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Illustrated. 60 cts, ANCIENT TITSTORY OF TTIF EAST Ulna. tratei LC Control Number MERIVa ROM Published by HARPER & brot tmp96 031657 Any of the above books sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of (he United mates or vanaaa on receipt of the price. In Bxch*ttg^ Army And Navy Gbtb Of Washington D.Cv M93o PREFACE The object of this Work is the same as that of the Old Testament History, namely, to supply a Manual of New Testament History, which in fullness, accuracy, and use of the best sources of information, may take its place by the side of the Histories of Greece, Home, England, and France, in the present series. The Work consists of three parts. The First Book gives the connection between Old and New Testament History, including the relations of the Holy Land to Persia, Egypt, and Syria, and the narrative sets forth the main facts of the general history of the East during what is called the "Hellenistic" age. To preserve the unity of the subject, this part is brought down to the destruction of Jerusalem. The Appendix contains a full account of the national and religious life of each separate section of the Jewish nation — of the Dispersion as well as in Judaea — their Scriptures, worship, and sects; in short, that information respecting them which is necessary to understand the condition of the people at the advent of our Saviour, and the allusions in the Gospels. The Second Book, containing the Gospel History, is designed to present a clear, harmonized account of our Lord's Ministry, as related by the Four Evangelists, illus- trated by all needful collateral information, but free from speculative discussions. Pains have been taken to exhibit VI PREFACE. the different chronological views of the highest authori- ties ; and the Appendix contains a discussion of the great question respecting the origin of the Gospels, and a Table of the Gospel Harmony. The Third Book, embracing the Apostolic History, aims at a completeness not previously attained in any similar work. The method, in which Paley led the way, of using the Epistles of St. Paul, not only to supply the incidents omitted in the Acts, but to set the Apostle's spirit and character in a vivid light, has been followed throughout. Similar use is made of the Epistles of Peter, John, and James, and the section is completed by a summary of all that is really known, both of the other Apostles and of the persons associated with them in the History. The unity of this part is preserved by bringing it down to the destruction of Jerusalem ; and that catastrophe which closes the first book as an historic event, is now exhibited, in the light of our Lord's great prophecy, as the epoch of his coming in the full establishment of the Christian Church. The History embodies much valuable matter from the Dictionary of the Bible, and in particular from the Arch- bishop of York's articles on the life of our Saviour and on the Gospels, as well as from the different articles on the Apostles and the books of the New Testament and Apoc- rjrpha. The appearance of Mr. Le win's " Fasti Sacri " has aided the Editor in giving the work that chronological completeness which will be especially seen in the Tables. v Wm. Smith, London, November. 1866. CONTENTS. BOOK I. CONNECTION OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT HISTORIES, AND SECULAR HISTORY OF THE JEWS TO THE DESTRUC TION OF JERUSALEM. B.C. 400-A.D. 70. CriAr. Page b.c. 400-168. I. From Nehemiah to the Persecution of An- tiochus Epiphanes 13 Notes and Illustrations : Kings of the Greek Kingdom of Syria 32 b.c. 168-106. II. The Maccab^an War of Independence 33 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) The Asmonsean Family 50 (B.) Modin and the Sepulchre of the Maccabees 59 b.c. 106-37. III. The AsMONiE an Kingdoms 61 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) The Sanhedrim..... 73 (B.) Pedigree of the Herodian Family 75 b.c. 37-4. IV. Herod the Great 76 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) The Herodians 93 (B.) Temple of Herod 94 b.c. 4-a.d. 70. V. Secular Histort of the Jews, from the Death of Herod to the Destruction of Jerusalem 97 Notes and Illustrations : Governors of Syria „. 139 APPENDIX TO BOOK I. Sect. I. The Several Branches of the Jewish People 140 II. The Jewish Scriptures..... 151 III. New Forms of Worship — The Synagogues 159 IV. Sects of the Jews '.,, 164 Vlll CONTENTS. BOOK II. THE HISTORY OF JESUS CHRIST; OR THE REVELATION OF THE GOSPEL. Ohap. Page b.c. 5-a.d. 26. VI. Birth and Early Life op John and Jesus 177 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) Genealogy of Jesus Christ 192 (B.) Date of the Birth of Jesus Christ 194 (C.) Cyrenius and the Census 195 (D.) Bethlehem 195 (E.) Nazareth 196 a.d. 26-27. VII. Our Saviour's Early Ministry. From th*j Preaching of John the Baptist to Christ's First Passover 198 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) The Publicans 215 (B.) Place of our Lord's Baptism 216 a.d. 27-28. VVII. First Year of Christ's Ministry. From his First Passover to his Second Visit to Jerusalem, probably at the Passover. 218 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) Scene of our Lord's Ministry 248 (B.) Duration of our Lord's Ministry 249 (C.) Galilee 251 a.d. 28-29. IX. The Sequel of Christ's Ministry in Galilee, FROM AFTER HIS SECOND PASSOVER, IN A.D. 28, TO NEAR THE FeAST OF TABERNACLES, A.D. 29. 252 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) The Brethren of the Lord 281 (B.) The Parables of Christ 283 (C.) The Scene of the Transfiguration 286 A.d. 29-30. X. The Last Six Months of Christ's Ministry. From the Feast of Tabernacles, a.d. 29, to his Fourth Passover, a.d. 30 288 a.d. SO. XI. The Passion of our Lord. From Palm Sunday to Easter Eve, April 1st to April 7th, a.d. 30 302 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) The Mount of Olives ..,„. 337 (B.) The Paschal Supper 341 (C.) Crucifixion .,. . 344 (D.) The Site of the Holy Sepulchre.... 34£ CONTENTS. ix Chap. 1'age A.d. 30. XII. The Resurrection and Ascension of Christ From Easter Day to Ascension Day, April 8th to May 17th, a.d. 30 „. 34? Notes and Illustrations : Mr. Lewin's Scheme of the Chronology of our Lord's Life 358 APPENDIX TO BOOK II. The Four Gospels 360 Tahle of the Harmony of the Four Gospels 373 BOOK III. HISTORY OF THE APOSTLES; OR, THE FOUNDING OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. fc.D. 30-37. XIII. The Church in Palestine to the Dispersion of the Christians from Jerusalem 377 Notes and Illustrations : Simon Magus 399 a.d. 37-40. XIV. Conversion of St. Paul 401 Table of St. Paul's Life 424 a.d. 40-48) XV. From after the Conversion of St. Paul to or 50. ) the Decree of the First Council at Jerusa- lem, including the First Missionary Jour- ney of Paul and Barnabas a.d. 49 or} XVI. St. Paul's Second, or Great Missionary Jour- fil-53 or 54^ ney, and the Entrance of the Gospel into Europe 457 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) The Visit of Galatians II 495 (B.) Thessalonica 497 a.d. 54-60. XVII. St. Paul's Third Missionary Journey ; his Arrest at Jerusalem, and Imprisonment at C^sarea 499 *.d. 60-63. XVIII. St. Paul's First Imprisonment at Rome. From his Hearing before Festus to his Release 552 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) Laodicea 602 (B.) The Epistle to the Ephesians, and the Lao- dicean Epistle mentioned in Col. iv. 16 602 x • CONTENTS. Chap. P AOE a.d. 63-70. XIX. The Last Days of St. Paul and St. Peter; and the Complete Establishment of the Church. From the Release of St. Paul to the Destruction of Jerusalem 607 Notes and Illustrations : (A.) Hymenaeus and his Heresy 651 (B.) Authorities for the Life of St. Paul 653 a.d. 70 and) XX. Supplemental History of the Apostles and onward, j Evangelists, after the Destruction of Jerusalem ... „ 654 APPENDIX I. THE BOOKS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. I. The Five Historical Books .•... 700 II. The Fourteen Epistles of Paul 711 III. The Seven Catholic or General Epistles 713 IY. The Revelation of St. John .... 719 APPENDIX II. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY, IN- CLUDING THE CONNECTION OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTA- MENTS. I. The Persian Domination 725 II. The Hellenistic Domination 727 III. The Maccabees and Asmonaean Kings 729 IV. Kingdom of Herod the Great, subject to and under the protec- tion of Rome 734 V. The Roman Domination — Parti. The Gospel History 741 VI. " " Part II. The Apostolic History.... 748 Index. 0O , 757 GENEALOGICAL TABLES. The Asmonsean Family 59 Pedigree of the Herodian Family 75 The Family of Herod the Great 99 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. SEPARATE MAPS. Pagb Historical Maps To face page 93 1. The Holy Land under the Maccabees and Herod the Great. 2. The Holy Land under the sons of Herod the Great. 3. The Holy Land, showing the kingdom of Agrippa I. 4. Roman province of Judaea and the kingdom of Agrippa II. The Holy Land, to illustrate the New Testament 257 St. Paul's First and Second Missionary Journeys 454 St. Paul's Third Missionary Journey 511 A Chart of St. Paul's Voyage to Rome 568 MAPS INSERTED IN THE TEXT. Plan of Jerusalem 117 Map of Galilee r 240 Plan of Athens 477 Chart of part of the Coast of Malta 573 ILLUSTRATIONS. Jerusalem Frontispiece. Candlestick of the Temple Title Page View of the Lake of Antioch 13 Coin of Antiochus Epiphanes 33 Silver Coin of the Maccabees 58 Coin of Antiochus VI 61 Temple of Herod restored 76 Capital of Pillar in Vestibule of the Southern Entrance of Herod's Temple 96 Remains of Arch of Bridge of the Temple 97 Bethlehem ■. 177 Nazareth 198 Sea of Galilee 218 Sidon. , ; 252 Xli ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Bethany 288 Gethsemane 302 Mount of Olives 347 Jerusalem 377 Tarsus 401 Antioch 425 Thessalonica , 457 Ruins of the Theatre at Ephesus , 499 Greek Imperial Coin of Ephesus and Smyrna allied 518 Greek Imperial Copper Coin (" medallion ") of Laodicea of Phrygia... 521 Csssarea 552 Ancient Ship 601 Stairs of the modern Capitol at Rome 607 ColossflX 654 NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. View of the Lake of Antiocli. BOOK I. CONNECTION OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT HISTO- RIES, AND SECULAR HISTORY OF THE JEWS TO THE DE^ STRUCTION OF JERUSALEM. B.C. 400— A.D. 70. CHAPTER I. FROM NEIIEMIAH TO THE PERSECUTION OF ANTIOCHUS EPIPIT- anes. B.C. 400-168. Interval of four centuries between the Old and New Testaments — Four periods : — Persian, Greek, Asmonaean and Herodian. § 2. Judaea under the Persians — The high-priests Eliashib, Joiada, Jonathan or Joha- nan — Murder of Joshua. § 3. Jaddua — Close of the Old Testament Can- on — Alexander the Great — Rebellion of the Samaritans. § 4. OniasI. — Division of Alexander's Empire — Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy I. — Judaea subject to Egypt. § 5. Simon I. the Just — The ideal of a high- priest — The New Synngogue — Antigonus Socho. § 6'. Eleazar, under 14 From Nehemiah to Antiocfius Epiphanes. Chap. 1 Ptolemy II. Philadelphia — Version of the LXX. — Manasseh — Onias II. — Offends Ptolemy III. Euergetes — Joseph, son of Tobias. § 7. Si- mon II. — Wins of Syria and E^rypt — Ptolemy IV. Philopator profanes the Temple — Antiochus III. the Great — Judaea becomes subject to Syria. § 8. Onias III., under Seleucus IV. Philopator — Legend of He- liodorus — Simon, treasurer of the Temple — Accession of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes — Jason and Menelaus — Introduction of Hellenic customs — Death of Onias III. § 9. Antiochus in Egypt — Tumult at Jerusa- lem — Expulsion and death of Jason — Antiochus storms Jerusalem and profanes the Temple — Fate of Menelaus. § 10. Sack of Jerusalem by Apollonius — Great persecution, conducted by Athenaeus — Martyrdom of Eleazar and of the Seven Brethren — Death of Antiochus Epiphanes. § 11. Silence of the heathen historians on this period of Jewish his- tory — Allusion to it by Tacitus. § 12. State of the Jewish nation, religious, political, and social — The antagonism of princes and priests — Of Hellenism and patriotism. § 1. The interval of four centuries, from the close of the records of the Old Covenant to the events which heralded the birth of Jesus Christ, may be divided into four periods : — the continuance of the Persian dominion, till b.c. 331 ; the Greek empire in Asia, b.c. 331-167; the independence of Judaea under the Asmonaean princes, b.c. 167-63; and the rule of the house of Herod, commencing in b.c. 40, and ex- tending beyond the Christian era to the destruction of Jeru- salem in a.d. 70. The last two periods also include the rela- tions of Judaea to Rome. There is little that possesses any great intrinsic interest, except the struggle of the Maccabees for religion and liberty against Antiochus Epiphanes ; but the whole period demands our notice as a preparation for un- derstanding the state in which we find the Jews at the open- ing of the New Testament, their moral and j^olitical condi- tion, their views and opinions, their sects and parties. § 2. The first two of these periods — a space just equal to that from the death of Elizabeth to the accession of Victoria — form almost a blank in the history of the Jews. They seem to have been content to develop their internal resources and their religious institutions under the mild government of Persia. We can not decide how far the princes of Judah re- tained any remnant of their patriarchal authority ; but from the time of Nehemiah the High-Priest became the most im- portant person in the state; and the internal government grew more and more of a hierarchy. In the genealogies of the period, the Levites were recorded as the chief of the fathers. The high-priests from the time of Nehemiah to the end of the empire under Darius Codomannus were Eliashibj Joiada, Jonathan (or Johanan), and Jaddua. 