§ /?/ CHAS. R. HEAD. JAMESlS. BELL. T. T. WILSON. D. M. STEWARD. Chairman. JAS. O. MARTIN. J. C. HOWELL. W. J. BASS. Vice-Chairman. Executive Board of the Chattanooga and Hamilton County Centennial Commission. [COPYRIGHTED AND ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CHATTANOOGA AND HAMILTON COUNTY, TENN. BY GEO. W. OCHS, Mayor of Chattanooga. 2f*.J-- 7 Published under the direction and by the authority of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition Committee of Chattanooga and Hamilton County. TIMES PRINTING CO., PRINTERS PREFACE. 'HIS work is designed to present the main data and statistics regarding the City of Chattanooga and Hamilton County, Tennessee, and to sustain the claim that we have here natural and geographical advantages for great development. Its preparation has heen a labor of love. If it causes anyone to become interested in promoting our growth, or if it stimulates our own citizens, I am more than repaid for my task. The following are the members of the Executive Committee of the Exposition Commission, under whose direction this book was published : D. M. Steward, Jas. S. Bell, C. R. Head, W. J. Bass, .las. C. Howell, T. T. Wilson, J. O. Martin, Taylor Williams. My thanks are due to the following gentlemen for important data and valuable assistance: Thos. P. Wells, A. J. Gahagan, H. F. Temple, Garnett Andrews, Jr., W. A. Campbell, Robert Hooke, B. L. Goulding, Secretary Chamber of Commerce, W. B. Royster, Secretary Young Men's Business League, Francis Linde, for assistance in chapter on Lookout Mountain, Gen. H. V. Boynton, President Chick- amauga- Chattanooga Park Commission, for assistance in article on national park, J. E. MacGowan, Judge O. H. Orton, Frederick Giddings, F. J. Bennett, J. S. Bell, A. S. Corbly, A. N. Sloan, J. P. Smartt. T. V. Meyer, J. T. Thomasson, J. B. Hawkins, W. F. Kalb, Jno. Bachtel, Dorr Benn, Rev. J. W. Bachman, Rev. S. T. Westhafer, Rev. H. A. Ottke, Dr. G. W. Drake, C. D. Mitchell, L. M. Pindell, II. S. Signal Ob- server, Prof. A. T. Barrett, Superintendent of Public Schools, Prof. Hixson, Superintendent of County Schools, Dr. E. A. Cobleigh, Judge S. M. Walker, C. V. Brown, County Engineer Betts. u. \v. o. <'HATTAtte*o$V MwY.^SS?* ; .;;.-! . ..: ..'.'■ [Copyright. 1S9T ] OS- CITY AND COUNTY. CHATTANOOGA and Hamilton county seem to have been especially blessed with every resource and advantage which can contribute lo industrial and commercial de- velopment. Many cities and counties possess some of the advant- ages that are found here, perhaps to an equal degree, but no other city or county in America possesses greater advantages. Chattanooga has every essential to future greatness, viz : healthful location, fertile soil, prosperous surroundings, abundant mineral and timber wealth, beautiful scenic attractions, rich historic ass iciations, unsurpassed transportation facilities, a salubrious climate and a progressive and enlightened citizenship; the countv has the most magnificent system of roads in the Southern states; its river bottoms are extensive and productive ; the uplands yield fruits, berries and vegetables in great abundance; the mountains bear inexhaustible stores of minerals; the timbers of the county are of great variety. Undulating valleys, picturesque mountains, broad expanse of rolling plains a Hording every variety of scenery, produce almost all the crops known in the temperate zone and pour into the lap of industrious husbandry a wealth of richness rarely to be found in any one locality in this country. Chattanooga is almost at the junction of the three great states, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, and by a caprice of nature, is the only situs for a city within a radius of many miles. In primi- tive days the untutored Indian saw here the advantages for a city and in the latter years of the eighteenth century it was the great camping ground of the most populous Indian tribes in the central south. During the civil war the captains of both armies dis- covered immediately the strategic importance of Chattanooga, and the city was the scene of the bloodiest battles of that san- guinary struggle to possess this key to the South, the final occu- pation of which by the Union army was the turning point of the war. What the savage mind intuitively saw, what the military mind with scientific foresight discovered, the commercial mind has since appreciated, and nature's designs are now being carried forward with marvelous rapidity. No city in the whole southern country has transportation fa- cilities equal to Chattanooga. The Tennessee river, which almost entirely surrounds the city, is now open for navigation and vessels of six feet draught ply from Chattanooga to Ohio and Mississippi ports. Eleven separate and distinct lines of railway terminate here, diverging like the spokes of a wheel, to all points of the compass, representing five rival railway systems, close competitors, and wholly independent. The sharp competition between water and rail has materially reduced freight rates, and they become lower as the river traffic develops. The time is close at hand when Chattanooga will be made the basic point for freight traffic in the central south, and will then enjoy the distinct advantage which its physical location should command. Chattanooga's climatic advantages are so remarkable as to seem almost unreal. The city averages over 700 feet above sea level, and is completely surrounded by mountains and ridges, cleft at every point of the compass by fertile valleys. The swift fiowing Tennessee affords natural drainage and through the val- leys mountain breezes always sweep, laden with the aroma of ver- dant forests, perfuming the atmosphere and eliminating miasma. The city is thoroughly sewered, and has over sixteen miles of permanent street paving. The death rate of the city averages for all colors, twelve fifty-two per cent, per thousand per annum, the white death rate going as low as nine per cent.; the average ol American cilies is nearly twenty per cent. The climate is similar to the golden mean of Italy, the annual average temperature of the past eighteen years, according to the report of the United MOCCASIN BEND AND CHATTANOOGA, VIEWED FROM LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. The Tennessee river in winding about the foot of the mountain outlines an almost perfect reproduction of an Indian moccasin. The city of Chattanooga lies to the right The photograph is taken nearly 2,000 feet above the river. City and. States Weather Bureau, being 60°; the mean temperature in the summer months is in the neighborhood of 72°, and in the winter months 43°. The county and city are natural health resorts by reason of the high elevation, the mineral springs of highly medic- inal qualities which abound, the pure air and equable climate. ( 'hattanooga is the natural commercial entrepot of a district 200 miles square, in which 2,500,000 people reside. The river bottoms yield rich harvests of cereals and grasses, the mountains and ridges grow small fruits in abundance ; over 1,000,000 pounds of berries, small fruits and early vegetables are annually shipped from Chattanooga to Northern markets, and Hamilton county is becoming one of the most important producers of early straw- berries, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, grapes and small fruits iu the Southern states. Within 75 miles of Chattanooga nearly 100,000 bales of cotton are annually raised ; the culture of tobacco and of hops is becoming an important industry, and peanuts and other leguminous plants are being extensively cultivated in the county. The area tributary to Chattanooga, is perhaps, the richest mineral region in America, as respects both quantity and diver- sity of resources. Coal and iron, limitless in quantity and of a uniformly high grade, are found in every hill and mountain ; gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, mica, asbestos and gem stones air profitably mined within 75 miles of Chattanooga; white, black and mottled marble, and good building stone are success- fully quarried. Cement, slate, calcerous lime, kaolin, sand and potter's clay are also found in inexhaustible quantities,. and are being successfully operated. Poplar, pine, gum, cherry, cedar, ash, oak, hickory and other hard woods, are easily accessible from ('hattanooga, in large quantities. Such marvelous deposits of all materials, boundless in ex- tent and rich in quality, probably are found in no oilier region County. upon the globe, and all these natural advantages are the legiti- mate resources of Chattanooga. The following figures of the United States' Census show the industrial growth of the city between 1880 and 1890 : 1880. 1890. Number of Industries 58 283 Capital $2,045,000 $6,673,515 Hands Employed 2,123 5.13'.i Annual Wages $ 568,508 $2,419,446 Value of Product 3,230,000 9,449,387 The following are the statistics for 1897, as compiled for this publication by personal canvass; the number of industries in- cludes only manufactories that actually produce materials for sale, and excludes laundries, blacksmiths, bakers, shoemakers, repair shops, etc., which were included in the census figures. The statis- tics of actual manufacturing plants, omitting all such as are enumerated above, are as follows : Number of factories 161 Capital $ 7,546,300 Annual value of product 11,802,600 Number of hands employed 6,1S2 Wages and salaries $ 2,397,100 The Census Statistics show there was a uniform growth of about 400 per cent, in the decade 1880-1890, and the next census will show a growth equally as remarkable ; during the same decade the population of the city and suburbs increased from 14,000 to 35,000, and is at present about 50,000. The assessed valuation of the city and county have correspondingly increased, likewise the banking capital, and in fact, in every element of growth there has been a uniform expansion both in the city and in the county. The scenery about Chattanooga is romantic and historic. Lookout Mountain, Walden's Ridge, Missionary Ridge and Rac- coon Mountain, oompletelj! encircle the city and afford a panorama City and of such transcendent beauty and grandeur, that the name of this city has become famous as a point of sce.iic interest throughout the world. . . The city is hallowed by sacred memories. Unckaniauga, Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain are indissolubly linked with the most tragic history of our country, and with each suc- ceeding year the interest deepens in these battlefields where was exhibited the highest type of military heroism by American soldiers. The United States Government and all the states whose sons were represented upon those sanguinary battlefields, are now converting them into a National Military Park, which in extent and elaboration is the greatest military park upon the earth. The population of Chattanooga and Hamilton county is cosmopolitan, containing a larger proportion of Northern people than any other section of the South, with but a small per cent, of foreign population. The city and county are typical American communities, imbued with all the characteristics which typify the County. average American settlements. All charitable, reformatory and benevolent enterprises are supported with a liberality and carried forward with a fervor more to be expected in an old community than in a new, rapidly growing town. Beautiful church edifices, numerous colleges and private seminaries, excellent public school system, handsome club buildings, an elaborate city auditorium, public libraries, many art, literary and musical societies, demon- strate the enlightened character of the community, while the many costly private residences, the splendid architecture of im- posing business blocks and public buildings, show the artistic- taste that prevails. Nature has bestowed resources and potential factors of growth upon Chattanooga which are irresistible. The combination of advantages existing here, stimulates every endeavor and gives promise of a great future for this city and county. Elsewhere in these chapters the various subjects are treated more at length, presenting the facts, statistics and reliable data relating to this city and county. Lee & Gordon's Mill, National Military Park. Reed"s Bridge. National Military Paik. THE MINERALS OF THIS SECTION. THE coal, iron ore and limestones of the Southern mineral region lie close together, intermixed and co-terminous, in an" area of approximately twenty-four thousand square miles ; ten thousand five hundred square miles of this area is in commercial reach of Chattanooga, Her furnaces have profitably used coke from the Pocahontas mines and ovens in Southwest Virginia. The ores in this neigh- borhood have been used for mixing by the furnacemen in the Birmingham district of Alabama, In the region penetrated by Chattanooga railroads and the Tennessee river, there is a supp y of coal greater than Great Britain had before her measures were touched by a miner's pick, and more iron ore, limestone and mar- ble than was ever in the United Kingdom, and three times as much as the German supply. There are now mined in this area that may be made tributary to the city of Chattanooga, annually about two mi'lion long tons of coal, and six hundred thousand to one million tons of iron ore. In one-third this area Germany mines sixty-five million tons annually; Pennsylvania with an area not one-fourth larger, produced one hundred million tons of bituminous and anthracite last year. These figures will convey an idea of the possibilities of this district in the production of coal. The coal, as respects quality is of every grade of bituminous, chiefly of good quality, most of it excellent. High quality gas coals are in great abundance. In Scott, Roane and other coun- ties, one hundred miles or so north of Chattanooga, and conven- ient to the Cincinnati Southern Railway, there is an abundam e of coking coal and a very fine quality of coke is being made at the different mines in Hamilton county ; there is some cannel coal in upper East Tennessee. In the Chattanooga district there are ten coke blast furnaces, which produce annually nearly three hundred thousand tons of pig iron. The annual amount of coal mined in Hamilton county is about three hundred thousand tons; in Marion county, two hundred and twenty-five thousand tons; in Rhea county, two hundred and twenty-five thousand tons; the total in the state- three million tons. The Chattanooga district produces about two hundred thous- and tons of coke per annum. The coals in Walden's Ridge, which is the main spur of the Cumberland mountains, underlie that ele- vation an average of ten miles wide and one hundred and twenty miles long. These coals vary in kind and quality from the free burning and lighter varieties found in the Coal Creek region, to the heavy and hard coals found in the Sale Creek, Soddy, and North Chickamauga. There is enough fuel in that one moun- tain, to supply a niidion people with fuel, for all possible uses, for several thousand years, and the poorest of it is better than the best German coal. Great beds of this coal are within four miles of Chattanooga. The fixed carbon in coals in this immediate locality vanes from 84 to 94 per cent, and sulphur from 1 per cent, to as low as 1-10 of 1 per cent. The iron ore of this region covers a great stretch of territory and is of two varieties, red and brown hematite. The brown ores lie in immense beds in the western part of McMinn and Monroe counties ; some of them are of high quality, but mostly high in phosphorus and metallic iron. There are also large beds of this ore in upper East Tennessee, and great quantities about Carters- ville, Georgia. The Georgia ore has served to make excellent open hearth or bessemer steel. The red ores are everywhere in the Tennessee Valley ; in the foot ridges of the Cumberland range, in Lookout and Chatta- It stands nn the highest po THE INN ON LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, nt of the mountain and commands an unsurpassed view. The building is jn 5 feet in length. distance about 400 feet. The avenue extends to the brow of the mount iin. The Minerals nooga Valleys, south of the <-ity in Georgia, across the Tennessee, within two miles of the chy, and several hundred tons were dug out some years ago in the city limits. Down the Chattanooga Southern Railway, in Walker and Catoosa counties, Georgia, are millions of tons of high quality red ore that are being very cheaply mined. At Inman, Marion county, near the furnace plant at South Pittsburg, Tepnessee, are laTge ore operations, whence many hundred thousand tons have been taken. These red ores are at manv points along the river or railroads, can he put on cars or in barges at a cost ranging from 25 to 30 cents a ton. The ore supply of the district has barely been scratched here and there, not developed by any means. A fine grade of manganese ore is abundant in this locality and it is very extensively mined within seventy miles of the city. The limestones and marbles of this district are among the most valuable of its resources. There are millions of yards of pure dolamite, other millions <>f beautiful blue limestones, that make very handsome trimmings and walls, and wear like iron when crushed and used for road finish. Limescones are found in unlimited quantity up the Tennessee river, which are pronounced by the highest authorities to be the best quality of stones for bridge abutments and other structures requiring high crushing and re- sisting strength. The marbles extend from Pickens county, Georgia, sixty miles below the city, to the upper counties of East Tennessee. They are of every quality of the variegated grades, grey, red, umber, brown, black and white. Some very beautiful monu- mental stones have been developed. The capacity of the East Tennessee quarries alone is in excess of twenty-five thousand cubic yards per month. Great quantities of the variegated marble ate shipped to all parts of the world for furniture and other interior uses, from all parts of East Tennessee and other points tributary of This Section. to Chattanooga. This interest has only been slightly developed- The occurrence ol mica is quite frequent in this section ; a total of seven hundred and fifty-six thousand pounds was pro- duced in North Carolina in 1890, most of which was produced within one hundred miles of Chattanooga. Slate of a very high quality has been developed on Little Tennessee river in Blount county, East Tennessee, and other points in this region. The bed is one of the largest and best in the world; the slale can he barged to Chattanooga at a nominal cost of freight. There are eight copper mines in Polk county, within sixty- miles of Chattanooga, all of which are now producing ore, with several smelters in operation. These ores are copper pyrite and carry about 5 per cent, of copper. At different points in East Tennessee zinc and lead operations are being carried on. At Clinton, in East Tennessee, there is ;1 smeller with a capacity of one hundred and six pounds metallic zinc per day. Two thousand pounds of lead are daily produced in Bradley county, within forty miles of the city. (lil has long been known to exist in commercial quantities in Fentress, Morgan. < (verton, and other counties, within one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles of Chattanooga. It is now being developed rapidly, and the district promises to become highly profitable, the oil being in large supplies and of high quality. The clay and kaolin deposits in this immediate section are of very great importance. Besides the coarser sorts there are fine stoneware clays which bum to a hard body of a good color, and there is a deposit of good I all clay ; fire clays of high quality are very abundant. There are in the city of Chattanooga two very large sewn pipe works, which use the clay of this immediate section very ex- tensively and produce probably a larger amount of sewer-pipe The Minerals of This Section. than any other city small of t he Ohio river; the product is shipped to all parts of country. Stoneware clays are also being utilized in this county and several potteries are in successful oper- ation, turning out a very large product. Silica saud is very abundant, and some years ago large glass works were in operation here. The sands of this section possess a