1^^ Bf ANUAL OF HISTORY ^ JNITED STATES,; FOB THE isK (iK SCIIooI.s, tjjC' E BY A TEACHER. Nen)-!3ork : c. s HEP ARD & ( o 152 FULTON-STREET. 18 5 1. LlBFuUlY OF CONGRESS', ■# I ^^.o// Ni%J UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. | I i A MANUAL OF HISTORY UNITED STATES, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. ^ BY A -TEACHER. (J-, Ncto-IUork: C. SHEPARD & CO., 146 rULTON-STEEET. t X ^ N ^ PREFACE. The work now given to the public, originated in the writer's desire to obtain a book that shoukl lessen the labor of teacher and scholar in the study of History. Owing to the multiphcity of dates, and minute events, as well as the length of the narrative in the histories in general use, the writer, in common with several of his fellow teachers, had been compelled to go over chapter by chapter, eHminating the most important events, and by means of written synoptical questions, endeavoring to remedy the fault of the larger works. This labor had to be repeated with each succeeding class. It therefore became apparent that it would be easier to write a work which should do away with this really great labor. A few words with regard to the plan of the Manual. The questions have been placed in the body of the page, but do not interrupt the narrative, while at the same time each question has a concise answer in the paragraph that follows. It thus avoids the objection to a simple Question and Answer book, because by IV PREFACE. omitting the question, it may be read connectedly from beginning to end. It is therefore a condensed Narra- tive History of the United States. At the close of each section the leading events and dates are recapitu- lated, A series of questions for general review, such as the writer has himself successfully used, has been placed at the end of the book. With these remarks, the^^History is submitted to the notice of his fellow teachers, with the hope that it may meet with their favorable attention. Neiu-Yorlc, September, 1851. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION I. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA IN 1607. When and by whom luas America discovered f America was discovered in 1492, bj Chris- topher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy. What prompted him to the discovery f The genius of this great man led him to be- lieve, that as the earth was a globe, he might discover a passage to the East Indies by sailing westward shorter than the usual easterly voyage round the peninsula of Africa. Under whose patronage did he sailf After many discouragements at different courts, he set sail from Spain under the patron- age of Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of that country. Where and when did he land ? Taking a southwesterly course, he landed, October 11th, 1492, at one of the Bahama islands, which he named St. Salvador. In what year and voyage did he reach the conti- nent f It was not tin the year 1498, in his third 2 DISCOVERY. voyage, tliat Columbus readied the coast at the mouth of the Orinoco, in South America. Was he conscious that he had discovered a new world f He remained ignorant, however, of the ex- tent of his discovery, and died believing that he had merely reached the eastern coast of Asia. What nation first explored the coast of North America f To England belongs the honor of having sent out navigators who first explored the coast of North America. Who ivere the navigators ? In the year 1497, John Cabot, a Yenetian, and his son, Sebastian, set sail from Bristol, England, under a commission from Henry YII., and explored the coast of Labrador. Did either of them make another voyage f In the following year Sebastian, in a second expedition, sailed along the coast from Labrador to Florida. When was Yucatan discovered; and the Pacific? In 1506 the coast of Yucatan was discovered, and in 1513, Yasco Nunez de Balboa, having crossed the Isthmus of Darien, saw the Pacific Ocean from the heights of the Andes. What led to Ponce de Leon^s voyage f Ponce de Leon, a Spanish veteran, in the year 1512, sailed in search of a fountain of youth, said to exist in one of the Bahama islands. To this fountain was ascribed the virtue of impart- ing immortal youth to those who should drink of its waters. What discovery did he make f During his search among the islands, he de- DISCOVERY. 3 scried land, abounding in flowers. For tliis cause, and as also it was first seen on Easter Sunday, called Pascua Florida, lie named the country Florida. Was his search for the fountain successful f He wandered about for some time, but finally gave up the search, and returned to Cuba. What loas the result of his second voyage ? De Leon went on a second voyage, but was slain in a skirmish with the Indians. When and hy lohom was the coast of Mexico explored f The coast of Mexico was explored by Cor- dova in 1517. What effect did GordovcHs exploration produce ? On his return to Cuba, he praised the country and the natives so highly, that Velasquez, the Governor, sent out an expedition under Grijal- va. This returned so rich a cargo, as to lead him to fit out another expedition. Give the date of this second expedition^ and the commander f In 1519 Herman Cortes, who was chosen to command this second expedition, sailed from Cuba, and landed at Tobasco. Describe the progress of Cortes' expedition f He then marched to the capital, into which he was invited, and seized Montezuma the king ; but the king being afterwards slain in a tumult, the Mexicans rose upon the Spaniards, and drove them from the city with terrible loss. What happened on his retreat f On his retreat towards the coast, he was op- posed by an immense number of the natives ; but the iDravery of Cortes saved his little army from destruction. 4 DISCOVERY. Give an account of the hravery of Cortes. Ensiling into the thickest of the fight, he slew the Mexican standard-bearer. The Mexi- cans seeing this, fled in confusion, and Cortes pursued his march unmolested. When was Mexico retaken hy the Spaniards? Cortes returned with fresh troops, and after a vigorous siege, the capital was retaken in 1521. ^Yllen and where did Magellan sail? In 1519, under the flag of Spain, Francis Magellan, a Portuguese, sailed Avith several ships round Cape Horn, and entered the Pacific. Whathecame of Magellan^ and of the expedition ? Magellan himself was killed on one of the Philippine islands, but one of his vessels reached Spain by the Cape of Good Hope, having sailed round the globe in a little more than three years. Give the date and direction of YerrazanVs ex- pedition ? In 1523, Yerrazani, in the service of France, explored the coast from North Carolina to New- foundland, and gave the country the name of New France. When and hy ivhom was the St. Lawrence dis- covered ? In the year 1534:, James Cartier, a French- man, sailed through the Straits of Belleisle, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and discovered the river of the same name. Give an account of Cartier'' s second voyage ? In the foUoAving year, 1535, he sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as the Indian town of Hochelaga, where Montreal now stands, and in the following spring returned to France, taking DISCOVERY. O with. Mm the Indian king, whom he had decoy- ed on board. When and ivhere did De Soto sail f In 1539 De Soto, a Spanish noble, who had served with Pizarro in Peru, hoping to fonnd in Florida an empire that might rival Mexico, sailed from Cuba with a large and well-appoint- ed force. Where did he land^ and luhat is said of his wanderings f He landed near Tampa Bay, in Florida, pass- ed up north, and after wandering for three years, at length reached the Mississippi, 1542. What is said of his march f His march was one continued series of con- tests with, the natives, and his troops suffered dreadfully from famine, exposure, sickness, and constant sldrmishing. What finally became of De Sotof Worn out by care and disappointment, De Soto died on the banks of the Mississippi ; and to conceal his death from the natives, who had the highest ideas of his valor, his followers buried him at night in the waters of the river. And of the rcDiains of his armyf After his death, the remnant of his army having built some frail vessels, dropped down the Mississippi to the Gulf, and finally reached a Spanish settlement in 1543, after an absence of four years. What is said of Rohervalf In 1541, KoBERVAL, a French nobleman, sent out James Cartier with five vessels. Narrate the fate of Cartier'' s hand? Cartier arrived in the St. Lawrence, but the 6 DISCOVERY. natives, indignant at Ids treatment of their king, attacked and compelled kim to bnild a fort for his defence, near the present city of Quebec. Was the exjjedition finally successful f Roberval arrived during tke following spring, but after remaining a year, returned to France with kis squadron, and tke idea of settling a colony was abandoned. What is said of Rihault? In 1562, RiBAULT, witk a party of Hugue- nots — Frenck Protestants — was sent out by Coligni, Admiral of France. Where did he settle? Tkey establisked a colony at Port Royal en- trance, in Soutk Carolina ; but tke settlers, un- able to endure a solitary life in a wild country, returned to France. Was the second colony more successful ? Anotker colony, establisked by Coligni in Florida, was attacked by tke Spaniards, and tke settlers put to tke sword. Whenw^s St. Augustine founded f In 1565, tke town of St. Augustine, in Florida, was founded by tke Spaniards, under Melendez. Tkis is tke oldest town nortk of tke Gulf of Mexico. Wlien loas the first English colony attempted f In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England for tke purpose of forming a set- tlement. In tkis ke was not successful, and on tke komeward voyage was skip wrecked and lost. Who sailed in 1584 ? In tke following year, 1584, Sir Walter Ra- leigk kaving obtained an extensive grant of DISCOVEKY. 7 territory from Queen Elizabetli of England, sent out two vessels under Amidas and Bar- low. What was the result of this voyage f After a successful trading voyage, tliey re- turned to England, and gave such, flattering ac- counts of the country, that Elizabeth, bestowed on it the name of Virginia. State what became of GrenvilWs colony ? In 1585, Sir Kichard Grenville left a colony under Kalph Lane on the island of Eoanoke. After a year of troubles, the set- tlers were carried back to England by Sir Fran- cis Drake. Did Raleigh send out another colony f Raleigh, not discouraged by these attempts, sent out another colony in 1587, which landed on the island of Roanoke, and there formed a settlement. What was its fate ? Being in want of supplies, the colonists sent Capt. White to England. He did not" return for three years, and then no vestige of the colo- ny was to be found. To ivhom did Raleigh noiu give up his right? Raleigh afterwards gave up his right to the territory to the London Company. Give date and account of GosnoWs voyage f In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold discovered Cape Cod, and endeavored to form a settlement on the island of Martha's Vineyard. The de- sign was, however, abandoned, and he returned to England. When and hy whom was Port Royal settled? In 1605, De Monts, who had been made 8 DISCOVERY. proprietor of tlie territory from the soiitliern boundary of New- York as far nortli as the St. Lawrence, by the French monarch, made the first permanent French settlement in Canada, and named it Port Koyal. And Quebec? And in 1608, Champlain", another French voyager, laid the foundation of Quebec. What happened in the year 1606 ? In the year 1606, James I. divided that por- tion of the continent from the 34th to the 4oth degree north latitude. How was this tract divided^ and to whom given? From the 34 th to the 38th was given to the London Company; and from the 41st to the 45th to the Plymouth Company : the interven- ing three degrees, from the 38th to the 41st, formed a boundary between the two companies. RECAPITULATION. EARLY VOYAGES. 1492 Columbus. j 1.542 DeSoto— Mississippi River. 1497 The Cabots. } 1541 Roberval. 1498 Columbus — Orinoco River 1562 Ribault. 1512 Ponce De Leon — Florida, j 1563 St. Augustine — founded. 1513 Balboa— Pacific. 11583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 1521 Cortes — Mexico. I 1584 Amidas and Barlow. 1522 Magellan. j 1585 Roanoke colony. 1523 Verrazani. 1587 " second colony. 1534 Cartier's first voyage. \ 1602 Gosnold— Cape Cod. 1535 '* second voyage. j 1605 Pori Royal settled. 1539 De Soto— Florida. | 1608 auebec'settled. Spanish Navigators. French Navigators. English Navigators. Columbus, Verrazani, The Cabots, Ponce De Leon, Cartier, Gilbert, Cortes, Roberval, Amidas and Barlow De Soto, Ribault, Grenville, Magellan. De Monts, White, Cordova. Champlain, Gosnold. VIEGINIA. SECTION 11. FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA IN 1607, TO THE COMMENCEMENT OP THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1754. CHAPTER I. VIRGINIA. Who commanded the first expedition of the Lon- don Company? The first expedition sent out by the London Company, was commanded by Captain Christo- pher Newport. Where and luhen did he settle? By severe weather, he was driven north of the Island of Roanoke, and entering a river which he named the James, he formed the set- tlement of Jamestown, May 23d, 1607. What occurred during the voyage ? On the voyage, which lasted upwards of four months, dissension and jealousy had arisen among the leading persons ; and John Smith, their best man, was put in irons. Give the cause of this jealousy ? Sealed instructions, with the names of seven persons, enclosed as a local council for the col- ony, had been given by the Supreme Council in England, with orders that these should not be opened till the arrival of the colonists. How were affairs settled on their arrival ? On their arrival, the persons thus designated chose Edward Wingfield president ; and John Smith, released from prison, took his place in the council. 10 VIRGINIA. What at first was the success of the colony f The colony, composed principally of dissolute persons unwilling to labor, fell rapidly to ruin. Sickness set in, and in a few months half their number died. Who now hecame President f Smith now took the control of affairs, and hope once more visited the colony. What happened to Smithy in an exploring voy- age ? In a voyage up the Chickahominy, he was captured by the Indians, after a desperate strug- gle, and taken to Opecancanough, the brother of Powhatan, the Indian King, November, 1607. By whom was he finally condemned? He was finally taken to the residence of Pow- hatan, and by him condemned to die. How was his life saved? As Smith was lying bound, ready to be ex- ecuted, Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of Powhatan, threw herself between the execution- ers and their victim, and implored Smith's life. Powhatan yielded to her entreaties, and Smith, kept prisoner for some time, afterwards returned to Jamestown. What was the state of things on his return f On his return, the affairs of the colony were in disorder ; but his energy soon restored things to a prosperous condition. Wlien was a new Charter given^ and lohat change was made ? In 1609, a new Charter was obtained, by which it was ordered that a governor should be ap- pointed for life, and that he should reside in the colony. VIKGINIA. 11 What is said of the new governor and the expe- pedition f Lord Delaware, a wise and virtuous noble- man, was appointed tlie first governor, and 500 emigrants were sent out before bim, under Gates ; but a storm drove most of the vessels on the Bermudas, and compelled tbem to wait to refit. Did Smith still retain the Presidency f Smitb, therefore, still retained the govern- ment ; but being injured by an explosion of gun- powder, be returned to England, leaving Percy to govern the colony, until the arrival of Gates or DelaAvare. What miseries followed Smithes departure? Percy was incapable of ruling with the steady hand of Smith. The Indians began to be hos- tile — the colonists quarrelled, and famine and vice reduced their numbers from 490 to 60. This dreadful period was long known as the " starving time." What arrival raised the spirits of the colony ? The fortunate arrival of Lord Delaware with emigrants and supplies, saved the colony from ruin. His government was wise and prudent, but sickness soon compelled him to return. Who succeeded Lord Delaware f Sir Thomas Dale was sent out by the compa- ny to succeed him. When was the third Charter granted^ and with what change f In 1612, King James granted a new Charter, which gave the whole London Company the privilege of voting for of&cers, thus making it a democratic assembly. 12 VIRGINIA. What important events occurred in 1616 and 1620.^ In 1616, the cultivation of tobacco was com- menced, under the able administration of Gov- ernor Yeardley ; and in the j^ear 1620, the colony was lastingly benefited by the arrival of seve- ral respectable young women, who became wives to the planters at a purchase price of from 120 to 150 lbs. of tobacco. Give the account and, date of Hie Indian mas- sacre. The colony now began to flourish, but dan- gers arose from a new quarter. The Indians, who had long been quiet, organized and carried out a plot with so much secrecy, that on April 1st, 1622, in one hour, 347 men, women and children, were massacred. What was the result f A bloody war followed, but the Indians were everywhere beaten, and at length fled to the interior. In this disastrous war, the number of plantations was reduced to eight. Why had King James become displeased with the London Company f Meanwhile, the King had become dissatisfied with the debates of the Company at their meet- ings in London. They meddled with his kingly rights, and used a liberty of speech inconsistent with his notions of absolute 'obedience in the subject. In -what way did he rid himself of this annoy- ance f He thereupon dissolved the Company, by an exercise of his royal authority, and took the government of Virginia into his own hands in the year 1624. . VIRGINIA. 13 Who were the first tivo royal governors f The first royal governor was John Harvey, who ruled with a high hand, and was somewhat of a tyrant. He was succeeded, in 1642, by Sir William Berkeley. Give an account of the 2d Indian massacre f In 1614, a second Indian massacre occurred, in which 300 whites were killed. A war of vengeance lasted two years, at the close of which the Indians were reduced to obedience. From ivhat other source did troubles arise f The distresses of the colony were farther in- creased by the passage of the Navigation Act in 1651. What is said of this oppressive laiv ? This tyrannous enactment prohibited the Vir- ginians from importing or exporting goods, ex- cept in British vessels, and ordered that ' the chief products of the colony should be sent to England alone. Wliat caused Bacon's rebellion f This, and other oppressive acts, together with the inefficient measures adopted by Berkeley to repel the renewed attacks of the Indians, led to Bacon's rebellion. Whe7i did this break out^ and what is said of Bacon f In the year 1676, the people chose Nathaniel Bacon as a leader, without regard to the autho- rity of the governor. Bacon assumed the com- mand, repelled the Indians, and forced Berkeley to submit to his authority. How ended the rebellion^ and what ivere Berkeley's measures f While at the height of his power, Bacon sud- 2 14 MASSACHUSETTS. denly died, and the rebellion was suppressed. Berkeley's measures were in the last degree cruel ; for, not content with fines and confisca- tions, he hanged twentj-two of the leaders of Bacon's party. What changes took j^^cice afterwards in the gov- ernment'? In 1673, King Charles II. had granted the principal part of Virginia to Arlington and Culpepper. In 1677, the latter became gov- ernor for life, but he was deprived of his olfice in 1681, and Virginia passed again under the royal government, until the revolution. RECAPITULATION. 1607 Jamestown settled. " Job I) Smith captured, 1609 Second Charter. 