1 1 Neh. xii. 22. B.C. 332. Jaddua and Alexander . 15 Eliashib, the high-priest in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, was succeeded by his son Joiada, 2 and he by his son Jo:na« than or Johanan (John), down to whose time the heads oi the tribe of Levi were entered in the Chronicles of Judaic which seem therefore to have ended with his priesthood. 3 The high-priesthood of Jonathan, w T hich lasted thirty-two years, chiefly in the long reign of Artaxerxes II. Mnemon (b.c. 405-359), was stained by the first of those acts of mur- derous rivalry, which afterward brought the state to anarchy. His brother, Joshua (Jesus), who was suspected of aiming at the high-priesthood by the favor of Bagoses the Persian satrap, was slain by Jonathan in the temple. The satrap punished the murder by a tax of fifty shekels on every lamb offered in sacrifice, and polluted the temple by his presence. 4 But even i : n so doing, the Persian taught the Jews the much- needed lesson afterward enforced by a far higher authority : "Am not I purer," he said, "than the dead body of him whom ye have slain in the temple ?" This crime forms the only memorable event in the annals of Judasa, from the government of Nehemiah to the Macedo- nian conquest, if we except a doubtful account that the country w T as chastised, and a number of Jews carried captive to Babylon, for their alleged participation in the revolt of the Sidonians under Artaxerxes Ochus (b.c. 351). § 3. Jaddua, the son and successor of Jonathan, is the last of the high-priests mentioned in the Old Testament ; and his is the latest name in the Old Testament, with the doubt- ful exception of a few in the genealogies prefixed to the Chronicles. Its insertion in the Book of Nehemiah is a guide to the time when the Canon of the Old Testament Avas finally closed. 5 Eusebius assigns twenty years to the pontificate of Jaddua, who was high-priest both under Darius Codomannus (b.c. 336-331) and after the fall of the Persian empire. Josephus tells a romantic story of an interview between Jaddua and 2 Neh. xii. 10, xiii. 28. The title 'the high -priest," in the second passage, may refer either to Eliashib or Joiada ; if to the latter, he became high-priest in the time of Nehemiah. Appendix to Book III., § 4, notes, etc. 3 Nch. xii. 1 1, 22, 23. "The sons of Levi, the chief of the fathers, were written in the book of the It was one of his sons that married Chronicles, even unto the days of tt\e daughter of Sanballat the Horo- j Johanan, the son of Eliashib." nite {Ocd Testament Hist. ch. xxvi). ! 4 About B.C. 366. Joseph. Ant. xi. A complete list of the high-priests j 7, § 1 . .iZd the contemporary civil rulers is ; 5 Neh. xii. 11, 22. "The Levites, given in the Old Testament History, \ in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, Jo- 16 From Nehemiah to Antiochus Epiphanes. Chap. 1. Alexander the Great. 6 While Alexander was besieging Tyre, he sent to demand the submission of the Jews, who answered that they were the faithful vassals of Darius (b.c. 332.) After taking Gaza, Alexander marched against Jerusalem. Jad- dua, by the command of God in a vision, hung the city with garlands, and went forth in solemn procession to meet the conqueror at Sapha (the ivatch), an eminence in full sight of the city and the temple. On seeing the high-priest in his state robes, the priests in their sacred dresses, and the people clothed in white, Alexander fell prostrate in adoration, and rising, embraced the high-priest. To the remonstrances of Parmenio he replied that he worshiped, not the priest, but the Name engraved upon his frontlet, and that he recognized in him a figure that had appeared to him in a vision in Macedonia, and bidden him to con- quer Persia. Entering Jerusalem, he offered sacrifice, and was shown the prophecies of Daniel relating to himself. He granted the Jews, not only in Judaea, but also in Media and Babylonia, the free enjoyment of their own laws, and exemption from tribute during the Sabbatic year. 7 The story is discredited by the best critics, on account of its in- ternal improbabilities, approaching to contradictions, and the silence of the historians of Alexander. 8 The statement of Justin, 9 that on Alexander's advance into Syria he was met by many Eastern princes with their diadems, affords some confirmation to the story of the high-priest's coming out to meet him in person. It is certain that Jerusalem and Judaea submitted to the conqueror, and there are traces subsequent- ly of the privileges he is said to have granted to the Jews. Alexander's homage to Jehovah, and his pleasure at being named as the instrument of destiny, are points thoroughly consistent with his character. There is nothing improbable in his having received the submission of Judaea from the high-priest and princes about the time of the siege of Gaza. hanan, and Jaddua, were recorded chief of the fathers ; also the priests, to the reign of Darius the Persian," where the epithet has been thought to suggest that the passage was writ- ten after the fall of the Persian em- pire. If, as is now generally admit- ted, the passage in 1 Chr. iii. 22-24 is spurious, the name of Jaddua is the last mentioned in the Old Testa- ment Canon. c Respecting the apostasy of Ma- nasseh, whom Josephus places in the time of Darius and Alexander, and makes the first priest of the schis- matic temple on Mount Gerizim, see Old Testament History, chap, xxvii. §10. 7 Joseph. Ant. xi. 8, the Talmud, and later Jewish writers. 8 Arrian (iii. 1) expressly says thai Alexander marched from Gaza to Pelnsium in seven days. 9 Hist xi. 10. B.C. 332 Influence of Alexander. 17 At all events, Jerusalem was too important to have been passed over by Alexander himself, as it is by the historians. 10 He enlisted JeAvish soldiers, and removed a large number of Jews to Egyj)t, to aid in peopling his new city 01 Alexan- dria. 11 The Samaritans are said to have claimed the same privi- leges as the Jews, which Alexander refused to grant. Hence probably arose the rebellion in which they murdered the Macedonian governor, Andromachus, and which Alexander punished by the destruction of Samaria. 12 Palestine thence- forth remained quiet under Alexander, who died in b.c. 323. The Macedonian conqueror must not, however, be dismiss- ed without some further notice of his real place in Jewish history, and in the sacred history of the world — a place not de]3endent on any incidental circumstances, such as his visit to Jerusalem. In the prophetic visions of Daniel the influence of Alexander is necessarily combined with that of his successors. They rep- resented the several phases of his character ; and to the Jews nationally the policy of the Syrian kings was of greater impor- tance than the original conquest of Asia. But some traits of " the first mighty king" 13 are given with vigorous distinctness. The emblem by which he is typified 14 suggests the notions of strength and speed; and the universal extent' and marvelous rapidity of his conquests are brought forward as the charac- teristics of his power, which was directed by the strongest personal impetuosity. 15 He "ruled with great dominion, and did according to his will ; and there was none that could de- liver . . . out of his hand." 1G The tradition of his visit to Jerusalem, whether true or false to fact, presents an aspect of Alexander's character which has been frequently lost sight of by his recent biographers. He was not simply a Greek, nor must he be judged by a Greek standard. The Orientalism, which was a scandal to his follow- ers, was a necessary deduction from his principles, and not the result of caprice or vanity. He approached the idea of a uni- 10 This silence must not be over- estimated. The neglect of the Mac- cabaean war by the historians of the Greek kingdom of Syria, is an indi- cation already of that somewhat af- fected contempt which at a later pe- riod was expressed by Tacitus (Hist. v. 8). 11 Hecat. ap. Joseph, c. Apion. i. 22. 12 Curt. iv. 8, 10. Andromachus was burned alive at Samaria, 13 Dan. viii. 21, xi. 3. 14 A he-goat, from the Hebr. " tsa- phar," he leapt. 15 Dan. viii. 5. "From the west on the face of the whole earth . . . he touched not the ground." Dan. viii. 6. "In the fury of his power/ 10 Dan, viii. 7, xi. 3. 18 From Nehemiah to Antiochus JEJpzphanes. Chap, t versal monarchy from the side of Greece, but his final object was to establish something higher than the paramount su- premacy of one people. His purpose was to combine and equalize — not to annihilate : to wed the East and West in a just union — not to enslave Asia to Greece. The time, indeed, was not yet come when this was possible ; but if he could not accomplish the great issue, he prepared the way for its ac« complishment. The first and most direct consequence of the policy of Alex- ander was the weakening of nationalities, the first condition necessary for the dissolution of the old religions. The swift course of his victories, the constant incorporation of foreign elements in his armies, the fierce wars and changing fortunes of his successors, broke down -the barriers by which kingdom had been separated from kingdom, and opened the road for larger conceptions of life and faith than had hitherto been possible. The contact of the East and West brought out into practical forms thoughts and feelings which had been confined to the schools. Paganism was deprived of life as soon as it was transplanted beyond the narrow limits in which it took its shape. The spread of commerce followed the prog ress of arms ; and the Greek language and literature vindi- cated their claim to be considered the most perfect expression of human thought by becoming practically universal. The Jews were at once most exposed to the powerful in- fluences thus brought to bear upon the East, and most able to support them. In the arrangement of the Greek conquests, which followed the battle of Ipsus b.c. 301, Judaea was made the frontier land of the rival empires of Syria and Egypt ; and though it was necessarily subjected to the constant vicissitudes of war, it was able to make advantageous terms with the state to which it owed allegiance, from the important advan tages which it offered for attack or defense. Internally also the people Avere prepared to withstand the effects of the revo- lution which the Greek dominion effected. The constitution of Ezra had obtained its full development. A powerful hie- rarchy had succeeded in substituting the idea of a church for that of a state, and the Jew was now able to