very high grade of silica and the glass industry could be very successfully prosecuted. The production of mineral paint is a large industry at Chat- nooga. Ochre is mined extensively near Cartersville, Georgia, and a line cpjality of red and brown oxide exists in practically unlimited quantities in this region and makes a very superior paint. The extensive deposits of asbestos, fibroustalc and soapstone which are found in our neighboring 'state of NortlvC'arolina, within seventy-five miles of Chattanooga, are. utilized in a large local industry making gas tips and the other various articles into which those minerals are manufactured. Water Wheel, Crawfish Springs. Observation Tower. National Military Park, lit Lulah Falls, Lookout Mountain THE MANUFACTURING INTERESTS OF CHATTANOOGA. THE manufacturing interests of Chattanooga have always constituted the main element of strength of the city, and its future development will undoubtedly lie in this direc- tion. In successive chapters an effort is made to partially present the facts to show the remarkable diversity of raw material in the area of which Chattanooga is the center. The climatic advant- ages, the transportation facilities and the accessibility of these re- sources give Chattanooga distinct and unmistakable advantages for successful manufacturing. Chattanooga for years has been known as " The Pittsburg of the South," and during the past ten wars she has fully sustained this title. There is a greater diversity of manufacturing in Chat- tanooga, covering more varied branches, with a broader field of operations and wider territory, than at any other city south of the Ohio river. Chattanooga exports by far the largest variety of manufactured articles that are sent from any Southern city. The industrial growth of the city has been uniformly maintained by the diversification of its industrial interests. There are but few localities in the world where wood products, iron products and clay products can be manufactured with equal facility ; but yet at Chattanooga the raw material for all these different branches exists in such abundance and such richness that operations in any one of these lines, conducted with prudence, industry and skill, invaria- bly prove successful. The fuel supplies of the city are inexhaustible; good steam coal can be had at the factory at 85 cents to 95 cents per ton; lumber is floated to the city in the log by millions of feet each year; iron ore and limestone abound all about the city; excellent kaolin and clays are within easy reach ; in fact all the supplies and material for cheap manufacturing are assembled here in greatest quantity at minimum cost. A very thorough canvass of the manufacturing interests of Chattanooga was made prior to the publication of this book. The effort was to procure the name of every manufacturing enterprise of the city, together with statistics giving its product, wages and salaries, capital investment and other details. Any investigation of a private nature is necessarily more or less hampered through the disinclination of manufacturers to divulge the facts re- lating to their business, but it is thought that the tables accom- panying this statement are the most accurate and comprehensive that have ever been compiled. The totals are less in some features than the results obtained by the United States census enumerators, but this is due to the fact that the methods pursued and the objects sought were somewhat different. The United States census enumerators include in their reports, under the head of " Indus- tries," all operations where persons were employed for wages, dis- regarding the fact as to whether or not they produced anything for sale, such as shoemakers, blacksmiths, bakers, laundries, etc. The table that is herewith subjoined comprises only a list of enter- prises that produce material for sale; in fact it is limited to the legitimate and active manufacturing plants. The table also con- tains only such factories as are located within the corporate limits of Chattanooga or immediately adjacent thereto. There are a number of large industrial enterprises whose headquarters are at Chattanooga, but whose factories are located at some distance from the city, which are not embraced in the statistics of Chattanooga's manufactories. They do most of their business In this city, buy their supplies here, but their workmen could not be regarded as residents oft 'hattanooga or Hamilton county, hence they arc not in- cluded. Among these institutions are the following : The Ten- nessee Paving Brick Company, capacity fifteen million paving brick annually, employing two hundred and fifty hands, with gen II The Manufacturing eral office and managers located at Chattanooga; the Roane Iron Works, operating coal mines and two large blast furnaces at Rock- wood, Tennessee, employing in the neighborhood of rive hundred hands, with headquarters and general offices at Chattanooga ; the Walker Iron Company, operating a blast furnace and extensive minis, employing one hundred and seventy-five hands, with offices and manager located at Chattanooga; the Rome Iron Company, operating a blast furnace and mines, employing one hundred and fifty hands, general offices and general manager located at Chatta- nooga ; the Oxley Stave Company, operating large stave and barrel works, at different points throughout the South, with general offices and headquarters at Chattanooga, and others. Excluding these large enterprises, the tables show that the total capital employed in manufacturing within the city of Chat- tanooga and its immediate suburbs aggregate $7,546,300; the total annual value of the product is $11,802,600; the total number of hands employed, 6,182 ; amount paid in wages and salaries per annum. |2,397,100. Analyzing the tabic further, shows the following interesting facts : 1,225 hands and $1)00,000 capital are engaged in the lumber and cognate industries; $600,000 of capital, employing 350 bands, are engaged in the leather manufacture; $200,000 of capital and In i hands are engaged in coal mining and coke making; $750,000 capital, employing Toll bands, arc engaged in working ores, clays, building stone, etc: in iron and kindred industries there are 900 bands employed and $1,700,000 of capital. The development of the manufacturing interests has been steady, but the greatest growth has been in the past ten years. The table shows that only seven of our industries were established in the years between 1865 and 1870. and proves that the real STOWth did not commence until 1885. The following table shows Interests of Chattanooga. the date of the establishment of the various industries now com- prising the manufacturing interests of Chattanooga: 7 in the years 1865 to 1870; 11 in the years 1871 to 1875; 14 in the years 1876 to 1880; 2:: in the years 1881 to 1885; 44 in the years 1886 to 1890; 44 in the years 1891 to 1895; 13 in 1896 and 5 in the first four months of 1897. If the rate of growth in new industries since the first of Jan- uary, 18.16, is maintained during the next five years it will show an inciease in the manufacturing establishments for these five years of 67. There are now in successful operation in Chattanooga 62 manufacturing plants that were organized and established be- tween the years 1891 and 1897, a period which is regarded as the most depressing in industrial development that the United States lias ever experienced. Hence it is lair to conclude that if the rate of Chattanooga's industrial growth was greater during this de- pressing period than at any previous corresponding period in the history of the South, with the return to normal cot ditions, i phenomenal rate of industrial growth will occur. Most o| the plants that are now in operation at Chattanooga have been enlarged during the period of depression. When business again becomes active, as will inevitablybe the case sooner or later, and the manufacturing interests that are located in Chat- tanooga at the present time relatively expand, the number of wage earners they will employ will double, for it is a fact that large as is the present output of the factories at Chattanooga, it falls far short of their full capacity. Of the industries at Chattanooga, only thirty are wholly local in their territory. The majority send their products to all parts of the country, and some have a large export trade. 12 The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. Chattanooga refrigerators have found their way to Cape Town, Honolulu, and the West Indie-. Mexico buys Chattanooga tele- graph equipment, hay presses, pig iron, pulleys, plows and the finer grade of grates and furniture. Cane mills ami sugarevapor- ators of Chattanooga make go to Mexico, South America and the West Indies. Railway brake-shoes made at Chattanooga form part of modern railway equipment everywhere on the globe. Europe is a large buyer of Chattanooga slate pencils, pulleys, boat oars, leather and lava gas tips and puts a new label and fancy price on Chattanooga cotton oil. England and Canada order special machinery in large quantities from Chattanooga shippers, and a German pencil-making firm, through a plant at Chattanooga, is sawing and shipping for its own use immense quantities of Southern cedar. Austria buys Chattanooga cotton linters for carpet weaving, and shipments of Chattanooga paint are made to Yokohama and other remote ports of the world. ,61. Acetylene Gas Burners. Advertising Caps, 27. Ammonia, 134, 139 Architectural Iron Work, 12,49. Architectural Sheet Metal, 47. Asbestos Cement and Roofing. 45. Asphalt Roofing and Paving, 45. Awnings, 78. Awning Frames, 108. Babbitt Metal, 64. Badges, Metal and Ribbon, 13, 57, 141. Baking Powder, 134, 139. Balconies, Iron, 108. Bandsaws, 46. Barges, 35, 112. Base Ball Bats, 103. Baskets, 3. Kedsprings, Spiral, 56, Beer, 17. Bells (Steel Alloy), Church, School and Farm, 118. Binders. I". Bits, 19. Blank Books, 57, 91, 143. Bluing, 134, 139. Boats, 35, 112. Boilers, 14, 85, 153. Boiler Compound. 94. Boxes, Paper, 84. Boxes, Pasteboard, 43. Boxes, Shipping i wire-bound i 8 Boxes, wooden, 194. Boxboard, 43. 95. Brake Shoes (Railway), 118. Brass Work, 64. Brick, common, 44, 79, 135. Brick, Fire, 8.7, 96. Brick, Ornamental, 87, 96. Brick, Paving, 90. Chattanooga wood working machinery is shipped to Bombay, Chattanooga saws to Siam, in fact Chattanooga skill and energy have converted raw material into merchantable products that are sought for at every mart in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. There are some lines of manufacture not carried on at Chatta- nooga which could be made very profitable, mention of which is made in other chapters. The manufacture of merchant bar iron and nails, of textile machinery, builder's hardware, edge tools, picks and shovels, hoes and rakes, dairy articles, textile g Is, boots and shoes, etc., could be as successfully carried on at Chatta- nooga as at any point upon this continent. The accompanying table comprises a partial list of the article- that are produced by the Chattanooga industries. The figures fol- lowing each item refer to a corresponding number in the alpha- betical table of manufacturing enterprises which follows: Brick, Pressed, 79, 135. Bridges, Iron, 55. Bridles, 19. Bronze Tuyeres, 04. Brooms, 18, 71. Buckles, 19. Builders' Material, 15,32,65,86. Building Castings, 12. Burial Cases, 98. Butter Dishes, 3. Candies, 11, 00, 140. Cane Cars and Cane Mill-. 20,39. Caps, 27. Capstan Bars, 103. Carbonated Drink-, I6| 67, 97. Cars (Cane. Mill and Mine), 20. Car Brasses, 64. Car Wheels, 29. Carriages. 7,8, 10,59,69, 123, 156. Cartons, 84. Caskets and Coffins, 22. Castings, brass and bronze, 04, 1 14. Castings, Iron, 12, 20, 24, 52, 113/114, 118, 152. 155. Castings, Malleable, 128. ( lastings, Steel, 132. Cedar Pencil Slats, 151. Cement, 45. Chalk, 61. Check-. Metal, 13. Chewing ( rum, 30. Chimney Top-, 96. cider. 134, 139. Cigar-, 21. 70,83, 89. Circular Saws. 46. Clothes Wringers, 142. Coal and Coke, 20. 158. 159. Concrete, 45. Copper Work, 192, 127. Cornices, 47. IDS. 127. 13 A VIEW IN THE NATIONAL CEMETERY AT CHATTANOOGA. The cemetery contains 75!^ acres. Over 13,000 soldiers are buried there, of which 5,000 are unknown. $250,000 have been expended in beautifying these grounds Cotton Hosiery, 31. Cotton Presses, 117. Cotton Seed Oil and Meal, 23. Cots, 78. Cracker Layers, 43. Crayons, 61. Cupolas, 14, 85, 153. Cured Meats, 101. Curtain Poles, 81. Dog Irons, 114, 130. Drain Tile, 87, 96. Drills, 94, 107. Electric Insulators. 61. Electric Light and Power, 161. Elevators, 138. Engines, 33.-16, 148, 155. Engravers, 115, 137. Felt Roofing, 45. Fencing, Iron, 9, Pi, 108. Fencing, Steel and Wire, 10S. Fertilizers, 119. Fibre Board, Ware, and Steam and Water Gaskets, 95. Fire Escapes, 9, Ins. Fireprooring, 96. Fixtures, bank, store, etc, 92, 141. Fixtures, Postoffice, 75. Flavoring Extracts, 134, 139. Flour, 10", 124. Flue Lining, 96. Fly Fans, 13. Forgings, 'jo, 132. Foundries, 14, 20. 52, 113, lis. 152, 155. Friction Board, 95. Furnaces, 39. Furniture, all grades, 77, 88. Furniture, Bedsteads, 1. Furniture i fixtures) 65, 75, 92, 141 Galvanized Iron, 49. 102, 127. The Manufacturing lias Pipe, Cast Iron, 24. Gas Tips, Lava, 61. Ginger Ale, 16. Granite and Stone Work, 34, IE Grates, all kinds, 12, 102, 130. Grate Bars, 14, 114. ( ruard Railing, 108. Hall Racks, Oak and Walnut, 5 Handles, all grades and kinds, 10 Harness, 58, 62, 76, 131. Harrows, 39. Hay Presses, 53, 117. Heaters, 85. Hollowware, 50, 102, 130. Hominy, 100. Horse Collars, 76, 131. Ice, 4, 28. Ice Cream Freezers, 66. Interior Finishings, 32, 65, 86. Inventors' Models, 75, 106. Iron Seats and Vases, 12. .leans, 110. .leans Pants, 38, 110. Kitchen safes, 1. Ladders, 51. Lath, 5, 32, 88, 120, 140. Leather, 121, 125. 150. Leather Belting, 150. Letter Files, 84. Lime, 72. Lime Kilns, 85. Linters, 23. Lumber, 5, S.S, 126. 140. Machine Knives, 40. Machinery, all kinds to order, 20, 33, 46, 52, lis, 148, 155. Mantels, Iron. 12. Mantels, wood, 92, 141. Mattresses, 56, 77, 109. Meal. 100, 116, 124. Interests of Chattanooga. Metallic Paint, 37, 90. Metal Plating, 12, 130. Models, 75. 3. Monuments, 34, 99, 129, 133, 147. Mortar Colors, 37. Mouldings, 32, 88. Oars, 103. 5. Ornamental Iron Work, 12, 108. ( Iveralls, 38. Patent Medicines. 0, 36, 63, 74,li>5 Patterns, Metal, 64, 106, 128. Patterns, Wooden, 75. Pavements, 45. Pea Hullers, 53. Pig Iron, 30, 54. Pike Poles, 103. Pipe, Cast Iron, 24. Pipe, Wooden, 25. Pipe, Sewer, 87, 96. Pipe, Culvert, 87, 96. Pitch, 45. Planing Mills, 15, 32, 65, 86. Plows, 29, 39. Plow Shapes, 29. Portable Workhouses, 55. Pottery, 157. Powder, Black, 41. Pulleys, Wood Split, 42. Pulp Board, 43. Refrigerators, 77, 82. Roofing, Asphalt, 45. Roofing, Steel, Tin and Iron, 49. Roofing Paint, 45. Rosin Board, 95. Rubber Stamps, 13, 57, 144. Saddlerv, 76, 131. Sad Irons, 130. Safety Gates, R. K. < irossings, 1 is. Sample Cases, 73, 111. Saratoga Chips, 40. Sash, Doors and Blinds, 32, 65, 6 Sash Weights, 114. Sausage, 101. Saw Mills, '33. 40, 52, 155. Saw Mill Machinery, 33. Saws, 40. Seals, 13, 144. Shafting, 132. Sheet Iron Work, 85. Shingles, 32. Shirts, 48, 68. Shoe Button Fasteners, 19. Show Cases, 141. Siding, Steel anil Iron. 49. Slack Barrel Cooperage, 72. Slate Pencils, 61. Soap, 120. Stand Pipes, 14, 85. Stencil Plates, 13, 144. Stirrups, 19. Store Fronts 47, 19. Stoves and Ranges, 50, 102. 127. Stoves, Office, lis. Stove Pipe. 19. Stove Ware. 102. Structural lion, 55. Sirj;ir Evaporators, 14, 39. Tannery Liquor Logs, 25. Tarpaulins, 78. Telegraph Cross Anns, 15. Tent Poles, Pins and Peg.-, 103. Tile and Tiling, 12. 87, 96, 127. Tin Roofing, 49, 102, 127. Tinware. 102, 127. 136. Tombstones, 34, 99, 129, 133, 1 17. Traveling Goods, 73. Trucks, 51. Trunks, 73, 111. Turnings, 75. Vegetable Crates, I'M. 15 The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2(1 21 22 23 24 25 28 27 28 29 30 31 32 N \M1 OF FIRM _ CQ I- < < H Acinc Sale Co Rachel'. Jacob Benjamin Mfg. Co Big Spring Ice Co Blair, F. W Bolton Remedy Co Booher, J. A. & Co Book, S. H. &Co Brown, T. \V. & Bro Bryan, Win, N Bukofzei & Co < lahill Iron Works (ail T. Painter Co Casev A: Ik-dues Ml'-. Co Central Mfg, Co.. Chattanooga Bottling Wks... i lhattanooga Brewing Co .. Chattanooga Broom Factory Chattanooga' Buckle Co Chattanooga Car& Fdv. ( !o., Chattanooga Cigar Co Chatta. Coffin & Casket Co... Chattanooga Cotton Oil Co.. Chatta. Fdv. A- Pipe Wks Chattanooga Furniture Co... Chattanooga < ias Light Co... Chatta. Hat & ( ap Mfg I o ( Ibattai ga Ice Co Chatta. Implement Wks Chattanooga Iron Co ( lhattanooga Knitting Mills. ( lhattanooga Lumber Co 1895 1885 1889 1885 1888 1890 1896 1894 1892 Kill 1889 1875 1S84 1889 1893 1887 L888 1895 1895 1875 1890 18S7 1894 1877 1 875 1871 I s;M 1890 1895 1S74 1896 1892 oo .o TERRITORY OF SHIPMENTS 10 1(111 2 100 100 100 10 1C0 100 1(1 50 5 60 :,ii 100 15 5 Kid 5 • > 100 "90 15 10 mi SE'n D. s. ""ij'.'s."' N. Y. and X Fin. Son. D. S. Sou. U. S. N. America. Sou. U. S. X. and S. America Mexico and I". S. Radius 150 miles Sou. U. S. Sou. U. S. Sou. U. S. SE'n U. S. Can., U. S., Eu. U.S. Mexico and I". S. "u."s. Radius 100 miles Sou. U. S. Mdl. & XW. U.S. SE'n U. S. Radius 300 miles <1 „,°. z a. 13 S 5° z z 5 < CHARACTER OF OUTPUT 18,000 1,000 15,000 25,0(10 15,000 1,000 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 35,000 4.20(1 100.000 lo.i 5,000 400,000 500 10,000 175,000 3,000 75,000 50,000 400,000 oO.OOO 225,000 2,000 75,000 25,000 125,000 12,000 35,000 i 30,000 2,000 20 1 $ 30,000 10,000 40 14 75,000 40 2,500 2 5,000 9 5,000 6 12,000 5 5,000 6 15.000 6 75,000 5,000 250,000 75,000 75 5 100 60 6,000 6 200,000 60 5,000 6 8,000 8 80,000 15,000 150,000 200,000 1,250,000 75,000 125 12 75 60 300 75 1 50,000 16,000 20,000 45,000 30 15 25 45 1. '.0,000 30,000 55,000 100 15 30 5,000 500 7,000 5,000 •Jo. 1,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 .",.: 2,000 30,1 2,000 35,000 20,000 1,000 30,000 1.000 2,500 40,000 5,000 25,000 10,000 100,000 25,1 I 2..