lassB^£^3 i'l.'i si:nti-;i) BY X kLt fkiv-r ' TUE WORKS OF HORACE ENGLISH NOTES, CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY. BY CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D., PROFESSOR OP THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA CO> CCQE. AND RECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. % A NEW EDITION, CORRECTED AND ENLARGED, WITH EXCURSIONS RELATIVE T (Class. Jovrn., vol. xiii., p. 12G, seqq.). Venet. 1555. Basil, 1580. Cantab., 1711. London, 1721, 2 vols Paris, 1729, '2 vols London, 1743, 2 vols Glasgow, 1760. London, 1776, 3 vols Paris, 1770. London, 1794, 2 vols Lips., 1800, 2 vols Paris, 1806. London, 1807, 4 vols Lips., 1809, 2 vols London, 1810. Roma?, 1811, 2 vols Lips., 1815. Lips., 1816, 3 vol* Cantab., 1817. Cupri, 1819. Meriiol., 1820. Heidelb., 1821, 2 vols Vinar., 1821. Lips., 1822. Paris, 1823, London, 1824. London, 1824. Glasgow, 182G. Paris, 1828. Halbers,, 1828. Paris, 1828. 3 vol* PREFACE. IX 33. Bentleii Curs Novissimae ad Ilorat. (Mus. Crit. f vol. i., p. 194, seqq.). 34. Horatius, ed. Braunhard . . . Lips., 1831-8, 4 vols. 35. Horatius, ed Heindorf . . . Lips., 1843. 36. Horatius, ed. Orelli .... Turici, 1843-4, 2 vols. 37. Horatius, ed. Orelli (ed. Min.) . . Turici, 1844, 2 vols 38. Horatius, ed. Schmid . . . Halb., 1830. 39. Horatius, ed. Peerlkamp . . . Leid., 1845. 40. Horatius, ed. Dillenberger . . Bonnas, 1848. 41. Horatius, ed. Keightley . . . London, 1848. 42. Horatius, ed. Girdlestone, &c. . . London, 1848. 43. Horatius, ed. Milman . . . London, 1848. • 44. Dtintzer, Kritik und Erklarung der Episteln des Horaz . . . Braunsch. 1843-6, 3 VO!3 45. Jacobs, Lectiones Venusinae . . Leipz., 1834. 46. Tate's Horatius Restitutus . . London, 1837. The present edition, it will be perceived, is an ex- Durgated one, every thing being thrown out that could offend the most fastidious delicacy. In this respect, the edition here offered to the student will be found decidedly superior to that recently put forth in En- gland by the Rev. Messrs. Girdlestone and Osborne, and in which many passages have been allowed to re- main that are utterly at variance with the idea of an expurgated text. It only remains for the editor to express his sincere obligations to his learned friend, Professor Drisler, foi his kind and careful co-operation in bringing out the present work — a co-operation rendered doubly pleasing by the consciousness, on the part of the editor, of its having been the means of rendering the present vol- ume far more useful to the student than it would otherwise have been. Charles Anthon. Columbia College, March 15th, 1849. LIFE OF HORACE, BY MILMAN. CHAPTER I. ISTtOOTCTIOft BIRTH, PARENTAGE, EDUCATION OF HOR ICE ATHEKS PHILIPPI RETURN TO ROME. The Poetry of Horace is the history of Rome during the great change from a republic to a monarchy, during the sudden and al- most complete revolution from centuries of war and civil faction to that peaceful period which is called the Augustan Age of Letters, His life is the image of his eventful times. In his youth he plunges Into the fierce and sanguinary civil war; and afterward subsiding quietly into literary ease, the partisan of Brutus softens into the friend of Maecenas, and the happy subject, if not the flatterer, of Augustus. Nor is his personal history merely illustrative of his times in its broad- er outlines ; every part of it, which is revealed to us in his poetry, is equally instructive. Even the parentage of the poet is connect- ed with the difficult but important questions of the extent to which slavery in the Roman world was affected by manumission, and the formation of that middle class (the libcrtini), with their privileges, and the estimation in which they were held by society. His birth- place in the romantic scenery, and among the simple virtues of the old Italian yeomanry ; his Roman education ; his residence at Athens ; his military services ; the confiscation of his estate ; his fortunes as a literary adventurer, cast upon the "world in Rome; the state of Roman poetry when he commenced his career ; the degree in which his compositions were Roman and original, or but the naturalization of new forms of Grecian poetry ; the influence of the different sects of philosophy on the literature and manners of the age ; even the state religion, particularly as it affected the higher and more Intellect- • ual orders, at this momentous crisis when Christianity was about to be revealed to mankind— every circumstance in the life of the poet is an incident in the history of man. The influences which formed his moral and poetical character are the prevalent modes of feel- ing and thought among the people, who had achieved the conquest of the world, and, weary of their own furious contentions, now be- gan to slumber in the proud consciousness of universal empire In him, as in an individual example, appears the change which took place in the fortunes, position, sentiments, occupations, estimation, character, mode of living, when the Roman, from the citizen of a fr:e and turbulent republic, became the subject of a peaceful mon- Xll LIFE OF HORACE. archy, disguised indeed, but not. therefore, the less arbitrary ; while his acquaintance, and even his intimate friends, extending through almost every gradation of society, show the same influences, as they affect persons of different characters, talents, or station. Horace is exactly in that happy intermediate rank, which connects both ex- tremes. His poems are inscribed to Agrippa or Maecenas, even to the emperor himself, to his humbler private friend, or to his bailiff. He unites, in the same way, the literary with the social life ; he shows the station assumed by or granted to mere men of letters, when "the orator in the senate or in the forum ceded his place to the agreeable writer ; the man who excited or composed at his will the strong passions of the Roman people, had lost his occupation and his power, which devolved, as far as the literary part of his fame, upon the popular author. The mingling intellectual elements blend to- gether, even in more singular union, in the mind of the poet. Gre- cian education and tastes have not polished off the old Roman inde- pendence; the imitator of Greek forms of verse writes the purest vernacular Latin; the Epicurean philosophy has not subdued his masculine shrewdness and good sense to dreaming indolence. In the Roman part of his character he blends some reminiscence of the sturdy virtue of the Sabine or Apulian mountaineers with the refined manners of the city. All the great men of his day are the familiars of the poet ; not in their hours of state alone, but in the ease of so- cial intercourse : we become acquainted with their ordinary manners and habits ; and are admitted to the privacy of Ma3cenas, of Augus- tus himself, of Virgil, and of Varius. Thus the Horatian poetry is more than historical, it is the living age itself in all its varied reality. Without the biography of the poet, even without that of some of his contemporaries, the poetry of Horace can not be truly appreciated, it can hardly be understood ; and by the magic of his poetry the reader is at once placed in the midst of Roman society in the Au- gustan age. Quintus Horatius Flaccus was born on the 8th of December, in the year U.C. 689, B.C. 65, during the consulship of L. Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus. His father (such was the received and natural theory) owed his freedom to one of the illustrious family of the Horaiii, whose name, according to general usage, he was per- mitted to assume. Recent writers, 1 however, have shown from in- scriptions that Venusia, the town in the territory of which Horace was born, belonged to the Horatian tribe at Rome ; and that the father of Horace may have been a freedman of the town of Venusia. The great family of the Horatii, so glorious in the early days of the republic, certainly did not maintain its celebrity in the later times. With one solitary exception, a legate of C. Calvisius in Africa (Cic, ad Fam., xii., 30), it might seem to have been extinct. If the freed- man of an Horatius, the father of the poet does not appear to' have 1. G. F. Grotefend in "Ersch und Gruber's Encyclopaedic," Horatius; and V L Grotefend in the Darmstadt Lit Journal. Franke, Fasti Horatiain", note J. LIFE OF HORACE Xiil kept up that connection, or civil relationship, which bound the eman eipated slave, by natural ties of affection and gratitude, to the "family of his generous master. The theory of this assumption of a Roman name was, that the master, having bestowed civil life on the freedman. stood, in a certain sense, in the place of a parent. He still retained some authority, and inherited the freedman's property in case of his dying intestate. On the other hand, the freedman was under the obligation of maintaining his patron, or even the father and mother of his patron, if they fell into indigence. 1 But there is no allusion in the poet's works to any connection of this kind. At al] events, the freedman has thrown a brighter and more lasting lustre around thai celebrated name than all the virtues and exploits of the older patriots w T ho bore it. We know no reason for his having the prasnomen Quintus, nor the agnomen, by which he was familiarly known, Flac cus. The latter name w^as by no means uncommon ; it is found in the Calpurnian, the Cornelian, the Pomponian, and the Valerian fami- lies. Horace was of ingenuous birth, which implies that he was born after his father had received his manumission. The silence of the poet about his mother leads to the supposition that she died in his early youth. The father of Horace exercised the function of collector of pay- ments at auction. 3 The collector was a public servant. This com- paratively humble office w T as probably paid according to the number of sales, and the value of the property brought to market ; and in those days of confiscation, and of rapid and frequent changes of prop- erty, through the inordinate ambition or luxury of some, the forfeitures or ruin of opulent landholders, and the extinction of noble families in the civil wars, the amount and value of the property brought to sale (sub hasta) was likely to enable a prudent public officer to make a decent fortune. This seems to have been the case with the elder Horace, who invested his acquisitions in a house and farm in the dis trict of Venusia, on the banks of the River Aufidus, close upon the doubtful boundaries of Lucania and Apulia. There he settled down into a respectable small farmer. In this house the poet was born, and passed his infant years. One incident, mentioned in Ode iii., 4, 9-20, can not but remind the English reader of the old ballad of the 1. Compare Pliny, H. N., xxxi., 2, for an instance of the literary son of a dis- tinguished man in those times paying a tribute of gratitude to his civil parent. Laurea Tullius, the poet, was a freedman of the great orator. A warm spring had broken out in the Academic Villa of Cicero, which was supposed to cure diseases fei the eyes. The poetical inscription by L. Tullius (of which the feeling is better than the taste) described the spring as providentially revealed, in order that more eyes mtght be enabled to read the widely-disseminated works of his master. Tho freedman and freedwoman were admitted into the family mausoleum with those who had emancipated them. See several inscriptions, especially a very beautiful one, Gruier, p. 715 ; Ciampini, p. 173. 2. " Coactor exauctionum." — Suet, in Vit. A nofher reading, exactionum, would make him a collector of the indirect taxes, farmed by the publicani; the Roman municipalities in Italy being exempt from all direct taxation, XIV LIFE OF HORACE. Children in .hii Wood, " and Robin Redbreast piously did cover them with leaves." The names and situation of the towns in this romantic district (the Basilicata) still answer to the description of the poet, the high-hung chalets of Acerenza, the vast thickets of Banzi, and the picturesque peaks of Mount Voltore. There are no monuments to mark the site of Bantia •, bones, helmets, pieces of armor, and a few bad vases, have been picked up near Acerenza. 1 The poet cherished through life his fond reminiscences of these scenes, the shores of the sounding Aufidus (to w r hose destructive floods he alludes in one of his latest odes), and the fountain of Bandusia. 2 He delights also in reverting to the plain life and severe manners of the rustic population. Shrewd, strenuous, and frugal, this race furnished the best soldiers for the Ro- man legion; their sun-burned wives shared in their toils (Epod. ii., 41-2). They cultivated their small farms with their own labor and that of their sons (Sat. ii., 2, 114). They worshipped their rustic deities, w and believed in the superstitions of a religious and simple people, witchcraft and fortune-telling (Sat. i., 9, 29, 30). The hardy but contented Ofelia (Sat. ii., 2, 112, seqq.) was a kind of type of the Sabine or Apulian peasant. At about ten or twelve years old commenced the more serious and important part of the Roman education. It does not appear how Horace acquired the first rudiments of learning ; but, as he grew to youth, the father, either discerning some promise in the boy, or from paternal fondness, determined to devote himself entirely to the edu- cation of his son. He was by no means rich, his farm was unpro- ductive, yet he declined to send his son to Yenusia, to the school of Flavius, to which resorted the children of the rural and municipal aristocracy, the consequential sons of consequential fathers, with their satchels and tablets on their arms, and making their regular payments every month. 3 He took the bold step of removing him at once to Rome, to receive the liberal education of a knight's or a senator's son ; and, lest the youth should be depressed by the feel- ing of inferiority, provided him with whatever w T as necessary to make «* respectable appearance, dress and slaves to attend him, as if he iad been of an ancient family. But, though the parent thus removed dis son to. the public schools of the metropolis, and preferred that ho 1. Keppel Craven's Tour in the Abruzzi. Lombardi, sopra la Basilicata, in VIemorie dell' Institute Archseologico. 2. The biographers of Horace had transferred this fountain to the neighborhood of the poet's Sabine villa. M. Capmartin de Chaupy proved, by a bull of Pope Paschal II., that it was to De sought in the neighborhood of Venusia. Some mod- ern writers are so pertinaciously set on finding it in the Sabine district, that they have supposed Horace to have called some fountain in that valley by the name en- deared to him by his youthful remembrances. But do we know enough of the life of Horace to pronounce that he may not have visited, even more than once, the scenes of his childhood, or to decide that he did not address the famous ode to the Venusian fountain? (Capmartin de Chaupy, Maison d' Horace, torn, ii., p Us3.) 3, Sat. i. 6. 71, seqq. LIFE OF HORACE. X* should associate with the genuine youthful nobility of the capita} rather than the no less haughty," but more coarse and unpolished gentry (the retired centurions) of the provinces, he took great care that while he secured the advantages, he should be protected from the dangers of the voluptuous capital. Even if his son should rise no higher than his own humble calling as a public crier or collector, his good education would be invaluable ; yet must it not be purchased by the sacrifice of sound morals. He attended him to the differed schools ; watched with severe but affectionate control over his char- acter ; so that the boy escaped not merely the taint, but even the re- proach of immorality. 1 The poet always speaks of his father with grateful reverence and with honest pride. His first turn for satire was encouraged by his father's severe an- imadversions on the follies and vices of his compatriots, which he held up as warning examples to his son. 2 To one of his school- masters the poet has given imperishable fame. Orbilius, whose flogging propensities have grown into a proverb, had been an ap- paritor, and afterward served in the army ; an excellent training for a disciplinarian, if not for a teacher ; but Orbilius got more reputa- tion than profit from his occupation. 3 The two principal, if not the only authors read in the school of Orbilius, were Homer in Greek, and Livius Andronicus in Latin. 4 Homer was, down to the time of Julian, an indispensable part of Greek, and already of Roman edu- cation. 5 Orbilius was, no doubt, of the old school ; a teacher to the heart of rigid Cato ; an admirer of the genuine Roman poetry. Liv- ius Andronicus was not only the earliest writer of tragedy, but had translated the Odyssey into the Saturnian verse, the native vernacu- lar metre of Italy. 6 Orbilius may not merely have thought the Eu- emerism of Ennias, or the Epicurianism of Lucretius, unfit for the study of Roman youth, but have considered Accius, Pacuvius, or Terence too foreign and Grecian, and as having degenerated from the primitive simplicity of the father of Roman vers*. The more modern and Grecian taste of Horace is constantly contending with 1, Sat. L, 6, 81, seqq. 2. Sat L, 4, 105, scqq. 3. " Docuit majore fama quam emolumento." — Sueton., de Grammat. 4. Bentley doubted whether any patrician- schoolmaster, at that time, would use the works of a poet so antiquated as Livius Andronicus. He proposed to read Lffivius, the name of an obscure writer of love- verses QEpuToxaiyvia), to whom he ascribes many of the fragments usually assigned to Livius, and which bear nc marks of obsolete antiquity. But, with due respect to the great critic, the elder Horace night have objected still more strongly to the modern amatory verses of Lsevius than to the rude strains of Livius. 5. Epist. it, 2, 41-2. Compare Quint, i., 8; Plin., EpisL ii., 15; Statins, Sylv. ; v., 3. *D. Heinsius quotes from Theodoret, roiroiv 6e ol -\zicroi ovbl tt)v jujjm Xaaai ttiv '.AxtAAaoj. Even as late as that father of the Church it was a mark cf ignorance not to have read Homer. 6. Cicero thought but meanly of Livius : "Nam et Odyssea Latin a, est sic tan- quam opus aliquod Daedali, et Livianse fabulse non satis dignaB quaB iterum !*» gantur.'*— Brutus, o. IS. XVI LIFE OF HORACE. this antiquarian school of poetry, and his unpleasing renjembrance , U 153 XX11 LIFE OF HORACE. measure. But the Atellan farces were Italian, not properly^Roman ' entertainments ; they were, perhaps, originally in the Oscan dialect; and whether or not they learned to speak Latin before they migrated to Rome, they were then taken up by popular poets, Pomponius and Novius, and became one of the regular amusements of the people. 1 But probably the most extensively operative cause of the rapid extinction of the Roman popular poetry was the dissolution of the Roman people. The old plebeian families which survived had be- come a part of the aristocracy. As they had attained, either, like Cicero, having struggled upward, the higher rank, or having reached it by less honorable courses, whichever side they might take in the great contest between the senate and the democracy, they as- sumed patrician manners, tastes, and habits. Except here and '.here some sturdy "laudator temporis acti," some rough Cato, who af- fected the old republican manners, they belonged to that class which had surrendered itself — which prided itself on its surrender — to Greek influences. If family pride was still Roman in its reminiscences, if it delighted to recall its ancestral glories, it would disdain the rude old verse, and content itself with the chronicles which had now as- sumed the more authentic tone of history. It would appeal to more authoritative public records or private archives. The man of rank would be ashamed or afraid, in a more prosaic age, of resting the fame of his ancestors, or the truth of his genealogy, on such suspi- cious testimonies. Cicero might have taste and wisdom enough to regret the loss of these ancient songs, both as poetry and as trust* worthy records of former times ; but in his day they had entirely, and, it should seem, long vanished from the more refined banquets of the higher classes ; they found no place amid the gorgeous mag- nificence of the Luculli, or the more enervating luxuries of the Clodii. If, then, they lingered any where, they would be on the lips and in the hearts of the Roman people. But where were the Roman peo- ple ? where was that stern, and frugal, and strongly national plebe- ian race, which so long maintained the Roman character for order, virtue, freedom ; and which, if factious and unruly, was factious foi noble ends, and unruly in defence or assertion of its rights ? In the city there was, and there always had been, a populace, which, from the first, to a great extent, was not of Roman descent, the mechanics and artisans, the clients of the wealthy— ^-now swelled in numbers, and, though always held in low estimation, debased in character by the constant influx of strangers, not merely from Italy, but from re- moter regions. This half-foreign population was maintained in a kind of insolent pauperism by largesses of corn and other provisions, and by the distributions of the wealthy with political views. This hybrid 1. Ths Saturnian was the common measure, no doubt, of all the rude Italic verse Ea its various dialects. Grotefend professes to have found it in the Umbrian in ecriptions of the tabulae Eugubinae. See a learned treatise, De Fabulis Atelhnis by I>r E. Munk, LipsiaB, 1849. LIFE OF HORACE. XXU1 ana shifting race, largely formed of enfranchised slaves and men oi servile descent, would be but precarious and treacherous guardians of national song, probably in an antiquated dialect : they would keep up the old Italic license (so indelible, it should seem, in the Italian character) of poetic lampoon and pasquinade : any wild traditions which heightened the fun and the revel of the Saturnalia might live among them; they would welcome, as we have seen, the low and farcical dramatic entertainments ; but their ears would be unmoved, and their hearts dead, to the old stirring legends of the feuds and factions, the wars of neighboring tribes, and the heroic deeds of arms of the kings or of the early republic. The well-known anec dote of Scipio iEmilianus may illustrate the un-Roman character of this populace of Rome. When the mob raised a furious clamor ai his bold assertion of the justice of the death of Tiberius Gracchus, u Silence, ye step-sons of Italy ! What ! shall I fear these fellows, now they are free, whom I myself have brought in chains to Rome ? ; ' These were the operatives (operae) who flocked, not merely from the workshops of Rome, but from all the adjacent districts, to swell the turbulent rabble of Clodius. 1 The territory of Rome, the demesne-lands formerly cultivated by Roman citizens, in which resided the strength of the Roman people, had been gradually drained of the free population. For several cen- turies it had filled the legions, and those legions had achieved the conquest of the world. But that conquest was not won without enormous loss. The best blood of the Roman people had fertilized the earth almost from the Euphrates to the Western Ocean. The veterans who returned received apportionments of land, but more frequently in remote parts of Italy : the actual Roman territory, there- fore, that in which the old Roman language was the native dialect, and in which might survive that Roman pride which would cherish the poetic reminiscences of Roman glory, was now, for the most part, either occupied by the rising villas of tho patricians, or by the large farms of the wealthy, and cultivated by slaves. The homestead whence a Camillus issued to rescue his country from the Gauls may now have become a work-hoHse, in which crouched the slaves of some Verres, enriched with provincial plunder, or some usurious knight ; a gang of Africans or Asiatics may have tilled the field where Cincinnatus left his plough to assume the consular fasces. For centuries this change had been gradually going on ; the wars, and even the civil factions, were continually wasting away the Roman population, while the usurpation of wealth and pride was as constant ly keeping up its slow aggression, and filling up the void with the slaves which poured in with every conquest. The story of Sparta- cus may tell how large a part of the rural • population of Italy was servile ; and probably, the nearer to Rome, in the districts former- ly inhabited by the genuine Roman people, the change (with some L Fell. Pclerc, ii, 2: Yal. Max., vi., 2; Cic-, ad Q. Frat., ii., 3 ; $f. Petrm^ pc earn exhibuit piOlicie epectaculis."— Suetoi., Octavius, ch. 89, LIFE OF HORACE. xllX ness of writing poetry, which had seized all ranks, and thus having cast aside the mass of bad modern poetry, he nobly asserts the dig- nity and independence of the poetic function. He then returns, by a happy transition, to the barbarous times which had given birth to the old Roman poetry ; contrasts the purity of the noble Greek models with their rude Roman imitators, first in tragedy, and then in come- dy ; and introduces, without effort, the emperor's favorite Plautus, and even Dossennus, to w 7 hose farces Augustus had probably listen ed with manifest amusement. He does not, however, dw T ell on that delicate topic ; he hastens away instantly to the general bad taste of the Roman audience, who preferred pomp, spectacle, noise, and procession, to the loftiest dramatic poetry ; and even this covert in- sinuation against the emperor's indifferent taste in theatrical amuse- ment is balanced by the praise of his judgment in his patronage of Virgil and of Varius, and (though with skillful modesty he affects to depreciate his own humbler poetry) of Horace himself. The Epistle to the Pisos was already, in the time of Quintilian, called the Art of Poetry ; but it is rather an epistle of poetry com- posed in a seemingly desultory manner, yet with the utmost felicity of transition from one subject to another, than a regular and syste- matic theory. It was addressed to Lucius Piso and his two sons. The elder Piso was a man of the highest character, obtained a triumph for victories in Thrace, but was chiefly distinguished for the dignity and moderation with which he afterward exercised for a long period the high and dangerous office of praefect of the city. The happy conjecture of Wieland had been anticipated by Colman, that the epistle was chiefly addressed to tae elder of the sons of Piso, who aspired to poetical fame without very great poetical genius It Mas intended to be at once dissuasive and instructive ; to show the difficulties of writing good poetry, especially in a refined and fastid- ious age ; and, at the same time, to define some of the primary laws of good composition. It maintains throughout the superiority of the modern, and what w T e may call the Grecian, school of Roman poetry. After all, the admiration of Horace for the poetry of Greece was by no means servile ; though he wished to introduce its forms, its simplicity of composition, and exquisite purity of style, he would have even tragedy attempt Roman subjects. And, w r ith Horace, we must acknowledge that even if the poet had felt ambition, it was now indeed too late for Rome to aspire to originality in the very highest branches of poetry. She was conquered, and could only bear the yoke with as much nobleness and independence as she might. To give her song a Roman character, if it still wore a Grecian form, w T as all which was now attainable. Literature was native, as it w T ere, to Greece, at least the higher branches, poetry and history. It princi- pally flourished when the political institutions of Greece were in the highest state of deyelopment and perfection; being a stranger and foreigner at Rome, it was only completely domiciliated when the national institutions, and, with them, the national character, had ex- 3 1 LIFE OF HOItACK- perieneed a total change. It was not till the Roman constitution approached, or had arrived at a monarchical form, that letters were generally or successfully cultivated. It was partly, indeed, her con }uest of the world which brought Rome the literature and philoso. phy, as well as the other spoils of foreign nations. The distinction, t nevertheless, must not be lost sight of; the genuine Roman char- acter, even under the Grecian forms, might and did appear in her literary language, and in all the works of her greater writers : and in the didactic or common-life poetry, she could dare to be complete- ly original. In none was this more manifest than in Horace ; he was, after all, in most respects, a true Roman poet. His idiom, in the first place, was more vernacular (in all the better parts of his poetry he depart- ed less from common language, they were "sermoni propiora 5 '). In the lyric poems we may sometimes detect the forms of Greek ex- pression ; he has imitated the turn of language, as well as the cast o[ thought and mechanism of verse. . The satires and epistles have throughout the vigor and raciness of originality, they speak, no doubt, the language of the better orders of Rome, in all their strength and point. But these works are not merely Roman in their idiomati expression, they are so throughout. The masculine and practical common sense, the natural but not undignified urbanity, the stronger if not sounder moral tone, the greater solidity, in short, of the whole style of thought and observation, compensate for the more lively imagination, the greater quickness and fluency, and more easy ele gance of the Greek. Of the later Grecian comedy, for which th? poetry of Horace, as we have observed, was the substitute, we have less than of almost any other part of his literature ; yet, if we compare the fragments which we possess, we shall perceive the difference — on one side the grace and lightness of touch, the exquisite and un- studied harmony, the translucent perspicuity, the truth and the sim- plicity ; on the other, the ruder but more vigorous shrewdness, the more condensed and emphatic justness of observation, the serious thought, which is always at the bottom of the playful expression. Horace is addressing men accustomec^) deal with men — men form- ed in the vigorous school of public life; and though now reposing, perhaps, from those more solid and important cares, maintaining that practical energy of character by which they had forced their way to eminence. That sterner practical genius of the Roman people sur- vived the free institutions of Rome ; the Romans seemed, as it were, in their idlest moods, to condescend to amusement, not to consider it, like the Greek, one of the common necessities, the ordinary occupa- tions of life. Horace, therefore, has been, and ever will be, the familiar companion, the delight, not of the mere elegant scholar alone or the imaginative reader, but, we had almost written, the manual of the statesman and the study of the moral philosopher. Of Rome or of the Roman mind, no one can know any thing who ia not profoundly versed in Horace ; and whoever really understands LIFE OF HORACK. Jl Horace will have a more perfect and accurate knowledge of the Ro- man manners and Roman mind than the most diligent and laborious investigator of the Roman antiquities. The same year (U.C. 746, B.C. 8) witnessed the death of Mae- cenas and of Horace. The poet was buried near his friend, on the rerge of the Esquiline Hill. Maecenas died toward the middle of the year, Horace in the month of November, having nearly com- pleted his 57th year. His last illness was so sudden and severe that he had not strength to sign his will; according to the usage of the time, he declared the emperor his heir. Horace has described his own person (Epist. i., 20, 24). He was of short stature, with dark eyes and dark hair {Art. Poet., 37), but early tinged with gray (Carm. iii., 14, 25). Tn his youth he was tolerably robust (Epist. i., 7, 26), but suffered from a complaint in his eyes {Sat, i., 5, 20). In more advanced age he grew fat, and Augustus jested about his protuberant belly (Aug., Epist. Fragm, apud Sueton. in Vita). His health was not always good; he was not only weary of the fatigue of war, but unfit to bear it ( Carm. ii., 6, 7 ; Epod. i., 1 5) ; and he seems to have inclined to valetudinarian habits (Epist. i., 7, 3). When young, he was irascible in temper, but easily placable (Carm. i., 16, 22, &c. ; iii., 14, 27; Epist. i., 20, 25). In dress he was somewhat careless (Epist. i., 1, 94). His habits, even after he became richer, were generally frugal aud abstemious ; though, on occasions, both in youth and in mature age, he mduiged in free conviviality. He liked choice wine, and, in tha ioeiety of friends, scrupled not to enjoy the luxuries of his time. LIFE OF M;ECENAS. (SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY, &c.) Maecenas, C. Cilnius. Of the life of Maecenas we must be ton tent to glean what scattered notices we can from the poets and his- torians of Rome, since it does not appear to have been formally re- corded by any ancient author. We are totally in the dark bot'ii aa to the date and place of his birth, and the manner of his education. It is most probable, however, that he was born some time between B.C. 73 and 63; and we learn from Horace (Ode iv., 11) that his birth-day was the 13th of April. His family, though belonging only to the equestrian order, was of high antiquity and honor, and traced its descent from the Lucumones of Etruria. The scholiast on Horace (Ode i., 1) informs us that he numbered Porsena among his ances- tors ; and his authority is in some measure confirmed by a fragment of one of Augustus's letters to Maecenas, preserved by Macrobius (Sat. ii., 4), in which he is addressed as " berijlle Porsena" His paternal ancestors, the Cilnii, are mentioned by Livy (x., 3, 5) as having attained to so high a pitch of power and wealth at Arretium, about the middle of the fifth century of Rome, as to excite the jeal- ousy and hatred of their fellow-citizens, who, rose against and ex- pelled them ; and it was not without considerable difficulty that they were at length restored to their country, through the interference of the Romans. The maternal branch of the family was likewise of Etruscan origin, and it was from them that the name of Maecenas was derived, it being customary among the Etruscans to assume the mother's as well as the father's name (Midler, Etrusker^ ii., p. 404) . It is in allusion to this circumstance that Horace (Sat. i., 6, 3) men- tions both his avus maternus atque paternus as having been distin- guished by commanding numerous legions, a passage, by the way. from which we are not to infer that the ancestors of Maecenas had ever led the legions of Rome. Their name does not appear in the Fasti Consular es ; and it is manifest, from several passages of Latin authors, that the word legio is not always restricted to a Roman legion. (See Liv., x., 5 ; Sail., Cat., 53, &c.) The first notice that occurs of any of the family, as a citizen of Rorce, is in Cicero's speech for Cluentius (§ 55), where a knight named C. Maecenas is mentioned among the robora populi Romani, and as having been in- strumental in putting down the conspiracy of the tribune M. Livius Drusus, B.C. 91. This person has been generally considered the father of the subject of this memoir, but Frandsen in his life of llV LIFE OF MAECENAS. Maecenas, thinks, an /I perhaps with more probability, that it was hia grandfather. About the same period, also, we find a Maecenas men- tioned by Sallust in the fragments of his history (lib. iii.) as a scribe. Although it is unknown where Maecenas received his education, it must doubtless have been a careful one. We learn from Horace that he was versed in both Greek and Roman literature ; and his taste for literary pursuits was shown, not only by his patronage of the most eminent poets of his time, but also by several performances of his own. That at the time of Julius Caesar's assassination he was with Octavianus at Apollonia, in the capacity of tutor, rests on pure conjecture. Shortly, however, after the appearance of the latter on the political stage, we find the name of Maecenas in frequent con- junction with his ; and there can be no doubt that he was of great use to him in assisting to establish and consolidate the empire ; but the want of materials prevents us from tracing his services in this way with the accuracy that could be wished. It is possible that he may have accompanied Octavianus in the campaigns of Mutina, Philippi, and Perusia ; but the only authorities for the statement are a passage in Propertius (ii., 1), which by no means necessarily bears that meaning ; and the elegies attributed to Pedo Albinovanus, but which have been pronounced spurious by a large majority of the critics. The first authentic account we have of Maecenas is of his being employed by Octavianus, B.C. 40, in negotiating a marriage for him with Scribonia, daughter of Libo, the father-in-law of Sextus Pompeius ; which latter, for political reasons, Octavianus was at that time desirous of conciliating. (Appian, B. C, v., 53 ; Bio Cass., xlviii., 16.) In the same year, Maecenas took part in the negotia- tions with Antony (whose wife, Fulvia, was now dead), which led to the peace of Brundisium, confirmed by the marriage of Antony with Octavia, Caesar's sister. (Appian, B. C, v., 64.) Appian's authority on this occasion is supported by the scholiast on Horace (Sat. i., 5, 28), who tells us that Livy, in his 127th book, had re- corded the intervention of Maecenas. According to Appian,- how- ever, Cocceius Nerva played the principal part. About two years afterward Maecenas seems to have been employed again in negotia- ting with Antony (App., B. C, v., 93), and it was probably on this occasion that Horace accompanied him to Brundisium, a journey which he has described in the fifth satire of the first book. Maece- nas is there also represented as associated with Cocceius, and they fire both described as "aversos soliti componere amicos." In B.C. 36 we find Maecenas in Sicily with Octavianus, then en- gaged in an expedition against Sextus Pompeius, during the course of which Maecenas was twice sent back to Rome for the purpose of quelling some disturbances which had broken out there. (Appian, B. C, v., 99, 112.) According to Dio Cassius (xlix., 16), this was the first occasion on which Maecenas became Caesar's vicege- rent ; and he was intrusted with the administration not only of Rc-me. but of all Italy. His fidelity and talents had now been tesfr LIFE OF MAECENAS l\ et\ by several )-ears' experience 5 and it has probably been found that the bent of his genius fitted him for the cabinet rather than the field, since his services could be so easily dispensed with in the latter. From this time till the battle of Actium (B.C. 31) history is silent concerning Maecenas ; but at that period we again find him intrust- ed with the administration of the civil affairs of Italy. It has indeed been maintained by many critics that Maecenas was present at the sea-fight of Actium ; but the best modern scholars who have discuss- ed the subject have shown that this could not have been the case, and that he remained in Rome during this time, where he suppressed the conspiracy of the younger Lepidus. By the detection of this con- spiracy, Maecenas nipped in the bud what might have proved another fruitful germ of civil war. Indeed, his services at this period must have been most important and valuable ; and how faithfully and ably he acquitted himself may be inferred from the unbounded confidence reposed in him. In conjunction with Agrippa, we now find him em- powered not only to open all the letters addressed by Caesar to the senate, but even to alter their contents as the posture of affairs at Rome might require, and for this purpose he was intrusted with his master's seal (Dio Cass., li., 3), in order that the letters might be delivered as if they had come directly from Octavianus's own hand. Yet, notwithstanding the height of favor and power to which he had attained, Maecenas, -whether from policy or inclination, remained content with his equestrian rank, a circumstance which seems some- what to have diminished his authority with the populace. After Octavianus's victory over Antony and Cleopatra, the whole power of the triumvirate centered in the former ; for Lepidus had been previously reduced to the condition of a private person. On his return to Rome, Caesar is represented to have taken counsel with Agrippa and Maecenas respecting the expediency of restoring the republic. Agrippa advised him to pursue that course, but Maecenas strongly urged him to establish the empire. The description of power exercised by Maecenas during the ab- sence of Caesar should not be confounded with the prcefectura urbis. It was not till after the civil wars that the latter office was establish- ed as a distinct and substantive one ; and, according to Dio Cassius (lii., 21), by the advice of Maecenas himself. This is confirmed by Tacitus {Ann., vi., 11), and by Suetonius (Aug., 37), who reckons it among the nova officia. The prcefectus urbis was a mere police magistrate, whose jurisdiction was confined to Rome and the adja- cent country, within a radius of 750 stadia ; but Maecenas had the charge of political as well as municipal affairs, and his administra- tion embraced the whole of Italy. It is the more necessary to at- tend to this distinction, because the neglect of it has given rise to the notion that Maecenas was never intrusted with the supreme adminis- tration after the close of the civil wars. It must be confe^ed. how ever, that we have no means of determining: with certainty on what occasions, and for how long, after the establishment of the empire, .VI LIFE OF MAECENAS. Maecenas continued to exercise his political power, though, as be fore remarked, we know that he had ceased to enjoy it in B.C. 16 That he retained the confidence of Augustus till at least B.C. 21 may be inferred from the fact that about that time he advised hiit to marry his daughter Julia to Agrippa, on the ground that he had made the latter so rich and powerful that it was dangerous to al low him to live unless he advanced him still further. (Dio Cassius liv., 6.) Between B.C. 21 and 16, however, we have direct evi- dence that a coolness, to say the least, had sprung up between tha emperor and his faithful minister. This estrangement, for it cat not be called actual disgrace, is borne out by the silence of histo rians respecting the latter years of Maecenas's life, as well as by the express testimony of Tacitus, who tells us (Ann., iii., 30) that, during this period, he enjoyed only the appearance, and not the reality, of his sovereign's friendship. The cause of this rupture is enveloped in doubt. Dio Cassius, however, positively ascribes it to Terentia, the beautiful wife of Maecenas. The public services of Maecenas, though important, were unob- trusive ; and, notwithstanding the part that he played in assisting to establish the empire, it is by his private pursuits, and more particu- lar]) by his reputation as a patron of learning, that he has been known to posterity. His retirement vras probably far from disagreeable to him, as it was accompanied by many circumstances calculated to recommend it to one of his turn of mind, naturally a votary of ease and pleasure. He had amassed an enormous fortune, which Tacitus (Ann., xiv., 53, 55) attributes to the liberality of Augustus. It has been sometimes insinuated that he grew rich by the proscriptions ; and Pliny (H. N., xxxvii., 4), speaking of Maecenas's private sea}, which bore the impression of a frog, represents it as having been an object of terror to the tax-payers. It by no means follows, however, that the money levied under his private seal was applied to his pri- vate purposes ; and, had he been inclined to misappropriate the taxes, we know that Caesar's own seal was at his unlimited disposal, and would have better covered his delinquencies. Maecenas had purchased, or, according to some, had received from Augustus a tract of ground on the Esquiline Hill, which had former- ly served as a burial-place for the lower orders. (Hor., Sat. ?., 8, 7.) Here he had planted a garden, and built a house remarkable for its loftiness, on account of a tower by which it was surmounted, and from the top of which Nero is said to have afterward contemplated the burning of Rome. In this residence he seems to have passed the greater part of his time, and to have visited the country but sel- dom; for, though he might possibly have possessed a villa at Tibur, near the falls of the Anio, there is no direct authority for the fact . Tacitus tells us that he spent his leisure urbe in ipsa ; and the deep tranquillity of his repose may be conjectured from the epithet by which the same historian designates it, " vclut peregrinum otium.' 