wander over the world and yet remain faithful to the God of his fathers. The same constitutional change had strengthened the intellectual and religious position of the people. A rigid fence of ritualism protected the course of common life from the license of Greek manners ; and the great doctrine of the unity of God, which was now seen to be the divine centre of their system, counter- acted the attractions of a philosophic pantheism. Througl] B.C. 332 Influence of Alexander, 19 a long course of discipline, in which they had been left un- guided by prophetic teaching, the Jews had realized the nature of their mission to the world, and were waiting for the means of fulfilling it. The conquest of Alexander furnished them with the occasion and the power. But at the same time the » example of Greece fostered personal as well as popular inde-| pendence. Judaism was speedily divided into sects, analogous f to the typical forms of Greek philosophy. But even the rude analysis of the old faith was productive of good. The free- dom of Greece was no less instrumental in forming the Jews for their final work than the contemplative spirit of Persia, or the civil organization of Rome ; for if the career of Alex- ander was rapid, its effects were lasting. The city which he- chose to bear his name perpetuated in after ages the office which he providentially discharged for Judaism and mankind ; and the historian of Christianity must confirm the judgment of Arrian, that Alexander, " who was like no other man, could not have been given to the world without the special design of Providence." And Alexander himself appreciated this de- sign better even than his great teacher ; for it is said 17 that when Aristotle urged him to treat the Greeks as freemen and the Orientals as slaves, he found the true answer to this coun- sel in the recognition of his divine mission to unite and recon- cile the world. § 4. Jaddua was succeeded, some time before the death of Alexander, by his son Onias I., who was high-priest from about b.c. 330 to b.c. 309, or, according to Eusebius, b.c. 300. In the division of the empire of Alexander, Palestine was treated, as it had always been considered by the Greeks, as a part of Syria ; and so it fell to the lot of Laomedon, who Avas dispossessed, in b.c. 321-320, by Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, the powerful satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy took Jerusalem by assaulting it on the Sabbath, when the Jews would offer no resistance. 18 He carried off a large number 19 of Jewish and Samaritan captives to Alexandria, where he gave them the full citizenship ; and many others migrated to Egypt of their own accord. In the wars that followed, Palestine was alternately the prize of victory to Antigonus and Ptolemy, till the peace which followed the battle of Ipsus assigned it to Ptolemy, with Phoenicia and Ccelesyria, as a dependency of the kingdom of Egypt, b.c. 301. It was subject to the first five Ptolemies for about a century b.c 301-198. The sufferings inflicted upon "Plutarch, deAkx. Or. 1,§ 6. I 19 Aristcas says 100,000. There 18 Joseph, r. Ap. i. 22 ; Ant. xii. 1. ! seems to be a confusion between this 20 From Nehemiah to Antiochus Epiphanes. Chap, i Palestine and Phoenicia by the wars of the Diadochi (as the successors of Alexander were called in Greek) were almost con- fined to the maritime regions, Avhere the strong cities, such as Gaza, Joppa, and Tyre, were the chief objects of contention. As in the old wars between Assyria and Egypt, Jerusalem lay out of the direct track of the combatants. § 5. Just after the battle of Ipsus, the high-priesthood pass- ed to Simon I. the Just, son of Onias I. (about b.c. 300-292), Jewish tradition makes him the greatest, of this later line of priests. In the magnificent eulogy of Jesus the son of Sirach, Simon is said to have fortified the temple, doubling the height of the wall, and to have maintained the divine service in the highest splendor. "When he put on the robe of honor, and was clothed with the perfection of glory, when he went up to the holy altar, he made the garment of holiness honorable." 20 Other traditions make Simon the last survivor of the Great Synagogue of 1 20, 21 who returned with Ezra from the Baby- lonish Captivity, and ascribe to him the final completion of their great work, the Canon of the Old Testament. They were succeeded by the New Synagogue, whose office was to interpret the Scriptures thus completed. Its founder was Antigonus Soclio, the first writer of the Mishna. He is said to have received from Simon the Just the body of oral tradition handed down from Moses. To him also is ascribed the doc- trine, that God ought to be served disinterestedly, and not for the sake of reward ; which was perverted by one of his disci- ples into the denial of all future rewards and punishments. That disciple was Zadok (or Sadduc), founder of the Saclclucees. But the tradition rests on insufficient evidence, and the etymol- ogy is extremely doubtful. 22 The fondness with which Jewish tradition regarded the priesthood of Simon, as the best period of the restored theoc- racy, is indicated by the prodigies which were said to have heralded impending disaster at its close. "The sacrifices, which were always favorably accepted during his life, at his death became uncertain or unfavorable. The scape-goat, which statement and that of the 100,000 Jews whom Alexander is said to have settled at Alexandria. 20 Ecclesiasticus 1. The whole pas- sage gives a strong impression of the order and purity of divine wor- ship at this period. Dean Milman well calls it "the ideal of the pomp and majesty of a high-priest." The Talmudists pronounce high culogi- ums on a "Simon the Just" (Si- mon ha Zaddick), without specifying whether they mean Simon I. or Si- mon II. In fact the characteristics of both seem to be blended in their description. 21 See Old Testament History, ch. xxvii., Notes and Illust. (B.) 22 See Appendix to Book I. On the Sects of the Jews. B.C. 300. Simon Hie Just. 21 used to be thrown from a rock, and to be dashed immediately to pieces, escaped (a fearful omen) into the desert. The great west light of the golden chandelier no longer burned with a steady flame — sometimes it was extinguished. The sacrifi- oial fire languished; the sacrificial bread failed, so as not to suffice, as formerly, for the whole priesthood." (Milman.) § 6. Simon the Just ivas succeeded by his brother Eleazae, his son Onias being under age (b.c. 292-251). 23 His long rule seems to have been profoundly tranquil, under the mild gov- ernments of Ptolemy I. Soter (the son of Lagus), and Ptolem^* II. Philadelphia, who succeeded his father in b.c. 285 and reigned till b.c. 247. To this king's literary tastes, and to the co-operation of Elea- zar, the tradition preserved by Aristeas ascribes the Greek Version of the Jewish Scriptures, which is called the Septit- agint, from its seventy or seventy-two translators. 24 Much as there is erroneous and even fabulous in the tradition, there can be no doubt that the first portion of the translation was executed at this time by learned Jews at Alexandria. The work marks an important epoch in JeAvish history ; not merely the embodiment of the sacred writings in a form in which they might act upon the Gentile world, but, conversely, the growing strength of those influences which are denoted by the general name of Hellenism. The conquests of Alexander, and the kingdoms founded by his successors in Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt, had led to a most powerful infusion of Greek pop- ulation, manners, literature, art, and religion throughout West- ern Asia, and Greek was rapidly becoming a universal language in that region. The Jews of Egypt, whose numbers, from the successive migrations we have noticed, were now very large, had doubtless become so far hellenizecl, that a Greek version of the Scriptures may have been as much needed for their use as for Ptolemy's curiosity. Thus it happened, in the Divine Providence, that the growth of Oriental Hellenism prepared the way for the spread of Christianity, not only by imbuing half the world with a common civilization and a common lan- guage, but by providing hi that language the sacred standard of divine truth, by which the Messiah's claims were to be es- tablished, and the words of which he was to fulfill. But mean- while that same Hellenism brought upon the Jews a new series of national trials. The Jews of Palestine appear to have been 23 Manasseh. the brother of Elea- I 2i Joseph. Ant. xii. 2. See Appen* zar, was associated with him in the clix to Book I. priesthood, and held it after him till e.g. 240. * 22 . From Nehemiah to Antiochus Epiphanes. Chap. I. thus far singularly free from hellenizing tendencies ; but the time soon came when their exemption was no longer preserved. After the successive rules of his uncles Eleazar and Manas- seh, Ojsias II. at length entered on the high-priesthood in b.c. 2.40. He endangered the long friendship with Egypt by neg- lecting to pay the annual tribute of twenty talents to Ptolemy III. Euergetes, who had succeeded his father in b.c. 24 V. The high-priest's unseasonable avarice led to the first interruption of that kindly policy which the first three Ptolemies had uni- formly preserved toward Judcea, and he was too indolent to obey the summons to answer for his conduct, under the threat of invasion. An open rupture was only averted by the policy of the high-priest's nephew, Joseph, the son of Tobias, who forms as great a contrast to his uncle, as Antipater and Herod afterward did to the imbecile Hyrcanus. Joseph borrowed the money for his journey from some rich Samaritans, and traveled to Alexandria in the company of certain Phoenician merchants, from whom he learned the sum they intended to bid for the farming of the tribute of Palestine, Phoenicia, and Coelesyria. Having succeeded in appeasing Ptolemy by rep- resenting the weakness of Onias, Joseph offered to double the sum of 8000 talents, at which the merchants proposed to farm the revenues ; and, when asked for his sureties, named the king and queen themselves, secure in the progress he had made in the royal favor. 25 He obtained the contract. By a few severe examples, as at Ascalon and Scythopolis, he succeeded in dis- charging his office, and in establishing a civil authority side by side with that of the high-priest. His rule lasted for twenty-two years, and the power which he had set up in the state became a source of evils as great as the danger from which he had delivered it. § 1. Onias II. died in b.c. 226, and was succeeded by his son Simon II. ; and four years later the crown of Egypt passed to Ptolemy IV. Philopator (b.c. 222-205). Meanwhile the ri- val kingdom of the SeleucidaB, in Syria, had reached the climax of its power, and the throne had just been ascended by the most ambitious of its kings, Antiochus III. the Great (b.c. 223-187). He made war on Ptolemy for the provinces of Phoenicia, Coelesyria, and Palestine ; but was defeated at the battle of Raphia, near Gaza, b.c 217. After this victory, Ptol- emy went to Jerusalem ; and, not content with offering sacri- fices, he entered the Holy of Holies, whence he is said to have ^ It is recorded, as a proof of the good-will of Ptolemy Euergetes to tht$ .;ews, that he offered sacrifices at Jerusalem. B.C. 240. Onias II and Simon II 23 been driven out by a supernatural terror. He gave vent to his resentment by a cruel persecution of the Jews at Alexan- dria, the first example of such a measure for nearly 200 years. Its consequence was the alienation of the Jews both of Pales- tine and Egypt. The death of Ptolemy Philopator, when his son Ptolemy V. Epiphaxes 20 (b.c. 205-181) was only five years old, gave a new opening to the ambition of Antiochus the Great. That king, who had been occupied for the last twelve years in sub= duing a revolt in Asia Minor and attempting in vain to recov- er the provinces beyond the Tigris from the Parthians and Bactrians, formed a league Avith Philip V. of Macedox, for the partition of Ptolemy's dominions. After a fierce contest, in which Judaea suffered severely, Antiochus became master of Ccelesyria and Palestine (b.c. 198) The Jews, who had again been ill-treated by Scopas, the general of Ptolemy, wel- comed Antiochus as a deliverer. He granted them an annual sum for the sacrifices, and forbade foreigners to enter the tem- ple. § 8. In the same year, Simon II. was succeeded in the high- priesthood by his son Oxias III. (b.c. 198-171). Theconquered provinces were restored to Ptolemy Epiphanes as the dowry of his bride, Cleopatra, the daughter of Antiochus ; but the Syrian king did not give up their possession ; and he resumed them altogether by the treaty with Rome in b.c. 188. He lost his life in the following year. It is under his son and suc- cessor, Seleucus IV. Philopator (b.c. 187-175), that the writer of the Second Book of Maccabees places the attempt of Heliodorus to seize the treasures of the temple, and his mirac- ulous repulse. 