-.I (I I 3,500 12,500 ■j ;,.ooi I 30. i 7,500 12,000 Bedsteads, kitchen safes Native wine High grade baskets, etc. Ice Lumber Patent medicines Carriages, etc. Carriages, etc. Wrought iron fencing, etc. Carriages, etc. Confectionery Grates, mantels, casting, etc. Rubber stamps, etc. Boilers, stanupipes, etc. Telegraph cross arms, etc. Carbonated drinks Beer Brooms Buckles, bits, bridles, etc. Cars, car wheels, forgings, etc. Cigars ( loffins and caskets Cotton seed oil, hulls, etc. Cast iron gas and water pipes Oak and walnut tables, etc. (ias and bye products Hals, caps, etc. Ice Plows and plow shapes All grades coke pig iron Cotton hosiery Sash, doors, blinds, etc. 16 The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. NAME OF FIRM . z £ < J)« Ou w£ -0 "rtfl z < r- ' TERRITORY OF SHIPMENTS Chattanooga Machinery Co.. Chat. Marble & Granite Wks Chat. Marine Ways&Con. Co Chattanooga Medicine Co. Chattanooga Paint Co Chattanooga Pants Factory.. Chattanooga Plow Co... Chattanooga Potato Chip Co Chattanooga Powder Co Chattanooga Pulley Co Chat. Pulp & Pulp Board Mill Chatta. River Brick Co Chatta. Roof & Paving Co... Chattanooga Saw Co Chatta. Sheet Metal Wks Chattanooga Shirt Factory... Chatta. Steel Rooting Co Chattanooga Stove Co Chat.Wh'lbarrow&TruckCo Chickamauga F. & M. Wks.. ( hiekamanga Hay Press Co. Citico Furnace Co Converse Bridge Co Cramer, P. C Crandall- Bradt Printing Co. Crescent Harness Co Davied, John F Dietzen, N. & Bro 1). M. Steward Mfg. Co Dowling, W. J Dr. H. 1. Thacher Med. Co.. Eagle Brass Works 1887 30 1895 50 1894 25 1879 1884 1879 1878 1890 25 1890 1XSS 1895 1886 50 1888 25 1881 25 1896 50 1894 1S91 100 5 1894 5 ism; 30 1890 10 IS! 11 1884 30 1894 1<) 1885 5 1876 50 1896 1893 100 100 1893 30 1887 1895 80 1890 5 1888 30 Can., Kng., U. S. Radius 100 miles Miss. River trade U.S. U.S. Sou. U. S. Mex., S. A., U. S. SE'n U. S. Sou. U. S. Europe, N. Ainer. U. S., ex. N. Eng. Radius 150 miles Radius 150 miles Sou. U. S. _ Radius 150 miles SE'nU.S."" Sou. U. S. _ Radius 150 miles Sou. U. S. Mex., S. A., U. S. N. America. Sou. U. S. SE'n U. S. U.S. Radius 100 miles America, Europe Radius 100 miles Sou. U. S. SE'n U. S. 25,000 1,500 14,000 150,000 20,000 25,000 250,000 1,000 247,000 40,000 ::ii, 25,000 10,000 1 0,000 1,000 500 40,000 75,000 3,000 25,000 5,000 200,000 20,000 2,000 30,000 I,J00 1,000 3,000 40,000 300 10,000 7.1)00 5" -o 3 o- Z D. z 100,000 50 2,500 15 10,000 10 2,000 3 N.I M"l 7 12,600 7 1,500 3 35, 50 20,000 6 200,000 71 6,000 6 20,000 6 15,000 20 6,000 6 30,000 60 3,500 4 45,1100 50 80,000 50 4,000 3 1 4,000 16 75.11(11) 40 50, 20 70,000 SO 370,000 250 4,000 3 15,000 8 30,000 30 4,000 6 •Jim. i 125 2,500 2 15,000 6 60,000 90 3 a 1? . H iBACTER OF OUTPUT 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 70 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 East Tenn. Luin. & Mfg. Co Economy Freezer Co Enterprise Bottling Works Eshleman, J. A Fassn ach t, A Flach, John Frugal Broom Works (lager Lime & Mfg. Co G. E. McKenney Trunk Co Gerstle, L&Co Globe Pattern Works Globe Saddlery Co Gottscbalk & Co Grimm, J. & Co Howard-Parks Brick Co Howenstine, John Judd, H.L. &Co Keyser Manufacturing Co.. Kriegner, W. L Kuster & Thompson Lookout Boiler & Mfg. Co.. Lookout Planing Mill Lookout Sewer Pipe Co Loomis & Hart Mfg. Co Loudenber, F. W. A Co..... Lowe's Metallic Paint Co... MacGowan & Cooke Mighton, J. S. (agent) Milburu-Bass Wagon Co.... Miners Supply Co Mission Ridge Fibre Co Montague & Co 1887 1894 IS! II I INS.", 1874 1896 isic, 1S93 1889 1885 1892 1887 1878 1S0C, 1889 I sue, 1889 1895 1893 1887 18S7 1888 1890 1 865 1891 1872 iNNf, 1891 1896 1389 1897 1865 911 60 75 90 100 100 50 90 50 100 50 100 75 5 100 Radius 100 miles Sou. U. S. Radius 100 miles Radius 100 miles Radius 100 miles U.S. east Miss, riv S,,u. U. S. Sou. A W'n C. S Sou. U. S. SE'n U. S. Sou. U. S. Radius 150 miles E'nl'.S. Sou. C. S. Forei'n trade, U.S. SE'n U. S. SE'n U. S. Sou. U. S. I s. Radius 200 miles V. S. Sou. U.S. Iladius Ion miles Sou. U. S. Sou. U. S. U.S. SE'n l\ S. 20, i 1,000 10,000 500 3,000 11,400 300 45,000 5,000 7.".. i 1,000 5,000 35,000 1,000 25,000 1,100 65,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 10,000 12,500 s( 1,00(1 200,000 1,000 8,000 20,000 2,000 loo.oi III 2,000 10, 100,000 i 15,000 2,(100 2,000 1,000 3,000 4,800 400 15,000 3,500 ■Jo. 4,000 2,5( II I 7,500 I. 1 o.oi 10 1,200 15,000 2d, 2,000 6, 15,000 10,000 25,000 llo, 2,000 4,000 12,500 2.400 15,000 1,000 6,000 30,00" Sash, doors, blinds, etc. Ice cream freezers • Carbonated drinks Custom made shirts Carriages, etc. Cigars Blooms White lime, cooperage, etc. Trunks, sample cases, etc. Patent medicines Patterns, P.O. fixtures, etc. Saddlery and harness Furniture, etc. Awnings, tarpau'ins, etc Brick Wire bound shipping boxes Curtain poles, etc. Oak refrigerators Cigars Paper boxes, letter tiles, etc. Boilers, standpipes, etc. Sash, doors, blinds, etc. Sewer pipe, drain tile, etc Furniture and lumber Cigars Metallic paint Blank books, etc. Mantels, office, store fixtures Farm and plantation wagons Mining drills, etc. Fibre board, fibre ware. etc. Sewer pipe, drain tile. etc. IN The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. NAME OF FIRM c < U u ■ TERRITORY OF SHIPMENTS ■r, C < s s " j < < ^ 3* CHARACTER OF OUTPI'T 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 1117 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 I J". 126 127 128 Mountain City Bottling Wks Mount. City Burial Caw Co.. Mountain City Marble Wks.. Mountain City Mill Co Mountain City Packing Co.. Mount. City Stove & Mfg. Co National Boat Oar Co Nees, W. R New Spencer Medicine Co... Nixon Manufacturing Co Nixon Ratchet Min. Drill Co Ornamental Iron & Wire Co Parharn, M. B Park Woolen Mills Peake's Trunk Factory Perry, A. R Phoenix Foundry Co Price & Evans Mfg. Co Respess Co (The) Ridgedale Mills Roanoke Iron & Wood Wks.. Ross-Meehan Foundry Co... Scholze Bros Seholze Bros. & Co Scholze, Robert Severin, A Shaft 1 , C. W Shelton Mills Sherman Heights Tannery... Snodgrass & Field Snow, T. A. &Co Southern Mai. Iron Wks IS! 1 4 IS! 14 1897 1891 1890 1885 1897 1894 1894 1892 L888 1894 1881 IS! in 1879 1882 1880 1887 1897 1896 1887 1889 1882 1887 1872 1875 1888 1879 1895 1SS0 1873 1891 loo 10 30 15 100 100 50 100 20 75 35 2 100 25 100 10(1 75 W'n U. S. Radius 100 miles SE'n U. S. SE'n U. S. Sou. U. S. L*. S. and Europe S u. U. S. Sou. U. S. Sou. D. S. Sou. U. S. Sou. U. S. U.S. Tenn. River trade Mdl. & Sou. U. S. Sou. U. S. Radius 150 miles SE'n U. S. Sou. U. S. Sou. U. S. Radius 100 miles SE'n U. S. East Miss. River N. Y. and N.Eng SE'n U. S. Sou. U. S. 3,000 20,000 1,500 [200,000 15,000 '40,000 25,000 1,000 15,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 8,000 100,000 2,500 10,000 7,500 8,000 4,000 2,50(1 5,000 S0.O0O 20,000 10,000 2(i.( 1,000 4,000 75, 40,000 50,000 50,000 SO.000 I 6,000 50,000 5.000 1,500,000 60,000 100,000 50,000 2,000 25,000 10,000 2,500 25,000 30,000 250,000 5,000 12,000 '"15,000 311,0011 10,000 12, 5,000 150,000 4o. 35,000 50,000 2,000 6,000 500,000 40,000 ■jiii i.i no 100,000 250, 5 $ 1,500 30 12,000 5 1,500 135 45,000 9 3,500 60 35,000 35 12.500 3 1,000 15 8,000 3 1,500 2 1,000 8 4,000 8 2,500 150 35,000 2 1.000 20 4,000 10 5, 1 20 6,500 8 5,000 4 1,500 5 2,000 135 mi. 15 5,500 10 5,ooo 30 10,000 2 1,000 8 4.000 10 25.000 20 7,500 60 25,000 30 15,000 140 50,000 Carbonated drinks Finished burial cases Monuments and tombstones Flour, meal, etc. Sausage and cured meats Stoves, ranges, etc. Oars, handles, etc. Vegetable crates, etc. Patent medicines Cast iron hardware, etc. Mining drills Fencing, balconies, etc. Mattresses. Jeans, linsey, jeans pants Trunks, etc. Boats and barges Foundry Sash weights, washers, etc. Engravers Meal and feed Hay and cotton presses Railway brake shoes, etc. Fertilizers Laundry soap Leather Native wine Carriages, etc. Flour, meal, etc. Leather Lumber Stoves, ranges, etc. Malleables and castings l!l The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. NAME OF FIRM H , Z j S; < o u . o TERRITORY OF H K Q > tn O Q J - < * *5 hi m h < « K SHIPMENTS h < (J < o a « J < > J- o' z 5 z 5< CHARACTER OF OUTPUT 1882 20 SE'n U. S. $ 1,000 $ 8,000 4 $ 2,000 Monuments and tombstones 1892 25 SE'n U. S. 10,000 35,000 50 18,000 Nickel, brass, bronze grates 1894 10 Sou. U. S. 25,000 70,000 30 16,000 Saddlery and harness 1883 10 Sou. U. S. 10,000 7,500 13 4,000 Steel castings and forgings 1888 25 SE'n U. S. 2,000 9,000 8 3,500 Marble and stone work 1882 30 Radius 200 miles 2.">,IKJ0 40,000 18 8,000 Baking powders, etc. 1890 30 SE'n U. S. 15,000 10,000 15 2,500 Pressed brick 1891 urn 1,500 4,000 4 1,800 Tinware 1891 75 Sou. & E'n U. S. 1,000 2,000 1 2,000 Designing and engraving 1893 100 2,000 3,000 50,000 •> 1,000 7,500 1 S.SS 15 Sou. U. S. 12,000 10 Bluing, baking powder, etc. 1882 N. Y and N.Eng. 75,000 100,000 50 25,000 Lumber 1893 60 Mdl. & Sou. U. S. 2,000 16,000 10 8,000 Show cases, etc. 1896 100 1,500 2,000 2 1,000 Clothes wringers 1869 40 Sou. U. S. 200,000 150,000 135 80,000 Blank books, publishers 1887 75 SE'n U. S. 500 1,000 2 600 Rubber stamps, badges, etc. 1897 50 Radius 200 miles 15,000 50,000 10 5,000 Lincoln county corn whisky 189.") 25 Radius 100 miles 8,000 30,000 15 5,000 Candies 1880 50 Radius 150 miles 4,000 20,000 10 7,500 Marble, granite, stone work 1870 85 SE'n U. S. :;",( 1 .-.,('( Ml 15 6,000 Engines, machinery, etc. 1891 10 U.S. 15,000 40,000 20 7,000 Stock remedies 1876 Europe, U. S. 500,000 350,000 250 100,000 Leather 1894 Germany 35,000 45,000 50 15,000 Cedar pencil slats 1879 20 SE'n U. S. 10,000 20,000 25 12,000 Foundry 1S89 10 Sou. U. S. 30,000 110,000 75 25,000 Boilers, etc. 1876 80 Radius 75 miles 10,000 10,000 25 C.IHHI Brick 1874 10 Sou. U. S. 80,000 53,000 50 22, i Engines, etc. 1886 90 Radius 150 miles 3,000 12,000 10 4,500 Delivery wagons, buggies, etc. 1885 15 Sou. U. S. 50,000 30,000 25 18,000 Pottery 1866 60 Radius 150 miles 150,000 150,000 300 110,000 Coke and coal 1868 35 Tenn. and Ga. 50,000 50,000 65 24,000 Coal 1867 100 1,000,000 150,000 110,000 50,000 30 25 000 Water 1881 100 25 18^000 Electric light and power 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 Southern Monumental Wks iSouthern Queen Mfg. Co.... Southern Saddlery Co Southern Steel Works Southern Stone & Marble Co Stagmaier <& Fletcher Standard Pressed Brick Wks Stevens, A. S Suverkrop, R. E. M Sybilla, F. & Co Talbott & Cavender Taylor & Crate Tenn. Fix. & Show Case Co.. Thornton, Wm Times Printing Co Tischer, Joe Tolley & Betterton Trigg, Dobbs & Co Troutt, John Truxal & DunmeyerMfg. ( !o Union Feed Co United States Leather Co... Von Hardtmuth, F Wagner's F. &M. Wks Walsh & Weidner Wells, J. W. & Bro Wheeland's Machine Wks... Wilson, T. I Chattanooga Pottery Co New Soddv Coal Co Sale Creek Coal & Coke Co.. City Water Co Chatta. Light & Power Co. . 20 THE IRO®( INDUSTRY. THE Iron Industry of Chattanooga is more varied and extensive than that of any other city in the South and it is steadily growing in importance. There are in the city and suburbs thirteen iron foundries, two cast pipe foundries (one of which is perhaps the largest iron pipe foundry in the world), two blast furnaces, besides other important iron making industries which embrace everything in the line of foundry job work, specialties in the way of cast-iron pipe, malle- able iron castings, stoves and hollow-ware, stationary engines, saw mills, cars, agricultural implements, cane mills, evaporators, architectural material, mantels and grates, boilers, tanks, stand- pipes, builders' hardware, etc., etc. The Chattanooga foundries consumed during the year 189ti, in the manufacture of their product, over 25,000 tons of pig-iron, besides a large variety of other forms of iron and steel, represent- ing a larger consumption of raw material for conversion into finished product than is reported from any other city in the Southern states. The foundries of Chattanooga are prepared to pour the largest castings and produce the heaviest forgings that can be manufactured in the South. There is no better point in America to locate a merchant rolling mill. The manufacture of hardware and builder's material and tools, textile machinery and the better quality of machine equip- ment, has been neglected in the South, but no city in America of- fers superior advantages for a profitable investment in this branch of industry. By virtue of its location on the Tennessee river, which is navigable almost the year round to connections with the Ohio and Mississippi ports, having rival railway lines in every direction, it is an ideal place for the assembling and distribution of materials. Beds of coal and iron ore are found along the lines of all these railways and also on the river, within easy reach of Chattanooga, the iron ore cropping out within the city limits and coal of a very high grade existing in abundant quantities within six miles; an abundant supply of limestone of excellent quality also lies about the city. The juxtaposition of these raw materials within such close reach of the city gives unsurpassed facilities for the manufacture of pig-iron in almost any required analysis, at an exceedingly moderate cost. The product of the Chattanooga iron furnaces commands a high price in all the markets of the country and one of the Chattanooga furnaces sells most of its material to the higher grade of hardware manufacturers in the East, on account of its superior quality. The new cast-iron pipe works of the Chattanooga Pipe & Foundry Co., which has just been erected at a cost of nearly one- third of a million dollars, is one of the most elaborately equipped pipe works in the world, being furnished throughout witli t In- most improved electric appliances, the pits, cranes, and in fact all the manipulation in the manufacture of cast-iron pipe being en- tirely new and having been erected in the light of modern elec- trical achievements. The capacity of this plant will be nearly 300 tons of cast-iron pipe per day. Chattanooga's iron industries are destined to become of great importance for emphatic and obvious reasons, which briefly are : 1st. — Abundance, excellence and cheapness of raw materials for the production of both iron and steel. 2nd. — Exceptionally good transportation facilities by rail and river. 3d. — Central location in a large territory which she can reas- onably hope to supply against all competition. 4th. — Physical, climatic and artificial attractions that make the place inviting both to the citizen and to the visitor, insuring enl htened and reliable class of labor. 21 "i/" Tjg^f 1 -" r ""t g S € <_MA I 1AJNOUUA h\ IOOJ. This photograph shews the city <>t Chattanooga as it appeared when occupied by the Union troops in 1863 ; the army tents are in the foreground. The population of the citv at that time consisted chiefly of soldiers. THE TIMBERS OF THIS SECTION. THE annual cut of Timber in Chattanooga from tlie log is nearly twenty million feet and tlie total amount of tim- ber annually handled in this city for manufacturing pur- poses is almost fifty million feet. This is exclusive of the lumber sold from this city in an unmanufactured state. The chief wood in this locality is oak — white, red, Spanish, overcup and chestnut, or tan bark. This wood in some localities runs fifteen thousand feet to the acre, the trees varying from twelve inches to four feet in diameter. About five million feet come an- nually to the city by water, in logs, selling at the wharf at $6.00 to $9.00 per thousand in the log. It is used very extensively here in the manufacture of furniture and for building material. Chattanooga is a large buyer of tanbark, and nearly fifteen thousand cords are annually sold, a considerable portion coming by wagon. Poplar also grows very extensively throughout this country and is a strictly first-class wood, the trees varying from twelve inches to six feet in diameter, often running as high as thirty thousand feet to the acre. It is very accessible and from twelve to fourteen million feet annually come to this city in logs and sell at from S6.00 to §12.50 per thousand feet. It is used largely lor building purposes and also used in wood products. Pine, yellow and white, is found extensively throughout this locality, on the ridges and mountains; the trees run from eight to thirty inches in diameter, grow in clusters, and vary from four to five thousand feet in each clump. About a million feet of yellow pine come to the city annually in logs, selling at about Sti.00 per thousand. Five hundred thousand feet annually of white pine are rafted here and sold at about $9.00 per thousand. Sweet gum is largely used in this city for furniture, butter- dishes and baskets, selling in the log at $6.00 per thousand ; about three-fourths of a million feet annually arrive here in rafts. Maple is used in the manufacture of furniture and pulleys, about one-fourth of a million feet per annum coming to the city, the trees varying from twelve to twenty-four inches in diameter, and in some localities there are from ten to twelve thousand feet to the acre, selling in the city at an average of $10.00 per thou- sand feet. From one-third to one-half a million feet of bass-wood are an- nually brought to to the city by river, averaging $7.00 per thousand in the log; it is used in the manufacture of coffins and furniture. A good quality of ash grows in this locality, selling at from $6.00 to $12.50 per thousand feet, the annual receipts by river being in the neighborhood of one hundred thousand feet. There is some walnut left in this section, but it is rapidly be- coming scarce, the annual receipts by water growing less each year ; it sells as high as $50.00 per thousand in the log. Beech is very abundant and also chestnut; cherry and cedar or juniper, are found in many localities in this immediate section. Among the hard woods that are procurable in this locality are box-wood, hickory, laurel, hackberry, black locust, buckeye and considerable persimmon, and all other woods that are indige- nous to this climate. The forests of oak, pine and poplar are very extensive and show scarely any appreciable diminution in supply. 2-1 THE WOOD-WORKING INTERESTS. eQUAL in importance in all respects with the iron industry is the wood-working industry of Chattanooga. It is very rare that these two great lines of manufacture are correspondingly developed in the same locality, but such are the wonderful resources of this city that in each branch, both iron and wood, it enjoys almost unsurpassed facilities. The manufacture of wood products has been for years a prom- inent factor in Chattanooga's diversified industries. Chattanooga now leads the South in the manufacture of furniture, coffins and refrigerators. The manufacture of furniture in Chattanooga commenced about twenty years ago; the articles first made were of the cheapest description, out of the commonest material, con- sisting of cheap bedsteads, kitchen tables, kitchen safes, etc. The demand grew rapidly, the quality of the goods steadily improved, the markets broadened, new factories were erected and the indus- try developed to a marvelous degree. Today a very high grade of furniture is made in Chattanooga from all the leading cabinet woods, including oak, walnut and mahogany. Chattanooga furni- ture is now sold in every Southern state, many Northern states, all the Eastern states and to some extent in foreign countries. The city is exceptionally well located for the successful man- ufacture of furniture and wood products, as it is one of the very best primary hardwood lumber markets in the South. The tim- ber is taken from forests adjacent to Chattanooga, consequently heavy freights on manufactured lumber are saved by the manufact- urers, while in shipping they have the very closest competition to all the markets of the world. The Chattanooga wood-working industries are putting in the latest and most approved wood- working machinery, as fast as it is placed on the market. The policy of the Chattanooga manufacturer in this branch is to meet the demand for better goods, and as fast as any new method for the manufacture of furniture, or for new styles is introduced, it is promptly applied by the local manufacturers. The manufacture of coffins has become a very important in- dustry, there being now three large factories engaged in this line, with prospects of a fourth. The largest refrigerator manufactur- ing establishment in the South is located in Chattanooga, and its product is found in every state and is gaining a considerable sale in South America and European market-. The gradual but substantial development of the wood-work- ing industry here has educated a must desirab'e class of labor and in this respect this city enjoys facilities over any other Southern city in the quality, skill, reliability and character of the labor adapted to the wood-working industry. The city thus has every advantage — a good lumber market, reliable labor, the experience and energy as well as the capital which is identified with this branch, rail and river competition, the most improved methods used in manufacture and a reputation for a high quality of product. s> 25 WE TEXTILE INTERESTS. THE best argument that Chattanooga is a desirable point for textile industries is the fact that there are numbers of cotton, woolen and knitting mills in and around Chatta- nooga that have done and are now doing a profitable business. Some have had phenomenal success and none have shut down on account of trade depresion or low prices. It is reported that one mill in the immediate vicinity of Chattanooga has realized an an- nual dividend in excess of 25 per cent, in the most depressed times. This county now has one knitting and one woolen mill and there a is company formed to build a yarn mill. Very few points in the South have better advantages for cot- ton manufacturing ; the climate is favorable, being neither hot nor cold and the atmosphere is humid enough to admit of spin- ning fine yarns. The winters are short, thereby saving consider- able in fuel for heating purposes. The average temperature, ac- cording to the United States Weather Bureau, for the last seven- teen years is between 00° and 61° ; during the month of January in that period it averaged between 37° and 50°; during February between 40° and 50° ; during March between 47° and 53° ; during Apiil between 57° and 02°; during May between 66° and 72° ; during .June between 74° and 77° ; during July between 75° and 79° ; during August between 75° and 70° ; during September be- tween 08° and 73° ; during October between 60° and 66° ; during November between 47° and 52° ; during December between 39° and 43°. The annual mean dew point in these seventeen years ranged from 48° to 50°. The annual average relative humidity during