1610 " The Starving Time." 1612 Third Charter. 1622 First Indian Massacre. 1624 Royal Government. 1644 Second Indian Plot. 1650 Navigation Act. 1673 Proprietary Government. 1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 1684 Royal Government. CHAPTER II. MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW-HAMPSHIRE. MASSACHUSETTS. What is said of John Smith? Captain John Smith having recovered from the severe wound he had received in Virginia, sailed from England, on a trading voyage to the coast of America, in the year 1614. How much of the country did he explore ? He explored the country from Penobscot to MASSACHUSETTS. 15 Cape Cod, made a chart of tlie country, and named it New-England. What hap2^ened to Mm in 1615? In 1615, lie made a second voyage ; but a mu- tiny having arisen among the crew, he was captured and imprisoned by the French ; he es- caped, however, alone, in an open boat. What effect-did Smithes account produce on the Plymouth Company f The Plymouth Company, encouraged by Smith's description of the country, appointed him admiral for life, and applied for a new charter. What new name and grant did they receive f Under a new name, the Council of Flymouth^ they obtained a grant of the territory lying be- tween the 40th and 48th parallels of north lati- tude. Wlien and hy ivliom was the first settlement made f The first permanent settlement on this tract was made on the 21st- December, 1620, by a body of Puritans, who, to avoid persecution on ac- count of their religious opinions, ha'd determined to settle in America. Give an account of their first emigration f They had first gone to Holland, under the care of John Eobinson, their minister, in 1608, and settled at Amsterdam ; thence they removed to Leyden. What prompted them to leave Holland f In the hope of bettering their condition, by settling in America, they sought for and ob- tained a grant of land from the London Com- pany. 16 MASSACHUSETTS. State what is said of their departure ? They then passed from Leyden to Southamp- ton, England, and being joined by a body of Puritans from London, a company, to the num- ber of 101, sailed in the Mayflower from Ply- mouth, on the 16th of September, 1620. Of their voyage^ p)^^^^ ^^^ ^'^^^ of landing f After, a tedious and stormy voyage, they reached the coast of Massachusetts, entered the harbor of Plymouth, and finding the shore pleasant and agreeable, they settled there De- cember 21st, 1620. Why did they not settle in the London Compa- ny'' s tract f They had intended to settle on the banks of the Hudson, within the limits of the London Company, but their Captain, bribed, as is sup- posed, by the Dutch, who had a trading port at the mouth of the Hudson, carried them farther n orth. State the trials of the first winter? The winter had now set in, and exposure, sickness and famine, made sad havoc with the infant colony. Before spring, 46 died, and among these. Governor Carver and his wife. What fortunate alliances ivere made ? In the spring of 1621, alliances were entered into with the neighboring Indian tribes, the Wampanoags and the ISTarragansetts. These alliances secured the colony against danger from the Indians. What became necessary to secure their right to the land? Being without the limits of the territory of the Yirginia Company, they obtained a grant from MASSACHUSETTS. 17 the Council of Plymoutli. The land ttms ob- tained was divided, and prosperity began to visit the colony. Who were the leading men f The leading men were Carver, Bradford, Brewster, Standish and Winslow. What other colony was noiu commenced? Another body of Puritans had received a grant of land from the Plymouth Company, under the name of the Massachusetts Bay Col- ony. Where and when was a settlement made f Under this grant, Boston and its neighbor- hood was settled by 300. Puritan families in 1630. When and hy whom were their numbers in- creased ? Like the Plymouth Colony, they suffered much from sickness during their early settle- ment; but in the year 1635, three thousand emigrants arrived, among whom were Hugh Peters and Sir Henry Vane. From lohat source did difficulty arise^ and luho was banished ? But religious dissensions had already risen in the colony, and Eoger Williams was banished on account of his opinions, in 1635. What is said of Mrs. Hutchinson f A woman, by name Mrs. Hutchinson, who held meetings of her own sex, and claimed the right to decide on the religious faith of others, was also banished, although she was supported by many distinguished men in the colony. What arrival took place^ and when ? Great numbers of Puritans continued to arrive 2-^ 18 MASSACHUSETTS. from England, and tlie King attempted to pre- vent the emigration. Notwithstanding this, a fleet of eight ships, with a number of settlers on board, landed in 1638. Give the date, names and object of the Union of the New-England colonies f In the year 1643, the colonies of Massachu- setts, Plymouth, ISTew-Haven and Connecticut, formed a league for defence against the Dutch, French and Indians, on the Continent, under the name of The United Colonies of ISTew- England. Hoio ivere the general affairs of the Colonies re- gulated f , All matters relating to this Union were deter- mined in a yearly meeting, composed of two delegates from each colony. It greatly promo- ted the welfare and independence of the coloni es. What is said of the first arrival of the Quakers, and date f In 1656 the Quakers first arrived from Eng- land, but the authorities would not permit them to land. Describe the cruel measures adopted by the colonists ? Fresh members arriving, many were banish- ed, and the punishment of death threatened to all who returned from banishment. Four were thus put to death. What was the result of this persecution? This, however, wholly failed of effect. The Quakers w^ere above the fear of death ; their sufferings changed the current of popular sym- pathy, and the severity of the law was at length relaxed, and the Quakers permitted to enjoy their opinions in peace. MASSACHUSETTS. 19 What IS said of the Navigation Act? The Navigation Act, which has been men- tioned in the history of Virginia, pressed heavi- ly on Massachusetts ; and there, as in Virginia, formed one of the remote causes of American Independence. What war hrohe out in 1675 ? The quiet of the colony was at length inter- rupted by an Indian war, commonly known as King Philip's. Who ivas Philip ? Massasoit, King of the Wampanoags, and a steady friend of the colonists, dying, his son Philip succeeded him in the government. What prompted him to commence the luar ? Urged on by the young men of the tribe, who had become jealous of the whites, he broke the treaty his father had kept with the colonists, and made an attack on Swanzea, July, 1675, and killed several persons. What other places were attacked ? Brookfield and Deerfield were successively attacked, and naany lives were lost in difierent skirmishes. Where and when was Philip attached hy the New- England Army ? At length an army of 1,500 men was raised and sent into Rhode Island to attack Philip Here, in December, 1675, they found him strongly posted in a swamp, with a body of 8,000 Indians, defended by rude works. Oive an account of the battle ? The colonists were defeated in several at- tempts to enter, but the valor of the whites finally overcame all obstacles. They effected an entrance, set fire to the wigwams, killed a 20 MASSACHUSETTS. tliousand Indians, and took several liiindred prisoners. To lohat 2^lcice did Philip flee. Philip, with a part of his force, escaped into the country of the Nipmucks. State luhat is said of the death of Philip. In August of the following year, a detach- ment of colonists endeavored to capture Phihp at Mount Hope, but as he was attempting to es- cape, he was shot by one of his own tribe, in revehge for the murder of his brother, whom Philip had killed for proposing submission to the whites. Wlien was the war ended ? His death put an end to the war in 1676. What change in the government took place in 1686, and why'^ The colony of Massachusetts continued to re- sist the commercial oppressions of England ; to punish their obstinac}^, the charter was taken away in 1686, and Massachusetts became a royal government. Who was the first royal governor^ and give his character ? Sir Edmund Andros was appointed first gov- ernor, but his tyranny so exasperated the peo- ple, that when the news of the revolution in England arrived in Boston in 1689, Andros was seized, imprisoned, and sent to England. What war now broke out? The English revolution, however, involved the colonies in a war commonly known as King William's war. Give the causes of this ivar^ and the date of its commencement. MASSACHUSETTS. 21 William of Orange liaving ascended tlie Eng- lish tlirone, the French supported the claims of James II., the dethroned king, who had fled to France, and war was accordingly declared in 1689. Name the important events of the luar ? No events of great importance marked the progress of the war in the colonies ; an unsuc- cessful expedition was undertaken against Port Eoyal, and many atrocities were committed by the French and Indians. The villages of Schenectady and Salmon Falls were burned by them, and many of the inhabitants massacred. How long did the war last^ and when did it end ? A stop was finally put to the war by the treaty of Eyswick in 1697. It had lasted eight years. What excitement hrohe out in 1692 ? In the month of February, 1692, during King William's war, a great excitement broke out in Salem; this is generally known by the name of the Salem Witchcraft. How did it commence ? It commenced amid the family and relatives of the minister, whose daughter and niece were troubled with fits of a strange nature. The physicians pronounced them bewitched, and the friends at once fell in with the idea. Who ivas first charged with the crime ? The crime was charged upon an old Indian woman in the family, and she was whipped into a confession of the charge. What is said of its progress ? The progress of the excitement kept pace with the fears of the people. It soon spread 22 MASSACHUSETTS. throughout the colonj^. Multitudes were thrown into prison ; many were tried and convicted, and nineteen were executed. How was it terminated f At length reason began to assume its sway. The community became ashamed of the lengths to which they had been hurried. Those im- prisoned, were set at liberty ; and no new charges being preferred, the delusion gradually died away. When did Queen Anne's tvar break out? In 1702, five years after the treaty of Eys- wick. Queen Anne's war broke out. State its origin? James II. had died in France, and the French had proclaimed his son King of England. War was immediately declared by Queen Anne, who then reigned in England. What preparations loere made on this continent f ■ The French and English colonies thereupon commenced hostilities, and the French having secured the help of the Indians, the horrors of the previous war were renewed with increased barbarity. What was the principal event of the luar ? Massachusetts made two attempts to capture Port Royal, which surrendered in 1710, and Acadia at length came into the possession of the Enghsh. Give the limits of Acadia? Acadia comprised JSfew-Brunswick, Kova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. How and when was the loar ended ? The war was terminated by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. NEW-HAMPSHIKE. 23 What war followed^ and give the date and cause f Queen Anne's war was followed by King George's war in 1744. This had its origin in disputes in Europe about the succession to the kino-dom of Austria, and is sometimes called " the war of the Austrian succession." Mention the most important event of the luar f The most important event during the war, was the capture of Louisburg by a colonial ex- pedition, assisted by a British fleet imder Com- modore Warren. What treaty terminated the war f Louisburg was, however, given back to the French by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, which terminated King George's war in 1748. What is said of the further history of Massachu- setts ? The further history of Massachusetts is com- bined with that of the other colonies in the French and Indian war. NEW-HAMPSHIEE. When and under whom was New-Hampshire settled f In the year 1623 New-Hampshire was first settled, nnder a grant of land made to Fernando Gorges and John Mason, by the Council of Ply- mouth. Where ivere the first settlements made f The first settlements were made at Dover, and near the present town of Portsmouth. What is said of the early government ? From the period of settlement, down to 1641, each village governed itself by its own laws ; 24 NEW-HAMPSHIRE. but at the last mentioned date, they sought, and • were admitted to the protection of Massachu- setts. Wliat change occurred in the year 1679 ? Their existence became merged in that of this colony, until the year 1679, when New- Hampshire was made a separate ]3rovince. Did any difficulties arise in the colony f The peace of the colony was constantly dis- turbed by bitter quarrels about the lands, till at length the claims of the proprietor were bought up in the year 1746 for £1,500, and quiet- ness was restored. From what externcd misfortunes did it suffer f Lying north of Massachusetts, and forming an exposed frontier, it was thus liable to the attacks of the Indians ; and its history during the different wars, is a narrative of Indian mur- ders, massacres and burnings. Mention the most memorable of these attach ? Of these scenes, the most memorable is the massacre at Dover in 1689 — King William's war — in which twenty-three persons were killed, and twenty-nine made ^^risoners and sold into slavery in Canada. To what colony does the history of New- Hamp- shire properly belong f The history of New-Hampshire is to a great extent embraced in that of Massachusetts, since they were both under the same Governor up to the time of the Kevolution. CONNECTICUT. 25 RECAPITULATION. Massachusetts. 1614 John Smith's voyage. 1620 Plymouth settled. 1630 Boston 1635 Roger Williams banished. 1643 Union— N. Eng. Colonies. 1656 Arrival of the (duakers. 1675 King Philip's War. 1676 Death of Philip. 1686 Royal Govenment. 1689 King William's War. 1690 Schenectady burned. 1697 Treaty of Ryswick. 1702 dUEEN Anne's War. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. 1744 King George's War. 1745 Louisburg captured. 1748 Treaty— Aix la Chapelle. New-Hampshire. 1623 Dover settled. 1679 A separate province, 1689 Dover Massacre. CHAPTER III. HISTORY OF THE REMAINING COLONIES. CONNECTICUT. When and hy whom was Gonnedicut settled f Connecticut was settled in 1635 by emigrants from Massachusetts, who travelled across the wilderness and established themselves at Wind- sor, Hartford and Wethersfield. Was the country previously settled? The Dutch had previously attempted a settle- ment at Hartford, on the Connecticut, but it was finally abandoned. By what was their settlement endangered f Hardly had the colonists obtained a footing in the territory, when a war sprung up, which threatened their destruction. When and what was the cause of the war f The Pequod war began in 1637, and had its origin in the jealousy of that tribe, which com- menced a series of attacks on the settlers. 3 26 EHODE ISLAND. Who was sent against them^ and what of the ex- pedition ? Captain Mason, with 80 English and 70 Mo- hegans, was sent against them ; and arriving at the encampment of the Pequods on the banks of the Mystic, attacked them suddenly on the morning of June 6th, 1637. Describe the attack and results ? Eoused by the barking of a dog, the Indians made a brave defence ; but Mason having fired their wigwams, six hundred Indians, of all ages, were slain, and the j)Ower of the Pequods was completely broken. In lohat was Connecticut more fortunate than her neighbors f Connecticut was more fortunate than Massa- chusetts in retaining her liberties ; and despite the attempts of governors Andros and Fletcher, retained her colonial charter till the revolution. EHODE ISLAND. When and by lohom was Rhode Island settled ? Khode Island was settled in 1636 by Eoger Williams, who was banished from Massachusetts on account of his opinions. What were those ojnnions ? He held to entire religious freedom, and to protection from the magistrate in the expression of his opinions ; that allegiance to the King and the magistrate ought to be voluntary, and that the King could not give away the territory of the Indians. What name did he give the settlement f NEW-YOKK. 27 The place where lie and his companions finally settled was called Providence Plantation. Was the colony successful? Here the utmost freedom of opinion prevailed ; political matters were determined by a majority, and harmony marked the history of the new colony. What is the date of the charter of Bhode Island f When the New-England colonies united in 1643, Khode Island was not received into the union ; but it obtained a charter in 1644, through the exertions of A¥illiams, its founder. The further history of the colony contains no events of marked importance. NEW-YORK. Give an account of the discovery of the Hudson^ and the date f In the year 1609, Henry Hudson, in the em- ployment of the Dutch East India Company, while attempting to discover a passage to the Pacific Ocean, discovered the Hudson river, and sailed up as far as the city of Hudson. Where and when were the first settlements? In 1614, the Dutch erected a fort on the southern extremity of Manhattan Island, to pro- tect the settlement established for the purpose of trading with the Indians ; and in the follow- ing year, 1615, Fort Orange was erected on the present site of Albany. What names were given ? To the whole territory they gave the name of New-Netherlands, and to the settlement on Man- hattan Island, New- Amsterdam. 28 NEW-YORK. Who tuere the successive governors f The governors were Peter Minuits, "William Kieffc, Wouter Yan Twiller and Peter Stuy ve- sant. Who laid claim to the territory^ and what fol- lowed ? The English laid claim to the New-Nether- lands ; and in 1664, a squadron, under Colonel Mchols, sent out by the Duke of York, to whom the territory had been granted by King Charles, appeared before New- Amsterdam, and demand- ed its surrender. Did the Dutch offer any resistance f Stuy vesant, a brave and active governor, en- deavored, by every means, to infuse spirit into the people ; but their fears prevailed, and the magistrates surrendered the colonv to the Eng- lish. Give the most noted English governors ? Among the English governors, the most noted were Andros, formerly alluded to as the tyrant of New-England ; Lord Bellamont, charged as the abettor of Captain Kidd in piracy ; and Lord Cornbury, whose rank did not prevent his cre- ditors throwing him into prison for his debts. What occurred in 1690 ? In the year 1690, during King William's war, a great disaster befel the province, in the burn- ing of the village of Schenectady. By ivhom and how was this done f A body of French and Indians, sent by the Governor of Canada against Albany, surprised the village about midnight, after the inhabitants had retired to rest. What is said of the cruelties jperjpetrated f NEW-JERSEY. 