1 (Ann., xiv., 63.) The height of the situation seems to have render LIFE OF MAECENAS. IVli ed it a healthy abode (Hor., Sat. i., 8, 14), and we learn from Sue- tonius (Aug., 72) that Augustus had on one occasion retired thithei to recover from a sickness. Maecenas's house was the rendezvous of all the wits and virtuosi of Rome ; and whoever could contribute to the amusement of the company was always welcome to a seat at his table. In this kind of society he does not appear to have been very select ; and it was probably from his undistinguishing hospitality that Augustus called his board " parasitica mensa." (Suet., Vit. Hor.) Yet he was nat* urally of a reserved and taciturn disposition, and drew a broad dis- tinction between the acquaintances that he adopted for the amuse- ment of an idle hour, and the friends whom he admitted to his inti- macy and confidence. In the latter case he was as careful and chary as he was indiscriminating in the former. His really intimate friends consisted of the greatest geniuses and most learned men of Rome ; and if it was from his universal inclination toward men of talent that he obtained the reputation of a literary patron, it was by his friendship for such poets as Virgil and Horace that he deserved it. In recent times, and by some German authors, especially the celebrated Wieiand in his Introduction and Notes to Horace's Epis ties, Maecenas's claims to the title of a literary patron have been de- preciated. It is urged that he is not mentioned by Ovid and Tibul- lus ; that the Sabine farm w T hich he gave to Horace was not so very large ; that his conduct was perhaps not altogether disinterested, and that he might have befriended literary men either out of vanity or from political motives ; that he was not singular in his literary pa- tronage, which was a fashion among the eminent Romans of the day, as Messalla Corvinus, Asinius Pollio, and others ; and that he was too knowing in pearls and beryls to be a competent judge of the higher works of genius. As for his motives, or the reasons why he did not adopt Tibullus or Ovid, we shall only remark, that as they are utterly unknown to us, so it is only fair to put the most liberal construction on them ; and that he had naturally a love of literature for its own sake, apart from all political or interested views, may be inferred from the fact of his having been himself a voluminous author. Though literary patronage may have been the fashion of the day, it would be difficult to point out any contemporary Roman, or, indeed, any at all, who indulged it so magnificently. His name had become proverbial for a patron of letters at least as early as the time of Mar^ iial ; and though the assertion of that author (viii., 56), that the poets enriched by the bounty of Maecenas were not easily to be counted, is not, of course, to be taken literally, it would have been utterly ridiculous had there not been some foundation for it. That he was no bad judge of literary merit is shown by the sort of men whom ne patronized — Virgil, Horace, Propertius, besides others almost their equals in reputation, but whose works are now unfortunately lost, as Varius, Tucca, and others. But as Virgil and Horace weie by far the greatest geniuses of the age, so it is certain that they were more 2* 1VH1 LIFE OF MAECENAS. beloved by Maecenas, the latter especially, than any of their contem- poraries. Virgil was indebted to him for the recovery of his farm, which had been appropriated by the soldiery in the division of lands, B.C. 41 ; and it was at the request of Maecenas that he undertook the Georgics, the most finished of all his poems. To Horace he was a still greater benefactor. He not only procured him a pardon for having fought against Octavianus at Philippi, but presented him with the means of a comfortable subsistence, a farm in the Sabine country. If the estate was but a moderate one, we learn from Horace him- self that the bounty of Maecenas was regulated by his own content- ed views, and not by his patron's want of generosity (Carm. ii., 18 14; iii., 16, 38). Nor was this liberality accompanied with any servile and degrading conditions. The poet was at liberty to write or not, as he pleased, and lived in a state of independence creditable alike to himself and to his patron. Indeed, their intimacy was rather that of two familiar friends of equal station, than of the royally-de- scended and powerful minister of Caesar with the son of an obscure freedman. But on this point we need not dwell, as it has been al- ready touched upon in the life of Horace. Of Maecenas's own literary productions only a few fragments cx^ ist. From these, however, and from the notices which we find of his writings in ancient authors, we are led to think that we have not suffered any great loss by their destruction ; for, although a good judge of literary merit in others, he does not appear to have been an author of much taste himself. It has been thought that two of his works, of which little more than the titles remain, were tragedies, namely, the Prometheus and Octavia. But Seneca (Ep. 19) calls the former a book (librum) ; and Octavia, mentioned in Priscian (lib. 10), is not free from the suspicion of being a corrupt reading. An hex- ameter line supposed to have belonged to an epic poem, another line thought to have been part of a galliambic poem, one or two epigrams, and some other fragments, are extant, and are given by Meibom and Frandsen in their lives of Maecenas. In prose he wrote a work on Natural History, which Pliny several times alludes to, but which seems to have related chiefly to fishes and gems. Servius (ad Virg., Mn., viii., 310) attributes a Symposium to him. If we may trust the same authority, he also composed some memoirs of Augustus , and Horace (Carm. ii., 12, 9) alludes to at least some project of the kind, but which was probably never carried into execution. Mae- cenas's prose style was affected, unnatural, and often unintelligible. &r;d for these qualities he was derided by Augustus. (Suet., Aug-, 26.) Macrobius (Saturn., ii., 4) has preserved part of a letter of the emperor's, in which he takes off* his minister's w T ay of writing. The author of the dialogue De Causis Corruptee Eloquentice (c. 26) enu- merates him among the orators, but stigmatizes his affected style by the term calamistros Mcecenatis. Quintilian (Inst. Or at., xi., 4, $ IS) and Seneca (Ep. 114) also condemn his style; and the lattei author gives a specimen of it which is almost wholly unintelligible LIFE .OF MAECENAS. il* Yet ae likewise tells us (Ep. 19) that he would have been vert eloquent if he had not been spoiled by his good fortune, and allows him to have possessed an ingenium grande et virile (Ep. 9:2). Ac- cording to Dio Cassius (lv., 7), Maecenas first introduced short hand, and instructed many in the art through his freedman Aquila. By other authors, however, the invention has been attributed to various persons of an earlier date ; as to Tiro, Cicero's freedman, to Cicero himself, and even to Ennius. But, though seemingly in possession of all the means and appli- ances of enjoyment, Maecenas can not be said to have been altogether happy in his domestic life. His wife, Terentia, though exceedingly beautiful, was of a morose and haughty temper, and thence quarrels were continually occurring between the pair. Yet the natural ux- oriousness of Maecenas as constantly prompted him to seek a recon- ciliation; so that Seneca (Ep. 114) remarks that he married a wife a thousand times, though fce never had more than one. Her influence over him was so great, that, in spite of his cautious and taciturn tem- per, he was on one occasion weak enough to confide an important state secret to her. respecting her brother Muraena, the conspirator (Suet., Aug., 66; Dio Cass., liv., 3). Maecenas himself, however, was probably in some measure to blame for the terms on which he lived with his wife, for he was far from being the pattern of a good husband. In his way of life Maecenas was addicted to every species of luxury. We find several allusions in the ancient authors to the effeminacy of his dress. Instead of girding his tunic above his knees, he suffered it to hang loose about his heels, like a woman's petticoat; and when sitting on the tribunal he kept his head covered with his pallium (Sen., Ep. 114). Yet, in spite of this softness, he was capa- ble of exerting himself when the occasion required, and of acting with energy and decision (Veil. Pat., ii., 88). So far was he from wishing to conceal the softness and effeminacy of his manners, that he made a parade of his vices ; and, during the greatest heat of the civil wars, openly appeared in the public places of Rome with a couple of eunuchs in his train (Senec, I. c). He was fond of theatrical en- tertainments, especially pantomimes, as may be inferred from his patronage of Bathyllus, the celebrated dancer, who was a freedman of his. It has been concluded from Tacitus (Ann., i., 54) that he first introduced that species of representation at Rome ; and, with the politic view of keeping the people quiet by amusing them, persuaded Augustus to patronize it. Dio Cassius (lv., 7) tells us that he was the first to introduce warm swimming baths at Rome. His love of ointments is tacitly satirized by Augustus (Suet., Aug., 86), and his passion for gems and precious stones is notorious. According to Pliny, he paid some attention to cookery ; and as the same author (xix., 57) mentions a book on gardening which had been dedicated to hina by Sabinus Tiro, it has been thought that he was partial to that pur • suit. His tenacious, and, indeed, anmanly love of life, he has him- self painted in some verses preserved by Seneca (Ep. 101), and which, as affording a specimen of his style, we here insert .X LI?i3 OF MAECENAS. Debilem facito menu Debi!i;m pede, coxa : Tuber adetrue gibberum, Lubricos quate dentea ; Vita dum superest, bene est. Hanc mihi, vel acuta Si sedeam cruce, sustine. From these lines it has been conjectured that he belonged to the sect of the Epicureans 5 but of his philosophical principles nothing certain is known. That moderation of character which led him to be content with his equestrian rank, probably arose from the love of ease and luxury which we have described, or it might have been the result of more prndent and political views. As a politician, the principal trait in his character was his fidelity to his master (Mcecenatis erunt vera tropcea fides, Property iii., 9), and the main end of all his cares was the consolidation of the empire. But, though he advised the establish- ment of a despotic monarchy, he was at the same time the advocate of mild and liberal measures. He recommended Augustus to put no check on the free expression of public opinion ; but, above all, to avoid that cruelty which, for so many years, had stained the Roman an- nals with blood (Senec, Ep. 114). To the same effect is the anec- dote preserved by Cedrenus, the Byzantine historian, that when on some occasion Octavianus sat on the tribunal, condemning numbers to death, Maecenas, who was among the by-standers, and could not approach Caesar by reason of the crowd, wrote on his tablets, u Rise, hangman !" (Surge, tandem carnifex I), and threw them into Caesars lap, who immediately left the judgment-seat (comp. Dio Cass., lv., 7). Maecenas appears to have been a constant valetudinarian. If Pliny's statement (vii., 51) is to be taken literally, he labored under a continual fever. According to the same author, he was sleepless during the last three years of his life ; and Seneca tells us (De Provid., iii., 9) that he endeavored to procure that sweet and indispensable refreshment by listening to the sound of distant symphonies. We may infer from Horace (Carm. iii., 17) that he was rather hypo- chondriacal. He died in the consulate of Gallus and Censorinus, B.C. 8 (Dio Cass., lv., 7), and was buried on the Esquiline. He left no children, and thus, by his death, his ancient family became ex« tinct. He bequeathed his property to Augustus, and we find that Tiberius afterward resided in his house (Suet., Tib., 15). Though the emperor treated Maecenas with coldness during the latter years of his life, he sincerely lamented his death, and seems to have some- times felt the want of so able, so honest, and so faithful a counsel! n* (Dio Cass., liv., 9; lv., 7; Senec, de Benef., vi., 32). METRES OF HORACE, 1. DACTYLIC HEXAMETER. Laudd\bunt ali\l ctd\rdm Rhodon \ aut Myii\lenE'i. The structure of this species of verse is sufficiently wel known ; it consists of six feet, the fifth of which is a dactyl, and the sixth a spondee, while each of the other four feet may be either a dactyl or spondee. Sometimes, however, in a solemn, majestic, or mournful description, or in expressing astonish- ment, consternation, vastness of size, &c, a spondee is admit- ted in the fifth foot, and the line is then denominated spondaic. The hexameters of Horace, in his Satires and Epistles, are written in so negligent a manner as to lead to the opinion that this style of composition was purposely adopted by him to suit the nature of his subject. Whether this opinion be correct or not must be considered elsewhere. It will only be requisite here to state, that the peculiar character of his hexameter versi- fication will render it unnecessary for us to say any thing re specting the doctrine of the csesural pause in this species of verse, which is better explained with reference to the rhythm and cadence of Virgil. 2. dactylic tetrameter a posteriore? The tetrameter a posteriore, or spondaic tetrameter, con eists of the last four feet of an hexameter ; as, Certus e\nlm pro\misit A\pdllo. Sometimes, as in the hexameter, a spondee occupies the last plac8 but one, in which case the preceding foot ought to be a dactyl, or the line will be too heavy ; as, Menso\rem c6hi\hent Ar\chytd. 1. The expression a posteriore refers to the verse being considered as taken from the latter part of an hexameter line (a posteriore parte versus hexametri), and is, conso quently, opposed to the dactylic tetrameter a priore. This last is taken from the first part (a priore parte) of an bexarr eter, and rrust always have the last foot a dactyl !*ii METRE3 OF HORACE. 3. D4 3TYLIC TRIMETER CATALECTIC. The trimet sr catalectic is a line consisting of the first hs& ha]f-feet of an hexameter, or two feet and a half ; as, Arbori\busque cb\mce. Horace uniformly observes this construction, viz., two dactyls and a semi- foot. Ausonius, however, sometimes makes the first foot a spondee, and twice uses a spondee in the second place ; but the spondee injures the harmony of the verse. 1 4. ADONIC. 2 The Adonic, or dactylic dimeter, consists of two feet, a dat; tyl and spondee ; as, Rlsit A\pollo. Sappho is said to have written entire poems in this measure now lost. Boethius has a piece of thirty-one Adonic lines (lib. 1, mctr. 7), of which the following are a specimen : Nubibus atris Condita nullum Fundere possunt Sidera lumen. Si mare volvens Turbidus auster Misceat cestum, fyc. The measure, however, is too short to be pleasing, unless ac- companied by one of a different kind. Hence an Adonic is used in concluding the Sapphic stanza. (No. 10.) In tragic chorus- es it is arbitrarily added to any number of Sapphics, without regard to uniformity. (Vid. Senec, CEdip., act 1; Troades, net 4 ; Here. Fur., act 3 ; Thy est., act 3.) 5. IAMBIC TRIMETER. Iambic verses take their name from the iambus, which, in 1. This measure is sometimes called Archilochian penthemimeris, since it forms, ia fact, an heroic penthemimeris, that is, as already remarked, the first five half-feet of an heroic or dactylic hexameter line. 2. This verse derives its name from the circumstance of its being used by the Greeks in the music which accompanied the celebration of the festival of Adonis th'it part, probably which represented the restoration of Adonis to life. METRES OF HOR.i^. Ixili pure limbics, was ;he only foot admitted. They are scanned by measures of two feet ; and it was usual, in reciting them, to make a short pause at the end of every second foot, with an emphasis (arsis) on its final syllable. The iambic trimeter (called likewise senarius, from its con- taining six feet) consists of three measures (metra). The feet which compose it, six in number, are properly all iambi ; it which case, as above stated, the line is called a pure iambic. The caesural pause most commonly occurs at the penthemime- ris ; that is, after two feet and a half ; as, Phdse\lus ll\\le quern \ videos hos\pites. \\ The metres here end respectively where the double lines are marked, and the caesural pause takes place at the middle of the third foot, after the word Me. The pure iambic, however, was rarely used. This seems to have been owing partly to the veiy great difficulty of producing any considerable number of good verses, and partly to the wish of giving to the verse a greater degree of weight and dignity. In consequence of this, the spondee was allowed to take the place of the iambus in the first, third, and fifth feet. 1 The ad- mission of the spondee paved the way for other innovations. Thus, the double time of one long syllable was divided into two single times, or two short syllables. Hence, for the iambus of three times was substituted a tribrach in every station except the sixth, because there, the final syllable being lengthened by the longer pause at the termination of the line, a tribrach would, in fact, be equal to an anapaest, containing four times instead of three. For the spondee of four times was substituted a dactyl or an anapaest, and sometimes, in the first station, a proceleus- naaticus. The scale of the mixed iambic trimeter is, therefore, as fol- lows : s 1. The reason why the iambus was retained in the even places, that i3, the sec- ond, fourth, and sixth, appears to have been this : that by placing the spondee first, and making the iambus to follow, greater emphasis was given to the concluding syllable of each metre on which the ict its and pause took place, than would have been the case had two long syllables stood together. 2. The scale of the Greek trimeter iambic is much more strict, and must not l>o Ixiv METRES OF HORACE. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 — v-w ^w- As an exemplification of this scale, we shall subjoin some d the principal mixed trimeters of Horace. Epod. Line. 1. 27. Pecus\ve Cdld\\bris dn\te si\\dus fer\vidum. 2. 23. Libet \jdce\\re, modo \ sub dn\\tiqua l\Uce. 33. Aut dmi\te le\\vl rd\rd ten\\dlt re\tid. ) Aut d\mite le\\vl rd\rd ten\\dit re\tid, > 35. Pdvidum\ve lzpo\rem, et dd\venam || Idqueo \ gr&euu 39. Quod si \pudi\\cd muli\er in || partem \juvet. 57. Aut her\bd ldpd\\thl prd\ta dmdn\tts, et \ grdvi. 61. Has tn\ter epu\\lds, ut \juvdt \\ pastas \ oves. 65. Pdsitos\que vcr\nds, di\tis ex\\dmen \ ddmus. 67. Hcec ubi \ locu\\tus fce\nerd\\tor Al\phius. 3. 17. Nee mu\nus hume\\ris ef\ficd\\cis Her\culls. 5. 15. Cdriidi\d brevl\\bus lm\plicd\\td vl\perls. 25. At ex\pedl\\td Sdgd\nd, per \\ totdm \ domum. 43. Quid dlx\it? aut \\ quid tdcu\it? O \\ rebus [mtu 63. Sed dubi\iiS) un\\de ru?n\peret \\ silen\tium. 69. Quin, ubi \ pert\\re jus\sus ex\\splrd\verd. 7. 1. Quo, quo | sceles\\tl rui\tls? aut || cilr dex\tcris 9. 17. Ad hoc \fremen\\tes ver\terunt \\ bis mil\le equos LO. 7. Insur\\gdt Aquino, qudn\tus dl\\tis mon\tibus 19. Ioni\us u\\do quum \ remu\\ picns \ sinus. 2 co-founded with this. Porson (Praf. ad Hec, 6) has denied the admissibility of the anapaest into the third or fifth place of the Greek tragic trimeter, except in the casa of proper names with the anapaest contained in the same word. In Latin tragedy, however, it obtained admission into both stations, though more rarely into the third. In the fifth station the Roman tragedians not only admitted, bvt seemed to have a strong inclination for, this foot. 1. The quantity of the a in amite depends on that of the e in levi. If we read lev?, it is amite, but if levi, amite. This results from the principles of the trimeter Iambic scale. We can not say amite levi without admitting an anapaest into the second place, which would violate the measure ; neither can we read dmite Uvi without admitting a pyrrhich into the second place, which is unheard of. 2. Ionius, from the Greek 'loving. Hence the remark of Maltby (MorelL, Lex. Grac. Pros., ad voc.) : 'Iwvtoj cpud poetas mihi nondum occurrit ; nam ad Pindr. N'tni.. 4. 87. rectc dedii Heynius 'Iowov non metro solum jube?ite % ieru?n etiam Lav METRES OF HORACE. lxv Bpod. Line 17. 6. Cdriidi\d, pdr\\ce vo\cibus \\ tandem \ sacrls. 12. Aliti\bus dt\\quZ cdrii\bus 'u6mi\\ddam Hec\tdrZm. 41. Infd\mis Hele\\n^ Cds\tor of\\fensus \ vice. 54. Ingrd\td mise\\ro vl\td du\\cenda est, \ In hoc. 56. Ojptdt | quie\\tem Ptto\pis ln\\fldl \ pater. 65. Vectd\bor hume\\ris tunc \ ego irii\\mlcis \ Iquls. 69. Deripe\re Lu\\nam vd\cibus \\ possim \ mils. 6. IAMBIC TRIMETER CATALECTIC. This is the common trimeter (No. 5) wanting the final sylla- ble. It consists of five feet, properly all iambi, followed by a catalectic syllable ; as, Vocd\tus dt\\que non \ mord\\tus au\dit. Like the common trimeter, however, it admits the spondee Into the first and third places, but not .into the fifth, which would render the verse too heavy and prosaic. Trdhunt\que sic\\cds md\chlna \\ cdrl\nas. Nonnul\ld quer\\cu sunl\cdvd\\ta et ul\mo. Terentianus Maurus, without any good reason, prefers scau mng it as follows : Trdliunt\que slc\cds \\ mdclii\nce cd\rmds. This species of verse is likewise called Archilochian, from the poet Archilochus. 7. IAMBIC DIMETER. The iambic dimeter consists of two measures, or four feet, properly all iambi ; as, Perun\xit hoc \\ td\sdnem. It admits, however, the same variations as the trimeter, though Horace much more frequently employs a spondee than any other foot in the third place. The scale of this measure is as follows : 1 2 3 4_ Daximii rcgula, " Si de gente Graca senno est, semper hoc nomen soribiy per a : ted ri de mari lonio, semper per o puicpov.'- Ix\i METRES OF HORACE. This species of verse is also called Archilochiau dimcto* The following lines from the Epodes will illustrate the scale . Epod. Line. 2. 6*2. Vide\re prd2?e\\rdntes\ddmum. 3. 8. Cdriidi\a trdc\\tdvlt \ ddpes. 5. 48. Cdriidi\a ro\\dens pol\liccm. 8. IAMBIC DIMETER HYPERMETER. This measure, also called Archilochian, is the iambic dirnetei (No. 7) with an additional syllable at the end ; as, Rede\git dd || veros \ timo\\res. Horace frequently uses this species of verse in conjunction with the Alcaic, and always has the third foot a spondee ; foi \he line, which in the common editions runs thus, Dlsjec]td ndn \\ levl \ rui\\nd y is more correctly read with leni in place of levi. 9. ACEPHALOUS IAMBIC DIMETER. This is the iambic dimeter (No. 7) wanting the first sylla hie ; as, Ndn | ebur || neque cm\reum. It may, however, be also regarded as a trochaic dimeter cata- lectic, and scanned as follows : Ndn e\bur ne\\que aurt\fim ; though, if we follow the authority of Terentianus (De Metr^ 738), we must considerthe first appellation as the more eorrflct one of the two, since he expressly calls it by this name. 10. SAPPHIC This verse takes its name from the poetess Sappho, who in vented it, and consists of five feet, viz., a trochee, a spondee, a dactyl, and two more trochees ; as, Dzjlu\U sdx\is dgi\tdtus \ humor. But in the Greek stanza Sappho sometimes makes the sec oad foot a trochee, in which she is imitated by Catullus; as, Hal Ai\og 6d\^07T^6Ke, HGGOjiai re. Pauca | nihnti\ate mece 8), and the last line a Minor Alcaic (No. 20), and so of the re*t METRICAL INDEX. Non semper imbrss .. 18, 18, No-n usitata 18,18, N"ullaru, Vare 11 N"ullas argento 10, 10, Nunc est bibenduni .. 18, 18, Diva, gratam 18, 18, O fons Bandusise 13, 13, O matre pulchra 18, 18, O cata mecum 18,18, O navis, referunt .... 13, 13, saepe mecum 18, 18, O Venus, regina .... 10, 10, Odi profanum 18, 18, Otium Divos 10,10, Parcus Deorum 18, 18, Parentis olim 5, 7 Pastor quum traheret. 13, 13, Persicos odi 10,10, Pkcebe, sylvarumque. 10, 10, Phoabus volentem 18,18, Pindarum quisquis ... 10,10, Poscimur: si quid ... 10, 10, Quae cora patrum ... 18, 18, 8, 20 8, 20 10, 4 8, 20 8, 20 15, 14 8, 20 8, 20 15, 14 8, 20 10, 4 8, 20 10, 4 8, 20 13, 14 10, 4 10, 4 8, 20 10, 4 10, 4 8, 20 Qualem ministrum... 18, 18, 8, 2C Quando repostum ... 5, 7 Quantum distet 14, 13 Quern tu, Melpomene 14, 13 Quern virn.n 10, 10, Quid bellicosus 18, 18, Quid dedicatum 18, 18, Quid immerentes.... 5, 7 Quis desiderio 13, 13, Quis multa gracilis .. 13, U, Quo, me, Bacche .... 14, 13 Quo, quo, scelesti ... 5, 7 Rectius vives 10, 10, Beriberis Vario 13, 13, Septimi Gades 10, 10, Sic te, Diva 14, 13 Solvitur acris hyems . 19, 6 Te maris et terrae ... 1, ? Tu ne quaesieris 11 Tyrrhena regum 18,18, 8 20 Velox amcenum 18, 18, 8 20 VYdes at aita 18, 18, 8, 20 Vile potabis 10, 10, 10, 4 10, 4 8, 2G 8, 20 13, 14 15 1 10. * 13, 11 10, 4 Q. HORATII FLACC1 C A R M I N U M LIBER PRIMUS. Carmen I. AD MJECENATEM. JVLecsnas, atavis edite regibus, O et presidium .et dulce decus meurn, Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum Collegisse juvat, metaque fervidis Evitata rotis palmaque nobilis 6 Terrarum dominos evehit a'd Deos ; Hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ; Ilium, si proprio condidit horreo Quidquid de Libycis verritur areis. 10 Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo Agros Attalicis conditionibus Nunquam demoveas, ut trabe Cyp/ia Myrtoum, pavidus nauta, secet mare. Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum 1 5 Mercator metuens otium et oppidi Laudat rura sui ; mox reficit rates Quassas, indocilis pauperiem pati. Est qui nee veteris pocula Massici, Nee partem solido demere de die 20 Spernit, nunc viridi membra sub arbuto Stratus, nunc ad aquaB lene caput sacrse. k a. tlORATH FLACCT Multos castra juvant, et lituo tubsa Permixtus sonitus, bellaque matribus Detest ata. Manet sub Jove frigido 25 Venator, tenerae conjugis immemor, §eu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus, Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas. Me doctarum hederse prsemia frontium Dis miscent superis ; me gelidum nemus 30 Nvmpharumque leves cum Satyris chori Secernunt populo, si neque tibias Euterpe cohibet, nee Polyhymnia Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton. Quod si me lyrieis vatibus inseris, o5 Sublimi feriam sidera vertice. CXrmen II. AD AUGUSTUM CJESAKEM: Jam satis terris nivis atque dirae Grandinis misit Pater, et, rubente Dextera sacras jaculatus arces, Terruit urbem : Terruit gentes, grave ne rediret 5 Saeculam Pyrrhae nova mcnstra questse, Omne quum Proteus pecus egit altos Visere montes, Piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo, Nota quae sedes fuerat palumbis, 10 Et superjecto pavidae natarunt iEquore damse. Vidimus flavum Tiberim, retortia Litore Etrusco violenter undis 2 ] CARMINUM. LIBER I 8 Ire tiejectum monimenta Regis, I fe Templaque Vestae, Ilise dum so nimium querenti Jactat ultorem, vagus et sinistra Labitur ripa, Jcve non probante, ux orius amnis. 20 Audiet cives aeuisse ferrum, Quo graves Persae melius perirent ; Audiet pugnas, vitio parentum Rara, juventus. Quern vocet Divum populus mentis 25 Imperi rebus ? prece qua fatigent Virgines sanctse minus audientem Carmina Vestam ? Cui dabit partes scelus expiandi Jupiter? Tandem venias, precarr.ur, 30 Nube candentes humeros amictus, Augur Apollo ; Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens, Quam Jocus circum volat et Cupido ; Sive neglectum genus et nepotes 35 Hespicis, auctor, Heu ! nimis longo satiate ludo, Quem juvat clamor galeaeque levcs, Acer et Marsi peditis cruentum Vultus in liostem ; 4G Sive mutata juvenem figura, Ales, in terris imitaris, aim© Q, HORAT1I FLACC1 | 2, tf Fiiius Maia^, patiens vocari Caesaris ultor : Serus in coelum redeas, diuque 45 Laetus intersis populo Quirini, Neve te, nostris vitiis iniquum, Ocior aura Tollat. Hie magnos potius triumphos, Hie ames dici Pater atque Princeps, 5U Neu sinas Medos equitare inultos, Te duce, Caesar. Carmen III. AD VIPvGILIUM. Sic te Diva, potens Cypri, Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, Ventorumque regat pater, Obstrictis aliis prseter Iapyga, Navis, quaa tibi creditum 5 Debes Virgilium fmibus Atticis, Xleddas incolumem precor, Et serves animse dimidium meae. Illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci 1 Commisit pelago ratem Primus, nee timuit praecipitem Africum Decertantem Aquilonibus, Nee tristes Hyadas, nee rabiem Noti, Quo non arbiter Hadrias - 15 Major, tollere seu ponere vult freta. Quern Mortis timuit gradum, Qui rectis oculis monstra natantia, 8, 4. 1 CARMINUM. LIBER I. 5 Qui vidit mare turgidum et Infames scopulos Acroceraunia ? 20 Nequidquam Deus abscidit Prudens Oceano dissociabili Terras, si tamen impise Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. Auaax omnia perpeti 25 Gens humana ruit per vetitum et nefas Atrox Iapeti genus Ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit : Post ignem setheria domo Subductum, Maeies et nova Febrium 30 Tcrris incubuit cohors : Semotique prius tarda necessitas Leti corripuit gradum. Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera Pennis non homini datis. 3*1 Perrupit Acheronta Herculeus labor. Nil mortalibus ardui est : Caelum ipsum petimus stultitia : neque Per nostrum patimur scelus Iracunda Jovem pone re fulmina. Carmen IV. AD L. SESTIUM. Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni, Trahuntque siccas machinae carinas. Ac neque jam stabulis gaudet pecus, aut arator igni ; Nee prata canis albicant pruinis. Jam Cytherea choros ducit Venus, imminente Luna, Junctaeque Nymph is Gratise decentes Alterno terram quatiunt pede ; dum graves Cyclopum Vulcamis ardens urit ofticinas. A 2 C U. HORATII FLACCI [4> ft Nunc dece; aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto, Aut flore, terrse quern ferunt solutte ; 1 Nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis, Seu poscat agna, sive malit hsedo. Pallida Mors a;quo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas ILegumque turres. O beate Sesti, \ r itce summa brevis spem nos vetat inchoare longam. 15 Jam te premet nox, fabula3que Manes, Et domus exilis Plutonia : quo simul means, Nee regna vini sortiere talis, N3<5 tenerum Lycidan mirabere, quo calet juventus ^Sunc omnis, et mox virgines tepebunt. Carmen V. AD PYUPvHAM. Quis mult a gracilis te puer in rosa Perfusus liquidis urget odoribus Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro ? Cui flavam religas comam, Simplex munditiis ? Heu ! quoties fidem Mutatosque Deos flebit, et aspera Nigris asquora ventis Emirabitur insolens, Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aurea ; Qui semper vacuam, semper amabileia Sperat, nescius aurae Fallacis. Miseri, quibus Intentata nites ! Me tabula sacer Votiva paries indicat uvida Suspendisse potenti 15 Vestimenta maris Deo. 15. 7 J CARM1NUM. LIBER U Carmen VI. AD AGRIPPAM. Beriberis Vario fortis et hostium Victor, Mseonii carminis alite, Quam rem cunque ferox navibus aut equis Miles, te duce, gesserit. Nos, Agrippa, neque hsec dicere, nee graven* Pelidse stomachum cedere nescii, Nee cursus duplicis per mare Ulixei, Nee ssBvam Pelopis domum Conamur, tenues grandia ; dum pudor, Imbellisque Ivteb Musa potens vetat Laudes egregii Csesaris et tuas Culpa deterere ingeni. Quis Martem tunica tectum adamantina Digfne scripserit ? aut pulvere Troico Nigrum Merionen ? aut ope Palladis Tydiden Superis parem ? Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum Sectis in juvenes unguibus acrium Cantamus, vacui, sive quid urimur, Non pneter solitum leves. 10 15 20 Carmen VII. AD MUNATIUM PLANCUM. Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon, aut Mytilcnen» Aut Epheson, bimarisve Corinthi Mo3nia, vel Baccho Thebas, vel Apolline Delpho? Insignes, aut Thessala Tempe. 8 * U. HORATII FLACCI [ 7, ft SujiI quibus anum opus est intactse Palladis arces 5 Carmine perpetuo celebrare, Lndeque decerptam fronti praeponere olivam. Pkirimus, in Junonis honorem, Aptum dieit equis Argos, ditesque Mycenas. Me nee tarn patiens Lacedsemon, 1U Nee tarn Larissse percussit campus opima:, Quam domus Albunese resonantis, Et praeceps Anio, ac Tiburni lucus, et uda Mobilibus pomaria rivis. Albus ut obscuro deterget nubila ccelo 15 Ssepe Notus, neque parturit imbres Ferpetuos, sic tu sapiens finire memento Tristitiam vitseque labores Molli, Plance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis Castra tenent, seu densa tenebit '20 Tiburis umbra tui. Teueer Salamina patremque Quum fugeret, tamen uda Lyseo Tempora populea fertur vinxisse corona, Sic tristes affatus amicos : * Quo nos cunque feret melior Fortuna parente, 25 Ibimus, O socii comitesque ! Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro , Certus enim promisit Apollo, Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram. O fortes, pejoraque passi 30 Mecum sa3pe viri, nunc vino pellite curas ; Cras ingens iterabimus aequor. Carmen VIII. AD LYDIAM. Jjydia dic ; per omnes Te deos oro, Sybarin cur properas amando Perdere ? cur apricum Oderit campum. patiens pulv3ris atque solus ? a o.j CARMIXTJM. LIBER I. Cur neque militaris Inter sequaies equitat, Gallica nee lupatis Temperat ora frenis ? Cur timet fiavum Tiberim tangere ? cur oiivurn Sanguine viperino Cautius vitat, neque jam livida gestat armis Brachia, saspe disco, Saepe trans finem jaculo nobilis expedito ? Qxi latet, ut marinss Filium dicunt Thetidis sub lacrimosa Trojae Funera, ne virilis Cult us in csedem et Lycias proriperet cater vas ? Carmen IX. AD THALIARCHUM. Vides, ut .alta stet nive candidum Soracte, nee jam sustineant onus Silvse laborantes, geluque • Flumina constiterint acuto ? 9 6 10 15 Dissolve frigus, ligna super foco Large reponens ; atque benignius Deprome quadrimum Sabina, O Thaliarche, merum diota. Permitte Divis castera : qui simul Stravere ventos sequore fervido Depro3liantes, nee cupressi Nee veteres agitantur orni. Quid sit futurum eras, fage quasrere : et Quern Fors dierum cunque dabit, lucro Appone : nee dulces amores Sperne puer, neque tu choreas, 10 15 10 U. IIORATH FLACC1 9,10. Donee virenli canities abest Morosa. Nunc et Campus et areae, Lcnesque sub noctem susurri Composita repetantur hora : 20 Nunc et Jatentis proditor intimo Gratus puellse risus ab angulo, Pignusque dereptum lacertis Aut digito male pertinaci. Carmen X. AD MERCURIUM. Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis, Qui feros cultus hominum recentum Voce formasti cat us et decorae More palaestrae, Te canam, magni Jcvis et deorum 6 Nuntium, curvaeque lyrae parenteni ; Callidum, quidquid placuit, jocoso • Condere furto. Te, boves olim nisi reddidisses Per dolum amotas, puerum minaci 10 Voce dum terret, viduus pharetra Risit Apollo. Quin et Atridas, duce te, superbos Ilio dives Priamus relicto Thessalosque ignes et iniqua TrojgB 1 5 Castra fefellit. Tu pias la?tis animas reponis Sedibus, virgaque levem coerces Aurea turbam, superis deorum Gratus @t imis. 20 I I, 12. J CARMINUM. LIBER I. H Carmen XI. AD LEUCONOEN. Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quern mini, quern tibi Finem Di dederint, Leuconoe ; nee Babylonios Tentaris numeros. Ut melius, quidquid erit, pati ! Seu plures hiemes, seu tribuit Jupiter ultimam, Quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare Tyrrhenum, sapias, vina liques. et spatio brevi Sperr: longam reseces. Dum loquimur, fugerit invida iEtas. Carpe diem, quam minimum eredula postero. Carmen XII. AD AUGUSTUM. Quern virum aut heroa lyra vel acri Tibia sumis celebrare, Clio ? Quern Deum ? cujus recinet jocosa • Nomen imago Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris, 6 Aut super Pindo, gelidove in Hsemo, Unde vocalem temere insecutse Orphea silvan, Arte materna rapidos morantem Fluminum lapsus celeresque ventos, 10 Blandum et auritas fidibus canoris Ducere quercus. Quid prius dicam solitis Parentis Laudibus, qui res hominum ac Deorum, Qui mare ac terras, variisque mundum 16 Temperat horis ? ili Q, HOEATII FLACC'I [12 CJnde nil majus generatur ipso, Nee viget quidquam simile aut seeundum : Proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores. 20 Proeliis audax, neque te silebo, Liber, et ssevis inimica Virgo Belluis : nee te, metuende certa Phoebe sagitta. Dicam et Alciden, puerosque Ledae, 25 Hunc equis, ilium superare pugnis Nobilem : quorum simul alba nautis Stella refulsit Defluit saxis agitatus humor, Concidunt venti, fugiuntque nubes, 30 Et minax, nam sic voluere, ponto Unda recumbit. Romulum post hos prius, an quietum Pompili regnum memorem, an superbws Tarquini fasces, dubito, an C atoms 35 Nobile letum. Regulum, et Scauros, animseque magnaB Prodigum Paullum, superante Pceno, Gratus insigni referam Camena, Fabriciumque. 40 Hunc, et incomtis Curium capillis, Utilem bello tulit, et Camillum, SaBva panpertas et avitus apto Cum lare fundus 12, 13. J CAUMINUM. LIBLR I. 1'6 -Crescit, occulto velut arbor bbvo, lfi Fama Marcelli .: micat inter omnes Julium sidus, velut inter ignes Luna miaores. Gentis humanse pater atque custos, Orte Saturno, tifci cura magni 60 Coesaris fatis data ; tu secundo Ceesoie regnes. Ille, seu Parthos Latio imminentes Egerit juste* domitos triumph o, Sive subjectos Orientis orae 66 Seras et Indos, Te minor latum regat cequus orbem ; Tu gravi curru quatias Olympum, Tu parum castis inimica mittas Fulmina lucis. 60 Carlien XIII. AD LYDIAM. Quum tu, Lydia, Telephi Cervicem roseam, cerea Telephi Laudas brachia, vse, meum Fervens difficili bile tumet jecur. Tunc nee mens mihi nee color fi Certa sede manent ; humor et in genas Furtim labitur, arguens Quam lentis penitus macerer ignibus. Uror, seu tibi candidos Turparunt humeros immodicae mero 10 Rixae, sive puer furens Impressit memorem dente labris »otam. \4 a. horatii FLAcar ' 13, 14, Non, si me satis audias, Spores perpetuum, dulcia barbare Lsedentem oscula, quae Venus 15 Quinta parte sui nectaris imbuit. Felices ter et amplius, Quos irrupta tenet copula, nee malis Divulsus querimoniis Suprema citius solvet amor die. Carmen XIV. AD REMPUBLICAM. O navis, referuntin rnare te novi Fiuctus ! O quid agis ? fortiter occupa Portum. Nonne vides, ut Nudum remigio latus, Et malus celeri saucius Africo 6 Antennseque gemunt, ac sine funibus Vix durare carinas p ossunt imperiosius JEqaor ? Non tibi sunt integra lintea, Non Di, quos iterum pressa voces malo. 10 Quamvis Pontica pinus, Silvae filia nobilis, Jactes et genus et nomen inutile, Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus Fidit. Tu, nisi ventis 15 Debes ludibrium cave. Nuper sollicitum quae mihi taedium, Nunc desiderium curaque non levis, Interfusa nitentes Vites spquora Cycladas. 20 15. J CARMINUM. LIBER I. 15 Carmen XV. NEREI V'ATICINIUM DE EXCIDIO TPwOXfi Pastor quum traheret per freta navibus Idaeis Helenen perfidus hospitam, Ingrato celeres o bruit otio Ventos, ut caneret fera Nereus fata : Mala ducis avi domum, 5 Quam multo repetet Graecia milite, Conjurata tuas rumpere nuptias Et regnum Priami vetus. Heu heu ! quantus equis, quantus adest viris Sudor ! quanta moves funera Dardanae 10 Genti ! Jam galeam Pallas et aegida Currusque et rabiem parat. Nequidquam Veneris prsesidio ferox Pectes caesariem, grataque feminis Imbelli cithara carmina divides ; Iff Nequidquam thalamo graves Hast as et calami spicula Cnosii Vitabis, strepitumque, et celerem sequi Ajacem : tamen, heu, serus adulteros Crines pulvere collines. 20 Non Laertiaden, exitium tuae Genti, non Pylium Nestora respicis ? Urgent impavidi te Salaminius Teucer et StLenelus sciens Pugnae, sive opus est imperitare equis, 25 Non auriga piger. Meiionen quoque IC Q. IJORATIl FLACCI [ 1 5, 1 G Nosces Ecce furit te reperire atiox Tydides, melior patre ; Quem tu, cervus uti vallis in altera Visum parte lupum graminis immemor, JO Sublimi fugies mollis anhelitu, Non hoc pollicitus tiue. Iracunda diem proferet Ilio Matronisque Phrygum classis Achillei ; Post certas hiemes uret Achaicus 86 Ignis Iliacas domos. Carmen XVI. PAftlNODIA. O matre pulchra filia pulchrior, Quem criminosis cunque voles modum Pones iambis, sive flamma Sive mari libet Hadriano. Non Dindymene, non adytis quatit £ Mentem sacerdotum incola Pythiua, Non Liber seque, non acuta Sic geminant Corybantes a3ra^ Tristes ut irse, quas neque Noricus Deterret ensis, nee mare naufragum, 10 Nee saBvus ignis, nee tremendo Jupiter ipse ruens tumultu. Fertur Prometheus, addere principi Limo ccactus particulam undique Desectam et insani leonis 16 Vim stomaeho apposimse nostro. iC. 17.J CAIIMIXL'M.- -LIBER I. 1? Ira3 Thycsten exitio gravi Stravere, et altis urbibfis ultima} Stetere causae, cur perirent Funditus. imprimeretque muris 20 Hostile aratrum exercitus insolens. Compesce mentem : me quoque pectoris Tentavit in dulci juventa Fervor, et in celeres iambos Misit furentem : nunc ego mitibus 25 Mutare quaero tristia, dum mihi Fias recantatis arnica Opprobriis, animumque reddas. Cahmex XVII. AD TYNDARIDEM Velox amcenum saepe Lucretilem Mutat Lycaso Faunus, et igneam Defendit sestatem capellis Usque meis pluviosque ventos Impune tutum per nemus arbutoa fi Quaerunt latentes et thyma devise Olentis uxores mariti : Nee virides metuunt colubras, Nee Martiales Haediliae lupos ; Utcunque dulci, Tyndari, fistula 10 Valles et Usticae cubantis Levia personuere saxa. Di me tuentur, Dis pietas mea Et Musa cordi est. Hie tibi copia B 2 1H Q. I10RAT1I FLACU 1*7,18, Manabit ad plenum benigno 15 Ruris honorum opulenta cornu Hie in reducta valle Canicular Vita bis sestus, et fide Tei'a Dices laborantes in uno Penelopen vitreamque Circen.. 20 Hie innocentis pocula Lesbii Duces sub umbra ; nee Semelei'us Cum Marte confundet Thyoneus Proelia, nee metues protervum Suspect a Cyrum, ne male dispari 25 Ineontinentes injiciat manus, Et scindat hsBrentem coronam Crinibus, immeritamque vestem. Carmen XVIII. AD VARUM. Nullam, Vare, sacra vite prius severis arborem Circa mite solum Tiburis et mcenia Catili : Siccis omnia nam dura deus proposuit, neque Mordaces aliter difrugiunt sollicitudines. Quis post vina gravem militiam aut pauperiem crepat ? 