, Am Economic Assn, Am Pol Science Assn; res Indpls. HERMAN P LIEBER, business man. born Indpls Oct 9, 1873; attd public schls and Shortridge; entered mere business 1891; secy H Lieber Co; res Indpls. HENRY R BANNER, born New York City, Dec 25, 1870; degrees: A B, A M, Rutger's Coll; LL B, A M, Ph D. Univ Minn; adm bar Minn, 1893; N Y State 1896; Ind 1910; with Wm Burford, Indpls, since 1909; res Indpls. /jf , /Z.&Cv^A. j- J%q. ^^^A^rtr-^y 22 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA ALBERT M ROSENTHAL, business man, born Kokomo, Ind. Oct 17 1876; attd Indpls Public Schl.s; began business 1903; now pres Standard Pa- per Co, mfg & wholesale dealers; res Indpls. CHARLES F MEYER, business man, born Indpls Aug 4. 1852; educ Indpls & Cincti Bus Coll; began business in Indpls April, 1869; now V-P A B Meyer & Co; dir A & C Stone & Lime Co & Ind Plaster & Roofing Co; 33d A & A S R; treas Ind Consist 25 years; charter mem Murat Tem- ple; treas over 30 years; res Indpls. WILLIAM H BOCKSTAHLER, business man. born Indpls July 12, 1867 attd common schls; learned printer's trade; connected yards 21 years as clerk Belt R R & Stock Yards Co; traffi 1909; res Indpls. SOL SCHLOSS, business man, born Ligonier, Ind; attd public schls Ligo- nier ; began as clerk at 14 ; engaged in mere business, Titusville. Pa, 1894; started in bus for self at Monmouth, 111, 1897; came to Indpls 1910; now pres Schloss Bros Co, Indpls; dir, Monmouth. 111. Plow Fac- tory; res Indpls. AARON WOLFSON, business man. born Boston. Mass. July 24. 1871; attd English High Schl, Boston; came to Indpls Nov, 1904; now sec Kahn Tailoring Co; ex-pres Indpls Assn of Credit Men; dir Chamber of Com- merce ; chrman Natl Com on Commercial Arbit Natl Assn of Credit Men; res Indpls. CHARLES L BVSCHMANN, business man, born Indpls Sept 5. 1876; attd Indpls High Schl. Capitol Univ. Columbus, O; began mfg 1SS7; V-P & Genl Mgr Lewis Meier & Co; dir wholesale div Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls. THOMAS H SPANN, born Indpls June S. 1S48; A B Williams College, 1S69: ret Indpls & eng in real est bus with his father, John S Spann; now pres John S Spann & Co, Inc; res Indpls. PAFL H KRAl'SS, business man, born Stuttgart. Germany, Oct 9, 1853; attd comn schls Stuttgart & Indpls; came to Indpls Jan. 1864 ; mes- senger boy in Ind Natl Bank 186S-70; engaged in haberdashery busi- ness 1871; now pres Paul H Krauss Co; pres Merchants Assn 1914; pres German Park Assn; dir Mchts Natl Bank; trustee Indpls Maen- nerchor ; treas Ancient Landmark Lodge Masons since 1S83 ; mem St James Conclave, Red Cross of Constantine; res Indpls. GEORGE J MAYER, business man. born Indpls Jan 6, 1862; attd German, English & Public Schls; began business 1884 ; mem Chamber Com- merce ; pres Geo J Mayer Co ; res Indpl3. FRED A HETHERINGTON, inventor and manufacturer, born Indpls. 185 attd comn schls & Indpls Schl of Art ; at 15 began work in Hether- ington & Berner Mach Shop; supt Campbell Printing Press & Mfg Co, New York City, 1881; inventor Railway Asphalt Paving Plant used in estab first municipal paving plant in U S at Detroit; inventor Hether- ington Camera, etc; res Indpls. HENRY W KLAVSMANN, civil engineer, born Centralia, 111. Sep 2. 186S; educ common schls; pract civil engr since 1891; appt surveyor Marion Co 1901; re-elect 3 terms till 1910; appt city engr 1910-14; music director Indpls Mil Band; chm Rep City comm 1910 — ; res Indpls. HARRY E. BARNARD, chemist, born Dunbarton. N H, Nov 14, 1874; grad N H Coll. 1899; Ph D Hanover Coll. 1913; State Chem of N H, 1901-6. Chem State Bd Health of Ind. 1905; State Food and Drug Commr of Ind, 1907 — ; State Commr Weights and Meas of Ind, 1911; Food and Drug Insp Chem, U S Dept Agr, 1907 — ; res, Indpls. i~SLl*M^£^---*J^^ ^L iy in, ion i , ,— -2— With Stock V*y^ ~Kf c mgr since^^/ \/f j 2 ^€^^/^ c<-4.*-^7y// ell Ward his brother; now chmn bd of dir Mooney, Mueller Ward ///^'A*^/// Co; res Indpls. r **S ALBRECHT KIPP, business man; born Isingdorf, Bielefeld, Westphalia, Germany; educ in German schls; came to Indpls 18C7; connected with Charles Mayer & Co until 1880; estb firm of Kipp Bros w his brother Robert; pres Kipp Bros Co since incorp 1893 ; one organizers of German House and pres since 190S; res Indpls. MARION Connersv Bosw Drug Co; res Indpl CHARLES B SOMMERS. business man, born Cincinnati, O, Jan 26, 1873; ^ attd grade and High Schl; came to Indpls 1899; pres Gibson Auto Co & D Sommers & Co; res Indpls. HENRY C THOMSON, business man; born Morrow. O. Oct 12, 1862; educ Public Schls, Indpls; with Jas R Ross & Co 29 years; pres and mgr since 1900; mem Bd of Trade ; res Indpls. LOITS G DESCIILER, business man; born Indpls Jan 24, 1865; attd German English Schl; began business Bates House July, 1878; founded and now pres Deschler Cig Co in 1SS3; dir Ind (Claypool) Hotel Co; res Indpls. ALEXANDER M STEWART, business man; born Terre Haute Mch 4, IS67; became partner Wulschner & Son 1891; pres Wulschner Stewart Music Co 1901-12; pres and treas A M Stewart Realty Co; owner Stewart Talk Mach Co; res Indpls. EDWARD SCHMIDT, business man; born Cincinnati, O, May 10, 1869; attd schls Hoboken, N J, & Leipsic, Germany, also German English Schl Indpls; began bus with C T Schmidt Brewery 1876; retired 1890; trip around world 1892-93; res Indpls. GEORGE N MANNFELD, born Indpls. Jan 5, 1866; att German English schl 1S72-S0; att Shortridge High Schl; engaged in tailor with his fatner, George Mannfeld, 1SS2; organized and first Co Fish and Game Protec Assn; writer on fish and game conservation; pres Ind Fish, Game and Forest League Indpls. FRANK MATS FAl'VRE, business man; born New Alsace, Dearborn Co, Ind, Jan 24, IS 51; educ pub schls, German English Schl ; Bryant- Stratton Bus Coll 1S66-67; mem City Council 1S77; pres and builder of Indpls & Eastern Trac line between Indpls and Cambridge City 1902; pres Fauvre Coal Co; V-p Rogue River Pub Serv Corp, Ore; res Indpls. JOSEPH C SCHAF, business man; born Brookville, Ind, Jan 14, 1859; • due St Meinrad's Acad; 1SS1 came to Indpls; 1SS6 engaged in the Brewing business now pres and sole owner of the American Brewing Co; dir Fletcher Am Bank; dir Indiana Hotel Co; Waverly Elec Co; pres Columbia Club; V-p Ind Road Comms; res Indpls. CARL F WALK, business man; born Indpls Aug 29, 1870; educ Indpls Grade Schls and Shrtrdge High Schl; 18S6 connected with Theo Pfafflin Music House and Fairbanks Scale Co '87-88; entered store of Bingham & Walk 1888; firm of Julius Walk & Son 1892; now pres Julius C Walk & Son Inc; res Indpls. B H McCLELLAN, business man; born Franklin, Ind, Feb 18, 1867; educ Comn Schls Franklin; came to Indpls age 13 with Fahnley-McCrea wholesale millinery; on road at 16; traveled for them for 28 years with H B Gates orgn Hotel Colonial & Hotel Severin; mgr and Gates-McClellan Hotel Co; res Indpls. PAUL HAGEN, business man; born Fortville, Ind, June 14, 1868; grad Notre Dame 1S85; grain bus for 18 yrs; gen mgr Home Brew Co for 8 yrs to date; res Indpls. J J COLE, business man; born on farm near Connersville. Ind, Mch 23, 1869; educ High bchl Fayette Co & Bus Coll Richmond, Ind; with Parry Mtg Co 10 yrs; Moon Bros Carriage Co St Louis 8 yrs; began •arriage mfg 1901; automobiles 1908; now pres Cole Motor Car Co; mem Natl Auto Cham of Com; mem Bd of Trade & Cham of Com; res Indpls. HARRY B. GATES, business man; born Connersville, Ind, Sept 5, 1858; educ Common Schls Indpls; pres Climax Coffee & Bak Powder Co; pres Hotel Severin ; res Indpls. G A EFROYWSON, business man; born Evansville, Ind, Jan 21, 1870; attd Common Schls Indpls; began bus 1S83; pres H P Wasson Co since Apr, 1912; mem Cham of Commerce & Bd of Trade; mem Union of American Hebrew Congregations; res Indpls. ALBERT G SNIDER, business man; born Indpls. Feb 23, 1878; attd Comn Schls. High Schl, Butler Coll; entered present bus 1S98; now pres of Hide Leather & Belting Co; mem Cham of Com, Bd of Trade ; res Indpls. WILLIAM T CANNON, Railroad Official; born Logansport, Tnd. Apr 23. 1856; attd pub schls in Wis; returned to Ind in 1873 to accept clerkship with Indpls Peru & Chicago Ry; 1SS3 treas of same; secy 1901; in 1SST orgn The R R Men's Build & Sav Assn; now pres; res Indpls. JAS E PIERCE, Railway Official; born Buffalo, N Y, Nov. 14, 1S63; educ Indpls High Schl; at 14 began as messenger for Merchants Despatch Transp Co; became *.sstd agt in 1SS5. Dairy Agt 1S93; was elected treas of the R R Men's Build & Sav Assn upon orgn in 1887; elec secy & auditor of this assn in 1912; res Indpls. CHARLES T AISTIN, Express Company Official; born New Aibanv Ind, Feb J 9. lS6fi; grad Vincennes High Schl. began work with Adams Express Co, Vincennes at IS yrs & served as agent at various places and resigned as agt at Indpls 1903; 1903 orgn present bus Express Parcel Delivery Co; now pres; res Indpls. E M CRAFT, Manufacturer; born Indpls Sept 9, 1881 ; attd pub schls and Manual Training Hgh Schl; began bus with A P Craft 1S97; now pres & gen mgr A P Craft Co; res Indpls. ^ WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA MABSHALL T LEVEY, Manufacturing Printer; born Madiaon. Ind. Oct 6, 1875 ; attd Shnrtridge Hgh Schl Indpla ; secy & treas Thornton- Levey Co; res Indpls. FRED J OSTEKMEYER, business man; born Indpls Dec 21, 1879; attd German Lutheran Schl & Bus Coll; began bus at 16 with Severin Oster- meyer A Co, and Severin & Co till June. 1901; since with Ind Paper Co; now pres; mem Indpls Cham of Com; prea Ostermeyer Realty Co, dir Schwartz Elec Co; res Indpls. RALPH A LEMCKE, Capitalist; born Evansville, Ind, Feb 5, 1880; grad St Johns Delafield, Wis; attd Princeton Univ ; pres R A Leracke Realty Co ; mng Trustee Lemcke Estate; mem Bd of Gov; B of Trade; res Indpls. A S BENSON", Banker and Live Stock Commission Broker; born Rush Co, Ind, Aug 4, 1858 ; began work as messenger boy in First Natl Bank; in Live Stock Comn bus for 36 yrs; pres Live Stock Eich Bank; res Indpls. T 8 GRAVES, Live Stock Broker; was born Nelson Co, Ky, June 28, 1852; educ Transylvania Univ Lexington, Ky ; Northwestern Christian (now Butler) Univ; began business Union Stock Yards 1877 ; was pre« Indpls Live Stock Exchange 1SS7-1S97; pres Natl Live Stock Exchange 1908-10; senior member T S Graves-Navin Co. GORDON B. TANNER, business man; born April 4. 1886; attd The Adiron- dack Florida schl, Rainbow Lake, N Y ; began business with father in Tanner & Co, wholesale sheet metals July 18, 1904 ; at present head of firm : mem Indpls Bd of Trade; wholesale Trade dlv of Chamber of Com; res Indpls. HENRY' C THORNTON, Manufacturing Printer; born Bedford, Ind, Nov 8, 1861; A B Hanover Coll 1871; began business in Bedford, Ind. 18 73 ; gen merchandise; in blank book & eta bus in Indpls 1885 to present; now pres Thornton Levy Co; mem Cham of Commerce A Bd of Trade; res Indpls. FINLEY P MOUNT, Lawyer; born Montgomery Co, Ind. Nov 26. 1866; B. S. Wabash Coll 1S90; A M 1S95; studied law Crawfordsvllle & Anderson; admitted 1892; practiced law Crawfordsvllle 1892-1912; Indpls since; taught schl 'S4-'86; prin Crawfordsville High Schl '90-'92; mem Bd Trustees Wabash Coll; City att Crawfordsville 12 yrs; res Indpls. EDWARD E GATES, Lawyer; born Indpls Aug 23. 1871; grad Tale 1891; PhB; Ind Law Schl LLB 1S95; began practice of law in 1893 at Indpls; served in war with Spain in 27 Light Battery Ind Vol 1898 ; Spanish Amer War; pres Linco'n League of Ind, 2 yrs 1906 ; mem Indpls Bar Assn; res Indpls. JAMES P GOODRICH, Lawyer; born Randolph Co. Ind, Feb 18, 1864; attd Winchester High Schl & DePauw Univ ; taught schl 2 yrs In Randolph Co ; began practice in 1SS8; chairman Rep State Com 1901-10; mem Natl Com 1912-16; mem State Bar Assn; res Win- chester, Ind. HORACE E KINNEY, Grain Broker; born Stilesville, Ind, Sept 6, 1858; attd common schls; at age of 11 entered Ry service as a tele- graph operator; later connected with the Associated Press in like capacity; entered grain business in Indpls 1883; V-p Indpls Bd Trade 1897-98; and since mem Bd of Gov; res Indpls. EDGAR H EVANS. Miller; born Saratoga Sprincs, N Y. July 18, 1870; grad Shortridge Hgh Schl; Wabash Coll 1892 A B & A M; began flour milling with Geo Evans & Son; now pres-treas Acme-Evans Mill Co; pres Indpls Bd of Trade 1911-12; Gov Bd Trade since 1898; treas Indpls Elev Co; dir Summit vi lie Drain Tile Co; Indpls Cham Com ; ex-p Boys Club; mem Chicago & St Louis Bd of Trade; res Indpls. HENJ B MINOR, business man; born Lodi. N T, Oct 20, 1840; taught schl 4 yrs New York State; attd Seminary Ovid Seneca Co, N Y; operating Country Elevators 50 yrs; mem Bd of Trade 1885; acting Gov 17 yrs; res Indpls. AUGUSTUS EYNCH MASON, Lawyer; born Bloomington, Ind. Feb 10. 1869; attd Northwestern Christian (now Butler) Univ; PhB, A M Depauw univ; retired from law pract 1910 ; was pres Cit St Rj Co Indpls; Dean Depauw Univ Law Schl; lect r r law Ind Law Schl ; since 189S atty Depauw Univ, I & E Ry etc; Author "Pioneer History of Am," etc; res Indpls. J A RINK, business man; born Lawrenceburgh, Ind. Apr 15, 1858; attd comn schls; began usiness at age of 14 with M H Spades; est The Rink Cloak House 1S78; appointed pres board of works 1914 beginning Jan 5; res Indpls. FRANK A WITT, Grain Broker; born Thornton. Ind, Oct 15, 1884; grad Frankfort, Ind, Hgh Schl 1902; A B Franklin Coll 1906; came to Indpls with Stebbins-Witt Grain Co 1909; since engaged in grain comn bus; Gov Bd of Trade since 1912; res Indpls. GEO H EVANS, Manufacturer; born Waynesville, O, Oct 15. 1863; grad Haverford Coll Pa U>s3; with I P Evans & Co 1SS3; Evans Milling Co since 1904; Gov Bd of Trade since; now Pres Bd of Trade; res Indpls. \\M < HAYWARD, Grain Broker; born Mahomet, Ills, Dec 4, 1SS3; ntt III St Normal & 111 State Univ; came to Indpls 1911; grain broker & mgr of Mutual Grain Co; mem Bd of Trade; res Brownsburg, Ind. ED K SHEPPERD, Grain Broker; born Brookville. Ind, July 6. 1881; attd public schls Brookville & IndplB; in grain trade in Indpls since 1896; mem Bd of Trade; mgr Cleveland Grain Co; res Indpls. UNION B HINT, Lawver; born Randolph Co, Ind, Sept 2, 1864; educ common schls; Secretary State of Ind 189S-1902; Chmn Ind Ry Commn 1905-0S-; was pres and genl counsel Supr Lodge K of P Ins Dept. EDWARD B RAl'B, Lawver; born Chalmers, Ind, Dec 23, 1871; DePauw Univ PhB 1894; Ind Law Schl LLB 1895; began practice law 1896; City Atty 1903-5; County Atty 1910-11; asstd in orgn of Indpls Life Ins Co 190 V-p & gen counsel; Gov Bd of Trade 1913; res Indpls. GEORGE ALIG, Manufacturer; born Chur. Switzerland, Feb 22. 1852; att Univ ol Freiburg:; came to Am 1S72; began work with Deloss Root & Co. st 1 1 vi- mfgrs and has been in same business since ; was pres Indpls Stove Co 1892 ; Tlow pres and mgr Home Stove Co, res Indpls. 25 ^_) , V_s_»->--*^_*-» (M, 26 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA JOHN H EMRICH. Manufacturer; born Wayne Co, Ind, Sept 1G. 1S60; attd public schls Indpls; began business as a boy with Emrich. Paulina & Co Furn Mfgrs; became associated with father Henry Emrich and bro W F Emrich and Geo H Drechsel, under name of Emrich Furn Co in 1895; secy & treas since incorp; elec mem Indpls Bd of Schl Com- missioners; pres Bd 1914; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls. W F MILHOLLAND, Street Railway Official; born Cartersburg. Ind, Aug 24, 1859; attd Comn & Hgh Schls Putnam Co; came to Indpls July, 1880; began as office boy with Citizens Street Ry Co 1883; paymaster and cashier, now secy & treas Indpls Tract & Term Co; asstd sec and treas Indpls St Ry Co & Terre H I & E Tract Co; res Indpls. CHARLES L HENRY. Ex-Congressman; born Hancock Co, Ind, July 1, 1849; attd pub schls and Asbury Univ (now DePauw); afterward grad in law at Ind Univ; practiced law at Pendleton and Anderson 25 yrs; State Senator '80-84; Congress 1S95-99; official Interurban Rys from 1891 to present; res Indpls. IRA E Gl'THRIE, Interurban Railway Official; born in Brown Co, Ind, Feb 28. 