27 The story, of which Josephus knows noth- ing, illustrates the tendency of apocryphal writers to adorn their books with feeble imitations of the miracles recorded in the Scriptures. All we know for certain is, that Onias could scarcely maintain his favor with Seleucus against the machi- nations of Simon, the treasurer of the temple, who is said to have instigated the sacrilege ; and the bloody feud thus com- menced between the partisans of the high-priest and those of Simon hastened the calamities that followed the transfer of the supremacy to Syria. 28 The accession of Axtiochus IV. Epiphaxes (b.c. 175-164) 20 This is the king whose coronation j 28 Simon is called a Benjamite. decree, inscribed on the " Rosetta i Upon the difficulties respecting the Stone," has afforded the foundation family to which he belonged, and for the art of deciphering the Egyp- \ the exact nature of his office, see tian hieroglyphics. "" 2 Mace. in. ' Diet, of Bible, vol. iii. p. 1319, etc. 24 From Nehemiah to Antiochus Epiphanes. Chap. 1 secured the triumph of the Syrian party in Judrea. This prince, whose conduct, as well as his end, gained him the nickname of JEJpimanes (the madman) had been sent by his father, Antiochus the Great, as a hostage to Rome. He returned with a con- tempt for his subjects added to that love of oriental luxury which the kings of Syria had now acquired ; but his vices might have been chiefly dangerous to himself had not his Ro- man education inflamed the ambition which he inherited from his father. He found the Jewish high-priest at Antioch, whither Onias had gone to clear himself from the accusations of Simon, which were backed by the hostility of Apollonius, the governor of Coelesyria. The Greek party were represent- ed, not only by Simon, but by the high-priest's own brother, Joshua (Jesus), who went so far as to adopt the Greek name of Jason. By an enormous bribe in money and promises of an- nual tribute, J as on (b.c. 1 75-1 72) obtained the high-priesthood, while Onias III. was deposed, and detained at Antioch. 29 For the first time, Greek customs were openly introduced into Ju- dtea, with a success which shows to what an extent the Jews had already become hellenized in spirit. Not content with surrendering the privileges of free worship obtained from for- mer kings, 30 and neglecting the services of the temple, Jason built a gymnasium, where the Jewish youth practiced the Greek athletic exercises, some of them even obliterating the mark of circumcision. 31 Jason also sent representatives to the quinquennial games of the Tyrian Hercules, with large pres- ents, which even his envoys scrupled to apply to the heathen sacrifices, but bestowed them for building ships. 32 In three years, however, Jason was in his turn undermined by Menelaus (b.c. 172-168), 33 whom he had sent to Antioch with the tribute, and who obtained the high-priesthood by flat- tering the king's vanity and offering a higher bribe. He ar- rived at Jerusalem, " having the fury of a cruel tyrant and the rage of a wild beast," while Jason fled to the Ammonites. 34 Unable to raise the money he had promised, Menelaus was summoned to Antioch. He sold some of the vessels of the 29 2 Mace. iv. 1-9. 30 It appears from 2 Mace. iv. 11, that these privileges had been re- cently ratified through the agency of John, the father of Eupolemus, whom Judas Maccabseus afterward sent as an envo T to Rome. 31 I Mace. '.' 10-15 ; 2 Mace. iv. 10-17. ' M 2 Mace. iv. 18-20. 33 According to Josephus, this was a younger brother of Onias III and Jason, who had changed his own name, Onias, to Menelaus (Ant. xii. 5, § 1) ; but in 2 Mace. iv. 23, he is made the brother of Simon the Ben- jamite. If so, his usurpation car- ried the high-priesthood out of the house of Aaron. 34 2 Mace. iv. 23-26- B.C. 172. Jason and Menelaus. 25 temple to the Tynans, in order to bribe Andronicns, who gov- erned Antioch during the king's absence in Cilicia. The de- posed high-priest, Onias, who was still at Antioch, charged Menelaus with the sacrilege, and fled for sanctuary to the sa- cred grove of Daphne. At the instigation of Menelaus, An- dronicus enticed Onias from the sanctuary and put him to death (b.c. 171). Antiochus, who returned about this time, was moved to pity by the blameless character of Onias ; and ? perceiving doubtless the treasonable schemes of Andronicus, he put the murderer to death. Meanwhile a great tumult had broken out at Jerusalem, in consequence of the sacrileges com- mitted by Lysimachus, the brother and deputy of Menelaus. Lysimachus was killed, and Menelaus was accused before An- tiochus, when he reached Tyre on his way to attack Egypt ; but Menelaus escaped through bribery, and his accusers were punished for the insurrection. 35 § 9. We must here glance at the relations of Syria toward Egypt. Ptolemy VI. Philometor was an infant when he succeeded his father in b.c. 181 ; but the government was ably conducted by his mother Cleopatra, the sister of Antiochus Epiphanes. Her death (b.c. 173) led to a war with Syria, and Antiochus successfully conducted four campaigns against Egypt (b.c. 171-168), from which he only retired on the haugh- ty mandate of the Roman ambassador, M. Popillius Laenas. During the second of these campaigns (b.c. 170), a report was spread of the king's death. Jason attacked Jerusalem at the head of 1000 men, and drove Menelaus into the citadel; but, after great cruelties against the citizens, he was compelled to fly to the land of Amnion. Thence he fled to Egypt, and after- ward to Sparta, where he sought protection on some claim of kindred, and there he " perished in a strange land." 36 Mean- while his attempt had the most extraordinary consequences in the history of the Jews. Antiochus was led to believe that Judsea had revolted, an idea no doubt encouraged by Menelaus, in order to get rid of his own enemies. The king returned from Egypt in a state of fury ; took Jerusalem by storm, slaying young and old, women and maidens. Forty thousand fell in the conflict, and as many were sold into slavery. Guided by Menelaus, he entered the tem- ple, profaned the altar by the sacrifice of a swine, and having caused part of its flesh to be boiled, he sprinkled the broth 36 2 Mace. iv. 28-50. Itans is alluded to in 1 Mace. xii. 7 36 2 Mace. v. 5-10. The alleged [The story of the Spartan embassy is kindred between the Jews and Spar- 'supported by no other "authority. B 26 From Nehemiah to Antiochus Ejpiphanes. Chap. I, over the whole sanctuary, and polluted the Holy of Holies with filth. He carried off the sacred vessels and other treasures, to the amount of 1800 talents, and returned to Antioch, leaving a savage Phrygian, named Philip, as his governor at Jerusalem, and Andronicus at Gerizim, where the Samaritan temple seems to have been profaned in like manner. 37 Menelaus, who is stig- matized as the worst of all the three, is not again named in the Books of Maccabees. His subsequent death under Antiochus Eupator was regarded as a judgment for his crimes (b.c. 163). 38 § 10. Two years later (b.c. 168) Antiochus vented upon Ju- dasa the exasperation of his dismissal from Egypt. Policy too, as well as passion, may have urged him to destroy a prov- ince now thoroughly disaffected, and likely soon to fall into the power of Egypt. Apollonius, the old enemy of the Jews, was sent to Jerusalem at the head of 22,000 men, with orders to slay all the male adults, and to seize the women and children. Pretending that his mission was friendly, he waited till the Sabbath, and then fell upon the unresisting people. A fright- ful massacre took place : the city was pillaged and set on fire : its fortifications were dismantled : and a tower was erected on Mount Zion, overlooking both the temple and the city,' from which the garrison sallied forth upon all who dared to resort to the deserted sanctuary. Then followed one of the severest persecutions recorded in the history of religion. 39 Antiochus issued an edict for uniformity of worship throughout his do- minions, and committed its execution in Samaria and Judsea to an old man named AthenaBus, 40 one of those fanatics who have been produced by heathenism, as well as by religions that claim a more earnest faith. A strong element of such fanati- cism may be traced in the character of Antiochus himself. While his quick and versatile Greek temperament, trained in Roman ideas of power, and corrupted by oriental luxury, led him to indulge in all the vices and freaks for which despotism supplied the means — at one time rioting through the streets of Antioch with his boon companions, at another going through a mock canvass for the Roman magistracies, and pretending to hold them — he was all the while a munificent and bigoted sup- porter of the Greek worship. " The admirers," says Dean Milman, " of the mild genius of the Grecian religion, and those who suppose religious persecution unknown in the world to the era of Christianity, ivould do well to consider the wanton 37 1 Mace. i. 20-28, ii. 11-23. 40 2 Mace. vi. 1 : this seems clear- r8 Joseph, xiii. 3, 4. ly to be a proper name. Mace. 29, foil.: 2 Mace. v. 24-26. K.C. 168. Persecution of Antiochus. 27- and barbarous attempt of Antiochus to exterminate the relig< ion of the Jews and substitute that of the Greeks." The Samaritans submitted without resistance, and their temple on Mount Gerizim was dedicated to Zeus Xenius. At Jerusalem Athenseus began his work by converting the sanct- uary into a temple of Zeus Olympius. Its courts were pol- luted by the most licentious orgies ; the altar was loaded with abominable offerings ; and the old idolatry of Baal was re- established in the obscene form in which it had been carried to Greece — the phallic revels of Dionysus. The copies of the Book of the Law were either destroyed, or profaned by hea- then and doubtless obscene pictures. 41 The practice of Jewish rites, and the refusal to sacrifice to the Greek gods, were alike punished with death. Two women, who had circum- cised their children, were led round the city with the babes hanging at their breasts, and then cast headlong from the wall. A company of worshipers were burned by Philip in a cave, to which they had fled to keep the Sabbath. The favorite test of conformity was the compulsion to eat swine's flesh ; and two particular cases of heroic resistance make this one of the brightest pages in Jewish and Christian martyrology. A chief scribe, named Eleazae, a man of noble person and ninety years of age, when a piece of swine's flesh was thrust into his mouth, spat it out, and willingly offered his body to the torments. When some of the officers, for old acquaint- ance sake, besought him to provide some meat, and eat it as if it were the unclean food, he made a reply which contains the whole justification of the martyr's constancy to death: "It becometh not our age in anywise to dissemble, whereby many young persons might think that Eleazar, being fourscore years old and ten, were now gone to a strange religion, and so through mine hypocrisy, and desire to live a little time, should be deceived by me, and I get a stain to my old age, and make it abominable. For though for the present time I should be delivered from the punishment of men, yet I should not escape the hand of the Almighty 7 neither alive, nor dead." He concluded by declaring his resolve, "to leave a notable example to such as be yoking to die willingly and coura- geously for the honoraole and holy laws." His tempters, incensed at his obstinacy, grew doubly cruel, and, as he was expiring beneath their blows 3 he cried — "It is manifest unto Jehovah, that hath the holy knowledge, that whereas I might have been delivered from death, I endure sore pains ii3 41 1 Maca iii, 48. 28 From Nehemiah to Antiochus Epiphanes. Chap. 1 body by being beaten ; but in soul am well content to suffer these things, because I fear Him." 42 Thus was he " tortured, 43 not accepting deliverance, that he might obtain a better resurrection ;" and he is included, with the other martyrs of the age, in the " cloud of martyrs," " of whom the world was not worthy," "who obtained a good report through faith." Some Christian writers have called him " the proto-martyr of the Old Covenant,"