29 The most dreadful cruelties were perpetrated ; men, women and cliildren, without regard to age, were butchered, and the village bnrned. And of the sufferings of the inhabitants f Sixty persons were killed, twenty-five made prisoners, and the rest, in mid- winter, amid in- tense suffering, and with broken constitutions, at last reached Albany. When luas the negro plot, and what the object ? In the year 1741, the celebrated negro plot was discovered, and several witnesses testified to the intention of the negroes to burn the city and drive out the whites. How was the excitement allayed f Upwards of thirty persons were executed, many transported ; and by these severe mea- sures, the excitement was allayed. Is it now supposed such a plot existed f The charge of conspiracy was afterwards be- lieved to be groundless, and public sympathy turned too late in favor of the sufferers. WhcLt is said of the spirit of the colony ? The colony, throughout its history, was dis- tinguished for its liberal sentiments ; and the people did not hesitate to assert their rights, in opposition to the tyranny of the British gover- nors. NEW-JERSEY. When and where luas New-Jersey first settled f ISTew- Jersey was first settled at Elizabethtown, in 1664. To whom had the territory been granted f The territory had been granted to Lord Berke- 3^ so MAEYLAND. ley and Sir George Carteret, and was named Jersey in honor of the latter, who had been governor of Jersey, England. Who was the first governor f Philip Carteret was the first governor, and great inducements were held out to emigrants. jState the difficulties that ensued. After various troubles, occasioned by attempts on the part of the Duke of York to wrest New- Jersey from the proprietors, the question was legally decided against the Duke. Into whose hands did the colony finally fall ? William Penn and other Quakers finally bought up the claims of Berkeley and Carteret ; but on the accession of James II. to the throne, he set aside their rights, and appointed Andros governor. When was New- Jersey united to New- Yorh f In 1702, Kew- Jersey became a royal province, and was united to New- York. MARYLAND. To whom was the territory of Maryland first granted ? The territory of Maryland was granted to Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore ; and in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., was called Maryland. Wheyi and for what was the colony established ? Here a colony was established in 1634, imder the superintendence of Cecil Calvert, on the St. Mary's river, as an asylum for persecuted Catho- lics. State the principles upon which it %oas founded. PENNSYLVANIA. 81 Entire civil and religious freedom was granted to all, and Maryland has the honor of being the first colony where the latter was guaranteed by law. Was the colony allowed to exist in 'peace f The infant colony was much harassed by Yir- ginia, which laid claim to the territory. What happened to Lord Baltimore f During the troubles incited by Clayborne, an offi.cer in the service of Yirginia, Lord Baltimore was compelled to flee ; but after the restoration of monarchy, he was restored to his rights, and peace and contentment reigned. Did the proprietorship remain in the Calvert fa- mihj ? By a stretch of regal power, the son of Cecil Calvert was dej)rived of his proprietorship, and Lionel Copley became the first royal governor. What change took place in 1715.^ Another change took place in 1715, and the proprietor's rights were restored in the person of the infant Lord Baltimore. These he retained till the revolution. PENNSYLVANIA. What is said of the early settlement in Pennsyl- vania f Pennsylvania was colonized by the Swedes in 1643 ; but the first grant of the territory was made in 1681 to William Penn, a distinguished Quaker, and in high favor at the Court of Eng- land. When did the English settlers come over f The influence of Penn secured a colony of 82 NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. settlers the same year, (1681 ;) and in tlie fol- lowing year, Penn himself, accompanied by a nnmber of Quakers, landed at Newcastle. Describe Pernios treatment of the Indians. Shortly after his arrival, he assembled the In- dian tribes, and made a treaty of peace with them ; purchased and paid for their lands ; and by his wise and generous treatment, secured the peace of the colony. What happened in 1691 ? But, notwithstanding Penn's deep interest in its welfare, difficulties arose during his absence in England, and three lower counties separated in 1691, and afterwards became the colony of Delaware. Did Penn arrange matters on his return f Penn's efforts to restore harmony "were un- availing, and with separate assemblies the divi- ded colony "was only united under one governor. Wlien did Penn die^ and what became of the Pro- prietorship f In 1718, William Penn died, and his rights, falling to his heirs, were finally bought by the United States after the revolution for half a million of dollars. NOETH AND SOUTH CAROLHSTA. When and where ivas North Carolina first settled? About the year 1650, several settlements were made by planters from "Virginia, at the mouth of the Chowan river. These were the first settlements in North Carolina. What grant was made in 1663 ? The countrj^, from Virginia to Florida, was GEORGIA. 83 granted, in 1663, to Lord Clarendon and others, and a constitution was drawn np for the govern- ment of the colony. Did this constitution go in force f This proving unsatisfactory to all parties, was finally annulled by the proprietors. Give the dat^and cause of tlie settlement of South Carolina. The northern colony did not increase rapidly, and emigration set towards the south, which led to the settlement of South Carolina, on the Ash- ley river, in the year 1670. When and where was the next settlement f Ten years after, a new town was founded at the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and named Charleston. What luas the after history of the tivo colonies f The two colonies of North and South Caroli- na remained under the government of the pro- prietors till 1729, when royal governors were appointed, who exercised their authority till the revolution. GEOEQIA. What led to the settlement of Georgia ? The first settlement of Georgia originated in the benevolent designs of James Oglethorpe, who was anxious to provide an asylum for the poor, the destitute and the oppressed. State the terms of the King^s grant. The territory of Greorgia was granted for this purpose to Oglethorpe in 1732, and given in trust for 21 years to a body of trustees for that purpose. 34 GEORGIA. Whey^e and when was the first settlement of Geor- gia f The first settlement was made at Savannati, in 1733, and rapidly increased in numbers, tliougli not in wealth. Describe the conduct of Oglethorpe in 1742. In the year 1742, the colony was threatened with destruction by an army of Spaniards from Florida ; but it was saved by the bravery and skill of Oglethorpe, who compelled the Spa- niards to retreat, with considerable loss. What change took place in 1752.^ The settlers, however, became dissatisfied with the government of the trustees, and in 1752, about twenty years after the settlement of Sa- vannah, Greorgia became a royal government. RECAPITULATION. 1635 Connecticut settled. 1637 Pequod War. 1636 Rhode Island settled. 1644 First Charter. 1609 Hudson river discovered. 1614 New- York settled — Dutch ]664 Becomes an English colony 1690 Burning of Schenectady. 1741 Negro Plot. 1664 New- Jersey settled. 1702 United to New- York. 1634 Maryland settled. 1643 Pennsylvania— Swedes. 1681 Settled by William Penn. 1691 Divided — Delaware. 1650 North Carolina settled. 1670 South Carolina settled. 1733 Georgia settled. 1753 Royal Government. FEENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 35 SECTION III. FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. CHAPTER I. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Name the wars that preceded the French war. Previous to tlie French and Indian war, five wars had desolated the colonies. The Pequod, King Philip's, King William's, Queen Anne's, and King (Jeorge's. Give the origin of these wars. The Pequod and King Philip's originated in the jealousy of the Indians ; the others in dis- putes between France and England, in Europe. And the cause of the French and Indian. The French and Indian war, on the other hand, had its origin on this continent, in rival claims to the same territory. What is said of the French and English claims f The English claimed a right to the continent by the discovery of the Cabots in 1497. The French claimed the most northern and western portions by settlement and exploration. What measures were taken hy the French f To secure their possessions, the French es- tablished a chain of forts stretching from Lake Erie to the mouth of the Mississippi. What is said of Oovernor Dinwiddief One of these forts being within the limits of the territory granted to Virginia, Governor B6 FRENCH AJSTD INDIAN WAE. Dinwiddle sent a letter to the Frencli comman- dant, M. De St. Pierre, requesting him to with- draw from this post, October, 1753. Who was chosen to carry the message ? For this mission George Washington was chosen. Give an account of his journey^ and the result. He was but twenty-one years of age when he undertook this journey to the French fort on the Alleghany Eiver, but of a vigorous and en- terprising character. His route lay through a wilderness, amid hostile savages, and in the depth of winter ; his mission, however, was unsuccessful, and the French general refused to evacuate the fort. r 1754. What followed in 1754 ? In consequence of this, an expedition was fitted out by Virginia, and Washington was appointed to the command. Give an account of the expedition. Being sent against Fort du Quesne, he threw his troops into a small fort which he had erect- ed, and named Fort Necessity. Here he was attacked by a superior body of French, and was finally compelled to surrender, with the hon- orable privilege of returning to Yirginia. '"■ 1755. Who arrived in 1755 ? In the spring of 1755, Gen. Braddock arrived from England with reinforcements. What expeditions were resolved on f FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 37 Three expeditions were resolved on, tlie most important of wliich was the expedition against FortDu Quesne, bj Braddock in person. What befell this expedition f While pushing on at the head of an advanced force, heedless of the advice of Washington, who was an officer in the expedition, he fell into an ambuscade, and with many of his best offi- cers, was himself slain. Narrate tlie conduct of Washington. Washington, though exposed to the constant fire of the enemy, was fortunately preserved unhurt, and with his Virginia troops covered the retreat of the army, and saved it from total ruin. What ivas the success of the other two expedi- tions f The other expeditions were hardly more suc- cessful : The one against Niagara was abandon- ed ; and the other against Crown Point, under Gen. Johnson, after some skirmishes with the enemy, in one of which Baron Dieskau, the French Commander-in-chief, was slain, returned to Albany without success. 1756. Who tooh command of the French army ? The Marquis Montcalm now took command of the French forces. What was the principal event of the year f He this year attacked and captured Oswego, and with it a great amount of military stores and ammunition. 4 38 FRENCH AKD INDIAN WAR. 1757. What fort was attached and taJcen hy Montcalm in 1757 7 Montcalm tliis year attacked Fort William Henry, wliicli surrendered after a brave de- fence. What disaster followed the surrender ? By the terms of surrender, tlie Englisli gar- rison were to be allowed to retire with the hon- ors of war ; but Montcalm, being unable to re- strain the ferocity of his Indian allies, a savage massacre ensued, in which many of the garrison were slain. 1758. Give the plan of the Campaign of 1758. In the year 1758, three expeditions were sent against the French — one to attack Louisburg, another against Fort Du Quesne, and the third against Ticonderoga. Who commanded the one against Louisburg^ and loWi ivhat success f Gen. Amherst commanded the expedition against Louisburg, which surrendered after an obstinate defence of a month. What officer distinguished himself during the siege ? In the siege Gen. Wolfe, afterwards so cele- brated, greatly distinguished himself by his energetic bravery. State the success of the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. Gen. Forbes led the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. After a sharp skirmish, the fort FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 89 was abandoned to tlie Britisli, and was named Pittsburg, in bonor of Mr. Pitt, tben Prime Minister of England. Was thai against Ticonderoga successful f But to balance these successes, the army sent against Ticonderoga met with severe disaster. Give the particulars of the attack. The troops commanded by Gen. Abercrombie were compelled to retreat, after losing the much- esteemed young Lord Howe, who was slain while leading an advanced detachment against a fortified outpost of the enemy. 1759. What was now the resolution of the British min- istry ? The British ministry determined to make the compaign of 1759 more effectual than the pre- ceding, and for this purpose three expeditions were again planned : Against lohat points tuere they to proceeds One to proceed under Gen. Prideau by way of Port Niagara ; the second, imder Gen. Am- herst, to capture Ticonderoga; while a third was to pass up the St. Lawrence, and lay siege to Quebec. What is said of the success of these plans f The first and second expeditions were suc- cessful ; but the third, being the most difficult and remarkable, demands particular attention. Whcd were the first movements of Wolfe against Quebec f Gen. Wolfe, who commanded the expedition, having sailed up the St. Lawrence, encamped 40 FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. on tlie Isle of Orleans, a few miles below Que- bec. He then crossed the river, and attacked the French in their camp, but was repulsed with severe loss. In what direction did he next move f Despairing of success at this point, Wolfe at length moved the troops some distance above the city, while at the same time a detachment was left on the island for the purpose of deceiv- ing Montcalm. Hoiv did he reach the Plains of Abraham f From the point above the city, the troops at midnight dropped silently down the stream in boats, climbed the steep banks of the river, and in the niorning were drawn up ready for battle on the Plains of Abraham. Did the Frencli cdloio them to remain here quiet f As this j)osition commanded the city, Mont- calm at once attacked the English. What was the result of the battle f The battle was obstinately contested, and both generals Avere mortally wounded ; but the French were finally driven from the field with severe loss. Give the dying ivords of Wolfe and Moniccdm. The words of the two dying generals deserve to be commemorated. Wolfe, when expiring, heard the cry, " they run, they run!" "Who run?" he gasped. "The French," was the re- ply. "Then," said he, "I die content." Mont- calm, on being informed of the nature of his wound, remarked, "So much the better, I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." What followed the battle ? The city was shortly after entered by the CAUSES OF THE AMEEICAN REVOLUTlOlSr. 41 Britisli, and in the following year, 1760, tlie French surrendered Montreal and all the other posts in Canada. Where was the treaty of peace signed f On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty was signed at Paris, in which France ceded all her possessions east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. RECAPITULATION. — FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Washington's journey to St. Pierre 1754 " expedition against Fort du duesne " Braddock's defeat 1755 Capture of Oswegn by Montcalm ■- 1756 Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm 1757 Capture of Fort du Ciuesne by ihe E nglish 1758 Capture of Louisburg by Amherst " Defeat of Abercrombie, and death of Lord Howe " Capture of Fort Niagara 1759 Capture of Ticonderoga by Amherst " Taking of duebec, and death of Wolfe " Treaty of Peace at Paris 1763 CHAPTER II. CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. What led to the taxation of the colonies f The expense incurred by the English govern- ment in the prosecution of the French and In- dian war, had greatly increased the national debt. To liquidate this the British ministry deemed it necessary to tax the colonies. Of ivhat ivas this taxation the cause ? This attempt to impose taxation on the colo- nies for the payment of the debt incurred in the French war, was the prominent cause of the American revolution. 4* 42 CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN EEYOLUTION. When did the Stamp Act pass F In accordance with this plan of the ministiy, the Stamp) Act passed both houses of paiiiament in 1765. What were the p)rovisions of this act ? This act provided that all instruments of writing, such as bonds, deeds, notes, together with printed pamphlets, newspa^Ders, &c., should be executed on stamp paper, the duty on which should 'be paid to the crown. Hoiu luas the news of its passage receivedf The news of the passage of this act was re- ceived with great indignation and alarm through- out the colonies. In Boston and Philadelphia, bells were mufiled and rung. At New- York, the act was paraded through the streets w^ith this inscription, " The folly of England, and the ruin of America." What became of the stamp)s ? The stamps were destroyed, the stamp ofhcers menaced, and the determination of the people raised to the utmost pitch. Wliat occurred in the assembly of Virginia and MasscLchusetts ? In the assembly of Yirginia, Patrick Henry distinguished himself by his bold eloquence ; and in the sister assembly of Massachusetts, a reso- lution was passed, calling a convention of the colonies for the defence of their rights. Where and when did the first Congress oneet ? This first Congress met at ISTew-York in Oc- tober ; nine colonies Avere present by their dele- gates, and Timothy Euggles, of ISTew-York, was chosen president. What measures were passed? CAUSES OF THE AMEEICAN EEVOLUTIOK. 43 A Declaration of Eiglits was passed, denying the right of Great Britain to tax the colonies without a Eepresentation in Parliament ; and memorials were presented to the King and both houses. What occurred on the first of Novemherf On the first of November, when the Stamp Act went into operation, the people closed their stores ; bells were tolled ; but the most of the stamped paper in the colonies had previously been destroyed. Mention the arrangements made hy the merchants. An agreement was entered into by the colo- nial merchants to conduct business, as usual, without stamped paper ; and further, that they should import no goods until the repeal of the act. Did these measures produce any effect f This determined opposition had the desired effect ; a change took place in the English minis- trv, and the Stamp Act was repealed, March, 1766. Did this state of things long continue f The rejoicings in England and America for this event had scarce subsided, when, in the same year, a bill was passed by parliament, im- posing a tax on paper, glass, painters' colors, and tea. Who was sent to overaive the colonists f The excitement of the people again rose to a fearful height. They resisted the revenue offi- cers, and General Gage was ordered from Halifax to Boston, to overawe the citizens, September, 1768. How did the peoiole hear this new insult ? 4A CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. By this movement tlie people were only still more exasperated ; quarrels ensued between the citizens and soldiers ; and in an affray, (March, 1770,) several citizens were shot. Did parliament remove any of the taxes f Parliament again made concessions, and the duties were withdrawn from all articles except tea. What effect did these coricessions produce? These concessions did little towards allaying the discontent, for it was \h.Q principle of taxation to which they were opposed, and not the amount. What became of the tea at Charleston? Numerous shiploads of tea were sent to Ame- rica. At Charleston, the tea not allowed to be sold, was stored in damp cellars, and thus ruined. And at Boston ivhat occurred f At Boston, permission to land it was refused, and a band of men, dressed as Indians, boarded the ships, broke open the chests, and throwing the tea into the harbor, retired unmolested in the presence of thousands, (December, 1773.) What hill teas now passed^ and lohy ? As a punishment for this, the English gov- ernment passed the Boston port bill, and the custom-house was thereby removed to Salem. Did Congress app>rove the conduct of Massa- chusetts f On the other hand, the conduct of Massa- chusetts was highly approved of by the second colonial Congress, which met at Philadelphia, September, 1774. What did Congress recommend? This body also recommended that all com- mercial intercourse with Great Britain should CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. 