1881: educ pub schls and Hgh Schl; 14 yrs experience in higher accounting and with financial systems of banks, Indus, Ry and pub utility corps; now treas of Interstate Pub Ser Co, owning and operating elec rys and pub utilities serving 30 Ind cities and towns; res Indpls. CHESTER P WILSON, Electric Railroad Official; born Indpls. Feb 8. 1871; M E, MM E Cornell Univ; was supt Phila Pa Tract Co; chief engr Milwaukee Elect Ry & Lt Co; genl mangr Camps Bav Tramways, Cape Town, S Africa; supt Lack & Wyom Val Ry Scranton. Pa etc; now pres Interstate Pub Serv Co. Indpls; Cent Ind Lt Co; Louisville & Northern Ry & Lt Co: Louisville & Southern Ind Tract Co; United Gas & Elect Co: res Indpls. ROBERT R HABOIS; Railroad Traffic Manager; born Frankfort. Ky. July 6. 18S2; educ Univ Schl of Ky; Tale Coll; with railroad and express companies till 1914; now traffic manager Indpls Bd of Trade; res Indpls. C A McCOTTER, insurance man; born Kipton, Lorain Co, O, June 2. 1861; attd High Schl and Business Coll; seev and mgr Grain Dealers Natl Mutual Fire Ins Co: treas Childrens' Aid Assn; res Indpls. JOHN F ROBBINS, Lawyer; born Economy, Ind, June 11, 185 6; educ Earlham Coll. Ohio Wesleyan Univ & Mich Univ; began practice in 1S78 at Richmond, Ind; pros atty Wayne Co 1884-86; mem of law firm of Monks. Robbins. Starr & Goodrich; res Richmond. E E FLICKINGER, insurance man; born Willoughby. O. Apl 7. 1S62: Otterbein Univ B S 1883; M D Cleveland Med Coll 1SS5; practiced med 5 yrs; started as local agt with John Hancock Life Ind Co of Boston Mass at Willoughby, O, 1S90; spec agt Cleveland 1S91; state agt for Ind since 1892; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls. GEORGE C CALVERT, born Charleston. Ills. Sept 2, 1871; PhB DePauw 1893: AM 1894: LL B Ind Law Schl 1896; Fellow in Univ of Chicago 1894-5; editorial writer The Indpls Press; since 1901 mgr Indpls Clearing House Assn; res Indpls. VICTOR C KENDALL, business man; born Six Points. Ind. Mch 9, 1863; attd High Schl Hendricks Co; with L S Ayres & Co 33 yrs: now secy-treas of Amer Mortgage Guarantee Co;' treas Sunlight Coal Co & Ohio Valley Coal Co; mem Bd of Trade & Cham of Com; res Indpls. JOHN C WRIGHT, Capitalist; was born Rockville. Ind. Oct 17, 1832; att Asbury (now DePauw) Univ; att Berlin Univ 1S57; was secy legation under his father Gov. Wright who was serving his second term as minister; after his father's death was chrge d'affairs lega- tion; since 1S68 connected with banking and real estate bus in Indpls. M B WILSON, Banker; born Palestine. Ills, Dec 8, 1S45; educ Vincennes Univ & Marburg Germany; began banking Sullivan, Ind. Oct 1S70; estb Cap Natl Bank Indpls Dec, 1889; pres of same until 1904: pres Columbia Natl until June, 1909; orgn Nat Live Stock Ins Co 1910; dir of various coml & financial orgn; res Indpls. FRED J MACK, Decorator; born Cleveland, O, Jan 5. 1854; attd comn schls Cleveland; came to Indpls 1872; learned trade of decorator; estb firm of F J Mack & Co Sept, 1877; mem Indpls City Council 1884-SS; legislature from Marion Co 1891-93; Bd of Safety 1895-1900; Park Bd Jan 1902; Bd of Works 1906-10; res Indpls. ORAN PERRY, Soldier-Author; born at Liberty, Ind. Feb 1, 1S3S; attd public schls; bookkeeper until Civil War; served Civil war from Apr 19, 1861 to July 5, 1865; private, adjutant, lt col. col 16th and 69th Ind; with Penn Ry 35 yrs; Q M G & Adj Gen Ind, 1902-11; author "Indiana in Mexican War"; res Indpls. ALVIN HIGH SMITH, business man; born Cleveland, O. Apl 17, 1875; educated public schl and coml coll; began in bicycle bus. the gaged in engineering and contracting and banking; identified with auto bus since 1903; now Indpls mang Ford Motor Co; res I minis. F A BITLER, business man; born Morgantown, Ind, Mch 30, 1S76; educ Morgantown schls; with Big 4 Ry 6 yrs; Merchants Natl Bank 10 yrs; C B Cones Son Mfg Co 5 yrs; since 1909 Secy Cones Ml'g Co; mem Cham of Com: res Indpls. LOUIS C Hl'ESMANN. business man; born Dayton, O, Junr 20, 1856; attd public schls Dayton. O; began work Am Exp Co; engaged in mere business Union City 1S89: orgn Central Supply Co 1902; now pres; res Indpls. ROBERT C LOSEY, born Utica, O, mem 115th Ind Vol Com C till Feb, 1S64; joined U S Navy Apr 1, 1S64-65; mem Met Theater Slock Co. Indpls. 1867-69; dept Sheriff Marion Co 1873; appt Assn in Bankruptcy 1877 by Judge W Q Gresham; res Indpls. ALEXANDER W THOMSON, Broker; born Morrow. O, May 18, 185S; educ public schls, in brokerage business Indpls since 1SSS; mem N Y Stock Exchange; N Y Cotton Exchange; Chicago Bd of Trade; Indpls Bd of Trade; Indpls Stock Exchange; res Indpls. PHILANDER II FITZGERALD. Lawyer; born Greensburg. Ind. Feb 14, 1S4S; studied law and attended Bryant & Stratton Coi ercial Law Schl; pract pension law since 1S72; founded City of Fitzgerald, Ga. 1896; res Indpls. JOHN R WELCH. Real Estate Broker; born Warsaw. Ky, Oct 23 1856; educ public and parochial schls; came to Indpls ls';:> becam' secy Celtic Sav & Loan assn 1SS4; in real estate and insurance bu since i^n; v-p and dir Nal Citj Bank; .in- Citizens Gas i o; G Indpls Industrial Assn; Marion Title Guar Co; mem Chan mii- merce; res Indpls. mftftuLxx v >^NXf>^^V\ — * / JOS A KEBLER; born Cincinnati. O. May 1. 1861; began business with R G Dun & Co Mercantile Agency Cincinnati Jan. 1877; came to Indpls 1892 as Mgr & now Dist Mgr R G Dun & Co Indpls; Governor Bd of Trade; res Indpls. WILLIAM L HORNE, Insurance Manager; born Bedford, Pa, July 18, 1863; attd Eastman Business Coll, Poughkeepsie, N Y; began Life Ins work 1884; with Travelers of Hartford at Pittsburgh 18S5; came to Indpls lss;7 as special agt New Eng Mut Life Ins Co; Gen Agt for Ky Aetna Life Ins Co 1SS9; Gen Agt for New Eng Mut for Ind since 1895; res Indpls. LLNNAES C BOYD, Capitalist; was born near Richmond, Ind, Jan 1*. 1S64; educ country schls and Earlham Coll; taught schl 4 years; admt bar at 21; in legal dept Penna Lines till 27; interested in management and executive offices public service corpor since; was pres Indpls Water Co; v-p Indpls Gas Co; res Indpls. HENRY C STARR, Lawyer; born Richmond, Ind, Sept 13, 1859; student at Hanover Coll; pros atty 17th judicial circuit 1890-94; v-p Chicago, Cincti & Louisville R R 1904-1908; v-p Wise Cent R R 1906-9; asst gen'l Counsel Chesapeake & O R R 1910; res Indpls. WM L HIGGINS, Banker; born Milford, Ind, Jan 7, 1852; attd Howard Coll; i5 yrs grain & commission bus; mfg 6 yrs; 1st v-p State Sav- ings & Trust Co; res Indpls. (Died Dec, 1914.) HIGH McK LANDON, Capitalist; was born Muscatine, Iowa, June 22, 1867; grad Phillips Acad, Andover, Mass; A B Harvard ls;<^, was secy-treas and vice-pies Indpls Water Co ; res Indpls. CLARENCE L KIRK, Capitalist; born Burlington, Ky, May 6. 1866; attd 'Minn schls of Burlington; agt for Monon Ry for 14 yrs; gen mgr East Chicago & Ind Ha rbor Water Co for 10 yrs; later elec pres of this Co; elei pres of Indpls Water Co in 1913; mem Bd of Trade; Cham of Com; res Indpls. CHARLES BROSSMAN, Civil Engineer; was born Philadelphia, Pa, Jan 17. 1877; educ Phila Manual Training High Schl; served Spanish-Am war Gen Miles Porto Rican expedition with Phila City cavalry; secy-treas Ind Engineering soc; mem Ind Acad of Science ; Ind San & Water Sup assn; Indpls Cham Commerce; res Indpls. HENRY LANGSENKAMP, Manufacturer; born Indpls Apr 13, 1865; at 14 ii work with father Wm H as coppersmith and began brass bus in 1S95; firm known as The Langsenkamp Bros Brass Wks; orgn the Langsenkamp-Wheeler Brass Wks in 1905; now secy-treas; mem of Chamber of Com; res Indpls. 7- ^A^t/ /iSU^t^u ft Ci*c*^a*sdcf Am Florists; res Indpls. BERT A BOYD, Grain Broker; born Richmond. Ind, Nov :0. 1*70; attd comn schools; W U Mess boy 1884-S5; started in Bd of Trade 1885; orh>.- boy Fred P Rush & Co; elec pres I Bd of Trade .Tunc, 1913; Gov }; now pres Bert A Boyd Grain Co; dir font Natl Bank; v-p C i Co: res Indpls. FRANK T (AILOX, business man; born Indpls March 23, 1866; attd pub- lic schls; learned trade of steam fitter with Knight & JiUson; with Milton A Woollen; est firm of Woollen & Call on 1900; res Indpls. CHAS •' iv'M UMAX, business man: born Indpls Sep1 7. 1866; attd pub schls; began business with father Wm Kotteman and with his brother Frank K Kotteman; has conducted business since death of father in res Indpls. WARREN II MMMIINS, Manufacturer; born Riverdale ion the Hudson), N Y > attd comn schls N Y & Ohio; with Bemis Bros Bag ■ i-i: : Indpls t! to present; now Mgr i^-mis Indpls Bag Co; Gov Bd of Trade, mem Chamber of Commerce; dir T M C A & Y W C A ; res Indpls. I LYS8ES «. LEEDY, Manufacturer; born West Independence, O. Nov G. 1867 .iii.i comn schls Fostoria. O; began as musician al i^: cam Indpls 1891; with Indpls Military Band 10 yrs; orgn Leedy Mfg musical instruments 1S9S: incor 1903; now pres & gen mgr; Indpls. is ^^ <^c

.;»]# rs Assn ; res Bedford. ROBERT L Ml'LLEN. Lawyer; wa^ born Booneville, Ind, Ocl 7. 1SS4; LL B Indiana Univ; prof of Law Indiana Univ 2 yrs; mem of city schl board Bedford; atty Lawrence Co; res Bedford, Ind. FZ McMFRTRIE. Lawyer; was born Attica. Ind. July 1^. 1884; educ Ind Law Schl; A B Indiana Univ; elected Treas of Grant County, re-elect 1914 ; treas Marion Assn of Commerce; pres State Assn of County Treasurers; res Marion. :Z fe^^V ^M\ujJULuJ WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 33 WILLIAM DONALD CURTIS, Educator; was born Morgan Co, Ind. July 28, 1875; grad Ind State Normal; attd Ind Univ; taught 4 district schls; 3 yrs Monrovia H S; one year Brooklyn H S; 1 yr Frankfort H S; supt Morgan Co schls since 1907; res Martinsville, Ind. JAMES W MORRISON, Lawyer; born on farm Lincoln Co. Ind, Dec 15. 1853; taught schl; attd Wabash Coll; grad Bryant-Stratton Bus Coll, Tndpls: grad Ind Univ Law dept; county assessor 4 yrs; identified with orgn 4 railroads in Clinton Co, serving as secy of board of directors; was surveyor; charter mem State Bar Assn; res Frankfort, Ind. MOSES EPSTEIN, Merchant; was born Aurora, Ind, July 5 1852; grad Louisville. Ky H S; in bus Frankfort since 1876; mem County Chil- dren's Guardian Board and County Bd of Charities; trustee Northern Ind Hosp for Insane; res Frankfort. Ind. EUGENE O BIRGET, Insurance Company Official; was born Clinton Co, Ind. January 5, 1869; taught schl 6 yrs; attd State Normal Terre Haute; deputy aud Clinton Co S yrs; elect auditor 1902-6; now secy & gen mgr Peoples' Life Ins Co; res Frankfort. EDWTN W TATMAN, Editor; was born Connersville. Ind. July 21, 1 grad Connersville H S; began newspaper work in '95 at 17 on the Even- ing News; now managing editor and prcs Times-News Co; res Conners- ville, Ind, HYATT L FROST, Lawyer; was born Harrisburg, Ind, June 28, 1860; taught schl 5 yrs; LL B Ind Univ; began practice Brook ville. Ind ; mayor of Connersville 1 S04-9S ; res Connersville. DAVID XV MeKEE, Lawyer; was born Rush Co. Ind, Dec 14. 1845; taught schl ."> yi-3 ; LL B Ind 1'niv ; began practice Brookville, Ind; came to Connersville 1886; was pres Town Board of Brookville. Ind.; city atty Connersville ; pres Fayette Co brch Amer Bible Soc; res Connersville, Ind. RICHARD N ELLIOTT, Lawyer: was born Fayette Co, Ind, April 25, 1873; taught school 3 yrs; read law with Conner & Mcintosh; county atty 9 yrs; city atty 4 yrs; joint representative Fayette and "Wayne Cos. 1905- 7; mem Tuberculosis Comm 1905-7; author bill estab Tuberculosis Hosp Rockville. Ind, 1907; res Connersville. GEORGE C FLOREA. Lawyer and Banker: was born in Fayette Co. Ind, June 18. 1848; educ Northwestern Christian Univ (now Butler Coll); taught schl; practiced law since '73; pres First Natl Bank since 1904; res Connersville, Ind. L L BROADDl'S. Lawyer; was born Wayne Co. Ind, January 27, 1S56; Taught schl 4 yrs; attd Ind Univ; read law with Hon B F Claypool; in practice since 1881; city atty 17 yrs; res Connersville, Ind. DAYIO A MYERS, Lawyer; was born Cass Co, Ind, August 5. 1859; attd Smithson Coll: LL B Union Univ. Albany, N. Y; city atty. pros atty, Rush and Decatur Cos, and circuit judge same; judge of appellate court of Ind Oct IS. 1904-Jan 1. 1913; res Greensburg, Ind. PRANK HAMILTON, Lawyer; was born in Decatur Co, Ind, April 2, 1883; attd Butler Coll and Ind Univ; LL B Ind Law Schl; deputy atty De- catur Co 1907-9; county atty 1912; mem State Bar Assn; res Greens- burg, Ind. JAMES E CASKEY, Newspaper man; was born Richland. Ind, May 12, 1853; attd comn schls Greensburg; depty aud Decatur Co 4 yrs; town- ship trcst 5 yrs; orgn and first pres State Trustees' Assn; P M Greens- burg 4 yrs: prop Daily News since 1902; re.s Greensburg, Ind. JAMES K E\YING, Lawyer; was born in Decatur Co, Ind. Nov 26. 1843. In practice since lsfi7; aptd by Gov Claude Matthews, judge of circuit court of Rush and Decatur Cos 1S93-5; res Greensburg, Ind. JOHN E OSBORN, Lawyer; born in Decatur County. Ind Aug 25. 1872; practiced law in Greensburg since 1S97; deputy county auditor; was member Dem State Central Comm from 6th Congressional dist 1908; director Columbia <'noperage Co; McGehee, Ark: Arkansas Cooperage Co, Jenney. Ark; Am Cooperage Co, Helena, Ark. G V MENZIES, Lawyer; was born Boone County, Ky. Dec 21. 1844; erad U S Naval Acad Annapolis; served 2 years on Frigate Colorado; ensign on Monitor Miantonomah ; flag lieut under Rear Adm Dalghren and Rear Adm Turner; on dutj Portsmouth Navy Yard nn.l Na y.i i Vrad (resigned 1871): elect State Senator 1878; del Dem Xat Conv 1S76-S0; del -at- large 1896-1900-04-12; memb comm to estab boundary line be- tween Ind & Ky Green River Island; mem Bd of Control State Sol- diers & Sailors Monument. &^^ t WILLIAM E WILSON, County Official; was born Mt. Vernon, Ind, March^/ 9. lS70;_attd pub schl; grad Evansville Coml Coll; princ and teacher 16 yrs Evansville Bus Coll; depty aud Vanderburgh Co elk Vanderburgh Circuit court Nov 12; res Evansville. Ind. yrs; elect JAMES A HEMENYVAY, ex-U S Senator; was born Boonevi 8. 1860; began work at 14 in tobacco factory; read law in "S4; elect pros atty 1886; served 2 terms; elected si gress from first district Ind; U S Senator 4 yrs; res Bo ROSCOE KIPER, Lawyer; was born Leitchffeld, Ky. June 2. 1S74; LL Ind Law Schl ; depty prosecutor, county atty Warrick Co ; judge cult court Spencer and Warrick; lecturer, ehautauquan, editor Epoch Magazine"; res Boom ville, Ind. PHILIP LTJTZ, JB, Lawyer; was born Boonevllle, Ind. Aug 28, 1888; A B and LL B Indiana Univ; elect Indiana Legislature 1915; res Boone ville. Ind. GAINES II 1IAZEN, Editor; was born Newburg. Ind, Oct 26, 1847; taught sch! 2 yrs Bloomlngton, Ind; LL B Ind Univ; practiced law 22 yrs editor and owner Booneville Enquirer over 23 yrs; depty pros at yrs; elected State Senator Warrick. Spencer and Vanderburgh 1914; mem Bd of Directors Tribe of Ben Hur, Crawfordsville res Booneville, Ind. CHARLES W WITTENBRAKER, Lawyer; was born Evansville. Ind, Nov. 12, 1S77; A B Wabash Coll; LL B Indiana Univ; pros atty Vanderburg County 1903-7; mem State Bar Assn, rea Evansville. ille, Ind. March /? / ; res Indpls. JOSEPH II STAHL, Educator; was born on a farm Owen Co. Ind. Jan 9. 1879; grad State Normal. Terre Haute: LL B Ind Law schl: taught schl 13 years, prin Hymera and Thorn town high schls, supt New- town schls : was elect bus mgr Young People's Reading Circle Ind 1915; mem Ind Legis 1913; res Indpls. BERNARD J T JEUP, Civil Engineer; born Cincinnati, O, Aug 17. 1864; att Cincinnati Univ; C E Columbia Univ ; began work civil engr New York City Bd of Health; came to Indpls 1S92; asst city engr 1S93-6; city engr 1S96-1901. re-appt 1903, served 2 years; appt city engr by Mayor Bell. 1914; res Indpls. JOSEPH BELL. Lawyer; was born Union Co. Ind. Nov 28. 1865; taught school; grad University of Mich; was deputy city atty Indpls; elected mavor of Indpls Nov, 1913; res Indpls ALBERT F ZEARING, Contractor; born Switzerland Co, Ind. June 23. 