. Et-Taiyibeh (see Epbraim). Eubulus, conversion of, 626. Eunice, mother of Timothy, 460. Eupolemus, sent to Rome, 41, 147. Euroclydon, the, 564 Europe, St. Paul's call to, 464, 465. Eutychus, restored to life, 537. Evangelists, inspiration of the, 370, 371. , the first three, their Gal- ilean sources of information, 220, 229, 230. Their inspi- ration, 230. , the four, gospels of, 178. , the term, 684. Ezekiel, tragedy of, 147. "Ezra, the Apocalypse of," 155. Ezra the scribe, 173. F. Fadus, Cuspins, procurator o: Judaea, 120. Fair Havens, Paul at, 563. Faith, demand of Christ f>-r, 231. Moral power of Christ's miracles chiefly shown in exciting and rewarding, 243. Famine in Judaea, relieved by the Christians of Antioch, 433. Fast, Great Jewish, at the time of Paul's voyage to Rome, 563. Feast given by Matthew, 242. of Tabernacles, approach of tbe, 2S9, 290. Christ ap- pears at the, 291. Last day of the, 291. of the Dedication, Christ at the, 295. of the Jews, when Jesus went up to Jerusalem, 243. Felix, Procurator of Judsea, 121, 122. His treatment of St. Paul, 122. , governor of Judaea, des- potism of, 494. Paul sent to, 54S. His treatment of Paul, 548-551. Recalled to Rome, 551. Fellowship In the primitive Church, 3S4. Fenius Rufus, 595. Festus Porcius, procurator of Judaea, 122, 551. His judg- ment on St. Paul, 122. Paul's defense before him, 554, 555. Promises to send Paul to Caesar, 556. Fig-tree, parable of the bar- ren, 26S, 306, 307. Index. 765 FL0KU6. Florus, Gessius, procurator of Judaea, 123-125. Fortuuatus, with others, car- ries the epistle to the Co- rinthians, 512, 513. Fountain of the Virgin at Nazareth, 19G, 197. Friday, Good, 322. Furcifer, the term, 345. G. Gaba, fortress of, under Herod. 83. Gabbatha, 327. Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, 68, 09. Gabriel appears to Zacharias, 180. Appears to Mary, ISO, 181. Gadara, Christ's miracle in, 269. Tombs of, 269. Made a Roman town, 102. Gaius, baptism of, 4SS. Seized by the Ephesians, 519. Paul the guest of, 530. of Derbe, goes to Tioas, 536. Galaaditis, extent of, under Herod, 81. Galatia, churches of, 464. Ju- daizing teachers in the, 502, 503. Journey of Paul through, 402, 463. Galatians, St. Paul's Epistle to the, refuting the Judaizing heresy, 503. Date of, 503. 504. Galilean cities, denunciation of the, 265. , Jesus repeats the doom of woe upon, 290. Galileans, liberty of the Gos- pel proclaimed to them first, 229. Wish to make Jesus king, 272. Galilee, account of, 251. Be- ginning of Christ's public ministry in, 228, 229. Christ's appearance to the Apostles after his resurrec- tion by the lake of, 354. Christ's first circuit through, 239. Christ makes his second circuit of, 267. Christ retires to, 225, 226. His re- ception in, 226. Christ's second period of ministry in, 253. Christ's third circuit of, 269. , Christians of, 379. ■ , extent of, under Herod, 81. , inhabitants of, despised by the people of Judaea, 1C6. • of the Gentiles, light of the Gospel revealed amid GLAVHYRA. GKEEKS. the darkness of, 477. Ori-! der, son of Herod, 87. gin of the name, 233, 234,! Married to Archelaus, 102. 251. Gnostic philosophy in the Galilee, reduced by Vespasian, | Church at Colossas, 58S, 589. 127. : Gnosticism, 651. Alliance be- , Sea of, Christ at the,| tween Judaism and, 613. 233. Description of, 233, , Simon as a teacher of, 234. I 399. (see Viri Galilaei). , teaching of, 617. — , submits to John Hyr- God, Unknown, the altar at canus, EO. | Athens to, 478. -, the scene of Christ's ap-'Golden House, the, of Nero, pearance to the great body! 620. of his disciples, 354, 355. " j Golgotha, 329. Gamaliel, grandson of Hillel, Gorgias marches agaiust the 175. I Jews, 36. Defeats them, 38. - — , his advice to the Council, Gorpiaeus at the siege of Jeru- 387, 38S. The teacher of I salem, 134. St. Paul, 405. Contrast of Gospel harmony, difficulties his solitary appearance inj of, 226, 227. Concerning the Acts with the course chosen by St. Paul, 345. His counsels of toleration, 407. Garments of Christ, divided among the soldiers, 331. "Gate, Beautiful," the, 95. "Gate, Water," the, 95. Gaulonites, under Herod, 81. I Gaza made a Roman town, 102. Gazara, 48, 49. Gazzith, the hall, 74. Gemara, the, 151, 251. Genealogy of Christ (see Christ). Gennesareth, Sea of (see Gali- lee). Gentile Church, first, formed at Antioch, 430. converts, emancipation of the, declared by the Church at Jerusalem, 454. , the first, 428. Gentiles, first formal declara- tion that the offer of salva- the interval in our Lord's life between the Feast of Tabernacles and the Pass- over, 296. history, beginning of the, according to the four Evan- gelists, 178. — narrative, a break in the, 314. — proclaimed to the shep- herds, 1S4, 1S5. Gospels, the four, their gen- uineness, 36 J. Their, rela- tion to each other, 360-363. The language in which they are written, 362. Theories of their origin, 363-366. Probability that they were based on apostolic preach- ing, 366-370. Harmony of the, 361, 362, 369, 371, 372. Their inspiration, 370, 371. Table of the harmony of the, 373-376. , writers of the, when styled Evangelist?, 6S4. tion, rejected by the Jews, Grave-clothes, order of the, was handed over to them, j 350. 442,444. jGraves, opening of the, after , the mission to the, 436, 1 the Crucifixion, 335. 437. Greek becomes a universal Gerizim, temple of, profaned, language in Western Asia, 26. Temple at, 141, 142. | 21. Gessius Florus in Judaea, 619. | Empire in Asia, 14. Gethsemane, description of, of the New Testament, 338. j the, 699, 700. , Garden of, Christ's ago- Greeks at Antioch, the Gospel ny in the, 318, 319. j preached to the, 430. , situation and size of, in the Roman Church, 318. I 533. Gezer or Gazer (see Gazara). of Caesarea, under Felix, Gilead, strongholds of, taken] 122. by Judas Maccabaeus, 37. or Grecians in the Church Giscala, John of, son of Levi, (see Hellenists). escapes to Jerusalem, 126. 1 , St. John's relation of the Heads a party at Jerusalem, j coming of certain, 311. 128. His. defense of Jerusa- lem, 131,132, His flight, 134. Glaphyra married to Alexan- 766 Index. H. Hadrian, revolt of the Jews under, 135, 13G. Razes the ruins lefc by Titus to the ground, 136. Haemus, clans of, 466. Hagiographa, the, 54 Hak ed-damm, 328. Hallel, cup of the, 342. " Hallel, Great," the, 318. Hallel, the, 342, 343. Handel, oratorio of, 42. Ilaphtaroth, the, 161. Hauran, desert of the, SI. Headship of Christ, the, 538 5S9, 592. Heathenism, state of, at the time of St. Paul, 456. Heathens, Paul's first dis- course to mere, 446. Hebrews, Epistle to the, writ- ten at the close of Paul's first imprisonment, 596. In- ternal proofs of Pauline au- thorship, 597, 598. Allu- sions to the persecution by Ananus, 599. Indications of time and place and of the writer's intentions, 598-600. The writer is contemplating a visit to Jerusalem, 601, 602. Its canonical authori- ty, 711. Its authorship, 712. To whom sent, 712. Time and place at which it was written, 712. Language in which it was Avritten, 713. Condition of the Hebrews and scope of the Epistle, 713. in the Church, 3SS. Their dissensions with the Hellenists, 389. Hebron, reduced by Judas Mac- cabaeus, 39. Hegesippus, his tradition re- specting St. James, 671. Heifer, red, ceremony of the burning of the, 340. Helcias, treasurer of the Temple, heads an embassy to Rome, 5S1. U-elena, mother of Constan- tine, visits Palestine, 137. , palace of, burned, 134. , queen of Adiabene, im- ports corn into Jerusalem, 120. , tomb of, 120. , the Empress erects a sa- cred house on the Mount of Olives, 339. ■, with Simon Magus, 400. Heliodorus, attempt of, to seize the treasures of the Temple, Hellenism,innuences of, 21, 22. Hellenistic Jews, Stephen's controversy with the, 391. Hellenists in the Church, 329. Their dissensions with the Hebrews, 388. , Syrian Jews become, 145. Hellenizing tendency at Alex- andria, 145-147. Heresies in the Church, 013- 617. Heresy, the term, 165. Heretics, St. Paul's command to Titus to deal firmly with, 617. Hermogenes, desertion of the Asiatic Christians, led by, 624. Hermon, Mount, whether the scene of the Transfiguration, 2S6. Herod Agrippa I., charges his uncle with treason, 104. , grandson of Herod the Great, uses his influence for the Jews, 114. Made gov- ernor of Tiberias, 115. Fa- vor of Caligula toward, 115. Receives Judaea from Clau- dius, 91. His visit to the Temple, 115, 116. His mur- der of St, James, 116. So- licits the recall of Vibius? Marsus, US. His death, 118. iking of Judaea, beheads James and imprisons Peter, 431. His death, 432. Agrippa II., made a te- trarch, 119. Succeeds to the government of the Temple, 119. His connection with St. Paul, 119. Comes into collision with the Jews at Jerusalem, 122. Seeks to calm the people, 125. Antipas, sou of Herod the Great, marries Herodias, 98. First named by Herod as his successor, 99. Made te- trarch, 99. His position confirmed by Augustus, 99. His importance derived from his appearance as the hearer and murderer of John the Baptist, and as taking part in the condemnation of our Lord, 102, 103. His char- acter, 104. Banished by Caligula, 104. Sends for John the Baptist, 223. Im- prisons him, 224. Orders the execution of John the Baptist, 265. Jesus brought before, 325. Believes Jesus to be John restored to life, 270. " , king," grandson of Herod the Great, 9S. IIESHBON. Herod, king of Chalcis, 118. , ruler of the house of, 14. . , son of Antipater, made governor of Galilee, 69, 70. Made governor of Coelesyria, 70. Madetetrarch, 71. De- feats Antigouus, 71. Made king of Judaea, 71. Besieges Jerusalem, 72; Established on the throne of Judaea and surnamed the Great, 78. His policy, 78, 79. Sum- moned by Mark Antony, 79. His campaign against Mal- chus, 80. Secures the favor of Octavian, 80. Extent of his kingdom, 81, 82. Ordera the execution of his wife, S2. Institutes Greek and Roman customs, 82. Builds Caesa- rea, 83, 84. His sons, 84. Friendship with Agrippa, 84. Courts the people of Greece, 84. Restores the Temple, 85, 86. His jeal- ousy of his sons, 87, 88. An- tipater conspires against his life, 88. His illness, 89. Orders the massacre of the babes, 90. His death, 90. His character, 91. Bearing of his acts and character on the coming of Christ, 92, 93. , family of, 98, 99. , temple of, 94-96. , will of, 99. Funeral of, 100, 101. , the tetrarch (see Herod Antipas). Philip, son of Herod the Great, marries Herodias, 98. Excluded from benefit of his father's will, 99. Pleads the cause of Archelaus, 101. Herods, ancestry of the, 77. Herod's fears at the birth of Christ, 187-189. Commands the massacre of the male children, 188. His death, 188. Herodias, her fatal influence, 103-105. Wife of Herod Antipas, excites her hus- band against John the Bap- tist, 224. Her resentment against John the Baptist, 265. Herodian family, pedigree of the, 75. Herodians, Christ's encounter with the, who ask for a sign, 275, 276. Origin of the party of the, 78. Plot with the Pharisees against Christ, 255. The, 93, 94, 166. Herodium, the, 100. Heshbon, fortress of, under Herod, 83. Index. 