5 Quis non te potius, Bacche pater, teque, decens Venus ? A t ; ne quis modici transsiliat rmmera Liberi, Centaurea monet cum Lapithis rixa super mero Debellata ; monet Sithoniis non levis Euius, Quum fas atque nefas exiguo fine libidinum 10 Discemunt avidi. Non ego te, candide Bassareu, Invitum quatiam ; nee variis obsita frondibus Sub divum rapjam Sseva tene cum Berecyntio IS, 19, 20. I C ARM J NUM. LIBEK I. 19 Cornu tympana, quae subsequitur caecus Amor sui, Et toll ens vacuum plus nimio Gloria verticem. ](j Arcaniqua Fides prodiga, perlucidior vitro. Carmen XIX. DE GLYCERA. Mater saeva Cupidinum, Thebanaeque jubet me Semeles puer, Et lasciva Licentia, Finitis animum reddere amoribus. Urit me Glycerae nitor b Splendentis Pario marmore purius, Urit grata protervitas, Et vultus nimium lubricus adspici. In me tota ruens Venus Cyprum deseruit ; nee patitur Scythas, 10 Et versis animosum equis Parthum dicere, nee quae nihil attinent Hie vivum mihi cespitern, hie Verbenas, pueri, ponite, thuraque .Bimi cum patera meri : JG Mactata veniet lenior hostia. Care Maecenas eques, ut paterni Fluminis ripae, simul et jocosa Redderet laudes tibi Vaticani Montis imago Carmen XX. AD MJECENATEM. Vile potabis modicis Sabinum Cantharis, Gree-ca quod ego* ipse testa Conditum levi, datus in theatro Quum tibi plausus, 20 a. HORATil FLACCI {20,21,84 OaecuLam et prelo domitam Caleno Tu bibes uvam : mea nee Falerna3 10 Temperant vites neque Formiani Pocula eolles. Carmen XXI. IN DIANAM ET APOLLINEM. Dianam tenerae dicite virgines ; Intonsum, pueri, dieite Cynthium : Latonamque supremo Dilectam penitus Jovi. Vos laetam fluviis et nemorum coma, 6 QuaBcunque aut gelido prominet Algido, Nigris aut Erymanthi Silvis, aut viridis Cragi ; Vos Tempe totidem tollite laudibus, Natalemque, mares, Delon Apollinis, 10 Insignemque pharetra Fraternaque humerum lyra. Hie bellum lacrimosum, hie miseram famei a Pestemque a populo, principe Caesare, in Persas atque Britannos lo Vestra motus aget prece. Carmen XXII. AD AEISTIUM FUSCUM. Integer vitas scelerisque purus Non eget Mauris jaculis, neque areu, Nee venenatis gravida sagittis. Fusee, pharetra ; 22,23 ) chicminum. — liber r 21 Srve per Syrtes iter aestuosas, 5 Sive facturus per inhospitalem Caucasum, vel quae loca fabulosus L ambit Hydaspes. Namque me silva lupus in Sabina, Dum meam canto Lalagen, et ultra 10 Terminum curis vagor expeditis, Fugit inermem : Quale portentum neque militaris Daunias latis alit sesculetis, Nee JubaB tellus generat, leonum 16 Arida nutrix. Pone me, pigris ubi nulla campis Arbor aestiva recreatur aura ; Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Jupiter urget : 20 Pone sub curru nimium propinqui Bolis, in terra domibus negata : Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, Dulce loquentem. Carmen XXIII. AD CHLOEN. Vitas hinnuleo me simiii-s, Chloe, Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis Matrem, non sine vano Aurarum et siluas metu. Nam seu mobilibus vepris inhorruit Ad ventum foLus, seu virides rubum a. HORATII FLACC1 \2'3, 24, Dimovere lacertae, Et corde et genibus tremit. Atqui non ego te, tigris ut aspera Gaetulusve leo, frangere persequor : 10 Tandem desine matrem Tempestiva sequi viro. Carmen XXIV. AD VIRGILIUM. Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus Tarn cari capitis ? Praecipe lugubres Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam Pater Vocem cum cithara dedit Ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor 5 Urget ! cui Pudor, et Justitiss soror, Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas Quando ullum inveniet parem ? Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit , Nulli flebilior, quam tibi, Virgili. 10 Tu frustra pius, heu ! non ita creditum Poscis Quintilium deos. Quod si Threicio blandius Orpheo Auditam moderere arboribus fidem, Non vanss redeat sanguis imagini, 15 Quam virga semel horrida, Non lenis precibus fata recludere, Nigro compulerU Mercurius gregi. Durum ! Sed levius fit patientia, Quidquid corrigere est nefas. 20 26. 27.] CARMINUM. — LIBER 1. 23 Carmen XXVI. DE ^SLIO LAMIA. Musis amicus, tristitiam et met us Tradam protervis in mare Creticum Portare ventis ; quis sub Arcto Rex golidse metuatur orae, Quid Tiridaten terreat, unice fi Securus. O, quae fontibus integris Gaudes, apricos necte flores, Necte meo Lamiae coronam, Pimpiei' dulcis ; ml sine te mei . Prosunt honores : hunc fidibus novis, 10 Hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro, Teque tuasque decet sorores. Gasmen XXVII. AD SODALES. Natis in usum lsetitise scypliis Pugnare Thracum est : tollite barbarum Morem, verecundumque Bacchum Sanguinei s prohibete rixis. Vino et lucernis Medus acinaces Immane quantum discrepat ! impium Lenite clamorem, sodales, Et cubito remanete presso. Vultis severi me quoque sumere Partem Falerni ? dicat Opuntiae 10 Frater Megillae, quo beatus Vulnere, qua pereat sagitta. a. HoitATii FiiAcci 1 27, 2ft Ccssat Voluntas ? non alia bibam Mercede. Qua3 te cunque domat Venus, Non erubescendis adurit .5 Ignibus, ingenuoque semper Amore peccas. Quidquid habes, age, Depone tutis auribus — Ah miser, Quanta laborabas Charybdi, Digne puer meliore flamma ! 20 Qusb saga, quis te solvere Thessalis Magus venenis, quis poterit Deus ? Vix illigatum te triformi Pegasus expediet Chimsera. Carmen XXVIII. NAUTA ET ARCHYT^ UMBRA Nauta. Te maris et terrae numeroque carentis arenas Mensorem cohibent, Archyta, Pulveris exigui prope litus parva Matinum Munera ; nee quidquam tibi prodest Aerias tentasse domos, animoque rotundum 5 Percurrisse polum, morituro ! Archyta umbra. Occidit et Pelopis genitor, conviva Deorum, Tithonusque remotus in auras, Et Jo vis arcanis Minos admissus, habentque Tartara Panthoiden, iterum Oreo 10 Demissum ; quamvis, clypeo Trojana reflxo Tempora testatus, nihil ultra Nervos atque cutem Morti concesserat atra) ; Jud/ce te non sordidus auctor 28.29.) CARMINUM. LIBER I. 25 Naturae verique. Sed omnes una manet nox, 15 Et calcanda semel via leti. Dant alios Furiae torvo spectacula Marti ; Exitio est avidum mare nautis ; Mixta senum ac juvenum densentur funera ; nullum Saeva caput Proserpina fugit. 20 Mc quoque devexi rapidus comes Orionis Illyricis Notus obruit undis. At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus arenae Ossibus et capiti inhumato Particulam dare : sic, quodcunque minabitur Eurus 2o Flactibus Hesperiis, Venusinae Plectantur silvae, te sospite, multaque merces, Unde potest, tibi defluat aequo Ab Jove, Neptunoque sacri custode Tarenti. Negligis immeritis nocituram 30 Postmodo te natis fraudem committere ? Fors et Debita jura vicesque superbae Te maneant ipsum : precibus non linquar inultis ; Teque piacula nulla resolvent. Quamquam festinas, non est mora Jonga ; licebit 36 Injecto ter pulvere curras. Carmen XXIX. AD ICCIUM. Icci, beatis nunc Arabum invides Gazis, et acrem militiam paras Non ante devictis Sabaeae Regibus, horribilique Medo Nectis catenas ? Quae tibi virginum, Spenso necato, barbara serviet ? Puer quis ex aula capillis Ad cyathum statuetur unctis, B 2o a. H OR ATI I FLACCI [29, 30 31. Doctus sagittas tendere Sericas Arcu paterno ? Quis neget arduis 10 Pronos lelabi posse rivos Montibus, et Tiberim reverti, Quum tu coemtos undique nobiles labros Panseti, Socraticam et domum, Mutare loricis Iberis, 16 Pollicitus meliora, tendis ? Carmen XXX. AD VENEUEM. O Venus, regina Cnidi Paphique, Sperne dilectam Cypron, et vocantis Thure te multo Glycerss decoram Transfer in sedem. Fervidus tecum Puer, et solutis GratisB zonis, properentque Nymphad, Et parum comis sine te Juventas, Mercuriusque. Carmen XXXI. AD APOLLINEM Quid dedicatum poscit Apollinem Vates I quid orat, de patera novum Fundens liquorem ? Non opima> Sardinian segetes feiaces ; Non sestuosse grata Calabrise Armenta ; non aurum, aut ebur Indicum i Non rura ; quae Liris quieta Mordet aqua, taciturnus amnifc 31.32. j CARMINUM. LIBER I 27 Premant Galena falce, quibus dedit Fortuna, vitem . dives et aureis 10 Mercator exsiccet culullis Vina Syra reparata merce ; Dis cams ipsis, quippe ter et quater Anno revisens aequor Atlanticum Impune. Me pascunt olivse IS Me cichorea, levesque malvae. Frui paratis et valido mihi, Latoe, dones, et, precor, integra Cum mente ; nee turpem senectam Degere, nee cithara carentem. 2C Carmen XXXII. AD LYRAM, Poscimur. Si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in ami am Vivat et plures, age, die Latinum, Barbite, carmen, Lesbio primum modulate civi ; 5 Qui, ferox bello, tamen inter arma, Sive jactatam religarat udo Litore navim, Liberum et Musas, Veneremque, et illi Semper haBrentem Puerum canebat, 10 Et Lycum, nigris oculis nigroque Crine decorum. O decus Phoebi, et dapibus supremi Grata testudo Jovis, O laborum Dulce lenimen, mihi cunque salve \6 Rite vocanti. 48 U. HORATII FLAC'CI [34, 35 Carmen XXXIV. AD S E IPSUM. Parcus Deorum cultor et infrequens, Insanientis dum sapientise Consultus erro, nunc retrorsum Vela dare atque iterare cursus Cogor relictos : namque Diespiter 8 Tgni corusco nubila dividens Plerumque, per purum tonantes Egit equos volucremque currum , Quo bruta tellus, et vaga flumina, Quo Styx et invisi horrida Tsenari 10 Sedes, Atlanteusque finis Concutitur. Valet ima summis Mutare, et insignia attenuat Deus, Obscura promens. Hinc apicem rapax Fortuna cum stridore acuto 14 Sustulit, hie posuisse gaudet. Carmen XXXV. AD FOPvTUNAM. O Diva, gratum quas regis Antium, Praesens vel irno tollere de gradu Mortale corpus, vel superbos Vertere funeribus triumphos, Te pauper ambit sollicita prece, Ruris, colonus ; te dominam aequons. Quicunque Bithyna lacessit Carpathium pelagus carina. 5.] CARMIMJM. L1BEB 1. 29 Te Dacus asper, te profugi Scytiise, Urbesque, gentesque, et Latium ferox, 1 U Regumque matres barbarorum, et Purpurei metuunt tyra&si, Injurioso ne pede proruas Stantem columnam, neu popuk& frequens Ad arma cessantes ad arma 1£ Concitet, imperiumque frai3gat. Te semper anteit sseva Necessitas, Clavos trabales et cuneos manu Gestans aena ; nee severus Uncus abest, liquidumque plimsfy*m 20 Te Spes, et albo rara Fides colit Velata panno, nee comitem abnegat, Utcunque mutata potentes Veste domos inimica linquis. At vulgus infidum et meretrix retro £6 Perjura cedit ; diffugiunt, cadis Cum fasce siccatis, amici Ferre jugum pariter dolosi. Serves iturum.Csesarem in ultimos Orbis Britannos, et juvenum recens 30 Examen Eois timendum Partibus, Oceanoque rubro. Eheu ! cicatricum et sceleris pudet Fratrumque — Quid nos dura refugimu* «*Etas ? quid intactum nefasti 35 Liquimus ? unde manum j uventui dO a. HORATII FLACCI [35, 36, 3? Metu Deorum continuit ? quibus Pepercit aris ? O utinam nova Incude difEngas retusum in Massagetas Arabasque ferrum. 40 Carmen XXXVI. AD PLOTIUM NUMIDAM Et thure et fidibus juvat Placare et vituli sanguine debito Custodes Numidae Deos, Qui nunc, Hesperia sospes ab ultima, Caris multa sodalibus, 6 Nulli piura tamen dividit oscula, Quam dulci Lamiae, memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae. Cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota, ! Neu promt© modus amphorae, Neu morem in Salium sit requies pedum, Neu multi Damalis meri Bassum Threicia vincat amystide, Neu desint epulis rosae, 1/5 Neu vivax apium, neu breve lilium. Carmen XXXVII. AD SODALES. Nunc est biDendum, nunc pede lib^ro Pulsanda tellus ; nunc Saliaribus Ornare pulvinar deorum Tempus erat dapibus, sodales. Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum Cellis avitis, dum Capitolio 8? .J C ARM IN U ML. — LIBER I. JfJ Regina dementes ruinas, Funus et imperio parabat Contaminato cum grege turpium Morbo virorum, quidlibet impotens 10 Sperare, fortunaque dulci Ebria. Sed minuit furorem Vix una sospes navis ab ignibus ; Mentemque lymphatam Mareotico Redegit in veros timores J 5 Cajsar, ab Italia volantem Remis adurgens, accipiter velut Molles columbas, aut leporem citus Venator in campis nivalis Hsemoniaa ; daret ut catenis 20 Fat ale monstrum ; quae generosius Pciire quaerens, nee muliebriter Expavit ensem, nee latentes Classe cita reparavit oras ; Ausa et jacentem visere regiam 2b Vultu sereno, fortis et asperas Tractare serpentes, ut atrum Corpore combiberet venenum ; Deliberata morte ferocior ; Sac vis Liburnis scilicet invidens 80 Privata deduci superbo • Non humilis mulier triumpha 82 Q. HORATII FLACCl CARMINUM. — LiiiKR I |&ft Carmen XXXVITL AD P U E R U M Persicos odi, puer, apparatus • Displicent nexse philyra corcnao Mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum Sera moretur. Simplici myrto nihil allabores Sedulus euro : neque te ministruin Dedecet myrtus, neque me sub arct Vite bibentem. Q. H K A T I I F L A. C C i C A R M I N U M LIBER SECUNDUS. Carmen I. AD ASINIUM POLLIONEM. Motum ex Metello consule civicum, Bellique causas et vitia et modos, Ludumque Fortunes, gravesque Principum amicitias, et arma Nondum expiatis uncta cruoribus 6 Periculosae plenum opus aleae, Tractas, et incedis per ignes Suppositos cineri doloso. Paulum sever© Musa tragoediae Desit theatris : mox, ubi publi?as 1 Res ordinaris, grande munus Cecropio repetes cothurno, l*Lftigne mcBstis presidium reis Et consulenti Pollio curiae ; Oui laurus asternos honores 15 Dalmatico peperit triumplio. Jam nunc minaci murmure cornuum Persiringis aures, jam litui strepunt ; B 2 W a. nORATIl FLACCI [1,2 Jaji fulgor armorum fugaces Ttrret eauos equitumque vultus, 2(1 Audire magnos jam videor duces Non indecoro pulvere sordidos, Et cuncta terrarum subacta Praeter atrocem animum Catonis. June, et deorum quisquis amicior SI Afris inulta cesser at impotens Tellure, victorum nepotes Rettulit inferias Jugurthae. Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior Campus sepulcris impia proelia 38 Testatur, auditumque Medis Hesperiae sonitum ruinae ? Qui gurges, aut quae flumina lugubris Ignara belli ? quod mare Dauniae Non decoloravere caedes ? 35 Quae caret ora cruore nostro ? Sed ne, relictis, Musa procax, jocis, CeaB retractes munera naeniae : Mecum Dionaeo sub antro Quaere modos leviore plectro. 40 Carmen II. AD SALLUSTIUM CBJSPUM. Nullus argento color est avaris Abdito terris, inimice lamnae Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperato Splendeat usu. 2.3.] CARMINUM. LIBER II. #5 Vivet extento Proculeius aevo 6 Notus in fratres animi paterni : Ilium aget penna metuente solvi Fama superstes. Latius regnes avidum domandc Spiritum, quam si Libyam remotis 10 Gadibus jungas, et uterque Poenus *s fierviat uni. Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops, Nee sitim pellit, nisi causa morbi Fugerit venis, et aquosus albo 16 Corpore languor. Redditum Cyri solio Phrahaten Dissidens plebi numero beatorum Eximit Virtus, populumque falsis Dedocet uti SO Vocibus ; regnum et diadema tutum Deferens uni propriamque laurum, Quisquis ingentes oculo irretorto Spectat acervos Carmen III. AD DELLIUM. iEquam memento rebus in arduis Servare mentem, non secus in bonis Ab insolenti temperatam Lsetitia, moriture Delli, Seu moBStus omni tempore vixeris, Seu te in remoto gramine per dies 3f* U. HOUATII FLACCI J_3, 6 Festos reclinatum bearis Interiore nota Falerni. Qua pinus ingens albaque populus Umbram hospitalem consociare amant 10 Hamis, et obliquo laborat Lympha fugax trepidare rivo : Hue vina et unguenta et nimium brevis Flores amoenos ferre jube rosse, Dum res et setas et Sororum 15 Fila trium patiuntur atra. Cedes coemtis saltibus, et domo, Villaque, flavus quam Tiberis lavit : Cedes ; et exstructis in altum Divitiis potietur hsBres. 20 Divesne prisco natus ab Inacho, Nil interest, an pauper et infima De gente, sub divo moreris, Victima nil raiserantis Orci. Omnes eodem cogimur : omnium 25 V^ersatur urna serius ocius Sors exitura, et nos in seternum Exsilium impositura cymbse. Carmen VI. AD SEPTIMIUM. Septimi, Gades aditure mecum et Cantabrum indoctum juga ferre nostra, et Barbaras Syrtes, ubi Maura semper ^Estuat unda : CAR.M1.XUM. — LIBER II. SI Tibur, Argeo positum colono, 5 Sit meaB sedes utinam senecUe, Sit modus lasso maris et viarum Militiseque. IJnde si Parcse prohibent iniquaB, Dulce pellitis ovibus Galsesi 10 Fiumen et regnata petam Laconi Bur a Phalanto. ille ten-arum mihi prseter omnes Angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto Mella decedunt, viridique certat 10 Bacca Venafro. Ver ubi longum tepidasque prsebet Jupiter brumas, et amicus Aulon Fertili Baccho minimum Falerni? Invidet uvis. 20 Ille te mecum locus et beatse Postulant arces ; ibi tu calentem Debita sparges lacrima favillara Vatis amici. Carmen VII. AD POMPEIUM. O seepe mecum tempus in ultimum Deducte, Bruto militise duce, Quis te redonavit Quiritem Dii» patriis Italoque coalo, Pompei, meorum prime sodalium ? Cum quo mora nt em ssepe diem mero 4$ a. HORATII FLACCI [7, 9 Fregi, coronatus nitentes Malobathro Syrio capil'los. Tecum Philippos et celerem fugam Sensi, relicta non bene parmula ; 10 Quum fracta Virtus, et minaces Turpe solum tetigere mento. Sed me per hostes Mercurius celer Denso paventem sustulit aere ; Te rursus in bellum resorbens 16 Unda fretis tulit sestuosis. Ergo obligatam redde Jovi dapeni, Longaque fessum militia latus Depone sub lauru mea, nee Parce cadis tibi destinatis. 20 Oblivioso levia Massico Ciborio exple, funde capacibus Unguent a de conchis. Quis udo Deproperare apio coronas Curatve myrto ? quern Venus arbitrum 25 Dicet bibendi ? Non ego sanius Bacchabor Edonis : recepto Dulce mihi furere est amico. Carmen IX. AD VALGIUM. Non semper imbres nubibus hispidos Manant in agros, aut mare Caspium Vexant insequales procellse Usque, nee Armenhs in oris. tf,10.] CARMINUM. LIBER II. 39 Amice Valgi, stat glacies iners 5 Menses per omnes ; aut Aquilonibus Querceta Gargani laborant, Et foliis viduantur orni. Tu semper urges flebilibus modis Mysten ademtum ; nee tibi Vespero 10 Surgente decedunt amores, Nee rapidum fugiente Solem. At non ter sevo functus amabilem Eloravit omnes Antilochum senex Annos ; nee impubem parentes 16 Troi'lon, aut Phrygise sorores Flevere semper. Desine mollium Tandem querelarum ; et potius nova Cantemus Augusti tropaea Caesaris, et rigidum Niphaten ; 20 Medumque flumen, gentibus additum Victis, minores volvere vortices ; Intraque prsescriptum Gelonos Exiguis equitare campis. Carmen X. AD LICINIUM. Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum Semper urgendo, neque, dum procellas Cautus horrescis, nimium premendo Litus iniquurn. Auream quisquis mediocritatem Diligit, tutus caret obsoleti 40 a. II0RATI1 FLA-DCI [10,)!. Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda Sobrius aula. Saepius ventis agitatur ingens Pinus, et celsae graviore casu JO Decidimt turres, feriuntque summos Fulgura montes. Sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem bene praeparatum Pectus Informes hiemes reducit 1 Jupiter, idem Summovet. Non, si male mine, et olira Sic erit. Quondam cithara tacentem Suscitat Musam, neque semper arcum Tendit Apollo. «J Rebus angustis animosus atque Fortis appare : sapienter idem Contrahes vento nimium secundo Turgida vela. Carmen XI. AD QUINTIUM. Gtuid bellicosus Cantaber, et Scythes, Hirpine Quinti, cogitet, Hadria Divisus objecto, remittas Quserere ; nee trepides in usum Poscentis aevi pauca. Fugit retro Levis Juventas, et Decor, arid a Pellente lascivos amores Canitiefacilemque somnuin. 11,12, CARMLM.M. LIBER U. \\ Non semper idem floribus est honor Vcmis ; neque uno Luna rub ens nitet 10 Vultu : quid aeternis minorem Consiliis animum fatigas ? Cur non sub alta vel platano vel hac Pinu jacentes sic temere, et rosa Canos odorati capillos, 16 Dum licet, Assyriaque nardo Potamus uncti ? Dissipat Euius Curas edaces. Quis puer ocius Restinguet ardentis Falerni Pocula praetereunte lympha ? Carmen XII. AD 1VLECENATEM. Nclis longa ferae bella Numantiae, Nee dirum Hannibalem, nee Siculum mare Pceno purpureum sanguine, mollibus Aptari citharae modis : Nee saevos Lapithas, et nimium mero 5 Hylaeum ; domitosve Herculea manu Telluris juvenes, unde periculum Fulgens CQntremuit domus Saturni veteris : tuque pedesiribus Dices historiis proelia Caesaris, 10 Maecenas, melius, ductaque per vias P^egum colla minacium. Me dulces dominae Musa Lieymnise Cantus, me voluit dicere lucidura 42 a. HORATII FLACd [1^. 13 Fulgentes oculos, et bene mutuis 15 Fidum pectus amoribus : Quam nee ferre pedem dedecuit choris, Nee certare joeo, nee dare brachia Ludentem nitidis virginibus, sacro Dianse colebris die. 2U Num tu, quae teuuit dives Achaemenes, Aut pinguis Phrygiae Mygdonias opes, Permute. e velis crine Licymniae, Plenas aut Arabum domos ? Carmen XIII. In arborem, cujus casu paene oppressus fuerat Ille et nefasto te posuit die, Quicunque primum, et sacrilega manu Produxit, arbos, in nepotum Perniciem, opprobriumque pagi. IUum et parentis crediderim sui 6 Fregisse cervicem, et penetralia Sparsisse nocturno cruore Hospitis ; ille venena Colcha, Et quidquid usquam concipitur nefas Tractavit, agro qui statuit meo 10 Te, triste lignum, te caducum In domini caput immerentis. Quid quisque vitet, nunquam he-mini satis Cautum est, in horas. Navita Bosporum Poenus perhorrescit, neque ultra & '•aeca timet aliunde fata ; 13, 14.J CARMINUM. LIBER II. 43 Miles sagittas et celerem fugam Parthi ; catenas Parthus et It alum Robur : sed improvisa leti Vis rapuit rapietque gentes. 20 Quam psene furvae regna Proserpinse, Et judicantem vidimus iEacum, Sedesque discretas piorum, et ^Eoliis fidibus querentem Sappho pucllis de popularibus, 25 .Et te sonant em plenius aureo, Alcaee, plectro dura navis, Dura fugse mala, dura belli ! Utrumque sacro digna silentio Mirantur Umbrae dicere ; sed magis 30 Pugnas et exactos tyrannos Densum bumeris bibit aure vulgus. Quid mirum ? ubi illis carminibus stupens Demittit atras bellua centiceps Aures, et intorti capillis 3/5 Eumenidum recreantur angues ? Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens Dulci laborum decipitur sono : Nee curat Orion leones Aut timidos agitare lyncas. 40 Carmen XIV. AD POSTUMUM. Eheu ! fugaces, Postume, Postume, Labuntur anni ; nee pietas moram Rugis et instanti senectae AfFeret, indomitaeque morti * 44 a. HORATII FLACCJ [14. l£. JNon, si treceni?, auotquot emit dies, 3 Amice, places illacrimabilem Plutona tauris : qui ter amplum Geryonen Tityonque tristi Compescit unda, scilicet omnibus, Quicunque terrse munere veseimur, 10 Enaviganda, sive reges Sive inopes erimus coloni. Frustra cruento Marte carebimus, Fractisque rauci fluctibus Hadrise ; Frustra per auctumnos nocentem 15 Corporibus metuemus Austrum : Visendus ater flumine languido Cocytos errans, et Danai genus • Infame, damnatusque longi Sisyphus iEolides laboris. 20 Linquenda tellus, et domus, et placens Uxor ; neque harum, quas colis, arborum Te, praeter invisas cupressos, TJUa brevem dominum sequetur. Absumet haeres Csecuba dignior 28 Servata centum clavibus, et mero Tinget pavimeritum superbis Pontificum potiore ccenis. Caumen.XV. IN SUI SJECULI LUXURIAM Jam pauca aratro jugera regiae Moles relinquent : undique latius Extent a visentur Lucrino Stagna lacu : platanusque csolebs 15, 16. J CARMINUM. LIBER II. 46 Evincet ulmos : turn violaria, et 5 Myrtus, et omnis copia narium, Spargent olivetis odorem Fertilibus domino priori : Turn spissa ramis laurea fervidos .Excludet ictus. Non it a Romuli 10 Praescriptum et intonsi Catonis Auspiciis. veterumque norma Privatus illis census erat brevis, Commune magnum : nulla decempedis Metata privatis opacam Ift Porticus excipiebat Arcton ; Nee fortuitum spernere cespitem Leges sinebant, oppida publico Sumtu jubentes et deorum Templa novo decor are saxo. 80 Carmen XVI. AD GROSPHTJM. Otium divos rogat impotenti Pressus iEgaeo, simul atra nubes Condidit Lunam, neque certa fulgent Sidera nautis : Otium bello furiosa Thrace, 5 Otium Medi pharetra decori, Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura w- nale neque auro. Non emm gazae neque consularis Summov'et lictor miseros tumultus 10 Mentis, ?t curas laqueata circum. Tecta volantes 40 a. HORATU FLACC[ [10 Vivitur parvo bene, cui paternum Splendet in mensa tenui salinum, Nee leves somnos timor aut cupido \i Sordidus aufert. Quid brevi fortes jaculamur aevo Multa ? quid terras alio calentes Sole mutamus ? Patriae quis exsul Se quoque fugit ? 20 Scandit aeratas vitiosa naves Cura, nee turmas equitum relinquit, Ocior cervis, et agente nimbos Ocior Euro. Laetus in praest,ns animus, quod ultra 3&t, 25 Oderit curare, et amara lento Temperet risu. Nihil est ab orani Parte beatum. Abstulit clarum eita mors Achillem, Longa Tithonum minuit senectus ; * SO Et mihi forsan, tibi quod negarit, Porriget hora. Te greges centum Siculaeque circum Mugiunt vaccse ; tibi tollit hinnitum Apta quadrigis equa ; te bis Afro 35 Murice tinctsa Vestiunt lanse : mihi parva rura, et Spiritum Graise tenuem Camena3 Parca non mendax dedit, et malign urn Spernere vulgus. 40 17.1 CARMINUM, LIBHR II. 4^ Carmen XVII. AD MJECENATEM. Cur me querelis exanimas tuis ? Nee Dis amicum est, nee mihi, te prms Obire, Maecenas, mearum Grande decus columenque rerum. Ah ! te mese si partem animee rapit ff Maturior vis, quid moror altera, Nee carus seque, nee superstes Integer ? Ille dies utramque Ducet ruinam. Non ego perfidum Pixi sacramentum : ibimus, ibimus, Utcunque precedes, supremum Carpere iter comites parati. Me nee Chimaerae spiritus ignese, Nee, si resurgat, centimanus Gyas Divellet unquam : sic potenti \ 6 Justitiee placitumque Parcis. Seu Libra, seu me Scorpios adspicit Formidolosus, pars violentior Natalis horse, seu tyrannus Hesperiae Capricornus unda3, 20 Utrumque nostrum incredibiii modo Consentit astrum. Te Jo vis ircpio Tutela Saturno refulgens Eripuit, volucrisque Fati Tarda vit alas, quum populus frequens 26 Laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum : 48 a. HORATIl FLACCI []?, IS, Me truncus illapsus cerebro Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ic turn Dextra levasset, Mercurialmm Custos virorum. Reddere victimaa -^Edemque votivam memento : Nos humilem feriemus agnara. Carmen XVIII. Non ebur neque aureum Mea renidet in domo lacunar ; Non trabes Hymettise Premunt columnas, ultima recisas Africa ; neque Attali o Ignotus hseres regiam occupavi ; Nee Laconicas milii Trahunt honestse purpuras clientae. At fides et ingeni Benigna vena est ; pauperemque dives 1 Me petit : nihil supra Deos lacesso ; nee potentem amicum Largiora flagito, Satis beatus unicis Sabinis. Truditur dies die, 15 Novseque pergunt interire Lunae : Tu secanda marmora Locas sub ipsum funus ; et, sepuleri Immemor, struis domos ; Marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges 80 Summovere litora, Parum locuples continente ripa. Quid ? quod usque proximos Revcllis agri terminos, et ultra Limites clientium 35 Salis avarus ; pellitur paternos 18, 19. I CARMINUM. L1BEK U. 49 In sinu ferens Deos Et uxor, et vir, sordidosque natos. Nulla certior tamen, Rapacis Orci fine destinata 30 Aula divitem manet Herum. Quid ultra tendis ? iEqua tellus Pauperi recluditur Regumque pueris : nee satelles Orci Callidum Promethea 33 Revexit auro captus. Hie superbum Tantalum, atque Tantali Genus coercet ; hie levare functura Pauperem laborious Vocatus atque non moratus audit. 40 Carmen XIX. IN BACCHUM. Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibus Vidi docentem (credite posteri !) Nymphasque discentes, et aures Capripedum Satyrorum acutas. Euob ! recenti mens trepidat metu, 6 Plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidum Lsetatur ! Euce ! parce, Liber ! Parce, gravi metuende thyrso ! Fas pervicaces est mihi Thyiadas, Vinique fontem, lactis et uberes 19 Cantare rivos, atque truncis Lapsa cavis iterare mslla. Fas et beatae conjugis additum Stellis honorem, tectaque Penthsi C 50 a HORATII FLACCI [19,20 Disjecta non leni ruina, 2d ThracJs et exitium Lycurgi. Tu rlectis amnes, tu mare barbarum ' Tu separatis uvidus in jugis Nodo coerces viperino Bistonidum sine fraude crines. 20 Tu, quiun parentis regna per arduura Conors Gigantum scanderet impia. Rhoetum retorsisti leonis Unguibus horribilique mala : Quamquam, choreis aptior et jocis 25 Ludoque dictus, non sat idoneus Pugnse ferebaris ; sed idem Pacis eras mediusque belli. Te vidit insons Cerberus aureo. Cornu decorum, leniter atterens 80 Caudam, et recedentis trilingui Ore pedes tetigitque crura. Carmen XX. AD 3VLECENATEM. Non usitata, non tenui ferar Penna biformis per liquidum sethera Vates : neque in terris morabor Longius ; invidiaque major Urbes relinquam. Non ego pauper urn Sanguis parentum, non ego, quern vocaa Dilecte, Maecenas, obibo. Nee Stygia cohibebor unda. 2'J 1 CARMINUM. LIBER II. 5i Jam jam residunt cruribus asperse Pelles ; et album mutor in alitem 1C Superna ; nascunturque leves Per digitos humerosque plumse. Jam Deedaleo notior Icaro Visam gementis litora Bospori, Syrtesque Gaetulas canorus I Ales Hyperboreosque campos. Me Colchus, et, qui dissimulat metum Marsse eobortis, Dacus, et ultimi Noscent Geloni : me peritus Discet Iber, Pthodanique potor. <# Absint inani funere neenise, Luctusque turpes et querimonise ; Compesce clamorem, ac sepulcri Mitte eupervacuos honores. Q. HO RATH V LAC CI CARMINUM LIBER TERTIUS. Carmen I. Odi profanum vulgus et arceo : Favete Unguis : carmina non prius Audita Musarum sacerdos Virginibus puerisque canto. Regum tirnendorum in proprios greges, 6 lieges in ipsos imperium est Jovis, Clari Giganteo triumpho, Cuncta supercilio moventis. Est ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis ; hie generosior , Descendat in Campum petitor ; Moribus hie meliorque fama Contendat ; illi turba clientium Sit major : sequa lege Necessitas Sortitur insignes et imos ; 1 5 Omne capax movet urna nomen Destrictus ensis cui super impia Cervice pendet, non Siculse dapes Dulcem elaborabunt saporem, Non avium citharseve cantus 20 I J a. HORATII FLACCI CARMINUM. LIBER III. 53 Somnum reducent. Somnus agrestiurn Lenis virorum non humiles domos Fastidit, umbrosamve ripam, Non Zephyris agitata Tempe. Desiderantem quod satis est neque 25 Tumultuosum sollicitat mare, Nee ssevus Arcturi cadentis Impetus, aut orientis Hsedi ; Non verberatae grandine vineae, Fundusve mendax, arbore nunc aquas 30 Culoante, nunc torrentia agrcs Sidera nunc hiemes iniquas. Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt Jactis in altum molibus : hue frequens Casmenta demittit redemtor 35 Cum famulis, dominusque terrae Fastidiosus : sed Timor et Minae Scandunt eodem, quo dominus ; neque Decedit aerata triremi, et Post equitem sedet atra Cura. 40 Quod si dolentem nee Phrygius lapis, Nee purpurarom sidere clarior Delenit usus, nee Falerna Vitis, Aeheemeniumve costum ; Cur invidendis postibus et novo 45 ♦Sublime ritu moliar atrium ? Cur valle permutem Sabina Divitias operosir res ? 54 Q. HORATII FLACCI [ft Carmen II. Angustam amice pauperiem pati Robustus acri militia puer Condiscat ; et Parthos feroces Vexet eques metuendus hasta : Vitamque sub divo trepidis agat 3 In rebus. Ilium et moenibus lioshcis Matrona bellantis tyranni Prospiciens et adulta virgo Suspiret : Eheu ! ne rudis agminum Sponsus lacessat regius asperum 10 Tactu leonem, quern cruenta Per medias rapit ira caedes. x9 Carmen XIV. AD ROMANO S. Herculis ritu modo dictus, O Plebs ! Morte venalem petiisse laurum, Cassar Plispana repetit Penates Victor ab or a. Unico gaudens mulier marito 5 Prodeat, justis operata divis ; Et soror clari ducis, et decorse Supplice vitta Virgmum matres, juvenumque nuper Sospitum. Vos, O pueri, et puellae 10 Jam virum expertes, male nominatis Parcite verbis. Hie dies vere mihi festus atras Eximet curas : ego nee tumultum, Nee mori per vim metuam, tenente 15 Caesare terras. I, pete unguentum, puer, et coronas, Et cadum Marsi memorem duelli, * Spartacum si qua potuit vagantem Eallere testa. 20 Die et argutse properet Neaerae Myrrheum nodo cohibere crinem : Si per in visum mora janitorem Fiet, abito. Lemt albescens anLnos capillus 25 Litium et rixa3 cupidos proteiv© : 70 a. HORATII FLACC1 [14,16 Non ego hoc ferrem, calidus juventa, Consule Planco. Carmen XVI. AD M^ECENATEM. Inclusam Danaen turris aenea, Robustseque fores, et vigilum canum Tristes excubise munierant satis Nocturnis ab adulteris. Si non Acrisium, virginis abditee 8 Custodem pavidum, Jupiter et Venus Risissent : fore enim tutum iter et patens Con verso in pretium deo. Aurum per medios ire satellites, Et perrumpere amat saxa potentius 10 Ictu fulmineo ! Concidit auguris Argivi domus, ob lucrum Demersa exitio. Diffidit urbium Portas vir Macedo, et submit ssmulos Reges muneribus ; munera navium 1 6 Ssevos illaqueant duces. Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam, Majorumque fames. Jure perliorrui Late conspicuum tollere verticem. Maecenas, equitum decus ! 20 Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit, Ab Dis plura feret. Nil cupientium Nudus castra peto, et transfuga divitum Partes linquere gestio ; 16, 17. I CARMINUM. LIBER III. 7] Contemtae dominus splenaidior rei, 20 Quam si, quidquid arat impiger Apulus, Occultare meis dicerer horreis, Magnas inter opes inops. Purae rivus aquae, silvaque jugerum Paucorum, et segetis certa fides meae, 30 Fulgentem imperio fertilis African Fallit. Sorte beatior, Quamquam nee Calabras mella ferunt ap>s, Nee Laestrygonia Bacchus in amphora Languescit mihi, nee pinguia Gallicis 35 Crescunt veil era pascuis, Importuna tamen pauperies abest ; Nee, si piura velim, tu dare deneges. Contracto melius parva cupidine VectigaHa porrigam, 40 Quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattei Campis continuem. Multa petentibus Desunt multa. Bene est, cui Deus obtulit Parca, quod satis est, manu. Caemen XVII. AD HELIUM LAMIAM. iEli, vetusto nobilis ab Lamo, [Quando et priores hinc Lamias ferunt Denominatos, et nepotum Per memores genus omne fastos Auctore ab illo ducit originem,] Qui Formiarum moenia dicitur 72 a. HORATII FLACCI 17.18 Prin 3eps et innantem Maricse Litoribus tenuisse Lirim, Late tyrannus : eras foliis nemu& Multis et alga litus inutili 10 Demissa tempestas ab Euro Sternet, aquas nisi fallit augur Annosa cornix, Dum potis, aridum Compone lignum : eras Genium mero Curabis et porco bimestri, IS Cum famulis operum solutis. Carmen XVIII. AD FAUNUM. Faune, Nympharum fugientum amator, Per meos fines et aprica rura Lenis incedas, abeasque parvis JEquus alumnis, rii tener pleno cadit hasdus anno, fl Larga nee desunt Veneris sodali Vina craterae, vetus ara multo Fumat odore. Ludit herboso pecus omne campo, Quum tibi Nonas redeunt Decembres ; ! Festus in pratis vacat otioso Cum bove pagus : Inter audaces lupus errat agnos ; Spargit agres'ies tibi silva frondes ; Gaudet invisam pepulisse fossor 16 Ter pedc terram. J9. I CARMINUM. LIBER III 73 Carmen XIX. AD TELEPHUM. Quantum distet ab Inacho Codrus, pro patria non timidus mori ; Narras, et genus iEaci, Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio : Quo Cliium pretio cadum i Mercemur, quis aquam temperet ignibus Quo praebente domum et quota Pelignis caream frigoribus, taces. Da Lunae propere novae, Da Noctis mediae, da, puer, auguris 10 Murenae : tribus aut novem Miscentor cyathis pocula commodis. Qui Musas amat impares, Ternos ter cyathos attonitus petet Vates : tres prohibet supra 16 Rixarum metuens tangere Gratia, Nudis juncta sororibus. Insanire juvat : cur Berecyntiae Cessant flamina tibiae ? Cur pendet tacita fistula cum lyra ? 20 Parcentes ego dexteras Odi : sparge rosas ; audiat invidus Dement em strepitum Lycus Et vicina seni non habilis Lyco. Spissa te mtidum coma, 2§ Puro te simiiem, Telephe, Vespero, Tempestiva petit Rhode : Me lentus Glycerae torret amor meai. D 74 U. HORATII FLACC1 [21 Carmen XXI. AD AMPHORAM. O nata mecum consule Manlio, Seu tu querelas, sive geris jocos, Seu rixam et insanos amores, Seu facilem pia, Testa, somnum ; Quocunque la3tum nomine Massicum 6 Servas, moveri digna bono die, Descende, Corvino jubente Promere languidiora vina. Won ille, quamquam Socraticis madet Sermonibus, te negliget horrid us : 10 Narratur et prisci Catonis Ssepe mero caluisse virtus. Tu lene tormentum ingenio admoves Plerumque duro : tu sapientium Cur as et arcanum jocoso f 5 Consilium retegis Lyseo : Tu spem reducis mentibus anxiis Viresque : et addis cornua pauperi, Post te neque iratos trementi Regum apices, neque militum arnia 2Q Te Liber, et, si lseta aderit, Venus, Segnesque nodum solvere Gratis, Yivseque producent lucerne, Dum rediens fugat astra Phoebus. 23,24] CARMINUM. LIBER III. 7fi Carmen XXIII. AD PHIDYLEN. Coelo supinas si tuleris manus Nascente Luna, rustica Phidyle, Si thure placaris et horn a Fruge Lares, avidaque porc^ . Nee pestilent em sentiet Africum 5 Fecunda vitis, nee sterilem seges Robiginem, aut dulces alumni Pomifero grave tempus ann Q, HORATII FLACC1 ' 1. *> Libenter hoc et omne militabitur Bellum in tuse spem gratise ; Non ut juvencis illigata plunbus 25 Aratra nitantur mea ; Pecusve Calabris ante sidus fervidum Lucana mutet pascuis ; Nee ut superni villa candens Tu^culi Circsea tangat mcenia. 30 Satis superque me benignitas tua Ditavit : haud paravero, Quod aut, avarus ut Chremes, terra premam, Discinctus aut perdam ut nepos. Carmen II. " Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis, Ut prisca gens mortalium, Paterna rura bobus exercet suis, Solutus omni fenore. Neque exeftatur classico miles truci, 6 Neque horret iratum mare ; Forumque vitat et superba civium Potentiorum limina. Ergo aut adulta vitium propagine Altas maritat populos, 10 Inutilesque falce ramos amputans Feliciores inserit ; Aut in reducta valle mugientium Prospectat errantes greges ; Aut pressa puris meila condit amphoris ; 15 Aut tondet infirmas oves ; Vel, quum decorum mitibus pomis caput Auctumnus agris extulit, Ut gaudet insitiva decerpens pira, Certantcm et uvam purpuras, 20 3.1 EPODON LIBER. 107 Qua muneretur te, Priapa, et te, pater Silvane, tutor fmium. Li bet jacere, modo sub autiqua ihce, Modo in tenaci gr amine. Labuntur altis interim ripis aquae ; 25 Queruntur in silvis aves ; Frondesque lymphis obstrepunt manantibus Somnos quod invite t leves. At quum Tonantis annus hibernus Jo vis Imbres nivesque comparat, 3C Aut trudit acres bine et hinc multa cane Apros in obstantes plagas ; Aut amite levi rara tendit retia, Turdis edaeibus dolos ; Pavidumque Jeporem, et advenam ]aqueo srriw 35 Jucunda captat praemia. Quis non malarum, quas amor curas habet, Haac. inter obliviscitur ? Quod si pudica mulier in partem juvet Domum atque dulces liberos, 40 Sabina qualis, aut perusta solibus Pernicis uxor Apuli, Sacrum et vetustis extruat lignis focum, Lassi sub adventum viri ; Claudensque textis cratibus laetum pecus. 15 Distenta siccet ubera ; Et horna dulci vina promens dolio, Dapes inemtas apparet : Non me Lucrina juverint conchy li a, Magisve rhombus, aut scari, 50 B: quos Eois intonata fluctibus Hiems ad hoc vert at mare ; Non Afra avis descendat in ventrem cn*um. Non- attagen Ionicus Jucundior, quam lecta de pinguissiiuis 55 Oliva ramis arborum, \m Q. HORATIl FLACCI [2,3 Ant herba lapathi prata amantis, et gravi Malvae salubres corpori, Vel agna festis csesa Terminalibus, Vel hsedus ereptus lupo. Has inter epulas, ut juvat pastas oves Videre properantes domum ! Videre fessos vomerem inversum bovcs Collo trahentes languido ! Positosque vernas, ditis examen domiu, Circum renidentes Lares !" Haec ubi locutus fenerator Alphius, Jam jam futurus rusticus, Omnem redegit Idibus pecuniam — Quserit Kalendis ponere ! Carmen III. AD 3VLECENATEM. Parentis olim si quis impia maiiu Senile guttur fregerit Edit cicutis allium nocentius. O dura messorum ilia ! Quid hoc veneni ssevit in prsecordiis ? Num viperinus his cruor Incoctus herbis me fefellit ? an malas Canidia tractavit dapes ? Ut Argonautas prater omnes candid urn Medea mirata est ducem, Ignota tauris illigaturum juga, Perunxit hoc Iasonem : Hoc delibutis ulta doriis pellicem, Serpente fngit alite. Nee tantus unquam siderum insedit vapor Sitieulosse Apulise : Nee munus humeris efficaci? Here ills Inarsit sestuosius. OC Go 70 10 15 5.J EPODON J [BFR 109 Carmen IV. Lupis ei agnis quanta sortito obtigit. Tecum mihi discordia est, Ibericis peruste funibus latus, Et crura dura compede. Licet superbus ambules pecunia, D Fortuna non mutat genus. Videsne, Sacram metiente te viam Cum bis trium ulnarum toga, Ut ora vertat hue et hue euntium Liberrima indignatio ? U " Sectus flagellis hie Triumviralibus, Praeconis ad fastidium, Arat Falerni mille fundi jugera Et Appiam mannis terit : Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques, 5 Othone contemto, sedet ! Quid attinet tot ora n avium gravi Rostrata duci pondere Contra latrones atque servilem raanum, Hoc, hoc tribuno militum V 20 Cae,men V. IN CANIDIAM VENEFICAM. * Ai, O deorum quicquid in coelo regit Terras et humanum genus ! Quid iste fert tumultus ? aut quid omnium Vultus in unum me truces ? Per liberos te ; si vocata partubus Lucina veris adfuit, Per hoc inane purpurse decus precor, Per improbaturum hscc Jovem, 110 a. HOIiATII FLACOi (D Quid ut noverca rne intueris, aut uti i'etita ferro bellua ?" — 1 Ut hsec tremente questus ore constitit i'nsignious raptis puer, Impube corpus, quale posset impia Mollire Thracum pectora ; Canidia brevibus implicata viperis 16 Crines et incomtum caput, Jubet sepulcris caprificos erutas, Jubet cupressus funebres, Et uncta turpis ova ranae sanguine, Plumamque nocturne strigis, UQ Herbasque, quas Iolcos atque Iberia Mittit venenorum ferax, Et ossa ab ore rapta jejunal canis, Flammis aduri Colchicis. At expedita Sagana, per tot am domum 25 Spargens Avernales aquas, Horret capillis ut marinus asperis Echinus, aut Laurens aper. Abacta nulla Veia conscientia Ligonibus duris humum 3u Exhauriebat, ingemens laborious ; Quo posset infossus puer Longo die bis terque mutatse dapis Inernori spectaculo ; Quum promineret ore, quantum exstant aq '.a S«5 Suspensa mento corpora ; Exsucca uti medulla et aridum jecur Amoris esset poculum, Interminato quum semel fixsB cibo Intabuissent pupulse. 40 Hie irresectum sseva dente lividc Canidia rodens pollicem Quid dixit ? aut quid tacuit ? " O rebus rueis Non infi deles arbitne, 5.] EPODOS LIBER. !1) Nox, et Diana, quag silentium regis, 45 Arcana quum fiunt sacra, Nunc nunc adeste, nunc in hostiles domes Tram atque numen vertite. Formidolosae dam latent silvis ferae, Dulci sopore languidae, % 5t Senem, quod omnes rideant, adulterum Latrent Suburanse canes, Nardo perunctum, quale non perfectius Meae laborarint manus. — Quid accidit ? cur dira barbarae minus 55 Venena Medeae valent ? Quibus superbam fugit ulta pellicem, Magni Creontis filiam, Quum palla, tabo munus imbutum, novam Incendio nuptam abstulit." 00 Sub liaec puer, jam non, ut ante, mollibus Lenire verbis impias ; Sed dubius, unde rumperet silentium, Misit Thyesteas preces : "Venena magica fas nefasque, non valent 65 Convertere humanam vicem. Diris agam vos : dira detestatio Nulla expiatur victim a. Quin, ubi perire jussus expiravero, Nocturnus occurram Furor, 70 Petamque vultus umbra curvis unguibus, Quae vis deorum est Manium, Et inquietis assidens praecordiis Pavore somnos auferam. Vos turba vicatim hinc et hinc saxis petens 7?5 Contundet obscenas anus. Post insepulta membra different lupi Et Esquilinae alites. Neque hoc parentes, heu mihi superstites! Effiigerit spectaculum.'' 80 112 a. HORATII FLACCf \ 6. 7 Carmen VI. Quid h nmerentes hospites vexas, cams, Ignavus adversum lupos ? Quin*huc inanes, si potes, vertis minas, Et me remorsurum petis ? Nam, qualis aut Molossus, aut fulvus Laeon 6 Arnica vis pastoribus, \.gam per altas aure sublata nives, QusBcunque prsecedet fera. Tu, quum timenda voce complesti nemus. Projectum odoraris cibum. 