1873 ; educ public schls; began work as cash boy N<-w York store; secy to Mayor Taggart; mem Legis 1909; state senator Marion, Morgan and Putnam Cos 1913-15 ; Secy- Treas County Commrs Assn of Ind; now owner Zearing's Contractors Supplv Co; res Indpls. CHARLES ANDREWS BOOKWALTER, Printer; born near Wabash, Ind. Dec 7, 1860; educ public schls; as a boy learned printer's trade, then worked as fireman on Wabash Ry. afterward entered newspaper work Ft Wayne Gazette; appt Clerk State Printing Bureau 1887; elected mayor Indpls 1901. served 2 years; re-elected 1905, served 4 years; res Indpls. ^J^— JJX^- yf?&-r£~^~- 36 WHO'S .WHO IN INDIANA . 1S56; educ various ca- propr since; res RICHARD OTTO JOHNSON, Supt. Indiana State School for the Deaf; born Lewisvllle, Ind. Jan 17, 1858; grad Virginia Military Inst; read law with Judge Sam'l H Buskirk Indpls; practiced tiil appt secy Ind State Schl for the Deaf 1S83; Supt since 18S9; served 9 vears Pres Con- ference of Supts & Princpls Am Schls for the Deaf; 20 years exec comm, 14 years chairman; 19 years dir Am Assn to Promote Teach- ing Speech to Deaf; now contrbng editor Volta Review; author various works; res Indpls. WILLIAM P JTJNGCLAUS, Builder; born near Hamburg. Germany. Feb 22, 1849; educ private schls Germany; served as able seaman in Ger- man. English and Dutch merchant marine 7 years; retired as second officer; came to America from Australia; engaged in building trade in Indpls in 1870; res Indpls. FRED C GARDNER, Manufacturer; born DeWitt County, 111, Aug 23, 1863; educ Indpls now Schtrdge High Schl; began work clerk in bank, with B C Atkins & Co since July 1, 1881; now sec treas of company; pres Spencer House; res Indpls. LYNN B MILLIKAN, Contractor; born Newcastle. Ind, March 20, 1860; educ public schls Newcastle; began contracting 1882; built Beech Grove Ind, shops for N T Cent R; Van Camp Hardware Co Bldg, etc; res Indpls. PARKS M MARTIN, Agriculturist and Railroad Official; born Putnam Co, Ind, Aug 8, 1S57; taught schl 3 years Montgomery Co. Ind; att Ladoga Acad and Univ Ills; merchant and farmer since 1877; was clerk and treas Gosport, Ind, and mem Schl Bd ; clerk Owen Co Circ Ct ; appt State Tax Commnr Governors Mount, Durbin & Hanly; chmn Dem State Cent Com 1896-1902; now Tax Agt N Y Cent Lines; res Indpls. JAMES HENRY TAY'LOR, Physician; born Greencastle, Ind. Nov 15 185''- A B. A M. DePauw Univ: M D Ind Med College 187S; 10 vears demon- strator anatomy Ind Univ Schl Med; now prof diseases children; was alderman Indpls: mem Bd of Trade since 1889; now v-pres; mem A M A and Ind Med as3n: res Indpls. WILLIAM C SMITH, Civil Engineer; born Shelby County, Ind. Jan 4. 1865; B S Butler College; began work as civil engr at 21; elected county sur- veyor Union Co 1SS6; now secy Marion Co Construction Co; res Indpls WALTER C MARMON, Manufacturer; born Richmond. Ind, Aug 25 1S72 educ Earlham Coll; grad Mass Inst Tech 1S95; pres Nordyke & Mar- mon Co Indpls; pres Noblesville Milling Co; secy Indpls Light & Heat Co; res Indpls. WILLIAM H ROBSON, Publisher; born Indianapolis March 11 Northwestern Univ (now Butlerl ; worked as railroad man paeities; founded Trade Journal 1S90; editor and Indpls. HOMER C ANTHONY', Editor; born Columbia, Fayette Co. Ind. June 29 1SS0; educ public schls Laurel. Ind; learned printer's trade' in news- paper work since 1S95: with Connersville Examiner since 1904 now editor; mem Dem State Editorial Assn; res Connersville. Ind JOHN C SHIRK, Banker; born Springfield, Frankl 1S5S; A B Ind Univ; banker in Brookville since ville Bank since orgn 1905; pres Brookville Furn Furn Co; pres and orgn Brookville Tel Co; was mercial Club S years; pres Brookville Hist Soc; pres Brookville Pub Lib; res Brookville, Ind. AMBROSE E NOWLIN, Banker; born Dearborn Co, Ind. Aug 6 1 taught schl: B S Miami Univ; farmer and banker 10 vears; sup'e: census 1S90; auditor county 2 years; coll intern revenue S yea Kinley admstn. now pres Dearborn Nat Bk ; res Lawrenceburg. THOMAS S CRAVENS, Lawyer; was born Osgood, Ind, Aug 5 graduated Indiana Law School 1S96; member Indiana State Bar I res Lawrenceburg. Ind. JOHN HEYWARD McKENZIE, Clergyman; born Bourneville O J 1862; A B Mt Union Coll; A M Boston Univ; (Ph D Kenvon D D Nashotah House); pres Hillsboro Coll 1SS8-90; pres Belmont Coll and Ohio Milt Inst, College Hill. O, 1S90-4; priest 1893 P E Ch' rec- tor Howe. Ind, Sch since 1895; rector St Mark's Ch since 1S95-: Deputy- Gen convs P E Ch 1898 to 1913; trustee Nashotah (Wise) House, Ake- ley Hall, Grand Haven. Mich. Howe Schl; mem AAA etc; res Howe Ind. L W HENLEY', Newspaper man; was born Carthage. Ind, April 12. 1870; educ Earlham Coll; newspaper man in Indpls nine vears; editor Terre Haute Star 1909 to '14; secy Republican State Comm Ind since March 1. 1914; res Indpls. HARRY Ml RPHY, Manufacturer; born Indianapolis Sept 15. 1867: educ Kenyon c'oll; in wholesale and mftrng business sin.,. lssT. ; pres John „ MU'Phy Bldg Co; vice-pres Prest-O-Lite Co and director C B Cones & Son Mfg Co; res Indpls. THA DDEL'S BrTLER . Newspaper man; was born Lagrange, Ind, Nov. 20 1S46; attd Oberlln Coll, O; was Miami Indian paymaster for the U S Gov in 1SS0; was postmaster Huntington; was editor Wabash Dealer, Andrews Express. Huntington Herald and Times aid etc;res Huntington. WILLIAM HARTE LEEDY', Grand Secretary I O O F Indiana; born Los ansport, Ind. Oct 10, 1855; educ public schls; learned printer's trad for 23 years editor and publisher; editor Odd Fellows Talisman years; Grand Secy Odd Fellows of Ind since 1896; G M Odd Ind 1S90-1; chmn comm state of the order of Odd Fellows of the World ; res Indpls, ARTHIR B GROVER, Real Estate Broker: born Terre Haute. Ind, 7, 1867; (due Harvard Coll; in real estate business since Ins* Indpls. CHARLES V. HENDERSON, Lawyer; born St Paul, Ind. Jan 31 ls;i A B. A M Univ Oregon; LL B Univ Mich; befian ft art Bloomfield' Ind; mem Ind Legis 1S97; judge i ;i -.-en, -Sullivan Co's Circuit Ct 1906- 12; prac Indpls since Feb, 1913; res Indpls. HUGH D MERRIIIELD, Lawyer, was born Brook, Ind, Aug S, 1S79; LL B Univ of Mich Law Coll; admitted to bar in Cass Co 1900; began practice in Indpls 1903; mem of Chamber of Commerce; res Beech Grove and Indpls. CHARLES J ORBISON, Lawyer; was born Indpls Sept 28, 1874; grad Indiana Law Schl; judge Superior Ct Room 1, Marion Co 1910-14; Grand Sen Deacon Masonic G L; Pres Ind Dem Club; mem State Bd of Charities, mem Indpls and State Bar Assns; res Indpls. *CS*-*fT "ez^^C^t^/ *^C in Co, Ind. March 14. /O ^ /^ 1881; pres Nat Brook- / Am^S* j ~^^ lrn Co; pres Franklin ^TZsrvCA' U? / pres Brookville Com- // r^w yr • lie Pub // y 31 , ^ / CLt^tU^^ -i>*~4 Plain Decatur Her- FolloU Sov G L Tx>T/t/~* v ^*-^c^ic^^lK &.£*La WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 37 WILLIAM WALLACE HAMMOND, Lawyer; born Hammondsville, O, May 31, 1S64; A B Mt Union Coll, Alliance, O; A M Harvard; LL B Cin- cinnati Law Schl; mem Indpls and Ind State Bar Assns; res Indpls. JOSEPH W SELVAGE; Real Estate and Insurance Broker; Dorn Zions- vllle, Ind, Feb 6. 1S70; educ Indpls High Schl now Schrtrdge; was with Atlas Engine Work?, Indpls. 10 years; In real estate and insur- ance business since 1S95; member Ind R E Assn; Indpls R E Bd; secy and treas Piper Mchne Co; pres Capital Construction Co; pres Jos W Selvage Co Inc; res Indpl3. HOWE S LANDERS, Lawyer; born Martinsville, Ind, Oct 17, 1SS5; educ DePauw; LL B Ind Law Schl; admt bar 1908; appt Secy Industrial Board of Ind April, 1915; mem Indpls and Ind State Bar Assns; res Indpls. NEWTON TODD, Banking Broker; born Pendleton, Ind; educ Indpls Schrtrdge High Schl; in banking brokerage and insurance business Indpls since 1SS7. OTTO IIl'GO TANTZER, Physician and Surgeon; born Sheboygan. Wise. June 9, 1S5S; educ German -English acad, Milwaukee ; grad Gymnastic Teacher's Acad X A Turnerbund ; taught gymnastics 5 years; grad Ind Med Coll 1881; post grad Berlin, Paris, London, Munich. Vienna; mem A M A Internat Med Congress, Indiana Ste Med and Indpls Med sues; res Indpls. E OSCAR LINDENMCTH, Physician; born Ringtown, Pa, March 17, 1872; M E Bloomsburg Lit I'niv and Potts College ; taught six years; grad Medic-Chirurgical Coll, Phila, Pa. 1906; elect prof Ind Univ Schl of Med L906 . ri s Indpls. FRANK W WOERNER, Patent Lawyer; born Greenfield. Ind. March 31, 1^70; LL B Indiana Law Schl; in practice patent law since 1892; mem Indpls bar assn; res Indpls. FRANK DUFFY, Labor Official ; born Ireland. May *>. 1SG1 ; resided New York City and Phila, Pa. came to Indpls Dec 31, 1902; Genl Secy United Brotherhood Carpenters and Joiner.3 of Am since 1901 ; editor The Carpenter; v-p Am Fed of Labor 1914; mem Ind State Bd of Educ 1915 ; res Indpls. OREN STEPHEN HACK, Lawyer; born Shelby Co. Ind. Apl 1, 1876; taught schl Shelby Co 6 years; was pres Shelby Co Teachers Assn ; B S. LL B Central Normal Coll; LL B Univ of Indpls i Ind Law Schl); deputy city atty 1905-7 ; deputy pros atty Marion Co 190S-11 ; mem Indpls and Ind State Bar assns. EUGENE C SHIKEMAN, Fish Culturist; born Martinsville, Ind, Sept 13. 1S75; PhB DePauw Univ; secy-treas Old Hickory Chair Co, Martins- ville, S years; founded "Grassy Fork" Gold Fish Hatcheries 1905: appt Commissioner cf Fish & Game of Ind Dec 30, 1914 ; res Martinsville, Ind. FRED A GREGORY, Real Estate and Insurance Broker; was born Hebron, O. July ic, 1^54; was educ common schls Bement, Ills; in real estate and Ins bus in Indpls since 1876; founded present bus in 1SS4 with John Appel as partner, now incorp; is pres of Gregory & Appel. Inc; secy & treas Alberta, Indpls Land Co. etc; res Indpls. WILLIAM A KETCHAM, Lawyer; was born in Indianapolis Jan 2, 1846; educ schools of Indpls, Germany and Wabash Coll; enlisted as private Comp A 13th Ind Vol Inf. commsnd Capt Comp I same regiment, May, 1 865, at 1 9 : after Civil War, grad Dartmouth Coll ; was elected atty gen of Ind 1S94, re-elect 1S96; res Indpls. JOHN L MASTERS, Physician; was born Brookville. Ind. Sept 23. 1S59; M D Louisville Med Coll: New York Eye & Ear Conf. Berlin, Ger- many, clinic, was prof Oph & O-ol Central Coll of Phys & Surg and Prof Oto Laringol Ind Univ Schl of Med; res Indpls. JOHN E. CLELAND, was born Greenwood, Ind, Dec 30, 1840; A B, A M Lit D Wabash Coll; was capt U S Vol Civil War; was in Book & Sta business 27 years; bc.s dir Indpls Public Schls since Jan 1, 1900; mem G A R. Loyal Legion, etc; res Indpls. CALEB S EAGLESFIELD, Lumber Manufacturer ; was born Eaglesfield, 'lay Co, Ind, March 14. 1860; educ high schl Terre Haute: in lbr bus since 1892 ; now pres of Eaglesfield -Stew art ' 'o. mfgrs of hanlw I Mooring etc; res Indpls. CHARLES X HANNA, Lawyer: was born Fortville, Ind. Dec 27, 1S69; attd Indiana Dniv; LL B Ind Law Schl, was judge Superior Court Marion ! . s Indpls, THOMAS A DAILY, Lawyer; was born Mt Hope, Kans, Sept 9 1876; attd Christian Bros Coll, St Joseph. Mo; taught schl for i yrs Jennings \ ■ 'a, Ind; LL B Indiana Law Schl: was mem Ind Legis, was mem State Board of Pardons; res Indpls. RL'SSEL M SEEDS, Publicity Counselor; was burn Shadi vllle, <_>. Oi \ B i'niv of Mich . was engaged in newspaper work until 104 when he estb the Russel M Seeds Co Adi i.gcj treas "''rows' Nest Motor Club;" res Indpls. MEMO I, AXE WILSON, Ex-Ambassador; was born Crawfordsvllle, Ind No\ :; 1857; A B. A M Wabash Coll i 1 -t Philos, Phllol Fim Natl I Chile, 1911); was edit Lafayette Journal praci law and banking Spokane, Wash; apptd minister to Venezuela LS89 bul de- clined; was U S nr. n to Chile and apptd min to Grtece; E E and M P to Belgium; was ambass extraordinary and plenipoten to > (resigned) i tc ; res Indpls. MILTON \V MANGl'S, Lawyer; was born Ladoga, End Feb 16 I 85 al d Indiana i'niv: A B Wabash Coll; LL B Harvard Law - Lppl I asst U S Atty Feb 1, 1914; res Indpls. EDWIN R HISEY, Funeral Defector; was born Indpls May l 1876; educ Indpla Public & Short ridge H S ; began bus In Indpls May, L902 , now mem firm Hisey & Titus ; was pres Ind Funeral Dir Assn ; mem Nat I Funeral Assn, res Indpls. " >" '^W'^f^r 38 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA JOSEPH H WOOLING, Publisher; was born Pluvannah Co, Va, Men 2, 1862; educ Millers Acad; was railroad condr; publisher since 1889; was pre-s Marion Co Council; dir Indpls Humane Soc; treas since 1911; res Indpls. CHARLES A PFAFFLIN, Physician; was born Bowling Green, Ky, Sept 4, 1872; grad Westminster Military Acad ; Cincinnati Univ and Med Coll of Ohio; Cincinnati Coll of Dental Surg; Univ of Berlin and Vienna; 3 mo service Hall eel inic Berlin, Germany, during European war Aug- 1 to Nov 1, 1914; mem Indpls, Ind and Am Med Socs; mem staff City Hosp ; mem Am Oto-Laringol Soc, etc; res Indpls. ERNEST ROBERT KEITH, Lawyer; was born Bowling Green. Ind, Aug 30, 1S66; attd Depauw Univ; LL B Law Dept Univ of Mich; read law- with Duncan & Smith; was pres Indpls Bar Assn; mem Ind State & Amer Bar Assn; res Indpls. JOHN H EBERWEIN, Surgeon; born Jennings County, Ind, Jan 18, 1882; ait Central Normal Coll, Danville; taught schl; M D Purdue Univ Sch.1 of Med ; post grad Univ Pa; was interne Penn Hosp, Phila; Eastman's Hosp and Deaconess Hosp Indpls; prof surgery Ind Univ Schl of Med ; mem A M A, Indpls & Marion county Med assns. WALTER KKSSI.KK, Manufacturer ;. was born North Madison. Jeff Co, Ind. Jan 5, 1856 ; educ Madison Sem, Andover, Mass, Acad, Harvard Coll law dept ; studied law with Harrison, Hines & Miller; was preu pres & mgr Romona Stone Co, Romona, Ind; Drop Forge Co, Indpls; res Indpls. GTV MONTANI, Musician; study of music Utica, born Laurenzana, Italy. Aug 9, 1S67; began N Y. 187S and later in Indpls under Profs Vogt, Beissenherz and Sen Me wen, Indpls School of Music; org Mon- tani Bros Orch 1881; now director Montani's Orchestra; res Indpls. JOHN E McGETTIGAN, Secy Greater Indianapolis Industrial Assn; was born County Donegal. Ireland, in 1850; came to Indpls in 1875; at 22 engaged in promoting and bldg railroads; promoted the Indpls South- ern now Indpls Div of Illinois Cent; is secy of Greater Indpls Indus Assn; res Indpls. ALVA S ROBERTS, Newspaper man; was born Wabash. Ind, Oct 30, 1869; educ Ft Wayne M E Coll, Depauw Univ; learned printers trade; was editor Richmond Telegram 3 yrs, Logansport Journal 9 yrs, mgr editor Star Journal, Pueblo, Colo ; city editor Dayton. O. Journal ; now editor, gen mgr Lester F Jones Co. publishers Lebanon Daily Herald & Weekly Patriot; res Lebanon, Ind. BEN F McKEY, Newspaper man; was born nea yrs ; mgr of Indpls agency since July 2*. 1914; res Indpls. ALEXANDER ERNESTINOFF, musician; was born St Petersburg. Russia, Jan 14, 1S53: grad Conservatory of Music. St Petersburg; was cond of German Opera in New York City; Beethoven Conserv, St Louis. Mo; i ;. r mania Club. Arion, Maennerchor. Lyra, and Music verein. Indpls ; res Indpls. OLIYER AV1LLARD PIERCE. Pianist; was born Hillsdale, Mich, 1869; A B, A M Hillsdale Coll ; student Conserv of Music; Koenigliche Hochschule fur Musik, Berlin; and of Moritz Moskowzski, Berlin; was head piano forte teacher Ohio Weslyan U Conserv of Music ; founder and pres Metropolitan School of Music, Indpls, and Coll of Mus Art; Indpls; res Indpls. HARRY LEYINSON. Merchant; was born Noblesville. Ind. Oct 16, 1867; educ high schl, Noblesville, Ind ; engaged in mercantile bus Nobles- ville. Chicago and Indpls; assisted in erection of Masonic Temple, Noblesville, as a memorial to his father N D Levinson; res Indpls* JOHN I HOFFMANN, Educator; was born Jordan Yillage. Owen Co. Ind; B S Ped B Valparaiso Univ; attd Indiana Univ; taught schl 10 yrs; princ public schls Poland and Brazil, Ind; apptd Deputy State supt Pub Instruction, May 1909; asst State Supt. Nov. 1912; res Brazil. Ind. WILLIAM E. TllTE, Statistician; was born Pittsburg. Pa, April 27, 1S70; grad St John's Parochial Schl P'gh ; was engaged in mfg window glass with his father Andrew Tulte. P'gh. Findlay, O. Albany, and Vincennes. Ind; apptd Deputy State Statistician; res Indpls. CARRIE COLVER LECKNER, Voice Teacher; born Chicago 111; received early musical education from her mother; studied four seasons Berlin, Germany; voice with George Fergusson ; piano with Monsieur Minod ; phonetics with Fraulein Klatt; musical hist with Max Leckner; taught voice 12 years; having brought out Miss Helen Warrum ; mem Matinee Musicale 33 years; res Indpls. MAX LECKNER. Piano Forte Teacher; was born Pinne, Germany. Nov 19. 