that period was in the neighborhood of 74°, going as high in 1893 as 81° for the year. The proximity to raw material is another great advantage Fur a number of years from twenty to forty thousand bales have been handled annually by cotton merchants in this city ; twelve thousand bales could be purchased annually directly from wagons delivering in this city, three thousand bales from an adjacent county, forty thousand bales in contiguous territory along the We tern & Atlantic Railway, fifty thousand bales on other lines in a territory within seventy-live miles of this city ; about one hundred thousand bales are available by the Tennessee river be- tween Chattanooga and the mouth of the stream. The Bender or long staple cotton can easily be transported from the Mississippi Valley to this city at low rates, by rail or water, boats being en- abled to deliver cargoes of lumber and cereals from this section and return laden with cotton. The cotton in the territory contiguous to Chattanooga ranges from middling to strictly good middling in the Georgia section ; in North Alabama, from ordinary to middling; the celebrated Coosa long staple is within fifty miles of this city. A fine grade of cotton is raised between Bridgeport and Decatur, Alabama, and is brought to Chattanooga by boat. Seven lines of railroads which radiate from this city run through the cotton country nearly their entire length, and hence afford ample facilities for all supplies. The fuel question enters largely into the manufacture of cot- ton and an excellent quality of steam coal can be bought at from 75c to $1.00 per ton. There is a surplus of white labor in this immediate section, living in and around Chattanooga, and while most of it is un- skilled, it is characterized by cheerfulness, industry, appreciation and quickness to learn. Strikes are unknown, and there has been no unfriendly legislation as to the employment of children. All the cotton and woolen mills in this locality are operated exclusively by native help, and as evidence of its abundance, one textile man- ufacturer in Chattanooga states that within five months he had 26 The Textile over twelve hundred applicants by actual count, for employment, by girls ranging from twelve years of age upwards, and he says the native help he has employed is very active and apt at acquir- ing the work. Their pay ranges from $1.50 to $4.50 per week, averaging between $2.50 ond $3.50 per week. Building material in this section is very cheap. A good quality of brick work can be contracted at from $6.00 to $7.00 per thousand in the wall, and lumber of the very best quality is worth'from $10.00 to,$15.00_a thousand. Interests. With the competitive transportation facilities^and abundance of raw material and the other advantages, but few localities in this country have equal facilities for textile manufacturing and this industry in the near future will become of very great importance in Chattanooga, It is a noteworthy fact that two of the largest mills that have been transferred from New England to the South- ern states, involving an expenditure of nearly two million dollars, have been located within seventy-five miles of Chattanooga. BANKS AND BANKING. THERE are seven banks doing business at Chattanooga with an aggregate capital and surplus of $1,567,000, with total deposits averaging during April, 1S97, $3,150,000. The average bank deposits have increased in the past three years, in the consolidated banks, an average of $900,000. The Chattanooga banks during the depressing period of the past three years have been conservatively managed and have maintained an unimpaired credit, steadily increasing their surplus and net profits with a continual increase in deposits. The following is a list of the banks now doing business in the city : The First National. The Third National. The Chattanooga National. The Citizens' Bank and Trust Company. The Chattanooga Savings Bank. The Bank of Chattanooga. The South Chattanooga Savings Bank. The First National Bank of Chattanooga is one hundred and fourth in the list of National banks of the United States, rated ac- cording to the excess of surplus and undivided profits overcapi- tal, and carries a line of deposits averaging about one and a quarter million of dollars. The other banks are strong, with in- creasing business, under most excellent management. •17 GRAIVi zA^D MILLING. eHATTANOOCrA, by reason of its geographical situation, is the natural market for an immense agricultural area lying along the Tennessee river in the states of Tennessee anil Alabama, as well as the country adjacent to the numerous I ail way lines running west and east. The river bottom lands along the Tennessee are especially adapted to the growth of corn, in fact, this section produces that cereal in its most perfect state. It is of the soft variety and makes a very nutritious bread, and its good qualities in that respect are well recognized facts through- out the South where our markets are found. It also possesses peculiar merits as a food for fattening hogs, and Tennessee raised bacon once enjoyed an almost national reputation, the grain im- parting a peculiar sweetness to the meat, not found in the Western raised animal. The amount of corn shipped into Chattanooga by river is not far from seven hundred thousand bushels annually, and fully as much if not more finds its way here by rail. Fifty per cent. of this corn is manufactured into meal and grits by our local mills, and the balance is shipped south by our grain dealers. The average value per bushel for the past season has been about 33 cents. Chattanooga has three large roller flouring mills, with the most modern equipments, whose daily capacity is in the neigh- borhood of twelve hundred barrels per day, and being a recog- nized milling center, is one of the largest wheat markets south of the < >hio river, the daily receips aggregating six thousand bushels, or nearly two million bushels annually. Nearly all of this wheat is manufactured into flour by local mills. This large consump- tion and a ready cash market have stimulated the farmers of this section to renewed interest in wheat raising and they are increas- ing the'r areas, and selecting the best varieties for sowing, and caring for the crop after harvesting. Tennessee furnishes a goodly amount of this supply, and the berry is of good quality, well adapted for flour purposes and is appreciated by our millers. The value of wheat for the past season has averaged about 70 cents per bushel. About one hundred and fifty thousand bushels of oats are annually marketed here, and while the oat is a cold climate cereal, our soil seems well adapted to its growth. About one hundred thousand bales of millet, red top, timothy, clover and other varieties of hay are sold in our local markets per annum. Perhaps forty thousand bales of this quantity are home raised and command fair prices. The average price of hay for the past season has been about $13.00 per ton. As the population of the city and surrounding country in- creases there will be a greater demand for grain products, and Chattanooga will become a distributing center for a much wider area of country. Our farmers are progressive and thrifty and have displayed much energy in bettering their condition. This result is mani- festing itself in the purchase of improved farming implements, as the agricultural houses of this city can testify. 28 LABOR A^D WAGES. THE laboring classes in Chattanooga as a rule enjoy a high order of intelligence. Very many of them own their own homes, and their social, intellectual and physical con- dition is very gratifying. A considerable percentage of them are substantial, influential citizens, some occupying positions of high re sponsibility and trust. Notwithstanding the industrial and financial depression which existed all over the country in the past four years the manufacturing institutions at Chattanooga kept steadily at work and the condition of the laboring classes was well maintained. Skilled labor receives good wages at Chattanooga and common labor is low, owing to the large element of colored labor. The cost of living is the main factor in fixing wage earnings and ex- perienced and conservative workingmen, who have been employed both North and South, state that wages of $2 per day at Chatta- nooga, with the low cost of living, are equivalent to $2.50 to $2.75 per day in the North, where the winters are long and food prod- ucts and rents are high. Some of the largest manufacturers in Chattanooga today came here as workingmen, without a dollar of capital, and by frugality, industry and perseverance are now at the head of large and prosperous manufacturing institutions. A considerable per- centage of the older settlers among the mechanics own their own homes, and numbers have saved considerable money. The differ- ent trade unions are well organized, but they have at all times kept conservative and prudent officers at the head of the organ- izations, and there has been very little friction with their em- ployers. No serious strikes or lockouts have ever occurred in Chattanooga, and as a rule all differences have been amicably ad- justed by arbitration ; never in the history of the city has there been- either riot or violence. The relation between labor and capital at Chattanooga has always been more friendly than is usually found in this country, hugely due to the cosmopolitan character of the community. The secret societies are largely made up of the wage earners and they are conspicuous in all benevolent and charitable work. Waces. — Common labor ranges from 80 cents to SI ami S] ,25 per day. The following is a fair estimate of the prices paid skilled labor : Blacksmiths, railroad and machine $2.50 per da; Blacksmiths, horse shoers 1.75 ' Brickmasons 2.50 to 3.00 " " Machinists 2.50 " " Carpenters 1.75 " ,: Painters 1.50 to 2.25 " " Tinsmiths 1.50 to 2.50 " " Moulders 2.00 to 2.50 " " Stonecutters 3.00 to 3.50 " " Typesetters 2.50 to 3.00 " " Type machine men 3.00 to 3.50 " " Pressmen 3.00 ' Boiler makers 2.50 ' Motormen and street car conductors 1.50 ' Machine wood workers 1.50 to 2.25 " " Cost of Living. — As rents are low and fuel is cheap and the climate equable, the cost of living is very low. The billowing prices will convey some general idea : Flour $4.50 per barrel Beef 9 to 10 cents per pound Bulk meats 6 \ to 8 cents per pound Bacon 9-! to 10 cents per pound Hams 11 to 12 cents per pound Butter 18 to 25 cents per pound Eggs 8 to 10 cents per dozen House rent in good location : Six rooms, $8 to $10 per month ; four rooms, $6 to $8 per month ; fair location : Six rooms, $(i to $8 per month; suburbs, with good street ear service: Four to eight room house. $6 to $15 per month. 29 THE BOULEVARD. MISSIONARY RILx,L. The United States Government has built a boulevard from the National Park at Chickamauga along the crest of Missionary Ridge, extending 8Ji miles trated is immediately east of Chattanooga, about 2)4 miles distant. Along the boulevard are many state monuments and observation* towers. The tower in the background marks the point where Gen. Bragg viewed the battle of Missionary Ridge. The pi»int illus- %AILROADS. - t the Tennessee river, near Chattanooga. 33 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. THE subject of climate is of transcendent importance and nothing bears a greater influence in the diversified and complex relation of man considered either from a polit- ical, physical, social, moral or industral standpoint. The climate of Chattanooga is salubrious, healthful and in- vigorating. The city is so completely encircled by high hills and mountain ranges that destructive winds have no scope for devasta- tion. A study of the tabular statement of the climatic conditions as compiled by the United States Weather Bureau at Chattanooga, shows a condition of equable salubrity to be found at very few localities. Killing frosts rarely occur later than March or earlier than late in October and the seasons show no extremes of either heat or cold. The average temperature for spring in the last fif- teen years has been 60°; for summer, 76°; for autumn, 61°, and for winter, 44° ; and the average mean temperature of this city for the past eighteen years is 60°. The rainfall as is shown by the statistical tables is evenly Jis- tributed , and there is no excessive downpour at any period of the year, nor are there any prolonged drouths. A study of the tables shows an ideal climatic condition. As illustrative of the balmy weather enjoyed by this locality, a study of the clear and fair days during each season is of interest. In the past fifteen years the average number of sunshiny days in winter is 53, cloudy days, 37 ; in spring, sunshiny days 67, cloudy days 35 ; in sum- mer, sunshiny days 82, cloudy days 20; in autumn, sunshiny days 68, cloudy days 23. The average direction of the winds is as follows: January northeast, February south, March northwest, April south, May south, June southwest, July southwest, August northeast, Septem- ber northeast, October northeast, November south, December northwest. The following table shows the weather for each month for the years named, giving the temperature, the rainfall and relative humidity : MEAN TEMPERATURE. YEAR. JAN. FEB. MCH. APL. 1879 4S.4...40.4...54.6...5S.2.. 1880 52.2...48.2...53 8.. .62 2. 1885 38 4. ..38.4... 45.7. ..60.9. 1890 50 4 54.0...4S8...62 4. 1893 Sis... 16.2 50.6. ..63 8. 18 '4 .... 45.6.. .43.6. ..55.6.. .61 6. 1895 37 9...38 8...49.8...60.0. 1896 416...43 7...48.1...6i.0. Average 18 years MAY. JUN ..70.4. .74.9. ..71 4. .76 ..66 6, 76.7 ..68.0. .78 9 ..66 8. .74.6 ..67.7. .75.7 ..65 4. .75.9 ..74.0. .75.0 JUL. AUG- SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. .81. 1...73.S... 68.1. ..67.2.. .52.9. ..49.8. .77 8...78 0... 68.4. ..60 2...45 4...38.1. .79.3...77.6...70 4...56.5...49.1...11 6. .78.8...75.0...71.5...59.5...558...44.8. .80.5. ..77.0.. .71 6. .60 2.. .50.6 ..44 5. .76.6. ..77 6... 73 8. ..61 7. ..47 6.. .44 6 .76 2...77.4...75.3...57 2...51.5...42.6. .78.5...80 4...73.1...60.3...512...43.7. AN-L .61.4 ..610 ..58.4 ..62.3 ..60 . 61.0 ..58 6 ..61.5 . 59 8 TOTAL RAINFALL. YEAR. JAN. FEB MCH. APR MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. AN'L 1879 8.48...5.85...3.27...3.02...1 51...1 69.. .5.17.. .4. 78.. .2 51...4 36.. .2 89...8 47..52 03 1880 4.84. ..2 75..12.16..10.37...6 21. ..2 37...5.13...3 33...5.20...1 ,69...8 82.. .5 46..67 97 1885 8 49. ..3.50 1.79. ..1.60... 5.12.. .6 09.. .4.86. ..4 I 6.. .6.48. ..5 03...6 18...3 41.56.61 1-90 4.68...7.S5...4.78...3 94...3.95...3.12...4 43 . 5 15...7.10...4.13...0.16...3 13..52.42 1893 2.39...8.02...2.55 ..5.88...8.a5...6.31...1 24...4 18.. .2 19. ..0 98...1.91...3.46..47 46 1894 4.63. ..5 22. ..4.61. ..2 00.. .1 53 ...1.77. ..3.66.. .2 96... 1.67... 2.18. ..0 54...6.45..37.J2 1895 6 58...2.14...5.86...3.6I...3 52...5 69...6.71...4 40...100...2.00...1 71...3.11..46.36 1896 2 90...4.84...3 21...3 31. ..3 76. ..2 64...5.80...1.90...2.01...1.06...5.51...0.83 37.77 .54.97 RELATIVE HUMIDITY YEAR. JAN. FEB MCH. APR MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. OEC. AN'L 1879 ... ...78. .64 . 61.. ...56 60... 61 65 77... ..71.. ....75.. ...68.. ...77.. ...68 1880 ... ...75. ...62.. ...67.. ...61 70... 69 73 77.... ..78.. ...75 . ...68.. ...73 . .. 71 18S5.... 73 ,.7S.. 66 ...68 74 77 . 80 81.... 81 ...77.. ...72.. ..67 74 1890.... ...81.. 79 69 ...66 72 71 77 79.... 88 80 ...72.. 73 76 1893 ... 89 92 79 ...79 86 90 72 75.... ..76.. ...78.. ...74.. 77. ..81 1894.... 78 ..72.. 63 ...64.. 67 . ...57 72 ...64 70. ...76.... .. 64 74 70 78 82.... .76.. ..77 ...63.. .64.. ...65.. ...71.. ...74.. ...75 . 69 1895.... 75 7? 1896.... Av ...74.. eraet .64.. 18 v ...'5.. ...62 . 70 72 80 70.... ..65.. ...69.. ...76.. ...70.. ...70 ., 72 34 The mean dew point for the past eighteen years was 19.5. HEALTH A&{D MORTALITY. PERHAPS the most pleasant chapter with relation to Chat- tanooga, is its wonderful health record, the most emphatic confirmation of which is the official statement of the Board of Health, showing a death rate of 12.52 per thousand per annum, for all colors, while the average death rate of American cities approximates 20 per thousand per annum. Chattanooga is a city of hills, the highest about three hundred feet ; the height above sea level is consequently variable, ranging from six hundred and seventy-five to eight hundred feet. The soil is red clay, principally ; in the hills are found blue and white clay, with a drift gravel, iron ore, shale, flint gravel and veins of an inferior grade of bituminous coal. Limestone is abundant. The Tennessee river is the principal source of the water sup- ply. While in the rainy season the water is often muddy, it is pure from a sanitary standpoint. The river contains on an aver- age about 6.1 grains of solid matter to the imperial gallon, of which 1.17 grain is organic matter and 4.93 inorganic. Analysis shows the inorganic matter to be as follows : Silica, insoluble 0.562 grains Silica, soluble 0.141 " Iron oxide 0.285 " Alumina trace Calcium carbonate 3.367 " Magnesium carbonate 0.356 " Alkalis.. 0.216 " Sulphuric acid and chlorine, each trace Total 4.927 grains The health of the city is phenomenal and the cause is appar- ent. The tripod of health is pure air, pure water and pure food ; of the first and second Chattanooga has an ample supply and is better provided with the third than most other cities North and South. The sewerage system of the city is very complete and the streets are well paved. The city is kept clean, no stagnant pools or other foul conditions exist within the corporate limits. Nature has furnished a perfect drainage, and efficient sanitary laws re- move any deficiencies that might otherwise remain. It is exceed- ingly uncommon'for infectious diseases to assume the proportions of an epidemic here, so unfavorable is the environment for the de- velopment and propagation of disease germs. The fact that con- tagion has been brought into the city from other places where it prevailed was hardly to be avoided by a city so exposed by rail- roads, but the specific germ so imported has always found here a sterile soil and thus died out without multiplication as often as it came. Typhoid fever has never been prevalent since the prohibi- tion of shallow wells and springs, and its occurrence is very rare, with no tendency to spread. The number of malarial diseases, never very large, has diminished rapidly with better drainage, im- proved pavements and the covering up of low, moist places of the city with good houses. In fact there are now no local conditions at Chattanooga for the production of any special class of disease. Every winter scores of persons suffering from pulmonary affections come here from colder and more fitful climates of the West and East to spend the season, and in the majority of cases "wonderful improvement has resulted. A prominent physician who came to the city from his home in Massachusetts, because of his lung troubles, speaks as follows of his experiences here : " Who among us is not mindful of the rich delights of our usual March climate? March! that month of terror in other latitudes, brings us the blossoms of spring in rich profusion, the working days in our gardens and flower beds, and gives us a noon- day warmth of 80°, while the coolness of night rarely causes the mercury to fall to 40°. April follows with its luxuriant wealth of 35 Health and (lowers in field, forest and lawn ; the rich and varied verdure of the mountain slopes; the grand picnic days; the profusion of blossoming laurel and azalea ; the time when we feel most the ex- hilaration cf a tonic atmosphere, and youth comes again to age. And then follows May. Beautiful ! beautiful ! gloriouo May ! Who can describe an East Tennessee May in any other way than by exclamations? Mayflowers! No indeed ! We squander those in March. We hurry past our roses of the commoner sorts in April and come into the realization of the complete bliss of living in the real native land of the continual blossoming rose, in the early day of May, when the black boys peddle young mocking- birds through the streets, and the luscious red strawberries come, so sweet, so plenty and so welcome. And then comes June. Young summer, older than May, wiser, larger, fuller, and bringing the first harvests of ripened grain ; holding in its provident lap the most liberal bestowals of the Almighty in reward for the labor of man, with a great bonus of earth's spontaneous fruits! And there are no hot days yet. No sweltering nights. Can a better summer resort be pictured? If consumptives want altitude and mild climate together, and upon that all authorities agree, it is to be found here. These mountains are so common to us, who use them for daily, weekly and monthly convenience in the summer days, a sleeping place away from the dust and mosquitoes, as well as cooler home quarters, that we have no just appreciation of them. But the mountains of East Tennessee are destined to occupy a high place in the public estimation, in future, as a living place for invalids." Another leading physician says: "I know that I have seen consumptives carried up the mountain and ridges about Chatta- nooga, apparently in the last stages of phthisis, coughing inces- santly, and yet live for months, slowly improving every day until thinking they were nearly well, they left the mountains, went back to the Northern climate, and in a few weeks the inevitable oc- Mortality. eurred. 