10 Cave, cave : namque in malos asperrimus Parata tollo cornua ; Qualis Lycambse spretus infido gener, Aut acer hostis Bupalo. An, si quis atro dente me petiverit, ;6 Inultus ut flebo puer ? Carmen VII. AD POPULTJM ROMANUM. Quo, quo scelesti ruitis ? aut cur dexteris Aptantur enses conditi ? Parumne campis atque Neptuno super Fusum est Latini sanguinis ? Non, ut superbas invidse Carthaginis Romanus arces ureret, Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet Sacra eaten atus via, Sed ut, secundum vota Parthorum. sua Urbs hsec periret dextera. Neque hie lupis mos, nee fuit leonibus, Nunquam, nisi in dispar, feris. Furorne caecus, an rapit vis acrior ? An culpa ? responsum date. — Tacent ; et ora pallor albus inficit, 1 5 Mentesque perculsae stupent. Sic est ; acerba fata Romanos agunt, Scelusque fraternae nee is, L T t immerentis fluxit in terrain Remi Sacer nepotibus cruor. 20 Carmen IX. AD MiECENATEM. Quando repostum Caecubum ad festas dapes Victore laetus Caesare, Tecum sub alta, sic Jovi gratum, dome, Eeate Maecenas, bibam, Sonante mixtum tibiis carmen lyra, 5 Hac Dorium, illis barbarum ? Ut nuper, actus quum freto Neptunius Dux fugit, ustis navibus, Minatus Urbi vincla, quae detraxerat Servis amicus perfidis. 10 Romanus, eheu ! posteri negabitis, Emancipatus feminae, Pert vallum et arma miles, et spadonibus Servire rugosis potest ! Interque signa turpe militaria 15 Sol adspicit conopium ! Ad hoc frementes verterunt bis mille equos Galli, canentes Caesarem ; Hostiliumque navium portu latent Puppes sinistrorsum citse. 20 Io Triumphe ! tu moraris aureo3 Currus, et intactas boves ? ill a. HORATII PLACCI [9,10 Io Triumphe ! nee Jugurthino parem Bello report asti ducem, Neque Africanum, cui super Car thagineip 23 Virtus sepulcrum eondidit. Terra manque victus hostis, Punico Lugubre mutavit sagum ; Aut ille centum nobilem Crctam *i*bn*w* Ventis iturus non suis ; 30 Exercitatas aut petit Syrtes Noto , Aut fertur incerto mari. Capaciores affer hue, puer, scyphoa Et Chia vina, aut Lesbia, Vel, quod fluentem nauseam coerceat Tfr Metire nobis Csecubum. Curam metumque C^saris rerum juvat Dulci Lyseo solvere. Carmen X. IN MiEVIUM POETAM. Mala soluta navis exit alite, Ferens olentem Msevium. Ut liorridis utrumque verberes latus, Auster, memento fluctibus. Niger rudentes Eurus, inverso mari, £ Fractosque remos differat ; Insurgat Aquilo, quantus altis montibus Frangit trementes ilices ; Nee sidus atra nocte amicum appareat, Qua tristis Orion cadit ; 10 Quietiore nee feratur sequore, Quam Graia victorian manus, Quum Pallas usto vertit iram at* llio In impiam Ajacis ratem 13, 13.] EPODON LIBER U5 O juantus instat navitis sudor tuis, 15 Tibique pallor luteus, Et ilia lion virilis ejulatio, Proces et aversum ad Jovem, Ionius udo quum remugiens sinus Xoto carinam ruperit ! 20 Opima quod si prseda curvo litore Porrecta mergos juveris, •labidinosus immolabitur caper Et agna Tempestatibus. Carmen XIII. AD AMICOS. Horrida tempestas caelum contraxit, et imbres Xivesque deducunt Jovem ; nunc mare, nunc siluas Threicio Aquilone sonant. Hapiamus, amici, Occasionem de die ; dumque virent genua, Et decet, obducta solvatur fronte senectus. 5 Tu vina Torquato move Consule pressa meo. Ceetera mitte loqui : Deus hsec fortassc benigna Heducet in sedem vice. Nunc et Aclisemenio Perfundi nardo juvat, et fide Cyllenea Levare diris pectora sbUicitudinibus. 10 Nobilis ut grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno : Invicte, mortalis dea nate, puer, Thetide, Te manet Assaraci tellus, quam frigida parvi Findunt Scamandri fiumina, lubricus et Simois ; TJnde tibi reditum curto subtemine Parcse \ 5 liupere ; nee mater domnm eaerula te revebet. Illic omne malum vino cantuqie leva to, Deform is segiimonise dulcibu alloqiiis. 110 a. HCRATII FLACCI [l& Carmen XVI. AD POFULTJM ROMANUM Altera jam teritur bellis cizilibus set as Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit, Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi, Minacis aut Etrusca Porseuse manus. iEmula nee virtus Capua?, nee Spartacus acer, 6 Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox : Ncc fera camilea domuit Germania pube, Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal : Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis sctas ; Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum. 1 Barbaras, heu ! cineres insistet victor; et T Jrbem Eques sonante verberabit ungula ; Quaeque carent ventis et solibus, ossa Quirini, Nefas videre ! dissipabit insolens. Forte, quid expediat, communiter, aut melior pars i £ Malis carere quseritis laboribus. Nulla sit hac potior sententia ; Phocseorum Velut profugit exsecrata civitas : Agros atque Lares patrios, habit andaque fana Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis : VJO Ire, pedes quocunque ferent,* quocunque per undar Notus vocabit, aut protervus Africus. Sic placet ? an melius quis habet suadere ? secunda Ratem occupare quid moramur alite ? Sed juremus in hsec : Simul imis saxa renarint 2A Vadis levata, ne redire sit nefas ; Neu conversa domum pigeat dare lintea, quindo Padus Matina laverit cacumina ; In mare seu celsus procurrerit Apemiinus ; Novaque monstra junxeiit libidine 30 Minis amor, juvet ut tigres subsidere cervis, Adulteretur et columLa mil uo ; IG.J EPODON LIBER. ] J «7 Credula nee flavos timeant armenta leones ; Ametque salsa levis hircus eequora. Hasc, et quae poterunt reditus abscindere dulces, 35 Eamus omnis exsecrata civitas, Aut pars indocili melior grege ; mollis et exspes Inominata perprimat cubilia ! Vos, quibus est virtus, muliebrem tollite luctum, Etrusca prsster et volate litora. 40 Nos manet Oceanus circum vagus*: arva, beat a Petamus arva, divites et insulas, Heddit ubi Cererem tellus inarata quotannis, Et imputata floret usque vinea, Germinat et nunquam fallentis termes olivse, 45 Suamque pulla flcus ornat arborem, Mella cava manant ex ilice, montibus altis Levis crepante lymph a desilit pede. IHic injussa3 veniunt ad mulctra capellse, Refertque tenta grex amicus ubera : GO Nee vespertinus eircumgemit ursus ovile ; Nee intumescit alma viperis humus. Nulla nocent pecori contagia, nullius astri Gregem sestuosa torret impotentia. Pluraque felices mirabimur ; ut neque -argis ofi Aquosus Eurus arva radat imbribus, Pinguia nee siccis urantur semina glebis ; Utrumque rege temperante Coalitum. Non hue Argoo contendit remige pinus, Neque impudica Colchis intulit pedem ; 60 Non hue Sidonii torserunt cornua nautaj, Laboriosa nee cohors Ulixei. J upiter ilia pia3 secrevit litora genti, Ut inquinavit sere tempus aureurn : Mien dehinc ferro duravit saecula ; que x am 65 Fiis secunda vate me datur fiiga. 118 a. HORATII FLACCI [17 Cabmen XVII IN CANIDIAM Hoeatfjs. Jam jam efficaci do manus scientue Suppiex, et oro regna per Proserpinie, Per et Dianas non movenda numina, Per atque libros carminum valeutium Defixa coalo devocare sidera, & Canidia, parce voeibus tandem sacris, Citumque retro solve, solve turbinem. Movit nepotem Telephus Nerei'um, In quern superbus ordinarat agmina Mysorum, et in quern tela acuta torserat. 10 Unxere matres Ilise addictum feris Alitibus atque canibus homicidam Hectored Postquam relictis moenibus rex procidit Heu ! pervicaeis ad pedes Achillei'. Setosa duris exuere pellibus \5 Laboriosi remiges Ulixei', Volente Circa, membra ; tunc mens et sonus Relapsus, atque notus in vultus honor. Dedi satis superque poenarum tibi. Fugit juventas, et verecundus color 20 Reliquit ossa pelle amicta lurida ; Tuis capillus albus est odoribus, Nullum a labcre me redinat otium. Urget diem nox et dies noctem, neque est Levare tenta spiritu prsecordia. 2^ Ergo negatum vincor ut credam miser, Babella pectus increpare carmina, Caputque Marsa dissilire nsenia. Quid amplius vis ? O mare ' O terra ! ardeo Quantum neque atro delibutus Hercules 30 IT,"] EPoDON LICER 119 Nessi cruore, nee Sicana fervida Furens in ^Etna flamma. Tu, deuce cials injunosis aridus ventis ferar, Cales venenis offioina Colchicis. Quae finis ? aut quod me manet stipend ium ! 35 E flare : jussas cum fide poenas luam, > Paratus, expiare seu poposceris Centum juvencis, sive mendaci lyra Voles sonare Tu pudica, tu proba ; Perambulabis astra sidus aureum. 40 Infainis Helenae Castor offensus vicem, Fraterque magni Castoris, victi prece. Ademta vati reddidere lumina. Et tu, potes nam, solve me dementia, O nee paternis obsoleta sordibus, Ifi Nee in sepulcris pauperum prudens anus Novendiales dissipare puiveres. Caxidia. Quid obseratis auribus fundis pieces ? Non saxa nudis surdiora navitis Neptunus alto tundit hibernus salo. 50 Quid proderat ditasse Pelignas anus Velociusve miscuisse toxicum ? Sed tardiora fata te votis manent : Tngrata misero vita ducenda est, in hoc, Novis ut usque suppetas laboribus. 56 Optat quietem Pelopis infidi pater, Egens benignse Tantalus semper dapis ; Optat Prometheus obligatus aiiti ; Optat supremo collocare Sisyphus In monte saxum ; sed vetant leges Jovis. G& Voles modo altis desilire turribus, Modo ense pectus Norico recludere ; Frustraque vincla gutturi nectes tuo, 120 U. HORATII FLACCI EPODON LIBFR '{7 Fat'tidiosa tristis segrimonia. Vectabor humeris tunc ego inimicis equt $£ Meaeque terra cedet insolentisB. A p> quae movere cereas imagines, Ut ipse nosti curiosus, et polo Deripore Lunam vocibus possim meis, Possim crematos excitare mortuos, 70 Plorem artis, in te nil asrentis, exitum f Q. HORATII FLACCI CARMEN MCULARJS PRO INCOLUMITATE IMPERII. Phcebe, silvarumque potens Diana, Lucidum coeli iecus, O colendi Semper et culii, date, quse precamur Tempore sacro ; Quo Sibyllini monuere versus 5 Virgines lectas puerosque castos Dis, quibus septem placuere colles, Dicer e carmen. Alme Sol, curru nitido diem qui Promis et ceias, aliusque et idem 10 Nasceris, possis nihil urbe Roma Visere majus. Rite maturos aperire partus Lenis, Ilithyia, tuere matres ; Sive tu Lucina probas vocari, \5 Seu Genitalis. Diva, producas suWem, Patrumque Prosperes decreta super jugandis Feminis, prolisque nova? feraci Lege marita : 2C F 122 a. HORATII FLACCI Certus undenos decies per annos Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos. Ter die claro, totiesque grata Nocte frequentes Vosque veraces cecinisse, Parcae, 26 Quod semel dictum est, stabilisque rerum Terminus servat, bona jam peractis Jungite fata. Fertilis frugum pecorisque Tellus Spicea donet Cererem corona ; SO Nutriant fetus et aquee, salubres Et Jo vis aurse. Condito mitis placidusque telo Supplices audi pueros, Apollo ; >; . > Siderum regina bicornis, audi, 35 Luna, puellas : Koma si vestrum est opus, Iliaaque Litus Etruscum tenuere turmsa, Jussa pars mutare Lares et urbem Sospite cursu, 40 Cui per ardentem sine fraude Trojam Castus ./Eneas patriae superstes Liberum munivit iter, daturu^ Plura relictis ; ■ Di, probos mores docili juveiit;??, 45 Di, senectuti placidse quietem, Romuia? genti date remque prolero^ue Et decus omne. CARMEN 7 SACULARE. I«j3 Quique vos bobus veneratur albis. Clarus Anchisse Venerisque sanguis, 60 lmperet, bellante. prior, jacentem Lenis in hostem. Jam mari terraque manus potentes Medus Albanasque timet secures ; Jam Scythae responsa petunt, superbi 55 Nuper, et Indi. Jam Fides, et Pax, et Honor, Pudorquo Priscus, et neglecta redire Virtus Audet ; apparetque beata pleno Copia cornu. 60 Augur, et fulgente decorus arcu Phoebus, acceptusque novem Camenis, Qui salutari levat arte fessos Corporis artiis - Si Palatinas videt scquus arces, 65 Remque Romanam Latiumque, felix, Alterum in lustrum, meliusque semper Proroget sevum. Quaeque Aventinum tenet Algidumque, Quindecim Diana preces virorum 70 Curet, et votis puerorum arnicas Applied aures Ha3c Jovem sentire, deosque cunctos, Spem bonam cert am que domum report o, Doctus et Phcebi chorus et Dianse 7 5 Dicere laudes. Q. HOBATII FLACC1 SEKMONES. Q. H R A T I I HACCI 8ERM0 N U M LIBER PRIMUS. feATUtA 1. IN AVAROS. Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem 5eu ratio dederit, sen fors objecerit, ilia Contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentes ? O fortunati merca tores ! gravis annis Miles ait, multo jam fr actus membra labore. * Contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris, Militia est 'potior ! Quid enim ? concurritur : hora Momento aut cita mors venit ant victoria laeta. Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus, Sub galli cantum consultor ubi ostia pulsat. 1C Tile, datis vadibus qui rure extractus in urbem est, Solos felices viventes clam at in urbe. Cetera de genere hoc, adeo sunt multa, loquacem Delassare valent Fabium. Xe te morer, audi Quo rem deducam. Si quis Deus, En ego, dicat. L6 Jam faciam aiwd vidtis : eris tic, qui moclo miles, Mercator : tit consultus modo, rusticus : hinc vos, Vos hinc mutatis discedite partibus. Eia ! Quid statis ? — nolint. Atqui licet esse beat is. Quid causae e-vt, merito quin Mis Jupiter ambas 20 Iratus buccar inflet, neque se fore posthac T: j £icil lj licat, votis ut praebeat aurem ? 128 Q. HQTtATII FLACCI [1 Prseterea, no, sic, ut qui jocularia, ridens Percurram : quamquam ridentem dicere verum Quid vetat ? ut pueris olim dant crustula blanch 25 Doctores, elementa velint ut discere prima : Sed tamen amoto quaeramus seria ludo. Me gravem duro terram qui vertit aratro, Perfidus hie cautor, miles, nautseque, per omne Audaces mare qui currunt, hac mente laborem 3C Sese ferre, senes ut in otia tuta recedant, Aiunt, quum sibi sint congesta cibaria ; sicut Parvula (nam exemplo est) magni formica labori3 Ore trahit quodcunque potest, atque addit acervo, Quern struit, haud ignara ac non incauta futur: 3b Quse, simul inversum contristat Aquarius annum, Non usquam prorepit, et illis utitur ante QuLjjsitis sapiens : quum te neque fervidus sestus Demoveat lucro, neque hiems, ignis, mare, ferrum ; . Nil obstet tibi, dum ne sit te ditior alter. 40 Quid juvat immensum te argenti pondus et auri Furtim defossa timidum deponere terra ? — Quod, si comminuas, vilem redigatur ad assem. — At, ni id fit, quid habet pulchri constructus acervus ? Miliia frumenti tua triverit area centum ; 45 Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus : ut, si Reticulum panis venales inter onusto Forte vehas humero, nihilo plus accipias, quam Qui nil portarit. Vel die, quid referat intra Nature fines viventi, jugera centum an 50 Mille aret ? — At suave est ex magno tollere acervo — > Dum ex parvo nobis tantundem haurire reiinquas, Cur tua plus laudes cumeris granaria nostris ? Ut tibi si sit opus liquidi non amplius urna Vel cyatho, et dicas : Magno de Jiumine malim, 55 Quam ex hoc fonticulo tantundem sumere. Eo fit Plenior ut si quos delectet copia justo, i.J SERMONUM. LIBER . l 4 ^) Cum ripa simul avulsos ferat Aufldus acer : At qui tantuli eget, quanto est opus, is neque lirno Turbatam haurit aquam, neque vitam amittit in undis 00 At bona pars hominum, decepta cupidine falso, Nil satis est, inquit ; quia tanti, quantum habeas, sis. Quid facias illi ? Jubeas miserum esse, libenter Quatenus id facit. Ut quidam memoratur Athenis Sordidus ac dives populi contemnere voces 65 Sic solifus : Populus me sibilat, at mini plaudo Ipse domi, simul ae nummos contemplor in area. — Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat Flumina : Quid rides ? mutato nomine de te Fabula narratur : congestis undique saccis 70 Indormis inhians, et tanquam parcere sacris Cogeris, aut pictis tanquam gaudere tabellis. Nescis quo vale at nummus ? quern prsebeat usum ? Panis ematur, olus, vini sextarius : adde, Queis humana sibi doleat natura negatis. 75 An vigilare metu exanimem, noctesque diesque Formidare malos fures, incendia, servos, Ne te compilent fugientes, hoc juvat ? Horum Semper ego optarim pauperrimus esse bonorum.-- At si condoluit tentatum frigore corpus. 80 Aut alius casus lecto te affizit, liabes qui Assideat, /omenta paret, medicum roget, ut te Suscitet, ac natis reddat carisque propinquis. — Non uxor salvum te vult, non films : omnes Vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque puellae. 66 Miraris, quum tu argento post omnia ponas, Si nemo prsestet, quern non merearis, amorem ? An sic cognatos, nullo natura labore Quos tibi dat, retinere velis, servareque amicos ? Infelix operam perdas, ut si quis asellum 90 In campo doceat parentem currere frenis ! Deuiaue sit finis quaerendi ; quoqae habeas plus, F 2 1 30 a. HORATII FLACCI r 1.2 Pauperiem metuas minus, et finire laborem Incipias, parto quod avebas. Ne facias, quod Ummidius, qui, tarn (non longa est fabula) dives, 95 Ut meciretur nummos ; ita sordidus, ut se Non unquara servo melius vestiret ; ad usque Supremum tempus, ne se penuria victus Opprimeret, metuebat. I At hunc liberta securi Pivisit medium, fortissima Tyndaridarum. 100 Quid mi igitur suades ? ut vivam Mcenius au\) sic Ut Nomentanus ? Pergis pugnantia secum Frontibus adversis componere ? Non ego, avarum Quum veto te fieri, vappam jubeo ac nebulonem. Est inter Tanain quiddam socerumque Viselli : 105 Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines, Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. Illuc, unde abii, redeo. Nemon ut avarus Se probet, ac potius laudet diversa sequentes ; Quodque aliena capella gerat distentius uber, 110 Tabescat ? neque se majori pauperiorum Turbae comparet ? hunc atque hunc superare laboiet ? Sic festinanti semper locupletior obstat : Ut, quum carceribus missos rapit ungula currus, Instat equis auriga suos vincentibus, ilium 115 PrEeteritum temnens extremos inter euntem. Inde fit, ut raro, qui se vixisse beatum Dicat, et exacto contentus tempore, vita Cedat, uti conviva satur, reperire queamus. Jam satis est. Ne me Crispini scrinia lippi 1 20 CompUasse putes, verbum non amplius addam. Satira II. IN MCECHOS. Ambubaiarum collegia, pharmacopolse, Mendici, mimse, balatrones, hoc genus omne 2,3.] SERMON UM. £IBER 1. 131 Quippe benignus erat. Contra hie, ne prodigus esse Dieatur metuens, inopi dare nolit amico, 5 Frigus quo duramque famem propellere possit. Hunc si perconteris, avi cur atque parentis Prseciaram in grata stringat malus ingluvie rem. Omnia conductis coemens opsonia nummis : Sordidus atque animi parvi quod nolit haberi, 10 Responded Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab illis. Fuiidius vappae famam timet ac nebulonis, Dives agris, dives positis in fenore nummis : Quinas hie capiti mercedes exsecat, atque Quanto perditior quisque est, tanto acrius urget ; 15 Nomina sectatur, modo sumta veste virili, Sub patribus duris, tironum. Maxime, quis non, Jupiter, exclamat, simul atque audivit ? — Ac in se Fro qucestu sumtiim facit hie. — Vix credere possis, Quam sibi non sit amicus : ita ut pater ille, Terenti 20 Fabula quern miserum nato vixisse fugato rnducit, non se pejus cruciaverit atque hie. Si quis nunc quaerat, Quo res hsec pertinet ? Iliac : Dum vitant stulti vitia, in contraria currunt. Satira III. IN OBTRECTATOPvES ET SUPERCILIUM STOICUM. Omnibus hoc vitium est cantoribus, inter amicos Ut nunquam inducant animum cantare rogati, Injussi nunquam desistant. Sardus habebat Ille Tigellius hoc. Csesar, qui cogere posset, Si peteret per amicitiam patris atque suam, non Quidquam proficeret ; si collibuisset, ab ovo Usque ad mala citaret Io Bacche ! modo summa V P 3oe, modo hac, resonat quae chordis quatuor ima. IWZ U. HOIIATII FLACCI [3 Nil aequale horaini fuit illi. Saepe velut qui Currebat fugiens hostem, persaepe velut qui 10 Junonis sacra ferret : habebat saepe ducentos, Saepe deoem servos : mode- reges atque tetrarchas, Omnia magna, loquens : modo, Sit mihi mensa tripes et Concha salts puri et toga, quce defendere frigus, Quamvis crassa, queat. Decies centena dedisses 1 5 Huic parco, paucis contento, quinque diebus Nil erat in loeulis. Noctes vigilabat ad ipsum Mane ; diem totum stertebat. Nil fuit unquam Sic impar sibi. Nunc aliquis dicat mihi : Qidd tu ? Nidlane kabes vitia? Imo alia, et fortasse minora. 2C Msenius absentem Novium quum carperet, Ileus tu, Quidam ait, ignoras te ? an ut ignotum dare nobis Verba putas ? Egomet mi ignosco, Msenius inquit Stultus et miprobus hie amor est dignusque notari. Quum tua pervideas oculis male lippus inunctis, 25 Cur in amicorum vitiis tarn cernis acutum, Quam aut aquila aut serpens Epidaurius ? At tibi contra Evenit, inquirant vitia ut tua rursus et illi. Iracundior est paulo ; minus aptus acutis Naribus horum hominum ; rideri possit, eo quod 30 Rusticius tonso toga defluit, et male laxus In pede calceus heeret : at est bonus, ut melior vir Non alius quisquam ; at tibi amicus ; at ingenium ingens Inculto latet hoc sub corpore : denique te ipsum Concute, num qua tibi vitiorum inseverit olim 35 Matura aut etiam consuetudo mala : namque Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris. Illuc praevertamur : amatorem quod amicse Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia, aut etiam ipsa hoec Delectant, veluti Balbinum polypus Hagnre 40 Vellem in amicitia sic erraremus. et isti Errori nomen virtus posuisset honest\im. 3. J SERMONUM. — LIBER 1. 13S At pater ut gnati, sic nos deberaus amici, Si quod sit vitium, non fastidire : strabonem Appellat Pa3tum pater ; et Pullum, male paivus 45 Si cui filius est. ut abortivus fuit olim Sisyphus : hunc Varum, distortis cruribus ; ilium Balbutit Scaurum, pravis fultum male talis. Parcius Inc vivit ? frugi dicatur. Ineptus Et jactantior hie paulo est ? concinnus amicis 50 Postuiat ut videatur. At est truculentior atque Plus aequo liber ? simplex fortisque habeatur. Caldior est ? acres inter numeretur. Opinor, Jfeo res et jungit, junctos et servat amicos. At nos virtutes ipsas invertimus atque 5& Sincerum cupimus vas incrustare. Probus quis Nobiscum vivit ? multum est demissus homo ? llli Tardo cognomen pingui et damus. Kic fugit omnes Insidias, nullique malo latus obdit apertum ? (Quum genus hoc inter vitse versemur, ubi acris 60 Invidia atque vigent ubi crimina :) pro bene sano Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus. Simplicior quis, et est, qualem me ssepe libenter Obtulerim tibi, Maecenas, ut forte legentem Aut taciturn impellat quovis sermone molestus ? 6f> Communi sensu plane caret, inquimus. Eheu, Quam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam ! Nam vitiis nemo sine nascitur : optimus ille est, Qui minimis urgetur. Amicus dulcis, ut aequum est Quum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce, 70 Si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet. Amari Si volet hac lege, in trutina ponetur eadem. Qui, ne tuberibus propriis offendat amicum, Tostulat, ignoscet verrucis illius ; sequum est, Peccatis veniam poscentem reddere rursus. ?5 Denique, quatenus excidi penitus vitium irae, Cetera item nequsunt stultis haerentia ; cur non 134 a. HORAT1I FLACCI [3 t Ponderibus .noduiisque suis ratio utitur ? ac re3 Ut quseque ept, iia suppliciis delicta coercet ? Si quis eum servum, patinam qui tollere jussus 80 Semesos pisces tepidumque ligurierit jus, In cruce suffigat, Labeone insanior inter Sanos dicatur. Quanto hoc furiosius atque Majus peccatum est ? Paulum deliquit amicus ; Quod nisi concedas, habeare insuavis ; acerbus &ti Odisti, et fugis, ut Rusonem debitor seris, Qui nisi, quum tristes misero venere KalendsB, Mercedem aut numrnos unde unde extricat, amaras Porrecto jiigulo historias, captivus ut, audit. Comminxit lectum potus, mensave catillum 90 Enandri manibus tritum dejecit : ob hanc rem, Aut positum ante mea quia pullum in parte catini Sustulit esuriens, minus hoc jucundus amicus Sit mihi ? Quid faciam, si furtum fecerit ? aut si Prodiderit commis'sa fide ? sponsumve negarit ? 9& Queis paria esse fere placuit peccata, laborant, Quum ventum ad verum est ; sensus moresque repugnant, Atque ipsa utilitas, justi prope mater et asqui. Quum prorepserunt primis animalia terris, Mutum et turpe pecus, glandem atque cubilia propter 1 00 Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus ; Donee verba, quibus voces sensusque notarent, Nominaque invenere : dehinc absistere bello Oppida coeperunt munire, et ponere leges, 105 Ne quis fur esset, neu latro, ne quis adulter. Nam fuit ante Helenam mulier teterrima belli Causa : sed ignotis perierunt mortibus illi, Quos, Venerem incertam rapientes, more ferarum, Viribus editior casdebat, ut in grege taurus. 110 Jura inventa metu mjusti fateare necesse est, Tempora si fastosque veiis evolvere mundi. 3, 4 f SERMON I'M, LIBER I, 185 Nee nalura potest justo secern* re iniquum, Dividit ut bom diversis, fugienda petendis : Nee vincet ratio hoc, tantundem ut peccet idemque, 115 Qui teneros caules alieni fregerit horti, Et qui nocturnus sacra Divum legerit. Adsit Regula, peccatis quae poenas irroget sequas, Nee scutica dignum horribili sectere flagello. Ne ferula ceedas merit um majora subire 120 Verbera, non vereor, quum dicas esse pares res Furta latrc-ciniis, et magnis parva mineris Falce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnum Permittant homines. Si dives, qui sapiens est, Et sutor bonus, et solus formosus, et est rex ; 125 Cur optas quod babes ? — Non nosti, quid pater, inquit, Chrysippus dicat : Sapie?is crepidas sibi nunquam Nee sol eas fecit ; sutor tamen est sapiens. — Qui?— Ut, quamvis facet Hermogenes, cantor tamen atqu€ Optimus est modulator ; ut Alfenius infer, omni 30 Abjecto instrumento artis clausaque tabcrna, Tonsor erat : sapiens operis sic optimus omnis Est opifex solus, sic rex. — Vellunt tibi barbain Lascivi pueri ; quos tu nisi fuste coerces, Urgeris turba circum te stante, miserque 135 Rumperis, et latras, magnorum maxime regum. Ne longum faciam, dum tu quadrant e lavatum Rex ibis, neque te quisquam stipator, ineptum Praster Crispinum, sectabitur, et rnihi dulces Ignoscent, si quid peccaro stultus, amici ; ! 40 Inque vicem illorum patiar delicta libenter, Privatusque magis vivam te rege beatus. Satira IV. IN OBTRECTATORES SUOS. Eupolis atque Cratinus Aristopbanesque poet 33, Atque alii, quorum Comcedia prisca virorum est. 136 a. HORATII FLACOl |4 Si quis erat dignus describi, quod malus, aut fur, Quod moechus foret, aut sicarius, aut alioqui. Famosus, mult a cum libertate notabant. 5 Hinc omnis pendet Lucilius, hosce secutus, Mutatis tantum pedibus numerisq ie ; facetus, Emunctse naris, durus componere versus. Nam fuit hoc vitiosus, in hora ssepe ducentos, Ut magnum, versus dictabat stans pede in uno. 10 Quum flueret lutulentus, erat quod tollere velles : Garrulus, atque piger scribendi ferre laborem, Scribendi recte : nam ut multum, nil moror. Ecce f Crispinus minimo me provocat : — Accipe, si vis, Accipiam tabulas ; detur nobis locus, hora, \ 5 Custodies ; videamus, uter plus scribere possit. — Di bene fecerunt, inopis me quodque pusilli Finxerunt animi, raro et perpauca loquentis. At tu conclusas hircinis follibus auras, Usque laborantes, dum ferrum emolliat ignis, 20 Tit mavis, imitare. Beatus Fannius, ultro Delatis capsis et imagine ! quum mea nemo Scripta legat, vulgo recitare timentis, ob hanc rem, Quod sunt quos genus hoc minime juvat, utpote plures Culpari dignos. Quemvis media elige turba ; %z Aut ab avaritia aut misera ambitione labor at. Hunc capit argenti splendor ; stupet Albius sere ; Hie mutat merces surgente a sole ad eum, quo Vespertina tepet regio ; quin per mala praeceps Fertur, uti pulvis collectus turbine, ne quid 3d Summa deperdat metuens, aut ampliet ut rem. Omnes hi metuunt versus, odere poetas. — Fenmn liabet in coma; longefuge : dummodo risicm Excutiat sibi, non hie cuiquam parcet amico * Et, quodcunque semel cluirtis illeverit, omnes 35 Gestiet a furno redeuntes scire laciique 4. J SERMONUM.--LIBER I. 137 Et pueros et anus. — Agedum, pauca accipe contra, Primum ego me illorum, dederim qaibus esse p^etis, Excerpam numero : neque enim cor.cludere versum Dixeris esse satis ; neque, si qui scribat, uti nos, 40 Sermoni propiora, putes nunc esse poetam. Ingenium cui sit, cui mens divinior, atque os Magna sonaturum, des nominis hujus honorem Idcirco quidam, Comoedia necne poema Esset, qusesivere ; quod acer spiritus ac vis 45 Nee verbis nee rebus inest, nisi quod pede certo DifFert sermoni, sermo merus. — At pater ardens ScBvity quod meretHce nepos i?isanus arnica Filius uxorem grandi cum dote recuset, Ebrius et, magnum quod dedecus, amtndet ante 60 Noctem cum facibus. — Numquid Pomponius istis Audiret leviora, pater si viveret ? Ergo Non satis est puris versum perscribere verbis, Quern si dissolvas, quivis stomachetur eodem Quo personatus pacto pater. His, ego quee nunc, 55 Olim quae scripsit Lucilius, eripias si Tempora certa modosque, et, quod prius ordine verbum est , Posterius facias, prseponens ultima primis, Non, ut si solvas "Postquam discordia tetra Belli ferratos postes portasque rej regit" 60 Invenias etiam disjecti membra poetse. Hactenus hsec : alias, justum sit necne poema ; Nunc illud tan turn quaeram, merit one tibi sit Suspectum genus hoc scribendi. Sulcius acer Ambulat et Caprius, rauci male cumque libellis, 65 Magnus uterque timor latronibus ; at bene si quis Et vivat puris manibus, contemnat utrumque Ut sis tu similis Caeli Birrique latronum, Non ego sum Capri neque Sulci : cur metuas m^ '! Nulla taberna meos habeat neque pila libelous, 70 Queis manus insudet vulgi Hermogenisque Tigelli ; 13S a. HORATII FLACC1 [*. Nee recito caiqumn, nisi amicis, idque coactus. Non ubivis, coram ve quibuslibet. — In medio qui Scripta foro recitent, sunt multi, quique lava?ites Suave locus voci resonat conclusus. — Inanes 73 Hoc juvat, haud illud quserentes, num sine sensu, Tempore num faciant alieno. — Lcedere gaudes, Inquit, et hoc studio pravus fads. — Unde petitum Hoc in me jacis ? est auctor quis denique eorum, Vixi cum quibus ? Absentem qui rodit amicum, 60 Qui non defendit alio culpante, solutos Qui captat risus hominum famamque dicacis, Fingere qui non visa potest, commissa tacere Qui nequit ; hie niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto Saepe tribus lectis videas ccenare quaternos, 8S E quibus imus amet quavis adspergere cunctos, Prseter eum, qui prsebet aquam : post, hunc quoque pour/, Condita quum verax aperit prsecordia Liber. Hie tibi comis et urbanus liberque videtur Infesto nigris : ego, si risi, quod ineptus 90 Pastillos Rufillus olet, Gargonius hircum, Lividus et mordax videor tibi ? Mentio si qua De Capitolini furtis inject a Petilli Te coram fuerit, defendas, ut tuus est mos : — Me Capitolinus convictore usus amicoque 95 A puero est, causaque mea permulta rogatus Fecit, et incolumis Icetor quod vivit in urbe ; Sed tamen admiror, quo pacto judicium illud Fugerit. — Hie nigrse succus loliginis, hsec est jErugo mera ; quod vitium procul afore chartis, 100 Atque animo prius, ut si quid promittere de me Possum aliud vere, promitto. Liberius si Dixero quid, si forte jocosius, hoc mihi juris Cum Tenia dabis : insuevit pater optimus hoc me Ut fugerem, exemplis vitiorum queeque notando. 10£ Quum me hortar^tur, parce, frugaliter, atque iT SERMONUM. — JJBER I. 139 Vrverem uti contentus eo, quod mi ipse parasset : Non?ie vides, Albi ut male vivat filius ? utque Barrus inops ? magnum documentum, ne patriam ? em Pei'dere quis velit: A turpi meretricis am ore 110 Quum dcterreret : Scetani dissi?nilis sis, Aiebat. ^Sapiens, vitatu quidque petitu Sit melius, causas reddet tibi ; mi satis est, si Traditum ab antiquis morem servare, tuamque, Dum custodis eges, vitam farnamque tueri 115 Incolwmem possum ; sim.ul ac duraverit cetas Membra animumque tuum, nobis sine cortice. Sic me Formabat puerum dictis, et sive jubebat Ut facerem quid, Habes auctorem, quo facias hoc ; Unum ex judicibus selectis objiciebat : 120 Sive vetabat, An hoc inhonestum et inutile factum Necne sit, addubites, flagret rumore malo quum Hie atque ille ? Avidos vicinum funus ut segros Exanimat, mortisque metu sibi parcere cogit ; rSic teneros animos aliena opprobria ssepe 125 Absterrent vitiis. Ex hoc ego sanus ab illis, Perniciem quaecunque ferunt, mediocribus, et quels Ignoscas, vitiis teneor. Fortassis et istinc Largiter abstulerit longa setas, liber amicus, 129 Consilium proprium ; neque enim, quum lectulus aut me Porticus excepit, desum mihi. Rectius hoc est ; Hoc faciens vivam melius ; sic dulcis amicis Occur r am ; hoc quidam non belle ; numquid ego illi Imprudent olim faciam si?/rile ? Hsec ego mecum Compressis agito labris ; ubi quid datur oti, 136 [lludo cbartis. Hoc est mediocribus illis Ex vitiis unum, cui si concedere 'nolis, Multa poetarum veniet manus, auxilio quag Sit mihi ; nam multo plures sumus, ac veluti te Judsei cogemus in hanc concedere turbam. X4Q ^ 140 a. HORATII FLACCl [3 Carmen V. ITER BRUNDISINUM. Egressum magna me excepit Aricia Roma Hospitio modico ; rhetor comes Heliodorus, # Gra3corum longe doctissimus. Inde Forum Appi DifFertum nautis, cauponibus atque malignis. Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac nos i Prsecirictis unum : minus est gravis Appia tardis. Hie ego propter aquam, quod erat deterrima, ventri Indico bellum, coanantes haud animo aequo Exspectans comites. Jam nox inducere terris Umbras et coelo diffundere signa parabat : 10 Turn pueri nautis, pueris convieia nautse Ingerere. — Hue appelle. Trecentos inseris ; ohe Jam satis est! — Dum ses exigitur, dum mula ligatui, Tota abit hora. Mali culices ranseque palustres Avertunt somnos. Absentem ut cantat amicam 15 Multa prolutus vappa nauta atque viator Certatim, tarudem fessus dormire viator Incipit, ac missee pastum retinacula mulse Nauta piger saxo religat, stertitque supinus. Jamque dies aderat, nil quum procedere lintrem 20 Sentimus ; donee cerebrosus prosilit unus, x\c mulaB nautseque caput lurnbosque saligno Fuste dolat. Quarta vix demum exponimur hora, Ora manusque tua lavimur, Feronia, lympha. Millia turn pransi tria repimus, atque subimus 26 Impositum saxis late candeniibus Anxur. Hue venturus erat Maecenas optimus, atque Cocceius, missi magnis de rebus uterque Legati, aversos soliti componere amicos. Hie oculis ego nigra meis collyria lippus M Iliinere. Interea Maecenas advenit atqu^ 5.1 SERMONUM. LIBER I. 141 Cocceius Capitoque simul Fonteius, ad unguem Factus homo, Antoni, non ut magis alter, amicus. Fundos Aufidio Lusco praetore libenter Linquimus, insani ridentes praemia scribae, 35 Praetextam et latum clavum prunaeque batillum, In Mamurrarum lassi deinde urbe manemus, Murena praebente domum, Capitone culinam. Postera lux oritur multo gratissima, namque Plotius et Varius Sinuessae Virgiliusque 40 Occurrunt, animae, quales neque candidiores Terra tulit, neque queis me sit devinctior alter. O qui complexus et gaudia quanta fuerunt ! Nil ego contulerim jucundo sanus amieo. Proxima Campano ponti quae villula tectum 45 Praebuit, et parochi, quaB debent, ligna salemque. Hinc muli Capuae clitellas tempore ponunt. Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego Virgiliusque : Namque pila lippis inimicum et ludere crudis. Hinc nos Cocceii recipit plenissima villa, 50 Quae super est Caudi cauponas. Nunc mihi paucis Sarmenti scurrae pugnam Messique Cicirri, Musa, velim memores, et quo patre natus uterque Contulerit lites. Messi clarum genus Osci ; Sarmenti domina exstat : ab his majoribus orti 55 Ad pugnam venere. Prior Sarmentus : Equi te Esse feri similem dico. Ridemus ; et ipse Messius : Accipio ; caput et movet . O. tua cornu Ni foret exsecto frons> inquit, quid faceres, quum Sic mutilus minitaris ? At illi foeda cicatrix 60 Setosam laevi frontem turpaverat oris. Campanum in morbum, in faciem permulta jocatus, Pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa rogabat ; Nil illi larva aut tragicis opus esse cothurnis. Multa Cicirrus ad haec : Donasset jamne catenam 6ii Ex voto Laribus, quaerebat ; scriba quod esset, 142 a. HORATII FLACCf [5 Nihilo deterius clominse jus esse. Rogabat Denique, cur unquam fugisset, cui satis una Farris libra foret, gracili sic tamque pusillo ? Prorsus jucunde coenam produximus illarn. 70 Tendimus hinc recta Beneventum, ubi sedulus h ispos Paene macros arsit dum turdos versat in igni ; Nam vaga per veterem dilapso flamma culinam Vulcano summum properabat lambere tectum. Convivas avidos coenam servosque timentes 75 Turn rapere, atque omnes restinguere velle videres. Incipit ex illo montes Apulia notos Ostentare mihi, quos torret Atabulus, et quos Nunquam erepsemus, nisi nos vicina Trivici Villa recepisset, lacrimoso non sine fumo, 80 Udos cum foliis ramos urente camino. Quatuor hinc rapimur viginti et'millia rhedis, Mansuri oppidulo, quod versu dicere non est, Signis perfacile est : venit vilissima rerum Hie aqua ; sed panis longe pulcherrimus, ultra 85 Callidus ut soleat humeris portaro viator ; Nam Canusi lapidosus, aquae non ditior urna Qui locus a forti Diomede est conditus olim. Flentibus hie Varius discedit moestus amicis. Inde Rubos fessi pervenimus, utpote longum 90 Carpentes iter et factum corruptius imbri. Poster a tempest as melior, via pejor ad usque Bari moenia piscosi. Dehinc Gnatia lymphis Tratis exstructa dedit risusque jocosque, Dum flamma sine thura liquescere limine sacro 95 Persuadere cupit. Credat Judseus Apella, Non ego ; namque deos didici securum agere ayvum, Nee, si quid miri faciat natura, deos id Tristes ex alto cceli demittere tecto. Brundisium longae finis chartseque viaxjue. 100 6.1 SERMONUM. LIBER I. 143 Satira VI. IN DEEISORES NATALIUM SUURUM. Non, quia, Maecenas, Lydorum quidquid Etruscos Incoluit fines, nemo generosior est te, Nee, quod avus tibi maternus fuit atque paternus, Olim qui magnis legionibus imperitarunt, iJt pierique solent, naso suspendis adunco„ 5 Ignotos, ut me libertino patre natum. Quum referre negas, quali sit quisque parente Natus, dum ingenuus : persuades hoc tibi vere, Ante potestatem Tulli atque ignobile regnum Multos saepe viros nullis majoribus ortos JO Et vixisse probos, amplis et honoribus auctos : v Contra Lsevinum, Valeri genus, unde Superbus Tarquinius regno pulsus fugit, unius assis Non unquam pretio pluris licuisse, notante Judice, quo nosti, populo, qui stultus honores 15 Ssepe dat indignis, et famae servit ineptus, Qui stupet in titulis et imaginibus. Quid oportet Yos facere, a vulgo longe longeque remotos ? Namque esto, populus Lasvino mallet honorem Quam Decio mandare novo, censorque moveret 20 Appius, ingenuo si non essem patre natus ; Vel merito, quoniam in propria non pelle quiessem. Sed fulgente trahit constrictos Gloria curru Non minus ignotos generosis. Quo tibi, Tilli, Sumere depositum clavum, fierique tribuno ? 25 Invidia accrevit, privato quae minor esset. Nam ut quisque insanus nigris medium impediit cms Pellibus, et latum demisit pectore clavum, Audit continuo : Quis homo hie est ? quo patre natus ': Ut si qui ^egrotet, quo morbo Barrus habeii S€ Ui cupiat formosus, eat quacunque, puellis I i4 a. HORATII FLACCI [6. Injicial curam quserendi singula, quali Sit facie, sura, quali pede, dente. capillo : Sic qui promittit, cives, Urbem sibi curae. Imperium fore, et Italiam, et delubra deorum ; 35 Quo patre sit natus, num ignota matre inhonestus, Omnes mortales curare et quaerere cogit. — Tune Syri, Damce, aut Dionysi filius, audes Dejicere e saxo cives, aut tradere Cadmo ? — At Novius collega gradu post me sedet uno ; 40 Namque est ille, pater quod erat meus. — Hoc tibi Paullus Et Messala videris ? At hie, si plostra ducenta Concurrantque foro tria funera, magna sonabit Cornua quod vincatque tubas : saltertn tenet hoc nos.— Nunc ad me redeo, libertino patre natum, 45 Quern rodunt omnes libertino patre natum ; Nunc, quia sum tibi, Maecenas, con victor ; at olim Quod mihi pareret legio Romana tribuno. Dissimile hoc illi est, quia non, ut forsit honoreni Jure mihi invideat quivis, ita te quoque amicura, 50 Prsesertim cautum dignos assumere, prava Ambitione procul. Felicem dicere non hoc Me possim, casu quod te sortitus amicum ; Nulla etenim mihi te fors obtulit : optimus olim Virgilius, post hunc Varius, dixere quid essem. 53 Ut veni coram, singultim pauca locutus, Infans namque pudor prohibebat plura profari, Non ego me claro natum patre, non ego circum Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo, Sed, quod eram, narro. Respondes, ut tuus est mos, 60 Pauca : abeo ; et revocas nono post mense, jubesque Esse in amicorum numero. Magnum hoc ego duco, Quod placui tibi, qui turpi secernis honestum, Ncn patre prasclaro, sed vita et pectore puro. Atqui si vitiis mediocribus ac mea paucis 63 P«Iendosa est natura, alioqui recta, velut si ,| SERMON UM. LIBER I. 145 Egregio inspersos reprendas corpore nsevos, Si neque avaritiam neque sordes aut mala lustra Objiciet vere quisquam mihi ; purus et insons, TJt me collaudem, si et vivo cams amicis ; 70 Causa fuit pater his, qui macro pauper agello Noluit in Flavi ludum me mittere, magni Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti, Lsevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto, [bant octonis referentes Idibus sera ; 75 Sed puerum est ausus Romara portare, docendum Artes, quas doceat quivis eques atque senator Semet prognatos. Vestem servosque sequentes, In magno ut populo, si qui vidisset, a vita Ex re prseberi sumtus mihi crederet illos. 80 Ipse mihi custos incorruptissimus omnes Circum doctores aderat. Quid multa ? pudicum, Qui primus virtutis honos, servavit ab omni Non solum facto, verum opprobrio quoque turpi : Nee timuit, sibi ne vitio quis vert ere t ohm, 85 Si praeco parvas, aut, ut fuit ipse, coactor Mercedes sequerer ; neque ego essem questus. Ad hoc nuno Laus illi debetur et a me gratia major. Nil me poaniteat sanum patris hujus ; eoque Non, ut magna dolo factum negat esse suo pars, 90 Quod non mgenuos habeat clarosque parentes, - Sic me defendam. Longe mea discrepat istis Et vox et ratio : nam si natura juberet A certis annis sevum remeare peractum, Atque alios legere ad fastum quoscunque parentes, 93 Optaret sibi quisque : meis contentus honestos Fascibus et seilis nollem mihi sumere, demens Judicio vulgi, sanus fortasse tuo, quod Nollem onus haud unquam solitus portare molestum Nam mihi continuo major quaerenda foret res, 100 Ate " " salutandi plures : duceudus et unus G 146 a. HORATH FLACCI [6,7. Et comes alter, uti ne solus rusve peregreve Exirem ; plures calories atque caballi Pascendi ; ducenda petorrita. Nunc mihi curto Ire licet mulo vel, si libet, usque Tarentum, 101 Mantica cui limbos onere ulceret atque eques armcs Objiciet nemo sordes mihi, quas tibi, Tilli, Quum Tiburte via prsstorem quinque sequuntur Te pueri, lasanum portantes oenophorumque. Hoc ego commodius quam tu, prseclare senator, ll( Multis atque aliis vivo. Quacunque libido est, Tncedo solus ; percontor, quanti olus ac far ; Fallacem circum vespertinumque pererro Ssepe forum ; adsisto divinis ; hide domum me Ad porri et ciceris refero laganique catinum. 11 Ccena minis tratur pueris tribus, et lapis albus Pocula cum cyatho duo sustinet ; adstat echinus Vilis, cum patera guttus, Campana supellex. Deinde eo dormitum, non sollicitus, mihi quod eras Surgendum sit mane, obeundus Marsya, qui se 120 Vultum ferre negat Noviorum posse minoris. Ad quartam jaceo ; post hanc vagor ; aut ego, lee to Aut scripto, quod me taciturn juvet, ungor olivo, Non quo fraudatis immundus Natta lucernis. Ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum 12? Admonuit, fugio campum lusumque trigonem. Pransus non avide, quantum interpellet inani Ventre diem durare, domestieus otior. Heec est Vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique. His me consoior victurum suavius, ac si 1 30 Quaestor avus, pater atque mens, patruusque fuisset. Satira VII. IN MALEDICOS ET INHUMANOS. Proscripti Regis Rupili pus atque venenum Hybrida quo pacto sit Persius ultus, opinor 7. J SERMON UM.