1842; educ Gymnasium Bromberg. Germany; was musical dir Indpls Maennerchor; philharmonic Chorus Soc, etc; res Cndpls. EDGAR A ECKHOl SE, Manufacturer; was born Anderson. Ind. June 9, 1879; grad Shortridge H S; attd Ind Med Coll; connected with Kahn Tailoring Co since 18 99 ; tr^as Kahn Tailoring Co, Indpls and Y-p Washington & Meridian Realty Co; res Indpls. BERT AVEEDOX. Internrban Railway Official; was born Rutherford Co. Tenn. April 11. 1880; educ Andover Acad; G F & P A Inter State Pub Service Co; res Indpls. MAHLON E BASH. Lawyer; was born in Marion Co. Oct 14, 1880; LL B Indiana Univ; elect judge Probate Court of Marion Co, 1914; mem Ind State Bar and Indpls Bar As>sn; res Indpls. JOHN E IGLEHART grad Asbury ( father Judge Asa Ind practice; res Evansville, Ind, H3& 7 ^r^ -6. and Indpls Bar As>sn; res Indpls. s^ _*^ IT, Lawyer; was born Warrick Co, Ind. Aug 10. lS4s; //.Is £ // // y £f now DePauw Univ). began practice of law with his i^^Tyf J^ , tr ,•"" ? ^X ^f< C?^t -^~ — sa Iglehart and assisted him in prep two text books on 9»tX r^*^*^- £ \^y^" ^p**^ ?s Evansville, Ind. ^""^ * f 40 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA JOHN S BERRYHILL, Lawyer; was born Lafayette. Ind, Dec 27. 1849; A M Asbury ( now DePauw Univ) ; admitted to Bar 1876 ; pres and treas Allison Coupon Co since 1893; mem Chamber of Commerce; mem Ind pis Bar Assn; res Ind pis. WILLIAM N AYISHARD, Surgeon; was born Greenwood. Ind. Oct 10, 1851; attd Wabash Coll; grad Ind Med and Miami Med Coll; post grad St Peters and Guys Hosp London, and Post Grad and Poly N Y; hon A M Wabash; was supt City Hosp, Indpls; instrumental founding Indpls Training Schl for Nurses; chrmn Comm on Med Legislation, Ind State A. \cW^\JX_ Clinic R Hosp; asst Ind State LAFAYETTE ochester, Minn; Clinical Staff Bobbs Disp and Indpls city f< ^2 \_/> , / ^ - — v :st prof gastro-intes dis Ind Univ of Med; mem Indpls Med, J^T/^ <^J* ~~S/f H^^ e Med and Am Med Assn; res Indpls. f~~2\ /j V 7'7Jyy//^l/ *-tV > **- ** 5 PAGE, Surgeon; was born Columbia, Ky. May 21, 1SG3; ^ •^-*^/ lAs*J*s * MJ / */%*- — A B Columbia Univ, Ky; M D Ind Med Coll; post grad N Y Polyclinic / "yT X/ Berlin and Vienna Univ; specialist nose, throat and ear; clinic prof /^f\ C^m!tr\ -^^ O ^^ dis nose, throat and ear, Ind Univ Schl of Med; consultant, Indpls ( *^ ^^^ l/\ PfvU v , m City Hosp. Methodist and St Vincents Ho,?p; inventor of throat and ^J ^^-^1 t f \JU i Otol; fellow ' , etc; com'l I /*T» osp"' indpi" ■ (jnH^t/l*«<*7 (&- CCZtcJ^&sO^f tistis; supt **^ \r * **^ nose instruments ; mem A M A ; Am Laryng. Rhinol, and Otol ; fellow in Am Acad Ophth and Oto-Laryngol ; fellow Am Coll res Indpls. ROBERT PEELLE NOBLE, Chemist; was bora near Centerville Feb 28, 1870; Ph B M A DePauw Univ; attd Univ of Ch chem 15 yrs Armour Inst of Tech, New Mex Schl of Mines, etc; com'l chemist Indpls, since 1908; mem Am Chem Soc; res Indpls ARTHl R E GlEDEL, Physician; was born Cambridge City, 14, 1S43; M D Ind Univ Schl of Med; was interne City Hosp mem Coun'.y and State Soc; pres Indpls Soc of Anesthe Protestant Deaconess Hosp; prof physiology of exercise. Normal Co! N A G U; res Indpls. McCLEAN J MOtLDER, Physician; w;is born Howard Co, Ind, Feb 4, 1S50; was tchr in Howard Coll. Kokomo. Ind, also in public schls; grad Natl Norm, Lebanon, O, and Med Coll of Ohio, Cincinnati ; was mayor, school trustee, health board, pres park board of Kokomo, Ind; secy County Board of Health and Co Physician, Howard Co; was supt Methoidst Hosp Indpls; resigned Sept 1915 ; now supt Bethany Hosp Kansas City, Kan; address. Kansas City, Kan. JOHN M TODl>, Real Estate Broker; was born Ch 1831; educ schools of Philadelphia and Norris dleton. Ind, 1852 ; since 1861, engaged in re orgn of the Exposition Bldg in 1873 and assis the Belt Ry and other important enterprises; res Ind pi MART ed spi mem ZACIIARY Fe Chester Co. Pa, July - l >-/^- A Ss/ A / town, Pa; came to Pen-' £_ * if , f /J V - ml eal est business Indpls; /// /- v I /js* f j7 A. .< f ?isted in organization of £Ay\U/tsCc4Aj V/ IJ*^SJ nrPC^^ f^** 1849; LL B University of Mich; practiced law Kokomo, Ind, and / -^*^/* Indpls; was city atty of Kokomo; reporter of Indiana Supreme Court; / ^J^J^^^^j mem of Ind Senate ; city atty i>t Indpls and Democratic Cand for » ffjvjy Jft * jf. > s&**/\/ f\//9 sl/7 A%~*1 Gov of Ind; was Democratic Nom for V-p U S; elected U S Senator. ^* /l*C^tdu>4s / t/ fV \Zf CC^ f4ff / 1911; res Indpls, Ind FRANCIS H GAYISK, Priest ; was born Evansville. Ind. April 6. 1856; grad St Meinrads' Coll and Sem ; was in newspaper bus 6 yrs with Evansville Courier; since 1885 rector St Johns Church Indpls; chan- cellor Catholic Diocese of Indpls; mem Board of State Charities of Ind, etc; res Indpls. JOSEPH A McGOWAN, Interurban Railway Official; was born Gurteen- darragh County Leitrim, Ireland, July 21, 1859; came to Portland, Me, at 6 years of age; lived there 39 yrs; educ in high schl Portland, Me ; mem Portland schl board 8 yrs; estb the Free Evening Schls there; was cashier accountant and customs atty Grand Trunk Ry, Portland. Me ; in 1903 came to Indpls and associated with his cousin Hugh J McGowan in traction bus; now treas and dir numerous traction cos; was mem bd schl comms Indpls 4 yrs; res Indpls. MEYER MESSING, Kabbi; was burn Gostin, Province Posen, Prussia; educ Graetz, Germany; Rabbinical School Breslau Germany; came to Indpls in 1S»J7 as Rabbi Indpls Hebrew Cong; retired as rabbi emeritus 1907. M M LAIN, Educator; was born Bolivar, Tex. July 11, 1874; educ Univ of Texas and State Normal; grad Gem City Business Coll. Quincy, Ills; was pub school tchr 2 yrs; organ Lain Bus Coll; now pres; res Indpls. \V F KING, Physician; was born at Bellaire, O, March 10. 1S7 4 ; attd Franklin Coll. New Athens, O; M D Ohio State Univ; pract medicine 12 yrs Columbia City, Ind; asst State Health Commr since 1910; mem A M A and Ind State Med Assns; Am Pub Health Assn; Am Schl "i Hygiene; res Indpls. FREDERICK R HENSIIAW, College Dean; was born Alexandria. In. Oct 8, 1S72; educ Central Normal Coll Danville. Ind; DD S Ind Dental Coll; was mem Ind Board of Dental Examiners for 13 yrs; dean Ind Dental Coll; tchr Operative Dentistry; mem Nat' I and Ind State Deni Assns; Chicago and Indianapolis Dental Societies ; res Indpls. GEORGE S WILSON, Educator; was born Greenfield. Ind. Sept 10, 1858; educ Greenfield H S and Ind Stat.' Univ ; taught school ; was supt of Greenfield Pub Schls; supt of Ind Schl for the Blind since 1898. RICHARD M MILBIRN, Lawyer; was born at Portersville, Ind, Sept 24, 1866; attd State Normal; LL B Cumberland Univ. Lebanon, Tenn; A P. A M Ind Univ; taught law Ind Univ 12 yrs; was State Senator Dubois and Daviess Cos; elected atty-gen Ind 1895; res Jasper and Ind]. Is. HORACE M KEAN, Lawyer; was bom Ireland, Ind, April 29, 1S6S; educ Public schls. Chicago Corresp Schl of Law ; taught schl 9 yrs; was deputy pros atty of Dubois Co for 12 yrs; mem of Ind Legis; was grand -master of the Odd Fellow of Ind ; apptd asst atty-gen of Ind. 1915; res Jasper, Ind. L R NAFTZGER, Lawyer; was born Bunker Hill, Ind, Oct 2, 1881; Ph B DePauw Univ; was apptd Inspector Gen Ind Nat) Guard, 1914; apptd first deputy atty-gen Ind 1915; res Muneie, Ind WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 41 ORRA HOPPER, Educator; was born Vernon township. Washington County, Ind. May 21, 1S75; educ Indiana Univ; taught 7 yra rural schls Wash- ington Co ; high schl 3 yrs; (princ Hardinsburg, Campbellsburg and Vallonia) ; elected county supt 1907, re-elect 1911 ; was pres County Supt Assn ; res Salem. ROBERT E CAVANAUGH, Educator; was born in Washington Co, Ind, April 2", 1SS1 ; grad Indiana State Normal ; A B Indiana Univ ; A M Univ of Chicago; taught schl 14 yrs; supt Salem schls since 1909; was pies Classical Assn. of Ind State Teachers Assn; mem Executive Comm Ind State Supt Assn; res Salem. JOHN W LEWIS. Editor; was born Warrick Co, Ind. Aug 26. 1S59; grad high schl Newburg. Ind; taught sciti 10 yrs; in newspaper business 22 yrs; was editor Xewburg Leader and Hun.ingburg Weekly; editor and prop Salem Repub Leader since 1907 ; was postmaster Huntingburg 9 years; mem Ind Repub State Edit Assn; res Salem. GEORGE L ROBY, Newspaper man ; was born Pleasant Lake, Ind, June 14. 1 S 6 4 ; educ common schls; implement inventor and mfgr ; later served as mechanical expert ; purchased Benton Review Fowler. Ind. 1902; editor and prop since, operates large com'l plant in connection; chrmn Democratic Co Comm 1904-10 ; res Fowler. JOHN P CARR, Newspaper man; was born in White Co, Ind, Sept 26. 1854; was publ Oxford Tribune for 12 yrs; founded Fowler Leader. April 1893 ; owned and published same since ; is interested in farming; res Fowler, Ind. DONALD (Daniel) ERASER, Lawyer; was born Canada, July 14. 1855; educ private tutelage Repub presidential elector 190S; mem Amer B Assn (Pres 1906-7); Ind Soc of Chicago; res Fowler. CHARLES H DODSON, Educator; was born Oxford, Ind. March 4, 1876; attd Ind Univ; taught schl Benton Co 11 yrs; princ Otterbein schls 2 "yrs; supt schls Benton Co since 1907; res Fowler. XV O SCHANLAl B, Educator; was born Rensselaer, Ind, Oct 11, 1876; grad Rensselaer High Schl; attd Indiana State Normal; grad Valparaiso Univ; learned printers' trade ; was editor and publ Rensselaer Mrs senger; publ Morocco Courier 4 years; taught distr schl was grade teacher, princ, supt of high schl at Morocco ; elect supt Newton Co schls 1907 . res Kent land, Ind. WARREN T McCRAY, Banker and Cattle Breeder; was born near Brook Newton Co, Ind. Feb 4. 1S65; educ high schl Kentland; was mem council and school board Kentland ; pres State Board of Agricultu pres Discount and Deposit State Bank; was mem Board of Trus Longcliff Hosp: pres and gen mgr McCray Grain Co; pres Ade Grain Co: secy Newton Co Stone Co; res Kentland. CHARLES XV HAXLEY, Lawyer; was born on a farm in Jasper Co. Ind, July 5, 1865; educ comn schls; read law in Iowa and Kansas; taught schl 4 yrs; was county atty Jasper Co, Ind; elect judge 1902; res Rensselaer, Ind, CHARLES M DAVIS, Editor; was born in Kentland. Ind. March 26, 1868; learned printers' trade at 15; began work on Kentland Gazette after- wards changed to Newton Co Enterprize; worked on paper since and editor for 15 yrs; now managing editor; was mem Kentland sch' board and town clerk; res Kentland. JOHN H STEPHENSON, Newspaper man; was born Winchester, Mass, Jan 1, 1849; learned printers' trade on Attica Ledger when a boy bought Warren Review, William sport, in 1893; consold with Warren Republican Oct 1914; editor and prop 22 yrs; mem Ind State Repub- lican Edit Assn; res Williamsport. ELE STANSBl KY, Lawyer; was born Say brook. Ills. Feb 8, 1861; educ in high schl; studied law; was pros atty Warren and Fountain Co 2 terms; mem Ind Legis 1903-5; county atty ten yrs; trustee State School for Deaf 8 years; elected presidential elector 1900; Repub Cant" for atty-gen 1914; res Williamsport, Ind. ARISTA T LIVENGOOD, Lawyer; was born Fountain Co, Ind, Sept 10, 1867; B S Ind Normal Coll mow Valparaiso Univ); taught school at 16 yrs ; was asstd cash Farmers Merchants Bank Covington ; was Mayor of Covington 4 yrs; now pres School Board; county atty 5 yrs; res Covington, Ind. VALENTINE E LIVENGOOD, Lawyer; was born Hillsboro, Ind, June 22, 1860; and Wabash Coll; B S Valparaiso Univ; taught Hillsboro schls; was supt Covington Public schls; practiced law in Covington since ism,; pres school board 7 yrs; now pres library board. JOHN i; SCHWTN, Lawyer; born Pickaway Co, O, Nov 1844; graduate Ohio Weslyan University i,\ B 1KG9), iA M 1875), Prof Moore's Hil College 1870-73. Began law practice Indianapolis 1S73. Came to Cov- ington 1876. Editor and publisher The Covington Friend for last 2S years. Veteran Civil War 92nd and 155th Ohio Infantry. GEORGE S HARNEY, Newspaper man; was born Ladoga, Ind, Dec 2 4, 1864; B S Waba'sh Coll; read law with father Judge J F Harney; practiced law 12 yrs; atty Tribe of Ben Hur fi yrs; enlisted in War with Spain and won a commission as Lieut Comp M 158 Ind Vol; editor Rei ev, sun- Sept 1913; res Crawfordsville, Ind. HOMER D INGRAM, Lawyer; was born Vermillion Co, End, Aug I l S9 I LL B Indiana Univ; appt deputy pros 1913; on organization of separate circuit was appointed prosecutor of Parke Co by Gov Ralston, April l, 1915; res Roekville GEORGE D SI NKEL, Lawyer; was born Redman, Ills. Oct 15. 1879; LL B Indiana Law School; began practice law at Newport, Ind; eleel pros atty 47th jud circuit; on orgn 68th jud circuit was apptd judge L Gov Ralston April 1, 1915; was joint represent from Vigo and Ver- million Cos 2 terms; res Roekville, Ind. HAROLD A HENDERSON, Lawyer; was born Vincennes, Ind. Dec 3, L880J grad Bloomingdale Acad; admitted to bar 1903; mem of law firm of White & Henderson; res Roekville. Ind. ARTHIR A HARGRAVE, Newspaper man; was born Portland Mills, Ind. Aug $6, 1856; A B A M Wabash Coll; began newspaper work as porter Kansas City Journal; was asst editor Terre Haute Express; was Lay Missionary to Oroomiah, Persia; purchased Roekville Repub in 1888; editor since; was mem Roekville Schl Board 3 yrs, Jt'LIAN D HO GATE, Newspaper man; was born Danville, Ind, i »ct 1 I, 1868; grad Danville 11 S; attd Central Normal C DePauw Univ; taught Danville H s ; editor and prop Hendricks CW Republican since 1890; mem Repub State CerS Comm 2 terms; secy Indiana Senati sessions 1905-7. and special session 1908 ; was pres Repub Ed it Assn; pres Danville Schl Board ; res Danville. ALVTN HALL, Newspaper man; was born Lizton, Ind, .May 27, 1884; grad Lexington High School ; bega n newspaper work with Danville i ; iz< Lte Jan .".. editor since Dec. 1914; res Danville, Ind. /* 4rfi»&wd ' Ramsey, near Montreal. / / / a — ^A y ;e and Lewiston Acad; V _/V-*_ . yj f.M "fl /\s~/SL4>t/\/ iar Assn; Ind State Bar *0 £TVA_-^CA-'«'I I x I K ^ V * /t ' ' '/T-Z^-^X 0/ Lw June 1887; Referee in Bankruptcy 1898-1901; 1901 appointed by Gov Durbin Judge Superior Court Tippecanoe Co; elect same office 1902; held office since; re-elect Nov. 1914; res Lafayette. GET •«;*• R GROSE, University President; born Nicholas Co, W Va, Julv 14. 1869; A B, A M Ohio Weslyan Univ; STB Boston Univ School of Theal; (DD Ohio Weslyan); ordained M E ministry 1896; was lecturer Johns Hopkins L'niv; pres DePauw since 1913; Author; The Outlook -on. etc: res Greencastle. JAMES P HUGHES, Lawyer; born Terre Haute, Ind, Dec 18, 1S74 ; Ph B DePauw; LL B Ind Law; was county atty, depty pros atty and pros atty Putnam Co; appt circuit judge Feb 28, 1911, by Gov Marshall; elected Judge circuit ct Nov 1912; res Greencastle. (A HI s U WADE, Clergyman; born LaGrange Co, Ind, March 16. 1849; acad edn LaGrange, Ind; (D D DePauw); practiced law LaGrange; was pros atty 34th Jud circuit; ordained M E ministry 1SS0; pastor N Ind Conf 18 years; endow secy DePauw since 1910; Del Gen Conf M E ch 1900-4-8; pres trust Meth Memorial Home for Aged, Warren, Ind; mem Gen Bd for Claim for M E ch ; mem bd trust and visitors DePauw 12 years; res Greencastle. WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 43 ISAAC T BROWN', Editor ; was born Terre Haute, Ind, Feb 24. 