1 have visited nearly every house on Walden's Ridge (within ninety minutes' drive of Chattanooga), every cabin and hut, and have rarely seen a native with any lung trouble whatever." The top of Lookout Mountain is accessible by rail in forty minutes from the city, by various lines. The top of Walden's Ridge can be reached in ninety minutes, the top of Missionary Ridge in thirty minutes and all these elevations are delightful re- sorts in summer, delightfully bracing and exhilarating through the nights of July and August and beneficial the year round to invalids. The valleys about Chattanooga and the mountains are splen- didly watered. The springs furnish every variety of chalybeate and freestone water. The following is an analysis of one of the popular sulphur springs lying within thirty minutes' drive of the city and other springs of equal value are found throughout the neighborhood. One gallon contains : Sodium Carbonate 2.791 grains Magnesium 2.142 " Ferritin 179 " Potassium 1.203 " Calcium 3.060 " Ferrous Sulphate 004 " Sodium Chloride 048 " Magnesium Chloride 4.632 " " Iodide 005 " Bromide 003 " Potassium Sulphate 4.062 " Magnesium " 504 " Sodium " 2.086 " Magnesium Phosphate 060 " Calcium _ " 223 " Arsenious Acid 007 " Silica and Alumina 3.242 " Organic Matter 427 " Loss by Weight 396 " Total 25.134 36 Health and The late Dr. J. E. Reeves, former president of the American Public Health Association, who resided at Chattanooga during the last ten years of his life, wrote as follows, in a signed article dated Sept. 18, 1895: "Probably there are but few American cities that can boast of a better water supply, both as to quantity and quali- ty, than is afforded the people of Chattanooga from the Tennessee river. - * Strikingly in contrast with experiences of other cities north, east, west and south, is the infrequency in Chattanooga of scarlet fever, diptheria and typhoid fever. * * " The death rate has shown a marked decline within the past twelve years, demonstrating the result of wise sanitary laws and judicious sanitary drainage. The death rate at Chattanooga would be very much smaller if it were not for the large colored population, whose manner of living causes a large mortality, through their disregard of the ordinary laws of health. The death rate for whites in 1896' was 9.25 per thousand per an- num, and is probably as small as any urban population in this country. The mortality statistics for both colored and white, are as follows : Mortality. Population. Number of deaths. Eate per 1,000. Year. IS 2 o o "as O 0) s ±_ 248 312 354 ::j:> 238 304 J89 220 220 19,-. 198 l'/.i •a o o O 280 358 438 352 313 370 401 341 316 263 237 •>ns 3 o H 5'S ci7U 792 677 551 674 690 561 536 l.'iS 4,:. 407 0> ■a 0) o 'S o H 1885 16.200 17,000 17,800 18,600 19 400 19. HP 19,600 19,800 'JO 'Jill I J 21000 21 .500 8H0 8500 s,:kiii 9 300 9,700 9 700 9 800 9,900 10 20U 10 500 10,700 11000 24,300 25,500 26,700 27,900 29 100 29.100 29 400 29,700 30,400 :;l mil 31.700 32,500 15 31 18.31 19 ss 17.42 12.26 15.67 14.74 11 11 10.39 9 46 9 43 9.25 34.57 42.12 49.21 37.85 32.26 38 1 1 1(1 91 II 3D 'is 25.04 22.15 18.91 1886 26 27 1887 1888 29.66 24 26 1889 18.93 1890 23 16 1891.... 23 13 1892 1893 17 63 is:m 14.72 1898 1896 13 72 12 52 37 A Monument erected in the National Military Park. SCHOOLS OF THE CITY AD^D COUNTY. CHATTANOOGA and Hamilton County have much to pride themselves on in their public school system as well as in their colleges and seminaries. The Chattanooga public schools are thoroughly organized and intelligently con- ducted in accordance with the methods declared to be the best by the wise educators of the day. The Chattanooga system of public schools has received flattering reference by educators from schools even outside of Tennessee. But few cities enroll in their public schools such a large per centage of the scholastic census; 70 per cent, of the children of Chattanooga between the ages of six and twenty-one years were enrolled in the public schools last year. Few cities provide such ample accommodations for the school children ; the average num- ber of pupils admitted to one room is forty, yet no child is ex- cluded on account of inadequate seating capacity. There are now in the city five school buildings, representing an investment of nearly $175,000. In the construction of school buildings the city has made liberal appropriations. Two buildings known as the Second and Third District schools were completed a few years ago at a cost of nearly $100,000. Two others, known as the East Eighth and Montgomery avenue schools, built solely for colored children, are expensive and modern buildings. The First District school is also a substantial building. All the school buildings are brick structures, with modern improvements, and testify to the high estimate placed upon the public schools by the citizens of the city. The city now owns some valuable school property in the eastern limits, where a grammar school is to be built; the municipal authorities are at present negotiating for the purchase of a high school lot, where a very handsome high school building to cost about $50,000 will be erected. The following is the eniollment at the public schools : White (male) 1,318 White (female) 1,371 Total, white —2,689 Colored (male) 822 Colored (female) 993 Total, colored. —1,815 Grand total 4,504 The appropriation during the jear 1896-7 for public schools was in round numbers $40,000, of which $37,981 went to salaries. The scholastic population of the city for 1896-7 is as follows : White (male) 2,076 White (female) 2,156 Total, white —4,232 Colored, (male) 1,828 Colored (female) 2,074 Total, colored —3,902 Grand total 8,134 Eighty-three teachers were employed, fifty-three white and thirty colored. There were forty-nine graduates in 1896, and sixty full graduates in 1897 ; the system is a graded school system, with eight grammar schools and four years course in the high school. County Schools — The free schools in the county are greatly above the average in the country districts in the Southern states. Hamilton county was the first to introduce the system of gradua- tion in the district public schools, which finally became a state law. There is a complete course of study in all the schools of the county, with a uniform system of text books. Over 79 percent. of the teachers in the country schools remain more than one year. All the schools are equipped with patent seats. The average term is over six months and the average salary paid teachers is over $40. 38 Schools of the The total scholastic population outside of the city is 10,596, of which 8,225 are white, 4,255 male and 3,070 female; 2,371 col- ored, 1,166 male and 1,205 female. The total while enrollment and attendance was 5,200; colored, 1,505. The daily white at- tendance was 2,837 ; colored, 839. This year forty-five pupils graduated from the eighth grade. There are fifty-six whi'e schools, twenty-three colored; ninety white teachers, thirty-two colored; sixty-nine school houses. The valuation of free school property outside of the city is $75,000. The total amount ex- pended during the year ending July 1st, 1896, was $88,294. Chattanooga Medical College. — The Chattanooga Medi- cal College is one of the leading institutions of the city, having just closed its eighth year. Its faculty comprises all the most prominent members of the local medical fraternity. Last year the school secured possession of the large buildings of the Grant university, which are the handsomest and most commodious of any occupied for medical teaching in the South, and compare favorably with other medical colleges anywhere in the United States. Its average annual enrollment shows a total of about 125 names, from numerous states. In the session of 1896-7 it matric- ulated one hundred and thirty-one students, with a graduating class of thirty-four, and it is thought that the next term will show a considerable increase in matriculants and also an extension of the buildings. The regular teaching corps consists of twenty-nine instructors, covering every customary branch taught in medical colleges. Chattanooga Normal University. — The Chattanooga Normal University was organized in the fall of 1896. A very handsome college building, costing nearly $20,000, was erected on a commanding site opposite the city, with large and extensive City and County. grounds and commodious dormitories and out-buildings. The school at this time has been open four months, and already has one hundred and thirty pupils enrolled and is rapidly increasing the enrollment. It is thought that the next term will show an enrollment of 250, and the end of the first year, perhaps 500. The school is making very rapid progress, and is one of the most complete normal universities in the Southern states. There are numerous attendants already from outside states and the character and popularity of the school are becoming generally recognized. Other Schools and Seminaries. — The Methodist Episco- pal church owns very valuable school property in the heart of the city and has expended nearly $150,000 in establishing the Grant University. It is expected that considerable additions will be made to this university and the theological department will be very largely extended. The buildings and grounds are extensive and valuable. Among the seminaries in the city are the following: Baylor's University school, a preparatory school for boys for the university course, with a large attendance from outside states. The Chattanooga College, a high class girls' seminary. Prof. Hickman's private seminary. The Lutheran private seminary. The Chattanooga seminary, besides two public kindergartens, the private kindergartens, two extensive commercial and business colleges and several night schools. Also the Catholic academy and parochial school combined, in the charge of the Sisters of St. Dominic, which annually enrolls several hundred pupils of the Catholic faith and other denomina- tions. 39 u E r u e u THE CHURCHES. II HEALTHY moral tone pervades this community, as is Igjl 1 evidenced by the large number of church organizations 1_ \_ and the magnificence of the church edifices. The aggre- gate number of church organizations in the city is about one hundred and the relative strength of the different denominations, white and colored represented, is as follows: Churches. Property Seating Mem- variation, capacity. bership. Presbyterian $100,000 2,500 1,200 Methodist Episcopal 95,000 2,300 1,100 Baptists 75,000 2,600 1,200 Methodist Episcopal, South 60,000 '-'," 1,500 Jewish Congregation 10,000 350 75 Christian 30,000 600 350 Unitarian 20,000 250 40 Congregational 300 50 Eoman Catholic "... 200,000 1,500 1,200 Cumberland Presbyterian ... 40,000 800 400 Protestant Episcopal 75,000 1,500 1,000 In addition to the churches, the city maintains a flourishing Young Men's Christian Association, with a large membership and several missions in aggressive work in the down-town districts. Chattanooga probably has the largest church-going popula- tion in proportion to the whole population of any other city on this continent. COUNTY GOVERNMENT. THE government of the county is administered through the county court, composed of forty-three justices of the peace, the county judge as chairman of the court and executive officer, and the county court clerk. The county court holds four sessions annually, the county judge presiding. The quarterly court transacts the general business of the county, dele- gating to a poor-house commission, composed of three members, elected by the court, the care of the poor and infirm ; to the work- house commission, composed of four members, elected by the court, the county judge as chairman, the care, management and con- trol of the roads, bridges and county prisons. The orphans, both white and colored, are provided for by the county in orphans' homes for white and colored children, the maximum age for ad- mission being ten years. The county also makes liberal appro- priations for the care of the inmates, of the Mission Home and to the Associated Charities for the poor and temporarily distressed. The county hospital is under the supervision of poor commissioners. The total assessed valuation of all property in Hamilton county for the years 1895, 1896 and 1897 is, in round numbers, twenty million dollars, on a basis of about 40 per cent., making the actual valuation fifty million dollars. The tax rate in the years named was as follows : 1895, 95 cents on the hundred dol- lars; 1896, $1.20 on the hundred dollars; 1897, 95 cents on the hundred dollars. The expenses of the county for the years named were as follows: 1894. 1895. 1S96. Work House $ 49,024.50 $ 27,648.32 $23,043.54 Poor House 13,235.44 9,794.81 9,254.42 Interest on bonds 10,000.00 10,000.00 16.875.00 Schools (including city's prop'n) 70,000.00 70,670.98 66,972.r.7 Roads 8,000.00 8,156.87 6,473.41 Other expenses 102,858.58 103,467.64 94,479 06 Total $253,118.52 $229,738.63 $217,098.10 41 THE CITY GOVERNMENT. THE municipality of Chattanooga is administered by the Board of Mayor and Aldermen, consisting of the Mayor and sixteen Aldermen, two from each ward ; the Board of Public Works, a body of three (appointed by the Governor), which has control of the streets; the Board of Police Commis- sioners, also a body of three (appointed by the Governor), which has control of the police department. All other legislative and executive functions are within the control of the Board of Mayor and Aldermen. The .Mayor is the president of the Board of Aldermen, appoints the standing committees and has general supervision of the city affairs. The city of Chattanooga is at present very economically gov- erned. Basing the population within the restricted corporate limits at 32,500, the net cost of conducting the city, less interest, during the current year will be $5.45 per capita; and including the annual interest charge on bonds the cost is about $8 per capita per annum. The average expense of American cities per capita, including interest charges, is in excess of $15. The fol- lowing table shows the aggregate city expenses in the past six years, including the annual interest charges of $51,873.10. IN'.'" '.'1 $354,237.55 1891-92 334,953.23 1892-03 322,435.1 1 1893-94 275,595.48 1894-95 282,102.84 1895-96 ( less srhool house erected and paid for in insurance money ) 256,179.34 The following Uble shows the actual expense of each depart- ment in the past year, and from this an idea is conveyed of the general management and expense of the city government: .1. (aoi 1895 96 Expenses. Schools $39,443.20 Health and Hospitals 1,024.07 General miscellany 4,520.35 School buildings..." 1,332.65 Board of Public Works 38,118.09 Public buildings 4,449.20 Police and Prisons 29,178.83 Fire department 27,881.40 Claims 7.638.00 Lights 17,965.00 Water 8,100.00 Salaries 10,494.31 Judgments and cost 4,324.42 Interest 51,873.10 Refunded licenses 415.15 Rents 1,133.33 The financial condition of the city at present is very healthy. The city has no floating debt and it has a sufficient cash balance in the treasury to meet all obligations during the current fiscal year and has no bills payable. The valuation on all property aggregates $12,500,000, on a basis of about 50 per cent., the actual value of real estate and personalty within the corporate limits being $25,000,000. The net bonded indebtedness of the city, less the sinking fund, is $860,000, all of which, except $100,000, are street and sewer bonds. Tax levy of the city in the past eight years has been as follows : Tax levy, 1889 $1.80 on $100 Tax lew, 1890 1.75 on 100 Tax lew, 1891 1.80 on 100 Tax lev'v, 1892 1.60 on 100 Tax levv, 1893 1.30 on 100 Tax lew, 1894 1.30 on 100 Tax levy, 1895 1.25 on 100 Tax levy, 1896 1.65 on 100 The increased levy in 1896 was in consequence of the lower per centage basis of valuation, but yielded the same revenue as the levy of 1895. The tax levy for 1897 on the 50 per cent, valuation will be about $1.45 on the $100. 42 TAKING Amp SHIVERS. DURING the last nine years extensive improvements on the business and principal residence streets of the city have been accomplished, and few cities of its population can now show greater results in this direction. The mileage of improved streets within the city on April 1st, 1897, is as follows : Sheet Asphalt Pavement 2.45 Miles. Block Asphalt Pavement 1.03 " Granite Block Pavement 2.08 " Vitrified Brick Pavement 3.98 McAdam and Telford 3.46 Gravel Roadway 3.90 " Total length of improved streets 16.90 Miles. The total cost of these street improvements has been ap- proximately $600,000. The materials used in the paving of the city's business streets are sheet asphalt, vitrified brick and granite blocks, and on its residence streets, including those thoroughfares which, by means of the main county roads, connect the center of the city with the important suburbs, the first two mentioned materials, together with asphalt blocks, McAdam and gravel, have been used. These pavements and the McAdam and gravel roadways have all been constructed according to modern scientific methods. The grades on which sheet asphalt have been laid do not, in any instance, ex- ceed three (3) per cent., although some of the brick pavements have been laid on grades of eight (8) per cent. In the drainage of the site occupied by the city, nature has done much to facilitate the work of the engineer. The Tennessee river, which forms both its northern and western boundaries, re- ceives the sewage of the city, which is the method of disposal adopted by all of those cities in this country which are fortunate enough to be located on the larger rivers. The elevation above low water mark of the business portions of the city ranges from fifty to seventy feet, while the main residence portions will aver- age more than one hundred feet, the summit of the highest hill within its limits being about three hundred and fifty feet above the zero of the river gauge of the United States Weather Bureau, which zero is in the datum or horizontal plane from which the elevations of the street and sewer grades are reckoned. The sewerage system of the city is constructed on the combined plan, that is, it is designed for the removal of both storm water and sewage. There is within the city, which contains an area of about four square miles, seven drainage districts, each of which has been provided with brick main sewers of egg-shape form, and ranging in size from tventy inches by thirty inches to fifty inches by seventy- five inches. The lateral or tributary sewers have been constructed of both brick and vitrified clay pipe. Other drainage districts remain to be laid off and provided with sewers, as building im- provements are extended to the outskirts, but the work yet to be carried out, in order to complete the sewerage of the city, is small when compared with what has already been accomplished in this direction. Therefore further outlay in the future for the exten- sion of the system, will necessarily be limited. The total mileage of sewers now in operation is as follows: Brick Sewers 9.00 Miles. Pipe Sewers 26.02 Miles. Total 35.02 Miles. The approximate cost of the sewerage system of the city has been $300,000. 