45 be broken up ; again made a declaration of rights, and sent addresses to the King, and to the people of Great Britain and Canada. What is said of the Massachusetts Congress f The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts voted to equip twelve thousand, men — to enlist one-fourth of the militia, to be ready at a mo- ment's notice ; and throughout the other colo- nies like preparations were made. What is said of the movements of Gen. Gage ? In the meantime the British government w^as not idle. Gen. Gage, now governor, fortified Boston Neck, and seizing the arsenals of Cam- bridge and Charlestown, conveyed the military stores to Boston. Were any ste2:)s taken to overawe the colonists f The inhabitants of Boston w^ere declared rebels, and ten thousand troops Avere sent to re- press the spirit of the people. RECAPITULATION. Stamp Act passed March, 1765 First Congress assembled at New-York October, 1765 Stamp Act repealed March, 1766 New bill for taxing glass, tea, &c June, 1766 Gen. Gage ordered to Boston September, 1768 Affray in Boston March, 1770 Boston Tea Party December, 1773 Second Colonial Congress September, 1774 Gen, Gage fortifies Boston Neck September, 1774 46 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. SECTION lY. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. CAMPAIGN OF 1775. What was the first movement of Gage in 1776 ? On the night preceding the 19th April, 1775, Gen. Gage secretly sent a detachment of eight hundred men to destroy the stores at Concord. What occurred on their march f The Americans, however, received timely notice of the approach of the British troops, and to stop their progress, had assembled a number of militia at Lexington. Did the militia stand their ground ? This body of troops being attacked by the British, were compelled to retreat with the loss of seven of their number. Slate what occurred at Concord. Arriving at Concord, the British destroyed some of the stores, but being attacked by fresh bodies of the militia, they were compelled to re- treat under a constant, hidden, and galling fire from every covert on their march. Were the British totally routed f Arriving at Lexington, they were met by a reinforcement, which saved them from total de- struction, and enabled them to escape to Boston, although with the loss of 280 men. What was the effect of the battle of Lexington? As the news of the battle of Lexington spread, the militia flocked in from all sides, and an SEVENTEEN HUNDKED AND SEVENTY-FIVE. 47 army of 20,000 was soon encamped in the neigb.- borhood of Boston. What was the condition of the British army ? The British army had also been increased by the arrival of reinforcements from England under Gens. Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne, and affairs at once assumed a threatening as- pect. Describe the defensive measures undertaken hy the Americans. To prevent the British forces from penetra- ting into the country, Boston Neck .was forti- fied, and a detachment of one thousand troops was sent under Col. Prescott to throw up an entrenchment on Bunker Hill, which command- ed Charlestown Neck. What mistake occurred f By some mistake, they fortilSed Breed's Hill, nearer Boston, and within reach of the British cannon in the harbor. Did the British quietly perm.it them, to remain here ? The position was strong, and on the morning of the 17th June, 1775, a body of 3,000 British, commanded by Lord Howe, was sent to dislodge the Americans. Describe the attack of the British. Twice they marched steadily up till within a few rods of the American redoubt, when the Americans each time pouring upon them a deadly fire, drove them back in confusion. What was the issue of the battle ? Fresh troops arriving under Gen. Clinton, the British made a third attack, and the Ameri- cans, without ammunition and without bayo- 43 AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. nets, retreated slowly and witlioiit confusion across Cliarlestown Neck. State what is said of the loss on both sides. The loss of the British was double that of the Americans ; but the latter lost the lamented Gen. Warren. Mention the spirited measures of Congress. The Continental Congress had now assem- bled at Philadelphia. The}^ passed spirited re- solutions — voted to equip an army of 20,000 men — and appointed Greorge Washington Com- mander-in-chief, June 15, 1775. What was Washington's age and position at this tiriie f Washington was 43 years of age, and a dele- gate to Congress from Virginia, when he re- ceived his appointment. When did he arrive at Cambridge ? He arrived at Cambridge July 12, 1775, and assumed the command of the army, which then numbered about 14,000 men. What expedition was sent out in September f While Washington was busily engaged in disciplining his troops, and providing military stores, an expedition was sent against Canada, under Gens. Schuyler and Montgomery, in Sep- tember, 1775. What had previously happened in May ? In May of this year, Ethan Allen and Bene- dict Arnold had captured the forts of Ticonde- roga and Crown Point, and with them a hundred pieces of cannon and military stores. Where^ and of what importance luere these forts f These two forts were situated on Lake Cham- SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIVE. 49 plain, and commanded the entrance to Canada. State Montgomery'' s success against St. Jolins. By this route, Gens. Schnjder and Mont- gomery proceeded against St. Johns, which sur- rendered to Montgomery November 8d — Schuy- ler being detained by sickness at Ticonderoga. Whither did he then march f Montgomery then marched rapidly to Mon- treal, which surrendered on the 13th. He then hastened to Quebec. By whormvas he joined, and luhat is said of this haiid f Here he was joined by Arnold's detachment, which had ascended the Kennebec, crossed the mountains, and after incredible hardships from hunger and fatigue, was now waiting the arrival of Montgomery. Did the troops noio remain idle f After an unsuccessful siege of Quebec for three weeks, the troops moved in four columns to the assault, December 81, 1775. Give the particidars of the assaidt. Montgomery was slain at the head of his di- -vdsion ; Arnold with his had effected an entrance, but was severely wounded ; and his party, left unsupported by the other columns, became pri- soners of war. The remainder of the army re- treated. Describe Montgomery'' s character. Montgomery was a young man of uncommon merit, who had distinguished himself in the French and Indian war, and his death was la- mented by his friends and the country. After his death, the expedition was abandoned. 50 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. RECAPITULATION 1 775. Battle of Lexington, April 19 Capture of Ticouderoga and Crown Point, May. Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief, June 15 Battle of Bunker Hill June 17 Siege of Quebec and death of Montgomei-y, December 31 1776. On what course did WasJwigton decide in the spring of 1776 .^ The month of March, 1776, had arrived, and the British were still confined to Boston and its immediate environs. Washington, therefore, determined, if possible, to compel them to eva- cuate. What steps did he tahefor this purpose f Eor this purpose, he erected a line of works on Dorchester heights, which commanded the citj and harbor. Was this movement success/id? Lord Howe, unable to dislodge the Ameri- cans from this position, agreed to leave the citj, on condition that he should not be exposed to the fire from Washington's batteries. He then sailed for Halifax, accompanied by fifteen hun- dred families of loyalists, (March, 1776). After Howe's departure, whither did Washing- ton go f A¥ashington immediately marched his army to New- York, in order to defend that city against an anticipated attack by Clinton. Did Clinton attack New- York ? Upon hearing of this movement of Washing- ton, Clinton changed his course, and sailed against Charleston, South Carolina. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIX. 51 Hoiv luere the patriots prepared to receive Mm ? The patriots of Carolina, however, Avere pre- pared for his arrival, and had alreacl}^ fortified Sullivan's Island, which controlled the entrance to the town, and had placed Colonel Moultrie in command. Give date^ and first part of the attach. On the 28th of Jnne, an attack was made by Clinton ; during its progress, three of his ships were stranded, and his plans were otherwise totally disarranged. Did this frustrate the attack? A heavy bombardment was, however, carried on against the fort during eleven hours, but the militia behaved with the greatest coolness ; and being defended by the bulwarks of Palmetto wood, of which the fort was constructed, re- pulsed the attack with success. State the loss, and result of the battle. The loss of the patriots was but 10 killed, and 22 wounded. The British retired with the loss of 200 men, and soon after set sail for New- York. Wiat occurred in Congress on the ^Lth of June f Congress was at this time in session, and pub- lic opinion demanded of them decided measures. On the 4th of June, Kichard Henry Lee, of Vir- ginia, offered his celebrated resolution, "That these colonies are free and independent states — ■ that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political con- nection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." Hoio ivas this received? It was earnestly debated, passed with much 52 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. opposition, and a committee was appointed to draft a Declaration of Independence. By whom, luasthis tvriiten, and ivlien passed f This paper, drawn up by Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, finally passed the house ; and the colonies were declared "Free and Independent States" on the 4th of July, 1776. Where had the British army encam'ped ? Meanwhile, a British army of 24,000 men, under the command of General Howe, was en- camped on Staten Island. Where and in ivhat state was the American army f The American armj^, disabled by sickness, numbered but 17,000 able to bear arms, and occupied the American camp at Brooklyn, un- der command of Greneral Putnam. What is said of General Hotve^s movements f General Howe, determining to attack the Americans in this position, crossed over from Staten Island, and landing his troops at Utrecht and Gravesend, proceeded slowly by three routes to the attack. Describe the progress of the three coliimiis. On the 27th of August, two of these divisions moved forward against the Americans, when a brisk engagement took place. By another rou.te, Clinton, in command of the third division, gained the rear of the Americans, and cut them off from their camp. What then occurred? In this dreadful situation, exposed to the at- tacks of the British, front and rear, many were killed and taken prisoners, although some broke through and escaped. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIX. 53 State the loss on both sides. Tlie loss of tlie Americans was 3,300, while tliat of the British was but 400. By what skilful manoeuvre did Washington save the remainder of the army f On the second night after the engagement, Washington quietly withdrew his troops from Brooklyn, without the knowledge of the enemy. In ivhat direction did he retreat ? ■ He then retreated to the heights of Harlem, and afterwards to White Plains, where a battle was fought October 28th, in which the Ameri- cans were defeated. Washington then fell back to North Castle, closely pursued by Howe. Did he afterwards change his route ? The pursuit then somewhat slackened, and Washington crossed the Hudson with his army, and entered New-Jersey, having left a garrison to defend Fort Washington on the east side of the river. Did the fort remain in the possession of the Ame- ricans f The fort, however, was taken, after an obsti- nate defence, by Lord Cornwallis. In the attack, he lost 1,000 men. Describe the progress of the enemy f The enemy then crossed the Hudson, took Eort Lee, which was abandoned, together with a great amount of military stores, and pursued Washington, who hastily retreated through New-Jersey and crossed the Delaware on the 8th of December, 1776. What happened to the American fleet ? To complete the misfortunes of the Ameri- cans, their fleet was blockaded in Providence river. 5* 54: AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Describe the battle of Trenton. Undismayed by such a train of disasters, Wasliington re-crossed tlie Delaware on the night of the 25th of December ; and dividing his forces into two divisions, surrounded a body of Hessians, and took them prisoners, to the number of one thousand. This was the battle of Trenton. What effect did this produce f Such sudden and unlooked-for success, re- vived the hopes of the Americans, and Wash- ington determined to take post at Trenton, and commence offensive operations. EEC APITUL ATION 1776. Britisli evacuate Boston, .March, 177C. Attack on Fort Moultrie by the British,. June eeth, " Declaration of Independence,- July 4th, " Battle of Long Island, Aueust 27ih, " " of White Plains, October 28th, " Capture of Fort Washington, November 16th, '* " of Fort Lee, November ISth, " "Washington retreats across the Delaware,. .December 8th, '* Battle of Trenton, December 26th, " 1777. Who joined Washington at Trenton f At Trenton Washington was joined by Gen- erals Mifflin and Cadwallader. Wlio advanced against him, and luhen ? Upon this position Cornwallis advanced on the 2d of January. How did Washington extricate himself? The attack was reserved for the morning of the third; but Washington finding himself in danger of being hemmed in by a superior force, struck his tents, sent off his heavy baggage to SEVENTEEN HUNDKED AND SEVENTY-SEVEN. 55 Burlington, and leaving liis camp fires burning, marched rapidly to Princeton, where he attack- ed another division of the British at sunrise. Give date and account of the Battle of Princeton. ■ The battle of Princeton, January 3, 1777, terminated in favor of Washington. The British loss was 400 in killed and wounded ; but the Americans lost the brave and lamented General Mercer. Why did Washington retreat^ and wJnther ? Cornwallis coming up, Washington retreated in good order to the heights of Morristown, where he passed the remainder of the winter. To what country had agents been sent^ and tuith what success f In the year 1776, Congress had sent Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin to France, to ob- tain assistance from the French government. This aid the latter was unwilling to grant. What distinguished man arrived in 1777 .^ Many private persons, however, gave freely, among the rest the Marquis de Lafayette, who, fitting out a vessel at his own expense, arrived in the spring of 1777. He joined the army, and was shortly after made Major- General. Describe Tryon^s expedition. In April, General Tryon, with a body of 2,000 troops, landed and burned Fairfield and Norwalk ; but proceeding to Danbury, he was attacked by the militia, and driven back to his shipping, with the loss of 300 men. %Vhat is said of the movements of Lord Eoiue ? In the month of June, Lord Howe began to put his troops in motion ; but being closely watched by Washington, and unable to bring 56 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Hm to a pitclied battle, lie crossed over to Staten Island. After embarking^ luliere did he go ? Embarking bis troops on board the squadron, wbicli waited to receive him, be sailed round Cape Henry, and passing up the Chesapeake, landed near Elk river, in Maryland. Did Washington make a stand against Howe f Washington, having re-crossed the Delaware, retired across the Brandywine, and prepared to dispute the passage of the British at Chad's ford. What is said of the battle ? Lord Howe, by a skilful manoeuvre, passing higher up, crossed the river without opposition, fell upon the right of the Americans, and com- pelled them to retreat, with the loss of one thou- sand men. IMien was it fought? The battle of the Brandywine, sometimes called the battle of Chad's ford, was fought Sep- tember 12, 1777. When did Howe enter Philadelphia f In spite of all the efforts of Washington, Howe steadily advanced, and entered Philadel- phia on the 26th of September. What attack was made by Washington f He had, however, a division of his army at Germantown, which was attacked by Washing- ton. When and with what success was the battle oj Germantown fought f The battle of Germantown, October 4th, proved another disaster to the American cause, for the troops were repulsed with the loss of 1,200 in killed, wounded, and missing. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SE-VEN. 57 What army invaded the States m the month of June ? In tlie montli of June, 1777, an expedition was sent from Canada, consisting of British and Indians, to tlie number of about ten thousand, under General Burgoyne. What luas the route and object of the expedition? Their route was by way of Lake Champlain, and the object was to open a communication with Chnton, at Kew-York, and thus cut off the eastern from the middle states. Did any force come round hy Lahe Ontario f In addition to this army under Burgoyne, a smaller force, under St. Leger, had been de- spatched by way of Oswego, to capture Fort Schuyler on the Mohawk, and thereafter to join General Burgoyne. By whom luas St. Leger opposed^ and ivith ivhat success St. Leger was opposed in his attempt by the militia, under General Herkimer, who was un- fortunately slain, and also by the garrison of the fort, who made a vigorous sally, and occa- sioned him considerable loss. What tvas the residt of the expedition? Hearing of the approach of Arnold to the as- sistance of the garrison, and being deserted by the Indians, St. Leger was compelled to retreat, without effecting his object. Against what post did Burgoyne proceed f Burgoyne, with the main army, pressed on towards Ticonderoga, which was then garrison- ed by an American force under St. Clair. What did he do ivhen he arrived here? Burgoyne immediately invested the place. 58 • AMERICAN REVOLUTION. and planted liis artillery on Mount Defiance, which commanded the fort. Did St. Clair make any great opposition ? St. Clair and his garrison being under the en- tire control of the British cannon, determined to retreat on the night of the fifth of July, 1777. Mention the misfortunes during the retreat. The retreat was conducted in two divisions ; but the British pursuing them, captured a great quantity of baggage and military stores at Skeenesborough. What happened to the other division ? At Hubbardton also, the British came up with the Americans on the 7th of July, and de- feated them with severe loss. What is said of Fort Edward and its garrison ? Fort Edward was the next post on the route of Burgoyne. Gen. Schuyler, who commanded it, on learning the capture of Ticonderoga, fell back with his little army to the mouth of the Mohawk river. How was Burgoyne^ s march delayed? Owing to the state of the roads, which had been cut up and destroyed by Schuyler's orders, the British were delayed three weeks on their march to Fort Edward. What occurred after his arrival at Fort Ed- ward ? On his arrival there, he found himself strait- ened for provisions, and sent a small force to Bennington under Colonel Baum to seize the American stores. Give an account of the battle of Bennington. Col. Baum was met by Gen. Stark and the Green Mountain boys and defeated, he himself SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SEVEN. 