1S48 ; learned trade of printer with his father on the old Terre Haute Ex- press; served 3 enlistments of out of 4 Civil War; asso with father Isaac M Brown publication Sullivan Co Union 1S69-71; with F B Lantz estb Columbus Republican 1S72; estab Evening Repub lsTT; nr»w H'li and nrop; was P M Columbus 1SS1-85; res Columbus, Ind. WASHINGTON C IK 'NT AX, Lawyer; was born Marion County. Ind, June 21, 1851; B S Ind Univ; taught schl 2 yrs; pros atty 9th jud circ 2 yrs; State Senator 8 yrs; served IS yrs as appointee U S dept of Agr as Statisn: res Columbus. Ind. HIGH TH MILLER, Banker; was born Ninevah. Ind, March 21, 1S67; A B A M Butler Coll; Univ of Berlin, Sorbonne Paris; prof hist Butler 1888-99: mem Legis 1903; Lt Gov 1905-9; rep nom U S Senator 1914; v-p I r wins Bank, Columbus; res Columbus, Ind. LEWIS H HARDING, Lawyer; was born Newpoint. Ind. Feb 1, 1SS0; A B Ind Univ; elec pros atty Decatur & Bartholomew Cos 1912, re-elect 1914; author "The Call of the Hour." the preliminary diplomacy of Spanish-Amer War; "History of Decatur County"; res Columbus, Ind. THOMAS F FITZGIBBON, Educator; was born Fort Ritner, Ind, July 22, 1861; grad State Normal; A B Indiana Univ; post grad Chicago Univ; began teaching 18S0; was supt schls Elwood. Ind, 11 years; supt pub schls Columbus since 1901; mem Ind In dust and Agr Educ Commsn 1911-13; pres Ind State Conf Charities and Cor 1913; pres Sou Ind Tchrs Asso 190S; res * lolumbus, Ind. WILLIAM A MOONEV, Manufacturer; was born in Columbus. Ind. Aug 20, IS 6 4 ; educ pub schls, in tanning business since '85; now pres W W Mooney & Sons: treas Indpls Abbatoir Co; mem Indpls Board of Trade; res Columbus. JOHN D DeFREZ, Editor; was born in Shelby Co, Ind, Oct 1, 1S72: grad Shelbyville H S; attd Hanover Coll; 9 yrs in banking business Shelby- ville; purchased Shelbyville Democrat 1904; was councilman one term; mem School Board; mem Executive Comm Democratic State Edt Assn ; mem Natl Assn; res Shelbyville, Ind. ELIZABETH L WADE, i wife Rev Cyrus U Wade) was born Knightstown, Ind, attd State Normal; taught in public schls; w r as conf Missionary Secy Northern Ind Conf; pres W F M Society; Greencastle dist North- west Ind Conf; res Greencastle. COIRTLAND C GILLEN, Lawyer; was born Roachdale, Ind, July 3. 1SS0; taught schl 5 yrs; attd DePauw; LL B Ind Law Schl; was county atty; mem city sch] board ; secy Democratic Central County Comm ; res Greencastle. WILLIAM T CRONIN, Newspaper man; was born Terre Haute. Ind. Jan 31, 1S7S ; educ Parochial schls; began newspaper work Terre Haute Tribune as reporter; one of the orgn of T H Post; with the United Press New York City 2 yrs; mem Indiana Flood Comm 1914; editor T H Tribune since 1910; res Terre Haute. CHARLES TIMOTHY JEWETT, Newspaper man; was born Indianola, Iowa, Oct 17. 1S75; grad Indianola H S; attd Simpson Coll; Lt Col Terre Haute Reg; pres John Morton Camp S A R; lit hist and news editor; res Terre Haute. Ind. WM DUDLEY FOILKE, Author; was born New York. Nov 28, 1S4S; A B, LL B and A M Columbia (LL D Earl ham) ; was admitted to bar; mem Indiana Senate; was mem U S Civ Serv Comm; editor Evening Item. Richmond; Chrmn Suffrage Cong Chicago Expn ; was pres Amer Woman Suffrage Assn; was pres Natl Munic League: mem Platform Comn Prog Party; author Life of O P Morton, Slav and Saxon, etc; res Richmond. TIMOTHY* NICHOLSON, Business man; was born North Carolina. Nov 2. 1828 ; educ Friends' Acad in N C and Friends' Higher School Provi- dence, R I; taught in N C Acad 6 yrs; Haverfords* Coll. Pa, 6 yrs; came to Richmond in ISfil ; joined with brother in book business: in same since ; apptd mem Ind State Board of Charities 18S9 ; 19 yrs mem State Norma I Schl Bd ; trustee Earlham Coll ; was clerk of Ind Yearly Meeting of Friends; res Richmond. RUDOLPH G LEEDS. Editor; was born Richmond. Ind. Mch 15. 18S6; educ Phillips Acad and Harvard Univ ; began newspaper work with Palladium; Nat Commn Pro party for Ind; res Richmond. Ind. ROBERT L KELLY, College President; was horn Tuscola. Ills, March 22. 1S65; Ph B Earlham Coll; Ph M Univ of Chicago; Fellow in Philos; < LL D DePauw ) ; was supt schls Monrovia, Ind ; acting pres Penn Coll, Oskaloosa. la; was dean and pres Earlham Coll since Feb. 1903; mem Nat. State and many local Ednl Assns; mem Ind Cecil Rhodes Scholarship Comn; Ind State Bd Edn, etc; its Richmond. Ind. CHARLES S BOND. Physician; was horn Webster, Ind. June 8, 1856; attd Earlham and Antioch Colls; taught schl; stud Ohio Med Coll; M D Bellevue Hosp Med Coll N Y Univ : P. SMS Earlham : was coroner Wayne Co: health ofneer. Richmond since l^Ort; mem Assn Am Phys; A M A Ind State Med i Pr.-« 18951: Viss YaiU-v Med So<- (V-p L897) ; mem Congress on Tuberculosis London and Washington: res Richmond. WILLIAM H KELLEY, Lawyer; was bom Si Clair, Penna, March 21. 1S6S; B S Central Pa Coll: read law with John L Rupe. Richmond. Ind; mem Am and State Bar Assns; res Richmond, Ind. (HART.ES R POLLARD. Lawyer; was born Mobile Ala. Aim' :>. IS-lfi: educ schools of Alabama; after Civil War read law; apptd Judge of Supreme Courl of Montana by Pres Cleveland; whs Pros atty of Carroll and Cass Cos; city atty of Delphi and co atty for number of years ; res Delphi. LEANDER D BOYD. Lawyer: was born ne:ir Stilesvillo, Ind .tune 12, 1S53; educ State Normal; read law; taught schl 1 yrs in Hendricks Co; res Delphi, Ind. JOSEPH P O'MAHONY, Editor; was born Tralee. Ireland. March it I'M: educ Blackrork Coll. Dublin. Ireland; rar.i*- in C s i- editorial capacity Indpls Sentinel. Rvansvllle, I ■■ War corresp Spanish War for Baltimore Sun; founded Indiana Cath- alic. 1910 : now editor; res Indianapolis. Ind. WILLIAM A "Dear on" ROACH. Lawyer: was horn Delphi. Ind. Dec 24. 1874; LL B Indiana Law Schl; was city atty fi yrs; Repub Co Chrmn 4 yrs ; dist chrmn since 1914 ; res Delphi. Ind S F SMTTH. Physician; was born Gosport. Ind. Auc 31. 1861; B SMS Indiana Univ; M D T'niv of Louisville; was asst physician Northern Ind Hosp : Med supt Eastern Tnd Hosp for Insane sin'v 1851 ; res Richmond, Tnd. 44 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA EUGENE II Bl'XDY, Lawyer; was born Newcastle, Ind. October 10. 1846; A B and A M Union Coll, Schenectady, N Y; Miami tlniv Oxford, O; read law with father Judge Martin L Bundy; was State Senator 1881-93; candidate republican ticket gov 1884; judge Henry Co Circuit Court 8 yrs; on comn that built additional Insane Hosp at Logansport, Evan svl lie and Richmond ; res Newcastle, Ind. ED JACKSON, Lawyer; was born Howard County, Ind, December 27, 1873; educ comn schls; read law with Judge L B Nash. Tipton, Ind; pros atty Henry Co 2 terms; judge Henry Co Circuit Court 1907-14; cand for Secy of State Rep ticket 1914; pres Lincoln League of Ind 1912-14; res Newcastle, Ind. ALBERT D OGBORN, Lawyer: was born "Wayne Co, Ind. September 25, 1S64; educ comn schls; read law with judge M Forkner; store keeper Northern Hosp for Insane Logansport 1888-9; capt Co G. 161 Ind Vol (PtlAiU Jt- /JsUuMifo Inf. War with Newcastle. Spain; served in Cuba; State Senator 1900-04; res WM O BARNARD, ex-Congressman ; born Union County, Ind, Oct 25, 1852; acad edn; taught schl 5 years; was pros atty and judge 53rd Judicial circuit ; member of Congress 1909-11 ; res Newcastle. FRED C GAISE. Lawyer; was born Greensfork. Wayne Co, Ind, Aug 29. 1879; attd Indiana Univ; read law with Judges E H Bundy and John M Morris; County atty Henry Co 1903-13; elect judge Henry Co Circuit Court March 3, 1914; res Newcastle, Ind. M E FORKNER, Lawyer; was born Henry Co. Ind. January 26, 1846; educ Newcastle Acad; taught schl; read law with Judge J. H. Mellett; in practice since 1S67 ; first mayor of Newcastle ; mem Ind Legis 1875; judge Henry Co Circuit Court 1881-88; res Newcastle, Ind. GEORGE A ELLIOTT, Editor; was born Newcastle. Ind. March 25. 1S7S; grad Newcastle H S and attd Ind Univ; was 3 years in public service in Porto Rico; began newspaper work as owner and editor Newcastle Courier October 1903 ; mem Executive Comra Ind Rep Edit orial Asso ; res Newcastle, Ind. FRED SAINT, Banker; was born Urbana, Ills. May 19, 186S; educ Spice- land Acad . was city treas Newcastle; since 1895 cash Farm its' Nail Bank; res Newcastle. Ind. GEORGE M. BARNARD, Lawyer; was born Newcastle. Ind, June 6. 1881; LL B Univ of Mich; pros atty Henry Co 1906-10; mayor of Newcastle 1910-14; res Newcastle, Ind. J LEB WATKINS, Lawyer; was born Henry County, Ind. January 23. 1873; LL B DePauw Univ; elect mayor Newcastle Nov 6. 1913; was associated with T M Randle in location of all the larger industries of Newcastle; res Newcastle, Ind. CLARENCE M BROWN, Lawyer; was born Henry County, Ind. October 5, 1SS5; B S Pacific Coll, Newberg. Ore; attd Jaw dept Ind Univ and Ind Law Schl, Ind pis ; appt city atty Newcastle, January 1914; res New- castle. Ind. JOHN C GORMAN, Editor; was born Owensville. Ind. Dec 12, 1866; grad High School Owensville; estab Owensville Gleaner; purchased Prince- ton Democrat. March 20, 1895, and editor since; aptd Postmaster Princeton May 19, 1915 ; secy Democratic Committee several times i secy, Ind Democ Editor Assn several times; res Princeton, Ind. LUCIUS C EMBREK, Lawyer; was born Princeton. Ind. Sept S 1853 grad Princeton H S; attd Indiana Asbury Univ Law Schl : and Univ of Va : candidate for judge Appellate court of Ind 1914 ; res Prince- ton, Ind. JAY C SMITH, Newspaper man; was born Rutland, O. Jan 14, 1868; A M Franklin Coll; taught school 2 yrs Dearborn Co, Ind; was pub! Hope. Ind. Republican ; publ Seymour Republican since 1896 ; was bus mgr Baptist Observer; mem Franklin Coll Board of Dir; mem Repub Stair Editorial Assn; pres Baptist State Sunday Schl Board; res Seymour. OSCAR II MONTGOMERY, Lawyer; was born Seymour, Ind, April 27, 1859; A B, A M Hanover; city atty Seymour 10 yrs; was Judge of Supreme Court of Ind 1905-11; resumed practice of law at Seymour; was del Rep Nat Conv ; trustee Hanover Coll, First Natl Bank Seymour; pres. Ind Comm on Uniform State Laws; res Seymour. JOHN H KAMMAN, Lawyer; was born Holland. Ind, Dec 15, 1867; LL B Indiana Univ; taught school 5 yrs in Dubo's Co; city atty Seymour 6 yrs: was candidate for Congress 4th district Republican ticke: ; mem Board of Children's Guardians; pres Seymour Planing Mill Co; res Seymour. "WILLIAM S GRIFFITHS, Educator; was born Estill Co, Ky. Nov 16, 1*7 2 ; attd Valparaiso Univ; Principal Ay res Acad, College Hill. Ky, 5 yrs; princ Little York, Ind, Schools 6 yrs; grade princ Scottsburg schls 3 yrs; county supt since 1911 ; res Scottsurg. EVAN B STOTSENBIRG, Lawyer; was born New Albany, Ind. May in. 1865 ; grad University of Louisville and Kenyon Coll ; was mem Ind Legis 1895; State Senator 1907-15; author "Primary Law" 1915; apptd Attorney General Ind by Gov Ralston Nov. 1915; res New Albany. HERBERT I* KENNEY, Lawyer; was born New Albany, April 5, 1882; grad New Albany High School. Jefferson School of Law. Louisville, Ky ; read law with Stotsenburg and Weathers; elected pro3 atty Nov 19, 1914; res New Albany. HERMAN RAVE, Newspaper man; was born Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, i Jerriiany, Dec 21 . 1S50; 'due University Kiel; engaged as reporter on Albany Ledger and Jefferson ville News ; author "Songs and Ballads" . magazine writer; res New Albany, Ind. JOHN M PARIS, Judge; was born Leavenworth, Ind. March 7, 1878; grad Law Dept University of Louisville ; was city judge New Albany and pros atty Floyd Co; was elect judge Floyd Co Circuit Court 1914; res New Albany, Ind. ia<- 5Z^ ^^ «£.<£"< iMp. fl W*7i2%fp* t WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 45 SAM I' EL. L SCOTT, Educator; was born Galena, Ind. Feb 27, 186S; grad Borden Coll and State Normal School ; taught schl 10 yrs in Clark Co ; county supt IS yrs ; mem of State Board of Education ; was pres Ind State Teachers" Assn ; res Jeff ersonvi lie. MARCUS Sl'LZER. Lawyer; was born Madison, Ind. April 19, 1860; educ* Common schools; read law with Linck and Bellamy ; was city atty' Madison; pros atty 5th judicial district; mem Ind Legis; mem Repub- lican State Comm; pres Ind Republican Clubs three times; Repub Nom Congress 4th district 1896 and Nom judge 5th Circuit 1914 ; rea Madison. DONALD DuSHAXE, Educator; was born South Bend, Ind, June 5. 1885; B S, M A Hanover Coll ; post grad work Univ of Wise ; supt public schools Madison since 1911; was princ High School Shelbyville. Ills, and dept head South Bend High Schl; res Madison. WILLIAM A MILLIS, College President; was born Paoli. Ind. June 17, 1S6S; A B, A M Indiana Univ f LL D Franklin Coll); was supt schls Paoli. Ind, Attiea. Crawfordsville; dean Winona Summer Schl ; lec- turer on Edn ; prof Edn Wabash Coll ; lectured on edn Indiana Univ ; pres Hanover Coll since Feb. 1908; dir Ednl Exhibits for Ind St Louis Expn 1904; res Hanover, Ind. LINCOLN DIXON, Lawyer; was born Vernon, Ind, Feb 9. 1S60; grad Indiana State Univ ; was Pros atty Jennings Co ; mem of Congress since 1905 (six terms); res North Vernon, Ind. CALVERT C KLLNGER. Newspaper man; was born North Vernon. Ind, Feb 1, 1879; grad No Vernon High Schl; learned printers trade; pur- chased North Vernon Plain Dealer 1905 ; purchased and consold the Republican wih Plain Dealer March. 1913; also publ Dupont News since Mch, 1915; mem Repub State Editorial Assn; res North Vernon. NOBLE T PRAIGG, Newspaper man; was born Indianapolis. Sept 25. 18S4; grad Shortridge H S; A B Indiana Univ; was feature writer and r< - porter lndpls Sun; mgr editor Columbus, O, Cincinnati. Cleveland ami < "hicago; bought Portland Commercial Review in 1909 ; ednor since ; mgr Adv Service bearing his name; res Portland. JAMES R IXEMIXG, Lawyer; was born Sulphur Springs, Ind. Nov 8, 1SS1 ; LL B Univ of Mich ; was pros atty Jay Co 2 terms; was mem Legi.3 session 1913; State Senate 1915-17; res Portland. E A MtKEK. Newspaper man; was born in Preble Co, O. Dec 4 1870, worked on a farm until 16 then learned printers trade ; publ weekly paper at West Alexandria, O; Bulletin Aurora, Ind, and Portland daily ami weekly since May, 1913; res Portland. VERNE Bl'CHANAN, Newspaper man ; wa3 born Auburn. Ind, Jan 31. 1891; A B Univ of Wise; learned printers trade; editor Auburn Daily Star and Semi-Wet kly Despatch; mem S'.ate Edit Assn; res Auburn. LIDA LEASIRE, Educator; was born Decatur Co, Ind. Sept 29, 1851; attd Spring Hill Acad : grad Terre Haute State Normal; M D Univ of Mich; practiced medicine 12 yrs; taught high schl Marshall. Ills; Train- ing Schl. Terre Haute; lndpls High Schl; princ schls Princeton, Ind, and supt and princ high schl Auburn. Ind, several years ; supt of schools DeKalb Co since 1911; res Auburn. EDGAR \V ATKINSON, Lawyer; was bom Beverly. O. Feb 21, 1S77; attd Valparaiso Coll; LL B Northern Ind Law School; taught school 7 yrs; now city atty DeKalb Co, Ind; res Auburn. Ind. JOHN M MAVITY, Newspaper man; was born Decatur Co, Ind. May 14, 1862 ; educ Northern Ind Normal (now Valparaiso Univ) and Franklin Coll; taught schl 10 yrs; in newspaper bus 26 yrs; editor Vidette, Val- paraiso, since Sept IS. 1903; mem Repub State Edit Assn; res Val- paraiso. Ind. H B BROWN, University President; was born Mt Vernon, O. Oct 6, 1847; grad Natl Normal Univ Lebanon, O. founded Sept, 1873. and pres Nn rt hern Ind Normal School i n<>w Valparaiso Univ) ; res Valparaiso, Ind. EDGAR I> CRIMP ACKER, Congressman; was born Laporte Co, Ind, May 27, 1851; educ Valparaiso Acad; was pros atty 3 1 ?t jud dist Ind; judge of Appellate Court of Ind ; mem 55th to 62 Congress 10th Ind dist; res Valparaiso. Ind. josh i A ALLEN (IIWKV, Newspaper man; was born Bourneville, O, Dec 25, 1*77; grad Laporte High School; started as reporter nn Argos; now publisher managing editor and secy and treas of Argos Publ Co; r< s Laporte, Ind. EDWARD J WIDDELL. Newspaper man; was born Laporte, Ind, July 27. i 76; grad Laporte H S 1894; began newspaper work as carrier on the Herald; was reporter 3 yrs. editor 2 yrs; mgn editor 1910 ; also and treas Laporte Prtg Co; publishers Laporte Herald ; mem Repub stat«- Edit Assn; res Laporte, Ind. VNDKEW .1 RICKEY, Lawyer; was born Gains, N T. Aug 27, 1872; educ Univ of Rochester. N Y: came to Laporte in 1897; was county atty of Laporte; mem Si ate Bar Assn. FRANK J PITNKR, Banker; was born Laporte. Ind. June 26, 1S65; grad Laporte High schl; at 18 began work as messenger boy for First Nail Bank, Laporte, advancing through various positions to cashier; pres Ind Bankers Assn; chrmn Laporte Co Bd of Charities and Children'.: Guardians; dir Y M C A; cashier Bank of State of Ind; res Laporte Ind. FRANK E OSBORN, Lawyer; waa born Porter Co, Ind. Sept 17. 