— LIBER I. 147 Omnibus et lippis notum et tonsoribus esse Persius hie permagna negotia dives habebat Clazomenis, etiam lites cum Rege molestas ; 5 Durus homo, atque odio qui posset vincere Regem, Confidens, tumidusque, adeo sermonis amari, Sisennas, Barros ut equis prsecurreret albis. Ad Regem redeo. Postquam nihil inter utrumque Convenit (hoc etenim sunt omnes jure molesti, 1 C Quo fortes, quibus adversum bellum incidit : inter Hectora Priamiden, animosum atque inter Achillem Ira fuit capitalis, ut ultima divideret mors, Non aliam ob causam nisi quod virtus in utroque Summa fuit ; duo si discordia vexet inert es, 15 Aut si disparibus bellum incidat, ut Diomedi Cum Lycio Glauco, discedat pigrior, ultro Muneribus missis) : Bruto praetore tenente Ditem Asiam, Rupili et Persi par pugnat, uti non Compositum melius cum Bitho BaccLxiis. In jus 20 Acres procurrunt, magnum .spectaculum uterque. Persius exponit causam ; ridetur ab omni Conventu : laudat Brutum laudatque cohortem ; Solem Asise Brutum appellat, stellasque salubres Appellat comites, excepto Rege ; canem ilium, 25 Invisum agricolis sidus, venisse : ruebat, Flumen ut hibernum, fertur quo rara securis. Turn Prsenestinus salso multoque fluenti Expressa arbusto regerit convicia, durus \ 7 indemiator et invictus, cui ssepe viator 30 Cessisset, magna compellans voce cucullum. At Graecus, postquam est Italo perfusus ac'eto, Persius exclamat : Per magnos, Brute, Deos te Oro, qui reges consuesti tollere ; cur ncm 34 Uunc Regem jugulas? operum hoc, inihi crede, tuonim ist. 148 (i. HORATIl FLACCI |H Satira VIII. IN SUPERSTITIOSOS ET VENEF1CAS. Olim truncus eram flculnus, inutile lignum, Quum faber, incertus scamnum faceretne Priapum, Maluit esse Deum. Deus inde ego, furum aviumque Maxima formido : nam fures dextra coercet. Ast importunas volucres in vertice arundo 6 Terret fixa, vet atque no vis considere in hortis. Hue prius angustis ejecta cadavera cellis Conservus vili portanda locabat in area. Hoc miserae plebi stabat commune sepulcrum, Pantolabo scurrae Nomentanoque nepoti. 1 Mille pedes in fronte, trecentos cippus in agrum Hie dabat ; heredes monumentum ne sequeretur. Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus, atque Aggere in aprico spatiari, qua modo tristes Albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum, 15 Quum mihi non tantum furesque feraeque, suetae Hunc vexare locum, curse sunt atque labori, Quantum carminibus quae versant atque venenis Humanos animos. Has nullo perdere possum Nee prohibere modo, simul ac vaga Luna decorum 20 Protulit os, quin ossa legant herbasque nccentes Vidi egomet nigra succinct am vadere palla Canidiam, pedibus nudis, passoque capillo, Cum Sagana majore ululantern. Pallor utrasque Fecerat horrendas adspectu. Scalpere terrarn 25 Unguibus, et pullam divellere mordicus agnam Co3perunt ; cruor in fossam confusus, ut inde Manes elicerent, animas responsa daturas. Lanea et effigies erat, altera cerea ; major Lanea, quae poems compesceret inferiorem. 30 Cerea suppliciter stabat, servilibus ut quae 8, 9.J SERMONUM. LIBER I. Mfc Jam peritura modis. Hecaton vocat altera, saevam Altera Tisiphonen : serpent es atque videres Infernas errare canes, lunamque rubentem, Ne foret his testis, post magna latere sepulcia. 35 Singula quid memorem ? quo pacto alterna loquentes Umbrae cum Sagana resonarent triste et acutum ? Utque lupi barbam varise cum dente colubrse Abdiderint furtim terris, et imagine cerea Largior arserit ignis, et ut non testis inultus 40 Horruerim voces Furiarum et facta duarum ? — Satira IX. IN IMPUDENTES ET INEPTOS PARASITAS- TROS. lbam forte Via Sacra, sicut meus est mos, Nescio quid meditans nugarum, totus in illis : Accurrit quidam not us mihi nomine tan turn, Arreptaque manu, Quid agis, dulcissime rerum ? Suaviter, ut nunc est, inquam, et cupio omnia quce vis. /i Quum assectaretur, Num quid vis ? occupo : at ille, Noris nos, inquit ; docti sumus. Hie ego, JPluris Hoc, inquam, mihi eris. Misere discedere quserens, Ire modo ocius, interdum consistere, in aurem Dicere nescio quid puero ; quum sudor ad imos 10 Manaret talos. O te, Bolane, cerebri Felicem ! aiebam tacitus ; quum quidlibet ille Garriret, vicos, urbem laudaret* Ut illi Nil respondebam, Misere cupis, inquit, abire, Jamdudum video, sed nil agis, usque tencbo, 15 Persequar. Hinc quo nunc iter est tibi ? — Nil opus est tt Circumagi ; quendam volo visere non tibi notum ; Trans Tiberim longe cubat is, p?-ope Ccesaris hortos. — Nil habeo quod agam, et non sum piger; usque sequar te.- Demitto auriculas ut iniquse mentis asellus, 20 i50 U. HORATII FL ACCI [9 Quum gravi us dorso subiit onus. Incipit ille : Si bene me now, non Viscum pluris amicum, Non Varium fades ; nam quis me scribere plures Aut citius possit versus ? quis membra movere Mollius ? invideat quod et Hermogenes, ego canto. 2& L'nterpellandi locus hie erat. — Est tibi mater ? Cogjiati, queis te salvo est opus ? — Haud mihi quhquam, Omnes composui. — Felices ! Nunc ego resto ; Conjice, namque instat fatum mihi triste, Sabella Quod puero cecinit mota divina anus urna: 30 " Ilunc neque dira venenu nee hosticus auferet ensis, Nee laterum dolor, aut tussis, nee tarda podagra ; Garrulus hunc quando consumet cu?ique ; loquaces, Si sapiat, vitet, simul atque adoleverit cetas" Ventum erat ad Vestse, quarta jam parte diei 3cj Praeterita, et casu tunc respondere vadato Debebat ; quod ni fecisset, perdere litem. Si me amas, inquit, paidum hie ades. — Inteream, si Aut valeo stare, aut novi civilia jura ; Et propero quo scis. — Dubius sum quid faciam, inquit ; 40 Tene relinquam an rem. — Me, sodes. — Non faciam, ille, Et praecedere coepit. Ego, ut contendere durum est Curri victore, sequor. — Maecenas quomodo tecum ? Hie repetit. — Paucorum hominum et mentis bene sance ; Nemo dexterius fortuna est usus. Haberes 45 Magnum adjutorem, posset qui f err e secundas, Hunc liominem velles si trader e ; dispeream, ni Summosses omnes. — Non isto vivitur illic, Quo tu rere, modo ; domus hac nee purior tdla est, Nee magis his aliena malis ; nil mi officit inquam, 53 Ditior hie aut est quia doctior ; est locus uni- Cuique suits. — Magnum narras, vix credibile. — Atq%d Sic habet. — Accendis, quare cupiam magis illi Proximus esse. — Velis tantummodo ; quce tua virtus, Expuqnabis ; et est qui vinci possit, eoque 55 9, 10.] SfiRMONT/M. — LIBER I. ) 5\ Dijficiles aditus primos habet. — Haud mihi deero , Muneribus servos corrumpam ; non, hodie si Eztlusits fuero, desistam ; tempara quceram, Odturram in triviis, deducam. Nil sine magna Vita labore dedit mortalibus. — Hsec dum agit, ecce, 6U Fuscus Aristius occurrit, mihi carus et ilium Qui pulchre nosset. Consistimus. Unde venis ? et, Quo tend is ? rogat et respondet. Vellere coepi, Et prensare manu lentissima brachia, nutans, Distorquens oculos, ut me eriperet. Male salsus 6ft Ridens dissimulare. Meum jecur urere bilis. Certe nescio quid secreto velle loqui te Aiebas mecum. — Memini be?ie> sed meliore Tempore dicam ; hodie tricesima sabbata ; viri tu Curtis Judceis oppedere? — Nidla mihi, inquam, 70 Relligio est. — At mi ; sum paulo infirmior, unus Multorum; ignosces, alias loquar. — Hunccine solem Tarn nigrum surrexe mihi ! Fugit improbus ac me Sub cultro linquit. Casu venit obvius illi A.dversarius, et, Quo tu turpissime ? magna 75 Inclamat voce, et, Licet antestari ? Ego vero Appono auriculam. Rapit in jus. Clamor utrinque, Undique concursus. Sic me servavit Apollo. Satira X. IN INEPTOS LUCILII FAUTORES Lucili, quam sis mendosus, teste Catone, Defensore tuo, pervi?ica?n, qui male factos Emendare parat versus. Hoc lenius ille, Est quo vir melior, longe subtilior illo. Qui multum puer et loris et funibus udis Ezhortatus, ut esset opem qui f err e poetis 152 a. HORATII FLACUJ | 10 Antiqais posset contra fastidia nostra, Grammaticorum equitum doctissimus. Ut rcdtam iiluc: Nempe incomposito dixi pede currere versus Lucili. Quis tarn Lucili fautor inepte est, *1U Ut non hoc fateatur ? At idem, quod sale multo Urbem defricuit, charta laudatur eadem. Nee tamen hoc tribuens dederim quoque cetera ; nam sic Et Laberi mimos ut pulchra poemata mirer. Ergo non satis est risu diducere rictum 15 Auditoris : et est qusedam tamen hie quoque virtus : Est brevitate opus, ut currat sententia, neu se Tmpediat verbis lassas onerantibus aures : Et sermone opus est modo tristi, ssepe jocoso, Defendente vicem modo rhetoris atque poetae, 20 Interdum urbani, parcentis viribus, atque Extenuantis eas consulto. Ridiculum acri Fortius et melius magnas pierumque secat res. Illi, scripta quibus Comcedia prisca viris est, Hoc stabant, hoc sunt imitandi ; quos neque pulcher 25 Hermogenes unquam legit, neque simius isle, Nil prseter Calvum et doctus cantare Catullum. — At magnum fecit, quod verbis Grceca Latinis Miscuit. — O seri studiorum ! quine putetis Difficile et mirum, Rhodio quod Pithoieonti 30 Contigit ? — At sermo lingua coiicinnus utraque Suavior, ut Chio nota si commixta Falerni est. Quum versus facias, te ipsum percontor, an et quum Dura tibi peragenda rei sit causa Petilli, Scilicet obHtus patriseque patrisque, Latine 35 Quum Pedius causas exsudet Publicola, atque Corvinus, patriis intermiscere petita Verba foris malis, Canusini more bilinguis ? Atqui ego quum Graecos facerem, natus mare extra, Versiculos, vetuit tali me voce Quirinus, 40 Post mediam noctem visus, quum somnia vera : iO.J SERMONUM. L1RER !. 153 hi silvam '/ion ligna feras iiisanius, ac si Magnas Gr9 Ne quis humasse velit Ajacem, Atrida, vetas cui ?-- Rex sum. — Nil ultra queero plebeius. — Et cequam Rem imperito ; at, si cui videor ?io?i Justus, inulto Dicere, quod sentit, permitto. — Maxime regum, 190 Di tibi dent capta classem deducere Troja. Ergo consulere et mox respondere licebit ? — Consule. — Cur Ajax, heros ab Achille secundus, Putescit, toties servatis clarus Achivis ? Gaudeat ut populus Priami Priamusque inliumato, 195 Per quern tot juvenes patrio caruere sepulcro ? — Mille ovium insanus morti dedit, inclytum TJlixen Et Menelaum una mecum se occidere damans. — Tu quum pro vitula statuis dulcem Aulide natam Ante aras, spargisque mola caput, improbe, salsa, 200 Rectum animi servas ? Quorsum ? Insanus quid enim Ajax Fecit, quum stravit ferro pecus ? Abstinuit vim Uxore et gnato : mala multa precatus Atridis, Non ille aut Teucrum aut ipsum violavit Ulixen.— Venvm ego, ut hcerentes adverso litore naves 20 a Eripei'em, prudens placavi sanguine Divos. — Nempe tuo, furiose. — Meo, sed non furiosus. — Qui species alias veris scelerisque tumultu Permixtas capiet, commotus habebitur ; atque Stultitiane erret, nihilum distabit, an ira. 210 Ajax quum immeritos occidit, desipit, agnos ; Quum prudens scelus ob titulos admittis inanes, Stas animo ? et purum est vitio tibi, quum tumidum est, cor ? Si quis lectica nitidam gestare amet agnam, Huic vestem, ut gnatae paret ancillas, paret aurum, 215 Rufam aut Pusillam appellet, fortique marito Destinet uxorem ; interdicto huic omne adimat jus Praetor, et ad sanos abeat tuteia propinquos. Quid ? si quis gnatam pro muta devovet agna, fnteger est animi ? Ne dixeris Ergo ibi parva 220 H 170 a. rioRATii plac I 3 Stultitia, hie summa est insania : qui scelcratus, Et fariosus erit ; quem cepit vitrea fama, Hunc circumtonuit gaudens Bellona cruentis. Nunc age, luxuriam et Nomentanum arripe mecura. Vincet enim stultos ratio insanire nepotes. 225 Hie simul accepit patrimoni mille talenta, Edicit, piscator uti, pomarius, auceps, Unguentarius ac Tusci turba impia vici, Cum scurris fartor, cum Velabro omne macellum Mane domum veniant. Quid turn ? Venere frequentes. 230 Verba facit leno : Quidquid mihi, quidquid et horum Cuique dorni est, id crede tunm et vel nunc pete, vel eras. Accipe, quid contra juvenis respondent aequus : In nive Lucana dormis ocreatus, ut aprum Camem ego ; tu pisces hiberno ex cequore vellis ; 235 Segnis ego, indignus qui tantum possideam : aufer : Sume tibi decies : tibi tantundem ; tibi triplex. Filius iEsopi detractam ex aure Metellse, Scilicet ut decies solidum obsorberet, aceto Diluit insignem baccam ; qui sanior, ac si 240 Illud idem in rapidum fiumen jaceretve cloacam ? Quinti progenies Arri, par nobile fratrum, Nequitia et nugis, pravorum et amore gemellum. Luscinias soliti impenso prandere coemtas. Quorsum abeant ? Sani ut creta, an carbone notandi ? 245 iEdificare casas, plostello adjungere mures, Ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, Si quem delectet barbatum, amentia verset. Si puerilius his ratio esse evincet amare, Nee quidquam diiTerre, utrumne in pulvere, trimus 250 Quale prius, ludas opus, an meretricis amore Sollicitus plores : queero^ faciasne quod olim Mutatus Polemon ? ponas insignia morbi, Fasciolas, cubital, focalia, potus ut ille Dicitur ex collo fiirtim carpsisse coronas, 265 3. J SLRMONUM. — LIBER II. 17] Post.quam est impransi correptus voce magistri ? Porrigis irato puero quum poraa, recusat : Snme, Catelle : negat ; si non des, optat. Araator Exclusus qui distat, agit ubi secum, eat, an non, Quo rediturus erat non arcessitus, et haeret 2b(i Invisis foribus ? Ne nunc, quum me vocat ultro, Accedam ? an potius mediter finire dolor es ? Exclusit, revocat : redeam ? Non, si obsecret. Eeee Servus, non paullo sapientior : O here, quce res Nee modum habet neque consilium, ratione modoqut 265 TrOjCtari non vult. In amore hcec sunt mala ; helium* Tax rursum. Hcec si quis tempestatis prope ritu Mobilia, et cceca jluitantia soi'te, labor et Reddere certa sibi, nihilo plus explicet, ac si Insanire paret certa ratione modoque 270 Quid ? quum Picenis excerpens semina pomis Gaudes, si camaram percusti forte, penes te es ? Quid ? quum balba feris annoso verba palato, yEdificante casas qui sanior ? Adde cruorem StultitisB, atque ignem giadio scrutare modo, inquam. 21 f fi Hellade percussa, Marius quum prsecipitat se, Cerritus fuit ? an commotae crimine mentis Absolves hominem, et sceleris damnabis eundem, Ex more imponens cognata vocabula rebus ? Libertinus erat, qui circum compita siccus 280 Lautis mane senex manibus currebat, et, JJnum (Quid tam magnum? addens), unuin me surpite morti, Dis etenim facile est, orabat ' y sanus utrisque Auribus atque oculis ; mentem, nisi litigiosus, Exciperet dominus, quum venderet. Hoc quoque vulgus 28* Chrysippus ponit fecunda in gente Meneni. Jupiter, ingentes qui das adimisque dolores, Mater ait pueri menses jam quinque cubantis, Frigida si puerum quartana reliquerit, illo Mane die, quo tu iniicis jejunia?, nudm 29 C 172 a. HGRATII FLACCI [3 In Tiberi stabit Casus medicusve levarit ^Egrurn ex prsecipiti, mater delira necabit In gelida iixum ripa, febrimque reducet. Quone malo mentem concussa ? timore Deorum. Haec mihi Stertinius, sapientum octavus, amico 29ft Arma dedit, posthac ne compellarer inultus. Dixerit msanum qui me, totidem audiet, atque Respicere ignoto discet pendentia tergo. Horattus. Stoice, post damnum sic vendas omnia pluris : Qua me stultitia, quoniam non est genus unum, 309 Insanire putas ? ego nam videor mihi sanus. Damasippus. Quid? caput abscissum manibus quum portat Agaue Qnati infelicis, sibi turn furiosa videtur ? Horattus. Stultum me fateor, liceat concedere veris, Atque etiam insanum : tantum hoc edissere, quo me 306 ^Egrotare putes animi vitio ? Damasippus. Accipe : primum jEdiiicas, hoc est, longos imitaris, ab imo Ad summum totus moduli bipedalis; et idem Corpore majorem rides Turbonis in armis Spirit urn et incessum : qui ridiculus minus ilio ? 310 An quodcunque facit Maecenas, te quoque verum est, Tantum dissimilem et tanto certare minorem ? Absentis ranse pullis vituli pede pressis, Unus ubi effugit, matri denarrat, ut ingens Bellua cognatos eliserit. Ilia rogare, Slr5 Quantane? num tantum, sufflans se, magna fuisse^?-- 8, 4. J SERMONUM. LIBER II. 17*"> Major dimidio. — Num. tanto ?- — Quum mag is atque Se magis iiiflaret ; JS r o?i i si te r^eris, in quit, Par eris. Usee a te Don multum aoludit imago. Adde poemata nunc, hoc est, oleum adde camino * 320 Quae si quis sanus fecit, sanus facis et tu. Non dico horrendam rabiem. Horatius. Jam desine. Damasippus. Cultum Majorem censu. Horatius. Teneas, Damasippe, tui3 te. 3 major tandem parcas, insane, minori. 32£ Satira IV. LEVES CATILLONES EPICURES SECT^ DERIDET. Horatius. Unde et quo Catius ? Catius. Non est mihi tempus aventi Ponere signa novis praeceptis, qualia vincant Pythagoran Anytique reum doctumque Platona. Horatius. Peccatum fateor, quum te sic tempore lsevo Interpeilarim : sed des veniam bonus, oro. Quod si interciderit tibi nunc aliquid, repetes mox, Sive est natura3 hoc, sive artis, mirus utroque. 174 Q. HORATII FLACCi 4. Catius. Quiii id erat curse, quo pacto cuncta tenerem, Utpote res tenues, tenui sermone peractas. Horatius. Ede hominis nomen ; sirnul et, Romanus an hospes. 1C Catius. Ipsa memor prsecepta canam, celabitur auctor. Longa quibus facies ovis erit, ilia memento Ut sucei melioris et ut magis alma rotundis Ponere ; namque marem cohibent callosa vitellum Caule suburbano, qui siccis crevit in agris, 15 Dulcior ; irriguo nihil est elutius horto. Si vespertinus subito te oppresserit hospes, Ne gallina malum responset dura palato, Doctus eris vivam musto mcrsare Falerno ; Hoc teneram faciet. Pratensibus optima fungip 20 Natura est ; aliis male creditur Ille salubres ^Estates peraget, qui nigris prandia moris Finiet, ante gravem quae legerit arbore solem. AufLdius forti miscebat mella Falerno, Mendose, quoniam vacuis committere venis 2o Nil nisi lene decet ; leni prsecordia mulso Prolneris melius. Si dura morabitur alyus, Mitulus et viles pellent obstantia conchse, Et lapathi brevis herba, sed albo non sine Coo Lubrica nascentes implent conchylia lunae ; 30 Red non omne mare est generosse fertile teste. Murice Baiano nielior Lucrina peloris ; Ostrea Circeiis, Miseno oriuntur echini ; Pectinibus patnlis j act at se molle Tarentum 4, I SBRMONUM. — LIBE11 I] 175 Nec siLi coenamm qui vis temere arrogel artem, 3.1 Non prius exacta tenui ratione saporum. Nec satis est cara pisces averrere mensa, Ignarum cfuibus est jus aptius, et quibus assis Languidus in cubitum jam se con viva reponet. Umber et iligna nutritus glande rotundas 4Q Curvet aper lances carnem vitantis inertem ; Nam Laurens malus est, ulvis et arundine pinguis. Vinea summittit capreas non semper edules. FecundcB leporis sapiens sectabitur armos. Piscibus atque avibus qua3 natura et fbret setas, 45 Ante meum nulli patuit qusesita palatum. Sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula prornit. Nequaquam satis in re una consumere curam ; Ut si quis solum hoc, mala ne sint vina, laboret, Quali perfundat pisces securus olivo. 50 Massica si coelo suppones vina sereno, Nocturna, si quid crassi est, tenuabitur aura, Et decedet odor nervis inimicus ; at ilia Integrum perdunt lino vitiata saporem. Surrentina vafer qui miscet faece Falerna 56 Vina, columbino limum bene colligit ovo, Quatenus ima petit volvens aliena vitellus. Tostis marcentem squillis recreabis et Afra Potorem coclilea ; nam lactuca innatat acri Post vinum stomacho ; perna magis ac magis hillis 60 Flagitat immorsus refici : quin omnia malit, Qusecunque immundis fervent allata popinis. Est operaB pretium duplicis pernoscere juris Naturam. Simplex e dulci constat olivo, Quod pingui miscere mero muriaque decebit. 6£ Non alia quam qua Byzantia putuit orca. Hoc ubi confusum sectis. inferbuit herbis, Corycioque croco sparsum stetit, insuper addes Pressa Venafranae quod bacca rnmisit olivcC. 170 Q. HORATIl FLACCI [4 5 Pisrtnn;* mis Tiburtia succo ; 7G Nam facio praestant. Venucula convenit oilis, Rectius Aibanam fumo duraveris uvam. Hanc ego cum malis, ego faecem primus et allec, v Primus et invenior piper album, cum sale nigro Incretum, puris circumposuisse catillis. 75 Immane est vitium dare millia tenia macello, Angustoque vagos pisces urgere catino. Magna movet stomacho fastidia, seu puer urictis Tractavit calicem manibus, dum furta ligurit, Sive gravis veteri craterse limus adhaesit. 80 Vilibus in scopis, in mappis, in scobe, quantus Consistit sumtus ? neglectis, flagitium ingens. Ten lapides varios lutulenta radere palma, Et Tyrias dare circum illota toralia vestes, Oblltum, quanto curam sumtumque minorem 8»5 Haec liabeant, tanto reprendi justius illis, Quae nisi divitibus nequeant contingere mensis ? Horatius. Docte Cati, per amicitiam divosque rogatus, Ducere me audi turn, perges quocunque, memento. Nam quamvis memori referas mihi pectore cuncta, 90 Non tamen interpres tantundem juveris. Adde Vultum habitumque hominis ; quern tu vidisse be^tus Non magni pendis, quia contigit ; at mihi cur a Non mediocris inest, fontes ut adire remotos, Atque haurire queam vitas praecepta beatae. 95 Satira V. IN CAPTATORE8 ET HEREDIPETAS Ulysses. Hoc quoque, Tiresia, praeter narrata petenti Pi^esponde, quibus amissas reparare queam res Artibus atque modis. Quid rides ? 6, J SERMONUM. LIBER II. 17*) TlRESIAS. Jamne doloso Non satis est Ithacam revehi, patriosque penates Adspicere ? Ulysses. O nulli quidquam mentite, vides ut Nudus inopsque domum redeam, te vate, neque illic Aut apotheca procis iiitacta est,- aut pecus. Atqui Et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est. TlRESIAS. Quanao pauperiem, missis ambagibus, horres, Accipe, qua ratione queas ditescere. Turdus 1 U Sive aliud privum dabitur tibi, de volet illuc, Res ubi magna nitet, domino sene ; dulcia poma, Et quoscunque feret cultus tibi fundus honores. Ante Larem gustet venerabilior Lare dives ; Qui quamvis perjurus erit, sine gente, cruentus 15 Sanguine fraterno, fugitivus ; ne tamen illi Tu comes exterior, si postulet, ire recuses. Ulysses. Utno tegam spurco Damse latus ? haud ita Trojas Me gessi, certans semper melioribus. TlRESIAS Ergo Pauper eris. Ulysses. Fortem hoc animum tolerare jubebo ; 20 Et quondam majora tuli. Tu protmus, unde Divitias aerisque ruam, die, augur, acervos. H2 178 a. HORATII FLACC1 [& TlRESIAS. Dixi equidem et dico. Captes astutus ubiqua Testament a senum, neu, si vafer unus et alter Insidiatorem prderoso fugerit hamo, 24 Aut spem deponas, aut artem illusus omittas. Magna minorve foro si res certabitur oiim, Vivet uter locuples sine gnatis, improbus, ultro Qui meliorem audax vocet in jus, iilius esto Defensor : fama civem causaque priorem 3C Sperne, domi si gnatus erit fecundave conjux. Quinte, puta, aut Publi (gaudent pra3nomine molies Auriculae) tibi me virtus tua fecit amicum ; Jus anceps novi, causas defendere possum ; Rripiet quivis ocidos citius mihi, quam te 35 Contemtum cassa nuce pauperet : Jicbc mea cum est, Ne quid tu per das, neu sisjocus. Ire domura atque Pelliculam curare jube : fi cognitor ipse. Persia atque obdura, seu rubra Canicula findet Infantes statuas, seu pingui tentus omaso f 40 Furius hibernas cana nive conspuet Alpes. Nonne vides, aliquis cubito stantem prope t^tx^ens Inquiet, ut patiens, ut amicis aptus, ut acer ? Plures annabunt thunni, et cetaria crescent. Si cui praeterea validus male Alius in re 45 Prseclara sublatus aletur ; ne manifestum Ccelibis obsequium nudet te, leniter in spem Arrepe officiosus, ut et scribare secundus [leres, et; si quis casus puerum egerit Oreo, In vacuum venias : perraro hasc alea fallit. 50 Qui testamentum tradet tibi cunque legeudum, Abnuere et tabulas a te removere memento. Sic tamen ut limis rapias, quid prima sec undo Cera velit versu ; solus muitisne coheres, Veioci pereurri oculo. Plerumque recoctus ^5 6.J SERMONUM. LIBER II. 179 Scriba ex Quinqueviro corvum deludet hiantem. Captatorque dabit risus Nasica Corano Ulysses. Num furis ? an prudens ludis me, obscura can^ndo ? TiRESIAS. O Laertiade, quidquid dicam, aut erit aut non : Divinare etenim magnus mihi donat Apollo. 69 Ulysses. Quid tamen ista velit sibi fabula, si licet, ede. TiRESIAS. Tempore quo juvenis Par this horrendus, ab alto Demissum genus iEnea, tellure marique Magnus erit, forti nubet procera Corano Filia Nasicae, metuentis reddere soldum. 66 Turn gener hoc faciet ; tabulas socero dabit atque [It legat orabit. Multum Nasica negatas A.ccipiet tandem, et tacitus leget, invenietque Nil sibi legatum prseter plorare suisque. Illud ad hsec jubeo ; mulier si forte dolosa 70 Libertusve senem delirum temperet, illis Accedas socius ; laudes, lauderis ut absens. Me sene, quod dicam, factum est. Anus improba Thebis Ex testamento sic est elata : cadaver Unctum oleo largo nudis humeris tulit heres : Id Scilicet elabi si posset mortua : credo, Quod nimium institerat viventi. Cautus adito, Neu desis operse neve immoderatus abundes. Difficilem et morosum offendes garrulus : ultro Non etiam sileas. Davus «is comicus ; atque 80 Stes capite obstipo, multum similis metuenti Obsequio grassare : mone, si in^rebait aura, 180 a. HORATII FLACCI [5, 6 Cautus uti velet carum caput : extrahe turba Oppositis humeris : aurem substringe loquaci. Imporcunus amat laudari ? donee, Ohe jam ! 85 Ad caelum manibus sublatis dixerit, urge, et Crescentem tumidis infla sermonibus utrem. Quum te servitio longo curaque levarit, Et certum vigilans, Quartce esto partis Ulixes, Audieris, keres : Ergo nunc JDama sodalis 90 Nusquam est ? unde ?nihi tamfortem tamque fideiem ? Sparge subinde, et, si paulum potes illacrimare. Est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare. Sepulerum Permissum arbitrio sine sordibus exstrue : funus Egregie factum laudet vicinia. Si quis 95 Forte coheredum senior male tussiet, huic tu Die, ex parte tua, seu fundi sive domus sit Emtor, gaudentem nummo te addicere. Sed mo Imperiosa trahit Proserpina : vive valeque. Satira VI. HOIIATII VOTUM. Hoc erat in votis : modus agri non ita magnus, Hortus ubi, et tecto vicinus jugis aqua3 fons, Et paulum silvae super his foret. Auctius atque Di melius fecere : bene est : nil amplius oro, Maia nate, nisi ut propria hsec mihi munera faxis. 5 Si neque majorem feci ratione mala rem, Nee sum facturus vitio culpave minorem ; Si veneror stultus nihil horum, O si angulusille Proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum f O hi urnam argenti fors quce mihi monstret, ut illi, 10 Thesauri invento qui mercenarius agrum Ilium ipsum mercatus aravit, dives amico Hercule ! Si, quod adest, gratum jurat, hac prcce te oro 6.] SERMONUM. LIBER II. 181 7'irjgue pecus domino facias et cetera praeter Tngenium ; utque soles, custos mihi maximus adsis. 13 Ergo ubi me in montes et in arcem ex Urbe removi (Quid prius illustrem Satiris Musaque pedestri ?), Nee mala me ambitio perdit, nee plumbeus Auster, Auctumnusque gravis, Libitinse quaestus acerbse Matutine pater, seu Jane libentius audis, 20 Unde homines operum primos vitaeque labores Instituunt (sic Dis placitum), tu carminis esto Principium. B,omae sponsorem me rapis. — Eia, Ne 'prior officio quisquam respondeat, urge ! Sive Aquilo radit terras, seu bruma nivalem <45 Interiore diem gyro trahit, ire necesse est. — Postmodo, quod mi obsit, clare certumque locuto, Luctandum in turba et facienda injuria tardis. — Quid tibi vis, insane? et quam rem agis improbus? nrget Jratis precibus ; tu pulses omne quod obstat, 30 Ad Mcecenate??i memori si mente recurras. — Hoc juvat et melli est ; non mentiar. At simul atras Ventum est Esquilias, aliena negotia centum Per caput et circa saliunt latus. Ante secundam Koscius orabat sibi adesses ad Puteal eras. 35 De re communi scribes magna atque nova te Orabant hodie meminisses, Quinte, reverti. Imprimat his, cura, Maecenas signa tabellis. Dixeris, Experiar : Si vis, potes, addit et instat. Septimus octavo propior jam fugerit annus, 40 Ex quo Maecenas me ccepit habere suorum In numero ; dumtaxat ad hoc, quern tollere rheda Vellet iter faciens, et cui concredere nugas Hoc genus : Hora quota est ? Threx est Galiina Syro par ? Matutina parum cautos jam frigora mordent : 45 Et quae rimosa bene deponuntur in aure. Per totum hoc tempus subjectior in diem et horam [nvidiae noster. Ludos spectaverit una. 182 a. HORATll FLACCl [ft Luserit in campo : Fortunse filius ! omnes. Frigidus a llostris manat per compita rumor : 50 Quicunque obvius est, me consulit : O bone, nam te Scire, Deos quoixhm propius contingis, oportet, Num quid de Dacis audisti ? — Nil equidem. — Ut tu Semper eris derisor ! — At omnes Di exagitent me, Si quidquam. — Quid ? militibus promissa Triquetra 53 Pnedia Csesar, an est Itala tellure daturus ? Jurantem me scire nihil mirantur ut unum Scilicet egregii mortalem altique silenti. Perditur haec inter misero lux, non sine votis * O rus, quando ego te adspiciam ? quandoque licebit, 6U Nunc veterum libris, nunc somno et inertibus horis Ducere sollicitse jucunda oblivia vitas ? O quando faba Pythagoras cognata, simulque Uncta satis pingui ponentur oluscula lardo ? O noctes coenasque Deum ! quibus ipse meique 6b Ante larem proprium vescor, vernasque procaces Pasco libatis dapibus. Prout cuique libido est, Siccat inaequales caiices conviva solutus Legibus insanis, seu quis capit acria fortis Pocula, seu modicis uvescit laetius. Ergo 70 Sermo oritur, non de villis domibusve alienis, Nee, male necne Lepos saltet ; sed, quod magis ad noa Pertinet et nescire malum est, agitamus : utrumne Divitiis homines, an sint virtute beati : Quidve ad amicitias, usus rectumne, trahat nos : 75 Et quse sit natura boni summumque quid ejus. Cervius hsee inter vicinus garrit amies Ex re fabellas. Si quis nam laudat Arelli Sollicitas ignarus opes, sic incipit : Olim Kusticus urbanum murem mus paupere fertur 80 Accepisse cavo, veterem vetus hospes amicum ; Asper et attentus quER&'tis, ut tamen arctum Solveret hospitiis animum. Quid rrmlta ? neque ille 6.] SERMON UM.- -LIBER If. 183 Sepositi ciceris nee longae invidit a venae ; Aridum 5t ore ferens acinum semesaque lardi 8*1 Frusta dedit, cupiens varia fastidia ccena Vincere tangentis male singula dente superbo ; Quum pater ipse domus, palea porrectus in horna, Esset ador loliumque, dapis meliora relinquens. Tandem urbanus ad hunc : Quid te juvat, inquit, amict., 90 Praerupti nemoris patientem vivere dorso ? Vis tu homines urbemque feris prasponere silvis ? Carpe viam, mihi crede, comes ; terrestria quando Mortales animas vivunt sortita, neque ulla est Aut magno aut parvo leti fuga : quo, bone, circa, 9/i Dum licet, in rebus jucundis vive beatus ; V r ive memor, quam sis aevi brevis. Haec ubi dicta Agrestem pepulere, domo levis exsilit ; hide Ambo propositum peragunt iter, urbis aventes Mcenia nocturni subrepere. Jamque tenebat 1 00 Nox medium coeli spatium, quum ponit uterque hi locuplete domo vestigia, rubro ubi cocco Tincta super lectos canderet vestis eburnos, Multaque de magna superessent fercula coBna, Qua3 procul exstructis inerant hesterna canistris. 105 Ergo ubi purpurea porrectum in veste locavit Agrestem, veluti succinctus cursitat hospes, Continuatque dapes ; nee non verniliter ipsis Eungitur officiis, praelibans omne quod afFert. Ille Cubans gaudet mutata sorte, bonisque ". 10 Rebus agit la3tum convivam, quum subito ingens Valvar um strepitus lectis excussit utrumque. Cnrrere per totum pavidi conclave, magisque Exanimes trepidare, simul domus alta Molossis Personuit canibus. Turn rusticus : Haud mihi vita i 15 Est opus hac, ait, et valeas : me silva cavusque Tutus ab insidiis tenui solabitur ervo. 184 a. HORATII FLACtU I? Satira VII. LEPIDE SE IPSE CARPIT EX PERSONA SER^a ET OSTENDIT, LIBERUM SOLUM ESSE SA- PIENTEM. Davus. Jamdudum ausculto et cupiens tibi dicere servus Pauca reformido. HoRATTUS. Davusne ? Davus. Ita. Davus, amicuiu Rtancipium domino, et frugi quod sit satis, hoc est, Tit vitale putes. Horatius. Age, libertate Decembri, Quando ita majores voluerunt, utere ; narra. fi Davus. Pars hominum vitiis gaudet constanter, et urget Propositum ; pars multa natat, modo recta capessens, Interdum pravis obnoxia. Ssepe notatus Cum tribus anellis, modo laeva Priscus inani. Vixit insequalis, clavum ut mutaret in horas ; 10 ^Edibus ex magnis subito se conderet, unde Mundior exiret vix fibertinus honeste : Jam moechus Roma3, jam mallet doctus Athems Vivere ; Vertumnis, quotquot sunt, natus iniquis. Seurra Volanerius, postquam illi justa cheragra ! 5 Contudit articulos, qui pro se tolleret atque Mitteret in phimum talos, mercede diurna 7. J SERMONUM. LIBER II. 183 Conductum pavit : quanto constantior idem In viliis, tanto levius miser ac prior illo, Qui jam contento, jam laxo fune laborat. 2U Horatius. Non dices hodie, quorsum lisec tam putida tendant, Furcifer ? Davus. Ad te, inquam. Horatius. Quo pacto, pessirne ? Davus. Laudaa Fortunam et mores antiquae plebis, et idem, Si quis ad ilia Deus subito te agat, usque recuses ; Aut quia non sentis, quod clamas, rectius esse, 20 Aut quia non nrmus rectum defendis, et hasres, Nequidquam coBno cupiens evellere plant am. Romae rus optas, absentem rusticus Urbem Tollis ad astra levis. Si nusquam es forte vocatus Ad coBnam, laudas securum olus ; ac, velut usquam 30 Vinctus eas, ita te felicem dicis amasque, Quod nusquam tibi sit potandum. Jusserit ad se Maecenas serum sub lumina prima venire Convivam : Nemon oleum fert ocius ? ecquis Audit ? cum magno blateras clamore, fngisque. 34 Mulvius et scurrae tibi non referenda precati Discedunt. Etenim, fateor me, dixerit ille, Duci ventre levem, nasum nidore supinor, Imbecillus, iners ; si quid vis, adde, popino. Tu, quum sis quod ego, et fortassis nequior, ultrc 40 Insectere velut melior ? verbisque decoris ISO (1. HOItATU FLACCI [1 Obvolvas vitium ? Quid, si me stultior ipso Quingenti 3 emto drachmis deprenderis ? Aufer Me vultu terrere ; manum stomachumque teneto. Tune mihi dominus, rerum imperiis hominumque 40 Tot tantisque minor, quern ter vindieta quaterque Imposita haud unquam misera formidine privet ? AdJe super dictis, quod non levius valeat : nam Sive vicarius est, qui servo paret, uti mos Vester ait, seu conservus ; tibi quid sum ego ? Nempe oU Tu, mihi qui imperitas, aliis servis miser ; atque Duceris ut nervis alienis mobile lignum. Quisnam igitur liber ? Sapiens, sibi qui imperiosus ; Quern neque pauperies neque mors neque vincula terrent ; Responsare cupidinibus, contemnere honores 55 Fortis ; et in se ipso totus, teres atque rotundus, Externi ne quid valeat per leve morari, In quern manca ruit semper Fortuna. Potesne Ex his ut proprium quid noscere ? Die age. Non quia . Urget enim dominus mentern non lenis, et acres 60 Subjectat lasso stimulos, versatque negantem. Vel quum Pausiaca torpes, insane, tabella, Qui peccas minus atque ego, quum Fulvi Rutubaeque Aut Plaeideiani contento poplite miror Proelia, rubrica picta aut carbone ; velut si 6fi Re vera pugnent, feriant, vitentque moventes Arma viri ? Nequam et cessator Davus ; at ipse Subtilis veterum judex et callidus audis. Nil ego, si ducor libo fumante : tibi ingens Virtus atque animus coenis responsat opimis ? 70 Obsequium ventris mihi perniciosius est : cur ? Tergo plector enim ; qui tu impunitior ilia, Quae parvo sumi nequeunt, obsonia captas ? Nempe inamarescunt epulae sine fine petit®, Illusique pedes vitiosum f^rre recusant 75 7, 8. J SBRMOXUM. — LIBER I!, l&i Corpus. Ail hi 5 peccat, sub noetem qui puei uvam Furtiva mutat strigili ? qui prsedia vendit, Nil servile, gulaB parens, habet ? Adde, quod idem Non horam tecum esse potes, non otia recte Ponere ; teque ipsum vitas fugitivus et erro, 80 Jam vino quserens, jam somno fallere curam : Frustra : nam comes atra premit sequiturque fug&cem Unde mini lapidem ? Horatius. Davus. Quorsum est opus ? Horatius. Unde sagittas? Davus. A.ut insanit homo, aut versus facit. Moratius. Ocius hinc te Ni rapis, accedes opera agro nona Sabino. 85 Satira VIII. IN NASIDIENUM RUFUM CONVIVATOREM VAPIDE GARRULUM. Horatius. r _Tt Nasidieni juvit te ccena beati ? Nam mihi convivam qaserenti dictus heri illic Da medio potare die. FUNDAXIUS. Sic ut mihi nunquam In vita fuerit melius. 188 a. HORATII FLACCI [& HORATIUS. Da, si grave non est, Quae prima iratum ventrem placaverit esca. 6 Fundanius. An primis Lucanus aper : leni fuit Austro Captus, ut aiebat ccenae pater ; acria cireum Rapula, lactucse, radices, qualia lassum Pervellunt stomachum, siser, allec, fsecula Coa. His ubi sublatis puer alte cinctus acernam 10 Gausape purpureo mensam pertersit, et alter Sublegit quodcunque jaceret inutile, quodque Posset coDnantes offendere ; ut Attica virgo Cum sacris Cereris, procedit fuscus Hydaspes, Caecuba vina ferens, Alcon Chium maris expers. 15 Hie herus, Albanum, Maecenas, sive Falernum Te magis appositis delectat, habemus utrumque. HORATIUS. Divitias mis^ras ! Sed queis caenantibus una, Funaani, pu^hre fuerit tibi, nosse laboro. Fundanius. Summus ego, et prope me Viscus Thurinus, et infra 20 Si memini,Varius ; cum Servilio Balatrone Vibidius, quos Maecenas adduxerat umbras. Nomentanus erat super ipsum, Porcius infra, Ridiculus totas simul obsorbere placentas. Nomentanus ad hoc, qui, si quid forte lateret, 20 Indice monstraret digito : nam cetera turba, Nos, inquam, coenamus aves, conchylia, pisces, Longe dissimilem noto celantia succum ; Ut vel coivtinuo patuit, quum passeris atque rngustata mihi porrexerat ilia rhombi. 30 £.] SERMONUM. LIBER IT 189 Post hoc me docuit, melimela rubere minorem Ad lunam delecta. Quid hoc intersit, ab ipso Audieris melius. Turn Vibidius Balatroni : Nos nisi damnose bibimus, moriemur inulti ; Et calices poscit majores. Vertere pallor 35 Turn parochi faciem, nil sic metuentis ut acres Po tores, vel quod maledicunt liberius, vel Fervida quod subtile exsurdant vina palatum. Invertunt Allifanis vinaria tota Vibidius Balatroque, secutis omnibus : imi 40 ConvivsB lecti nihilum nocuere lagenis. AfTertur squillas inter mursena natantes In patina porrecta. Sub hoc herus, Hcec gravida, mqult, Capta est, det trior post partum carnefutura. His miztum jus est : oleo, quod prima Venafri 45 Pressit cella ; garo de succis piscis Iberi; Vino quinquenni verum extra mare nato, Dum coquitur (cocto Chium sic convenit, ut non Hoc magis ullum aliud) ; piper e albo, non sine a>:etc } Quod Methymnaam vitio mutavcrit uvam. 50 Erucas virides, inulas ego primus amaras Monstravi incoquere ; illotos Curtillus echinos, Ut melius muria, quam testa marina remittat. Tnterea suspensa graves aulsea ruinas In patinam fecere, trahentia pulveris atri 55 Quantum non Aquilo Campanis excitat agris. Nos majus veriti, postquam nihil esse pericli Sensimus, erigimur. Rufus posit o capite, ut si Filius immaturus obisset, flere. Quis esset Finis, ni sapiens sic Nomentanus amicum fill Tolleret ? Heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior hi noa Te Deus ? ut semper gaudes illudere rebus Kumanis ! Varius mappa compescere risum V'ix poterat. Balatro suspendens omnia nasc Hcbc est condicio Vivendi^ aiebat, eoque 65 190 a. HORATII FLACCI SERMONUM. — LIBER II. [£ Responstlra tuo nunquam est par fama labori. Tene, ut ego accipiar laute, torquerier omni Sollicitudine districtum ? ne panis adustus, Ne 9nale conditum jus apponatur? ut omnes frcecincti recte pueri comtique mi?iistrent ? 70 Adde hos prceterea casus, aidcea ruant si, Ut modo ; si patinam pede lapsus frangat agaso. Sed convivatoris, uti duels, ingenium res Adversce nudare sclent, celare secundce. Nasidienus ad hsec : Tib i Di, qucecunque precens 1 £ Commoda dent ! ita vir bonus es convivaque comis. Et soleas poscit. Turn in lecto quoque videres Stridere secreta divisos aure susurros. Horatius. Nullos his mallem ludos spectasse ; sed ilia Ftedde, age, quae deinceps risisti. Fundanius. Vibidius dum 60 Quaerit de pueris, num sit quoque fracta lagena, Quod sibi poscenti non dantur pocula, dumque Ridetur fictis rerum, Balatrone secundo, Nasidiene, redis mutatse frontis, ut arte Emendaturus fortunam ; deinde secuti 85 Mazonomo pueri magno discerpta ferentes Membra gruis, sparsi sale multo non sine farre, Pinguibus et ficis pastum jecur anseris albas, Et leporum avulsos, ut multo suavius, armos, Quam si cum lumbis quis edit. Turn pectore adusto 90 Vidimus et merulas poni, et sine clune palumbes ; Suaves res, si non causas narraret earum et Naturas dominus quern nos sic fugimus ulti, Ut nihil omnino gustaremus, velut illis Canidia afflasset pejor serpentibus Afris, (J. HORATII FLACCI E P I S T L M. Q HOB A Til FLA.CCI EPISTOLARUM LIBER PRIMUS. Epistola I. AD RLECENATEM. .tu a dicte> jiihi, summa dicende Camena, Spectatum &itis, et donatum jam rude, quaeris Maecenas, iterum antiquo me includere ludo ? Non eadem est aetas, non mens, Veianius, armis Herculis ad postern fixis, latet abditus agro, I Ne populum extrema toties exoret arena. Est milii purgatam crebro qui personet aurem : Solve senescentem mature sanus equum, ne Peccet ad extremum ridendus, et ilia ducat. Nunc itaque et versus et cetera ludicra pono ; 10 Quid verum atque decens euro et rogo, et omnis in hoc sum : Oondo et compono, quae mox depromere possim. Ac ne forte roges, quo me duce, quo lare tuter ; Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri, Quo me cunque rapit tempestas, deferor hospes. 15 Nunc agilis fio et mersor civilibus undis, Virtutis vene custos rigidusque satelles ; Nunc in Aristippi furtim praecepta relabor, Ec mihi res, non me rebus subjungere conor, Lenta dies ut opus debentibus ; ut piger annus 20 Pupillis. quos dura premit custodia matrum ; I 194 a, HORATII FLACCI [1. Sic mihi tarda fluunt ingrataque tempora, quae spem Consiliumque rnorantur agendi gnaviter id, quod JEqne pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque, iEque neglectum pueris senibusque nocebit. 25 Restat , ut his ego me ipse regam solerque eleraen tis : Non possis oculo quantum contendere Lynceus, Non tamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungi ; Nee, quia desperes invicti membra Glyconis, Nodosa corpus nolis prohibere cheragra. 30 Est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra. Fervet avaritia miseroque cupidine pectus ? Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis, et magnam morbi deponere partem. Laudis amore tumes ? sunt certa piacula, quae te 36 Ter pure lecto poterunt reereare libello. Invidus, iracundus, iners, vinosus, amator ? Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit, Si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem. Virtus est vitium fugere, et sapientia prima 40 Stultitia caruisse. Vides, quae maxima credis Esse mala, exiguum censum turpemque repulsanij Quanto devites animo capitisque labor e. Impiger extremos curris mercator ad Indos, Per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes : 45 Ne cures ea, quae stulte miraris et optas, Discere et audire et meliori credere non vis ? Quis circum pagos et circum compita pugnax Magna coronari contemnat Olympia, cui spes, Cui sit condicio dulcis sine pulvere palmae ? 50 Vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum. O cives, cives, qucerenda jpecunia primum est, Virtus post nummos. Haec Janus summus ab imo Prodocet ; haec recinunt juvenes dictata senesque, Laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto. 05 Est animus tibi, sunt mores, est lingua fidesque ; I.J EP1ST0LARUM. LIBER I. 195 Sed quadringentis sex sept em millia desint : Plebs eris. At pueri ludentes, Rex eris, aiunt, Si recte fades. Hie murus aeneus esto, Nil censcire sibi, nulla pallescere culpa. 