59 being slain. A reinforcement sent by Bur- goyne was also met and defeated the same day, August 6, by Col. Warner. State the loss' on both sides. The loss of the British in the two battles was over 600 — that of the Americans about one-sixth of that number. What was Burgoyne^s next movement ? In this state of affairs, Burgoyne determined to move forward, and encamped at Stillwater on the 18th of September. Where was the American army^ and hy whom commanded ? The American army under Gen. Gates, who had been appointed general of the northern army in place of Schuyler, was encamped about two miles off. What is said of the first hattle of Stillwater? On the following day, the 19th, both armies met, and a furious engagement took place with- out any decisive result, although the British maintained their position with heavy loss. What was the state of both armies for some time after this f Both armies remained quiet for nearly four weeks after the battle. Burgoyne having forti- fied his camp, anxiously expected assistance from New- York, while he was closely watched by Gates. Describe the battle of the 7th of October. On the 7th October, Burgoyne made an at- tack on the American lines. This brought on a desperate battle, in which the British suffered dreadfully, and were finally compelled to retreat, with the loss of 400 men. 60 AMEKICAX REVOLUTION". Was Arnold engaged in this battle ? Gen. Arnold, although without any command nnder Gates, threw himself into the thickest of the battle, and by his valor mainly contributed to the success of the day. Give the closing account of Burgoyneh career. After this, Burgoyne fell back to Saratoga, and there finding himself unable to break through the militia that had flocked in from all quarters, being without provisions and without hope, surrendered his army, to the number of 5,000 men, prisoners of war, October 17, 1777. How was the news received throughout the coun- try f ^ This fortunate event diffused the greatest joy throughout the country, and completely re- lieved the American army from the fears of a northern invasion. RECAPITULATION. 1777. Battle of Princeton , January 3d Lafayette arrives from France " Tryon's expedition to Norwalk and Fairfield April. Battle of Chad's ford, or Brandywine Sept. 12. Battle of Germantown Oct. 4th. Events in the North <' The British under Bnrgoyne take Ticonderoga July 6th. Battle of Bennington August 6th. Defeatof St. Leger at Fort Schuyler " 8th. First battle of Stillwater Sept. 19th. Second" " " October 7th. Surrender of Burgoyne Oct, 17th. 1778. What is said of the English government at the heginning of 1778? The year 1778 opened with brighter prospects. The English government, astonished at the SEYEXTEEN- HUNDKED AKD SEYENTY-EIGHT. 61 capture of Burgoyne, began to listen to tlie coinj^laints of the nation, and made offers to- wards a settlement of difiiculties. How luere these offers received f But tliese offers were promptly rejected by Congress, and the British Commissioners being discovered in an attempt to bribe the members, were ordered to leave the cou.ntry. When and what treaty was made f On the 6th of February, a treaty of alliance was concluded with France, by which she bound herself to assist America in her struggles for independence. What assistance was given ? Agreeably to this treaty, a French fleet under D'Estaing sailed from France. When and ivhy was Philadelphia evacuated f The British general, Clinton, who had suc- ceeded Howe in command, fearing for the safetj'- of his army should D'Estaing and Washington make a combined attack, evacuated Philadel- phia on the 18th of June. Was Clinton folloiued ? His army of eleven thousand men was fol- lowed by Washington, who came up with them at Monmouth, when a spirited engagement took place. What occurred at the beginning of the battle ? In the commencement of the engagement, Gen. Lee, who had command of the advanced corps, was twice compelled to retreat. Was Washington successful ? But the main body remained firm, and the engagement was continued throughout the en- tire day, June 28th, 1778. 6 62 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Did the English army remain at Monmouth f During the night Clinton broke np his order of battle, and retreated ra23idly to New-York. State what is said of Gen. Lee. General Lee, who had been reprimanded by "Washington dnring the battle, challenged his commander ; was then arrested, and tried by a court martial, and suspended from the army for one year. What expedition was noiv planned F "Washington now sent a body of troops nnder Gen. Sullivan to co-operate with Count D'Es- taing in an attack on Gen. Pigot's army, sta- tioned at Newport, Ehode Island. Did D''Estaing prove of any assistance ? But the French fleet being severely shattered in a storm, when about to engage the fleet of Lord Howe, was compelled to sail to Boston and repair damages. What became of Sullivan f Sullivan thereupon deemed it wise to retreat, and narrowly escaped falhng into the hands of Clinton, who was hastening to the rehef of Gen. Pigot. What happened at Wyoming m July ? Li the month of July, a body of Tories and Indians, under Butler and Brandt, burst into the fertile valley of Wyoming, laid waste the settlements, and slew a body of the inhabitants who opposed them. Give the closing account of their atrocities. They then attacked and took the two forts, and setting fire to the barracks, where the in- habitants had taken refuge, men, women and children were consumed. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-NINE. 63 What afteriuards became of Butler f Butler was afterwards shot by a party sent to revenge these cruel murders. Where and when ivere these atrocities repeated ? The cruelties at Wyoming were repeated at Cherry Valley, New- York, in November of the same year, but the fort was not taken, although many were murdered and made prisoners. Whither luas the war noio changed f The attention of the British was now directed towards the Southern States, and on the 29th of December, Col. Campbell, who had been dis- patched from New- York by Clinton with 2,500 men against Savannah, attacked and defeated Gen. Howe, who was posted there. What was the closing event of the year? The surrender of Savannah closed the events of the campaign of 1778. RECAPITULATION — 1778. Treaty of Alliance with France, February 6th Battle of Monmouth, June 28th Massacre of Wyoming, July Attack on Rhode Island August Massacre at Cherry Valley, November Savannah taken by' the British, December 29th 1779. What was the first event of 1779 ? On the 9th of January, 1779, Sunbury, the only remaining military post in Georgia, was captured by General Prevost, who now took the command of the British forces in the South. Who was sent against the British ? To prevent the ravages of the British troops 64 AMEEICAN EEVOLUTIOX. and Tories who now scoured tlie country, Gene- ral Ash was sent against them with 2,000 men. Give an account of the battle of Briar Creek. On the 23d of April, Greneral Prevost sud- denly attacked this detachment at Briar Creek, in front, while the river hemmed them in on the rear. The American army was almost destroyed. Whither did General Prevost now march f General Prevost, elated with success, advan- ced to Charleston, South Carolina, but the timely arrival of Lincoln compelled him to raise the siege. State what is said of Stono Perry. Lincoln came u.p with the British, and the battle of Stono Ferry was fought on the 20th of June. The Americans were compelled to retreat, with considerable loss. Describe the siege of Savannah. About the middle of September, the com- bined forces of D'Estaing and Lincoln laid siege to Savannah ; and on the 9th of October, an assault Avas made, in which the assailants lost more than a thousand men — amongst the rest, Count Pulaski, a distinguished Pole, who was mortally wounded. Was this the last event of the year ? This unfortunate defeat closed the events of the year in the South. What is said of Governor Tryon ? In the North, Governor Tryon conducted two marauding expeditions into Connecticut in Jan- uary and July ; and after plundering the inha- bitants, burned the villages of East Haven, Fairfield and Norwalk. Wliat forts fell into the hands of the British? SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-NINE. 65 About the beginning of June, 1779, tbe forts at Stony Point and Yerplanck's Point were sur- rendered to Clinton. When and by whom was Stony Point attackedf On the 15th of July, General Wayne attacked Stony Point, which was garrisoned by a strong British force. Describe the attach. At midnight the troops marched to the attack with unloaded muskets ; and though discovered by the enemy, they advanced in the midst of a storm of grape-shot and musketry, and carried the fort at the point of the bayonet. Hoio was this action regarded? This spirited and brilliant action created a lively sensation throughout the country, and Congress voted General Wayne a gold medal for his bravery. By what success was this followed f Three days after, the British garrison at Paulus Hook was attacked by Major Lee, and 160 pri- soners taken. In what way were Wyoming and Cherry Val- ley avenged? The Tories and Indians on the borders of New- York and Pennsylvania, now met with sum- mary vengeance at the hands of General Sulh- van, who was sent thither with 4,000 men. Give the results of Sullivan's expedition. The bloody battle of the Chemung, in which the enemy were defeated with tremendous loss, was followed by the burning of forty Indian villages, and immense supplies of corn. Thus the power of the Indians was completely broken. What naval action took place in September F 6* 66 AMERICAN" EEVOLUTION. In tlie montli of September, a small squadron, fitted out in France, but in tlie American ser- vice, and commanded by Paul Jones, fell in with two British frigates and a convoy, while cruising off the coast of Scotland. Moiu was the battle commenced f The battle commenced at half-past seven at night, and Jones lashed his ship, the Bonhomme Richard, to the Serapis, commanded by Captain Pearson. What was Jones' success f At ten at night the Serapis surrendered, but Jones' vessel was so shattered, that she sunk soon after. The other British frigate was also captured. How did the army pass the winter of '79 f The winter of 1779 repeated the same distress in the American winter quarters as was expe- rienced at Valley Forge, in 1777. Describe the condition of the troops. The troops were without clothing. Famine stared them in the face, and Congress was un- able to suppty their wants. Credit had ceased, and nothing but the influence of Washington, and the patriotism of the troops, prevented the total dissolution of the army. RECAPITULATION — 1779. Battle of Briar Creek, April 23 Tryon's Expeditions, January and July Capture of Stony Point, July 15th Siege of Savannah, October 9th Paul Jones' Victory, September 23d 1780. Whither did Clinton proceed in the spring of 1780 f SEVEKTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY. 67 Clinton proceeded against Charleston, in February, but did not commence a regular siege till tlie 1st of April. Describe the progress andj resuU of tlie siege. Tarleton and his cavalry cut off all commu- nications between the city and the surrounding country. The fortifications were destroyed by the near ap|)i^oach of the British battery; and seeing no hope of relief, Greneral Lincoln surren- dered, May 12, 1780. What disasters followed? Carolina was now overrun by the British, the post of Ninety-six taken, and Colonel Tarleton rendered himself notorious by the massacre of a body of 400 Americans at Waxhaw Creek, May 29th, after they had laid down their arms. What is saidj of Sumter f This and similar excesses roused the spirit of the Carolinians, and Colonel Sumter taking the field, attacked 300 of the enemy at Hanging Eock, August 6, nine of whom only escaped. Who now appeared for the relief of Carolina? Meanwhile Ceneral Grates, who had been ap- pointed by Congress to the command of the Southern army, was approaching with an army of 4,000 men. Where and when did the British meet Gates? The British, under Cornwallis, met him at Sander's Creek, August 16, where was fought the first battle of Camden. Describe the battle. A portion of the American militia fled at the first fire, and although the remainder maintained the contest with spirit, they were at length com- pelled to retreat, with the loss of 1,000 men and all their military stores. 68 AMERICAN BEVOLUTION. What is said of Tarleton and Sumter ? Tarleton now followed up these successes by tlie pursuit of Colonel Sumter, whom he sur- prised at the fords of the Catawba, and put nearly all his troops to the sword. Who ivas sent into North Carolina f Lord CornwalliS; thinking South Carolina safe, sent Colonel Ferguson, with a body of troops, into North Carolina, intending himself to follow Mm. Describe the battle of King's Mountain. Roused by Ferguson's cruelties, the people from the neighboring country suddenly attacked him at King's Mountain. After a bloody and obstinate battle, Ferguson and 800 of his men were slain, and 800 taken prisoners, October 7, 1780. What was the effect of this battle f This checked the progress of Cornwallis, and compelled him to a retrograde movement. What occurred during his march f On his march, Grenerals Marion and Sumter constantly harassed his outposts. Tarleton was sent against Sumter, but on this occasion was driven back with considerable loss. What assistance had arrived at Newjporti In the meantime, 6,000 men under Count Be Bochambeau, and a fleet under Admiral De Tiernay, arrived at Newport from France. Did the French army and navy jprove of great service during 1780 ? Great expectations were formed from this as- sistance ; but to the great dissatisfaction of the American people, they remained idle during 1780. SEYENTEEIT HUNDRED AND EIGHTY. 69 What noio happened in the North? Treason in the North was now added to dis- aster in the South. Who tvas the traitor, and ivhat is said of himf Gen. Arnold, who by his brilliant conduct at Quebec and Saratoga had won a distinguished -reputation, had been appointed commandant at Philadelphia on its evacuation by Clinton in 1778. Describe his career at Philadelpliia. Here he lived expensively, gambled, and to supply his wants, embezzled the public funds. He was at length discovered, tried, found guilty, and reprimanded by Washington. How did he revenge himself f Burrij.ng with revenge, he had still influence enough to obtain the command of West Point, which he offered to surrender to Clinton for £10,000, and the commission of Brigadier Gen- eral in the British army. Who was sent hy Clinton to make the arrange- ments f Major Andre, Aid- de-camp to Clinton, pro- ceeded to West Point, and arranged the plans for the surrender of the fort. What happened to Andre on his return ? On his return by land, he was taken by three militia men, Paulding, Williams and Van Wort, searched, ' and the plans for surrender found concealed in his boots. Hoio was Arnold saved from punishment hy Andre f On his arrest, he was allowed to write to Ar- nold, who escaped precipitately to New-Yo]'k. Give an account of And/re^ s fate. 70 AMERICAN REVOLUTIOK. Andre was tried by a court martial, but de- spite his noble bearing, and the deep interest his judges took in him, he was condemned and executed as a spy. Mention what is said of the puhlic feeling. His fate excited a lively sympathy among all parties, and the name of Benedict Arnold was loaded with universal execration. RECAPITULATION — 1 780. Surrender of Charleston May 12 Battle of ^Vahaw Creek May 29 French fleet and army arrive from France July 10 Battle of Hanging Rock Aug. 6 " " Sander's Creek — First battle of Camden Aug. 16 " " King's Mountain Oct. 7 Arnold's treason September 1781. What ivas the state of the army during this win- ter? The distresses of the army for want of pay, clothes and provisions, had increased to an alarming pitch during the winter of 1780-81. What is said of the mutiny of the troops ? On the first day of January, 1781, 1,800 troops of the Pennsylvania line, unable longer to endure their sufferings, began their march to Congress to obtain relief. Did the officers ojypose Uie men ? Their officers tried to prevent their progress, but without avail, and one of them was shot in the attempt. What else occurred on their march ? On their march, three agents from Clinton met them, and endeavored to entice them into SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-ONE. 71 the Britisli service. These the troops seized and delivered up as spies. Hoiv was the midiny stopped ? At Princeton and Trenton, Commissioners from Congress came to meet them. Arrange- ments were made to relieve their present wants, and they were finally persuaded to return to the service. Who assisted the nation greatly at this time ? It is to Eobert Morris, of Philadelphia, that the honor of preserving the sinking credit of the nation at this critical moment is justly due. What important enterprise ivas undertaken ? At his instigation the Bank of America was established : to this he contributed his private fortune and credit. Encouraged by his exam- ple, others did the same ; and thus American affairs began to assume a more flourishing as- pect. Who was now appointed general of the Southern army^ and luhy f The bad success of Gen. Gates induced Con- gress to appoint Gen. Greene to the command of the Southern army. What was the first movement of Greene ? Greene immediately commenced active opera- tions, and sent one half of his forces under Morgan, who had distinguished himself at Que- bec, to repress the excesses of the Tories in South Carolina. What British officer was sent against Morgan ? Gol. Tarleton was despatched by Lord Corn- wallis against Morgan, and overtook him at the Cowpens, when a severe battle was fought, Janua- ry 17th, 1781. 