1S57; educ Valparaiso Univ and Ann Arbor, Mich ; read law ; trustee Y M C \ was City and Co chrmn Repub Comm Lap.: res Laporte, Ind. DAVID II McGILL, Business man; was born Laporte, Ind, Sepl 19 1869; grad Laporte H S; was in mere business, deputy county auditor assl postmaster; mayor of Laporte; in Real Est and Ins since 1906; rea Laporte, Ind. '^m^tcC ^yje^^d 'd«/ ttdttt, 46 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA JOHN B FAl'LKXOR, Newspaper man; was born Laporte, Ind, July 29, 1S64; educ Laporte and Mich City Pub schls; began newspaper work as reporter on Dispatch 1881; now owner and publ Mich City Evening Dispatch; on schl board Mich City 7 yrs; mem Ind Legis, House and Senate 10 consecutive yrs; res Michigan City, Ind. CHARLES J ROBB, Newspaper man ; was born Montezuma, Iowa, Jan 20, 1S56; attd Oskaloosa (la) Coll; learned printing trade; did news- paper work Muscatine Journal, Keokuk, Gate City and other papers in Sandusky, O ; Flint, Mich, and Chicago; purchaseed Michigan City News 1S8S, and managing editor since; was Surveyor of Customs, Mich City for 25 yrs ; res Michigan City, Ind. HARRY L CRIMPACKER, Lawyer; was born Valparaiso, Ind, May 6. 1881; A B, LL B Univ of Michigan; was city atty for Michigan City; was elected judge Laporte and Porter Cos Superior Court Nov 3, 1914 ; res Michigan -City, Ind. WORTH W PEPPLE, Lawyer; was born Indianapolis, Ind, Jan 16, 1873; attd Dt'pauw; LL B Univ of Mich; began law practice Michigan City; elect Legis 1903 ; was cand for Congress 1914 ; was city atty; elect pros atty 1912 and re-elected 1914 ; was mem Board of Educ 3 yrs; res Michigan City. SAMIEL V RAMSEY, Veterinary Surgeon; was born New York City, Feb 8. 1860; D V S Chicago Vet Coll; founder and pres of the Terre Haute Veterinary Coll; res Terre Haute, Ind. WILLIAM WOOD PARSONS, Educator; was born Terre Haute, Ind. May IS. 1S50 ; grad Indiana State Normal Schl ; A M Indiana Univ; pres Indiana State Normal since 1SS5; mem Public Library Co mm of Ind and State Board of Edn ; dir First Natl Bank, Terre Haute Trust Co, Wabash Bldg, Loan & Sav Assn; res Terre Haute. CHALMERS M HAMILL, Lawyer; was born Marshall. Ills. Aug 2. 1884; grad Exeter Acad; Litt B Princeton "Univ; LL B Harvard Law schl; apptd spec pros atty by Vigo Cir Court to invest and pros violation of election laws committed in Terre Haute City election 1913, which elected Donn M Roberts Mayor; asstd Gov in pros of Terre Haute elec- tion cases in Fed court 1915; is U S Commissioner; res Terre Haute. THEODORE E SLINKARD, Lawyer; was born Greene Co. Ind, Oct 1, 1866; taught schl 5 yrs; read law with brother W L Slinkard, was deputy pros atty 5 yrs; elected judge Greene Co 1912; res Bloomfield, Ind W L SLINKARD, Lawyer and Newspaper man; was born Greene Co, Ind, Feb 19, 1S64; taught schl Greene Co 3 yrs; attd Univ of Virginia; admitted to Bar at 21 ; in practice since; was pros atty Greene and Sullivan Cos; now editor and prop Bloomfield Democrat ; res Bloom- field. Ind. WILLIAM R VOSLOH, Lawyer; was born Mt Vernon, Ind, Dec 29, 1S87; attd Indiana Univ; practiced law since 1910; was city atty Mt Vernon, Ind; was Repub Co Chrmn Posey Co; now Repub Co Chrmn Greene Co; res Bloomfield, Ind. DANIEL C McINTOSH, Educator; was born Greene Co, Ind, Oct 16, 1S82; A B Indiana Univ; PhG Indpls Coll of Phar; taught schl six yrs; supt schools Greene Co since 1911; res Worthington, Ind. FRANK J HALL, Lawyer; was born in Rush Co, Ind, February 16, 1844; A B and LL B Indiana State Univ; practiced law since 1S69 ; city clerk and Mayor of Rushville; Liet Gov Indiana 1909-1913; res Rushville. ROY E HARROLD, Editor; was born Rushville. Ind, Nov 2. 1886; A B Wabash Coll ; began newspaper work on Rushville Republican, now editor; now Secy Rush County Chamber of Commerce; res Rushville. EARL H PAYNE, Banker; was born Rushville, Ind. July 12. 1871; attd Cornell Univ; in merchandising 6 yrs; was cashier Peoples Bank and Peoples Natl Bank, pres since 1904; pres Peoples Loan & Trust Co; pres The Payne Realty Co; res Rushville. CHESTER M GEORGE, Educator; was born Franklin Co, Ind. October 1 1S73; grad Ind State Normal Schl; attd Indiana Univ; taught schl yrs; princ of schls at Wheatland and New Salem, Ind ; elect supt Rush Co schls Nov, 1910; res Rushville. JOHN C SEXTON, Surgeon; was born Rushville, Ind. January 21, 1859; educ Hanover Coll ; M D Medical Coll of Ohio ; post grad Phila, New York, Chicago; prof gastro- intestinal surgery Indiana Univ Med Col Fellow Am Assn Obstr and Gynecol; mem A M A Ind State Med Soc (Ex-pres) ; res Rushville. RALPH H KANE, Lawyer; was born Noblesville, Ind, June 9, 186S; educ public schls and private tutors; read law with father Thomas J Kane; was pres school board Noblesville ; mem State Senate 1909-11 ; mem firm Matson, Kane & Ross. Indpls, and Kane & Kane. Noblesville; mem Am and State Bar Assn; res Indpls and Noblesville. GEORGE LEWIS MACKINTOSH, College President; was born N S, Canada, Jan 1. I860; A B, A M Wabash College; (DD U of Woos; LL D Hun- over Coll); ordained Presbyn ministry; was pastor Fourth Ch, Indpls; pres Wabash Coll since Apl 1, 1907 ; res Crawfordsville. GEORGE PRICE HAYWOOD, Lawyer; born Tippecanoe Co. Ind, Dec 15. 1852 ; taught schl 5 years ; A B Valpo Univ; was pros atty Tipp Co; city atty Lafayette; postmaster Lafayette; now pres Hayw Pub Co; res Lafayette. DANIEL B KEHLER, born Kosciusko. Ind, Oct 17, 1S44; taught school Ind and Iowa seven years; served in Co D 13th Ind Inf civil war ; was Adjutant and Quartermaster 13 years Ind State Soldiers Home, now Commandant; address Soldiers Home, Lafayette. CHARLES K MAVITY, Newspaper man; born Kokomo. Ind, June 16. 1872; educ Earl ham Coll ; worked on Indianapolis dailies and was pari owner and editor Muncie Times; now editor Lafayette Courier ; res Lafayette. m A®. ^\^ IN INDIANA 47 IARRV T SCHLOSS, Merchant; was born in Terre Haute, July l.">, lMix; grad Wiley High Schl; estb firm of Thurman & Schloss. succeeding his father Philip Schioss; was councilman 6 yrs; trustee of Indiana Boys' School, Pla infield ; res Terre Haute. *Dir Jewish Orphan Asylum, Cleveland. O; nat Jewish Hosp for Consumptives; past pres dist G L 1 O B B; res Terre Haute. VILL H HAYS. Lawyer; was born Sullivan, Ind. November 5. 1879; B A, M A Wabash Coll: began study of law at 10 yrs in office of his father John T Hays; at 20 chrmn Repub County Committee; was mem State Advisory Comm ; chrmn Speakers' Bureau Repub State Comm ; dist chrmn- 2nd dist; now chrmn Repub State Comm; city atty Sullivan; res Sullivan. OHN T HAYS, Lawyer; was born in Beaver county. Pa. Nov 11, 1845 ; grad Iron City Coml Coll, Pittsburg. Pa; B A Mt T'nion Coll. Ohio; was pros atty of Sullivan county ls7s-S0; res Sullivan. 11LLIAM H BRIDWELL, Lawyer; was born Owensburg. Ind. Oct 14, 1871; began teaching schl at 16 in Greene Co; grad Indiana Univ Law Dept ; deputy pros Sullivan Co 4 yrs; county atty 12 yrs; apptd judge Sullivan Circuit Court by Governor Marshall, 1911; elect judge 1912; res Sullivan. l G McNABB, was born Ross county, Ohio, Oct 28, 1865; A B Union Christian ''oil; taught schl 7 yrs; princ Sullivan High Schl 4 yrs; mem Sullivan Library Board ; res Sullivan. OSEPH S REED, Author; was born Sullivan, Ind, Dec 26. 1852; attd Franklin ".'oil , druggist 1 s 7 :". - 1 1 3 ; author "Winnowed Grasses," "Near Natures' Works" and other poems; mem School Board; res Sullivan. UCHARD PARK. Educator; was born Sullivan Co. Ind. Oct 31. 1861; grad Central Normal Coll. Danville; taught dist schl 4 yrs; princ Sullivan High Schl 3 yrs; supt schls Orleans 2 yrs. township trustee Hamilton township 7 yrs; county schl supt since 1 s ft 5 : res Sullivan. [INKLE C HAYS. Lawyer; weus born Sullivan. Ind. Nov 12, 1890; B A Wabash Coll; admitted to bar 1912; res Sullivan, Ind. IIARLES II BEDWELL, Lawyer; was born Sullivan Co, Ind. March IS, 1884; LL B Indiana LTniv; taught schl 5 years; deputy prosecutor Sulli- van Co one term ; elected to Legislature 1912, re-elect 1914 and Speaker of House session 1915; res Sullivan. ARL N VANCE, Educator; was born Eagletown. Ind. April 22. 1S78; A B Depauw Univ; post grad Columbia Univ; taught mission schls Peru. South America, 7 yrs ; taught Hamilton Co schls 2 yrs; Salem. Ind, High Schl 1 yr; supt French Lick schls 1 yr; supt schls of Sulli- van since 1913. res Sullivan. riLLIAM HALNON, Educator; was born Londonderry, Ireland. Nov. 1886; grad Marlborough Coll; A M Trinity Coll, Ireland: State Normal Schl. Platteville. Wise; teacher Model School Londonderry. Ireland; Supt Schls. Patch Grove, Wise; prof of Math Vineennes LTniv, now president; res Vineennes, Ind. ttowa Univ) ; ordained priest April 20. 1893 ; was associate editor Ave Maria Mag; was Superior Holy Cross Sem ; prof English Lit. Univ Notre Dame since 1905 ; mem Rhodes Scholarship Com for Ind ; Author "Priests of Holy Cro3s." also several other brochures and mag articles: address Notre Dame. :ALPH H LONGI IELD, Educator; was born in St Joseph Co. Ind. March IS, 1SS6; attd Breemen High Schl and State Normal; taught schl 6 yrs -Marshall and St Joseph Cos; elect county school supt of St Joseph < '<> 1909; supt since; re3 South Bend. IMOTHY E HOWARD. Lawyer; was born Northfield. Mich, Jan 27, 1S37; attd Univ of Michigan and Univ of Notre Dame; was city counci Iman of South Bend; city atty South Bend; county atty St Joseph Co; State Senator 1887-1893; judge of Supreme Court of Ind 1893-99; res South Bend, Ind. ? J JL C?cvrA 0 Tl TEWILER, Funeral Director; was born Indianapolis. Ind. July 19, 1869; educ public schls; undertaking business Tutewiler and Son since 1885; apptd mem First State Board of Embalmers by W T Durbin; elect Coroner Marion Co; was apptd Playground Commn Indpls; resigned Nov 15, 1914; was mem Repub Ex County Committee; res Indpls. THEODORE O CALLJS, Hotel man; was born Martinsville, Ind. June 22, 1S70; educ in public schools and business college; in hotel business since 1893; secy and treas Francis Hotel Co; res Kokomo, Ind. JOHN P GRACE, Manufacturer; was born Kokomo, Ind, May 1. 1878; educ Parochial schools; was telegraph operator, brass worker and book- keeper; secy Kokomo Electric Co since organization; was chrmn Dem- ocratic: City Comm; res Kokomo, Ind. JOHN WILLIAM JOHNSON, Manufacturer; was born Kokomo, Ind, Dec 22. 1869 ; educ Parochial schl; learned mach and moulders' trade ; trea,3 and gen mgr Kokomo Brass Works; secy and treas Byne Kings- ton & Co; treas Kokomo Elec Co; Dir Citizens Natl Bank, Kokomo Steel -V- Wire Co. Globe Stove & Range Co, Haynes Auto Co; res Kokomo, Ind. CONRAD WOLF, Lawyer ; was born on a farm Grant Co, Ind, Jan 12, 1863; taught school; B S. A B Central Normal Coll; LL B Univ of Mich; was deputy pros atty Howard Co; res Kokomo. Ind. J ROLIJN MORGAN, Abstracter; was born Harrodsburg. Ind, April 13, 1856; educ Bedford Coll; pres Ind Soc S A R; pres Ind Title Assn; mem Ex Comm Am Assn of Title Men; pres Howard Co Council ; chrmn Ex Comm University Club; res Kokomo. A G SEIBERLING, Manufacturer; born Akron, O, January 4, 1865; educ Buchtel Coll, Akron, O; dir Akron Straw Board Co. Seiberling Milling Co, Ohio Straw Board Co. Upper Sandusky; Kokomo Straw Board Co. Diamond Plate Glass Co. P'gh Plate Glass Co. Peoria Rubber and Mfg Co; now gen mgr Haynes Automobile Co, Kokomo; res Kokomo, Ind. ARTHIR B ARMSTRONG, Business man: was born Kokomo. Ind, Dec 31, 1864; educ Common schools and bus coll; mfgr and merchant 30 yrs; mem city school board; dir and treas Kokomo Nail and Brad Co, Superior Machine Tool Co, Kokomo Rubber Co. Kokomo Steel & Wire Co, Globe Steel & Range Co; pres Francis Hotel Co and Armstrong Landon Co; Citizens Natl Bank; res Kokomo, Ind. I) C JENKINS, Manufacturer; was born Pittsburg, Pa. May 24. 1S54; educ common schls Pittsburg; learned trade of Glass blower with his father; in glass business since 1886; edtb in Howard Co 1894; elect to State Senate; pres of River Raisin Paper Co. Monroe, Mich; res Kokomo. THOMAS C McREYNOLDS, Interurban Railway Official; was born Tipton Co, Ind, Oct 3, 1867 ; educ Danville Normal and Union Christian Coll ; practiced law; organized K M & W Traction Co in connection with Geo J Maroit et al : dir and mem Ex Board Defiance Coll ; pres No- blesville H L & P Co. Farmers Trust & Sav Bk ; pres Kokomo Cham- ber of Com; res Kokomo, Ind. p(3 /i^^c^r^Cc WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 49 EI* WOOD HAYNES, Inventor; was born Portland, Ind, Oct 14, 1S57; B S Worcester Poly Inst and Johns Hopkins; taught Science Eastern Ind Norm Schl. Portland; was mgr Portland Natl Gas & Oil Co, etc; prea Haynes Auto Co since 1S9S; discovered Tungsten chrome steel, 1891, etc; designed and constructed the Horseless carriage ; oldest Am auto in existence 1K93; mem many notable societies; res Kokomo. Ind. WARREN R VOORHIS, Lawyer; was born Marion County. Ind. Dec 6. 1873; grad Indiana Law Sri i : attd Lebanon Coll and Terre Haute State Normal; was pros atty Howard Co; city atty Kokomo; mem firm Bell, Kirkpatrick & Voorhis; res Kokomo, Ind. CHARLES O W1LL1TS, Lawyer; was born Greentown, Ind Oct 9 Ph B Depauw ; attd Law school Univ of Mich ; was city atty of Ko komo; res Kokomo. Ind. JOHN ARTHUR KAITZ, Editor; was born Wabash Co, Ind. Sept I860; grad Butler Coll; editor and owner Kokomo Tribune sinct- was postmaster of Kokomo; mem of school board; delegate to Repub Nail Cony; mem Natl Editorial Assn. Natl Geogr Soc; res Kokomo. EARL B BARNES, Lawyer; was born Kokomo. Ind, March 17, 1881; A B Earlham Coll; LL B Harvard, mem firm Blackledge, Wolf & Barnes; res Kokomo, Ind. JOHN E MOORE, Lawyer ; was born near what is now Gas City, Ind ; LL B Univ of Mich; was city atty of Kokomo and pros atty Howard and Tipton Cos; res Kokomo, Ind. LEX J KIRKPATRICK, Lawyer; was born Rush Co, Ind. Sept 6. 1853; educ Oskaloosa Coll, Ind Central Law Schl; was judge 3fi;h Jud Cir- cuit court for Howard and Tipton Cos; was judge Howard Circuit . court; v-p Indiana Ry & Lt Co; dir Farmers Trust & Sav Bk ; res Kokomo, Ind. WILLIAM C PlRDl M, Lawyer; was born Clinton Co. Ind. July 28, 1858: LL B Univ of Mich Law Schl; was elect judge Howard Circuit court 1911; res Kokomo. Ind. 1866; ~<§VC<^>. 0\. KO- \^,Jh4u^ o/hM^^ '•. 1849; A B A M Hanover College; taught school in Knox County; studied law two yrs; purchased Western Sun in 1 S7»; ; started Daily Sun in 1879; was postmaster 4 yrs; State Senator 1S99-01; V-Pres Vincennes Univ; trustee Purdue Univ; res Vincennes. I» PRANK CCXBERTSON, Lawyer; was born Edwardsport, Ind. August 6. ls7S ; attd DePauw Academy, DePauw Univ; LL B Indiana Law Schl; elected pros atty 12th judicial circuit, 1906 ; re-elect 1908 ; elected State Senator from Knox and Sullivan Cos 1914; res Vincennes. ALVA O El I.KEKSON. LMucator; was born in Daviess county. Ind. March is. 1868; at :. hid. May 25, 1863; attd high schl at Trafalgar and Morgan town an.! Teachers' Normal; taught schl 5 yrs; read law with Judgi Cyru P McNutt, Terre Haute; was pros atty of Johnson and Shelbj Co t yrs ; was Libr Indiana Supreme Court Library 6 yrs; res Martinsville, Ind. WALTER K BALE, Wwspaper man ; was born near Greentown, Ind. March l'.', 1884 ; grad Marion Normal ami Business Univ; began news- paper wurk on Marion News-Tribune; worked on D ihoman, Okla City, Ok la ; < !ommercial-News, Dan\ llle, Ilia; Anderson, tnd H iM'UKhi Huntington Herald in 1911; publ since; res Huntington, Ind. /yrftQA^^y- (TK^ t^Uezz^f^^^- 52 WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA JOHN F NOLL, Priest; was born Fort "Wayne, Ind. Jan 25, 1875; grad St Lawrence Coll, Mt Calvary, Wise; and St Mary's Sem Cincinnati. O; ordained priest June 4, 1S98; had charge of congr at Kendall ville, Besancon, Hartford City and Hunting-ton; editor and founder of "Our Sunday Visitor," nat Catholic weekly estab May 1912; res Huntington. CHARLES A HITLER, Lawyer; was born Wabash, Ind, Feb 21, 184 — ; attd prep Wabash Coll ; Columbia Univ, New York City ; LL B Columbian (now George Washington Univ) Washington, D C; was in railroad mail service 5 yrs; U S Sea postal service; res Huntington. S AMI' EL E COOK, Lawyer; was born Huntington Co, Ind. Sept 30, I860; taught schl 5 yrs Whitley Co, Ind; attd Normal Schl Ada, O; LL B Valparaiso North Ind Law Schl ; was pros atty Huntington Co; elect judge Huntington Circuit Court 1906 ; re-elect 1912 ; res Huntington. CHARLES W WATKTNS, Lawyer; was born Logan Co, Ohio, May 3 1S49; served 19 mo private soldier Army of the Cumberland; taught schl 4 yrs; read law with Judge William Lawrence, Belief on taine, O; was . distr atty Grant, Blackford and Huntington 2 terms; judge Huntington Co 6 yrs; res Huntington. ULYSSES S LESH, Lawyer; was born Wells Co. Ind. Aug 9, 1868; LL B Michigan Univ; was city and county atty Huntington; author "Knights of the Golden Circle" ; res Huntington. M H ORM8BY, Newspaper man; was born Wells Co. Ind, Nov 17, 1875; attd Boston Latin Schl; was owner Bluffton Banner; consold Huntington News-Democrat and Morning Times into Times Democrat in the morn- ing field, supplanting this with the Huntington Press estb Feb 11. 