13 A VIEW OF CHATTANOOGA. This view is taken from the dome of The Times building, down West Eighth Street. The mountains in the background are known as Raccoon mountain. The building on an elevation to the left is a public school building. %EAL ESTATE J/ALUES zA${D %ENTS. THE corporation limits of Chattanooga have not been extend- ed since the city was originally laid out, nearly fifty years ago, and are approximately" two miles wide and two and one-half miles long. The city is bounded on the north and west by the Tennessee river, thereby preventing extension in those di- rections. The lands adjacent to the corporate limits are lower, hence desirable property, suitable for residences in and about the city limits is restricted. The fact that the limits of the city are within the same confines that they were when it was originally in- corporated, has caused a large population to iocate in the suburbs, which lie close to the city and contain today a population almost equal to that within the corporation itself. Hence property that in Chattanooga is rated as suburban, would be classed as city property in other cities of its size. The population of Chattanooga and suburbs resides within a radius of two and one-half.'iniles of the court house, a territory embracing about fifteen square miles, which is considerably less than the territory embraced in the limits of most cities of the same rating as Chattanooga. Good lots on the best residence streets, -within the city limits, can be had at from §20.00 to $100.00 per front foot, within a max- imum distance of one mile of the business heart of the city. Lots on other streets that are less desirable can be had for much lower prices, and in the southern portion of the city, where the facto- ries and railroads are located, good lots can be purchased at from $6.00 to $30.00 per front foot, within one mile of the business center. Good suburban lots in the chief suburbs, within two and one-half miles of the business center of the city, and within three miles of the western limits of the city, can be had at from $3.00 to $14.00 per front foot, all convenient to an electric car line, sup- plied with city water, etc. Good business property in this city is worth from $25.00 to 1.00 per front foot, depending on the street and location, the extreme price prevailing within a very restricted business quarter, covering an average of both sides of the street of less than two thousand five hundred feet. Rents. — Dwellings of seven and eight rooms, on fifty-foot lots on best streets bring from $20.00 to $35.00 per month ; other streets in desirable portions of the city, from $15.00 to $20.00, and smaller houses in proportion. In the southern portion of the city near manufacturing plants, four or five room houses are rented at from $5.00 to $10.00 per month, and larger houses in proportion. In the best suburbs, convenient to street railway, with water supply five room cottages rent from $5.00 to $7.00 per mon'h, seven to ten room houses, from $8.00 to $12.00 per month, water included. Store Rents.— Store rooms in brick buildings rent from $5.00 to $150.00 per month, owing altogether to location. The maxi- mum figure is paid in only one or two buildings in the very best block in the city ; other store rooms in the same block rent for $100.00 and less per month. Store rooms in the five central blocks on the chief business street, rent from $25.00 to $75.00 per month ; on the lateral streets, from $25.00 to $50.00 per month. Farm lands within ten miles of Chattanooga are held at prices ranging from $5.00 to $50.00 per acre, owing to location, character of soil, improvements, anil other advantageous conditions. Values of real estate and rentals are lower in Chattanooga by a considerable percentage than in other cities of the United States, of the same size, and with less promising prospects, but the most conservative judges are of the opinion that a steady advance in prices will immediately take place. There are fewer vacant resi- dences in the city than at any time in its history. 45 CHATTANOOGA'S "PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. The Auditorium, East Ninth Street. eHATTANOOGA has three commercial bodies. The Cbara- ber of Commerce is the oldest and is one of the first reg- ular commercial organizations formed in the Southern states ; its membership exceeds two hundred and is aggressive and active." The Young Men's Business League was organized in 1895 ; it has a membership of over two hundred and is very active in promoting the industrial and commercial interests of the city. The South Chattanooga Business League was organized in 1896 ; it has a membership of sixty-five and is devoting itself chiefly to the interests of that section and is succeeding well. The wholesale grocers, the retail grocers and commercial travelers all have separate organizations, which are also success- ful. The Library Association of Chattanooga has comfortable quarters in the Southern Express building; its membership ex- ceeds three hundred and it has about five thousand volumes, be- sides reference and reading tables. The Chamber of Commerce has a reference library of about one thousand volumes. The Chattanooga Female College has a library of fifteen hundred volumes. The Young Men's Christian Association has a library of eight hundred volumes. The Hamilton County Teachers' library contains about four hundred volumes. There are various benevolent and charitable institutions in the city. The Orphans' Home has comfortable quarters and cares for about fifty children. The King's Daughters have a Children's Refuge ; the Mission Home has a refuge for fallen women ; a home is being erected for working girls ;|the Steele (colored) Or- phans' Home is a large structure with accommodations for about two hundred and fifty orphans. The city and county have erected a very large hospital building, with the co-operation of the rail- roads and a liberal contribution from the Baroness Erlanger ; it will be opened during the summer of 1897. 40 CHATTANOOGA AS A CO^ENTIO^ CITY. I > EW cities in the world possess equal attractions to Chatta- I © " nooga for conventions. The many interesting points in JL and about the city are set forth in detail in the various chapters elsewhere. The attractions that Chattanooga possesses as a convention city, in brief, are: First. — Its unrivaled transportation facilities. Second. — The salubrity of the climate and its predominance of sunshiny weather, as are evidenced from the weather statistics given elsewhere. Third. — The matchless scenery which surrounds the city, equaled by few on this continent and surpassed by none. Fourth. — The historic associations of the city and its environ- ment. Fifth. — The location hereof an immense auditorium building, erected by the city solely for the free use of conventions, which building is a commodious structure with modern appointments; it will accommodate comfortably five thousand persons. Sixth. — Ample hotel accommodations, which are adequate to any occasion. Within the past three years Chattanooga has entertained three large assemblies. The largest was the vast multitude of people who came here to witness the dedication of the Chickamauga National Military Park. It is estimated that there were about 50,000 visitors during the week of dedication, as many as 30,000 in one day, and they came from all parts of the United States. The city was equal to the occasion. Every visitor was accommodated and there was no complaint of lack of supplies or want of satis- factory lodgings. The next large assembly was the meeting of the International Conference of the Epworth League in this city, in 1895; there were approximately 10,000 visitors and Chattanooga won again a national reputation for surpassing hospitality and excellent ac commodations. The next large meeting was the convention of the Southern Baptist Association, held in 1S96, and so enthusiastic were the members over their entertainment and comfortable accom- modations that the Baptist Young People's Union selected Chattanooga as their meeting place in 189S, and on the failure of Brooklyn, N. Y., to procure satisfactory rates for the 1897 conven- tion they substituted Chattanooga for Brooklyn for 1897, and will meet here on the 18th of July 1897, when it is expected that 12,000 visitors will be entertained. The brilliant success that this city has achieved on these notable occasions has given it fame as a convention city in all parts of America. The hospitable sentiments of the community being so strong, and fully realizing the unusual attractions of this city for conventions, the city council began the erection of the beautiful auditorium mentioned above, which will be completed by the first of June, this year, the total investment, including tin- value of the land, being about 850,000. This convention hall will be in charge of auditorium com- missioners, who arc prohibited from making any charges for the use of the auditorium for conventions that meet at Chattanooga. It is beautifully fitted up with handsome opera chairs, is a fire- proof structure and so constructed that the maximum distance ol the speaker from the furthermost auditor in the building is about seventy-five feet. The floor and the balconies rise in a general ascent so that every person in the house has an excellent view of the platform. The platform ascends into a concave amphitheater, being arranged for large musical festivals, and can easily accom- modate live hundred singers. fe* (. fe&? r9V?^)flMpk J&felfeS \^^^f «& je^r^ Monuments erected in the National Military Park, near Chattanooga. Centenary M. E. Church, South. Custom House. First M. E. Church. 'PRODUCTS OF THE COUNTY. HAMILTt )N county contains an area of about five hundred square miles and is almost bisected by the Tennessee river ; it is well watered by innumerable creeks that flow toward the river at every point in the county. The difference in altitude between the table lands of Walden's Ridge and the alluvial river bottoms is about one thousand five hundred feet, this equals four degrees of latitude, giving to the elevated ground the climate of Southern Ohio, along the hillsides that of Ken- tucky. Hence the county has a range of climate found in three states. The soil formations are of very great variety, beginning at the river bottoms, changing into the various alluvial formations, the chocolate and red clay soils, and these again joined and mixed with another variety of flinty gravel or magnesium limestone soil. The soil holds moisture to a surprising degree and is uniformly valuable for tillage, though varying materially in appearance and character. As a whole it maybe classed as undulating land, hilly land, mountain land and bottom. Much of it is well timbered, but may be easily and profitably cleared. The ridges and hills about Chattanooga are peculiarly well adapted to the growth of strawberries and other small fruits, as well as vegetables. The berries that are grown on these ridge.; have a superior color, a richness and firmness, making them very desirable for shipping to the Northern markets, where they have a reputation above fruit from any other section of the South. An- other favorable feature of these gravelly ridges is their tendency to hold and take up moisture, so the berries do not suffer for the want of rain during the picking season, as is the case usually in the clay or loam soil. The mountain lands are well adapted to the growth of apples, pears and also potatoes, especially lor winter use. Pears, plums, cherries, apricots and quinces all grow successfully and bear ex- cellently and are being more and more improved in varieties as they are given more care. There is a seedling of the limbertwig apple near Chattanooga, which has produced eleven annual crops without a break, ranging from eight to fifteen bushels each year. It is an early winter apple, being good in September and lasting until January. This chance seedling is mentioned, demonstrating the results that would follow the planting of seeds of the best ap- ples. There are several very successful peach orchards which have had three or four crops in succession. Peaches of fine size and quality can be grown as regularly as root crops. The most important of the fruit crop is the strawberry. In the immediate district about Chattanooga, there are in the year 1897, nearly two thousand five hundred acres bearing, which will yield probably one hundred and twenty-five thousand twenty- four quart crates, the gross sales of which will amount to nearly $250,000. The bulk of this crop is shipped to Northern cities, chiefly to Cincinnati. So successful have the berry skippers been that it is estimated that in 1898 the acreage will be doubled and the methods of cultivation so improved that the yield will be in- creased per acre at least fifty per cent. Other small fruits, such as raspberries, dewberries, etc., are shipped largely from Chatta- nooga; the shipments this year will reach sixty thousand crates, valued at over $100,000. Currants and blackberries grow wild and the blackberry shipments are becoming extensive. It is estimated that sixty carloads of tomatoes, beans, nutmeg melons, cucumbers and other vegetables, are shipped annually, the gross sales of which amount to $50,000, and the industry is now in its infancy. The sweet potato crop has been a certainty for the past six or eight years and is regarded as a very safe pro- duct. They are being very profitably raised in the immediate 50 Products of vicinity of Chattanooga. Great success has been had in the culture of the cabbage, beat, onion, radish, lettuce, culitlowcr, egg-plant and many other like products, and some very interest- ing and successful experiments are now being made in the culture of celery ; the soil has been found excellently well adapted to this esculent, possessing many of the cpialities to be found in the Kal- amazoo district ; it is thought that its cultivation will become a very important industry. Peas of all kinds have a prolific growth throughout the county ; some varieties are plowed under as a fer- tilizer and prove very valuable. Grapes in former years were produced in large quantities, and shipments to amount to over $200,000 were made in one year. These were raised on the ridges lying immediately adjacent to the city, which became so valuable through the rapid growth of the city that the vineyards were dismantled and turned into town lots. The industry has not since been developed to any extent, but the indications are that considerable attention will soon again he paid to the cultivation of grapes and that they will become an important article of shipment, The clover, timothy and herd grass are produced on the river bottoms very successfully and a considerable amount is marketed. Millet, red top, timothy and clover are successfully raised in the county. Sugar cane, sowed thickly, yields largely and three crops may be cut from one season's sowing, making an excellent feed. Another excellent feed article known as keifer corn, grows very the County. successfully; it has a slender stalk and leaf, but resembles corn, with top seeds and is exceptionally tine for poultry. Stock raising is becoming more general than formerly in the county, though no special efforts have yet been made to fully de- velop what could be made a most profitable industry. Mules, horses and cattle average well. Good results are being had in sheep raising, especially on the high and hilly land Hogs can subsist the year round foraging in the woods ; not much care has been taken in selecting good breeds, but when good attention is given to the business it has proven very satisfactory. The county is well adapted to poultry raising and the business has been very successfully prosecuted, though not to a considerable extent. Chickens, turkeys, guineas, peafowls, geese and ducks thrive, are free from disease, yielding a large egg product. They have a long season of pasture, with market so extensive that prices keep uni- form and profitable. No hail or wind storms ever devastate the section, because of the mountain protection. It is remarkably free from pests and insects that afflict animal, fowl, plant or tree. Droughts are un- known and gentle rains are frequent in summer. Farming operations are reaching a better basis by the influx of a class of farmers who have studied modern, scientific methods. There is still much to be accomplished in this respect, with intelli- gence and industry farming in any of the branches enumerated can be made exceedingly profitable. ROADS AO^D BRIDGES OF HAMILTON COUNTY. THE Topographical Map of County and Vicinity, issued by the Department of the Geological Survey, which map in- cludes within its borders Hamilton county, shows that the part of Hamilton county lying north of the Tennessee river, is divided by a natural topographical division into two nearly equal parts. This dividing line does not trend exactly north and south, but about twenty degrees east of north and is the eastern escarp- ment of Walden's Ridge, that magnificent table land of the East Cumberland, which rises grandly between the valleys of the Se- i|iiatehie and the Tennessee That part of Hamilton county lying south of the Tennessee, having the same general characteristics as the north, is especially distinguished by Lookout Mountain, stand- ing like a mighty sentinel over the fertile Lookout Valley on its left and Chattanooga Valley on its right. To the east, across the broad and open Chattanooga Valley, cradling its busy city of fifty thousand people, we have the historic Missionary Ridge. To the east of Missionary Ridge we have the undulating plain of the South Chickamauga. Thus we not only have on the north side of the Tennessee the Cumberland Table- land, with its peculiar adaptability to the raising of orchard fruits, hut the alluvial river bottoms as well, stretching along thirty miles of river front and yielding its immense harvests of corn, oats and wheal. On the south side of the river we have all the varieties of soil, from the rich limestone wheat producing soil of the Lookout Val- ley, to the mulatto soil of the chert formation (which is pro- nounced the best anywhere for the production of strawberries and small fruits), to the red lands east of .Missionary Ridge, which for general farming purposes cannot be excelled. Hamilton county, Tennessee, being thus endowed with this generous variety of arable soils, capable of supporting the great city which Chattanooga, by reason of her geographical situation, is destined to become, the question of accessibility— of roads mak- ing accessible this territory for the diversified interests of a peo- ple, and enabling capital and enterprise to develop the natural wealth lying within our borders, becomes one of paramount im- portance. The question of better roads for Hamilton county was first effectively agitated in 1876, at which time the present system of macadamized roadways, which now radiate from the county seat, was begun. Today one hundred and fifty miles of macadamized and graveled thoroughfares stand as a monument to the enter- prise of the citizens of Hamilton county, costing in the neighbor- hood of $375,000. The Rossville Pike, the first essay in perma- nent road building attempted by the county, extends south from Chattanooga to Rossville, just beyond the Georgia state line. This road, connecting with the principal thoroughfare to the Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga National Park at Rossville, Georgia, is a favorite with cyclists, the destination being the above mentioned park, where the National Government has already spent a million of dollars laying the foundation of what is already the greatest military park on the continent. To the east, two broad thoroughfares, Montgomery and Mc- Callie avenues, connect the city with Government Boulevard, eight miles in length, on the crest of Missionary Ridge, and continue on by easy grades to the southeastern and eastern limits of the county respectively, about ten miles distant. Thirteen miles northeast is situated the town of Harrison, noted as having been the county seat from 1840 to 1870. The Harrison Pike was one of the earliest of permanent roadways, and renders accessible an immense section of fine farming lands, skirt- ing the east side of the Tennessee river. To the north, crossing 52 Koads and Bridges the Tennessee river, is Washington road, which has been com- pleted to the town of Sale Creek, a distance of twenty-eight miles. This thoroughfare, connecting the thrifty towns of Daisy, Soddy, Retro and Sale Creek, represents, including the subsidiary roads built in connection with it, an expenditure of about $42,000. Leaving this road to the east soon after crossing the river, we have the Dallas road, which has been completed to a point two miles east of Hixson, and will ultimately connect with Dallas, if not in- deed with Soddy, which is entirely within the possibilities. To the left we have the Anderson Pike, leaving the Washington road at Mountain Creek. The Anderson Pike ascends Walden's Ridge by easy grades, amid scenery of ever increasing grandeur until, surmounting the cliffs at the summit, one beholds the broad Ten- nessee Valley below him with its tracery of stream and road and checker work of cultivated fields. Should the beholder possess a practical mind he cannot help remarking the wisdom and liber- ality of a policy which has thus rendered accessible the many acres of mountain laud to the seeker of healthful homes as well as to the far seeing investor of capital. Still further north another road leaving the Washington road at Daisy is now in course of construction. This new road ascends by the side of the ridge at a grade of seven feet in one bundle. 