767 1IEZEKIAII. llezekiah, pool of, 131. High-priest deprived of su- preme power by Gabinius, OS. Most important person in thf. state, 14. Robes of the, custom about the, 10G. High-priesthood, interruption of succession to, 56. Of Je- rusalem, passes out of the line of Jozadak, 40. High-priests under Herod I. and liia successors, 78. Hillel, school of, 174. — — , the Elder, 145. Hippicus, tower of, 8G. Hippo, made a Roman town, 102. Holy Ghost, baptism of, 207. Descent of the, 203, 381, 3S2. The, commands the separa- tion of Saul and Barnabas from the Church at Antioch for the mission to the Gen- tiles, 43G. Holy Land, progress of the Gospel in the, 396. (See Ju dsea.) Holy Spirit, gift of the, 381 Inward and external gifts of the, 3S1. New outpour ing of, after the release of Peter and John, 3SG. Prom ise of the, 355, 35G. Teach- ings of the, 3G7. Hosannas of the people at the entry of Christ into Jerusa- lem, 30G. Hymenseus, leader of a sect. 612. Teaches that "the resurrection is passed al ready," 613. How Paul writes of him, 617. His heresy, 651, 652. Hyrcania, prison of, §4. Hyrcanus, John, acts of, 49. Succeeds his father in the priesthood, 43. Marches against Jericho, 49. Gives up Jerusalem, 50. His suc- cesses, 50. Joins the Sad- ducecs, 51. . , son of Alexander Jan- naeus, succeeds to the high- priesthood, 65. Nominally succeeds to the throne as Hyrcanus II., G5. His cause espoused by Antipa- ter, 65. Offers bribes to Rome, 66. Restored by Pompey, 66-6S. Made eth- narch, 69. Gained over by Herod, 70. Death of, 71. Iconium, Paul and Barnabas at, 445, 44G. JASON. Idumcea, under Herod, 81. Idumaeans, compelled to adopt the Jewish religion, 50, Embrace Judaism, 77. Forc- ible conversion of the, 149. Ignatius at Antioch, 153. One of the Apostolic Fathers, 642. Inspiration of the Evangelists (see Evangelists). Ipsu3, battleof,18. Irenaeus at Lyons, 153. , disciple of Polycarp, C42. Ishmael, the high-priest, heads an embassy to Rome, 584. Isidore, one of the accusers of Flaccus, 113. Itursea, under Herod, 81. Iturasans, forcible conversion of the, 149. J. Jaddua, the high-priest, 14. His interview with Alexan- der the Great, 15, 16. Jairus, restoration to life of the daughter of, 243. James, charged by Christ to watcli in the garden, 318, 319. Energy of, 262. , Epistle of, its genuine- ness and canonicity, 713. Its author, 714. Time and place nt which it was writ- ten, 714. Its object, 714, 715. , Paul's interview with, at Jerusalem, 540. , St., arraigned before the Sanhedrim, 123. , the Little, 281. ,'St., the Less, Christ' 3 ap- pearance to, 355. One of! the pillars of the Church, £55. His identity witl James the son of Alphaeus, and James the brother of our Lord, 6G8. Called to the apostolate, 6GS. Christ appears to him, 6G9. His high position in the Church 6G9, 670. Tradition concern ing him, 671-G73. Tomb of, 673. , the son of Zebedee, 6G4. The name of Boanerges given to him and St. John, 666. His martyrdom, GG7. , final call of, 235. , whether brother of the Lord, 281, 282. Jamnia, Gorgias attacked at, 38. Taken by the Romans, 127. Jason, brother of the high- priest Onias III., obtains the high-priesthood, flees to JEBUSALEM. the Ammonites, 24. Attacks Jerusalem, 25. Jason of Cyrene, five books oi". Second of Maccabees based upon the, 157, 15S. , Paul supposed to be in the house of, 471, 473. , son of Eleazar, sent to Rome, 41. Jehudah, Rabbi, 151. Jericho, fortified by Bacchides, 43. — , Pompey at, 67. Jerome, writings of, concern- ing Paul's journey to Spain, 623. Jerusalem attacked by Jason, 25. Taken by Antiochus, 26. — — , beginning of Christ's public ministry at, 219. , besieged by Antiochus V., 39. Besieged by Herod, 72 , bishops of, 137. , Christ's lamentation over, 299. Christ's last ap- pearance to tbe Apostles at, 356. Christ's prophecy of the destruction of, 312. Christ repeats his lamenta- tion over, 311. " , Church of," 129. It? government in the hands of James, 635. , destruction of, 134, 135. Later history of, 135. In- surrection at, under Hadri- an, 135. Ruins left by Ti- tus razed to the ground, 13G. Entered by Pompey, 67, C8. Entered by Alexan- der the Great, 16. — , epoch of the fall of, G44- 650. Prophecy of the siege of, 64S. This epoch the type of the second coming of Christ, 650. , extension of, at the time of Agrippa, 110. Plan of, IIS. Factions in, 127. Fam- ine at, in the tima of Paul, 120. , general dispersion of the disciples from, on account of persecution, 396. Its im- portance throughout ths wars of the Maccabees, 52. Fifth visit of St.Paul, to, 540. , Paul's visit to the Church, at the feast, at, 493. , possession of, secured by Judas Maccabeus, 37. Ri- ots at, under Pilate, 10S. State of, before its destruc- tion, 128. Siege of, 129-134. Taken by Ptolemy, 19. , the Ciurch at, confirms 768 Index. JEEUSALEM. St. Peter's admission of the Gentiles into the Church 429. Gives a cordial re ception to Paul and Barna bas, 449. The first visit of St. Paul to, after his con rersion, 416, 417. The 120 brethren at, 379. The mis sion of Barnabas and Saul to, 432, 433. erusalem, tower of, reduced by Simon, 47. Wall of, built dur- ing the siege by the .Romans, 132. Works at, carried on, under Herod the Great, 86. Jesus (Joshua) son of Damne- us, high-priest, 123. < , name given to the Sav- iour, 185 (see Christ). , the son of Sirach, eulopv of, 20. The Wisdom of, 156 (see Ecclesiasticus). Jewish exorcists, defeat of the 506, 507. monarchy, end of the 102. war, beginning of, 125, Jews, preparation for under standing state of, at opening of the New Testament, 14. Alleged participation of, in revolt of Sidonians, 15. Privileges of, said to have been granted by Alexander the Great, 16. A large num- ber of, removed to Egypt, 17. Influence of Greece upon the, 19. .- — of Egypt, influence of Hellenism on, 21. Perse- cuted by Ptolemy IV., 23. Privileges under Antiochus, 24. and Spartans, alleged kindred between, 25. Per- secuted by Antiochus IV., 26. , silence of Greek and Ro- man historians about the, 29, 30. Extinction of roy- alty among the, 31. Their independence under the Maccabees, 34. , Transjordanic, removed to Jerusalem, 38. , Galilean, removed to Jerusalem, SS. - — , divisions among the, at tima of Demetrius I., 40. Their league with Rome against Syria, 41. Courted by Demetrius I. and Alex- ander Balas, 43, 44. Under the Maccabees, 52, 58. Re- bellion of the, against Alex- ander Jannseus, 63. Their influence in Egypt, 63. Un- der Herod, 7S, 79. Moral degradation of the, at the time of Herod, 93. His- tory of, after the death of Herod, 92, 93. Secular his- tory of the, after the death of Herod, 9S. Their fury against Sabinus, 101. Their influence at Rome after the death of Herod, 101. Re- ligion of, proscription of, at Rome, under Tiberius, 110. Under Caligula, persecution of the, 1 10, 111. Their treat- ment under Caligula, 111— 114. Interview of the, with Caligula, 112, 113. Under Claudius, 115. Banished from Rome by Claudius, 120. Under Florus, 124, 125. Be- ginning of their war with Rome, 126. Their revolts in Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia, 1E5. For- bidden to reside at Jerusa- lem, 136. Under Julian, at- tempt to build a temple, 138. Opposition of Samaritans to the, 141. Their treatment of the Samaritans, 142. Egyptian, importance of the, under the Ptolemies, 14G. Of Palestine, prose- youth some trade, 405. Form a conspiracy against St. Paul, 416. The Gospel always offered to them first by the Apostles on their missionary journeys, 43S. Contradict Paul, 444. Their anger at their association with the Gentiles as re- ceivers of the same Gospel, 445. Jews, at Thessalonica, stir up the people against Paul, 471. Pursue him to Bercea, 474. — , at Corinth, their fury against St. Paul, 488. Their tumult against St. Paul, 490, 491. — , Roman, early propaga- gation of Christianity among the, 533. — , their plot against St. Paul's life, 54S. — , at Rome, Paul's two con- ferences with the, 5S2, 5S3. Their rejection of the Gos- pel, terminating the first stage in the history of its foundation, 583. — , prophecy of their future restoration in the Epistle to the Romans. 5S3. lytism of the, 14S, 14^). De- Joakim (Jacimus), appointed mand a sign, 221. Their in- high-priest (f-ee Alcimus). dignation at Christ's asser- Joanna, wife of Chuza, 208. lion of his power to confer! Her visit to the sepulchre, spiritual life, 246. Pros-[ 349. perity of the, from the sec- Joaza, high-priest, displaced ond to the seventh century, J by Archelaus, 102. 251. Emissaries of rulers, Joaza r, made high-priest, 89. the, watch Christ in Gali-I High-priest, prudence of, lee, 253. Mention of, in the! 107. records of Christ's contro- Joel, fulfillment of the proph- vcrsial teaching, 273. Press ecy of, 383. Jesus to tell them plainly Johanan (see Jonathan). whether he was the Christ, John Mark, the nephew of 295. They again attempt to| Barnabas, 432, 433. Accom- stonehim, 295. Alternative offered to them for the last- time between the acceptance and rejection of their spirit- ual king, 305. Consult how they can secure Christ, 312. Their impotence to execute the sentence of condemna- nation on Christ, 324. Ac- cept the responsibility of Christ's death, 326. Jews, enumeration in the " Acts" of the provinces and regions in which they ■were found, 3S2. Their as- sembling at Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost, 333. Their cry to Peter and the Apostles, 383. Reform of their selfish rapacity, 384. Their custom to teach every panies Barnabas and Saul in their first missionary jour- ney, 437, 488. Desertion of, 441. His subsequent rela* tions to Paul and Peter, 441. Paul refuses to take him on his second missionary jour- ney, 459. He accompanies Barnabas to Cyprus, 459. (See Mark.) — , St., follows Christ, COS. His deep insight in to Christ's teaching, 230. His office of recording a special aspect of our Lord's ministry, 244. Doctrinal discourses of our Lord in, 245, 246. His omis ; sion of the Sermon on the Mount, 256. His energy united with his spirit of love, 261. Sent to prepare the Index. 769 list supper, 316. His pres- 47. His victory over the ence at it, 317. Charged by j Syrians, 49 (.see Hyrcanus). Christ to watch in the gar- John, son of Mattathias, 34. den, 319. Remains when Killed, 43. the other disciples flee, 320. , son of Zebedee, final call Remains beside the cross of! of, 235. Christ, 333. His visit to the - sepulchre, 350. One of the pillars of the Church, 355.! His title of " elder," 717. At the conferences at Jeru-; salem about the Judaizing 1 spirit in the Church, 451. Survives the fall of Jeru-' salem, G55. His early life,' 656, 657. His friendship with Simon Bar-jonah, 657. His life with Christ, 657. The name Boanerges given to him and his broth- er, 657. His association with Peter, 65S. Account of him in the Acts, 655. His departure from Judaea, 659. At Ephesus, 661. Ex- iled to Patmos, 661. Tra- ditions of St. John, 681. Legend and time of his death, 662. His title of: "Theologus," 662, 663. Un- 1 dertakes to write the Gos-i pel, 6S4. John, First Epistle of, its au-j thenticity, 716. Time and place at which it was writ- ten, 716. Its object, 716., Doubtful passages, 716, j 717. . , Second and Third Epis-[ ties of, their authenticity, 717. To whom addressed, 717. Their object, 717. Be-| ginning of the Gospel his- tory according to, 17S. • , Gospel of, supplemental to the other three, 220; I — the Baptist, remonstrates with Herod Antipas, 103. | His birth announced by the - angel Gabriel, 180. Born, - 182. His name decided, 132. - Vowed a Nazarite, 1S3. His| youth passed in the deserts, 1S3. In the wilderness about; Eugedi, 199. Appears in public, 199. Date of appear- - ance, 199. His preaching of repentance, 200. His - baptism, 200. His addresses to different classes, 201.'- Believed in by the mass of JU1XEA. through the port of, 47. St. Paul's converts at, 428, Taken by the Romans, 127. Joseph, betrothed to Mary, ISO. Marries her, 1S4. Carries Jesus and Mary into Egypt, 183. His death, 191. His genealogy, 194. — , defeated by Gorgias, 33. — , his retreat to Galilee, 99. — , nephew of the high- priest Onias II., establishes u civil authority side by side with that of the high-priest, 22. — of Arimathea, begs the body of Christ, 336. — , son of Antipater, 69- Killed, SO. — r, steward of Herod, SO. (see Josephus Flavins). the people and by the publi- Josephus, chief authority at cans, 201. His predictions the period after the death of the Messiah, 202. Bap- of Simon, 49. tizes Christ, 202, 203. Con -, Flavins, the Jewish his- tinues to prepare the people torian, 126. to receive Christ, 203, Ap- Joses, whether brother of the pealed to by the priests and Lord, 2S1. Levites to tell them who he Joshua, high-priest under Her- was, 207. Proclaims Christ] od, 85. as the Lamb of God, 207. , slain by his brother Jon- At iEnon, 223. His final athan, the high-priest, 15. testimony to Christ, 224.! , son of Damneus (. Paul and Barnabas in, 445. Lydda, conversion of the peo- ple of, 426. Lydia, conversion of, 4GG. Lysanias, tetrarch, 115. Lysias, general of Antiochus • IV., 28. Guardian of Anti- ochus V., 36. Advances to Bethsura, 37. Places Anti- ochus V. on the throne, 30. Put to death, 40. rescues St. Paul in the Temple court, 542. Places him before the Sanhedrim. 