1912 ; res Huntington. ALBERT E BIX SON, Surgeon, Editor; was born Chicago, Dec 16, 1867; grad Rush Med Coll 1891; post grad Univ of Mich and Univ of Phila. London and Vienna ; prof Op h thai Ind L'niv; editor and mgr Journal of the Indiana Med Soc; mem Ft Wayne Med, Northern Tri-State Med. Chicago Ophthal. Amer Acad of Ophthal and Otol ; fellow Am. r Coll of Surg A M A etc; res Fort Wayne. GEORGE L SAUNDERS, Newspaper man; was born Muncie Sept 1, 1866; attd Portland Public Schls; learned printers' trade; began newspaper work in 1894 with Portland Sun; with Evening Banner since 1902; treas Democratic Edit Assn; pres Bluffton Cham of Commerce ; res Bluffton. CHARLES E STl'RGISS, Lawyer; was born Wells Co. Ind, Sept 15, 1S67; Ph B. LL B, A M DePauw Univ; was city atty Bluffton 8 yrs; elect Circuit Judge of WelLs and Blackford Cos 1906-12; res Bluffton. WILLIAM H E1CHHORN, Lawyer; was born Wells Co. Ind, Oct 6, 1866; taught schl 5 yrs Wells and Huntington Co; attd Indiana State Normal and Univ of Mich; was county supt of schls Wells Co; resigned to begin practice of law; was mem Ind Legis 2 terms; was mem Board of Mgrs Indiana Reformatory ; mem Board of State Charities; elect judge Wells and Blackford Cos 1912; res Bluffton. DAVID H SWAIM, Newspaper man; was born Wells Co, Ind. Sept 17, 185S; taught schl and was supt Ossian, Ind, schls; attd Ft Wayne Methodist Coll; LL B Ann Arbor Law schl; practiced law till 1SSS with brother W T T Swaim; purchased Bluffton Chronicle and has been editor since; apptd pas. master Bluffton, by Pres Harrison 1890; res Bluffton. CHARLES A BOWERS, Newspaper man; was born near Alamo, Mont- gomery Co. Ind, Sept 8, 1867 ; attd Wabash Coll ; taught schl ; was supt Newtown schls; admitted to bar Montgomery Co; was deputy pros atty 4 yrs; began newspaper work as reporter on Crawfordsville Journal; now city editor; res Crawfordsville. FRANK W GORDON, Lawyer; was born Wells Co, Ind, Aug 21, 1876; attd Valparaiso Univ; taught schl Wells Co; grad Indiana Univ Law Dept ; was nominated presidential elector Repub ticket at Winchester for 8th congr distr for 1912; res Bluffton. ABRAM SIMMONS, Lawyer; was born Randolph Co, Jan 30, 1858; taught schl Wells Co 3 yrs; grad Methodist Coll Ft Wayne, Ind; began prac- tice in Bluffton in 18S2; delegate to Democratic Natl Convention St Louis 1904; delegate at large Democratic Convention 1908; res Bluffton, EDWARD E COX, Newspaper man; was born Tipton, Ind, Dec 29, 1867; taught schl 3 yrs Miami Co; attd Purdue Univ and Danville Central Normal Coll; began newspaper work a,s reporter on Miami Co Sentinel; bought Hartford City Telegram 1891; estb Evening News in 1893; editor since ; pres Hartford schl board since 1910 ; aptd postmaster Feb 1915 ; mem State Democ Comm 6 years; mem and ex-pres Dem State Edit Assn; res Hartford City. RALPH W MONTFORT, Newspaper man ; was born North Manchester, Ind. Aug 31. 1S83; educ high schl Hartford City; learned printers' trade; then reporter, city editor, and owner Hartford City News 5 yrs; purchased and editor of Times-Gazette since Nov 1914; res Hart- ford City. EMORY" B SELLERS. Lawyer; was born near Somerset, O. Jan 4, 1 S r> 1 . at.d Brookston Academy; taught schl, attd Chicago Law Schl; prac- ticed law Monticello, Ind, since Jan 1. 1874: State Senator 1885-87; I" s. atty for Indiana 1887-9; mem Conference Uniform laws since 1909; res Mont ice! I". Ind. A Ml'KRAY TURNER, Banker; was born Crown Point, Ind, Oct 3. ls:.:>. attd Valparaiso Univ; was sheriff of Lake Co 1888-92; delegate National Republican Convention 1904; pres First Nat Bank, etc; res Hammond. PETER H CRIM PACKER, Lawyer; was bom Laportp Ca, ind. Aug 1858; taught schl 2 yrs Laporte Co; B S Valparaiso Univ; LL B same; city atty Hammond 1892-96; res Hammond. Ind. WILLIAM F HOW AT. Physician; was born Prince Edward Island, Canada, June 2. 1869; grad Prince of Wales Coll; M D Univ of Pennsylvania; was pres Ind State Med Assn; mem A M A Natl Assn Study ami Prevent of Tuberculosis; was mem of Board of School Trustees 7 yrs; pres Librarj Board; res Hammond, Ind. JESSE E WILSON, Lawyer; was born on a farm Owen Co. Ind. Oct 4. 1867; attd high schl Spencer, Ind; LL B Indiana Univ Law Dept; taught country schls; mem Ind Legis; asstd sec of the Interior L9 05-11; pres II ammond Chamber of Commerce; res Hammond. FREDERICK C CRCMPACKER, Lawyer; wa.3 born "Valparaiso. Ind, Sept 16. 1881; A B LL B Univ of Mich; mem State Bar Assn; res Hammond. flpi+n, ?0 tf^^<^-^eJi C^> ^ <-yLS > V.*^w^».«J d^t< WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 53 DAVID WILLIAM MOFFAT, Minister: born Morris Plains. N J; re- moved to Madison. Ind; A B Hanover Coll. 1S5S; taught sen, grad Princeton Theolog Sem. 1S62; Capt Co C. Ind Legion. 1861-63; ordn Presbh minister. 1863; supplied eh of Jefferson. 1863-64; Vernon, 1S64-66; pastorates: Madison First Prsbn Ch. 1S66-70; West St, Wash. D C. 1870-72! Ft Wayne 1st Presbn Ch. 1872-1906; pastoremeritus 1st Presbn Ch, Ft Wayne. 1906-date. ROBERT STEWART TAYLOR, Lawyer; Fort Wayne; born May 22. 1S3S, near Chillieothe, O; educ Liber Coll, Jay Co. Ind; grad June 30, 1S59; removed to Ft Wayne same year; pros atty 1S68; judge Com Pleas Ct. 1S70; memb Ind Legis. 1871; memb Miss River Com, 1881-1914: memb Monetary Com, 1898-9. CHARLES REDWAY DRYER, Geographer; born Victor, N Y. Aug 31 1850; A B Hamilton Coll, 1S71; Un of Mich. M D. I'll of Buffalo. 1S76 Un of Oxford, Eng. 1904-05; sci teach Ft Wayne High sch. 1S77-S0 prof Chemistry & Toxicology, Ft Wayne Coll of Med, 1878-93; prof geog & geol. Ind State Normal Sch. Terre Haute, 1S9S-1913; asst Ind Geological Survey. 1SSS-93; author; Fellow Geol Soc Amer; A A A S Royal Geog Soc, Assn Am Geographers; res. Fort Wayne. HOWELL COBB ROCKHILL, Manufacturer: born Ft Wayne. Jan 10. 1856; attended Ft Wayne pub schs; grad H S. 1*73; farmer; formerly asst city clerk and bus mgr Journal-Gazette; treas Lincoln Life Ins Co; V P and Treas Ft Wayne Rolling Mills Co. EDWARD G HOFFMAN, Lawy. i born Allen Co. Ind. Oct 1, 1879; attended Valparaiso Coll and Un of Mich; county atty Ft Wayne. 1909-date. STEPHEN" BOND FLEMING, Manufacturer; born Ft Wayne. Nov 20, 1871; grad Un of Notre Dame and Georgetown Un ; Ind State Senator. 1901-03. 1909-15; memb Panama Expo Com of Ind. 1913-15. DAVID N' FOSTER. Merchant; born near Newburgh, N Y. in 1*41; memb of the firm of Foster Bros since 1859; entered Union army as private in 1S61; rose to rank of captain; came to Indiana in 1S70; dept com G A R in 1S85: trustee State Soldiers' Home. 1S95-1901; pres park board at Ft Wayne, 1905-15. JOHN SAMUEL MeC'l RDY, Dentist; born Allen Co, Nov 16, 1S66; attended Ft Wayne pub schs and M E Coll; grad Ind Dental Coll, Mch 7, 1888; prac dentistry Ft Wayne since 188S; memb Ind State Bd of Dental Ex; memb State and Nat Dental Soc; res, Ft Wayne. WILLIAM O BATES, author; born Harrlsburg, Ind, Sept 19. 1852; Ph B Cornell; author: Recitations and How to Recite; Our Foreign Corre- spondent, 4-act comedy; Uncle Rodney; The Black Bokhara, and other productions; was on staft N Y, indpls. Cincinnati and St Paul news- papers; mem N Y Players' club; res Indpls. <2)^v-ut. W. >U*>-ff»-> t D~, J5-, //. < uft.dL INDEX-WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA ANDERSON. Crittenberger, Dale J 35 Ellison, Alfred 32 Frazier. James W 3 2 Hennings. Joseph E 32 Jones, Arthur H 32 Keltner. p. M 32 Kittinger, William A 32 Morrow, Carl F 4S Neff. Charles H 32 Norviel, Frank D 32 Teegarden, John C 32 Toner. Edward C 32 ANGOLA. Rakestraw. O. F. 42 Shank, H. Lyle 12 Sniff, L. M 4 2 Willis. R. D 42 AUBURN. Atkinson, Edgar W 45 .Buchanan. Vern 45 Leasure. Lida 45 BEDFORD. Boruff. R. R 32 Lanz, C. W 32 -Mullen. R. L 32 BLOOMFIELB. Hendren. Gilbert H 3 Slinkard. T. E 46 Slinkard. W. L 46 Vosloh. W. R 46 BLOOMINGTON. Baker, John 1 15 Bryan, William Lowe 1 Corr, Edwin 18 Cravens. John W 1 Cravens, Oscar H 38 Hogate, Enoch G 38 Miers. Robert W 3S Weatherly. Ulysses G 18 BLUFFTON. Dailey. Ft mil; c 2 Bichhorn, Wm. H 52 Frank. Charley 2 Gordon. Frank W 52 Saunders. George L 52 Simmons. Abram 52 Sturgiss. Charles E 52 Swaim. David H 52 boonville. Hazen, Gaines H 33 Hemenway. James A 33 Kiper. Rosnoe 33 Lutz, Philip, J i- 33 BRAZIL. Wolfe. R. E 3 2 BROOKVILLE. Adams. Winifred 14 Shirk, John C 36 COLUMBIA CITY. Kissinger. William H 35 Marshall. Thomas R 35 McNagny, William F 35 COL1 M15I 8. Brown, Isaac T 43 Duncan. W, C 43 Fitzgibbon, T. F 43 Harding, Lev, is a 43 .Miller. Hugh Th 43 \i ooney, W. A 43 Newsom, Vlda 14 y, Z. T 40 CONNERSV1LLE. COVINGTON. Lfivengood, A. T 41 Livengood, V. E 41 Schwin, J. B 41 CRAWFORDKVILLE. Bowers. Charles A 52 Harney. G. S 41 James. Karl C 38 MacKintosh, George I. 46 CULVER. Gignilliat. Leigh R 31 DANVILLE. Clark, Hon. James L 8 Gulley. O. E 42 Hall. Alvin 41 Hargrave. C. A 42 Hogate. Julian D 41 Laird, J. W 42 DECATUR. Ellingham. L. G 1 Erwin, Judge Richard K. . . 3 Broaddus, L. i ... 33 Elliott. R. N 1 Florea. George C : Frost, 11. I 3 1 VIcKee, D. w DELPHI. Boyd, L. D. 43 Pollard. Charles R 43 Roaeh. W. A 43 EVANSVILLE. Althouse, Tamar 34 Boyle. Harry E 47 Decker, Adolph L 34 Frey. Philip W 34 Iglehart. John E 39 Kahn. Isidor 47 Laughlin, C. E 47 Logsdon, H. M 34 Pearson, Jed W. 47 Reis, Henry 34 Roosa, Howard 34 Schneider. J. I' 47 Schoiz. F. J 34 Schreeder. Charles C 34 Spencer, Judge John W. . . 3 Veneman. A. J 34 Wellman. John D 34 Wilson. William E 33 Wittenbraker, Charles W. . 33 FORT WAYNE. Blttler, George 35 Bond, C. E. 13 Bulson. Albert E 52 Coleriek, Margaret 14 Dryer, Charles Redway ... 63 Ellison. Thos. E 13 Fleming. Stephen Bond ... 53 Foster. David X 53 Foster. Samuel M 13 Freeman. H. R 13 Hahn, William 13 Harper. James B 13 Harper. M R. I Mrs. J. B.I 14 Hoffman, B. G 53 McCulloch. Charles 13 Mr' -nr.lv. J S 53 Moffat, D. W 53 O'Rourke. William S 13 Powell, George w 53 Rockhill, H. i- 53 sin, ., it, Fri del H k w 13 Taylor. Robert si. -wart .... 53 Williams. Hem i M 13 Worden, Charles H 13 FOWLER. i i n John P 41 I Luis m. Charles h 41 Fra ser, Donald 41 i toby, George i 41 III VNKFORT. Burget Eugene ' i 33 Epstein, Moses 33 Morrison, James W 33 FRANKLIN. Hanley, Elijah 32 si. in, William 'l- I . 55 FRENCH LICK. Taggart. Thomas 1 GARY. Greenlee, Cassius M 32 Hay. Henry G.. Jr, 32 Knotts. A. F 32 Knotts. Thomas E 32 Norton. H. S 32 Snyder, H. B 32 GREENCASTLE. Gillen, C. C 43 Grose. George R 4 2 Hughes. James P 42 Van Arsdel. Wm. C 30 Wade. C. U 42 Wade. Elizabeth L 4 3 GREENFIELD. Downing. Chas 3 Felt, Judge Edward W 3 Hough. W. A 50 Mitchell. John F 50 GREENSBI 'RO. Caskey, James E 33 Ewing. James K 33 Hamilton, Frank 33 Myers. David A 33 Osborn. John E 33 HAMMOND. Crumpacker. F. C 52 Crumpacker, Peter H 52 Howat. William F 52 Ibach. Judge Joseph G 3 Turner, A. Murray . 52 Wilson, Jesse E 52 HANOVER. Mil lis. W. A 4 5 HARTFORD CITY. Cox. Edward E. 52 Montfort, Ralph W o2 HOWE. McKenzie. John H 36 HUNTINGTON. Ball, Walter K 51 Butler. C. A 52 Bui I- i . Thaddeus 36 Cook, Samuel E 52 Fi .nil.-, J. Fred 1 I.esh. Ulysses s 52 Null. John F i Minsliy. M. H 52 Watkins, Charles W 52 INDIANAPOLIS. Adam. ' "ll .11 Irs II 14 AJbrecht, I ir. Maurice - ■ . • S \ ■ icander, Georgia 2 Allnr.l. Fremont 21 a li;-', i ieorge 25 Allison. D. C 13 Appel, John 50 A 1 I man Samuel R 35 Ashby, Samuel 23 \ ust i" 1 lhafl, T 24 \i us. A. C 23 1 redei ick M 20 Baldwin, C. H 22 Hall. Frank W. 13 1 '■■< mberger, Ralph 9 ll.il 11. mi. 11 E 22 Hums. A A 19 i: n niiiii, Dr .iniiii F 6 Barrett, Fred E 11 Bartholomew, Pliny W. . . 11 Hash. Mahlon K 39 111 I III It 1 1) Bass, W. H 13 Bastlan. Willis n Bati in i ieo ii 11 Bi H, v u liii.u-i i i 1 Beck, Fi., I l: 29 Bell. Joseph 35 Bennett. Henry W S Benson. A. S 25 Berrj lull. John S 40 Bertermann, John 31 Best. Dr. Wm. P 7 Beveridge, Albert J 2 Billheimer, John L S Bingham, James 23 Blackledge. Frank H 6 Blaker. Eliza A 2 Blodgett, W. H 14 Bobbs, William C 5 Bockstahler, Wm. H 22 Bohlen, Oscar D 10 Bonifleld, Fred 12 Bookwalter, C. A 35 Bowen. R. M 39 Bower.;, Frank 4 Boyd, Bert A 31 Boyd. L. C 3ii Brackett, C. H 11 Bradford. Ernest W 10 Brayton, Dr. Alembert W. . 5 Bridges. Frank L 2 2 Brinker, Henry C 17 Bross, Ernest 14 Brossman. Charles 30 Brown, Chalmers 11 Brown, Charles Carrol!.... 19 Brown, Demarchus 3 Brown, Edgar A S Brown, George W 23 Brown. Hilton U 4 Brown, Hiram 17 Brown, William R 39 Browning. Elizabeth '1 14 Brubaker. H. C 12 Buchanan. Chas. J 39 Buchanan. Wallace 8 Buennagel. Jacob 30 Bullock. Henry W 38 Burckhardt, D*r. Louis .... Is Burford. William B 5 iiin rage, Set 'ruin., 21 ISus, limann. C. L 22 Buskirk, George A 16 Butler. Amos W 3 Butler. Chauncey 7 Butler. F A 26 Butler. R. A 19 Butler. Scot is Bynum, W. D 4 Byfield, Charles W 2 Callon, F. T 31 < 'nlv.l I . (loo C 20 Cannon, W. T 24 Carey, John N 21 Can. i larroll B 30 Carter. Mord 17 Carter, Vinson 6 Casey. J. E 16 I'avins. Alexander G Is ' iii mbers, Lawrence D 5 Clancy, Sumner IS i Hark, James L 8 Clarke. .Mrs Grace Julian. . 2 ' Ha i I. .1- iv> i -,.n ii 21 Clay John w is ' I'll ml John E 37 ' Jlet engi i . 1 t. \\ m. F is Clifford, Vinci nl G l" ' ?oate, Alvin T 29 ii John l : 6 ciiin. Charles F colh, ,, i, Emma 14 Cole. J. J 24 i loleman, Lewis A 9 Collins. James \ 23 w 7 ' ',-ii,l,r Earl 1: 7 Con mi v, i ' i - 11 Cook in-. George J 6 i 'mile. Homer 1 1 1 i rook, Wm. H 27 Coopei ' 'iiini, - \i 29 Copeland. II. i; 14 i I- il W. M 20 1 "■ Judgi CI tries E 3 Linton a i; • ',,,„ land, it 1 1 ii Craft, !•:. M 24 Craig, C. v\ 20 11 ■ w B 12 Elmer E 27 r. i Cillll, 111 :- li ■ ■ \|. . IS Daggett, Robi i' 5 Prank C 2 mas v 17 lilui M 2S 1 ' 2 56 INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA Danner. Henry R 21 Darmody, John F 20 Darnaby, Robt. B 5 Davis, Everett 14 Davis. Lawrence B 10 Davis. P. A 22 Day. Thomas c 17 De&ry, Judge James E 30 Deitch, Guilford A 10 1 leluse, Otto P 27 Dennis. Charles 4 Dennv. Austin F 5 Dennv. C. S 9 Denny. G. L 9 Deschler, Louis G 24 Dickson. George M„ 2S Dithmer. Henry L 39 Doolittle, Henry P 10 Donnelly. Maurice 27 Dougherty Hugh 23 Douglass. Ralph W 21 Downey. B. C 16 Downing. Charles 3 Drake, C. S 29 Dryer. Charles A 10 I nitty, Frank 37 Duffey. Luke W 31 Dugdale, Benjamin H S Dunn, J. P 9 Durham. Chas. 23 Duvall, John L 17 Eaglesfleld, C. S 37 Eaglesfield James T 29 Earp, Dr. Samuel E 6 Eastman. Dr. Thos. B 7 Eberwein. John H 38 Eckhouse, Edgar A 39 Edgerton. Dr. Dixon Efroymnson, Gus A 24 Eitel. Henry 15 Elam. John B S Elder. William L 20 Ellingham. L. G 1 Elliott. Geo. B 23 Elliott. Robt 29 Elliott. William F 23 Elvin. Wm. H. 21 Emerson. Dr. Charles P. . . 15 Emrich, John H 26 Engelke. John F 12 English. William E 4 Ensley, Oliver P 20 Erdman, Dr. Bernhard .... 