1, taking the place of the old road at this place, which ascends by the most prohibitory grades of eighteen to twenty-seven feet pet- hundred, and hence constitutes an object, lesson, illustrating the obi and new systems of road construction. To the west and south- west of the COUntJ Seal we have a network of roadways that tire the admiration of the visitor t > our picturesque environment Lookout Mountain offers it- graveled boulevard, rivaling the famous shell roads of Mobile and New Orleans, to the tourist who would explore the wonders of Rock ( 'it y, or visit the sylvan shades of lailu Lake. oi Hamilton County. Missionary Ridge with its magnificent boulevard, built by the United States government, traverses the crest of the ridge from Rossville Gap on the south (where it connects with the LaFayette road, also built by the government) to Sherman Heights on the north. The views from along this boulevard, taking in as it does both sides of Missionary Ridge, cannot be excelled for historical interest of national importance. The government has erected numerous iron historical tablets describing the battle of Mission- ary Ridge. These tablets locate the troops and describe their movements. Monuments of cannon, statuary of marble and bronze are met at intervals and tend to make a drive along thi: boulevard one of absorbing interest. Two observation towers, seventy feet in height, occupy commanding situations, and permit a study of the fields of the great struggle of November, 1863. The building of roads necessitates the construction of bridges. Wherever, in this system of modern roads, bridges are neces- sarv structures of steel and iron of generous proportions have been built across all creek and larger waterway-. The magnificent free bridge that spans the Tennessee river, opposite Walnut street, stands as a monument to the enterprise of a progressive people. This bridge, giving uninterupted traffic be- tween the north and south ends of the county, was designed to ac- comodate foot passengers, wagon traffic and electric cars, anil was built in 1888-9. The bridge, 2,370 lineal feet in length, made up of three spans of 320 feet each, three spans of 210 feet each, and 7'20 feet of iron viaduct, is a high level bridge 100 feet in the clear above low water; is without draw span, anil is reached by easy gradients. The bridge is designed to sustain a load of 2,400 pounds per lineal foot of bridge with a factor of safety of six, anil was built at a total cost of $233,560.66, divided as follow-: The superstructure $122,361.16 The substructure 96,199.50 Engineering and superintendance 15,000.00 53 - r Roads and Bridges of Hamilton County. Many cither bridges might he mentioned for the purpose of illustrating the policy of the county along the line of permanent construction, but enough has Keen shown to emphasize the fact that in the movement for " better roads" Hamilton county offers her road system as a example of what can be done by a systematic and intelligent effort along this line. _J The use of county prisoners for the purpose of constructing public highways was recognized at an early date in the history of the development of the resources of Hamilton county, and the county workhouse system as applied to road construction has here become one of the recognized institutions of the county, and while not by any means perfect as yet, gives promise of even better re- sults in the future for the construction of permanent highways. \ A view of Chattanooga from Cameron Hill. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN stands 2000 feet above Chatta- nooga, almost overhanging its corporate limits, with its foot hills forming the city's nearest suburb. Its summit is reached within thirty minutes from the business center of the city, by two incline railways; a standard guage railroad also threads its way to the mountain top, connecting with all passenger depots in the city, by which means the trip to the mountain can be made in forty-five minutes. The mountain has been greatly improved and is today one of the most desirable resorts for the enfeebled, the over-worked or the pleasure seeker, upon this continent. Lookout Inn is perhaps the most magnificent hotel upon a mountain in this country ; it was erected at a cost of $250,000, contaius nearly 500 guest chambers ; it is elaborately and richly furnished throughout; equipped with all modern conveniences, heated by steam, lighted by electricity and gas, supplied with running water and is furnished with every com- fort and attraction that modern ingenuity and generous hospitality can devise. Hroad, well built boulevards traverse the mountain plateau for miles; the streets are underlaid with water and gas mains; telephone and electric wires are strung to the scores of ornate cottages that line the shaded streets and roadways, and everywhere there are all the comforts and conveniences of city life. The most beautiful spots upon the brow of the mountain have been preserved for parks; it is quite likely that the U. S. Govern- ment will purchase the chief reservation at "The Point" of Lookout Mountain to make it a fitting completion of the magnificent plan of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park. Among the mountains railed of battle Lookout deserves the first place in any history of the Southern Appalachians. Before the first Anglo-Saxon saw its wooded talus and gray-green cliffs from the opposite crest of Walden's Ridge, it was the battle ground of the red men. The warlike Cherokees and their kinsmen the Chickamaugas dwelt in the valleys 'round about, and on its slopes their war-parties made good against their tribal enemies their claim to the ownership of the "Far-Look" mountain. The pre- cipitous cliff at its northern extremity was their signal height. The smoke of the alarm fire rising from its summit was the warriors' call to arms. In the early settlement of Tennessee the cliff-crowned mountain at the toe of the moccasin became the battlefield of the races. Defeated in the great valley of East Tennessee, the Indians retreated to their fastnesses on Lookout; and on the western slope of the mountain within sight of a greater future battlefied, was fought the last decisive conflict with the allied tribes. John Sevier won it and broke the organized strength of the red men, but for many years afterward the pioneers, drifting down the Tennes- see from the older settlements on its head waters, to the fertile valleys beyond the Cumberlands, watched furtively for the first glimpse of the sentinel mountain standing grim and silent at the portal of the ninety-mile gauntlet through the gorges. If the sky line was clear, all went well, but if a column of smoke was hanging above the signal height, the hardy adventurers looked to their arms, refilled the priming pans of their rifles, and made bulwarks of the cargo to protect the women and children during the running light which would begin at the overhanging bluffs of the great mountain. A peaceful half century followed the dying out of the last Indian signal fire on the Point Rock, and then the distant mur- mur of a fiercer tide of conflict echoed from the cliffs of Lookout. One lambent autumn day the tide of civil war poured over the passes of the Raccoon to submerge the fields in Will's Valley and Lookout to rise in billows of blue on the slopes of tbe historic mountain until the marching thousands of Bosecrans' left wing caught their first glimpse of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge from its wooded summit. The tide flowed onward and a few days afterward the eastern palisades of Lookout flung back the thunders of C'hickamauga to Chattanooga Valley. Then the tide surged backward and when the lines of circumvallation bad been drawn about the beleaguered city in the great bend of the river, the bosom of the old mountain was scarred and furrowed with tbe intrenchments of the besieging army, and from summit and half-way height the batteries hurled their messengers of death down upon the armed hosts in tbe valley. The final act in the historic mountain's tragic drama was played on that November day when the mist> of the valley thick- cued into sweating clouds on the wooded slopes, and Lookout hid its face as if to shut out the sight of carnage. All the world knows how "the battle above the clouds" was lost and won, what deeds of heroism and brilliant courage were there enacted, and many a curious pilgrim has since stood upon the time-worn signal cliff to gaze down upon the scene of the mountain's final conflict. The scars are healed now. The breastworks have become grassy mounds, and the sightseer has to be guided to the redoubts from which the bellowing cannon played upon the city, spread out in the valley below. But after the spring rains have washed away the litter of the year, the children, gathering arbutus and the fragile wind-flowers on the slopes of the ancient mountain, find broken arrow-heads bedded in the mellow earth side by side with battered minie-balls and fragments of shattered shells; relics of the earlier and later struggles whose din has been re- echoed by the gray cliffs of old Lookout. What pen can portray the matchless beauties that are un- Mountain. folded from the mountain heights? At every spol upon the brow. a bewildering panorama of landscape stretches forth. There are loftier mountains, more sublime stretch- es of precipice and beetling cliffs, taller peaks a n d deeper gorges, but there is no spot on this west- ern world w here beauty is so charm- ingly united to sub- limity, or where one's soul is so thrilled without be- ing awed by appal- ling surroundings; where the limpid lyrics of nature are so interwoven with her epics, where the melting hazes of purpling landscape dissolve into majes- tic stretches of tow- ering peaks; where nature frowns, and smiles, and woos the enchanted beholder, thrilled by the glo- ries and tbe majesty of God's handiwork. "THE CLIFF DWELLERS." The Bluff on the south bank ot the Tennessee river, at head of High street. 56 The Chickamauga-Chattanooga Rational ^Military 'Park. HATTANOOGA is the only great battlefield of the civil war, probably the only one in the world, where the vis- itor can see from a single point the entire field of ex- tended operations, and where, at the same time, the non-military observer can readily trace and understand all the movements of the contending armies. Not only are the operations of four day's battles clearly seen from the Point of Lookout Mountain, but from this point the strategy of the Chickamauga campaign, by far the most brilliant and imposing of the war, and the essential features of the two days' battle at Chickamauga can each be clearly comprehended. Including the Brown's Ferry and Wau- hatchie affairs the eye readily follows all the operations of each side along lines of battle fifteen miles in length. There is no other among our battlefields which presents such imposing natural obstacles. The rugged and tangled slopes of Missionary Ridge, the precipitious Lookout range rising 1S0O feet above the valley and terminating in summits walled with lofty palisades, and the wide and swift Tennessee present such bars to military movements, to say nothing of military success, as cannot be elsewhere found. One of the interesting, as well as very prac- tical, elements of this extended theatre of tremendous military operations is that every prominent point in it can be reached by a short ride at ordinary street car rates. Lookout Mountain, Mis- sionary Ridge, Orchard Knob and Tunnel Ilill are each thus ac- cessible. The first overlooks all the rest, and is the immediate scene of Hooker's and Walthall's " Battle Above the Clouds " The second is the theatre of that miracle of military story, the storming of the ridge by General Thomas' central lines. The last is where Sherman's army assaulted, and where Cleburne's forces successfully defended the Confederate right. Chattanooga is in the center of the great National Military Park which the government is establishing to preserve the history of these battles and minor affairs attending the campaigns for the possession of the city. The purpose is to set forth on tablets and monuments, and on the exact ground of move Qts, the opera- tions of every regimental organization and battery in these bat- tles. This history when finished will show the details of five days of great battles — two at Chickamauga and three at Chattanooga — and the lesser affairs connected with the preliminary movements at Chickamauga, the Brown's Ferry affair, and the battles of W'au- hatchie and Ringgold — ill all nine days of active lighting. When the plan was first proposed the propriety of selecting the fields about Chattanooga for preservation was recognized on all sides, since all the great Union armies — the Cumberland, the Tennessee and the Potomac on the one side, and Bragg's, John- ston's and Lee's armies on the other — were engaged, while many of the most eminent officers on each side commanded these forces. The character of the fighting also largely influenced the case, since Chickamauga, when judged by the numbers engaged and the lime of fighting, was found to have been the deadliest battle of modern times, while the battles of Lookout Mountain and Mis- sionary Ridge were assuredly the most notable spectacular en- gagements of the war. Nothing like this park project had, up to the time of its in- ception, been undertaken by any nation. It was entirely new in the history of war, in that both sides met in cordial study and marking of the field, and the government which had been success- ful in the contest undertook to do full credit to the valor of those who had been defeated. The government has already purchased the entire battlefield of Chickamauga, ten square miles in extent, the battlefield on Lookout Mountain, Orchard Knob, the north end of Missionary The Ohickamaug-a-Chattari Ridge, Bragg's headquarters on the ridge, and some minor tracts of less importance. The states of Tennessee and Georgia have ceded to the government for park purposes the principal roads by which t he opposing armies reached or left the several fields, and these have been improved as approaches to the park. The crest road, running for eight miles along Missionary Ridge, closely fol- lows Iiragg's line of battle. The central drive of the park extends from the north end of Missionary Ridge to Crawfish Spring, and is twenty miles in length. Congress has just made an appropria- tion to extend the construction of the LaFayette road from Lee & Gordon's mill to LaFayette, a distance of thirteen miles. This will give a continuous drive from north to south of thirty miles over a boulevard constructed on a right of way fifty feet in width, and built throughout by the government's best methods. To this project of large dimensions Congress has thus far ap- propriated $880,000, and the several states have expended in the aggregate about $400,000. Twenty-six State Commissioners have co-operated with the National Commission in ascertaining the battle lines and the po- sitions and movements of the troops from their respective states. About 2*10 state monuments, besides many markers, have al- ready been erected, and this work of the states is still in active progress. The government has erected monuments to the regular troops, and fully a thousand historical tablets and large shell markers to indicate the spots where general officers on either side were killed. The fighting positions of the artillery on each side are being marked by actual batteries, the guns of which are of the identical patterns used in the battle, mounted upon cast iron gun carriages, which are an exact reproduction of those used during the war. Already 200 guns have been placed in position on the Chickamauga field alone. Four batteries have been set up on Missionary Ridge and two on Orchard Knob. ooga National Military Park. The distinguishing feature of the vast work in progress is its absolute impartiality. The same rules and regulations apply alike to Union and Confederate lines, monuments, markers and tablets. Work on the park began with this equality of treatment of both sides as the central and controlling idea. The historical tablets are of four classes, namely, those at army headquarters, corps, division and brigade tablets. Those at army headquarters show the corps which composed the armies with their commanders in the battle. The corps tablets show the divisions in each with their commanders; the division tablets show the brigades composing them with those in command, while the brigade tablets carry the organizations to regiments and bat- teries and those commanding them. There are also battery tab- lets, several hundred guide tablets, and'tablets marking all locali- ties of special interest on the fields. The western half of the Orchard Knob reservation is reserved for monuments to such organizations as were engaged in the gen- eral operations but fought outside of the legal limits of the park. Each of the historical tablets has, besides the part showing the organization of the command to which it relates, from two hundred to four hundred words of text setting forth the exaci his- tory of operations upon the ground occupied by the tablet. By amendments to the original park act Congress has pro- vided that regimental monuments and general state memorials shall be placed on brigade lines of battle. The purpose of this legislation is to identify the lines of battle at a glance, a thing impossible if individual regiments should be allowed to put their monuments upon any spot which the regiment may have chanced to occupy without regard to the general line. This will prevent the dotting of the field with isolated monuments which could only confuse all visitors, since no one unfamiliar with the field could then trace the lines except from a careful reading of the inscriptions on these separate monuments. 58 The park is simply a restoration of bat- tlefields, not a park in the sense of a pleasure ground. Later roads have been closed, the roads of the battle reopened and improved, and the underbrush has been cut out over the entire area of the park. A large amount of monument work is in progress on the part of the states. New York and Pennsylvania will erect gostly numents on Lookout Mountain during the coming season. The Illinois Commission has made contracts for marking all the posi- tions of the troops of that state upon Look- out and Missionary Ridge, Georgia has a monument under contract which will be one of the most imposing in the park. All the Southern states have commissions co-operat- ing with the National Commission, and sev- eral of them are moving actively to prepare the way through their legislatures for the erection of suitable monuments tooommemo- rate the valor of their troops. It will be seen from this statement of the general fea- tures of the park and the com- prehensive plan upon which it is being established, that it is designed to bean object lesson in the art of war and to pre- serve and commemorate some of I lie most remarkable exam- ples "1 American courage and grand endeavor on the field of tierce conflict which the history of our war affords. The Georgia Monument. Monument erected by the State of Georgia in Chickamauga Park. Shaft, blue granite ; figures of bronze and bronze tablet. Height. 