72 AMERICAX EEVOLUTION. . Describe the engagement. At the first attack, the American militia, by advice of Morgan, feigned a retreat, but turning suddenly in good order, . tliey attacked their pursuers, and charging with the bayonet, routed the British with great loss. What movement did Corniuallis then make ? Cornwalhs, hearing of this disaster, imme- diately gave chase to Morgan, intending to cut off his retreat by reaching the Catawba ford before him. Wa^ Corniuallis successful in this ? Morgan, however, arrived first, and crossed the river before dark. In the night a storm arose, and the river became swollen : this prevent- ed the crossing of the British for several daj^s. Who came to Morgan! s assistance ? Gen. Greene now arrived at the camp of Morgan to assist him, and the retreat and pur- suit again commenced. What was the state of things at the Yadkin ? The Americans now rushed towards the Yadkin, crossed it, but were again so closely pursued by Cornwallis, that part of the baggage fell into his hands, and night closed in upon the two armies occupying the opposite banks. By what were the British prevented froin pursuit next day ? During the night, the river was again swol- len by a storm, and Cornwallis being compelled to cross higher up at the fords, made vigorous efforts to continue the pursuit. Hoiv VMS the pursuit ended ? But he only reached the banks of the river Dan in time to see Greene's last corps cross SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-ONE. 73 over in safety. Tlie pursuit was then given up in despair. Whei'e did Greene then make a stand ? Greene being now reinforced by the other division of his armj, drew up his forces at Gruil- ford Court House. Describe the battle of Guilford Court House ? Here Cornwallis attacked him vigorously on the loth of March. At the first fire the Caro- lina troops fled, but the regulars disputed every inch of the ground for an hour and a half, and then retreated slowly and steadily. The loss on both sides was nearly equal. Viliither did both armies move after the battle f Three weeks after the battle, Cornwallis moved into Virginia, and Gen. Greene marched rapidly upon Lord Eawdon, who was stationed near Camden. State what occurred at Hobldrk^s Hill. Greene having encamped on Hobkirk's Hill, about a mile from the British, was here attacked, and though victory at first seemed to incline to his troops, he was finally compelled to retreat, April 25. What was the effect of these engagements ? Although the patriots were generally unsuc- cessful, the general effect of these battles was of great advantage to the American cause, for the British were confined in their depredations to the neighborhood of the seacoast. Where and lohen luas the last battle in the Caro- Unas f The battle of Eutaw Springs was the last de- termined struggle in the Carolinas. It was ought on the 8th of September, between Greene 7 74 AMEEICAN REVOLUTION". and Col. Stewart, wlio now commanded in place of Rawdon. Describe the tattle. The British being attacked with great ardor by the Americans, at first retreated, but taking advantage of the shelter of a farm-house, they kept their pursuers at bay by a destructive fire till the main body had time to re-form. What was the result ? Greene finally withdrcAY in good order, taking with him his wounded and prisoners. Where tvas Cornicallis in tlie meantime f While these transactions were occurring in the Carolinas, Cornwallis was jDlundering and laying waste Virginia. Was he opposed^ and hy whom f He was inefiectually opposed by a greatly inferior army under Lafayette. Where did Cornwallis take up a p)osition^ and why? In order to be in readiness to assist Clinton, who, stationed at New- York, vf as noAv menaced by Washington, Cornwallis took post at York- town, at the mouth of York River, on Chesa- peake Bay, where he threw up fortifications. What raovements luere now made hy the French and Americans ? A French fleet luckily arrived from France, and blocked up the Chesapeake ; and AYashing- ton having completely deceived Clinton, by a threatened attack on INTew-York, moved rapidly towards Yorktown with the French and Ameri- can forces. Describe the situation of Cornwallis after their arrival. SEVENTEEN HUNDKED AND EIGHTY-ONE. 75 Arriving there, tlie allied army threw up a line of works, completely cutting off Cornwallis' communications with the land, while at the same time the French fleet prevented his escape by the ba}^ Oive an account of the siege. Erom all points, the besiegers hurled a tem- pest of shell and red-hot shot into the fort ; they broke down the entrenchments, dismount- ed the enemy's cannon ; and the further capture of two principal outposts of the works, left the garrison at the mercy of the besiegers. What occurred on the 19^/i October? On the 19th of October, 1781, Cornwallis, see- ing no hope of escape or assistance, surrendered his army to the number of 7,000 men prisoners of war. Was there any hattle of importance after this? This joyful event terminated the contest of the Eevolution, and completely crushed the hopes of the British Grovernment. RECAPITULATION.— 1781, Mutiny of tlie Pennsylvania troops. ., January 1st. Battle of the Cowpens , January 17th. 'Famous retreat of Greene Jan, and Feb. Battle of Guilford Court House.., , March 15th. " " Camden , April 25th. " " Eutaw Springs ., September 8th. Burrender of Yorktown „ .,.,.,... , October 19tb, 76 TEEATY OF PEACE. SECTION V. FROM THE- EATTLE OF YORKTOWN TO THE COMMENCE- MENT OF THE WAR OF 1812. What event occurred in the hegtinning of 1782 ? In the beginning of tlie year 1782, the Eng- lisTi Government was compelled, by the force of public opinion in England, to make proposals of peace with the United States. When, where and hy ivhom was a treaty of -peace signed ? After considerable delay, a definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris, September 3, 1783, by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laxirens, on the part of the United States. Mention the provisions of this treaty. By the provisions of this treaty, the inde- pendence of the States was fully secured, and in addition all the territory bounded north and west by the great lakes and the Mississippi, with the exception of Florida, "which passed into the hands of Spain. When ivas the army disbanded, and New- York evacuated F The army was disbanded on the 8d of No- vember, 1783, and the British evacuated New- York, the last post in their possession, Novem- ber 25th. What was the condition of things in the country^ and the army f The finances of the States were now at a low DIFFICULTIES WITH THE ARMY. 77 ebb ; public credit was gone, and tlie army, see- ing no well-grounded bope of obtaining half- pay, for life, became clamorous for justice. What fears agitated the cou7iiry f Matters looked gloomy, and it was feared that a war would break out between Congress and the army, for the discontented feelings were encouraged by several officers of high rank. How was the excitement allayed? Geru Washington exerted his great influence in quieting the excited feelings of both officers and soldiers ; and Congress finally made an ar- rangement, granting the officers five years, full pay, and the soldiers full pay for four months. Where and ivhen did Washington hid adieu to his army ? Washington now took an affecting farewell of his officers at New- York, December 4, 1783, and retired to his farm at Mount Vernon. How did the States attempt to pay their debts f The authorities in the several States, finding them heavily laden with debt, began to impose taxes for its payment. What luas the result of this measure f This measure created great and general op- position ; and in Massachusetts the people rose in rebellion, under a leader named Daniel Shay, but were put down by a strong military force, in 1787. To ioho.t did these disturhances lead f It therefore became evident that a stronger general government was needed, and accord- ingly a Convention of Delegates was held at Philadelphia, May, 1787, of which Gen. Wash- ington was President. 7* 78 CONSTITUTION RATIFIED. What great measure did this Convention pass^ and when f The Convention was in secret session four months, and at the end of that period, August, 1787, a Constitution was agreed on, which was finally ratified, although not withou.t considera- ble opposition. Who was the first President^ and v:ho Vice Fi^esident f Under the Constitution, which thus became the strong bond of union throughout the States, George Washington was unanimously elected first President, and John Adams Yice Presi- dent. When and where ivas Washington inaugurated ? Congress being assembled at ISTew-York, Washington was inaugurated there April 30th, 1789. Who composed his first Cabinet? His first cabinet was composed of Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; and Gen. Knox, of the Department of War. What is said of Ho.milton f Under the able management of Hamilton, the finances of the country began to improve rajDidly. What neiu troubles arose ? But the peace of the country became endan- gered by an insurrection which broke out in Pennsylvania, in opposition to the tax on dis- tilled spirits. It was finally quelled, however, without bloodshed, by an overwhelming force sent against the rebels by the President. PENNSYLVANIA REBELLION, 79 HoiD long did this continue^ and luJiai was it called f This is commonly styled the whisky rebel- lion. It commenced in 1791, and terminated in 1794. When was Vermont admitted into the Union ? In 1791 Vermont was admitted into the Union, although the measure met with consid- erable opposition from New- York. What ivas the object and success of Harmar's expedition ? The Indians north of the Ohio river had be- 'come exceedingly troublesome, and an expedi- tion was sent against them under Gen. Harmar. He was, however, defeated with considerable loss, October, 1790. Who was sent against theniin 1791 ? Gen. St. Clair was sent against them in the autumn of 1791, with an army of 2,000 men. He penetrated into the interior of the country, and encamped in the neighborhood of the Miami river. Describe the defeat of St. Clair'' s army. Here, early on the morning of the 4th of No- vember, the soldiers were suddenly attacked by the savages, and so great was the confusion, that a general massacre was apprehended. But the regulars restored the battle, although they were unable to drive the Indians from the heavy shrubbery, and St. Clair was compelled to order a retreat. Was Gen. Wayne more successfid f Gen. Wayne, who succeeded St. Clair, was more successful ; for in 1794, at the head of 3,000 men, he fought the battle of the Maumee ; totally 80 WASHINGTON EE-ELECTED. defeated the Indians, and laid waste their set- tlements with fire and sword. When was Washington re-elected f In 1792, Washington was re-elected President for a second term of four years. What had happened in Europe ? About the same time, the French revolution had broken out in France, and war had been declared against England. What is said of the conduct of the French Am- bassador^ M. Genet ? The French Ambassador in the United States, presuming on the assistance that had been given by the French people during the American re- volution, began to fit out privateers from American ports, to harass and capture British ships. How luas Genet's conduct regarded^ and what follovjed ? This conduct being opposed by Washington, and persisted in by M. Genet, at the request of the former, M. Genet was promptly recalled, and a new ambassador appointed. A good un- derstanding between the two governments fol- lowed. Did this state of things conthiue ? But a treaty concluded with Great Britain in 1795, highly irritated the French government, and to add to this unpleasant affair, the Ameri- can people were divided into two parties — one in favor of, and the other opposed to the French revolution. What change took place in American affairs f In the midst of these troubles, the second term of Washington's presidency expired. He JOHN ADAMS INAUGURATED. 81 tliereupon declined a re-election, and Jolin Adams was chosen in his stead. To ivhat measure did Adams resort ? Three months after his inauguration, March 4th, 1797, he convened Congress to deliberate on the outrages of the French government, which had commenced attacks on American ves- sels. What teas the residtf The result was, that preparations were made for war, but the contest had scarcely begun at sea, 1798, when arrangements were made for peace. For what was the year 1799 remarlzable .^ The year 1799 became memorable as that of Washington's decease. This great and good man died at Mount Vernon, in Virginia, on the 1-ith of December, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. How ivas his death noticed ? Congress and the country evinced the most profound sorrow at his death, and the highest honors were decreed to his memory. Who succeeded John Adams as President ? Thomas Jefferson succeeded John Adams as President, March 4th, 1801. What additions were made to the States in 1802 and 1803 ? In 1802, Ohio became a State, and in 1803 the territory of Louisiana was purchased from France, for the sum of fifteen millions of dol- lars. What is said of the purchase of Louisiana f This purchase became necessary, in order to secure the free navigation of the Mississippi, 82 WAR WITH TRIPOLI. the outlet of wliich. was in tlie possession of a foreign nation. For luhat purpose was Preble sent to the Medi- terranean f In 1803, Commodore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean for the purpose of chastising the Barbarj powers, who had long committed pira- cies on American vessels. What hap)2jenecl on the cruise f While cruising in the harbor of Tripoli, the frigate Philadelphia stranded, and falling into the hands of the Tripolitans, her crew were made slaves. Describe the brilliant action that followed. The prize, however, did not remain long in their hands, for in the following year Lieutenant Decatur entered the harbor of Tripoli in a small schooner, boarded the frigate, and killing seve- ral of the Tripolitan crew, threw the rest into the sea. What did he then do ? He then set fire to the frigate, and in the midst of a cannonade from the enemy's bat- teries, escaped with only four wounded. By ivhat was this succeeded f This brilliant achievement was succeeded by another of a romantic character. Mr. Eaton, who was at this time the American Consul at Tunis, planned an expedition with Hamet, the exiled, but lawful sovereign of Tripoli, and be- ing appointed general by Hamet, he set out from Alexandria with a mixed force of Tripoli- tans, Egyptians, and seventy American seamen. Describe his march. His march was throuo-h a thousand miles of 83 desert : tlie lieat, tlie drifting sand, and the want of water, produced intense suffering, but lie finally reached Derne, a Tripolitan city, April, 1805. What luas his success ? Here he fought two battles, defeated the ene- my in both engagements, and took Derne, but was stopped in the middle of his success by a treaty of peace made between the Bashaw and Mr. Lear, the American Agent. An end was thus put to the war. What happened in 1804 ? In the month of July, 1804, Gen. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury under Washington, and the intimate friend and aid-de-camp of the latter, was shot in a duel with Aaron Burr. State the cause of the duel. The duel had its origin in political exaspera- tion, and its fatal result threw a gloom over a great portion of the nation. Give an account of Burr'' s future career. Burr afterwards, in 1806, made a treasonable attempt to establish an empire in the Southwest of the United States; was tried for this, and though acquitted, was generally believed guilty. He finally died in obscurity. By what measures was American commerce in- jured f The constant war between France and Eng- land proved a serious injury to American com- merce. England declared the coast of France in a state of blockade, and Bonaparte retalia- ted by issuing a similar decree against the Brit- ish islands. What was the effect of these measures f 84 DIFFICULTY WITH ENGLAND. Thus it happened that American vessels were in danger of capture by the armed vessels of both powers. To what other right did England lay claim ? To sum up these annoyances, England claim- ed the right of boarding American vessels, and taking from them deserters from the British service. Did England enforce these claims ? On the 22d of June, 1807, the British ship of war Leopard, fired into the frigate Chesa- peake, killing and wounding a number of her crew. The Chesapeake had refused to deliver up four men claimed as deserters. Three of these were American citizens. What luere the " Orders in Council^''' and the " Milan Decree V This outrage was followed in November by the celebrated " Orders in Council," in which Great Britain prohibited all trade with France and her allies ; and by the " Milan Decree," in , December, in which Bonaparte forbade all trade with England and her colonies. Did Congress retaliate ? An embargo was now decreed by Congress, in retaliation for these oppressions on the part .of France and England, preventing all Ameri- can vessels from leaving the United States, and prohibiting commercial intercourse with these nations. Wa^ this measure long continued f The American merchants, finding the em- bargo ruinous to their trade, the embargo was taken off. Who succeeded Jefferson as President f PEESIDENT. 8 5 In 1809, Thomas Jefferson retired from tlie Presidency, and James Madison was elected in his stead. Did any change soon take place in the restrictions of France and Great Britain f The French at length, in 1810, abolished their decrees, but the English continued to enforce theirs with spirit. What occurred off the American Coast in Jitne^ 1811? While enforcing these restrictions by watch- ing the coast of the United States for American vessels, a British sloop-of-war, Little Belt, re- ceived severe punishment, June 22, 1811. Give an account of this and its cause ? Being hailed by Commodore Kogers, in the frigate President, the Little Belt answered with a shot, that struck the mainmast of the Presi- dent. Koo'ers then returned the fire with so much effect, that in 20 minutes, 32 of the crew of the Little Belt were either killed or wounded. What troubles now arose in the North- West? At the same time the Indians, probably incited by British agents, became troublesome on the North- Western frontier. Who was sent agoAnst them^ and what was his conduct f Gen. Harrison was sent against them, and en- camped at Tippecanoe, an Indian town on the Wabash. Fearing an attack, through the night, his troops were ordered to sleep on their arms. Wluit battle ensued^ and datef Early on the morning of the 7th of ISTovember, 1811, the yells of the Indians announced the attack. The steady valor of the whites, how- WAR WITH ENGLAND. ever, finally prevailed, and tlie battle of Tippe- canoe ended in the total overthrow of the savases. RECAPITULATION — SECTION Y. Sept. 1783. Nov. '« . Nov. " . Nov. 1787.. Auff. " . Apr. 1789. Oct. 1790. Feb. 1791. Nov. 1791. Aug. 1794., M'h, 1797. Dec. 1799. M'h 1801. Treaty of peace. Aniiy disbanded. .N. York evacuated. , Insurrection in Mass. . Constitution passed. . Washington, Prest. Harman's defeat. . . Vermont admitted. St. Clair's defeat. \Vayne's victory. ..John Adams, Prest. Washington dies. . . T. Jefierson, Prest. M'h. 1802.. Ohio becomes a state. Apr. 1803.. Louisiana purchased. 1803 War with Tripoli. Aug. 1804 Decatur's exploit, July, 1804...Death of Hamilton. Apr. 180.5 Capture of Derne. June, 1807 . . Chesap'ke&LeOp'd. Nov. " Br. Orders in Council- Dec. " Milan Decree. M'h 1809. .Jas. Madison, Prest. June, 1811. ..Lit. Belt and U. S. Nov. 1811. Battle of Tippecanoe. SECTION YI. THE WAR WITH ENGLAND 1812-1815. 1812. What ivas the cause of the ivar of 1812 ? The oppressions of Great Britain on Ameri- can commerce, and the right she exercised of searching American vessels for deserters, had slowly, but surely, prepared the way for a rup- ture with the American government. When was war finally proclaimed ? Congress had made preparations for war as early as 1811, and on the 18th of June, 1812, war was finally proclaimed by President Madi- son. WJio was appointed Commander-in- Chief? Efforts were made to raise an army of 25,000 men, and Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, EIGHTEEN IIUNDEED AND TWELVE. 87 wlio had served witli credit in the Revolution, was chosen Commander-in-Chief. What ivas the first movement of the luarf The war was begun by the march of General Hull, Governor of Michigan Territory, towards the British fort at Maiden, July, 1812. When was Fort Afachinaw surrendered f On the 17th of the same month, Fort Mack- inaw, on the straits of Mackinaw, was sur- rendered to the British. Whathaj^pened to Major Van Horned Meanwhile Hull had sent a small detachment under Major Yan Home, to guard a convoy of supplies on the road to his camp. Yan Home was met and defeated. Sow luas this misfortune retrieved ? Col. Miller was sent with 600 men to the same spot. And on the 9th of August, the battle of Brownston was fought, in which a large body of French and Indians was defeated. What movement did General Hull make? Gen. Hull, learning the approach of Gen. Brock with a strong force of British, fell back to Detroit, and here determined to await the enemy. What is said of the preparations for the assault? Brock advanced to the assault. The Ameri- cans were drawn up ready to oppose him : the utmost order prevailed among the troops, and, confident of victory, they only awaited the or- ders of their general. What ivas HulVs conduct f To the astonishment of the whole army, Hull hung out a flag of truce, and, shortly after, basely surrendered himself and army prisoners of war, August 16, 1812. 