544. Sends him to Felix, 547, 543. Lysimaclms, sacrileges of, 25. Killed, 25. Lystra, Paul and Barnabas at, 436. Cure of the cripple at, 44G. Site of, 446. Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem, 137. Maecabaean history, authori- ties for, 5S. Line, last king of the, 72. Maccabee, etymology of, 35. Maccabees, authorities for the history of the, 35. Condi- tion of the Jews under the, 31. Struggle of, against An- tiochus Epiphanes,14. Their sacrifice, 52. Their contest, 52, 53. Social and religious progress of Jews under the, 55. Literature under. 56, Paul and Barnabas, 686. His relation to Peter, 6S6. Beginning of the Gospel his- tory, according to, 178. Mark,St., Gospel of, records the acts rather than, the teach- ing of Christ, 285. Sources of the, 702. Written prima- rily for Gentiles, 703. Time when it was written, 703. Place where it was written, 704. Its genuineness, 704. Its style and diction and contents, 704, 705. Divis- ions of, 705. Its genuine- ness, its relation to the other Gospels, etc (see Gospels). Marriage, Christ's sanction of the ordinance of, 214. Martha, sister of Lazarus, 632. j Christ's reply to her, 297. Malchas (sec Cleodemus). Martyrion, the, built by Cou- Malchus, king of Arabia, cam- stantine, 137. paign of Herod against, SO. Mary Magdalene, 266, 267. At burial of Christ, 336. between the Feast of Taber-Machaerus, fortress of, 264. nacles and the Passover, 296. Magadan (see Magdala). Whether written at Csesa-lMagdala, village of, 26S. rea, 554. Origin of the, 705. Magians,' the, their worship of Its date and the place where) Christ, ISO. it was written, 706. Pur- Magnificat, the, 182. poses for which it Avas writ- Malabar. Christian Church in, ten, 706. Its integrity, 70 Its first two chapters, 70 Its contents, 707. Its ge: Malichus, courtier of Hyrca- 0. Malta, coast of, chart of part " the, 573. island of (see Melita). Malthace, fourth wife of Herod the Great, 9S. Mamzerim, 696. Manasseh, aposta^v of, 16. High-priest, 22. — , obtains permission to build -a temple on Mount Gerizim for the Samaritans, 141. Maimasses, king of Judah, prayer of, 157. the Carries the news of the sup- posed removal of Christ's body to Peter and John, 349. Christ's appearance to, 351. — , mother of Christ, Gabriel appears to, ISO. Visits Eliz- abeth, 182. Her miraculous conception, 1S3. Gives birth to the Saviour, 184. Lives with her widowed sister, 191. Genealogy of, 193. At the marriage at Cana, 209. Taken home by John, 336. Marcellns, procurator of Ju , mother of Mark, 685, d?ea, 109. | 686. Marcus, Bishop of Jerusalem, , sister of Lazarus, anoints 137. | the Lord, 267. At the feet Mariamne, daughter of the of Jesus, 297. high-priest Simon, and third , sister of Mary the moth- wife of Herod, 9S. er of Jesus, 191. — , wife of Herod, 71, 79, SO. I , wife of Clopas, 2S1. Her Her death, 82. ' I sons, 2S2. At the burial of — , tower of, S6. ! Christ, 336. Mark Antony, 63. Has do- Marys, the three, remain by minion of the East, 71. Fa- the cross, 333. vors Herod, 71, 72. Sum- , visit of the two, to the mons Herod, 79. sepulchre, 349. Mark, St., his sources of in- Massade, fortress of, 71. formation, 230. Explana- Mattathias, the priest, escapes tion of his omission of the, from Jerusalem, 35. Refuses Sermon on the Mount, 259. to obey the royal edict, 34. Companion of Paul in His Dies, 35. imprisonment at Rome, 5S5, Matthew, St., his sources ofin- 536. At Ephesus, 613. Hi last relations with St. Paul, 629. With Peter at Baby- lon, 637. His name of Evangelist, 6S4. Whether he is himself the young man whom he describes as pres- ent at the seizure of Christ, 685. His connection with formation, 230. Call of, 242. Feast given by, 242. His account of the Sermon on the Mount, 253, 259. The same as Levi the publican, 679. Undertakes to write the Gospel, 634. Beginning of the Gospel history accord* ing to, 178, 772 Index. MATTIIEW. Matthew, St., Gospel of, para bles in the, 2S5. Language in which it was written, 701 Citations from Old Testa- ment, 701. Genuineness of the first two chapters, 701. Time and place at which ii was written, 701. Its pur pose, 701, 702. Its contents, 702. Its genuineness, its re- lation to the o;her Gospels, etc (see Gospels). Matthias, chosen as an Apostle ill place of Judas, 379, 380. Fills the place of Judas Is- cariot, 676. , high-priest, the, deposed. 80. Meckme, buildings of the, 95. Meiita (Malta), island of, its people and its primate Pub lius, 576, 577. Paul's mira- cle at, 57S. Menelaus obtains the high- priesthood, 24. Sacrilege of, 25. Death, 26. Meroe, in Ethiopia, 39S. Messiah, advent of the, an- nounced to Herod, 8% 90. Expectation of the, 101. Je- sus announces himself as the, 232. Micah, the prophet, his au- thority that Bethlehem would be the birthplace of the Messiah, 90. Michmash, fortress of, 43. Miletus, Paul's voyage to, 537. Ministry, Christ's, duration of, 220 (see Duration). Scene of, 220 (see Scene). of angels to Jesus, 206. Miracle at the u Beautiful" gate, 334. At the gate of Nain, 2(54. First, of the loaves and fishes, 271. Of healing the man blind from his birth, 293 ; character of, 294. The man brought be- fore the Council, 294; ex- communicated, 294. Of healing the man with the withered hand, 255. Of heal- ing two blind men at Jeri- cho, 300. Of the cure of lep- rosy, 240, 241. Of the cure of the demoniac, 236-238. Of the civre of the paralytic, 241. Of the finding the piece of money in the fish's mouth, 279. Of the healing of the centurion's servant, 264. Of the healing of the courtier's son, 227, 22S. Of the healing of the deaf and dumb, 274. Of the healing of the man possessed by a legion of devils, 26S. Of the .stilling of the storm,! NAZARITE. ONESirilORUS. Nazarites, St. Paul joins four, in their vow, 54 1 . 26S. Second, of the loaves and fishes, 274. Miracles already familiar to Nein, site of the ancient Nain, the Jews, 212. Tests laid| 265. down by the Rabbis, 212 ; Nero, accession of, 495. His satisfied in the miracle at Cana, 212, 213. Effect of the miracle on the disciples, 234. Social aspect of, 214. At the shore of the Galilean lake, 255. Doctrine of, 211. In the evening of the Sab- bath at Capernaum, 233. Of St. Paul, 506. Of the decision between Festus and Agrippa and the Jews, 123. Whether he heard Paul's case, 596. His persecution of the Christians, 620. Whether he heard Paul when he was a second time prisoner at Borne, 628. Nerva, accession of, 661. Apostles, 387. Performed I Nethinim, the, 696. by Christ at the Passover, Nicanor, commands a Syrian army, 3G. Sent to restore Alcimus, 41. Slain, 41. ., one of the seven deacons, 390, 691. Nicetas Choniates, the Byzan- tine writer, 588. Nicodemus, his relations to- ward Christ, 222. The secret 222. The beginning of Christ's, 211. Various ex amples of Christ's, 243. Mishna, the, 151. Compila- tion of the, 251. Missionary journey, first, of Paul and Barnabas, 437, 438. The second, of St. Paul, 45S. The third, of St. Paul, 503. Mithridates, 66. Mnason, disciple of Cyprus, accompanies St. Paul to Je- rusalem, 540. Modin, city of, 34, 59, CO. Monument at, 60. Months, Macedonian names of, supposed to be used by Jo- sephus, 133. Moses, appears in the Trans- figuration, 278. Myra, Paul's voyage to, 562, 563. N. OfAra- Nabathpoans, the, 43, bia Petrsea, 65. Nablus, settlement of Samar- itans at, 144. Nahum, the Mede, 145. Nain, miracle at gate of, 264. Site of, 204. Naos (see Temple of Herod). Nasi, president of the Sanhe- drim, 73. Nathanael, character of, 262. Is present at Christ's third appearance to the Apostles, 354. (See Bartholomew). Nativity, Star of the, appear- ance of the, announced to Herod, 89. Nazarenes, origin of the name, 189. Nazareth, account of, 196. Under opprobrium, 196. Christ brought to, 189. Christ's rejection at, 226, 232. Christ's second rejec- tion at, 269. Nazarite, John the Baptist, a, 182, 183. disciple, in the Council, 291. Brings myrrh and aloes to anoint the body of Christ, 336. Nicolai, origin of name of, S8. Nicolaitans, heresy of the, 625. Sect of the, 692. Nicolas of Damascus, follows Archelaus to Rome, 101. Pleads his cause, 102. , one of the seven deacons, 390. Not belonging to the sect of Nicolaitans, 692. Nicolaus Damascenus, the rhetorician, 88. Nicopolis, Paul at, 618, 619. Nikon, the ram, 130. Nisibis, Petrine tone, in Chris- tian School, at, 636. Nunc Dimittis, the, 182, 186. Nymphas, saluted in the Epis- tle to the Colossians, 605. Octavian, his favor toward Herod, 81. Offense, Mount of, 339. Olives, Mount of, Christ and the disciples go out to the, ■ 318. Account of the, 337- 341. Sacred house erected on the, by the Empress Helena, 339. Olivet (see Olives). Olympic Games, Herod made president of, 84. Onesimus, his relation to Phil- emon, 590, 591. His mission to the Colossians and Ephe- sians, 592. Onesiphorus, ministers to Paul in the last stage of hiscourso, 024. Index. 773 Onias, stoned to death, 65. 1., high-priest, 19. ■ II. , high-priest, 22. III., high-priest, 23. De posed, 24. Put to death, 25, IV., heir to high-priest- hood, tries to revive Jewisl: worship in Egypt, 40. Onkelos, 152. Ophel, suhurb of, burned, 134. Wall of, 94, 95. Oral Law, belief of the Phar- isees in an, 165. Ordination, ceremony of. adopted by the Christian Church from the Jewish 438. Orodes, Arabian king, defeats Alexander Jannseus, 64. Otiosi (see Batlanim). Palace of Herod, 85. Pacorus, the Parthian, 71. Palestine, division of, at the time of Christ, 252. Gov- erned by Laomedon, 19. By Ptolemy, 19. Subject to the first five Ptolemies, 19. The dowry of Cleopatra, 23. Pallas, brother of Felix, 122. Palm Sunday, 304. Pangseus, gold mines of, 465. Clans of, 466. Panium, temple at, 84. Paphos, Barnabas and Saul at, 438. Situation of, 439. Pappus, general of Antigonus, T2. Parable, meaning of the word, 2S3. of the faithful and un- faithful servant, 312. of the foolish virgins, 312. Parables ascribed to Hillel, Shammai, and other great rabbis, 2S4. , Christ's, 26S. ^ — concerning the rejection of Christ by the Pharisees, 308. of Christ, 2S3-2S5. Their number, 2S5. List of the, 2S5. Interpretation of the, 286. Paraclete, the, 318. Paralytic, cure of the, 241. Parmenas, one of the seven deacons,' 390, 691. Parmenio, 16. Parthians, overthrow of Cras- sus by the, 69. , the, assist Syria, 71. Paschal Lamb, the, scdected, 304. Time appointed for killing the, 314. J Paschal Week, first day of the, 304. Second day of the, 306. Third day of the, last day of our Lord's public teach ing, 307-311. Fourth day of the, 313. Fifth day of the, when the Passover must be killed, 314. Evening and night of the, 316. " Passion Week," the, 303. Passover, approach of the, after Christ's short abode at Capernaum, 215. Christ at- tends the, 189. Feast of the exact time of its commence ment, 314. Christ's appear- ance at, 219, 220. Second, of Christ's ministry ( Feast of the Jews). The Third, during our Lord's ministry, 271. What the sign of, 315. , (see Supper, Paschal). Passovers, mentioned by St. John, 219. The, during our Lord's ministry, 249, 250. Pastoral Epistles, their testi- mony to St. Paul's freedom after two years' imprison- ment at Home, 596. Their general indications, 608, 609. Difficulties of detail, 610. Scheme of Mr. Lewin, 010. Patmos, aspect of, 558. St. John banished to, 55S. Tra- ditional scene of the Revela- tion, 559. Paul, St., special revelation to, 261. Chosen as the apostle of the Greeks, GS2. Outline of his life, 403, 404. His first appearance as a persecutor, 403. Review of his former life, 404. His birthplace and parentage, 404. His Roman citizenship, 404. His trade of tent-making, 405. His