60 Roscia, die sodes, melior lex, an puerorum est Ncbnia, quae regnum recte facientibus offert, Et maribus Curiis et decantata Camillis ? Isne tibi melius suadet, qui, rem facias ; rem, Si possis, recte ; si non, quocunque modo rem, 65 CJt propius spectes lacrimosa poemata Pupi : An qui, fortunes te responsare superbse Liberum et erectum, praesens hortatur et aptat ? Quod si me populus Romanus forte roget, cur Non, ut porticibus, sic judiciis fruar isdem, 70 Nee sequar aut fugiam, quae diligit ipse vel odit ; Olim quod vulpes segroto cauta leoni Respondit, referam : Quia me vestigia terrent Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum. 74 Bellua multorum est capitum. Nam quid sequar ? ax t quem ? Pars hominum gestit conducere publica ; sunt qu Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras, Excipiantque senes, quos in vivaria mitt ant ; Multis occulto crescit res fenore. Verum Esto aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri : 80 lidem eadem possunt horam durare p rob antes ? Nullus in orbe sinus Baiis prcelucet a?ncenis Si dixit dives, lacus et mare sentit amorem Festinantis heri ; cui si vitiosa libido Fecerit auspicium : Cras ferramenta Teanum 85 Tolletis, fabri. Lectus genialis in aula est : Nil ait esse prius, melius nil coelibe vita ; Si non est, jurat bene solis esse maritis. Quo teneam vultus mutantem Protea nodo I Quid pauper ? ride : mutat coenacula, lectos, 90 Balnea, tonsores ; conduct o navigio aeque Nauscat ac locuples, quem ducit priva triremig 196 tt. HORAVII FLACCI [1,2 Si curatus inaequali tonsore capillos Occurro, rides : si forte subucula pexae Trita subest tunicae, vel si toga dissidet irapar, 95 Rides. Quid ? mea quum pugnat sententia secuni ; Quod petiit, spernit ; repetit quod nuper omisit ; /Estuat et vitae disconvenit ordine toto ; Dirait, aedificat, mutat quadrata rotundis : Insanire putas solennia me ? neque rides ? 100 Nee medici credis nee curatoris egere A praetore dati, rerum tutela mearum Quum sis, et prave seetum stomacheris ob unguem De te pendentis, te respicientis amici ? Ad summam, sapiens uno minor est Jove, dives, I Qfi Liber, honoratus, pulcher, rex denique regum ; Praecipue sanus, nisi quum pituita molesta est. Epistola II. AD LOLLIUM. Trqjani belli senptorem, maxime Lolli, Dum tu declamas Romae, Praeneste relegi ; Qui, quid sit pulchrum, quid turpe, quid utile, quid non, Planius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore dicit. Cur ita credidenm, nisi quid te detinet, audi. 5 Fabula, qua Paridis propter narratur amorem Graecia Barbariae lento collisa duello, Stultorum regum et populorum continet aestus. Antenor censet belli praecidere causam : Quod Paris, ut salvus regnet vivatque beatus, 1 Cogi posse negat. Nestor componere lites Inter Pelfden festinat et inter Atriden : Hunc amor, ira quidem communiter urit utrumque. Quidquid delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi. Seditione, dolis, scelere, atque libidine et ira 15 lliacos intra muros peccatur et extra. 2. J EPISTOLARUM. LIBER. I. 197 llursum, quid virtus et quid sapientia possit, Utile proposuit nobis exemplar Ulixen ; Qui, domitor Trojse, multorum providus urbes Et mores hominum inspexit, latumque per sequoi. 20 Dum sibi, dum sociis reditum parat, aspera multa Pertulit, adversis rerum immersabilis undis. Sirenum voees et Circse pocula nosti , QuaB si cum sociis stultus cupidusque bibisset. Sub domina meretrice fuisset turpis et excors, 25 Vixisset canis immundus, vel arnica luto sus. Nos numerus sumus, et fruges consumere nati, Sponsi Penelopae, nebulones Alcinoique, In cute curanda plus aequo operata juventus ; Cui pulchrum fuit in medios dormire dies, et 30 Ad strepitum citharae cessatum ducere curam. Ut jugulent homines, surgunt de nocte latrones : Ut te ipsum serves, non expergisceris ? atqui Si noles sanus, curres hydropicus ; et ni Posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non 35 Tntendes animum studiis et rebus honestis, Tnvidia vel amore vigil torquebere. Nam cur, Quae laedunt oculum, festinas demere ; si quid Est animum, differs curandi tempus in annum ? Dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet ; sapere aude, 40 Incipe. Qui recte vivendi prorogat horam, Rusticus exspectat, dum defluat amnis ; at ille Labitur et labetur in omne volubilis 33vum. Quseritur argentum, puerisque beat a creandis Uxor, et incultae pacantur vomere silvas : 4? Quod satis est cui contigit, bic nihil amplius optet Non domus et fundus, non aeris acervus et auri JEgvoto domini deduxit corpore febres, Non animo curas. Valeat possessor oportet, Si comportatis rebus bene cogitat uti. 60 Qui cupit aut metuit, juvat ilium sic domus et refe» 198 a. HORATIl FLACCI [2 f 3 Qt lippum picla3 tabulae, fomenta podagrum, Auriculas citharae collecta sorde dolentes. Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcimque infundis, acescit Sperne voluptates ; nocet emta dolore voluptas. 5Ci Semper avarus eget ; certum voto pete finem. Invidus alterius macrescit rebus opimis ; Invidia Siculi non invenere tyranni Majus tormentum. Qui non moderabitur irse, Infectum volet esse, dolor quod suaserit aniens, 60 Dum paenas odio per vim festinat inulto. Ira furor brevis est ; animum rege ; qui, nisi paret, Imperat ; hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catena. Fingit equum tenera docilem cervice magister Ire, viam qua monstret eques. Venaticus, ex quo 6c Tempore cervinam pellern latravit in aula, Militat in silvis catulus. Nunc adbibe puro Pec tore verba, puer, nunc te melioribus offer. Quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem Testa diu. Quod si cessas aut strenuus anteis, 70 Nee tardum opperior nee prsecedentibus insto. Epistola III. AD JULIUM FLORUM. Juli Flore, quibus terrarum militet oris Claudius Augusti privignus, scire laboro. Thracane vos, Hebrusque nivali compede vinctug. An freta vicinas inter currentia turres, An pingues Asise campi collesque morantur ? Quid studiosa.cohors operum struit ? Hoc quoque euro. Quis sibi res gestas Augusti scribere sumit ? Bella miis et paces longum diffundit in aevum ? Quid Titius, Homana brevi venturus in ora, Pindarici ibntis qui non expalluit haustus, Fastidire lacus at rivos ausus apertos ? 3, 4. J EPTSTOLARUM. t.BER I. WW Ut vaiet ? ut meminit nostri ? fidibusne Latinis Thebanos aptare modos studet, auspice Musa ? An tragic a desaevit et ampullatur in arte ? Quid milii Celsus agit ? monitus multumque monendus, 15 Privatas ut quserat opes, et tangere vitet Scripta, Palatinus qusecunque recepit Apollo ; Ne, si forte suas repetitum venerit olim Grex avium plumas, moveat comicula risum Fur ti vis nudata coloribus. Ipse quid audes ? 211 Quae circumvolitas agilis thyma ? non tibi parvum Ingenium, non incultum est et turpiter hirtura. Seu linguam causis acuis, seu civica jura Respondere paras, seu condis amabile carmen : Prima feres ederae victricis praemia. Quod si 2o Frigida curarum foment a relinquere posses. Quo te caelestis sapientia duceret, ires. Hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampii, Si patriae volumus, si nobis vivere cari. Debes hoc etiam rescribere, si tibi curae, 30 Quantae conveniat, Munatius ; an male sarta Gratia nequidquam coit et rescinditur ? At, vos Seu calidus sanguis seu rerum inscitia vexat [ndomita cervice feros, ubicunque locorum Vivitis, indigm fraternum rumpere fcedus, 35 Pascitur in vestrum reditum votiva juvenca. Epistola IV. AD ALBIUM TIBULLUM Albi, nostrorum sermonum candide judex, Quid nunc te dicam facere in regione Pedana ? Scribere quod Cassi Parmensis opuscula vincat, An taciturn silvas inter reptare salubres, Curantem quidquid dignum sapiente bonoque est ? Non tu corpus eras sine pectore. Di tibi formam, 200 U. HORATII FLACL [4,5k Di tibi cLvitias dederant, arlemque fruendi. Quid voveat dulci nutricula majus alumno, Qui sapere et fari possit quae sentiat, et cui Gratia, fama, valetudo contingat abunde, 10 Et mundus victus, non deficiente crumena ? Inter spem curamque, timores inter et iras, Omnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremum : Grata supcrveniet, quae non sperabitur, hora. Me pinguem et nitidum bene curata cute vises, 1 1 Quum ridere voles Epicuri de grege porcum. Epistola V. AD TORQUATUM. Si potes Archiacis conviva recumbere leetis, Nee modica ccenare times olus omne patella, Supremo te sole domi, Torquate, manebo. Vina bibes iterum Tauro diffusa, palustres Inter Minturnas Sinuessanumque retrinum. & Sin melius quid habes, arcesse, vel imperium fer. Jamdudum splendet focus, et tibi munda supellex. Mitte leves spes, et certamina divitiarum, Et Moschi causam. Cras nato Caesare festus Dat veniam somnumque dies ; impune licebit 1 ^Estivam sermone benigno tendere noctem. Quo mihi fortunam, si non conceditur uti ? Parous ob heredis curam nimiumque severus Assidet insano. Pot are et spargere flores Incipiam, patiarque vel inconsultus haberi. 6 Quid non ebrietas designat ? operta recludit, Spes jubet esse ratas, ad prcelia trudit inertem, Sollicitis animis onus eximit, addocet artes. Fecundi calices quern non fecere disertum ? Contracta quern non in paupertate solutum ? 20 FTajc ego procurare et idoneus imperor, et non f>, G.J EPISTOLARUM.— LIBER I. 202 Invitus, ne turpe toral, ne sordida mappa Corruget nares, ne non et cantharus et laivx p Ostendat tibi te, ne fidos inter amicos Sit, qui dicta foras eliminet, ut coeat par 2£ Jungaturque pari. Butram tibi Septiciumque, Et nisi cosna prior potiorque puella Sabinum Detinet, assumam ; locus est et pluribus umbris ; Sed nimis arcta premunt olidae convivia capraB. Tu, quotus esse velis, rescribe ; et rebus omissis 30 Atria gervantem postico falle client em. Epistola VI. AD NUMICIUM. Nil admirari prope res est una, Numici, Solaqne, quae possit facere et servare beatum. Hunc sclem, et Stellas, et decedentia certis Tompora mcmentis, sunt qui formidine nulla Tmbuti spectent. Quid censes munera terrae ? 4 Quid maris extremos Arabas ditantis et Indos ? Ludicra quid, plausus, et amici dona Quiritis ? Quo spectanda modo, quo sensu credis et ore ? Qui timet his adversa, fere miratur eodem. Quo cupiens pacto ; pavor est utrobique molestus, 1 Emprovisa simul species exterret utrumque. Gaudeat an doleat, cupiat metuatne, quid ad rem, Si, quid quid vidit melius pejusve sua spe, Defixis oculis, animoque et corpore torpet ? Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui. 1 6 Ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsara I nunc, argentum et marmor vetus asraque et artes Suspice, cum gemmis Tyrios mirare colores ; Gaude, quod spectant oculi te mille loquentem ; Gnavus mane forum, et vespei'tinus pete tectum, 20 Ne plus frumenti dctalibus emetat agris 12 202 a. HORATII FLACCI [0, Mutus, et (indignum, quod sit pejoribus ortus) Hie tibi sit potius, quam tu mirabilis illi. Quidquid sub terra est, in apricum proferet aetas ; Defodiet condetque nitentia. Quurn bene no turn 23 Porticus Agrippae et via te conspexerit Appi, Ire tamen restat, Numa quo devenit et Ancus. Si latus aut renes morbo tentantur acuto, Quaere fugam morbi. Vis recte vivere ? quis non ? Si virtus hoc una potest dare, fortis omissis SO Hoc age deliciis. Virtutem verba putas, et Lucum ligna ? cave ne portus occupet alter, Ne Cibyratica, ne Bithyna negotia perdas ; Mille talenta rotundentur, totidem altera, porro et Tertia succedant, et quae pars quadret acervum. 36 Scilicet uxorem cum dote, fidemque, et amicos, Et genus et formam regina Pecunia donat, Ac bene nummatum decorat Suadela Venusque, Mancipiis locuples eget aeris Cappadocum rex : Ne fueris hie tu. Chlamydes Lucullus, ut aiunt, 40 Si posset centum scenae praebere rogatus, Qui possum tot ? ait ; tamen et quceram, et quot liabebo Mittam. Post paulo scribit, sibi millia quinque Esse domi chlamydum ; partem, vel tolleret omnes. Exilis domus est, ubi non et multa supersunt, 45 Et dominum fallunt, et prosunt furibus. Ergo Si res sola potest facere et servare beatum, Hoc primus repetas opus, hoc postremus omittas. Si fortunatum species et gratia praestat, Mercernur servum, qui dictet nomina, laevum 50 Qui fodicet latus, et cogat trans pondera dextram Porrigere. Hie multum in Fabia valet, ille Velina ; Cui libet hie fasces dabit, eripietque curule Cui volet importunus ebur ; Frater, Pater, adde ; Tit cuique est aetas, ita quemque facetus adopta. 55 Si, bone qui ccenat, bene vivit, lucet eamus 5, 7.] EP15T0LAKLM. LIBER *. 20«1 Quo due it gula ; piscemur, venemur, ut olim Gargilius, qui mane plagas, venabula, servos Differ turn transire forum populumque jubebat, Unus ut e multis populo spectante referret 60 .Emtum mulus aprum. Crudi tumidique lavemur, Quid deceat, quid non, obliti, Cserite cera Digni, remigium vitiosum Ithacensis Ulixei, Cui potior patria fuit interdicta voluptas. Si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque 66 Nil est jucundum, vivas in amore jocisque. Vive, vale ! Si quid novisti rectius istis, Candidus imperti ; si non, his utere mecum. Epistola VII. AD 3VLECENATEM. Qulnque dies tibi pollicitus me rure futurum, Sextilem totum mendax desideror. Atqui Si me vivere vis, recteque videre valentem, Quam mihi das segro, dabis segrotare timenti, Maecenas, veniam ; dum ficus prima calorque C Designatorem decorat lictoribus atris, Dum pueris omnis pater et matercula pallet, Ofrlciosaque sedulitas et opella forensis Adducit febres et testamenta resignat. Quod si bruma nives Albanis illinet agris, 10 Ad mare descendet vates tuus, et sibi parcet, Contractusque leget ; te, dulcis amice, reviset Cum Zephyris, si concedes, et hirundine prima. Non, quo more piris vesci Calaber jubet hospes, Tu me fecisti locupletem. — Vescere sodes. — 15 Jam satis est. — At tu quantumvis telle. — Benigne. — Non invisa feres pueris munusada parvis. — Tarn teneor dono, quam si dimittar onustus. — Ut Met ; hcec i^orcu hodie comedenda relinquish. 3ne si lateri est pedibusque tuis, nil fl Divitiae poterunt regales addere majus. Si forte in medio positorum abstemius herbis Vivis et urtica, sic vives protinus, ut te Confestim liquidus Fortunse rivus inauret ; Vel quia naturara mutare pecunia nescit, Id Vel quia cuncta putas una virtute minora. Miramur, si Democriti pecus edit agellos Cultaque, dum peregre est animus sine corpore velox ; Quum tu inter scabiem tantam et contagia lucri Nil parvum sapias, et adhuc sublimia cures ; 1 5 Quae mare compescant causae, quid temperet annum, Stellas sponte sua, jussaene vagentur et errent, Quid premat obscurum Lunae, quid proferat orbem Quid velit et possit rerum concordia discors, Empedocles, an Stertinium deliret acumen. 20 Verum, seu pisces, seu porrum et caepe trucidas, Utere Pompeio Grospho, et, si quid petet, ultro Defer : nil Grosphus nisi verum orabit et aequum . Vilis amicorum est annona, bonis ubi quid deest. Ne tamen ignores, quo sit Romana loco res : 2J Cantaber Agrippae, Claudi virtute Neronis Armenius cecidit ; jus imperiumque Phrahates Csesaris aceepit genibus minor ; aurea fruges ftaliae pleno defundit Copia comu. Epistola XIII. AD VINIUM ASELLAM. Ut proficiscentem docui te saepe diuque, Augusto reddes signata volumina, Vini, Si ralidus, si laetus erit, si denique poscet ; Ne studio nostri pecces, odiumque libellis Sedulus importes, opera vehemente minister. Si te for 4 - met! gravis uret sarcina charta?, 13, 14. I EPISTOI.ARUM-. LIBER I 2\ 1 Abjicito potiius. quam quo perferre juberis Ciitellas ferus impingas, Asinaeque paternuin Cognomen vertas in risum, et fabula fias. Viribus uteris per clivos, flumina, lamas : 10 Victor propositi simul ac perveneris illuc, Sic positum servabis onus, ne forte sub ala Fasciculum portes librorum, ut rusticus agnunij Ut vinosa glomus furtivae Pyrrhia lanae, Ut cum pileolo soleas conviva tribulis. 15 Neu vulgo narres te sudavisse ferendo Carmina, quae possint oculos auresque morari Caesaris ; oratus multa prece, nitere porro. Vade, vale, cave ne titubes, mandataque frang&s. Epistola XIV. AD VILLICUM SUUM. Villice silvarum et mihi me redden tis agelli, Quern tu fastidis, habitatum quinque focis, et Quinque bonos solitum Variam dimittere patres ; Certemus, spinas anirnone ego fortius an tu Evellas agro, et melior sit Horatius an res. 5 Me quam vis Lamiae pietas et cur a moratur, Fratrem moerentis, lapto de fratre dolentis Insolabiliter, tamen istuc mens animusque Fert, et amat spatiis obstantia rumpere claustra. Rure ego viventem, tu dicis in urbe beatum : 10 Cui placet alterius, sua nimirum est odio sors. Stultus uterque locttm immeritum causatur inique ; In culpa est animus, qui se non effugit unquam. Tu mediastinus tacita prece rura petebas, Nunc urbem et ludos et balnea villicus optas. 15 Me constare mihi scis, et discedere tristem, Quandocunque trahunt invisa negotia Romam. , Non eadem miramur ; eo disconvenit inter 2j2 U. HORATII FLAOCI [id. l£ Meque et te ; nam, quae desert a et inhospita tesqua Credis, amcena vocat mecura qui sentit, et odit 20 Quae tu pulchra putas. — Nunc, age, quid nostrum concentum dividat, audi. Quern tenues deeuere togas nitidique capilli, Quern bibulum liquidi media de luce Falerni, Coena brevis juvat, et prope rivum somnus in herba ; 2(3 Nee lusisse pudet, sed non incidere ludum. Non istie obliquo oculo mea commoda quisquam Limat ; non odio obscuro morsuque venenat : flident vicini glebas et saxa mo vent em. Cum servis urbana diaria rodere mavis ? 3d Horum tu in numerum voto ruis. Invidet usum Lignorum et pecoris tibi calo argutus, et horti. Optat ephippia bos, piger optat arare caballus. Quam scit uterque, libens, censebo, exerceat artem. Epistola XV. AD NUMONIUM VALAM. Quae sit hiems Veliae, quod ccelum, Vala, Salerni, Quorum hominum regio, et qualis via (nam mihi I aias Musa supervacuas Antonius, et tamen illis Me faeit invisum, gelida quum perluor unda Per medium frigus. Sane myrteta relinqui, 5 Dictaque cessantem nervis elidere morbum Sulfura contemni vicus gemit, invidus aegris, Qui caput et stomachum supponere fontibus audent Clusinis, Gabiosque petunt et frigid a rura Mutendus locus est, et deversoria nota 1 Praeteragendus equus. Quo tendis ? non mihi Camas Hist iter aut Baias, laeva stomachosus habena Dicet eques ; sed equi frenato est auris in ore) ; Major utrum populum frumenti copia pascat ; Collectosne bibant imbres, puteosne perennes 1 15, lU.j EPISTOLARUM.-- 1.IBER I. 213 Jugis aquae (nam vina nihil moroi illius orac. Rure meo possum quidvis perferre patique : Ad mare quum veni, generosum et lene requiro, Quod curas abigat, quod cum spe divite manet In venas animumque meum, quod verba ministret). 2tf Tractus uter plures lepores, uter educet apros, Utra magis pisces et echinos aequora celent, Pinguis ut hide domum possim Phaeaxque reverti, Scribere te nobis, tibi nos accredere par est. Maenius, ut rebus maternis atque paternis 25 Fortiter absumtis urbanus coepit haberi, Scurra vagus, non qui certum praesepe teneret, Impransus non qui civem dignosceret hoste, Quaelibet in quemvis opprobria fmgere saevus, Pernicies et tempestas barathrumque macelH, 30 Quidquid quassierat, ventri donabat avaro. Hie, ubi nequitiae fautoribus et timidis nil Aut paulum abstulerat, patinas coenabat omasi, Vilis et agninaa, tribus ursis quod satis esset. Nimirum hie ego sum : nam tut a et parvula laudo, 3*1 Quum res deficiunt, satis inter vilia fortis ; Verum, ubi quid melius contingit et unctius, idem Vos sapere et solos aio bene vivere, quorum Conspieitur nitidis fundata pecunia villis. Epistola XVI. AD QUINCTIUM. Ne perconteris, fundus meus, optime Quincti, Arvo pascat herum, an baccis opulentet olivas, Pomisne, an pratis, an amicta vitibus ulmo, Scribetur tibi forma loquaciter, et situs agri. Continui montes ni dissocientur opaca Valle ; 6ed ut veniens dextrum latus adspiciat Sol, Laevum deced^ns curru fugiente vaporet. 214 Q. riOKATII FLACCl [Id rr Tempenem laudes. Quid, si rubicunda benigm Corna vepres ct pruna ferant ? si quercus et iiex Multa fruge pecus, multa dominum juvet umbra ? 10 Dicas adductum propius frondere Tarentum. "Fons etiam rivo dare nomen idoneus, ut nee Frigidior Thracam nee purior ambiat Hebrus, Infirmo capiti fruit utilis, utilis alvo. Hae latebrse dulees, etiam, si credis, amoense, lb Tncolumem tibi me preestant Septembribus horis. Tu recte vivis, si curas esse quod audis. Jactamus jampridem omnis te Roma beatuin , Sed vereor, ne cui de te plus, quam tibi credas, Neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum ; 20 Neu, si te populus sanum recteque valentem Dictitet, occultam febrem sub tempus edendi Dissimules, donee manibus tremor incidat unctis. Stultorum incurata pudor malus ulcera eel at. Si quis bella tibi terra pugnata marique 26 Dicat, et his verbis vacuas permulceat aures : Tene magis salvum populus velit, an populum in, Servet in ambiguo, qui cousulit et tibi et urbi, Jupiter ; Atigusti laudes agnoscere possis. Quum pateris sapiens emendatusque vocari, 30 Respondesne tuo, die sodes, nomine ? — Nempe Vir bonus et prudens clici detector ego ac tu. Qui dedit hoc hodie, eras, si volet, auferet ; ut si Detulerit fasces indigno, detrahet idem. Pone, meum est, inquit ; pono, tristisque recedo. 35 Idem si clamet furem, neget esse pudicum, Contendat laqueo collum pressisse paternum ; Mordear opprobriis falsis, mutemque colores ? Falsus honor juvat et mendax infamia terret Quern, nisi mendosum et medicandum ? Vir bonus est quis?— 40 Qui consulta yatrum, qui leges juraque seivat, I6.J EPXSTOLARUM. LIBER I. 2ib Quo midtce magnceque secantur judice Hies. Quo res sponsare, et quo causce teste tenentur. — Seel videt hunc omnis domus et vieinia tota Ititrorsus turpem, speciosum pelle decora. 43 Nee furtum feci, necfugi, si mihi dicat Servus : Habes pretium, loris non ureris, aio. — Non Jwminem occidi. — Non pasces in cruce corios, — Su?n bonus etfrugi. — Hermit riegitatque Sabellus. Cautus enim metuit foveam lupus, accipiterquc 5C Suspectos laqueos, et opertum miluus hamum. Oderunt peccare boni virtutis araore ; Tu nihil admittes in te formidine poenee. Sit spes fallendi, miscebis sacra profanis. Nam de mille fabse modiis quum surripis unum, 55 Damnum est, non facinus mihi pacto lenius isto. V T ir bonus, omne forum quern spectat et omne tribunil, Qu&ndocunque Deos vel porco vel bove placat, Jane pater, clare, clare quum dixit, Apollo, Labra movet metuens audiri : Pulchra JLaverna, 60 Da mihi fatter e, dajusto sanctoque videri ; Noctem peccatis, et fraudibus objice nubem. Qui melior servo, qui liberior sit avarus, In triviis fixum quum se demittit ob assem, Non video. Nam qui cupiet, metuet quoque ; porro, 6«^ Qui metuens vivet, liber mihi non erit unquam. Perdidit arma, locum virtutis deseruit, qui Semper in augenda festinat et obruitur re. Vendere quum possis captivum, occidere noli ; Serviet utiliter ; sine pascat durus aretque ; 70 Naviget ac mediis hiemet mercator in undis ; Annonse prosit ; portet frumenta penusque. Yir bonus et sapiens audebit dicere : Penthm, Rector Thebarum, quid me per f err e patique Indignum coges ? — Adimambona. — Nempe pecus : rei.t, 76 Lectos, argentum? tollas licet. — In manicis et 216 a. HORATII FLACCI [16.17 Compedibus scevo te sab custode tenebo. — Ipse Deus, simul atque volam, me solvct. — Opinor, Hoc sentit : Moriar ; mors ultima linea rerum est. Epistola XVII. AD SC^EVAM. Quamvis, Sceeva, satis per te tibi consulis, et scis Quo tandem pacto deceat majoribus uti, "Disce, docendus adhuc quae censet amiculus ; ut si Csscus iter monstrare velit : tamen aspice, si quid Et nos, quod cures proprium fecisse, loquamur. 6 Si te grata quies et primam somnus in horam Delectat, si te pulvis strepitusque rotarum, Si lsedit caupona, Ferentinum ire jubebo : Nam neque divitibus contingunt gaudia solis, Nee vixit male, qui natus moriensque fefellit. 10 Si prodesse tuis pauloque benignius ipsum Te tractare voles, accedes siccus ad unctum. Si pranderet olus patienter, regibus uti, Nollet Aristippus. — Si sciret regibus uti Fastidiret olus, qui me notat. — Utrius horum 15 Verba probes et facta, doce ; vel junior audi, Cur sit Aristippi potior sententia. Namque Mordacem Cynicum sic eludebat, ut aiunt : Scurror ego ipse mihi, popzdo tu : rectius hoc et Splendidius midto est. Equus ut me portet, alat tez^ 20 Officium facto : tu poscis vilia rerum, Dante mi?ior, quamvis fers te nullius egentem. Omnis Aristippum decuit color et status et res, Tentantem majora, fere praesentibus sequum. Contra, quern duplici panno patientia velat, S3 Mirabor, vitse via si con versa decebit. Alter purpureum non exspectabit amictum, Quidlibei indutus celeberrima per loca vadet. 17,16.] EPISTOLARUM. LIBER 1. .217 Personamque feret non inconcinnus utramque : Alter Mileti textam cane pejus et angui 80 Vitabit chlamydem ; morietur frigore, si non Rettuleris pannum : refer, et sine vivat ineptus. Res gerere et captos ostendere civibus hostes Attingit solium Jovis et caslestia tentat : Principibus placuisse viris non ultima laus est. 36 Xon cuivis honiini contingit adire Corintbum. Sedit, qui timuit ne non succederet : esto. Quid ? qui pervenit, fecitne viriliter ? Atqui Hie est aut nusquam, quod quaerimus. Hie onus horret, Ut parvis animis et parvo corpore majus ; 40 Hie subit et perfert. Aut virtus nomen inane est Aut decus et pretium recte petit experiens vir. Coram rege suo de paupertate tacentes Plus poscente ferent. Distat, sumasne pudenterj An rapias : atqui rerum caput hoc erat, hie fons. 45 Indotata mihi soror est, paupercula ??iate?\ Et fundus nee vendibilis nee paseere firmus, Qui dicit, clamat : Victum date. Succinit alter : Et mihi dividuo findetur munere quadra. Sed tacitus pasci si posset corvus, haberet 50 PJus dapis et rixas multo minus invidiseque. Epistola XVIII. AD LOLLIUM. Si bene te novi, metues, liberrime Lolli, Scurrantis speciem praebere, professus amicum. Est huic diversum vitio vitium prope majus, Asperitas agrestis et inconcinna gravisque, Quae se commendat tonsa cute, dentibus atris, Dum vult libertas dici mera, veraque virtus. Virtus est medium vitiorum, et utrinque reductum. Alter in obsequium plus aequo pronus, et imi K 218 Q. IIORATII FLACCL [18. Derisor lecti, sic nutum divitis horret, Sic iterat voces, et verba cadentia tollit, 10 Ut puerum saevo credas dictata magistro Keddere, vel partes mimum tractare secundas : Alter rixatur de lana saepe caprina, et Propugnat nugis armatns : Scilicet, ut non Sit mihi prima fides, et vere quod placet ut non 15 Acriter elatrem ? Pretium a?tas altera sordet. Ambigitur quid enim 1 Castor sciat an Dolichos plus ; Brundisium Minuci melius via ducat, an Appi. Gloria quern supra vires et vestit et ungit, Quern tenet argenti sitis importuna faraesque, 20 Quern paupertatis pudor et fuga, dives amicus, Ssepe decern vitiis instruct! or, odit et horret : Aut, si non odit, regit ; ac, veluti pia mater, Plus quam se sapere et virtutibus esse priorem Vult, et ait prope vera : Mece (contendere noli) 25 Stultitiam patiuntur opes ; tibi p>arvula res est : Arcta decet sannm comitem toga ; desine mecum Certare. Eutrapelus, cuicunque nocere volebat, Vestimenta dabat pretiosa ; beatus enim jam Cum pulchris tunicis sumet nova consilia et spes. 30 Arcanum neque tu scrutaberis illius unquam, Commissumque teges, et vino tortus et ira. Nee tua laudabis studia, aut aliena reprendes; Nee, quum venari volet ille, poemata panges. Gratia sic fratrum geminorum, Amphionis atque 35 Zethi, dissiluit, donee suspecta severo Conticuit lyra. Fraternis cessisse putatur Moribus Amphion : tu cede potentis amici Lenibus imperiis ; quotiesque educet in agros JEtolis onerata plagis jumenta canesque, 40 Surge, et inhumanae senium depone Camenaa, Co3nes ut pariter pulmenta laborious emta; Eomanis solenne viris opus, utile famse, 18.) EPISTOLAKUM. -LIBER I. 219 Vltseque et membris ; preesertim quuni valeas, ei Vel cursu superare canem vel viribus aprum 45 Possis : adde, virilia quod spcciosius arma Non est qui tractet (scis, quo clamore coronae Proelia sustineas campestria) ; denique sasvara Militiam puer et Cantabrica bella tutisti Sub duce, qui templis Parthorum signa refigit 50 Nunc, et si quid abest, Italis adjudicat arrais. Ac (ne te retrahas, et inexcusabilis absis), Quamvis nil extra numerum fecisse moduraque Curas, interdum nugaris rure paterno : Partitur lintres exercitus ; Actia pugna 55 Te duce per pueros hostili more refertur ; Adversarius est frater •■ lacus Hadria ; donee Alterutrum velox Victoria fronde coronet. Consentire suis studiis qui crediderit te, Fautor utroque tuum laudabit pollice ludurn. 60 Protinus ut moneam (si quid monitoris egea tu) Quid, de quoque viro, et cui dicas, saepe videto. Percontatorem fugito, nam garrulus idem est ; Nee retinent patulas commissa fideliter aures ; Et semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum. b5 Qualem commendes, etiam atque etiam adspicw ; ;io mox Incutiant aliena tibi peccata pudorem. Fallimur, et quondam non dignum tradimus ; ergo Quem sua culpa premet, deceptus omitte tuexi ; At penitus notum, si tentent crimina, serves, 70 Tuterisque tuo iidentem praesidio : qui Dente Theonino quum circumroditur, ecquid Ad te post paulo ventura pericula sentfs ? Nam tua res agitur, paries quum proximus ardet, Et neglect a solent incendia sumere vires. 75 Dulcis inexpertis cultura potentis amici, Expertus metuit. Tu, dum tua navis in alto est, Hoc ago, ne mutata ratrorsnm te ferat aura. 220 a. HORATIl FLACCI [18,19 Oderunt hilarem tristes, tristemque jocosi, Sedatum celeres, agilem gnavumque remissi, 8C Potores bibuli media de nocte Falerni Oderunt porrecta negantem pocula, quamvis Nocturnos jures te formidare vapores. Deme superciiio nubem : plerumque modestus Occupat obscuri speciem, taciturnus acerbi. 85 Inter cuncta leges et percontabere doctos, Qua ratione queas traducere leniter sevum, Ne te semper inops agitet vexetque cupido, Ne pavor, et rerum mediocriter utilium spes ; Virtutem doetrina paret, naturane donet ; 90 Quid minuat curas, quid te tibi reddat amicum ; Quid pure tranquillet, honos, an dulce lucellum. An secretum iter, et fallen tis semita vitse. Me quoties reficit gelidus Digentia rivus, Quern Mandela bibit, rugosus frigore pagus, 90 Quid sentire putas ? quid credis, amice, precari ? Sit mihi } quod nunc est ; etiam minus : et mild vivam Quc-d superest cevi, si quid superesse volunt Di : Sit bona librorum et provisce frugis in annum Copia ; neu fluitem dubicz spe pendulus ho?'ce. 100 Sed satis est ware Jovem, quce donat et aufert : Det vitam, det opes ; cequum mi animum ipse paraho. Epjstola XIX. AD MiECENATEM. Pnsco si credis, Maecenas docte., Cratino, Nulla placere diu nee vivere carmina possunt, Qua* scribuntur aqute potoribus. Ut male sanos Adscripsit Liber Satyris Faunisque poetas, Vina fere dulces oluerunt mane Cameiia3. Laudibus arguitur vini vinosus Homerus ; Ennius ipse pater nunquam nisi potus ad arma Prosiluit dicenda. Forum putealque Libonis 9. j EPJSTOLARUM. LIBER T. "42\ Mandabo sleds, adz mam caniare sevens. Hoc simul edixi, non cessavere poetco 10 Nocturno certare mero, putere diurno. Quid ? si quis vultu torvo ferus, et pede nudo v Exiguaque toga, simuletque ex ore Catonem, Virtutemne repraosentet moresque Catonis ? Etupit Iarbitam Timagenis asmula lingua, 1 5 Dum studet urbanus, tenditque disertus habe.i. Decipit exemplar vitiis imitabile : quod si ' Pallerem casu, biberent exsangue cumin um. O imitatores, servum pecus, ut mihi ssepe Bilem, saepe jocum vestri movere tumultus ! 20 Libera per vacuum posui vestigia princeps ; Non aliena meo pressi pede. Qui sibi fidit, Dux regit examen. Parios ego primus iambos Ostendi Latio, numeros animosque secutus Arcliilochi, non res et agentia verba Lycamben. 2b Ac, ne me foliis ideo brevioribus ornes, Quod timui mutare modos et carminis artem : Temperat Arcliilochi musam pede mascula Sappho, Temperat Alcaeus ; sed rebus et ordine dispar, Nee socerum quaerit, quern versibus oblinat atris, 30 Nee sponsae laqueum famoso carmine nectit. Hunc ego, non alio dictum prius ore, Latinus Vulgavi fidicen : juvat immemorata ferentem Ingenuis oculisque legi manibusque teneri. Scire velis, mea cur ingratus opuscula lector 35 Laudet ametque domi, premat extra limen inim\us ? Non ego ventosse plebis sufFragia venor Impensis ecenarum et tritae munere vestis ; Non ego, nobilium scriptorum auditor et ultor, Giammaticas ambire tribus et pulpita dignor : 40 [line illaa lacrimal ! Spissis indigna theatris Script a pudet recitare, et nugis addere pondus. Si dixi : Rides, ait, et Jovis auribus ista Qervas ; Jidis enim manare poetica- ??iella 222 Q. HOK ATII FLACCI EPISTOLAR UM. LIB. I. [19,20 Te solum, till pidcher. Ad hsec ego naribus uti 45 Formido ; et, luctantis acuto ne secer ungui, Displicet iste locus, clamo, et diludia posco. Ludus enim genuit trepidum certamen et iram, Ira truces inimicitias et funebre bellum. Epistola XX. AD LIBRUM SUUM. Vertumnum Janumque, liber, spectare videris ; Scilicet ut prostes Sosiorum pumice mundus. Odisti claves, et grata sigilla pudico ; Paucis ostendi gemis, et communia laudas ; Non ita nutritus ! Fuge, quo descendere gestis : Non erit emisso reditus tibi. Quid miser egi ? ' Quid volui ? dices, ubi quis te laeserit ; et scis In breve te cogi, plenus quum languet amator. Quod si non odio peccantis desipit augur, Carus eris Komse, donee te deserat setas. iO Contrectatus ubi manibus sordescere vulgi Co3peris, aut tineas pasces taciturnus inertea, Aut fugies Uticam, aut vinctus rnitteris Ilerdam. Llidebit monitor non exauditus ; ut ille, Qui male parentem in rupes protrusit asellum 15 Iratus : quis enim invitum servare laboret ? Hoc quoque te manet, ut pueros elementa docentem Occupet extremis in vicis balba senectus. Quum tibi sol tepidus plures admoverit aures, Me libertino natum patre, et in tenui re 20 Majores pennas nido extendisse*loqueris ; U%, quantum generi demas, virtutibus addas. Me primis Urbis belli placuisse domique ; Corporis exigui, prsecanum, solibus aptum, Irasci celerem, tamen ut placabilis essem. 26 Forte meum si quis te percontabitur eevum, Me quater undenos sciat implevisse Decembres Collegam Lepidura quo duxit Loilius anno Q H OKA Til FLACCI EPISTOLARUM LIBER SECUNDUS. EriSTOLA I. AD AUGUSTUM. Quum tot sustineas et tanta negotia solus, Res It alas armis tuteris, moribus ornes, Legibus emendes, in publica commoda peccem, Si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Csesar. (.ioniums, et Liber pater, et cum Castore Pollux, 5 Post ingentia facta Deorum in templa recepti, Dum terras hominumque colunt genus, aspera beiia Componunt, agros assignant, oppida condunt, Ploravere suis non respondere favorem Speratum merit is. Diram qui contudit hydram, 10 Notaque fatali portenta labore subegit, Comperit invidiam supremo fine domari. Urit eiiim fulgore suo, qui prsegravat artes • Infra se positas ; exstinctus amabitur idem. Prsesenti tibi maturos largimur honores, 15 Jurandasque tuum per numen ponimus aras, Nil oriturum alias, nil ortum tale fatentes. Sed tuus hie populus, sapiens et Justus in uno, Te nostris ducibus, te Graiis anteferendo, Cetera nequaquam simili ratione modoque 20 iEstimat, et, nisi quss terris semota suisque ' r emporibus defuncta videt fastidit et edit; 221 a. IIORATII FLACCi [1. Sic fautor veterum, ut tabulas peccare ve*antes» Quas bis quinque viri sanxerunt, foedera regum Vel Gabiis vel cum rigidis sequata Sabinis, 25 Pontificum libros, annosa volumina vatum, Dictitet Albano Musas in monte locutas. Si, quia Graiorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, Romani pensantur eadem Scriptores trutina, non est quod multa loquamur : 30 Nil intra est oleam, nil extra est in nuce duri. Venimus ad summum fortunse : pingimus atque Psallimus, et luctamur Achivis doctius unctis. Si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit, Scire velim, chartis pretium quotus arroget annus. 35 Scriptor, abhinc annos centum qui decidit, inter Perfectos veteresque referri debet ? an inter Viles atque novos ? excludat jurgia finis. — Est vetus atque probus, centum qui perficit annos.— Quid ? qui deperiit minor uno mense vel anno, 40 [nter quos refer endus erit ? veteresne poetas ? An quos et prsesens et postera respuat actas ? — Iste quidem veteres inter ponetur honeste, Qui vel mense brevi vel toto est junior anno. — Utor permisso, caudseque pilos ut equinge, 45 Paulatim vello, et demo unum, demo et item unum, Dum cadat elusus ratione mentis acervi, Qui redit in fastos, et virtu tern a^stimat annis, Miraturque nihil, nisi quod Libitina sacravit. Ennius, et sapiens et fortis, et alter Homerus, ^C Ut critici dicunt, leviter curare videtur, Quo promissa cadant et somnia Pytliagorea. Nsevius in manibus non est, et mentibus ha3ret Fame recens ? adeo sanctum est vetus omne poenia. Ambigitur quoties uter utro sit prior, aufert 6(i Pacuvius docti famam senis, Attius alti ; Dicitur Afrani toga convenisse Menandro ; I.] El'ISTOLARUM. LIBER II. 285 Plautus ad exemplar Sicuii properare Epicharrni ; Vincere Caecilius gravitate, Terentius arte. Hos ediscit, et hos arcto stipata theatro GO Spectat Roma potens ; habet hos numeratque poetas Ad nostrum tempus Livi scriptoris ab asvo. Interdum vulgus rectum videt ; est ubi peccat. Si ve teres ita miratur laudatque poetas, (Jt nihil anteferat, nihil illis comparet, errat : 65 Si quaedam nimis antique, si pleraque dure Dicere cedit eos, ignave mult a fatetur, Et sapit, et mecum facit, et Jove judicat aequo. Non equidem inseetor delendave carmina Livi Esse reor, memini quae plagosum mihi parvo 70 Orbilium dictare ; sed emendata videri Pulchraque et exactis minimum distantia miror. Inter quae verbum emicuit si forte decorum, Si versus paulo concinnior onus et alter, Injuste totum ducit venditque poema. 76 Indignor quidquam reprehendi, non quia crasse Compositum illepideve putetur, sed quia nuper ; Nee veniam antiquis, sed honorem et praemia posci. Recte necne crocum fLoresque perambulet Attae Fabula si dubitem, clament periisse pudorem 80 Cuncti paene patres, ea quum reprehendere coner, Quae gravis iEsopus. quae doctus Roscius egit : Vel quia nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt ; Vel quia turpe putant parere minoribus, et, quae Imberbes didicere, senes perdenda fateri. 85 Jam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat, et illud, Quod mecum ignorat, solus vult scire videri, Ingeniis non ille favet plauditque sepultis, Nostra sed impugnat, nos nostraque lividus odit. Quod si tam Graiis no vitas in visa fuisset, 90 Quam nobis, quid nunc esset vetus ? aut quid haberet, Quod lege ret tereretque viritim publicus usus ? K2 226 U. HORATII FLAUCI |1 Ut prim um positis nugari Grrecia bellis Coepit, et in vitium fortuna labier sequa, Nunc athletarum studiis, nunc arsit equorum, 93 Marmoris aut eboris fabros aut aeris amavi* Suspendi t picta vultum mentemque tabella, Nunc tibicinibus, nunc est gavisa tragosdis ; Sub nu trice puella velut si luderet mfans, Quod cupide petiit, mature plena reliquit. !0(J Quid placet aut odio est, quod non mutabfle eredas T Hoc paces habuere bonse ventique secundi. Romse dulce diu fuit et solenne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare, clienti promere jura, Cautos nominibus rectis expendere nurnmos, 105 Majores audire, minori dieere, per quae Crescere res posset, minui damnosa libido. Mutavit mentem populus levis, et calet uno Scribendi studio : pueri patresque severi Fronde comas vincti coenant, et carmina dictant HO Ipse ego, qui nullos me afrlrmo scribere versus, Invenior Parthis mendacior ; et, prius orto Sole vigil, calamum et chartas et scrinia posco. N a vim agere ignarus navis timet ; abrotonum &gro Non audet, nisi qui didicit, dare ; quod medicorum est, 115 Promittunt medici ; tractant fabrilia fabri : Scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim. Hie error tamen, et levis hsec insania quantas Virtutes habeat, sic collige : vatis avarus Non temere est animus ; versus amat, hoc studet unum ; 120 Detrimenta, fugas servorum, incendia ridet ; Non fraudem socio, puerove incogitat ullam Pupillo ; vivit siliquis et pane secundo ; Militise quamquam piger et malus, utilis urbi ; Si das hoc, parvis quoque rebus magna juvari. 25 Os tenerum pueri balbumque poeta figurat, Torquet ab obsccenis jam nunc sermonibus aurem, L] EPISTOLARUM. LIBER li, 221 Mox eliani pectus praeceptis format amicis, Asperitatis et invidiae corrector et iraB ; Recte facta refert, orientia tempora notis 1 30 Inst ru it exemplis, inopem solatur et aegrum. Castis cum pueris ignara ouella mariti Disceret unde preces, vatem ni Musa dedisset ? Poscit opem chorus, et praesentia numina sentit, Ccelestes implorat aquas docta prece blandus, 135 Avertit morbos, rnetuenda pericula pellit, Impetrat et pacem, et locupletem frugibus annum Carmine Di superi placantur, carmine manes. Agricolae prisci, fortes, parvoque beati, Condita post frumenta, levantes tempore festo 140 Corpus, et ipsum animum spe finis dura ferentem Cum sociis operum, pueris, et conjuge fida, Tellurem porco, Siivanum lacte piabant, Floribus et vino Genium, memorem brevis aevi. Fescennina per hunc inventa licentia morem 145 Versibus alternis opprobria rustica fudit, Libertasque recurrentes accepta per annos Lusit amabiliter, donee jam saevus apertam In rabiem verti coapit jocus, et per honestas Ire domos impune minax. Doluere cruento 150 Dente lacessiti ; fait intactis quoque cura Conditione super communi ; quin etiam lex Pcenaque lata, malo quae nollet carmine quemquam Describi ; vertere modum, formidine fustis Ad bene dicendum delect andumque redacti. 155 Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes Lntulit agresti Latio : sic horridus ille Defluxit numerus Saturnius ; et grave virus Munditias pepulere : sed in longum tamen aevum Manserunt hodieque manent vestigia ruris. 160 Seius enim Grancis admovit acumina chartis, Et post Punic a bella quietus quaerere ccepit. 228 a. ho&atji flacci \1* Quid Soph jcles et Thespis et iEschylus utile ferrent. Tentavit quoque rem, si digne vertere posset ; Et placuit sibi, natura sublimis et acer ; 165 Nam spirat tragicum satis, et feliciter audet ; Sed turpem putat inseite metuitque lituram. Creditur, ex medio quia res arcessit, habere Sudoris minimum, sed habet Comaedia tanto Plus oneris, quanto venise minus. Adspice, Plautus 170 Quo pacto partes tutetur amantis ephebi, Ut patris attenti, lenonis ut insidiosi ; Quantus sit Dossennus edacibus in parasitis, Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco. Gestit enim nummum in loculos demittere, post hoc 175 Securus, cadat, an recto stet fabula talo. Quern tulit ad scenam ventoso Gloria curru, Exanimat lentus spectator, sedulus inflat. Sic leve, sic parvum est, animum quod laudis avarum Submit aut reflcit. Valeat res ludicra, si me 180 Palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum. Ssepe etiam audacem fugat hoc terretque poetam, Quod numero plures, virtute et honore minores, Indocti stolidique, et depugnare parati, Si discordet eques, media inter carmina poscunt 185 Aut ursum aut pugiles ; his nam plebecula gaudet. Verum equitis quoque jam migravit ab aure voluptas Omnis ad incertos oculos et gaudia vana. Quatuor aut plures aulaea premuntur in horas, Dum fugiunt equitum turmse peditumque catervso ; 190 Mox trahitur manibus regum fortuna retortis, Esseda festinant, pilenta, petorrita, naves ; Captivum portatur ebur, captiva Corinthus. Si foret in terris, rideret Democritus, seu Diversum confusa genus panthera camelo, 195 Sivo elephas albus vulgi converteret ora : Spectaret populum ludis attentius ipsis, i.J EPISTOLARUM. LIBER II. 229 Ut sibi praebenlem mimo spectacula plura ; Scriptores autem u arrare putaret asello Fabellam surdo. Nam quae pervincere voces 20 Evaluere sonum, referunt quern nostra theatra ? Garganum mugire putes ^emus, aut mare Tuscum, Tanto cum strepitu ludi spectantur, et artes, Divitiaeque peregrinae, quibus oblitus actor Quum stetit in scena, concurrit dextera laevae. 