88 WAR WITH ENGLAND. Was Hull arrested for this cowardice f iN'othing could exceed the indignation of the country ; Hull was brought to trial for his con- duct, was sentenced to death, but finally par- doned by the President. What luas the result of the surrender of Detroit ? By this unfortunate affair the territory of Michigan fell into the hands of the British. Who ivas stationed on the Niagara frontier ? Gen. Van Eensselaer commanded another di- vision of the army stationed at Lewiston, on the Niagara river. Describe his movement against Queenstown. With a portion he crossed over the river on the 18th of October, and attacked and took the British batteries on Queenstown heights. " Did the British attempt to retake the fort? A reinforcement under Gren. Brock arrived and tried to retake the works, but was gallantly repulsed, and Gen. Brock was slain. Give the closing account of the battle. In this state of affairs, the militia, who were still on the American side of the river, refused to cross to the assistance of their countrymen ; and a fresh British force arriving, the unfortu- nate party was overpowered and either killed or made prisoners. Was the year 1812 favorable to the Americans ? This closed the campaign of 1812 ; on land, everywhere disastrous to the Americans; but their victories on the ocean retrieved the honor of the nation. What was the first of these engagements? These battles were — 1st. The capture of the British frigate Guerriere, Capt. Dacres, by the EIGHTEEN HUNDEED AND TWELVE. 89 Constitution, Capt. Hull, in tliirty minutes. The Guerriere had nearly every mast and spar shot away, and 14 of her crew were either killed or wounded. She was burnt after the victory. Describe the battle hetiueen the Wasp and the Frolic. 2d. The capture of the Frolic by the Wasp, Capt. Jones, after a bloody battle of 45 minutes. Nearly all of the Frolic's crew were killed, her decks were slippery with blood, and strewed with the wounded and dying. The battle between the United States and the Macedojiian. 8d. The battle between the United States, Commodore Decatur, and the British frigate Macedonian. It lasted two hours, and ended in the capture of the latter. The loss of the British was 104, that of the Americans only 11. The engagement between the Constitution and Java, 4th. In December the Constitution, Capt. Bainbridge, captured the Java. The action lasted three hours. The killed and wounded on board the Java amounted to 161, the Con- stitution's loss to 34. What is said of the success of the privateers f In addition, more than five hundred prizes were captured by the American privateers, and over 8,000 prisoners were taken. RECAPITULATION — 18 12. June 18, War Proclaimed. July 17, Fort Mackinaw surr'd. Aug. 9, Battle of Brownstown. Aug. 16, Detroit surrendered. Oct. 13, Battle of dueenstown. 8 NAVAL BATTLES. Aug., Guerriere & Constitution, Oct., Wasp and Frolic. Oct., U. State.s & Macedonian. Dec, Constitution & Java. 90 WAR WITH ENGLAND. 1813. How was. the American Army arranged this year f The American Army was this year arranged in three divisions — the Army of the North, of the Centre, and of the West. Who commanded the Army of the West^ and for what purpose f The last named was commanded by General Harrison, and had for its object the re-taking of Michigan territory. What detachment was sent out hy Harrison ? Harrison sent Gen. Winchester to the village of Frenchtown, to disperse a large body of French and Indians. What happened to Winchester f While lying here carelessly encamped, he was surprised by a mixed force under Gen. Proctor. Give an account of what followed ? Winchester, attempting to rally his troops, was taken prisoner ; but though they still fought bravely without their general, Winches- ter surrendered his army prisoners of war. What is said of the treatmeiit hy the Indians ? The Indians perpetrated the most revolting cruelties on the wounded, and it does not appear that they were restrained by Gen. Proctor and his officers. What is said of Harrison's situation ? When Gen. Harrison heard of this defeat, he erected a fortified camp named Fort Meigs. Here he was besieged by Proctor, but Gen. Clay arriving with a body of Kentuckians, compelled the British general to retreat, May 9th. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTEEN. 91 What fort did Proctor next attack ? In July, Proctor, with 1200 British and Indi- ans, proceeded against Fort Lower Sandnsky, a few miles South of Lake Erie, commanded by Major Croghan with a force of 160 men. State luhat is said of his defence. Though but twenty-one years of age, he con- ducted the defence with great ability, and com- pelled the enemy to retire with the loss of 150. Croghan had but one man killed. What 2^ost luas noiu attached hy the Americans f A portion of the Army of the Centre, crossing Lake Ontario, proceeded against York, the capi- tal of Upper Canada, where the British had a large supply of military stores. Describe the attack. Gen. Pike led the assault ; but as he was car- rying everything before him, he and many of his troops were killed by an explosion of the enemy's magazine. The troops, however, rallied, and obtained possession of the town and all the public magazines, April 27, 1813. Against what British post did Dearhorn next move f Gen. Dearborn left the wounded and prison- ers at Sackett's Harbor, and having received fresh troops, sailed against Fort George, on the Niagara, which he easily captured. What occurred during the retreat of the British ? The British garrison retreated, but were fol- lowed b}^ generals Winder and Chandler, who, in the night, were unfortunately taken prisoners, and the Americans then returned to Fort George. What was Prevost doing in the meantime f As soon as the British General Prevost had 92 WAR WITH ENGLAND. learned that Dearborn had. gone to Fort George, lie sailed to attack Sackett's Harbor. How was he received ? The militia fled at his approach ; but taking to the houses, checked his progress by a mur- derous fire. Gen. Brown rallied another body, and making a feint as if about to cut off Pres- cott's retreat, the enemy retired to their ships, leaving behind the most of the wounded: May 29. What is said of the warlike preparations on Lake Urie ? During the year two rival squadrons had been built and fitted out on Lake Erie. The British squadron, mounting 63 guns, was commanded by Commodore Barclay ; and the American, 54 guns, by Commodore Perry. Did these squadrons meet ? A battle was fought by the two fleets off Fort Maiden, September 10. In the beginning of the action. Perry led the advance in the Lawrence ; but his ship was attacked by two of the enemy and completely disabled. Describe the remainder of the action. He then left the Lawrence in an open boat, amid the fire of the enemy, and reaching the Niagara, continued the combat. The wind freshened, and the Americans thus being enabled to fight more compactly, the battle was termi- nated by the surrender of the whole British squadron. In what direction did Harrison then move ? Gen. Harrison, assisted by Governor Shelby and a body of Kentuckians, speedily crossed the lake, took Fort Maiden, and then pressed towards EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIETEEN. 93 the enemy, wlio were encamped on tlie river Thames. Describe the battle of tJie Thames ? Here the battle of the Thames was fought on the 5th of October. Gen. Proctor was assisted by Tecumseh and his Indians. The British were first routed, and Tecumseh being slain, the Indians also fled, and nearly the whole force was either killed or taken. What is said of the Creek Indians f In the latter part of August, the Creek Indi- ans, in Alabama, ravaged the country and massacred the inhabitants. Who were sent against them, and with what success ? Generals Jackson and Coffee being sent against them, obtained several advantages, and at last completely routed them in a great battle at the Horse-shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa. In this battle 1000 Indians were slain. What were the movements of the Army of the North 1 The army of the North, stationed on the shores of Lake Cham plain, was joined in Octo- ber by the Army of the Centre, commanded by Wilkinson, and proceeded down the St. Law- rence against Montreal. State what is said of the action at Williamsburg ? On the 11th November, a body of troops, under Gen. Brown, landed at Williamsburg ; but they were driven back with the loss of 300. What ivas the final success of the Americans ? Being dispirited by this check, and disap- pointed in reinforcements, and the winter ap- proaching, the army went into winter quarters on the south bank of the St. Lawrence. 94 WAR WITH ENGLAND. What is said of the success at sea f The fortune of war was various on tlie ocean, during 1813. Give the action of the 24:th of February. On the 24:th of February, the sloop of war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, took the British brig Peacock, after an action of fifteen minutes. Mention that of the 1st of June f On the 1st of June, the American frigate Chesapeake, Captain Lawrence, was captured bj the British ship Shannon, off Boston harbor. What was the cause of the battle f Captain Lawrence had been promoted to the Chesapeake for his bravery, and while shipping a new crew, was challenged by Captain Brooks, who was cruising off the coast with a picked crew. Give an account of the action. The challenge was accepted — the ships met ; but so terrible was the fire of the Shannon, that in a few minutes every ofS.cer on board the Chesapeake was killed — her rigging was cut to pieces — and the British having boarded, struck her flag. What is said of Lawrence f Lawrence lived in a state of delirium four days after the action, repeatedly exclaiming, *' Don't give up the ship !" He died regretted by the whole American people, and his remains were interred at Halifax with every honor. What other naval actions took place f In August the British brig Pelican captured the American brig Argus ; and on the 5th of September the British brig Boxer was taken by the brig Enterprise, off the coast of Maine. EIGHTEEN HUNDEED AND FOUKTEEN. 95 RECAPITULATION — 1813. Jan. 22, Frencbtown. April 27, York. May 1, Fort Meigs. May 27, Fort George. May 29. Sackett's Harbor. Aug. 2, Fort Lower Sandusky. Oct. 5, Thames. NAVAL EVENTS. Feb. 24, Peacock & Hornet. June 1, Shannon & Chesapeake Aug. 14, Argus & Pelican. Sept. 5, Boxer &: Enterprise. 1814-15. How ivas the campaign of 1814: opened? The campaign of 1814 was opened by the capture of Fort Erie, on the Niagara, by Gens. Scott and Ripley, on the 8d of July. What battle was fought 07i the hth, and with what success f Next day the Americans advanced, and on the 5th of July, being met by the British under Gen. Riall, the battle of Chippeway was fought. The British were compelled to fall back with the loss of 500 men. By what battle was this folloived, and lohen? Gen. Riall was reinforced by Gen. Drummond, and both armies again met near Niagara falls, where was fought the obstinate and bloody battle of Lundy's lane, July 25th. Oive the commencement of the battle. The battle was begun before sunset, by the advance of a brigade under Gen. Scott, but Gen. Brown soon came up with the main body, and the battle raged with great fury. What incident occurred during the progress of the battle f A fort garrisoned by the British swept with its guns all quarters of the field. Gen. Ripley perceiving this, asked Col. Miller if he could 96 WAR WITH EN-GLAND. storm it. ^' I can try, sir," was liis noble re- Wliat was the success of Miller's attempt? The trial Avas made, the fort taken, and though the enemy thrice attempted to retake it, they were driven back with dreadful loss. What loas the result of the engagement^ and what movement folloived f The Americans finally compelled the British to retire, though the loss on both sides was nearly equal ; but Gen. Eipley, who now com- manded, fell back to Fort George; What is said of the siege of Fort George f Here he was besieged by Gen. Prevost for seven weeks. The besieged behaved with the greatest obstinacy and spirit, and the British hearing that 6,000 Americans, under Gen. Izard, were approaching, at length raised the siege. Who had been left at Plattsburg by Gen. Izard? Gen. Izard had left Gen. Macomb at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain with scarce 2,000 men. Describe the p)lctns and movements of the British. To the attack of this post Gen. Prevost marched with an army of 14,000 men, while at the same time a British fleet, under Commodore Downie, sailed to attack the American squadron, commanded by Commodore MacDonough, in the harbor of Plattsburg. What is said of the position of both armies f Gen. Macomb had drawn up his troops on the banks of the river Saranac, and on the 11th of September, while Prevost attempted to cross the river and dislodge him, Commodore Downie attacked the American fleet. How did the two attacks terminate? EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN. 97 British vessels were compelled to surrender to MacDonough; and Prevost hearing the news, drew off his troops with the loss of twenty -five hundred. State what luas now taking place in the South. While these events were in progress, 5,000 British, under Gren. Ross, sailed up the Chesa- peake, and marched to attack the American capital. Describe the progress of the British. He received a slight check at Bladensburg, August 24:th, by Com. Barney, who was taken prisoner, but arriving at Washington, Ross burned many public buildings, and destroyed a great amount of property. What ivhere the next movements of the British ? The British General, after this, moved towards Baltimore. A severe skirmish occurred at North Point on his march, in which he was slain ; and the British, though they compelled the Ameri- cans under Gen. Stryker to retire, shortly after retreated to their shipping. Was the British fleet idle during the Battle of North Point f In the course of the attack. Fort McHenry was bombarded by the British fleet, but without success. At luhat point were the British now husy? In November, the British were engaged fitting out a force at Pensacola, in Florida, at that time in possession of Spain. By whom were their preparations disturbed f Against this Gen. Jackson marched, and took forcible possession of the town, upon which the British left the harbor of Pensacola. 9 98 WAR WITH ENGLAND. When^ and against what point did the British move f In the month of December, a British fleet with an army of 10,000 men on board, advanced to- wards New-Orleans, through Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain. Were they opposed in their progress ? On their way through Lake Borgne, an American flotilla was captured by the British alter a bloody battle ; and a spirited attack by Jackson was also repelled, with the loss of 600 men on the part of the British. Was the city in a position to he successfully de- fended? About four miles below Kew- Orleans, General Jackson had thrown up entrenchments strength- ened by bales of cotton, which successfully re- sisted the cannonading of the enemy. Packen- ham, the British general, therefore, ordered an assault. Descrihe the assault and defence . The American militia, with loaded rifles, cool- ly waited the approach, and poured upon them a destructive fire. Gen. Packenham fell mor- tally wounded. His soldiers were struck down on all sides, and order being lost, they finally fled, leaving on the field 2,000 of their com- rades. What xvas the loss on the side of the Americans ? The loss of the Americans was but seven killed and six wounded. The battle was fought on the 8th of January, 1815. Which nation had been successful at sea during this year? EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN. 99 During tlie year 1814, success at sea had in- clined to tlie Americans, and several British vessels had been captured. What misfortune befell an American frigate ? On the other hand, the frigate Essex, after taking many prizes, was herself taken, after the most bloody naval battle of the war, in the har- bor of Valparaiso, by a superior British force. When^ and luhere luas a treaty of peace signed ? The end of the struggle now arrived, for on the 24th of December, 1814, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent. Had the war been ^popular ? Throughout its whole course the war had been very unpopular in the East, and great bit- terness had arisen between different sections of the country. EECAPITULATION. — 1814-1815. 1814. July 3— Capture of Port Erie. July 5 — Lundy'sLane. Aug. 15 — Siege of Fort Erie, Aug. 24 — Bladensburg. Aug. 24 — Burning of Washington. Sept. 11— Plattsburg. Sept. 12— NorthPoint. Sept. 13 — Atck on FortMcHenry. Dec. 24 — Treaty of Peace. 1815. Jan. 8 — Battle of New-Orleana. 1814. — NAVAL BATTLES. M'h 28 — 2 Br. ships cap.by Essex. Ap. 29 — Epervier and Peaiock. J'ne28 — Reindeer and the Wasp. Sept. ll — Battle of L.Champlain. 1815. Feb. 20 — Cyane and Levant cap. by the Constitution. SECTIOK YIL FROM THE END OF THE WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE MEXICAN WAR. To what direction was the attention of the Ameri- can government now turned ? The American government being now re- 100 WAR WITH ALGIERS. leased from the contest with Great Britain, de- termined to suppress the pirates of Algiers, who were in the habit of seizing our vessels and enslaving their crews. IFAo was sent against them, and luith what suc- cess f Decatur was therefore sent. May, 1815, to the Mediterranean. He there took two Algerine frigates and 600 prisoners ; killed the Admiral, and compelled the Dey of Algiers to release the American prisoners, and sign a humiliating treaty of peace. Tunis and Tripoli were hum- b ed in the same manner. Who succeeded Madison in the presidency, a nd when ? James Monroe succeeded Madison as Presi- dent, March 4th, 1817. What war broke out in 1818, and who put an end to it f In 1818, a Seminole war broke out at the South. General Jackson was sent against the Indians, and soon overran their country. What severe measures were pursued by Jack- son f Thinking that the Indians were instigated by persons in Florida, he entered that possession of Spain, and seizing two men by the name of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, hung them as spies. Did the Government call Jackson to account ? This high-handed act met with severe and just condemnation throughout the country. Jackson, however, was not punished. When was Florida ceded to the United States ? In 1820, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. 101 State vjJiat is said of Lafayette^ s visit in 1824. Towards the close of Monroe's administration, Gen. Lafayette visited the United States. His progress was one continued triumph ; he be- came the guest of the whole nation, and finally returned to France, laden with honors, and en- riched by a grant from Congress. Who succeeded Monroe^ and what is said of his presidency f John Quincy Adams was inaugurated as President, March 4th, 1825. His administration was one of peace, and no events of importance marked the period of four years. Who succeeded Adams, and when ? General Jackson succeeded Adams, March 4th, 1829. Mention the leading measures of his administra- tion. His measures throughout his eight years were marked with great energy. He vetoed the bill to recharter the United States Bank, in the face of great opposition ; and repressed by his threats the discontents of South Carolina, which re- fused to pay the duties on imports levied by the Government. What ivar hrohe out in 1835 ? In the year 1835, the Seminole war broke out, which proved bloody, expensive, and pro- tracted. What luas the cause of this war f The cause of the war was a refusal on the part of the Indians to remove to the lands west of the Mississippi, agreed on by a treaty with the minority of the tribe. State what is said of one of their greatest chiefs, 9^ 102 SEMINOLE WAR. Osceola, one of their chiefs, and distinguislied for his talents, was placed in irons by the Gov- ernment Agent, General Thompson, but was subsequently released on a promise that he would use all his influence to persuade his peo- ple to remove. How was his imprisonment revenged f He, however, did not forget the affront, for in the month of December, the house in which Gen. Thompson was dining, was suddenly at- tacked. Thompson fell pierced with fifteen bullets, and the rest were nearly all killed or scalped. What massacre occurred on the same day f On the same day, December 28, Major Dade, while marching with a body of men to join Gen. Clinch, was slain with all his corps. What other attacks followed? Gens. Clinch and Gaines were also attacked, February, 1836, and with difficulty maintained their ground. Did the war continue through the year 1836 ? Through 1836 the war still progressed, at- tended with the usual calamities of Indian war- fare, massacres, burnings, and single murders. What became of Osceola f In 1837, Gen. Jessup drew Osceola into a conference, and then imprisoned him. Osceola died a prisoner in Fort Moultrie, January, 1838. Was the American army successful during 1837? In December, 1837, Colonel Taylor, after- wards President, distinguished himself by de- TERMINATION OF THE WAR. 103 feating tlie Indians, and capturing a hundred of their warriors. When arid hoiv ivas the luar finally ended f The war continued till 1842, when it was ended by the capture or dispersal of the Indians, in the administration of Martin Van Buren. Who succeeded Jackson as President^ and ivhen ? Martin Yan Buren had succeeded Jackson as President, March 4th, 1837. What was the length of Van Buren^s adminis- tration f Yan Buren continued in office but one term, and was succeeded by Gen. William Henry Harrison, who was inaugurated in 1841. How long did Harrison remain in office^ and by luhom succeeded F He died at the expiration of one month, and was succeeded by John Tyler, Yice President. Who succeeded Tyler ^ and when ? On the 4th of March, 1845, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, became President. What is said of the state of the nation^ up to the year 1845 ? From the termination of the Seminole war till the year 1845, no events of great importance ad occurred. The nation, being at peace at ome and abroad, grew rapidly great, prosper- ous and happy. 