education in Greek learning at Tarsus, 405, and in rab- binical lore at Jerusalem, 405. His rigid Pharisaism and zeal for the Law, 406. His persecuting spirit in its relation to the teaching of Gamaliel, 407. Confessions of his own state of mind, 407, 408. His part in the mar- tyrdom of Stephen and the ensuing persecutions, 408. The three accounts of his conversion, 409. Scene of the, 410. The light, and Paul's vision of Jesus, 410. The sound, and Paul's col- loquy with the Lord, 411. The outward and inward aspects of the scene, 411 , 412. Before Agrippa, 411. His return to Damascus, 413. J The mission of Ananias to him, 413. Restored to sight and baptized, 414. His con- version an evidence of the truth of Christianity, 414, 415. His designation to the apostleship, 415. His min- istry at Damascus and re- tirement into Arabia, 415, 416. His escape from Da- mascus to Jerusalem, 416. His reception by the Apos- tles and the Church, 417. Disputes with the Hellenists, 417. His relations to Peter, 417, 41S. His vision in the Temple and full commission to the Gentiles, 41S. Chro- nology of his life, 419-423. His ministry in' Syria and Cilicia, 432. With Barnabas at Antioch, 432. Whether at Jerusalem at the time of the deliverance of Peter from prison, 4-33. His mission to Jerusalem (his second visit), 433. His rapture and in- firmity, 434, 435. His sepa- ration with Barnabas for the mission to the Gentiles, 436. One of the Apostles, 437. His first missionary journey with Barnabas, 437, 43S. They preach in the Jewish synagogue, 438. Conver- sion of Sergius Paulus and judgment on Elymas, 439. Precedence of Paul over Bar« nabas, 440. The name of, 440. Passage of the Taurus, 440, 441. At Antioch in Pisidia, 441, 442. His dis- course there in the syna- gogue, 442, 443. Persecuted by the Jews, 444. With Bar- nabas at Iconium, 446. Suc- cess and persecution there, 446. Cure of the cripple at Lystra, 416. Stoned, 447. His return journey with Bar- nabas, 447. Considered by the people at Lystra to be Mercury, 446. His first dis- course to mere heathens, 446. He and Barnabas go to Jerusalem to oppose the Judaizing spirit in the Church, 448. Comparison of this visit with that in Gal. ii., 449. "Goes up by rev- elation," 4 r )0. Conferences and compacts with the other Apostles, James, Peter and John, 450. His report with that of Barnabas, 452. His reproof of Peter, 455. Re- turns with Barnabas to An- tioch, 456. His second mis, sionary journey, * Index. 779 naanite, G75. Identity of the epithets, 675. Simon, whether brother of the Lord, 2S1, 282. So: : njus, officer of Herod, SO. Solomon, the Wisdom of, book of, 156. Son of Man, the coming of the, 046. Sopater of Bercea, goes to Troas, 536. , son of Pyrrhus, 475. Sosius, 72. Sosthenes, ruler of the Syna- gogue at Corinth, 401. Sower, parable of the, 2GS. Spain, Paul's project of a visit to, 596. Tradition of Paul's journey to, 622, 623. Star, appearance of the, at Christ's advent, 187, 18S. Stephanas, baptism of, 48S. With others, carries the Epistle to the Corinthians, 512, 513. Stephen, the martyr, similar- ity of his words to those of Christ, 334. Made a deacon, 300. His faith and miracles, 391 . His success in the con- troversy with the Hellenistic Jews, 391. His defense be- fore the Sanhedrim, 391, 392. His martyrdom, 393. Scene of the, 393. Its effect on St. Paul, 394. Date of, 395, 396. , St., one of the Seven Dea- cons, 690. Stoa Basilica, the, of the Tem- ple, 95. Stoics, Paul encountered bv the, 476. Straight, the street called, 413, 417. Straton, tower of, site of, 83. Struthius, the pool, 131. "Sufferings of Christ," pre- diction of the, 277, 278. Supper, the Last, 314-318. Its connection with the Pass- over, 341, 342. _— , the Lord's, Christ's in- stitution of, 318. Institution of, not mentioned by St. John, 315. Irregularities in the celebration of, at Cor- inth, 516. Its celebration in the Primitive Church, 383, 384. » — , the Paschal, account of, 341-343. Its connection with the Last Supper of our Lord , 342. Date of the, 315. Susanna, 268. Sychar, Christ's disciples at, 226. (See Shechem.) Synagogue at Nazareth, Christ's teaching in the, 190. , New, office of, 20. Synagogue, the Great, men of, 173. Simon, last survivor of, 20. Synagogues, Christ teaches in the, 232. History of the, 159, 160. Their influence, 159. Structure, 160. Inter- nal arrangement, 160, 161. Officers of, 161, 162. Wor- 190. Jews attempt to re- build the, under Hadrian, 135. Of Solomon, Apostle3 assemble daily in the portico of the, 387. Polluted by Sa- maritans, 107. Restored by Herod, 85, 86. Still the cen- tre of Judaism after the Dis- persion, 145. ship, 162, 163. Judicial func- Temple of Herod, 94, 95. tions, 163, 164. Remains of, , Jewish, built in Egypt, n Galilee, 251. Syiacuse, Paul's voyage to, 578. Syria, governors of,.listof, 139. Kings of the Greek kingdom of, table of, 32. Multitudes drawn by the fame of Christ's teaching and mira- cles from, 239. Paul and by Onias, 40. Site of, 40. on Mount Gerizim, seized by Athenaeus, and dedicated to Zeus Xenius, 27. Rebuilt by Herod, 86. Temptation of Christ, the, 203- 206. Scene of, 204. Terentius Rufus left at Jeru- salem to carry out the work Silas visit, 459. Relations of, of demolition, 134. toward Egypt at the time of Tertullus cornea to Osesarea, to Ptolemy VI., 25. Under Cassius, 70. Revolt o f ', 71. Svrian provinces, Jews of the, "145. Syrians, defeated by Judas Maccabasus, 36. Syro - Phoenician woman, prayer of the, 274. Syrtis, quicksands of the Great, 556. T. Tabitha (see Dorcas). Tabor, Mount, description of, 286, 2S7. Whether the scene of the Transfiguration, 2S7. Tacitus, his account of the per- secution of the Christians by Nero, 620. His historical testimony to the death of Christ, at the time and man- ner related in the Gospels, 620. Talmud, the, 151. Account of the proselytes in the, 150. Tantura, 4S. Targums, the, 151. Tarsus, birthplace of St. Paul, 404. Taurus, St. Paul's passage of the, 440, 441. Tekoah, wilderness of, 43. Tell Hum (.see Capernaum, site of). Temple at Jerusalem, seized by Athenaeus, and dedicated to Zeus Olympius, 27. At- tempt of Jews, under Julian, to build a, 138. Burning of the, 133. Christ's first cleansing of the, 220 ; second cleansing, 306. Cleansed by Judas Maccabasus, 37. Com- pletion of the, 620. Connec- tion of Agrippa with the, 87. Finding of Christ in the, I accuse Paul before Felix, 549. Testament, the New, the stand- ard of the Christian faith, 699. Its relation to the Old, 699. Its language, Greek, 699, 700. — , Canon of the, history of the, 700. Contents and ar- rangement of the, 700. His- torical Books of the, 700. Thaddaaus (see Jude). Thaliarchus, the, at the mar- iage feast at Cana, 213. Thasos, gold-mines of, 465. Theologus, title of, 662. Theophilus, made high-priest, 109. — , the, to whom the Gospel of St. Luke is addressed, 706. Thessalonian Church, restless- ness in the, 473. Thessalonians, First Epistle to the, written at Corinth, 488. , Second Epistle to the, written at Corinth, 4S9. , the two Epistles to the, 472. Thessalonica, Roman capital of Macedonia, Paul at, 471. Synagogue of the Jews at, 471. Theudas, revolt of, 3S8. Thieves, the two, led with Je- sus to death, 330. Their conduct on the cross, 332. Thomas, a missionary from the Nestorians, 683. , with the assembled Apos- tles at the second appearance of Jesus to them, 353. Hi3 recognition of the Lord's res- urrection as' a proof of his divinity, 353, 354. Is present at Christ'3 third appearance to the Apostles, 354. — , St., the Apostle, 681. His character, 681, 682, 780 Index. Traditions concerning him, 682, 6S3. " Thomas, St., Christians of," CS2. Thorns, the crown of, 326. Thrace, heathen worship in, 467. Three Taverns, the, Christians meet Paul at, 5S0. Thyatira, city of, 466. Tiberias, city of, founded, 105. Sea of (see Galilee). Tiberius, accession of, 107. Death of, 109. Position of the Christian Church at the death of, 399. Tigellinus, 505. Tigranes, 66. Timon, one of the seven dea- cons, 390, 691. Timotheus, defeated by Judas Maccabseus, 37. , goes to Troas, 536. Timothy, companion of St. Paul on his second mission- ary journey, 459. His par- entage and youth, 4G0, 461. St. Paul's appeal to him, 461. His ordination and circum- cision, 461. Goes forth with Paul and Silas, 462. Left at Philippi, 470. Left at Bercea, 474. Rejoins Paul at Cor- inth, 4S1, 4S4. His arrival gives a new impulse to St. Paul, 4S6. His aid owned by Paul, 4S7. With Paul on his third missionary journey, 501. His mission to Mace- donia and Achaia, 507, 508. Rejoins Paul at Philippi, 523. His mission, 523-525. Joins Paul in his imprisonment at Rome, 585. Left as Paul's representative at Ephesus, 611, 612. His last relations with St. Paul, 629. Life of, 696-69S. His martyrdom, 69S. . , First Epistle to, 608, 610, 612-618. , Second Epistle to, 608, 617, 61S. Its evidence as to the last stage of the Apostle's course, 623. Date of, 626. Titus, sent against the Jews, 126. Besieges Jerusalem, 129-134. - — ■ accompanies Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem, 450. With Paul on his third missionary journey 501. Paul's disappointment at not meeting, at Troa 521. His arrival at Philippi, 522. His mission, 523, 524. Bearer of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, 525. Left as Paul's representa. tive at Crete, 611. VAEUS. Titus, Epistle to, 60S, 610, 617. , life of, 692-696. Tobit, Book of, 155. Tomb, the three days in the, 349. Tombs of the Prophets, the, 339. Tongues, cloven, of fire, de- scent of the, 3S1. Gift of, at the conversion of Cor- nelius, 42S. The disciples speak with, 381. Effect on the people, 382. Trachonitis, under Herod, 81. Trajan, father of the emperor, 127. Transfiguration, the, 278. Scene of, 27S, 2S6, 2S7. Trinity, Three Persons of the, revealed by Christ in their working for man's redemp- tion, 223. Tripoli (see Berenice). Troas, Alexandria, St. Paul sees at, the vision which calls him to Europe, 463 404, 465. St, Paul's labors at, 521, 522. , Paul spends a week 536. Trophimus, goes to Troas, 536. Whether with Titus at Corinth, 525. Tryphon, claims the throne for Antiochus, 45. Kills Jonathan, 46. Usurpation of, 47, 48, 49. Tychicus, goes to Troas, 536. Companion of Paul in his imprisonment at Rome. 586. Bearer of the Epistle to the Colossians, 590. His mission to the Colossians and Ephesians, 592. Tyrannus, the school of, Paul preaches in the, 505. Tyre, Paul at, 53S. u. Um Keis, ruins of, 269. In- habitants of, 269. Uncircumcision, the Gospel of the, 450. Urbanus, 148. Valerius Flaccus, procurator of Juda?a, his conduct to- ward the Jews in Alexan- dria, 111. Put to death, 112. Gratus, procurator of Judsea, 107. Varus, prefect of Syria, inter- feres between Sabiuius and the Jews, 101. Roman gov- ernor of Syria, 89. ZOROASTER. Veil of the Temple, rending of the, S34. Ventidius, legate of Anthony, 72. Vespasian, conducts the war against the Jews, 126. Re- duces Galilee, 127. Made emperor, 127. Vespasianus, T. Flavius (see Vespasian). Vinegar, the, offered to Christ, 321. Viri Galilsei, 340. Vitellius sends Pilate to Rome, 109. Visits Jerusalem, 109. Volumnius, Roman governor of Syria, 8S. w. Water, Living, Christ the, 291. Wedding garment, Parable of the, 30S. "Weeks, Feast of" (see Pen- tecost). Well, Jacob's, Christ at, 225. Site of, 225. Whitsunday (see Pentecost, Day of). Wicked husbandman, Parable of the, 308. Widow, mites of the, 311. Will, freedom ef the, belief of the Sadducees in the, 170, 171. Word, St. John's doctrine of the, 179. z. Zacchaeus, conversion of, 300. Zacharias, priest in the Tem- ple, 179. Gabriel appears to him, ISO. His dumbness, 180. Recovers his speech, 182. Zadoc, name of, 169. Zadok, 173. Founder of the Sadducees, 20. Zadokites (see Sadducees). Zealots or fanatics in Jerusa- lem, 127, 128. Their re- sistance to the Romans, 134. Received in Cyrene, 147. The, 174. Simon, be- longing to the faction of the, 675. Zebedee, cared for by his sons, 235. Zechariah, his prophecy con- cerning the advent of the Messiah, 304. Prophecy of, concerning the thirty pieces of silver, 32S. Zenas, the lawyer, 619. Zion, Mount, Sanctuary on, 50. Zoroaster, religion of, its hope of a great deliverer, 187. 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