205 Dixit adhnc aliquid ? — Nil sane. — Quid placet ergo ? — * Lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno. Ac ne forte putes, me, quae facere ipse recusem, Quum recte tractent alii, laudare maligne ; Ille per extentum funem mihi posse videtur 210 Ire poeta, meum qui pectus inaniter angit, Trritat, mulcet, falsis terroribus implet, Ut magus, et modo me Th* T is, modo ponit Athenis. Verum age, et his, qui se lectori credere malunt, Quam spectatoris fastidia ferre superbi, 215 Curam redde brevem, si munus Apolline dignum Vis complere libris, et vatibus addere calcar, Ut studio majore petant Helicona virentem. Multa quidem nobis facimus mala saepe poeta) (Ut vineta egomet caedam mea), quum tibi librum 220 Sollicito damus aut fesso ; quum laedimur, unum Si quis amicorum est ausus reprendere versum ; Quum loca jam recitata revolvirnus irrevocati ; Quum lamentamur, non apparere labores Nostros, et tenui deducta poemata filo ; 225 Quum speramus eo rem ventuxam, ut simul atque Carmina rescieris nos fingere, commodus ultro Arcessas, et egere vetes, et scribere cogas. Sed tamen est operae pretium cognoscere, quales iEdituos habeat belli spectata domique 230 Virtus, indigno non committenda poetae. Gratus Alexandro regi Magno fuit ille 260 Q. FIORATII FLACUl L J, Chcbiilus, inrultus qui versibus et male natis Rettulit acceptos, regale numisma, Philippos. f Jed veluti tractata notam labemque remittunt 235 Atramenta, fere scriptores carmine fcedo Splendida facta linunt. Idem rex ille, poema Qui tarn ridiculum tarn care prodigus emit, Edicto vetuit, ne quis se, praeter Apellem, Pingeret, aut alius Lysippo duceret sera i!40 Fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia. Quod si Judicium subtile videndis artibus illud Ad libros et ad hsec Musarum dona vocares, Boeotum in crasso jurares aere natum. At neque dedecorant tua de se judicia, atque 245 Munera, quse multa dantis cum laude tulerunt Dilecti tibi Virgilius Variusque poetse ; Nee magis expressi vultus per aenea signa, Quam per vatis opus mores animique virorurr Clarorum apparent. Nee sermones ego mallr^ti 250 Repentes per humum, quam res componere gestas ; Terrarumque situs et flumina dicere, et arces Montibus impositas, et barbara regna, tuisque Auspiciis totum confecta duella per orbem, Glaustraque custodem pacis cohibentia Janum, 256 Et formidatam Parthis te principe Romam ; Si, quantum cuperem, possem quoque. Sed neque parvum Carmen majestas recipit tua, nee meus audet Rem tentare pudor, quam vires ferre recusent. Sedulitas autem, stulte quern diligit, urget, 260 PrsBcipue quum se numeris commendat et arte : Discit enim citius meminitque libentius illud, Quod quis deridet, quam quod probat et veneratur. Nil moror officium, quod me gravat, ac neque ficto [n pejus vultu proponi cerous usquam, 26*1 Nee prave factis decor ari versibus opto, Ne rubearo pingui donatus mune T e # et una 1,2.] EPiSTuLARUM. LIBER If. 2&J Cum scriptore nieo, capsa porrectus aperta, Deferar in vicum vendentem thus et odores Et piper et quidquid chartis amicitur ineptis 270 Epistola II. AD JULIUM FLORUM. Flore, bono claroque fidelis amice Neroni, Si quis forte velit puerum tibi vendere, natum Tibure vel Gabiis, et tecum sic agat : Hie et. Candidus, et talos a vertice pulcher ad imos, Fiet eritque tuus nummorum millibus octo, fi Verna ?ninisceriis ad nutus aptus heriles, Literulis Greeds imbutus, idoneus arti Cuilibet ; argilla quidvis imitaberis tcda ; Qidn etiam canet indoctum, sed dulce bibenti. Multa fidem promissa levant, ubi plcnias cequo 10 Laudat venules, qui vidt extruder e, merccs. Res urget me nulla ; nieo sum pauper in cere * Nemo hoc mangonum facer 'et tibi : non temere a m-e Quivis ferret idem: semel hie cessavit, et, ut fit, In scalis latuit metuens pendentis habence. 16 Des nummos, excepta nihil te sifuga Icedit. lile ferat pretiurn, paenae securus, opinor. Prudens emisti vitiosum ; dicta tibi est lex : Insequeris tamen hunc, et lite moraris iniqua ? Dixi me pigrum proficiscenti tibi, dixi 20 Talibus ofRciis prope mancum ; ne mea saevus Jurgares ad te quod epistola nulla rediret. Quid turn profeci, mecum facientia jura Si tamen attentas ? Quereris super hoc etiam, quod Exspectata tibi non mittam carmina mendax. 24 Luculli miles collecta viatica multis /Erumnis, lassus dum noctu stertit, ad assem Perdiderat : post hoc vehemens lupus, ft sibi et hosti 232 Q. HORATII FLACCI |*2* Iratus pariter, jejunis dentibus acer, Presidium regale loco dejecit, ut aiunt, 30 Summe munito et multarum divite rerum. Ciarus ob id factum donis ornatur honestis ; Accipit et bis dena super sestertia nummum. Forte sub hoc tempus castellum evertere praetor Nescio quod cupiens hortari coepit eundem 35 Verbis, quae timido quoque possent addere mentem : J, bone, quo virtus tua te vocat, I pede fausto, Grandia latitrus meritorum prcpmia ! Quid stas ? Post haec ille catus, quantumvis rusticus, Ibit, Ibit eo quo vis, qui zo?m?n perdidit, inquit. 40 Romse nutriri mihi contigit atque doceri, Tratus Graiis quantum nocuisset Achilles : Adjecere bonae paulo plus artis Athense ; Scilicet ut possem curvo dignoscere rectum, Atque inter silvas Academi quserere verum. 45 Dura sed emovere loco me tempora grato, Civilisque rudem belh tulit aestus in arma, Cassaris Augusti non responsura lacertis. Unde simul primum me dimisere Philippi, Decisis humilem pennis, inopemque paterni 50 Et laris et fundi, paupertas impulit audax Ut versus facerem : sed, quod non desit, habentem Quae poterunt unquam satis expurgare cicutae, Ni melius dormire putem quam scribere versus ? Singula de nobis anni praedantur euntes ; 55 Eripuere jocos, Venerem, con vi via, ludum ; Tendunt extorquere poemata : quid faciam vis ? Denique non omnes eadem mirantur amantque . Carmine tu gaudes, hie delectatur iambis, Ille Bioneis sermonibus et sale nigro. 5C Tres mihi convivae prope dissentire videntur, Poscentes vario multum diversa palato. Quid dem ? quid non dem ? Renuis tu, quod jubet alter * Quod petis. id sane est invisum acidumque duobus. 2. J EPISTOLARUM. 1 IBER II. 233 Pneter cetera, me Romaene poemata censes 6d Scribere posse, inter tot curas totque labores ? Hie bponsum vocat, hie auditum scripta relictis Omnibus offioiis ; cubat hie in colle Quirini, Hie extremo in Aventino, visendus uterque : Inter valla vides humane commoda. — Veruni 70 Puree sunt platece, nihil ut meditantibus obstet. — Festinat calidus muiis gerulisque redemtor, Torquet nunc lapidem, nunc ingens machina tignum, Tristia robustis luctantur fun.era plaustris, Hac rabiosa fugit cards, hac lutulenta ruit sus : 75 I nunc, et versus tecum meditare canoros. Scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus, et fugit urbes, Rite cliens Bacchi, somno gaudentis et umbra : Tu me inter strepitus nocturnos atque diurnos Vis canere, et contacta sequi vestigia vatum ? 80 Ingenium, sibi quod vacuas desumsit Athenas, Et studiis annos septem dedit, insenuitque Libris et curis, statua taciturnius exit Plerumque, et risu populum quatit : hie ego rerum Fluctibus in mediis, et tempestatibus urbis, 86 Verba lyrse motura sonum connectere digner ? Auctor erat Romae consulto rhetor, ut alter Alterius sermonc meros audiret honores ; Gracchus ut hie illi foret, huic ut Mucius ille. Qui minus argutos vexat furor iste poetas ? 90 Carmina compono, hie elegos ; mirabile visu Cselatumque novem Musis opus ! Adspice primum, Quanto cum fastu, quanto molimine circum- Spfcctemus vacuam Romanis vatibus sedem ! Mox etiam, si forte vacas, sequere, et procul audi, 96 Quid ferat et quare sibi nectat uterque coronam. Ccedimur, et totidem plagis consumimus host6m. Lento Samnites ad lumina prima duello. Discedo Alcseus punc^o illius ; ille meo quis ? 234 U. IIORATH FLACCI [2 Quis, nisi Callimachus ? si plus adposcere visus. 100 Fit Mimnermus, et optivo cognomine crescit. Malta fero, ut placem genus irritabile vatum, Quum scribo, et supplex populi suffragia cap to : Idem, finitis studiis et mente recepta, Obturem patulas impune legentibus aures. 105 Ridentur mala qui compormnt carmina : verum Gaudent scribentes, et se venerantur, et ultro, Si taceas, laudant quidquid scripsere, beati. At qui legitimum cupiet fecisse poema, Cum tabulis animum censoris sumet honesti ; 110 Audebit qusecunque parum splendoris habebunt, Et sine pondere erunt, et honore indigna ferentur. Verba movere loco, quamvis invita recedant, Et versentur adhuc intra penetralia Vestse. Obscurata diu populo bonus eruet, atque 115 Proferet in lucem speciosa vocabula rerum, Quae, priscis memorata Catonibus atque Cetbegis, Nunc situs informis premit et deserta vetustas : Adsciscet nova, quae genitor produxerit usus. Vebemens et liquidus, puroque simillimus amni, 120 Fundet opes, LatiT'mque beabit divite lingua ; Luxuriantia compescet, nimis aspera sano Levabit cultu, virtute carentia toilet, Ludentis speciem dabit, et torquebitur, ut qui Nunc Satyrum nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur. 125 Praetulerim scrip tor delirus inersque videri, Dum mea delectent mala me, vel denique fallant, Quam sapere et ringi. Fuit baud ignobilis Argis, Qui se credebat miros audire tragcedos, In vacuo laetus sessor plausorque tbeatro ; 1 30 Cetera qui vitee servaret munia recto More, bonus sane vicinus, amabilis hospes, Comis in uxorem, posset qui ignoscere servis, Et signo l39so non insanire lagenaa ; 2.] EPISTOLARUM. LIBER II 285 Posset qui rupem et puteum vitare patentem. 135 Hie ubi cognatorum opibus cu risque refeetus Expulit elleboro morbum bilemque meraco, Et redit ad sese : Pol, me occidistis, amici, Non servastis, ait, cui sic extorta voluptas, Et demtus pretium mentis gratissimus error. MO Nimirum sapere est abjectis utile nugis, Et tempestivum pueris concedere ludum, Ac lion verba sequi fidibus modulanda Latinis. Sed vera? numerosque modosque ediscere vitae. Quocirca mecum loquor haec, tacitusque recordor : 1 45 Si tibi nulla sitim finiret copia lymphse, Narrares medicis : quod, quanto plura parasti, Tanto plura cupis, nulline faterier audes ? Si vulnus tibi monstrata radice vel herba Non fieret levius, fugeres radice vel herba 150 Proflciente nihil curarier. Audieras, cui Rem Di donarent, illi decedere pravam Stultitiam ; et, quum sis nihilo sapientior, ex quo Plenior es, tamen uteris monitoribus isdem ? At si divitise prudentem reddere possent, 155 Si cupidum timidumque minus te, nempe ruberes, Viveret in terris te si quis avarior uno. Si proprium est, quod quis libra mercatur et aere, Qusedam, si credis consultis, mancipat usus : Qui te pascit ager, tuus est ; et villicus Orbi, 160 Quum segetes occat tibi mox frumenta daturas, Te dominum sentit. Das nummos, accipis uvam, Pullos, ova, cadum temeti : nempe modo isto Paulatim mercaris agrum, fortasse trecentis, Aut etiam supra, nummorum millibus emtum. J6fi Quid refert, vivas numerato nuper an olim ? Emtor Aricini quondam Veientis et arvi Emtum coenat olus, quamvis aliter putat ; emtis Sub noctem gelidam lignis calefactat aenum ; 23b a. HORATII FLACCI [2 Sed vocat usque suum, qua populus adsita certis 170 Limitibus vicina refugit jurgia ; tanquam Sit proprium quidquam, puncto quod mobilis horse, Nunc prece, nunc pretio, nunc vi, nunc morte suprema, Permutet dominos et cedat in altera jura. Sic, quia perpetuus nulii datur usus, et heres 175 Heredem alterius velut unda supervenit undam, Quid vici prosunt aut horrea ? Quidve Calabris Saltibus adjecti Lucani, si metit Orcus Grandia cum parvis, non exorabilis auro ? Gemmas, marmor, ebur, Tyrrhena sigilla, tabellas, 180 Argentum, vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas, Sunt qui non liabeant, est qui non curat habere. Cur alter fratrum cessare et ludere et ungi Pneferat Herodis palmetis pinguibus ; alter, Dives et importunus, ad umbram lucis ab ortu 186 Silvestrem flammis et ferro mitiget agrum, Scit Genius, natale comes qui temperat astrum, Naturse Deus hu manse, mortalis in unum- Quodque caput, vultu mutabilis, albus et ater. Utar, et ex modico, quantum res poscet, acervo 190 Tollam ; nee metuam, quid de me judicet heres, Quod non plura datis invenerit : et tarn en idem Scire volam, quantum simplex hilarisque nepoti Discrepet, et quantum discordet parous avaro. Distat enim, spargas tua prodigus, an neque sumturn 195 Invitus facias neque plura parare labores, Ac potius, puer ut festis quinquatribus olim, Exiguo gratoque fruaris tempore raptim. Pauperies immunda procul procul absit : ego, utrum Nave ferar magna an parva, ferar unus et idem. 203 Non agimur tumidis velis aquilone secundo ; ! Non tamen adversis setatem ducimus austris ; Viribus, ingenio, specie, virtute, loco, re, Extremi primorum, extremis usque pnores. !£.] EFISTOLARUM. LIBER II 23? Non es avarus : abi. Quid ? cetera jam simul isto 205 Cum vitio fugere ? caret tibi pectus inani Ambitione ? caret mortis formidine et ira ? Somnia, terrores magicos, miracula, sagas, Noctunios lemures portentaque Thessala rides ? Natales grate numeras ? ignoscis amicis ? 210 Lenior et melior fis accedente senecta ? Quid te exemta levat spinis de pluribus una ? Vivere si recte nescis, decede peritis. Lusisti satis, edisti satis atque bibisti ; Tempus abire tibi est ; ne potum largius ©quo 2 1 5 Rid eat et pulsot lasciva decentius satas. Q. H0RAT1I PLACCJ EPJSTOLA AD F1SONES. Q. H R A T I I F L A C C I EPISTOLA AD PIS ONES. Humano capiti ccrvicem pictor equinam Jungere si velit, et varias inducere plumas [Jndique collatis membris, ut turpiter atrurn Desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne, Spectatum admissi risum teneatis, amici ? Credite, Pisones, isti tabulae fore librum Persimilem, cujus, velut aegri somnia, vanae Fingentur species ; ut nee pes, nee caput uni "Reddatur forma3. — Pictoribiis atque poctis Quidlibet audendi semper fait cequa potestas. — 10 Scimus, et hanc veniam petimusque damusque vicis?im : Sed non ut placidis coeant immitia : non ut Serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni. Inceptis gravibus plerumque et magna professis Purpureus, late qui splendeat, unus et alter 15 Assuitur pannus ; quum lucus et ara Dianas, Et properantis aquae per amoenos ambitus agros, Aut flumen Rhenum, aut pluvius describitur arcus. Sed nunc non erat his locus. Et fortasse cupressum Scis simulare : quid hoc, si fractis enatat exspes 20 Navibus, aere dato qui pingitur ? Amphora coepit Institui ; currente rota cur urceus exit ? Denique sit quidvis, simplex duntaxat et unum. Maxima pars vatum, pater et juvenes patre digni, Decipimur specie recti : brevis esse laboro, 28 Obscurus flo ; sectantem lenia nervi T, 242 a. HORATII FLACCI Deficiunt animique ; professus grandia target ; Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae , Qui variare cupit rem prodigialiter unam, Delphinum silvis appingit, fluctibus aprum. 3d In vitium ducit culpae fuga, si caret arte. jEmilium circa ludum faber unus et ungues Exprimet, et molles imitabitur sere capillos ; Infelix operis summa, quia ponere" totum Nesciet. Hunc ego me, si quid componere curem, 35 Non magis esse velim, quam naso vivere pravo, Spectandum nigris oculis nigroque capillo. Sumite materiam vestris, qui seribitis, ssquam Viribus, et versate diu, quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant humeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res, 4G Nee facundia deseret hunc, nee lucidus ordo. Ordinis hsec virtus erit et Venus, aut ego fallor, Ut jam nunc dicat jam nunc debentia dici, Pleraque difTerat et prsesens in tempus omittat. In verbis etiam tenuis cautusque serendis, 1#- Hoc amet, hoc spernat promissi carminis auctor. Dixeris egregie, notum si caliida verbum Reddiderit junctura novum. Si forte necesse est Indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerum, Fingere cinctutis non exaudita Cethegis 6C Continget, dabiturque licentia sumta pudenter. Et nova factaque nuper habebunt verba fidem, si Greeco fonte cadant, parce detorta. Quid autem Caecilio Plautoque dabit Romanus, ademtum Virgilio Varioque ? Ego cur, acquirere pauca of Si possum, invideor, quum lingua Catonis et Em?' Sermonem patrium ditaverit, et nova rerum Nomina protulerit ? Licuit, semperque licebit, Signatum prsesente nota procudere nomen. Ut silvan, foliis pronos mutantis in annog, 60 Prima cadunt ; ita verborum vet as intent setai EPISTOLA AD PFSONES. 243 Et juvonum rilu florent modo nata vigentquc^ Debemur morti nos nostraque ; sive, recepto Terra Neptuno, classes aquilonibus arcet Regis opus ; steriiisve diu palus aptaque remis 65 Vicinas urbes alit, et grave sentit aratrum ; Seu cursum mutavit iniquum frugibus amnis, Doctus iter melius. Mortalia facta peribunt : Nedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax. Multa renascentur, quae jam cecidere, cadentque 70 Quae nunc sunt in lionore vocabula, si volet usus, Quern penes arbitrium est et jus et norma loquendi Res gestae regumque ducumque et tristia bella Quo scribi possent numero, monstravit Homerus. Versibus impariter juncjis querimonia primum, 75 Post etiam inclusa est voti sententia compos. Quis tamen exiguos elegos emiserit auctor, Grammatici certant, et adhuc sub judice lis est. Archilochum proprio rabies armavit iambo : Hunc socci cepere pedem grandesque cothurni, 80 Alternis aptum sermonibus, et populares Vincentem strepitus, et natum rebus agendis. Musa dedit fidibus Divos, puerosque Deorum, Et pugilem victorem, et equum certamine primum Et juvenum curas, et libera vina referre. Sb Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, Cur ego, si nequeo ignoroque, poeta salutor ? Cur nescire, pudens prave, quam discere malo ? Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult : Indignatur item privatis, ac prope socco 90 Dignis carminibus narrari co3na Thyestas. Singula quaeque locum teneant sortita decenter. Interdum tamen et vocem ComGedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido dclitigat ore : Et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri. 35 Telephus et Peleus, quum pauper et exsul, utercjue 244 Q. HCRATJI FLACCI Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba ; Si cor spectantis curat tetigisse querela. Non satis est pulchra esse poemata ; dulcia sunto, Et quocunque volent, animum auditoris agunto. 100 Ut ridentibus arrident, ita flentibus afflent Mumani vultus. Si vis me flere, dolendum est Primum ipsi tibi ; tunc tua me infortunia laedent, Telephe vel Peleu : male si mandata loqueris, Aut dormitabo aut ridebo. Tristia moestum 1 05 Vultum verba decent, iratum plena minarum, Ludentem lasciva, severum seria diotu. Format enim natura prius nos intus ad omnem Fortunarum habitum ; juvat, aut impellit ad iram, Aut ad humum mcerore gravi deducit et angit ; 113 Post effert animi motus interprete lingua. Si dicentis erunt fortunis absona dicta, Romani tollent equites peditesque cachinnuLi. Intererit multum, divusne loquatur an heros, Maturusne senex an adhuc florente juventa 115 Fervidus, et matrona potens an sedula nutrix, Mercatorne vagus cultorne virentis agelli, Colchus an Assyrius, Thebis nutritus an Argis. Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge, Scriptor. Honoratum si forte reponis Achillern, 120 Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer, Jura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis. Sit Medea ferox invictaque, flebilis Ino, Perfidus Ixion, Io vaga, tristis Orestes. Si quid inexpertum scenae committis, et audes 125 Personam formare novam, servetur ad irnum Qualis ab incepto processerit, aut sibi constet. Difficile est proprie communia dicere : tuque Rectius Iliacum carmen diducis in actus, Quam si proferres ignota indictaque primua 30 Publica materies privati juris erit, si EPISTOLA AD PISONES. 245 Nec circa vilem patulumque moraberis orbem, Nec verbum verbo curabis reddere fidus Interpres, nec desilies imitator in arctum, Unde pedem proferre pudor vetet aut opens lex. 136 Nec sic incipies, ut scriptor cyclicus olim : Fortu?ia?n Priami cantabo et nobile helium. Quid dignum tanto feret hie prornissor hiatu ? Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Quanto rectius hie, qui nil molitur inepte : 140 Die mihi, Musa, virum, captce post tempora Trojce Qui mores Iwminum multorxim vidit et urbes. Non fumum ex ml gore, sed ex fumo dare lucem Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat, Antiphaten, Scyllamque, et cum Cyclope Chary bd»n ; 145 Nec reditum Diomedis ab interitu Meleagri, Nec gemino bellum Trojanum orditur ab ovo. Semper ad eventum festinat, et in medias res, Non secus ac notas, auditorem rapit, et, quse Desperat tractata nitescere posse, relinquit ; 150 Atque ita mentitur, sic veris falsa remiscet, Primo ne medium, medio ne discrepet imum. Tu, quid ego et populus mecum desideret, audi . Si fautoris eges aulsea manentis, et usque Sessuri, donee cantor, Vos plaudite, dicat, 1 5ft iEtatis cuj usque notandi sunt tibi mores, Mobilibusque decor naturis dandus et annis. Reddere qui voces jam scit puer, et pede certo Signat humum, gestit paribus colludere, et iram Colligit ac ponit temere, et mutatur in horas. 1 60 Imberbus juvenis, tandem custode remoto, Gaudet equis canibusque et aprici gramine campi ; Cere us in vitium flecti, monitoribus asper. Utilium tardus pro visor, prodigus seris, Sublimis, cupidusque, et amata relinquere pernix. 165 i^nveisis studiis setas animusque virilis &16 U. HORATl FLACCI Quaerit opes et amicitias, inservit honori, Commisisse oavet, quod mox mutare laboret. Muita senem circumveniunt incommoda, vel quod Quaerit, et inventis miser abstinet, ac timet uti, 170 Vel quod res omnes timide gelideque ministrat, Dilator, spe longus, iners, avidusque futuri, Difficilis, querulus, laudator temporis acti Se puero, castigator censorque minorum. Mult a ferunt anni venientes commoda secum, 175 Multa recedentes adimunt. Ne forte seniles Mandentur juveni partes, pueroque viriles, Semper in adjunctis aevoque morabimur aptis. Aut agitur res in scenis, aut acta refertur. Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem, 180 Quam quae sunt oculis subjects, fidelibus, et quae Ipse sibi trad it spectator : non tamen hit us Digna geri promes in scenam ; multaque tolles Ex oculis, qua3 mox narret facundia piaesens. Ne pueros coram populo Medea trucidet, 1 SO Aut humana palam coquat exta nefarius Atreus, Aut in avem Progne vertatur, Cadmus in anguem. Quodcunque ostendis mihi sic, incredulus odi. Neve minor neu sit quinto productior actu Fabula, quae posci vult et spectata reponi : 190 Nee Deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice nodus Incident ; nee quarta loqui persona laboret. Actoris partes Chorus officiumque virile Defendat, neu quid medios intercinat actus, Quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte. 195 Ille bonis faveatque et consilietur amice, Et regat iratos, et amet pacare tumentes ; Ille dapes laudet mensae brevis, ille salubrem Justitiam, legesque, et apertis otia portis, Mle tegat commissa, Deosque precetur et oref. ; 20U Ut redeat miseris, abeat Fortuna superbis. E PISTOL A AD PISONES- 2 i'i Tibia non, ut nunc, oriclialco vincta. tubasque ^Emula, sed tenuis simplexque foramine pauco Adspirare et adesse Choris erat utilis, atque Nonduin spissa nimis complere sedilia flatu ; 205 Quo sane populus nnmerabilis, utpote parvus, Et frugi castusque verecundusque coibat. Postquam coepit agros extendere victor, et urbem Latior arnplecti murus, vinoque diurno Placari Genius testis impune diebus, 2 1 Accessit numerisque modisque licentia major ; Indoctus quid enim saperet liberque iaborum Rusticus, urbano confusus, turpis honesto ? Sic priscee motumque et luxuriem addidit arti Tibicen, traxitque vagus per pulpita vestem ; 21 & Sic etiam fidibus voces crevere severis, Et tulit eloquium insolitum facundia prseceps ; (Jtiliumque sagax rerum, et divina futuri, Bortilegis non discrepuit sententia Delphis. Carmine qui tragico vilem certavit ob hircum, 220 Mox etiam agrestes Satyros nudavit, et asper .{ncolumi gravitate jocum tentavit, eo quod Illecebris erat et grata novitate morandus Spectator, functusque sacris, et potus, et exlex. Verum ita risores, ita commendare dicaces 225 Conveniet Satyros, ita vertere seria ludo, Ne, quicunque Deus, quicunque adhibebitur heros, Regali conspectus in auro nuper et ostro, Migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas, Aut, dum vitat humum, nubes et inania captet. 230 Effutire leves indigna Tragoedia versus, Ut festis matrona moveri jussa diebus, Intererit Satyris paulum pudibunda protervis. Non ego inornata %t dominantia nomina solum Verbaque, Pisones, Satyrorum scrip tor amabo ; *^35 Nee sic enitar tragico differ re colori, 248 U. HDRATII FLACUl Ut nihil inlersit, Davusne loquatur et audax Pythias, emuncto lucrata Simone talentum. An custos famulusque Dei Silenus alumni. Ex noto fictum carmen sequar, ut sibi quivis 240 Speret idem ; sudet multum, frustraque laboret Ausus idem. Tantum series juncturaque pollet. Tantum de medio sumtis accedit honoris. Silvis educti caveant, me judice, Fauni, Ne, velut innati triviis ae paene forenses, 2A& Au1 nimium teneris juvenentur versibus unquam, Aut immunda crepent ignominiosaque dicta. Offenduntur enim, quibus est equus, et pater, et res ; Nee, si quid fricti ciceris probat et nucis emtor, ^Equis accipiunt animis donantve corona. 250 Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur Iambus, Pet eitus ; unde etiam Trimetris accrescere jussit Nomen lamueis, quum senos redderet ictus Primus ad extremum similis sibi. Non ita pridem Tardior ut paulo graviorque veniret ad aures, 255 Spondeos stabiles in jura paterna recepit Commodus et patieiis ; non ut de sede secunda Cederet aut quarta socialiter. Hie et in Atti Nobilibus Trimetris apparet rarus, et Enni. In scenam missus magno cum pondere versus, 260 Aut operae celeris nimium curaque carentis, Aut ignoratse premit artis crimine turpi. Non quivis videt immodulata poemata judex ; Et data Romanis venia est indigna poetis. Idcircone vager, scribamque licenter ? Ut omnes 263 Visuros peccata putem mea: tutus et intra Speni venial cautus ? vitavi denique culpam, Non laudem merui. Vos exemplaria Gra3ca Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna. At vestri proavi Plautinos et numeros et 270 haadaxere sales : nimium patienter utrumque, EPISTOLA AD PISONK3 248 Ne dicam stulte, mirati, si modo ego et vos Seimus inuibanum lepido seponere dieto, Legitimumque sonum digitis callemus et aure. Ignotum tragicso genus invenisse Camenae 27>5 Dicitur et plaustris vexisse poemata Thespis, Qui canerent agerentque peruncti faecibus ora. Post hunc personae pallseque repertor honest ae iEschylus et modicis instravit pulpita tignis, Et docuit magnumque loqui nitique cotliurno. zH^ Successit vetus his Comcedia, non sine multa Laude ; sed in vitium libertas excidit, et vim Dignam lege regi. Lex est accepta, Chorusque Turpiter obticuit, sublato jure nocendi. Nil intentatum nostri liquere poetae : 'X8* Nee minimum meruere decus, vestigia Grreca Ausi deserere, et celebrare domestica facta, Vel qui praetextas, vel qui docuere togatas. Nee virtute foret clarisve potentius armis, Quam lingua, Latium, si non offenderet unum- 290 Quemque poet arum limae labor et mora. Vos, O Pompihus sanguis, carmen reprehendite, quod non Multa dies et multa litura coercuit, atque Praesectum decies non castigavit ad unguem. Ingenium misera quia fortunatius arte 294 Credit, et excludit sanos Helicone poetas Democritus, bona pars non ungues ponere carat, Non barbam, secreta petit loca, balnea vitat. Nanciscetur enim pretium nomenque poetae, Si tribus Anticyris caput insanabile nunquam 300 "ronsori Licino commiserit. O ego laevus, Qui purgor bilem sub verni temporis horam ! Non alius faceret meliora poemata. Verum Nil tanti est. Ergo fungar vice cotis, acutum Reddere quae ferrum valet, exsors ipsa secandi 306 Munus et officiuni, nil scribens ipse, docebo ; 250 a. KORATII FLACCT Undo parentur opes, quid alat formetque poetam ; Quid deceat, quid non ; quo virtus, quo ferat error. Scribendi recte sapere est et principium et fons : Rem tibi Socraticae poterunt ostendere chartae, 310 Verbaque provisarn rem non invita sequentur. Qui didieit, patriae quid debeat, et quid amicis, Quo sit amore parens, quo frater amandus et hospes, Quod sit conscripti, quod judicis officium, quae Partes in bellum missi ducis, ille profecto 315 Reddere personae scit convenientia cuique. Respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo Doctum imitatorem, et veras hine ducere voces. Interdum speciosa locis morataque recte Fabula, nullius veneris, sine pondere et arte, 3 2U Valdius oblectat populum meliusque moratur, Quam versus inopes rerum nugaeque canorae. Graiis ingenium, Graiis dedit ore rotundo Musa loqui, praeter laudem nullius avaris. Romani pueri longis rationibus assem 326 Discunt in partes centum diducere. — Dicas, Filius Albini, si de quincunce remota est Uncia, quid superat ? — Poteras dixisse. — Triens. — E it ! Rem poteris servare tuam. Redit uncia, quid fit ? — Semis. — An, haec animos aerugo et cura peculi 330 Quum semel imbuerit, speramus carmina fingi Posse linenda cedro, et levi servanda cupresso ? Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae, Aut simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitae. Quidquid praecipies, esto brevis, ut cito dicta 335 Percipiant animi dociles, teneantque fideles. Omne supervacuum pleno de pec tore manat. Ficta voluptatis causa sint proxima veris : Ne, quodeunqua volet, poscat sibi fabu^i credi ; Neu pransae Lamiae vivum puerum extrahat alvo 34G Centuriae seniorum agitant expertia fmgw, EriSTOLA AD PIS ONES, 25] Celsi pnctereunt austera poemata It armies : Omne tulit punctim, qui miscuit utile duici, Lectorem deleetando pariterque monendo. Hie meret aera liber Sosiis, hie et mare transit 343 Et longum no to scriptori prorogat aevum. Sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus : Nam neque chorda sonum reddit, quern vult manus et mens Poscentique gravem persaepe remittit acutum ; Nee semper feriet quodcunque minabitur arcus. 35U Verum ubi plura nitent in carmine, non ego paucis OfFendar maeulis, quas aut incuria fudit, Aut humana parum cavit natura. Quid ergo est ? Ut scriptor si peccat idem librarius usque, Quamvis est monitus, .venia caret ; ut eitharcedus 355 Etidetur, chorda qui semper oberrat eadem ; Sic mihi, qui multum cessat, fit Chcerilus ille, Quern bis terve bonum cum risu miror ; et idem mdignor, quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus. Verum operi longo fas est obrepere somnum. 360 Ut pictura, poesis : erit, quae, si propius stes. Te capiet magis, et quaedam, si longius abstes ; Haec amat obscurum, volet haec sub luce videri, Judicis argutum quas non formidat acumen : Haec placuit semel, haec decies repetita placebit. 365 O major juvenum, quamvis et voce paterna Fingeris ad rectum, et per te sapis, hoc tibi dictum Tolle memor : certis medium et tolerabile rebus Recte concedi. Consultus juris et actor Causarum mediocris abest virtute diserti • 370 Messalae, nee scit quantum Cascellius Aulus ; Sed tamen in pretio est : mediocribus esse poetis Non homines, non Di, non concessere columnae. Ut gratas inter mensas symphonia discors Et crassum unguentum et Sardo cum melle papaver 37fi Offendunt, poterat duci quia coena sine istis ; 252 U. liOKATIX FLACCi Si: animis natum inventumque poema juvandis, Pi paulum a summo decessit, vergit ad imum Ludere qui nescit, campestribus abstinet armis. Indoctusque pilas discive trochive quiescit, 380 Ne spissae risum tollant impune coronae : Qui nescit, versus tamen audet fingere ! — Quidni ? Liber et ingenuus, prcesertim census equestrem Summam nummorum, vitioque remotus ab omni.~ Tu nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva ; 386 Id tibi judicium est, ea mens : si quid tamen olim Scripseris, in Maeci descendat judicis aures, Et patris, et nostras, nonumque prematur in annum Membranis intus positis. Delere licebit, Quod non edideris : nescit vox missa reverti. 390 Silvestres homines sacer interpresque Deorum Caedibus et victu fcedo deterruit Orpheus ; Dictus ob hoc ]enire tigres rabidosque leones : Dictus et Amphion, Thebanee conditor urbis, Saxa movere sono testudinis, et prece blanda 396 Ducere quo vellet. Fuit hsec sapientia quondam, Publica privatis secernere, sacra profanis, Concubitu prohibere vago, dare jura maritis, Oppida moliri, leges incidere ligno. Sic honor et nomen divinis vatibus atque 400 Carminibus venit. Post hos insignis Homerus, Tyrtaeusque mares animos in Martia bella Versibus exacuit. Dictae per carmina sortes, Et vitae mon strata via est, et gratia regum Pieriis tentata modis, ludusque repertus, 405 Et longorum operum finis : ne forte pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sellers, et cantor Apollo. Natura fieret laudabile carmen, an arte, Quaesitum est : ego nee studium sine divite vena> Nee rude quid possit video ingenium ; altferius sio 410 Altera poscit opera res, et conjurat amice. EFISTOLA AD PISONES. 2a^ Qui studet optatam cursu contingere metam, Multa tulit fecitque puer, sudavit et alsit, Abstinuit Venere et vino. Qui Pythia cantat Tibicen, didicit prius, extimuitque magistrum. 415 Nee satis est dixisse : Ego mira po'emata pango : Occupet extremum scabies ; mihi turpe relinqui tU* Et, quod non didici, sane nescire fateri. Ut praeco, ad merces turbam qui cogit emendas, Assentatores jubet ad lucrum ire poeta 420 Dives agris, dives positis in fenore nummis. Si vero est, unctum qui recte ponere possit, Et spondere levi pro paupere, et eripere atris Litibus inplicitum, mirabor si seiet inter- Noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum. 425 Tu seu donaris, seu quid donare voles cui, Nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum Lsetitise ; clamabit enim, Pulchre ! bene ! recte ! Pallescet super his ; etiam stillabit amicis Ex oculis rorem, saliet, tundet pede terrain, 430 Ut, quse conductaB plorant in funere, dicunt Et faciunt prope plura dolentibus ex animo, sic Derisor vero plus laudatore movetur. Reges dicuntur multis urguere culullis, Et torquere mero, quern perspexisse ]aborant, 435 An sit amicitia dignus : si carmina condes, Nunquam te fallant animi sub vulpe latentes. Quinctilio si quid reci tares, Corrige sodes. Hoc, aiebat, et hoc. Melius te posse negares, Eis terque expertum frustra, delere jubebat, 440 Et male tornatos incudi reddere versus. Si defendere delictum, quam vertere, malles, Nullum ultra verbum aut operam insumebat manem ; Quin sine rivali teque et tua soius amares. Vir bonus et pruderis versus reprehendet inertia 445 Culpabit duros, incomtis allinet atram 254 a. EICBATII FLACCI EPlSTOLA AD PISONES Transversa calamo sigimm, ambitiosa recidet Ornamenta, parum claris lucem dare coget, Arguet ambigue- dictum, mutanda notabit, Fiet Aristarchus ; non dicet : Cur ego amicum 450 Offendam in nugis ? Hse nugss seria ducent In mala derisum semel exceptumque sinistre. Ut mala quern scabies aut morbus regius urget, Aut fanaticus error, et iracunda Diana, Vesanum tetigisse timent fugiuntque poetam, 15t> Qui sapiunt ; agitant pueri, incautique sequuntur Hie dum sublimis versus ructatur, et errat, Si veluti merulis intentus decidit auceps In puteum foveamve, licet, Succurrite, longum Clamet, io cives ! ne sit, qui tollere curet. 460 Si curet quis opem ferre, et demittere funem. Qui scis, an prudens hue se projecerit, atque Servari nolit ? dicam, Siculique poetae Narrabo interitum. Deus immortalis haben Dum cupit Empedocles, ardentem frigidus -^Etnam 465 Insiluit. Sit jus liceatque perire poetis. Invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti. Nee semel hoc fecit ; nee, si retractus erit, jam Fiet homo, et ponet famosse mortis amorem. Nee satis apparet, cur versus factitet ; utrum 470 Minxerit in patrios cineres, an triste bidental Moverit incestus : certe furit, ac velut ursus Objectos cavese valuit si frangere clathros, [ndoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus : ^uem vero arripuit, tenet, occiditque legendo, 475 Wdh missura cutem, nisi plena cruoris, hirudo. EXPLANATORY NOTES, EXPLANATORY NOTES. ODES. The word Ode (from the Greek udfj) was not introduced into the- Latin tongue until the third or fourth century of our era, and was then first used to denote any pieces of a lyric nature. The grammarians, perceiving that Horace had more than once used the word carmen to designate this kind of poetry, ventured to place it at the head of his odes, and their ex ample has been followed by almost all succeeding editors. We have no very strong reason, however, to suppose that the poet himself ever in- tended this as a general title for his lyric productions. (Compare Le& Poisies D Horace, par Sanadon, vol. i., p. 6.) Ode I. Addressed to Maecenas, and intended probably by Horace as a dedication to him of part of his odes. It is generally thought that the poet collected together and presented on this occasion the first three books of his lyric pieces. From the complexion, however, of the last ode of the second book, it would appear that the third book was separately given to the world, and at a later period. The subject of the present ode is briefly this : The objects of human . desire and pursuit are various. One man delights in the victors prize at the public games, another in attaining to high political preferment, a third in the pursuits of agriculture, &c. My chief aim is the successful culti- vation of lyric verse, in which if I shall obtain your applause, O Maecenas, my lot will be a happy one indeed. 1-2. 1. M&ccnas atavis, <5cc. " Maecenas, descended from regal ances- tors." Caius Cilnius Maecenas, who shared with Agrippa the favor and confidence of Augustus, and distinguished himself by his patronage of literary men, belonged to the Cilnian family, and was descended from Elbius Volterrenus, one of the Lucumones, or ruling chieftains of Etruria. He is even said to have numbered Porsena among his more remote an- cestors. Compare Life, p. liii. — 2. O et preen dium, &c. " O both my patron and sweet glory." The expression dulce decus mewni refers to the feeling of gratification entertained by the poet in having so illustrious a patron and friend. — The synaloepha is neglected in the commencement cf this line, as it always is in the case of O, Heu, Ah, <5cc, since the voice is sustained and the hiatus prevented by the strong feeling which these interjections are made to express. 3. Stmt quos curriculo, &c. "There are some, whom it delights tc have collected the Olympic dust in the chariot-course," i. e., to have con- tended for the prize at the Olympic games. The Olympic, the chief of the Grecian games, are here p^at kclt' e^ox^v for any games. The Oiym 258 EXPLANATORY NOTES. — BOOK I., ODE pic games were celebrated at Olympia in Elis, on the banks of the Al- pheus, after an interval of four years, from the eleventh to the fifteenth of the month Hecatombaeon, which corresponds nearly to our July. They were celebrated in honor of Jove, and the crown which formed the prize was of wild olive {oleaster, kotivoc). "The other great games were the Pythian, the prize, a crown of bay ; the Nemean, a crown of fresh parsley , and the Isthmian, first a crown of pine, then of withered parsley, and then again of pine. 4. Metaque Jervidis, &c. "And whom the goal, skillfull}'' avoided by he glowing wheels." The principal part of the charioteer's skill was displayed in coming as near as possible to the metce, or goals. In the Roman circus, a low wall was erected which divided the Spatium, or race-ground, into two unequal parts. At each of its extremities, and rest- ing on hollow basements, were placed three pillars formed like cones ; these cones were properly called metce; but the whole was often collect- ively teimed in the singular meta. The chariots, after starting from the carceres, or barriers, where their station had been determined by lot, ran seven times around the low wall, or spina, as Cassiodorus calls it. The chief object, therefore, of the rival charioteers, was to get so near to the spina as to graze (evitare) the meta in turning. This, of course, would give the shortest space to ran, and, if effected each heat, would ensure the victory. In the Greek hippodromes, the starting place and goal were each marked by a square pillar, and halfway between these was a third. 5-6. 5. Palmaque nobilis. " And the ennobling palm." Besides the crown, a palm-branch was presented to the conqueror at the Grecian games, as a general token of victoiy : this he carried in his hand. (Com- pare Pausanias , viii., 48.) — 6. Terr arum dominos. "The rulers of the world," referring simply to the gods, and not, as some explain the phrase, to the Roman people. 7-10. 7. Hunc. Understand juvat. Hunc in this line, ilium in the 9th, and gaudentem in the 11th, denote, respectively, the ambitious aspi- rant after popular favors, the eager speculator in grain, and the content- ad farmer. — 8. Certat tergeminis, &c. " Vie with each other in raising him to the highest offices in the state." Honoribus is here the dative, by a Graecism, for ad honores. The epithet tergeminis is equivalent merely to amplissimis, and not, as some think, to the three offices of Curule iEdile, Praetor, and Consul. Observe, moreover, the poetic idiom in certat tollere, where the prose form of expression would be certat ut tollat, or certat ad tciiendum,. — 9. Ilium. Understand juvat. — 10. Libycis. One of the prin- cipal granaries of Home was the fertile region adjacent to the Syrtis Minor, and called Byzacium or Ernporiae. It formed part of Africa Propria. Horace uses the epithet Libycis for Africis, in imitation of the Greek writers, with whom Libya {Aifivv) was a general appellation for the en- tire continent of Africa. Other grain countries, on which Rome also re- lied for a supply, were Egypt and Sicily. — Areis. The ancient threshing- Boor was a raised place in the field, open on all sides to the wind. 11-15. 11. Gaudentem. "While a third who delights." — Sarcuk. "With the hoe." Sarculum is for sarriculum, from sarrio. — 12. Altallcis EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOCK I., ODE 1. 25& condition! bus. " By offers of all the wealth of Attalus." Alluding to Atta- ins III., the last king of Perganius, famed for his riches, which he bequeath- ed, together with his kingdom, to the Roman people. — 13. Trabe Cypria The epithet " Cyprian" seems to allude here not so much to the commerce of the island, extensive as it was, as to the excellent quality of its naval timber. The poet, it will be perceived, uses the expressions Cypria, Myrtoum, Icariis, Africum, Massici, &c. kclt' kZoxyv, for any ship, any sea, any waves, &c. — 14. Myrtoum. The Myrtoan Sea was a part of the iEgean, extending from the promontory of Carystus, at the southeastern extremity of Eubcea, to the promontory of Malea in Laconia, and there ■ fore lying off Attica, Argolis, and the eastern coast of Laconia. It reach- ed eastward as far as the Cyclades. The name was derived from the small island of Myrtos near Eubcea. — Pavidus nauta. "Becoming a timid mariner." — 15. Icariis fluctibus. The Icarian Sea was part of the iEgean, between and also to the south of Icaria and Samos. It derived its name, «ls the ancient mythologists pretend, from Icarus, the son of Daedalus, who, according to them, fell into it and was drowned, when accompanying his father in his flight ftt>m the island of Crete. — Africum. The wind Africus denotes, in strictness, the " west-southwest." In translating the text, it * will be sufficient to render it by " southwest." It derived its name from the circumstance of its coming in the direction of Africa Propria. 16-19. 