104 MEXICAX WAE. EECAPITULATION". 1815, May, Decatur sent to Al- giers. 1817, June, James Monroe, President. 1818, Aug. Indian War. 1820, Oct. Florida ceded to U.S. 1824, Aug. Lafayette's visit. 1825, March, J. 'a. Adams, Pre- sident. 1829, March, Andrew Jackson, President. SEMINOLE WAR. 1835, Dec. breaks out. 1835, Dec. Thompson's massacre. 1835, Dec. Dade's do., same day. 1836, Feb. Clinch and Gaines attacked, 1837, Oct. Osceola imprisoned. 1837, Dec. Col. Taylor's victory. 1842, Dec. War ended. 1837, March, Martin VanBuren, President 1841, March, William Henry Harrison, President. 1841, April, John Tyler, Presid't. 1845, March, James K.Polk, President. 1845, March, Texas annexed to the United States. SECTION" Yin. MEXICAN WAK. What luar noiv hroJce out ? But the peace of the country was again dis- turbed by the breaking out of A War with Mexico. What luas the cause of the ivar ? The cause of the war with Mexico, was the annexation of Texas to the United States. What is said of Texas f Texas had been a province of Mexico ; had rebelled and gained its independence, but was never recognized by Mexico. When and how were hostilities commenced? In March, 1846, Gen. Taylor was ordered to the mouth of the Rio Grande, to protect the MEXICAN WAR. 105 frontier. On liis marcli lie fortified Point Isabel, and encamped on the eastern bank of the Kio Grande, opposite Matamoras. What is said of the manoeuvres of both armies? A Mexican force, in his rear, attempted to cut him off from Fort Isabel, where were his stores. Taylor marched against them and met them at Palo Alto. When ivas the battle fough f, andivith what success ? The Mexicans were 6,000 strong — the Ameri- cans only 2,300. After an obstinate engagement of five hours, the enemy were driven from the field, May 7th. What occurred the next day ? The next day — the 8th — the Mexicans made a stand at Eesaca de la Palma, three miles from Palo Alto. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma f A complete victory here awaited the Ameri- cans. In a brilliant charge by the dragoons, Gen. La Vega was taken prisoner at his own guns, and the Mexicans were everywhere driven from the field at the point of the bayonet. In what direction did Gen. Taylor now march ? Gen. Taylor now waited at Fort Brown some months for reinforcements. These having arri- ved, he crossed the Rio Grande and attacked the fortified town of Monterey, on the 14th of September. What is said of the situation of Monterey f The siege presented fearful difficulties, for the town was situated on a rocky eminence, garri- soned by 9,000 men, and was well supplied with cannon and munitions of war. 106 MEXICAN WAK. Describe the taking of Monterey ? The troops, however, commanded by generals Worth and Quitman, surmounted every obsta- cle — took the works by assault, and passing into the streets, cut their way from house to house, under a galling fire. Hoiu was the siege terminated ? The enemy being now hemmed in, within the great square of the city. Gen. Ampudia, the Mexican commander, surrendered on the 24th of September, and an armistice of eight weeks was agreed on, which was broken off before the expiration of that period. Were any other expeditions sent out f Two other enterprises had meanwhile been prosecuted in other directions — one under Gen. Wool against Chihuahua, and the other under Gen. Kearney against Santa Fe. What is said of Kearney^ s f Kearney's expedition was entirely successful, for he experienced but little opposition in taking possession of the whole of New Mexico. What occurred after this ? The main body, under Colonel Doniphan, then pressed on to Chihuahua, and on its march twice fought and repulsed the Mexicans, num- bering 4,000. The Americans were but 900. Give date and names of the battles, and the re- sult^ The first of these ensrasrements, the battle of Bracito, was fought December 25th, 1846, on the Eio Grande. The second, the battle of Sacramento, February 28th, 1847. Chihuahua was shortly after occupied by the Americans. What was WooVs success f MEXICAN WAR. 107 Gen. Wool's expedition, unable to find a route over the mountains of the Sierra Madre to Chi- huahua, changed its course and assisted Gen. Worth in overrunning the state of Coahuila. What 18 said of Taylor's situation f Gen. Taylor remained at Monterey till the beginning of February, 1847. While there a great portion of the army had been withdrawn to strengthen the army of Gen. Scott, who had been ordered to march on Mexico by way of Vera Cruz. State lohat happened to him in this condition. In this critical situation, with many of his best troops gone and several of his generals, Santa Anna, the Mexican general, advanced against Taylor with an army of 17,000 men. What course did Taylor at once adopts Gen. Taylor thought it prudent to fall back to the plains of Baena Vista, and prepared to meet the Mexican force. His troops numbered 4,700, How did the battle commence f Here he was attacked by Santa Anna, Feb. 23d, 1847. Give an account of it. The battle continued throughout the day. Several times victory seemed to incline to the enemy ; but the skill and bravery of the officers, together with the confidence of the army in Gen. Taylor, finally prevailed. State the loss on both sides^ and the effect. The enemy were routed with the loss of 1500, while that of Taylor was only 600. The battle of Buena Vista ended the war in the northern part of Mexico. 108 MEXICAN WAR. What had happened on the Pacific coast f In the western part, California liad been taken by tlie bravery and enterprise of Colonel Fre- mont, who was at the head of a party surveying a new route from California to the United States. Did he meet ivith opposition F After several severe skirmishes, De Castro, the Spanish governor of the province, was driven from the province, and California declared an independent State. When did this happen f This was in 1846, before the news of the breaking out of the war had arrived at the Pacific. After a severe contest of two hours, the Did Fremont continue in power 1 On the arrival of the declaration of war with Mexico, Commodore Stockton took the com- mand, and by January, 1847, the whole province of California was in possession of the Americans. GEN. SCOTT's expedition. To the command of what expedition had Gen. Scott been appointed? Gen. Scott had been apppointed to command an expedition which was to proceed to Mexico, by way of Yera Cruz. What was the first post taheyi, and ivhenf On the 9th of March, 1847, his troops landed near Vera Cruz. Batteries were soon erected, and so terrible was the fire of the besiegers, that on the 27th, Yera Cruz and the Castle of San Juan D'Ulloa surrendered. What is said of the Mexican force opposed to him? The march to Mexico now began. To oppose MEXICAN WAR. 109 him, Santa Anna, with 15,000 men, was encamped on the heights of Cerro Gordo, which commanded a defile on the road through which the army must pass. What luas the plan of attack? Against this post Gen. Twiggs led one divi- sion of the armjj while another was to proceed by a circnitous route, and make an attack on their rear. And what its success ? ,v^About noon on the 18th of April, every post on the heights was in possession of the Ameri- cans, and three thousand prisoners captured, to- gether with the entire military stores of the army. Narrate the 2^rogress of Gen. Scott. Next day the Americans occupied Jalapa, took the strong fortress of Perote. without a blow, April 22nd, and on the 15th of May Puebla was entered, where the whole army rested for reinforcements. Give the further movements of the army. On the 9th of August, Gen. Scott resumed his march to the citjr of Mexico at the head of 10,000 men, and on the 11th reached the valley of Mexico, and encamped at Ayotla, 15 miles from the capital. What is said of the approach to the city ? The only direct approach was by the National road, and this was strongly guarded and forti- fied. Did Gen. Scott choose this road? Gen. Scott, therefore, determined to lead his army round to San Augustine, which was about ten miles from the city. Were there any strong posts on this route ? 10 110 MEXICAN WAR. Along tlie road now chosen for his advance, three strong posts, Contreras, Churubnsco, and Chapnltepec, disjDuted his march. Describe the attach on the first post. On the 20th of August, after a fearless and terrible assault of 15 minutes, Contreras was taken, though defended by 7,000 Mexicans. What success immediately followed? In the afternoon the defences of Churubusco were carried at several points, and the Mexicans were compelled to retreat to the defences near the city. By what was hostilities interrwpied?^ An armistice of several days now interrupted the progress of the war. The object of the armistice was to enable the Mexicans to come to terms by treaty, but the object failed. When and by ivhat was the ivar resumed? The war was resumed on the 8th of Septem- ber, by the storming and capture of Molino del Rey and Casa ^lata — two outerworks of the fortress of Chapnltepec — by Gen. Worth, after a bloody battle. What still remained to defend the city ? There now remained nothing but the Castle of Chapnltepec itself between the victorious Americans and the capital. Hovj was Ohapultepec protected ? This fortress was protected on nearly all sides by jagged and precipitous rocks, and was well supplied with cannon and ammunition. Give an account of the taking of Chapultepec. Gen. Scott, however, nothing daunted, opened his batteries against it on the 12th, and on the 13th of September, under cover of a shower of GENERAL TAYLOR PRESIDENT. Ill shells thrown into the fort, an assault was made, and Chapultepec Avas taken. What was noiu the siuation of the Mexicans f In this situation of affairs, nothing was left to the inhabitants but to submit, as the army of Santa Anna and all the officers had fled. WhatfollowecU On the 14th of September, 1847, the Ameri- can army entered the city of Mexico. When was the Treaty of Peace signed f After considerable delay a treaty of peace was concluded on the 2d of February following. What were the provisions on the part of Mexico ? On the part of Mexico, the treaty provided that JSTew Mexico and California should be given up to the United States. On the part of the United States f The United States government, on the other hand, were to relinquish all other captured posts, to pay Mexico fifteen millions of dollars for the territory, and assume the payment of the debts of Mexico to American citizens. Wlien did the American army leave the cityf At length, on the 12th of June, the American army evacuated the city of Mexico, and directed their steps homeward. Wliat is said of the remaiiis of the armyf Disease and death had thinned their ranks, but the great end of their labors had been at- tained, and a nation's thanks and rewards awaited these sufferers for a nation's glory. What honors icere paid to the officers f Many of the officers were promoted to stations of honor, and among the rest. Gen. Taylor was elevated to the office of President, March 5th, 1849. 112 MEXICAN WAE. How long did he enjoy this dignity ? He enjoyed tliis great dignity but one year and four montlis, and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, of Kew-York, Vice President, July, 1850. RECAPITULATION — SECTION YIII. MEXICAN WAR. 1846. May 7th, battle of Palo Alto. May 8lh, B.esaca de la Palma. Sept. 14th, Monterey. Dec. 23th, Bracito. 1847. Feb. 23d, Buena Vista. Feb. 28th, Sacramento. March 27th, Vera Cruz. April ISth, Cerro Gordo. Aug. 20th, Contreras. Aug. 20th, Churubusco. Sept. 8th, Molino del Rev. Sept. 13th, Chapultepec. Sept. 14th, Mexico entered. 1848. Feb. 2d, Peace concluded. 113 El c:5 CO p^ p-l pq P=l i > John Adams, of Mass. Thos. Jefferson, Va. Aaron Burr, N. Y., and Geo. Clinton, N. Y, Gee. Clinton, N. Y., and Elbridge Gerry, Mass. Daniel D. Tompkins, N. Y. John C. Calhoun, S. C. Jno. C. Calhoun, S. C.,&MartinVan Buren, N.Y. Richard M. Johnson, Ky. John Tyler, Va. Geo. M. Dallas, Penn. Millard Fillmore, N. Y. s a a 1 t^QOuOiXQOOOQOQOCOOOOO'JO 3 Qco500r^c^c^(^:l^■^■^T}^lo t^f~Q0QOQ00O000OO00OQ0Q0QO April 30, ] March 4, : (( 11 il u April 4, March 4, i July 9, ] ■g :"c'5'S -Jo ■ 'fl .-r; o a c M o S ail Thos. Jefferson James Madison James Monroe Jno. duincy Adams Andrew Jackson... Martin Van Buren. Wm. H.Harrison*.. John Tyler Jas. K.Polk Zachary Taylor t. .- Millard Fillmore. .. i-i CJ co'^mot'QOOOr^c^co c s 0. ^ •5 « Oq QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. In what year was America discovered ? 2. "Who was Columbus : and what led to the voyage ? 3. Who were the first English Navigators ? 4. Discovery of Florida — give date and account. 5. Cortes' expedition " " " " 6. De Soto's " " " " 7. Who discovered the St. Lawrence, and when ? 8. What Colonies were attempted by England ? 9. What is said of Sir Walter Raleigh? 10. Give dates of these attempts. 11. What name was given to the country, and why? 12. How was the territory divided, and by whom? 13. Give the particulars of the setthng of Jamestown. 14. Give a full account of John Smith. 15. Bacon's rebellion — date and account. 16. The dates of the Virginia charters. 17. When did it become a royal government ? 18. Particulars of the settlement of Plymouth. 19. And of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 20. When and why was Roger Wilhams banished ? 21. When was Boston settled ? 22. Date and account of the New-England Union. 23. " " " of Salem Witchcraft. 24. When and where was New-Hampshire settled ? 25. What massacre during King WiUiam's War? QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 115 26. When and by whom was Connecticut settled ? 27. " " " " " Ehode Island " 28. '' " " " '^ New-Jersey " 29. Who discovered the Hudson Eiver ? 30. When and by whom was New- York first settled ? 31. When and how did it become an English Colony ? 32. Who were the Dutch Grovernors ? 33. Name some of the English Grovernors. 34. Date and account of the burning of Schenectady. 35. When and by whom was Maryland settled ? 36. " '' " '' '' Pennsylvania settled? 37. Give the particulars of the settlement, &c. 38. When did Delaware become a Colony ? 39. When and by whom was North Carolina settled ? 40. " " '' '' " South Carolina " 41. Date and particulars of the settlement of Gteorgia. 42. Name the Thirteen Colonies. 43. Name the wars before the French and Indian. 44. Date and cause of the Pequod War. 45. What event terminated it ? 46. Cause of King Philip's War, and date. 47. Give an account of the last great battle. 48. " '' '' '' death of Philip. 49. What was the cause of King Williajm's War? 50. What was the principal event ? 51. By what treaty terminated, and when ? 52. Give cause and date of Queen Anne's War. 53. How was it terminated, and when ? 54. Give cause and date of King George's War. 55. What was the principal event ? 56. How was the war ended, and when ? 57. Give the cause of the French and Indian War. 58. What great man first appears in this ? 59. Give an account of his first appearance. 116 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 60. Describe Washington's campaign, and date. 61. Events of the war. 62. Describe Braddock's expedition. 63. Describe the battle of Quebec. 64. When and where was a treaty signed ? 65. Grive the terms of this treaty. 66. State the general cause of the Eevolution. 67. What was the great objection to taxation? 68. Describe the Stamp Act. 69. How was this received in the Colonies ? 70. Was it repealed, and by what act followed ? 71. What became of the tea sent to the Colonies ? 72. How was Boston punished ? 73. Give the events of 1775. 74. " " " '' 1776. 75. " " " " 1777. 76. " " " " 1778. 77. " " " " 1779. 78. " " " " 1780. 79. " " " " 1781. 80. Was there any fighting in 1782 ? 81. When and where was the treaty signed ? 82. When was the army disbanded ? 83. When did the British evacuate ITew-York ? 84. What difiaculties foUowed the War? 85. Wliat arrangements were made with the army ? 86. When was the Constitution adopted ? 87. Who formed Washington's first cabinet ? 88. When did Washington die ? 89. When was the expedition sent against TripoH ? 90. Cause, and account of this expedition. 91. What Heutenant distinguished himself? 92. Siege of Derne, when and by whom, 93. What were the "British Orders in Council ?" QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 117 94. What was the " Milan Decree?" 95. Their ejBfects on American Commerce. 96. Date and account of battle of Tippecanoe. 97. Causes of the War of 1812. 98. Events of 1812. 99. " " 1813. 100. '' '' 1814. 101. '• '•' 1815. 102. Were the Americans successful in 1812 ? 103. Treaty of peace — when and where signed ? 104. Who was President during the war? 105. Grive leading events of the Seminole War. 106. Give the cause of the War with Mexico. 107. " " Events of 1846. 108. " " '' " 1847. QUESTIONS ON THE TABLE OE PRESIDENTS. How many Presidents have there been ? Who was the 1st? 2d? 3d? 7th? 4th? 12th? 5th? 10th? 6th? 8th? 13th? 11th? and 9th ? How many, and which Presidents from Virginia? from Massachusetts? ISTew-York? Tennessee? Ohio ? Louisiana ? What Presidents died while in office ? How many, and which Presidents served two terms, or eight years ? one term, or four years ? less than one term ? When did Washington's administration begin and end 1 James Madison's ? Van Buren's ? Jefferson's ? John Adams'? Monroe's? Taylor's? Jackson's? Polk's? J. Q. Adams' ? Tyler's ? Fillmore's ? Harrison's ? 118 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. Who was President during the war of 1812 ? during the war with Mexico ? Who was Yice-President under Washington? under Jackson? Jefferson? Harrison? Fillmore? John Adams ? Monroe ? Van Buren ? Taylor ? Madison ? Tyler? John Q.Adams? Polk? LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ^.S I'. ■■■LI (^ C. SH 1 -S- ,,i I 011 448 957 8 tol)olcsale $? Hetail Sookstorf^ JVo. 15a JPUL.TOJr.STMlEET, Between Broadway and Nassau, Mill km SBTlSNEri At remarlva1)ly Low Trices for C.-isli, They keep constantly on hand every article adn ted to School use. They would like to call the attention of Teacho to the S^To S)S) Manufactured by them, and which they think ni; bo introduced into Schools to great advantage. They are economical and are better adapted to il forming of an uniform hand than any other Pen use. Teacliers are respectfully invited to ^glvt ■ n ('. 8HEPARD,, T. G. FRENCH -^V^!