81 feet. THE SUBURBS. eLSEWHERE mention is made of the restricted limits of the corporation of Chattanooga, no extension having been made since the city was originally laid out. The rapid increase in inhabitants produced a natural expansion of the popu- lation and caused a large number of suburban villages to spring up as if by magic; in most urban settlements these would be em- braced within the corporate limits. The most populous suburbs of Chattanooga lie within a ra- dius of 21 miles of the court house, and consist of the following : Alton Park, Avondale, East End, East Lake, Highland Park, liill City, Lookout Mountain, Ridgedale, St. Elmo, Sherman Heights and Suburba. Of these, Highland Park is the most populous, lying imme- diately adjacent to the corporate limits and containing a popula- tion of 3,500. Next in importance is Hill City, which lies immediately north, across the Tennessee river, and is a beautiful town of 2,500 inhabitants, in every respect being a part of Chatta nooga ; it is the site of the Chattanooga Normal College. St. Elmo is the third most populous suburb, and lies at the base of Lookout Mountain, in Chattanooga Valley, containing a popula- tion of about 2,500 and a number of Chattanooga's large indus- tries. Kidgedale lies at the footof Missionary Ridge and contains, with East Lake, about 1,500 inhabitants, and is the site of several large industries. At East End there are also located some of the most important industries of the city. These prosperous towns are the overflow population of the city of Chattanooga and are as much an integral part of the city as any of its wards. Electric street railroads traverse them at ail points, also a Union Railway, and with the special system of roads radiating from the city, the means of communication are as i asj as upon the paved streets of the city. There are thirty-four postoffices in Hamilton county besides Chattanooga. 59 THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. THE State of Tennessee lies between the boundaries of 35° and 36°, 30' latitude, the zone of ideal temperate climate. It has an area of 42,050 square miles, comprising nearly 27,(100,00(1 acres, and in 1897 its population is in round numbers 2,000,000, an increase of 500,000 since the census of 1880. The state is in the form of a quadrilateral, 432 miles in length from east to west, and 109 miles from north to south, taking the greatest length and width. It has more miles of navigable streams to the square mile than any state in the union, aggregating about 1,200 miles of navigable water. The state of Tennessee, by reason of its peculiar topography, beginning in the eastern portion with chains of towering moun- tains, attaining an elevation of 6,600 feet above sea level, and descending in regular stages, penetrated by valleys of almost in- conceivable richness, to the low Savannahs, which border the deep flowing Mississippi on the west, combines within its boundaries a greater variety of soils and products, a larger diversity of mineral resources, a more genial climate and richer scenic attractions than any state of the union. The difference in altitude between the extreme eastern and western boundaries of the state is 6,000 feet, equivalent to eighteen degrees of latitude, and producing a flora and a climate within the confines of the state the same as if it extended along the Atlantic ocean, from North Carolina to Labrador. It is a fact that every crop grown in the United States is produced to a greater or a lesser extent in the state of Tennessee, and almost every mineral and timber found within the limits of our great union has been discovered in the state. The average temperature in the center of the state is 58°, and about 1° lower in the northern part and 1° higher in the southern ; the average annual rainfall i> 54 inches. The average period be- Toliacco crop, pounds 30,915,966 Horses 334,668 Mules 198,171 Mi at cattle 97.5,339 Butler product, pounds 28.314 387 Chetse, pounds 69 119 Honey crop, pounds 2,130,689 Heeswax, pounds 63 290 Number of swine l,9to,*'49 Poultry 12.062 139 Eggs, dozen 23,172,313 tween killing frosts, as ascertained by a series of observations con- tinued for twenty-two years, is 189 to 200 days, being nearly seven months in the southern part of the state and a trifle over sii months in the northern portion. The Productions. — The latest statistics of agricultural pro- ducts are 1895, which give the farm products of the state as follows: Wheat, bushels 7.443,000 Corn; bushels 63,650 000 Oats, bushels 9,768,818 Rye, bushels 203,956 Buckwheat, bushels 17,753 Barlev bushels 44,485 Potatoes, bushels 2,730,918 Hay, tons 766,276 Peanuts, bushels 253.088 Cotton, bales 1:0,579 Number of shi ep 519,770 Wool product, pounds 1,397,666 The Population — The white population of the state in- creased 17.05 per cent, between 1880 and 1890, the colored in- creased 7.73 per cent.; this rate has been maintained since 1890, and the ratio between the races in the state today is about 78 per cent, white, 22 per cent, colored; 82 per cent, of the total popula- tion is rural. The white population is nearly all of Anglo-Saxon and Scotch-Irish origin ; the foreign element is not over 1{ per cent, of the whole. The Railroads — The total railroad mileage in the state is about 2,700 miles, penetrating seventy-four out of the 96 counties. Mineral Wealth — The mineral wealth of the state seems almost fabulous. Nature poured forth her riches with a lavish hand in this commonwealth, and every mineral known to arts in the temperate zone is found, and many in inexhaustible quantity and of surpassing richness. Iron ore and limestones are found in all three grand divisions of the state, and coal in abundant quantity in two divisions. The three lie in close juxtaposition in many portions of the state. The i,(i The State production of iron ore averages nearly 500,000 tons per year, of which 60 per cent, is red hematite and 40 per cent, brown. There are 87 coal mines in the state which produce annually about 3,000,000 tons of coal, of which about 750,000 tons are manufactured into coke. There are 26 blast furnaces in the state, with daily capacity of 1,800 tons (if pig iron; 12 are charcoal and 14 coke stacks. The annual pig iron product of the state is about 340,000 tons which is more than the total amount produced in United States in 1842. The Tennessee marbles are famous the world over and exist in greatest abundance in East Tennessee. There are 200 varieties found in the state ranging in color from the dazzling white to jet black. There are now 22 qurrries in operation in the state producing annually about 25,000 tons. Copper, zinc, lead, manganese, gold, iron pyrites, sulphate of iron, gypsum, salt, nitrate of potassa, legnite, alum and slate exist in workable quantities. Oil wells of great value are being developed. A new industry and a great source of wealth which has developed in the state within the past four years is the great phosphate beds, discovered in Middle and West Tennessee, and hundreds of thousands of tons are now annually mined. Bcilding Stone. — Granite of a very rich color and great compactness is found in portions of the state ; limestones and sandstones are everywhere abundant, and beds of burrh or mill- stones are worked; lithograph and oil stones of high quality are also found. Putters' clay, tire and brick clays and kaolin are very abundant and are of excellent quality. Heavy spar and other mineral paints are found. Large deposits of asbestos exist in some localities; copperas is abundant and gypsum has been discovered. The Timber. — The total acreage of woodlands and wild lands in the state is placed at 17,062,316 acres. The following of Tennessee. varieties are the chief timbers of the state : white, blue and water ash, beech, birch, buckeye, red cedar, chestnut, wild cherry, cotton wood, cypress, dogwood, elm, balsam, black fir, gum, six varities of hickory, linden, locust, maple, red mulberry, from twelve to fifteen species of oak, white and yellow pine, blue, white and yellow pop- lar, sassafras as a shrub and as a forest tree, sycamore, black and white walnut, butternut, laurel, hornbeam, box elder, hackberry, persimmon, etc. The Manufacturing Interests. — According to the census of 1890, $51,475,092 were invested in manufactories in Tennessee, with an annual output of $72,355, 2X6 manufactured products. The manufacturing interests of the state are diversified, consisting chiefly of iron, cotton, lumber, furniture, textile, bather, cotton seed products, etc. The progress of Tennessee in manufacturing is shown by the following figures from the census: The manufacturing capital in Into was $15,595,295 ; in 1890, $51,475,092, increase, 350 per cent ; hands employed, 1870, 19,412 ; 1890, 42,759, increase, 250 per cent; wages paid, 1870, $5,390,630; 1890, $16,899,351, increase, 300 per cent; raw material used, 1870, $19,657,027; 1890, 3f44,463,782, in- crease over Kit percent; manufactured product, 1870, $34,362,636; 1890, $72,365,2S6, gain over 100 per cent. The progress since 1890 has been steadily maintained and will show even a greater growth in the census of 1900. Educational.- The scholastic population of the state free schools by the last census was 694,437, and is now about 800,000; the average daily attendance is 1(10,000. There are 7,500 scl Is in the slate, employing about 8,500 teachers. The total annual receipts for public schools approximates $3,000,000, over $7.00 per capita for each pupil attending. There are l.ono private schools iii the si ale and a large number of universities and colleges. Tennessee contains more seminaries and colleges than any slate in the South. 61 THE SOUTHERN STATES. THE development of the Southern states in the past thirty years has never been equaled by any other section upon the globe. Its growth has been homogeneous and uniform in every branch of human endeavor — industrial, commercial, agricultural, educational and financial. It should be borne in mind that the war entirely destroyed the labor system in the South and annihilated industrial and commercial operations. Slave property and billions of other values were swept away; the whole section was impoverished. The widespread poverty, the universal bankruptcy and the absolute paralysis of business at the close of the war can scarcely be comprehended. Hundreds of thousands of; the most active men of the South had died upon the battlefield or were physical wrecks; the industrial and social fabric was in a state of total collapse. The leaders of thought and promoters of industry were plunged into this condition from one of affluence and ease. The recovery in thirty years seems unreal, but when the resources of the Southern states are considered it is easily understood. Briefly stated, the advantages of the South over any other portion of the globe, are: a healthful climate, genial and generous in winter and not so extreme in summer as to prevent outdoor labor; abundance of iron, coal and other mineral wealth within easy reach of the commercial centers; vast forests, fertile lands where every known product of the world can be cultivated at a minimum cost; more miles of navigable streams to the square mile than anywhere else upon the continent, with labor classes the cheapest and most contented known among civilized men. That the world has recognized the possibilities of the South, and that the intelligence and energy of men have been quick to develop them, the following official figures taken from the United States census give indisputable proof. (The following states are embraced in " The South" : Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia.) GROWTH OF THE SOUTH (U. S. CENSUS REPORTS.) 1880 1890 Value of farm properlv $2,314,000,000 $ 3,182,000,000 Real and personal prop 7,041,000.000 11,534,000,000 Manufacturing capital 257,244^000 657,288,000 Value of m'n'f'.l products.. 457,454,000 917,589,000 Annual wages 75,917,000 222,118,000 1S97 Invested in cotton mills.... 21,976,000 120,000,000 Cotton seed oil industry.... 3,500,000 30,000,000 1895 Pig iron product (tons) 397,000 1,702,000 Coal output (tons) 3,944,000 10,000,000 1890 Mineral output 7,000,000 57,000,000 1896 Cotton spindles 669,754 2,770,000 Bales of cotton consumed.. 233,000 915,000 The following shows the percentage of increase in material values of the South compared to the balance of the United States during the period between 1889 and 1890, according to the United States census : Value of real and personal property, increase in the South 50 per cent ; New England and Middle States, 22 per cent. Value of farm property increase in the Sovith, 37 per cent. ; other sections, 30 per cent. Investments in manufacturing, increase in the South, 156 per cent.; balance of the country, 121 per cent. Educational. — The revenues for school purposes in the ten Central Southern States in 1870 were $2,500,000; in 1894, 62 The Souther $11,000,000. The school attendance in the same states was in 1894 2,800,000 against 860,000 in 1870; in 1870 there were 14,000 school houses and 15,000 teachers in these ten states; in 1894,58,000 teachers and 53,000 school houses in the same states. In 1804 the percentage of enrollment of the public schools to the entire population was 21.67 in the South Atlantic States; 23.49 in the South Central states; 21.50 in the North Atlantic States; 19.11 in the Western States; 25 in the North Central States. In 1890 the total enrollment to population in the schools...!' the South was 22 per cent, against about 11 per cent, in the decade preceding. These figures show that the development of the South has not been merely in material wealth but in educationel progress as well. The Cotton Crop. — The cotton crop of 1896 amounted to 9,837,000 bales, which was 82 per cent, of the total production of the world. It is the largest export crop of any nation on the earth and brings more money to the United Slates from abroad than all other agricultural products combined. The cotton crop of the South is practically restricted to a group of states comprising less than one-fourth of the total area of our country, yet its value is exceeeded only by the corn crop which is cultivated in every state in the Union. The figures given above show great increase in the cotton manufacturing in the Southern States. It is inevitable that the cotton mills will eventually be placed where the cotton grows, and with the magnificent water powers of the South, with the cheapest fuel upon the globe, with a humid climate, best adapted to textile manufacturing, with an abundance of desirable labor to whom the cost of living is much less than in the North, owing to the abundance of farm and garden products and the mildness of the climate, the conclusion is irresistible that the South will increase with each succeeding year the number of its cotton mills. Within the last two years the increase of spindles in the Southern States has been 882,000 while in the whole of thelNew England 63 n States. States the increase has been only 671,000; the percentage oi increase in the South was 39.5 while in New England it was 5.32. Within the past four years no less than $7,500,000 of New England capital has been invested in large cotton mills in different portions of the South. Iron. — The iron resources of the South cannot be com- prehended. By a generous impulse of nature the great beds of iron ore, coal and limestone, the three primary constituents of iron, lie side by side in the exhaustless measures of the South. Southern iron is today being manufactured as low as $5.20 per ton and is successfully competing in the open market with the iron of the entire globe. The South exported within the past eight months over 100,000 tons of iron to Oriental and European markets, underbidding the furnaces of England, Germany and Belgium. With the improvements in modern methods the Southern irons are becoming adapted to the manufacture of steel, and soon there will be witnessed a development in the steel industry in the Southern States as marvelous as the magical growth in the production of iron. Farm Products. The farm labor in the South has greatly improved in recent years; the adoption of more careful and intelligent agricultural methods; a wider use of improved agri- cultural machinery and a greater diversity of farm products have greatly increased the wealth of the South. Of the arable land in the Southern States only 30 per cent, is " improved," of which 21 per cent, is under cultivation. The farm products can only be briefly summarized and the amount of the crops is in round numbers as follows, per year: Corn 550,000,000 bushel- Wheat 50,000,000 " Oats 80,000,000 " Tol.aee,. 450,000,000 pounds Sugar and molasses 320,000,000 " Rice 170,000,000 " The Souther The annual hay product of the Smith is estimated to be worth $25,000,000; potatoes, $17,000,000; fruit, $-111,000,000; there are a large number of minor crops, such as flax, hemp, and peanuts, which grow in great richness and annually amount to millions of dollars. The farm lands of the South are cheap and the markets, as a rule, convenient. The prices of land per acre range from 25c (the cost of swamp lands) to $5, the price of cheaper farm lands. TlMBEBS. — The census shows that there are 183,000,000 acres of timber forests in the South which are practically untouched and which are, in truth, the reserve timber lands of this nation. All the dinners known to this country are found within the forest areas of the South and are suitable for every line of manufacture. The South is far more heavily wooded than the rest of the country and contains more acres of woodland and more feet of timber than all the rest of the country combined. It has 40.0 per cent, of its land wooded where the rest of the Union has only 20.9 or about one-half as much. Compared with other states and countries it stands as follows ; Percentage of Forest to Total Area. Europe. Kiissia 30 per cent Germany 26 " France 10 " Holland 7 Great Britain 5 " UNITED STATES. Massachusetts 23 per cent New York... 22 Pennsylvania 30 " Minnesota 15 " Nebraska 9 " California 3 " Southern States 40 " 04 it suites. The lumber contained in these vast forests of the South consist of 171 important varieties, of which 56 may he regarded as distinctively valuable and useful in various kinds of manufacture. The Population. — The population of the Southern States by the Census of 1890 is 18,319,714 against 15,157,393 in 1880, an increase in ten years of nearly 20 per cent. The population at this writing is in excess of 20,000,000. Although the urban population of the South has increased greatly, still a much smaller proportion of its population lives in the towns than in the North and West. There is very little increase in foreign immigration and the percentage of foreigners in the Southern States is very small. The density of the Southern States as compared to other countries in the world is shown by the following table : DENSITY OF POPULATION PER ENGLISH SqUARE MILE. United States of America 21 Germany 236 Belgium 541 Great Britain and Ireland 311 France 184 Denmark 148 Greece 88 Russia 52 Southern States between 8 and 9 The South seems to he only on the threshold of its period of greatest growth. When it is remembered that the Southern States contain an area of over live hundred millions of acres, with a population of twenty millions, and is enriched with more natural resources of coal, iron, cotton and timber, with greater water powers, with more navigable rivers, with a more genial climate and with more of the elements that enter into profitable manufacturing than any other area upon the globe, and yet has $300,000,000 less capital invested in manufacturing than the one state of Penn- sylvania, the area of which is one-eighteenth of the total area of the South, the possibilities of the Southern States begin to appear. The Interior of The City Auditorium. The illustration shows a partial interior view of the New City Auditorium, seating capacity Five Thousand. • LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 433 485 1