6 Ernestinoff. Alexander 39 Evans, Edgar H 2 5 Evans, George H 25 Evans, Rowland 21 Evans. William L 19 Ewbank. Louis B 10 Fahnley, Fred 21 Fairbanks, Charles W 4 Fauvre, Frank M 24 Fawkner. Chas. B 8 Feibleman, Isidore 9 Ferguson, Dr. Charles E. . . 12 Fesler, James W 7 Fiekinger. W. J 16 Fishback. Frank S 20 Fisher. Carl G 19 Fitzgerald. Philander H... 26 Fletcher, Horace H 27 Fletcher, Stoughton A 15 Flickinger, E E 26 Florea. Josh E 10 Floyd, F. E 13 Flovd. James L 13 Fogartv, Wm. M 17 Folsom, E. F 39 Foliz, Herbert 5 Fnltz Howard M 16 Foreman. Dr. Wm. H 18 Forrey, George C 30 Fortune, William 20 Foster. C. C 29 Foster, Wallace 23 Frenzel. .1. P., Jr 15 Frenzel. O. N 15 Fuller. Hector 4 Gale, Edward C 27 Galvin, Geo. W 11 Gardner. Fred C 3 6 Gat< S, Edward E 25 Gates, Hany B 24 Gavin, Frank E 12 <;;i\isk Rev Francis H. ..40 Gay, Geo. a 20 George, Dr. Wm. E 7 Glossbrenner, A. M 5 Glossbrenner. Herbert M... 29 Golt, W. F. C 16 G Irich. Jas P 25 Graves, T. S 25 Greathouse, Chas. A 1 < ; ! . iry, Fred A 37 Griener, Dr. I.. A 7 Griffith. Carl V 2') Groninger. Taylor E 9 Grossart, Frederick C 27 Grover, Arthur B 36 Guedel, Arthur E 10 Gundelflnger. Dr. Benno M 12 Guthrie. Ira E 26 Hack, Oren S . 37 Hackedorn, Hillis F 29 Hadley, A. N 12 Hagen. Paul 24 Hammond. William W. ... 37 Hanly. J. Frank 2 Hanna. Charles T 37 Harding. W. N S Hargis. R. R 26 Harris, Addison C. . 2 Harrison, H. H 28 Harrison, Russell B 2 Harvey. Judge Lawson M. S Haskett. O. D 2S Hatfield. T. B 28 Haueisen. Otto F 31 Hauss. Philip J 17 Hawkins, Roscoe 9 Hay. Linn D 7 Hayward, William C 25 Head. H. Thos 27 Hearsey. Henry T 2S Heath. Dr. Frederick IS Henderson. Charles E 36 Henderson. J. 12 Henderson. Julia C 14 Hendriekson, Harry C 6 Heinrichs. William F. .... 10 Heitman. Wm. F 14 Henley. Judge Wm. J 18 Henley. L. W. 36 Henry. Charles L 26 Henry. Dr. Alfred IS Henshaw. F. R 40 Herod. Wm. P 11 Herr. H. H 14 Herrick, Richard C 12 Herschell. W. M 4 Hetherington, Fred A 22 Hibben. Paxton 2 Higgins, William L 30 Hisev. E. R 37 Hitt. Elizabeth (Mrs. (1. C.) 2 Hoffmann, John 1 39 Hogan, Wm. J 21 Holliday. John H 16 Hollweg. Louis 19 Holtzman. John W 9 Hood. Arthur M 9 Hood. Dr. Thomas C 15 Hooker, James H 29 Hooten, Elliott R 9 Hornbrook, Henry H 5 Home, Wm. L 30 Hovey. Alfred R 9 Howard, Wm. H 12 Howe. Thomas C 15 Howland. H. H 5 Howland. Louis 4 Hubbard. F. "Kin" 14 Huesmann, Louis C 26 Hug'g, Martin M 4 Hume. Geo. E 28 Humes. Dr. Charles D. . . . . 8 Hunt, Carl 28 Hunt. Union B 25 Hunter. Edgar 5 Hurty. J. N 22 Jackson. "Chic" B 14 Jacobs. Dr. Harry A 6 Jacobv. Elias J 10 Jaeger, Dr. Alfred S 6 Jameson. Dr. Henry 5 Jameson. Ovid B 7 Jefferson. Michael L 29 Jenkins. Dennis H 30 Jeup, B. J. T 35 Jewett. Charles W 39 Jobes, Dr. Norman IS Johnson, Jesse T 23 Johnson, O. R 14 Johnson. Richard 36 Jones, Aquilla Q 10 Jordan, Arthur -1 June, Geo. W 31 Jungclaus. W. P 36 Kaelin. Charles T IS Kahn, Henry 19 Kahn. I. F 27 Kautz, F. R 31 Kealing. Joseph B 2 Kebler, Joseph A 30 Keith. Ernest R 3S Keller. Dr. Amelia R 2 Keller, Joseph 30 Kendall. Victor C 26 Kepperly. James E 15 Kessler. Walter 38 Kern. John W 40 Ketcham, William A 3, Kins. Myron D 22 King. W. F 40 Kingsbury, Jas. L 28 Kingsbury. John H IS ECinney, Horace E 25 Kipp. Albrecht 24 Kirk. Clarence L 30 Kiser. Dr. Edgar F S Kiser, Sol. S 16 Klanke, Henry 27 Klausmann, H. W 22 Knight. W. W 2S Knode. H. C 29 Kolmer, Dr. John 6 Korbly, Bernard 9 Kothe, Wm 28 Kotteman. Charles J. ....... 31 Krauss, Paul H. 22 Krieg, Felix J 5 Krull, Albert 30 Kuhn, August M 16 Lain. M. M 40 Lancaster. Lewis E 23 Landers. Howe Stone 37 Lando. Leo 23 Landon. H. McK 30 Langsenkamp. Frank H. . . 27 Langsenkamp. Henry 30 Lapp. John A 23 Lawrence. B. F 14 Law rence, Henry W 31 Leckner. Carrie C 39 Leckner. Max 39 Leedy, Ulysses G 31 Leedy, W. H 36 Leeth, M. C 28 Lemcke. Ralph A 25 Lesh, C. P 31 Levey, Louis H 2S lavty. Marshall T 25 Levison. Harry 39 Lewis, Charles S 21 Lewis, L. H 21 Lieber. Albert 20 Lieber, Carl H. 20 Lieber. Herman P 21 Lieber. Otto R 21 Lieber. Richard 12 Lieber. Robert 31 Light. Robert C 21 Lilly, James E 21 Lilly. James W 19 Lillv. Josiah K 20 Lindemuth. Dr. Oscar E. . . 37 Link. Goethe 38 Littleton. Frank L 11 Lockwood. "Virgil H 9 Long, Dr. Robert W 18 Losey. Robert C 26 McBride, Bert 17 McBrirle. Robert W 4 McClellan, R. H 24 McCotter, C. A 26 McChirg. J. Q. A 30 McGettigan. John E 38 McGowan, Joseph A 40 McGuire, Newt. J 5 Mcintosh. J. M 17 McKee, Edward L 16 McKee, Homer 39 McKee, Will J 22 McKenzie, Anna 2 McWhirter, Felix 17 MacFall. Russell T 23 Mack. F. J 26 Mat Lucas. Wm. H 12 Malott, Macy W 15 Malott. Volney T 15 Mangus, Milton W 37 Manly, Frank P. 31 Mannfeld. George N 24 Marmon. W. C 36 Marott. Geo. J 20 Marshall. A. W 13 Marshall. Thomas R 35 Martin. Dr. Paul F IS Martin. H. C 13 Martin. Parks M 36 Martin, Paul R 19 Martindale, Charles 9 Martindale. Clarence 12 Mason, Augustus L 25 Mason, Edw. 5 Masson, Woodburn 7 Masters, Dr. John 1 37 Matson, Frederick E 10 Maxwell. Allison, M. D S Mayer, Geo. J 22 Merrifleld, Hugh D 36 Merrill. Chas. W 5 Messing. Meyer 4 Metzger. Albert E 16 Metzger, Robert 30 Meyer, A. B 19 Meyer, Adolph J 12 Meyer, Chas. F 22 M ilholland, W. F 26 Miller. Charles W 17 Miller. Samuel D IS Miller. W. H. H 4 Miller. Wlnfield 16 Miliikan, Lynn B 36 Minor, Benj. B 2T, Minturn. Joseph A 11 Moll, Theoph J 10 Monks, Leander J 12 Montani, Guy 38 Mooney. William J 20 Moore. Edward D 15 Moore. Jesse C 27 Moores, Charles W 10 Moores, Merrill 8 Moran. James J 35 Morris, J. Edward 21 Mount. Finley P 25 Mueller, Ferd A 7 Mueller, Gustave H 16 Mueller, J. Geo 19 Mull, George F 9 Murphy. C. S 13 Murphy, Harry 36 Mushlitz. Earl 19 Myers, Quincy A 3 Negley, Harry E 6 New, Burt 2 2 New, Capt. Harry S 4 Xewberger, Louis 11 Nicholas. Anna 2 Nicholson, Meredith 4 Nicholson. Mrs. Eugenie K. 2 Noble, Harriett 14 Noble, Robert P 40 Noel, James W 9 Nordyke, A. H 9 Nordyke. C. E 31 Norton. Charles S 29 Oblinger. R. P 28 O'Connor, Bernard E 27 Ogden, James M 11 Olive. Frank C 1.". Oliver. Dr. John H 6 O'Mahony. J. P 4.1 Orbison, Charles J 36 Ostermeyer. Fted J 25 Page, Lafayette 40 Pantzer. Hugo Otto. M. D. 37 Patten. Wm. T 10 Patterson, C. A 13 Patterson, Gwynn F 15 Payne, Gavin L 17 Peacock, Mary H 2 Pearson. Chas. D. 19 Pearson. Geo. C 28 Peele, Stanton J 15 Perkins. Edgar A 3 Perkins. Merritt H 7 Perkins. Samuel E. Jr 31 Perry. C. C 21 Perry, J. C 20 Perry, Norman A 29 Perry, Oran 26 Pettijohn. C. C 9 Pfafflin. Dr. Charles A. ... 3S Picken3. Samuel 23 Pickens. W. A 8 Pierce, J. A 24 Pierce, O. W 39 Pond. Oscar L 23 Potter, M. A 20 Potts, Alfred F 6 Powell. George W. 21 Purdy, Fred L 19 Quick. G. F 17 Rabb. Albert 9 Rader. John H 10 'Ragsdale. Oren M 27 Raitano. Harry A 39 Ralston, B. M 17 Randall. Theo. A 5 Ransdell. G. A 39 Rappaport. Leo M 15 Rassmann. Emil C 17 Rassmussen, Harry E 29 Rauch. Edward J 28 Rauch, John 8 Raub. Edward B 26 Rauh, Sam E 19 Ray, C. W U Reagan. Joseph E 27 Recker. G. A 19 Rehfuss. Martin. Jr 40 Reiley. Joseph L 3 Remster. Judge Charles ... S Remy. Chas. F 11 Renick. C. D 29 Richards, w. M 16 Riley. James Whitcomb ... 4 Rink, Joseph A ' : > Robbins, J. F 26 Roberts.' Dr. G. H 7 Robinson. Arthur R IS Robison, E. J, .' 20 Robson, Will H 36 Rockwood. G. 27 Rohback, James A 7 Roller. Rudolph J 7 Rosenthal. A. M 22 Ross. James A 23 Ross, Morris 4 Rothley, Victor H 29 INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 57 Rubens, Geo. B 8 Rubush. P. C. 5 Icui-klehaus, John C 7 Ku.lil.ll. A. G 20 fahm, Albert 11 Sahm, Roy 17 Salsbury, Elias D 12 Sargent, Hurst H 11 Sautter. John T 12 Schaf, Jos. C 24 Schley, Geo. B 9 Sehloss, Sol 22 Schmidt, Augustus 29 Schmidt, Edward 24 Schmidt. Edward H 2 Schmidt. Lorenz 30 Scott. Wm 20 Searles. Ellis 19 Seeds, Russell M 37 Seidt nstii ker, Idolph 10 Seidenst l< ker, I leo. 17 Selvage. Jos. W 37 Severin, Henry 28 Shank. Lew 4 Sharpe, Joseph K 27 Shea. John D 22 Shi pherd, P. K 16 Shepperd, Ed. K 25 Shimer, Will 22 Shirley. C. C 6 Simmons. Warren H 31 Simon, Milton N 8 Singleton. A. F 27 Slack. L. Ert 23 Sluss. Dr. John W 6 Smith. Aivin H 26 Smith. Andrew 15 Smith, Charles W 11 Smith, Delevan 4 Smith. Henry L 30 Smith. Louis F 31 Smith. Ralph K 16 Smith. Richard 4 Smith. S. H 19 Smith. Wm. C 36 Snider. A. G 24 Sommers. Chas. B 24 Sowder. Dr. Charles R 7 Spann. Thus H 22 Spellmire. Jos. H 29 Spiegel. R. W 17 Spink. Mary A. M. D 2 Springsteen. Robert E 2 Stafford. E. E 5 Stahl. Joseph H 35 Stahn, Oswald 23 Stalnaker. Frank D 15 Starr. Henry C 30 Steers. Edwin M 12 Steffen. Andrew 21 st.in Theodore 17 Stein. Then . Jr 31 Cel, Thi o 15 Sterne, Dr. Albert E 8 Stevenson, Charles N" 29 Stevenson, Henry F 10 Ite-H art, Alex M 24 Stewart. Wm. K 20 Stout. Elmer W 23 Strong. M. E. (Mrs. E. H.) 14 Stuckey. T. E 15 Sullivan. Geo. R 30 Taggart. Thomas 1 Talbot. Ona B 14 Tanner, i lordon B 25 Taylor, A. H 17 Harold 6 Ti v lor, James H 36 Major 27 Taylor. William J 27 William L 4 Taylor, William s 10 r, Oel 19 Thomas, Q3car G 19 Thomson, ... W 26 Thomson Hi nn ' " 24 Thornton. Henry C 25 Thornton. W. W 4 Tingle, Walter .T 6 ntus, Clyde E 27 Todd, John M 40 Todd, Newton 37 Trone P. B 12 Tin!.', William E 39 I (any D 4S tfahol n - 11 I'l, W. C 30 i -nn, ' -.,i Hand 19 i 7 nton 2S us 19 in 21 Kurt 12 •.'. in Will H 16 eretl 29 R . i' ott, E. H 3 5 Walk. Cat! F . •' Walker, C. M 19 Wall. John M 10 Wallace, Roger W 3 Wallace, Ross H 16 Wallick. Jno. F 31 Ward, Marion 24 Watson. Ward H 12 Weedon, Bert 39 Wi ir, Clarence E 10 Welch, John R 26 Wells, Charles W 28 Weyl, Curl H 5 Wheeler, Dr. H. H 40 Wheeloek. W. 1! 20 Whitcomb. Larz A 23 White. Eilw. M IS Wicks, Frank S. C 40 Wild. John F 17 Wiley, A. G 14 Wiley, D. G Ll Wiley. Ulric y. 11 Williams, Charles Norris... 17 Williams, Irving 13 Willis, Fred I 28 Wilson, Chester 1' 26 Wilson, Geo. R 11 Wilson, George S 4 Wilson, Henrj Lane 27 Wilson, Medford I: 26 Wiltsie. Charles S 7 Wish, ml, \\ in, X M. I) . . . . 40 Witt. Frank A IT. Wooher, A. G 16 Wocher. John 16 Wocher, w. F 16 Woerner. Frank W 37 Wolfson. Aaron 22 Wood. Frank G 21 Woodsman. Hubert H 29 Wooling, J. H 38 Woollen. Evans s Woollen. Greenly V 2S Woollen. Herbert M 28 Woollen. Wm, Watson .... 6 Worm, Albert R 27 Wright. J. C 26 Wynn, Dr. Frank B IS Wynne. Thos. A 21 Young, A. A 9 Zearing. Albert P 35 JASPER. Kean, Horace \L 40 Milburn, Richard M 4(1 JEFFERSON V1I.I.E. Scott, Samuel L 45 KENTLANIV Davis. Charles M 41 McCray. Warren T 41 Schanlaub. W. O 4 1 KOKOMO. Armstrong, A. B 4S Barnes, Earl B 49 Callis, T. O. 4S Charles, A. A 49 Grace. J. P is Haynes, Elwood 49 Herron, Joseph c 49 Hutson, Albert P 49 Jenkins, D. C 4s Jessup, Fred H 4 9 Johnson. J. W 4S Kautz, J. A 49 Kirkpatrick. Lex .1 49 McReynolds, Thomas C 4S Moore. John E 49 Morgan. J. Rollin 4S Moulder. J. McLean 40 Purilum. William C 19 Seiberling. A. G (^ Souder, Edwin M 19 Voorhis. W. R 49 W i 1 1 i t s c O 19 Wolf, i 'onrad 48 LAFAYETTE. Bauer. Thomas 42 Burnett. • ■Inn les * ... 42 Hammond, E. I' 42 Haywood, Geo] '.-. P 46 Jones, W. .1. Jr. 7 Kehler. 1) B 46 Mavity. Charles K 46 Simm.'. D. W. Stein, Evaleen Slim.. W. E 1 Stuart. W. V I ' \ 1 1 1 1 ... . M.iii H 42 w I W. i: 4 2 T.AGH VNGB. Id i i. I, P.. H 42 LAPORTE. Chaney, J. A 45 Hickey. A. J 45 McGill. David H 45 Osborn, Frank E 45 Pitner. Frank J 45 Widdell. E. J 45 LAWRENCEBIRG. Cravens, Thomas S 36 Nowlin. Ambrose E 36 O'Brien. W. H 1 Cavanaugh. John W 47 NOBLESVILLE. Kane, Ralph H 46 Longley, W. E 3 NORTH VERNON. Brolley, Thomas W 1 Dixon, Lincoln . ... 45 Klinger, C, C 45 NOTRE DAME. LEBANON'. Artman, Samuel R 35 McKey. Ben F 3S Ralston, Gov., Samuel M... 1 Roberts. Alva S 3S LOGANSI'ORT. Laity. Judge Moses B 3 Louthain. Benjamin F. Magee. Rufus 50 Myers, Quincy A 3 Powell. Jehu Z 50 MADISON. DuShane, Donald 45 Sulzer, Marcus R 45 MARION. Johnson. Edgar H 50 McCulloch, John D 50 McMurtrie. l*z 32 Paulus. Henry J 50 Shively. B. B 50 MARTINSVILLE. Curtis. William D 33 McNutt. John C 51 Shireman. Eugene C 37 MICHIGAN CITY. Crumpacker, H. L. Faulknor. John B. Pepple. Worth W. Robb. C. J MISHAWAKA. O'Neill. Wm. P MONTICELLO. Sellers. Emory B MT. VERNON. Curtis. George W. Menzies. G. V. ... Ml NCBE. Ball. Walter P 49 Bracken, Leonidas L 4 9 Elli,;. Frank 50 Hawk. George J 50 Haymond. William T 49 Kemper, Gen. W. H 6 Koons, George H 49 Leffler, Joseph G 49 Lockwood, George B 49 McClellan, Frederick F. . . . 50 Naftzger, L. R. 40 Roads, Hal. lin Ill Pus.-, T. V 49 ■ ii '■;. A ■' 49 Win lor, Rollin 50 NEW ALBANY. Kenney, Herh« 1 1 P 4 4 Paris John M II i i [erman 14 Stotsei rg E P ( i NEWCASTLE. Barnard ( ( - M 14 Bat ii ,i"l Willi;. in ii 44 Brown Clarenci M 14 : . 1 1 : . I ■. E i ■ . ii (I Elliott, Geoi 44 . \i i ii . l'i , .! i i ' Jackson. Ed 14 Lynch. P. J I 4 1 Saint. Fred 4 4 Watkfns i i ■ i I'ERT. Cole. Charles A 48 Hughes, Charles R 35 Tillett. Joseph N 4S Wetherow, E. B 4S Woodring, J. R 4S I'LAINFIELD. Barrett, Edward 1 I'LYMOITH. l..i in r, Leopold M. . . . PORTLAND. Fleming, J. R. McKee, E. A. Mora n, James . Praigg. Noble T. PRINCETON. Duncan. Judge Thomas Embree. Lucius C Gorman, J. C 45 45 35 4,'. 44 44 RENSSELAER. Hanley. Charles W 41 RICHMOND. Bond, Charles S 43 Foulke. W. D 43 Johnson. B. B 22 Kelley, Wm. H 43 Kelly. Robert L 43 Leeds. R. G 43 Lindley, Harlow 1 Nicholson. Timothy 43 Robbins, J.ihn F 26 Smith, Dr. Samuel E 43 Woodward. W. C 1 ROCHESTER. Barnhart, Dean L. . . Barnhart. Henry A. Holman. G. W ROCKVILLE. I. ... \, ,\ I l.ii.l. i sun H. A. ... Ingram, II I I Sunkel, Geo. D 35 35 35 41 11 41 41 Rl BHVILLE. Carson, w. Cary 3 George, • Chester M 46 Hull, Frank J 46 H, il loll] l: E 46 Morris, .1 u.iv, i , , ... 3 Payne, Purl H 16 S.-\ I. .11, John i ' 46 Wuts. oi, James E 1 SALEM. i 'u \ uuuu- Ii R. E 41 .hi,. ... 4] Ilott.l, Judge Milton Ii. . . :! ( w, (1 SCOTTSBI ltd. .. I'll i i.i Ii \ 3 Griffith Wm. s 14 SE1 MOIR. u. ... K i in mull .In In i II. ... idol Oscar 1 1 . Shea Judge Joseph H. Smith, i C 14 14 SHI I ISY\ II. 1. 1'.. ' . I ■ 43 58 INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA SOI TH BEXI). Carlisle. Charles Arthur ... 15 Fassett. C. N 4S Howard, Timothy E 47 Longfield. Ralph H 47 SSuver, John H 47 SPENCER. Beach. D. W 3S Elliott. Homer 38 Fowler, Inman H 38 Griffin. George R 3S Heavenridge, L. D 3S SULLIVAN. Bedwell, Charles H 47 Bridwell, W. H 47 Chanev. John C 4 Hays, Hlnkle C 47 Havs. John T 47 Hays. Will H 4 7 McNabb, A. J 47 Park, Richard 47 Reed. J. S 4 7 Vance. Carl N 47 TELL CITY. Zoercher. Phillip 1 TERBE HAITE. Baker, Harry J 34 Beal, Fred W, 51 Beasley, John T 34 Cleophas. Mother Mary ... 51 Clifford. E. H 50 i 'Illusion, c \V 50 Combs. C. N 51 Crawford, Charles A 34 Cronin. William T 43 Deming, Demas 51 Dix, George 34 Ehrmann. Max 51 Hamill, Chalmers M 46 Hamill, M. Carson 34 Harvey, James A 50 Henry, D. W 34 Hickey, John 34 Jewett. C. T 4 3 Keifer, A. C 50 McKeen, Frank 51 McNutt, Finlev A 51 Marshall. B. V 34 Mees. C. L 50 Nixon. Don M 34 Parsons. W. W 46 Piety, James E 34 Propst, James M 51 Ramsey. S. V 46 Sandlson, Howard 50 Sell loss. Harry T 4 7 Sehlotzhauer, H. A 51 Snively, s. w so Shourds. Dalton B 51 Stimson, Samuel C 34 Waits. Charles J 50 Wood, D. Russ 51 TIPTON. Gifford, G. H 42 Read, Horace G 4 2 VALPARAISO. I!ri.n II, H. B 45 Crumpaeker. Edgar D 45 Mavlty, John M 45 VINCENNES. Thomas H. Adams 51 Bayard, J. L., Jr 51 Bayard, J. 1... Sr 51 Culbertson, D. Frank 51 Emison. James Wade 51 Gregorie, James 51 Halnon. William 47 Kessinger, Clarence B. .... 51 Purcell. Royal E 51 Vollmer, W. H 1 WABASH. King. Fred I -IS Little. Charles 48 Sayre. Warren G 4S WARSAW. Esehliach. Jesse E 48 Frazer, William D 35 Sarber. E. B 48 Williams, L. H 4S WASHINGTON. Fulkerson, Alva 51 Myers, Stephen E . 51 WINAMAC. Gorrell. J. J 35 Rogers. Homer I. 35 WINCHESTER. Caldwell, Judge Frederick S 3 Goodrich, James P 25 WINONA LAKE. Breckenridge, John C 35 Rigdon, Jonathan 35 WTLLIAMSFORT. Stanshuiy, Ele 41 Stephenson. J. H 41 WORTHIN41TON. Mcintosh. D. C 46 % LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 751 271 5