16. Mercator. The Mercatores, among the Romans, were those who, remaining only a short time in any place, visited many countries, and were almost constantly occupied with the exportation or importation of merchandise. The Negotiatores, on the other hand, generally con- tinued for some length of time in a place, whether at Rome or in the provinces. — Metuens. "As long as he dreads." Equivalent to dura metuil. — Otium et oppidi, &c. "Praises a retired life, and the rural scenery around his native place." Orelli, less correctly, joins in construc- tion oppidi sui otium et rura, Acidalius [ad Veil. Pater c.) conjectures tuta for rura, which Bentley adopts. But the received reading is every way superior. — 18. Pauperiem. " Contracted means." Horace and the best Latin writers understand by pauperies and paupertas, not absolute poverty, which is properly expressed by egestas, but a state in which we are deprived indeed of the comforts, and yet possess, in some degree, the necessaries of life. — 19. Massici. Of the Roman wines, the best growths are styled indiscriminately Massicum and Falernum (vinum). The Massic wine derived its name from the vineyards of Mons Massicus, now Monti Massico, near the ancient Sinuessa. Consult Excursus VIII. 20-21. 20. Partem solido, Sec. Upon the increase of riches, the Romans deferred the casna, which used to be their mid-day meal, to the ninth houi (or three o'clock afternoon) in summer, and the tenth hour in winter, taking only a sl : ght repast {prandium) at noon. Nearly the whole of the natural day was therefore devoted to affairs of business, or serious employment, and was called, in consequence, dies solidus. Hence the voluptuary, who begins to quaff the old Massic before the accustomed hour, is said "to take away a part from the solid day," or from the period devoted to more active pursuits, and expend it on his pleasures. This is what the poet, on another occasion (Ode 2, 6, 7) calls "breaking the lingering day with wine." diem moraniem frangere mero. Wolf, less correctly, understands 2G0 EXPLANATORY NOTES. — BOOK I.. ODE i. by the "words of the text, the taking- of an afternoon sleep.— Membra stratus. Consult Zumpt, } 458. — 21. Arbvto. The arbutus (or arbutum) is the arbute, or wild strawberry-tree, corresponding to the KOfiaooc of the Greeks, the unedo of Pliny, and the Arbutus unedo of Linnaeus, class 10 The fruit itself is called KojuapoVf fiEfzaiKvXov, or /ui/LiaiKVAov [Athenaus, 2, 35), and in Latin arbutum. It resembles our strawberry very closely, except that it is larger, and has no seeds on the outside of the pulp like thst fruit. ■ 22-28. 22. Aquce lene caput sacra. "The gently -murmuring source of some sacred stream " The fountain-heads of streams were supposed to bo the residence of the river-deity, and hence were always held sacred. Fountains generally were sacred to the nymphs and rural divinities. Compare Jacob, Qucest. Epic, p, 13, seq. — 23. Et lituo tuba, &c. "And the sound of the trumpet intermingled with the notes of the clarion." The tuba was straight, and used for infantry ; the lituus was bent a littla at the end, like ths augur's staff, and was used for the cavalry: it had tha harsher sound. — 25. Detestata. " Held in detestation." Taken passively Compare abominatus, in E pod. xvi., 8.— Manet. "Passes the night.' Equivalent to pernoctat. Compare Sat., ii., 3, 234. — Sub Jove frigido. % "Beneath the cold sky." Jupiter is here taken figuratively for the higher regions of the air. Compare the Greek phrase vko Aloc. — Catulis. The dative by a Gra3cism for a catulis. Scheller and others erroneously un- derstand this of the young of the deer. — 28. Teretes. "Well-wrought.' The epithet teres here conveys the idea of something smooth. and round., and therefore refers properly to the cords or strands of the net, as being smooth, and round, and tapering, and forming, therefore, a well-wrought net. Orelli adopts the same general idea, rendering teretes by festge- drekt, " strong-twisted,"* i. e., ex funiculis complicatis' et contortis con> nexce. — Marsus. For Marsicus. The mountainous country of the Marsi, in Italv, abounded with- wild boars of the fiercest kind. 29-34. 29. Me doctarum, &c. Croft conjectured Te in place of me, an emendation first made known by Hare, and subsequently approved of by Bentley, Sanadon, Markland, Fea, Wolf, and others. The main argu- ment in its favor is the antithesis which it produces. But the common reading is well explained and defended by Orelli. — Edera. " Ivy-crowns.' The species of ivy here alluded to is the Edera nigra, sacred to Bacchus, and hence styled Atovvaia by the Greeks. It is the Edera poetica of Bauhin. Servius says that poets were crowned with ivy, because the poetic "furor" resembled that of the Bacchanalians. — Doctarum pramia ^rontium. Poets are called docti, " learned," in accordance with Grecian usage : aotdol cofyoi. — 30. Dis misce.nt superis. "Raise to the converse of the gods above." Literally, "mingle with the gods above," i. e., raise to a level with them ; raise to the high heavens. Compare the explana- tion of Doring, " Corona ederacea ductus deorum admittor concilio." — 33. Euterpe cohibet, &c. Euterpe and Polyhymnia, two of the muses, are hera very appropriately introduced. Euterpe plays on the tibia, Polyhymnia ac* companies her voice with the lyre; hence both are naturally invoked by the lyric poet. — 34. Lesboum refugit, &c. " Refuses to touch the Lesbian lyre." The lyre is called " Lesbian" in allusion to Sappho and Alcaaus, hoth natives of Lesbos, an! both famed for their lyric; productions. EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE JI. 261 Ode II. Octavianus assumed his new title of Augustus on the 17th of January (xvi. Cat. Febr.), A.U.C. 727. On the following night Rorua was visited by a severe tempest, and an inundation of the Tiber. The present ode was written in allusion to that event. The poet, regarding the visitation as a mark of divine displeasure, proceeds to inquire on what deity they are to call for succor. Who is to free the Romans from the pollution occasioned by their civil strife? Is it Apollo, god of prophecy ? Or Venus, parent of Rome 1 Or Mars, founder of the Roman line ? Or Mercury, messenger of the skies ? — It is the last, the avenger of Caesar, tho deity who. shrouds his godhead beneath the person of Augustus. He alone, if heaven spare him to the earth, can restore to us the favor of Jove, and na- tional prosperity. — Many of the old commentators refer the subject of this ode to the prodigies that occurred on the death of Julius Caesar, and some modern scholars have adopted the same idea ; but this is decidedly inferior. 1-4. 1. Terris. A Graocism for in terras. — Nivis. It was not the snow itself that formed the prodigy, but the heavy fall of it, and the violence of the accompanying storm. Snow may be an unusual visitant at the present day in central Italy, but it does not appear to have been so in the time of Horace. Consult the remarks of Arnold on this subject, Hist, of Rome, vol. i., p. 499, seqq. — Dirm grandinis. Every thing sent by the wrath of the gods [del ira) was termed dirum. — 2. Pater. "The Father of gods and men." Jupiter. UarnpavSpov TeSetivre. — Rubente dextera. "With bis red right hand." Red with the reflected glare of the thunderbolt : an . dea very probably borrowed from some ancient painting. — 3. Sacras arccs. ;l The sacred summits (of the temples)." The lightning struck the Capitol containing the temples of Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno. It is unusual to find jaculari with the accusative of the thing that is struck. Compare, however, Od., iii., 12, 11, "Jaculari cervos." — 4. Urbem. " The city," i. e.. Rome. Compare Qnintilian (8, 2), " Urbem Romam accipimus." 5-10. 5. Gentcs. Understand timentes. "He has terrified the nations, fearing lest," &c. Analogous to the Greek idiom, e5 goddess who rules over Cyprus, so may the brothers of Helen, blight lu minaries, and the father of the winds direct thy course, all others being confined except Iapyx." Observe that sic, in such constructions as the present, becomes a conditional form of wishing : "if you do as I wish you to do, so (i. e., in that event) may such or such a result happen unto you." Here, however, in order to render it more forcible, the conditional sic is placed first, which cannot, of course, be imitated in translating. — Diva poteus Cypri. Venus. From her power over the sea, she was invoked by the Cnidians, as 'Evn/.oia, the dispenser of favorable voyages. [Pau san., i., 14.) — 2. Fratres Helena. Castor and Pollux. It was the partic ular office of "the brothers of Helen" to bring aid to mariners in time of danger. They were identified by the ancients with those luminous ap- pearances, resembling balls of fire, which are seen on the masts and yards of vessels before and after storms. — 3. Ventorum pater. jEoIus. The isl- and in which he was fabled to have reigned was Strongyle, the modern Stromboli. — 4. Obstrictis 'aliis. An allusion to the Homeric fable of Ulysses and his bag of adverse winds. — Iapyga. The west-northwest. It received its name from Iapygia, in Lower Italy, which country lay partly in the line of its direction. It was the most favorable wind for sail- ing from Brundisium toward the southern parts of Greece, the vessel hav- ing, in the course of her voyage to Attica, to double the promontories of Teenarus and Malea. — Animce dimidium mece. A fond and frequent ex pression to denote intimate friendship. Thus the old scholiast remarks $i?ua earl (iia x^vxv ev dvolv cujiaciv. 9-15 9. Illi robur et cbs triplex, &c. "That mortal had the strength of triple brass around his breast." Robur et ces triplex is here put for ro bur ceris triplicis, and the allusion may perhaps be to the ancient coats of mail, that were formed of iron rings twisted within one another like chains, or else to those which were covered with plates of iron, triplici ordinc, in the form of scales. — 12. Africum. The west-southwest wind, answering to the kb\) of the Greeks. — 13. Aquilonibus. The term Aquilo denotes, in strictness, the wind which blows from the quarter directly opposite to that denominated Africus. A strict translation of both terms, however, would diminish, in the present instance, the poetic beauty of the passage. The whole may be rendered as follows : " The headlong fury of the south- west wind, contending with the northeastern blasts." — 14. Tristes Hya* das. " The rainy Hyades." The Hyades were seven of the fourteen daughters of Atlas, their remaining sisters being called Pleiades. These virgins bewailed so immoderately the death of their brother Hyas, who was devoured by a lion, that Jupiter, out of compassion, changed them into stars, and placed them in the head of Taurus, where they still retain their grief, their rising and setting being attended with heavy rains. Hence the epithet tristes ("weeping," t* rainy") applied to them by the poet. — 15. Hadrice. Some commentators insist that Hadrics is here used for the sea in general, because, as the Adriatic faces the southeast, the remark of Hor- ace cannot be true of the south. In the age of the poet, however, the term Hadria was used in a very extensive sense. The sea which it des- .smated was considered as extending to the southern eoast of Italy and *5ie western shores of Greece. 7-19. x7 Ouem r«ortis tvt&uit gradum. "What path c-f death did M 266 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK L, ODE IV. he fear.'* i. e., what "kind of death. Equivalent to qu.im viam ad Orcum^ — 18. Rectis oculis. " With steady gaze," i. e., with fearless eye. Most editions read siccis oculis, which Bentley altered, on conjecture, to rectis Others prefer Jixis oculis. — 19. Et infarnes scopulos Acroceraunia. "And the Acroceraunia, ill-famed cliffs." The Ceraunia were a chain of mounc uins along the coast of Northern Epirus, forming part of the boundary be tween it and Illyricum. That portion of the chain which extended beyond Oricum formed a bold promontory, and was termed Acroceraunia ('A/cpo Kepavvia), from its summit (atipa) being often struck by lightning (Kepav voc). This coast was much dreaded by the mariners of antiquity, because the mountains were supposed to attract storms ; and Augustus nariowh? scaped shipwreck here when returning from Actium. The Acrocerau wis are now called Monte Chimera. . ~»£-39. 22. Dissociabili. "Forbidding all intercourse." Taken in an active sense. — 24. Transsiliunt. "Bound contemptuously over."-*-26. Audax omnia perpeti. A Greek construction : -QpaGvc inavra rlyvat, "Boldly daring to encounter every hardship." — 25. Per vetiium ct nefas, "Through what is forbidden by all laws both human and divine." TIig common text has vetiium nefas, which makes a disagreeable pleonasm The reading which we have adopted occurs in two MSS., and is decidedly preferable. — 27. Atrox Iapeti genus. "The resolute son of Iapetus. Prometheus. We have adopted atrox, the conjecture of Bothe. The common reading is audax, but the repetition of this epithet appears ex tremely unpoetical. As regards the force of atrox here, compare Od., ii. 1, 24 : " Prceter atrocem animum Catonis." — 28. Frauds mala. "By a> unhappy fraud." The stealing of the fire from heaven is called " an un happy fraud," in allusion to Pandora and her box of evils, with which Ju piter punished mankind on account of the theft of Prometheus. — 29. Po& ignem cetheria domo subductum. "After the fire was drawn down bj stealth from its mansion in the skies." — 33. Corripuit gradum. " Accel erated its pace." We have here the remnant of an old tradition respect ing the longer duration of life in primeval times. — 34. Expertus {est) " Essayed." — 36. Perrupit Acheronta Herculeus labor. " The toiling Her- cules burst the barriers of the lower world." Alluding to the descent of Hercules to the shades. Acheron is here put figuratively for Orcus. The expression Herculeus labor is a Grsscism, and in imitation of the Homerio form Bi?? 'Hpati'k'neLri. (Od., xi., £00.) So, also, Kderopoc ,8la {Pind. t Pytk. % xi., 93) ; Tvdeoc jlia [sEsck., S. C. Th., 77), &c— 39. Ccelum. Al- lading to the battle of the giants with the gods. Ode IV. The ode commences with a description of the return of spring, After alluding to the pleasurable feelings attendant upon that delightful season of the year, the poet urges his friend Sextius, by a favorite Epicu rean ai'gument, to cherish the fleeting hour, since the night of the grave would soon close around him, and bring all enjoyment to an end. The transition in this ode, at the 13th line, has been censured by soma as too abrupt. It only wears this appearance, however, to those who are unacquainted with ancient customs and the associated feelings of the Ro- mans. " To one who did not know," observes Mr. Dunlop, "that the mor tuary festivals almost immediately succeeded those of Farnus, the linoa EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK L, ODE IV*. 20*3 In question might lppear disjointed and incongruous. But to a Roman, who at once could .race the association in the mind of the poet, the sud- den transition from gayety to gloom would seem but an echo of the senti ment which he himself annually experienced." 1-4. 1. Solvitur acris hiems, &c. "Severe winter is melting away beneath the pleasing change of spring and the western breeze." Liter* ally, "is getting loosened or relaxed." — Veris. The spring commenced, according to Varro (R. R., i., 28), on the seventh day before the Ides of February (7 Feb.), on which day, according to Columella, the wind Favo- nius began to blow. — Favoni. The wind Favonius received its name ei ther froni its being favorable to vegetation (f averts geniturce), or from its fostering the grain sown in the earth {f ovens sata). — 2. Trahuntque sic- cas machines carinas. "And the rollers are drawing down the dry hulls' (to the shore)," i. e., the dry hulls are getting drawn down on rollers. As the ancients seldom prosecuted any voyages in winter, their ships during that season were generally drawn up on land, and stood on the shore sup- ported by props. When the season for navigation returned, they were, drawn to the water by means of ropes and levers, with rollers plaoed be low. — 3. Igni. "In his station by the fire-side." — 4. Canis pruiniD " With the hoar-frost." 5-7. 5. Cytherea. " The goddess of Cythera." Venus : so called from the island of Cythera, now Cerigo, near the promontory of Malea, in the vicinity of which island she was fabled to have first landed. — Choros du cit. " Leads up the dances." — Imminente luna. " Under the full light of the moon." The moon is here described as being directly overhead, aud, by a beautiful poetic image, threatening, as it were, to fall. — 6. Juuct&que Nymphis Gratia decentes. "And the comely Graces joined hand in hand with the Nymphs." We have rendered decentes here by the epithet "comely." In truth, however, there is no single term in our language which gives the full meaning of the Latin expression. The idea intended to be conveyed by it is analogous to that implied in the to nahov of the Greeks, i.e., omne quod pnlchrum et decorum est. We may therefoie best convey the meaning of Gratia decentes by a paraphrase : " the Graces- arbitresses of all that is lovely and becoming." — 7. Dum graves Cyclo- pum, &c. "While glowing Vulcan kindles up the laborious forges of the Cyclopes." The epithet ardens is here equivalent to Jiammis relncens, and beautifully describes the person of the god as glowing amid the light which streams from his forge. Horace is tho.ight to have imitated m this passage some Greek poet of Sicily, who, in depicting the approach of spring, lays the scene in his native island, with Mount jfitna smoking in the distant horizon. The interior of the mountain is the fabled scene of Vulcan's labors ; and here he is busily employed in forging thunderbolts for the monarch of the skies to hurl during the storms of spring, which are of frequent occurrence in that climate. — Cyclopum. The Cyclopes were the sons of Ccelus and Terra, and*of the Titan race. In the later legend here followed, they are represented as the assistants of Vulcan. 9-12, 9. Nitidnm. " Shining with unguents." — Caput impedire. At the banquets and festive meetings of the ancients, the guests weie crown- ed with garlands of flowers, herbs, or leaves, tied and adorned with rib 268 EXI-LAN .VTORY IVuTES. BOOK I., ODE V. nons, or with the inner rind of the linden-tree. These crowns, it was thought, prevented intoxication. — Myrlo. The myrtle was sacred to Ve- nus. — -10. Soluta "Freed from the fetters of winter." — 11. Fauno. Faunas, the guardian of the fields and flocks, had two annual festivals called Faunalia, one on the Ides (13th) of February, and the other on the Nones (5th) of December. Both were marked by great hilarity and joy — 12. Seu poscat agna, &c. " Either with a lamb, if he demand one, or with a kid, if he prefer that- offering." Many editions read agnam aod hcedum ; but most of the MSS., and all the best editions, exhibit the lec- tion which we have given. 13-16. 13. Pallida Mors, &c. "Pale Death, advancing with impartial •footstep, knocks for admittance at the cottages of the poor and the lofty dwellings of the rich." Horace uses the term rex as equivalent to beatus or dives. As regards the apparent want of connection between this por- tion of the ode and that which immediately precedes, compare what has ^een said in the introductory remarks. — 15. Inchoare. "Day after day to renew." — 16 Jam ie premet nox, &c. The passage may be paraphrased as foHows : " Soon will the night of the grave descend upon thee, and the manes of fable crowd around, and the shadowy home of Pluto become also thine own." The zeugma in the verb premo, by which it is made to as- sume a new meaning in each clause of the sentence, is worthy of notice. By the manes of fable are meant the shades of the departed, often made the theme of the wildest fictions of poetry. Observe that fabula* is not the genitive here, but the nominative plural, and equivalent to fabulosi. Compare Callimachus, Epigr., xiv., 3 : ri de UTiovtcjv ; MvOoc : and Per- sins, Sat., v., 152 : " Cinis et manes etfabulajies." 17-18. 17. Simul. For Simul ac. — 18. Talis. This may either l>e the adjective, or else the ablative plural of talus. If the former, the meaning of the passage will be, "Thou shalt neither cast lots for the sovereignty of such wine as we have here, nor," &c. ; whereas if talis be regarded as a noun, the interpretation will be, " Thou shalt neither cast lots with tho dice for the sovereignty of wine, nor," &c. This latter mode of rendering the passage is the more usual one, but the other is certainly more anima- ted and poetical, and more in accordance, too, with the very early and curious belief of the Greeks and Romans in relation to a future state. They believed that the souls of the departed, with the exception of those who had offended against the majesty of the gods, were occupied in the lower world with the unreal performance of the same actions which had formed their chief object of pursuit in the regions of day. Thus, the friend of Horace will still quaff his wine in the shades, but the cup and its con- tents wilt be, like their possessor, a shadow and a dream : it will not be such wine as he drank upon the earth. — As regards the expression, " sov creignty of wine," it means nothing more than the office of arbiter bibendi «r "toast-master." (Compare Ode ii., 7, 25.) Ode V. Pyrrha, having secured the affections of a new admirer, is ad dressed by the poet, who had himself experienced her inconstancy and faithlessness. He compares her youthful lover to one whom a suddon and dangerous tempest threatens to surprise on the deep— himself to the mariner just" rescued from the perils of shipwreck. EXPLANATORY NOTES. — HOOK I., ODE VI. 269 1-5. t. Mult a in rosa. " Crowned with many a rose." An imitation of the Greek idiom, kv creodvoLC elvat {Enrip., Here. Fur., 677).— 2. Ui get. Understands. " Prefers unto thee his impassioned suit." Urget would seem to imply an affected coyness and reserve on the part of Pyrrha, in order to elicit more powerfully the feelings of him who addresses her. — 5. Simplex munditiis. "With simple elegance." Milton translates thi3, u Plain in thy neatness." — Fidem mvtatosque deos. " Thy broken faith, and the altered gods." The gods, who once seemed to smile upon his suit, are now, under the epithet of mutati (" altered"), represented as frowning upon it, adverse to Iris prayer. 7—12. 7. Nigris ventis. "With darkening blasts," i. e., blasts darken ing the heavens with storm-clouds. The epithet nigri, here applied to the winds, is equivalent to " ccelum nigrum reddentes" — 8. Emirabitur insolens. " Unaccustomed to the sight, shall be lost in wonder at." Ob- serve that emirabitur is a aira^ /.eyo/ievov for the Golden Age of Latinity, but is well defended here by MSS. The verb occurs subsequently in Ap* pideius [Met., p. 274) and Luctatius Placidus (Enarr.fab., p. 2o\,Munck.). It means "to wonder greatly at," "to be lost in wonder at," and to indi- cate this feeling by the gestures. To the same class belong elaudare, emonere, emutare, everberare, &c. — 9. Aurea. "All golden," i. e., possess- ing a heart swayed by the purest affection toward him. — 10. Vacuam "Free from all attachment to another." — 11. Nescius aurce fallacis Pyrrha is likened in point of fickleness to the wind. — 12. Nites. An idea borrowed from the appearance presented by the sea when reposing in a calm, its treacherous waters sparkling beneath the rays of the sun. 13. Me tabula sacer, &c. Mariners rescued from the dangers of ship wreck were accustomed to suspend some votive tablet or picture, together with their moist vestments, in the temple of the god by whose interposi- tion they believed themselves to have been saved. In these paintings, the stoiin, and the circumstances attending their escape, were carefully de- lineated. In the age of Horace, Neptune received these votive offerings ; in that of Juvenal, Isis. Ruined mariners frequently carried such pictures about with them, in order to excite the compassion of those whom they chanced to meet, describing at the same time, in songs, the particulars of their story. (Compare the Epistle to the Pisos, v. 20.) Horace, in lik* manner, speaks of the votive tablet which gratitude has prompted him to offer in thought, his peace of mind having been nearly shipwrecked by the brilliant but dangerous beauty of Pyrrha. Ode VI. M. Vipsanius Agrippa, to whom this ode is addressed, was the intimate friend of Augustus, and a celebrated commander, distinguished for various exploits both by land and sea. It was he who, as commandei of the naval forces of Augustus, defeated Sextus Pompeius off the coast of Sicily, and was afterward mainly instrumental in gaining the victory at Actium. He became eventually the son-in-law of Augustus, having mar ried, at his request, Julia, the widow of Marcellus. The Pantheon wai erected by him. He is thought to have complained of the silence whict Horace had preserved in relation to him throughout his various pieces The poet seeks to justify himself on the ground of his utter inability U 270 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., OD'fi VI. hand! 5 so lofty a theme. " Varius will sing thy praises, Agrippa, witls all the fire of a second Homer. For my own part, I would as soon attempt to describe in poetic numbers the god of battle, or any of the heroes of the Iliad, as undertake to tell of thy fame and that of the royal Caesar." The language, however, in which the bard's excuse is conveyed, while it speaks a high eUiOgium on the characters of Augustus and Agrippa, proves, at the cam 3 time, how well qualified he was to execute the task which he declines. Sanadon, without the least shadow of probability, endeavors to trace an allegorical meaning throughout the entire ode. He supposes Pollio to be meant by Achilles, Agrippa and Messala by the phrase duplicis Ulizei, Antony and Cleopatra by the "house of Pelops," Statilius Taurus by the g 3d Mars, Marcus Titius by Meriones, and Maecenas by the son of Tydeus. 1. Scriberis Vario, &c. "Thou shalt be celebrated by Varius, a bird of Msoonian strain, as valiant," &c. Vario and aliti are datives, put by a Graecism for ablative s.—The poet to whom Horace here alludes, and who is again mentioned on several occasions, was Lucius Varius, famed for his epic and tragic productions. Quintilian (10, 1) asserts, that a tragedy of his, entitled Thyestes, was deserving of being compared with any of the Grecian models. He composed, also, a panegyric on Augustus, of which the ancient writers speak in terms of high commendation. Macrobius {Sat., 6, 1) has preserved some fragments of a poem of his on death. Varius was one of the friends who introduced Horace to the notice of Mae- cenas, and, along with Plotius Tucca, was intrusted by Augustus with the revision of the iEneid. It is evident that this latter poem could not have yet appeared when Horace composed the present ode, since he would aever certainly, in that event, have given Varius the preference to Virgil. 2-5. 2. Mfco-iii carminis aliti. " A bird of Maeonian song," i. e., a poet who sings with all the majesty of Homer, and who wings as bold a flight In other words, a second Homer. The epithet " Maeonian" contains an allusion to Homer, who was generally supposed to have been bom near Smyrna, and to have been consequently of Maeonian {i. e., Lydian) descent. The term aliti refers to a custom in which the ancient poets often indulged, of likening themselves to the eagle and the swan. — 3. Quam rem cunque. '* For whatever exploit," i. e., quod attinet ad rem, quamcunque, &c. Ob- serve the tmesis. 5-12. 5. Nee gravem Pelidce stomachum, &c. "Nor the fierce resent- ment of the son of Peleus, ignorant how to yield," i. e., the unrelenting son of Peleus. The allusion is to the wrath of Achilles, the basis of the Iliad, and his beholding unmoved, amid his anger against Agamemnon, the dis- tresses and slaughter of his countrymen. — 7. Cursus duplicis Ulixei. ''The wanderings of the crafty Ulysses." These form the subject of the Odyssey.- 8. Scevam Pelopis domum. "The cruel line of Pelops," i. e., the blood-stained family of the Pelopidae, namely, Atreus, Thyestes, Aga- memnon, Orestes, &c, the subjects of tragedies. — 10. Imbtllisque lyres Musa potens. "And the Muse that sways the peaceful lyre." Alluding to his own inferiority in epic strain, and his being better qualified to han- dle sportive and amatory themes. — 12. Culpa deterere ingeni. "To di minish by any want of talent on our part," i. e., to weaken, &c. The \\% oral meaning of deterere ist ** to wear away," " to consume by wearing/ EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE VII. 21 i and ths metaphor is heru borrowed from trie friction and wear of metals. Compare Orelli, " Tralatio a metalh, quod usu deteritur, extenuatur, at eplcndore privatur." 14-20. 14. Digne. " In strains worthy of the theme." — 15. Merionen Meridnes, charioteer and friend of Idomeneus. — 16. Tydiden. Diomeda son of Tydeus. — Suveris parem. "A match for the inhabitants of the 6kies." Alluding to the wounds inflicted on Venus and Mars by the Gre- cian warrior. — 17. Nos co?wivia, &c. "We, whether free from all attach- ment to another, or whether we burn with any passion, with our wonted exemption from care, sing of banquets ; we sing of the contests of maidens, briskly assailing with pared nails their youthful admirers." — 18. Sectis. Bentley conjectures siriclis, "clinched,'' and makes the construction to be strictis injuvenes; and, according to Wagner, this emendation of the great English scholar was always cited by Hemsterhuis as an instance "certce critices." Still, however, we may be allowed, at the present day, to dissent even from this high authority, and express a decided preference for the ordinary reading. Bentley's conjecture, as Orelli well remarks, "nescio quid habet furiale et agreste," and even the great critic himself appears subsequently to have regarded his own emendation with less favor. Compare Mus. Crit., i., p. 194. Ode VII. Addressed to L. Munatius Plancus, who had become suspect ed by Augustus of disaffection, and meditated, in consequence, retiring from Italy to some one of the Grecian cities. As far as can be conjectured from the present ode, Plancus had communicated his intention to Horace, and the poet pnw seeks to dissuade him from the step, but in such a way, however, as rot to endanger his own standing with the emperor. The train of thougM appears to be as follows : " I leave it to others to celebrate the far-famed cities pud regions of the rest of the world. My admiration is wholly embossed by the beautiful scenery around the banks and falls of the Anio." (He b^re refrains from adding, "Betake yourself, Plancus, to that lov^y spot," but merely subjoins), "The south wind, my friend, does not always veil the sky with clouds. Do you therefore bear up man- fully un^er misfortune, and, wherever you may dwell, chase away the cares of life with mallow wine, taking Teucer as an example of patient endurance worthy oi all imitation." 1. Jjiudabunt alii . " Others (in all likelihood) will praise." The future here denotes a probable occurrence. — Claram Rhodon. "The sunny Rhodes." The epithet claram is here commonly rendered by "illustri- ous," which weakens the force of the line by its generality, and is deci- jedly at variance with the well-known skill displayed by Horace in the selection of his epithets. The interpretation which we have assigned to the word is in full accordance with a passage of Lncan (8, 248), " Clar- amqve reliquit solp Rhodon." Pliny (H. iY., 2, 62) informs us of a boast on the part of the Rhodians, that not a day passed during which their isi and vr&s not illumined for an hour at least by the rays of the sun, to which luminary it was sacred. — Mytilenen. Mytilene, the capital of Lesbos, and birth-place of Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, and other distinguished individ- uals. Cicero, in speaking of this city (2 Orat. in RulL, 14), saLys " Urbt 272 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOCK I.. OLE VI2. et natura, et situ et iescriptione cedificiorum, et pulchritudinie, in primis nobilis. The true form of the name is Mytilene, not Mitylene, as appeas from coins. Compare Eckriel, Doctr. Num., ii., p. 303. 2-4. 2. Epheson. Ephesus, a celebrated city of Ionia, in Asia Minoi famed for its temple and worship of Diana. — Bimarisve Corinthi ncenia 1 Or the walls of Corinth, situate between two arms of the sea." Corintfc lay on the isthmus of the same name, between the Sinus Corinthiacus (Gulf of Lepanto) on the west, and the Sinus Saronicus (Gulf of Engta) on the southeast. Its position was admirably adapted for commerce. — 3. Vel Baccho Thebas, &c. "Or Thebes ennobled by Bacchus, or Delphi by Apol- lo." Thebes, the capital of Bceotia, was the fabled scene of the birth and nurture of B acchus. Delphi, on Mount Parnassus in Phocis, was famed for its oracle of Apollo. — 4. Tempe. The Greek accusative plural, TtiiTrn, con- tracted from Te/LLizea. Tempe was a beautiful valley in Thessaly, between the mountains Ossa and Olympus, and through which flowed the Peneus 5-7. 5. Intacta Palladis arces. " The citadel o the virgin Pallas." Alluding to the Acropolis of Athens, sacred to Minerva. A'tces, pluial of excellence for arcem. — 7. Indeque decerptam fronti, &c. "And to place around their brow the olive crown, deserved and gathered by them foi celebrating such a theme." The olive was sacred to Minerva. Some editions read "Undique" for "Indeque" and the meaning will then be, "To place around their brow the olive c~own deserved and gathered by numer- ous other bards." The common lection Undique decerptafrondi, &c, must be rendered, " To prefer the olive leaf to every other that is gathered." Our reading Indeque is the emendation of Sohrader. Hunt er cites, in par- tial confirmation of it, the following line of Lucretius (iv., 4) : " Insignemque meo capiti petere inde coroiiam^ 9-11. 9. Aptum equis Argos. " Argos, well-fitted for the nurture cf steeds." An imitation of the language of Homer, "Apyeoc itcko^otoio ( II. , 2, 287). — Ditesque Mycenas. Mycenae was the earlier capital of Argolis, and the city of the Pelopidae. Compare, as regards the epithet dites, Sopho- cles (Electr., 9), NLvktjvclc rag TToTivxpvaovg. — 10. Patiens Lacedcemon. Al- luding to the patient endurance of the Spartans under the severe institu- tions cf Lycurgus. — 11. Larissee campus opimce. Larissa, the old Pelasgio capital of Thessaly, was situate on the Peneus, and famed for the rich and fertile territory in which it stood. Compare Homer, IL, ii., 841, Aapiaaav kpipuhaKa. — Tarn percussit. " Has struck with such warm admiration/ 12. Domus Albuneae resonantis. " The home of Albunea, re-echoing to the roar of waters." Commentators and tourists are divided in opinion respecting the domus Albunea. The general impression, however, seems to be : that the temple of the Sibyl, on the summit of the cliff at Tibur (now Tivoli), and overhanging the cascade, presents the fairest claim to this distinction. It is described as being at the present day a most beau- tiful ruin. "This beautiful temple," observes a recent traveller, "which stands on the very spot where the eye of taste would have placed it, and on which it ever reposes with delight, is one of the most attractive features of the scene, and perhaps gives to Tivoli its greatest charm." (Rome in tlie Nineteenth Century, vol. ii., p. 398, Am. ed.) Among the arguments in EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOUK 1., ODE VII 273 favor of the opinion above stated, it mav be remarked, that Varro, as quoted by Lactantius (De Falsa Rcl., 1, 6), gives a list of the ancient sibyls, am* among them enumerates the one at Tibur, surnamod Albunea, as the tenth and last. He farther states that she was worshipped at Tibur, on the banks of the Anio. Suidas also says, Aekuttj y Tiftovpria, ovdfiari 'AA- Bovvala. Eustace is* in favor of the " Grotto of Neptune," as it is called at the present day, a cavern in the rock, to which travellers descend in order to view the second fall of the Anio. {Class. Tour, vol. ii., p. 230, Loud ti.) Others, again, suppose that the domus Albuncce was in the neighborhood of the Aqua Albulce, sulphureous lakes, or now rather pools, close to the Via Tiburtina, leading from Rome to Tibur; and it is said, in defence of this opinion, that, in consequence of the hollow ground in the vicinity returning an echo to footsteps, the spot obtained from Horace the epithet of resonant is. (Spence's Polymetis.) The idea is certainly an in- genious one, but it is conceived that such a situation .would give rise to feelings of insecurity rather than of pleasure. 13-15. 13. Praceps Anio. " The headlong Anio." This river, now the Teverojie, is famed for its beautiful cascades near the ancient towij of Tibur, now Tivoli. — Tiburni Ulcus. This grrove, in the vicinity of Tibur, took its name from Tibumus, who had here divine honors paid to his mem- ory. — 15. Albus ut obscuro. Some editions make this the commencement of a new ode, on account of the apparent want of connection between this part and what precedes ; but consult the introductory remarks to the present ode, where the connection is fully shown. By the Albus Notus " the clear south wind," is meant the Aevkovotoc, or 'Apyiarrjc ~N6toc (U.. 11, 306) of the Greeks. This wind, though for the most part a moist ana damp one, whence its name (voroc, a voric, "moisture," " humidity"), i, certain seasons of the year well merited the appellation here given it bj Horace, producing clear and serene weather. — Deterget. " Chases away ' Literally, "wipes away." Present tense of deter geo. 19-22. 19. Molli mero. "With mellow wine." Some editions place b comma after tristitiam in the previous line, and regard molli as a verb is the imperative : " and soften the toils of life, O Plancus, with wine." This, however, is inferior. — 21. Tui. Alluding either to its being one of his fa vorite places of retieat, or, more probably, to the villa which he possessed there. — Teucer. Son of Telamon, king of Salamis, and Hesione, daughter of Laomedon, and, consequently, half-brother of Ajax. On his return from the Trojan war, he was banished by his father for not having avenged hi? brother's death. Having sailed, in consequence of this, to Cyprus, he there» built a town called Salamis (now Costanza), after the name of his native city and island. — 22. Uda Lycto. " Wet with wine." Lyaeus is from the Greek Avaloc, an appellation given to Bacchus, in allusion to his freeing the mind from care (Aveiv, "to loosen," "to free"). Compare the Latin epithet Liber ("qui liberat a cura"). 23-32. 23. Populea. The poplar was sacred to Hercules. T^r.ce? wears a crown of it on the present occasion, either as the general badga of a hero, or because he was offering a sacrifice to Hercules. The wnite or silver poplar is the species here meant. — 26. O socii comitesque. " Q -*:>r ii anions in arms and followers." Socii refers to Lie chieftains wba VT 2 274 EXPLANATORY NOTES.*— BOOK I., OEE VlF were Lis companions : comites, to their respective followers. — 27. Auspta Teucro. " Under the auspices of Teucer." — 29. Ambiguam tellure nova, &c. "That Salamis will become a name of ambiguous import by reason of a new land." A new city of Salamis shall arise in a new land (Cyprus/, so that whenever hereafter the name is mentioned, men will be in doubt, for the moment, whether the parent city is meant,* in the island of the same name, or the colony in Cyprus. — 32. Cras ingens iterabimus. aquor. 11 On the morrow, we will again traverse the mighty surface of the deep." They had just returned from the Trojan war, and were now a second time to encounter the dangers of ocean. The verb iterare is employed here in n sense somewhat similar to that which occurs in Columella, ii., 4 : •' Quod jam proscis sum est iterare," i. e., "to plough again." Ode VIII. Addressed to Lydia, and reproaching her for detaining the young Sybaris, by her alluring arts, from the manly exercises in which he had been accustomed to distinguish himself. 2-5. 2. Amando. "By thy love." — 4. Campum. Alluding to the Cam- pus Martius, the scene of the gymnastic exercises of the Roman youth. — Pattens pulveris atque solis. "Though once able to endure the dust and the heat." — 5 Militaris. " In martial array." Among the sports of the Roman youth were some in which they imitated the costume and movements of regular soldiery. 6-9. 6. Equates. " His companions in years." Analogous to the Greek rove rjliiKac. — Gallica nee lupatis, &c. "Nor manages the Gallic steeds with curbs fashioned like the teeth of wolves." The Gallic steeds were held in high estimation by the Romans. Tacitus [Ann., ii., 5) speaks of Gaul's being at one time almost drained of its horses : "fessas Gallias ministrandis equis" They were, however, so fierce and spirited a breed as to render necessary the employment of "frena lupata," i. e., curbs armed with iron points resembling the teeth of wolves. Compare the cor- responding Greek terms ?^vkol and exlvoi. — 8. Flavum Tiberim. Com- pare Explanatory Notes, Ode ii., 13, of this book. — 9. Olivum. "The oil of the ring." Wax was commonly mixed with it, and the composition was then termed ceroma (Kypcjfia). With this the wrestlers were anoint- ed in order to give pliability to their limbs, and, after anointing their bod- ies, were covered with dust, for the purpose of affording their antagonists a better hold. 10-16. 10. Armis. "By martial exercises." — 11. Scepe disco, &c • Though famed for the discus often cast, for the javelin often hurled, be yond the mark." The discus (dlahog), or quoit, was round, flat, and perfo- rated in the centre. It was made either of iron, brass, lead, or stone, and was usually of great weight. Some authorities are in favor of a central aperture, others are silent on this head. The Romans borrowed this ex- ercise from the Greeks, and, among the latter, the Lacedaemonians were particularly attached to it. — 12. Expedite. This term carries with it the idea of great skill, as evinced by the ease of performing these exercises. — 13. Ut marines, &c. Alluding to the story of Achilles having been con cealed in female vestments at the court of Lycomedes, king of Scyros?, ir EXPLANATORY XOTtlS.- BOOK I., ODE IX. 275 /rder to avoid going to tbe Trojan war. — 14. Sub lacrymosa Trojtefunera, " On the eve of the mournful carnage of Troy," i. e., in the midst of the preparations for the Trojan war. — 15. Vin'is rultus. "Manly attire." — 16. In CGcdem et Lycias catervas. A hendiadys. " To the slaughter of the Trojan bands." Lycias is here equivalent to Trojan as, and refers to the collected forces of the Troians and their allies. Ode IX. Addressed to Thaliarchus, whom some event had robbed of bis peace of mind. The poet exhorts his friend to banish care from his breast, and, notwithstanding the pressure of misfortune, and the gloomy severity of the winter season, which then prevailed, to enjoy the present hour and leave the rest to the gods. The commencement of this ode would appear to have been imitated from Alcaeus. 2-3. 2. Soracte. Mount Soracte lay to the southeast of Falerii, in the territory of the Falisci, a part of ancient Etruria. It is now called Monte. S. Silvcstro, or, as it is by modern corruption sometimes termed, Sanf Oreste. — 3. Laborantes. This epithet beautifully describes the forests as struggling and bending beneath the weight of the superincumbent ice and snow. The difference between the temperature of summer and winter in ancient Italy may be safely assumed, from this as well as other passages, to have been much greater than it now is. Compare note on Ode i., 2, 1 3-10. 3. Gclu acuto. " By reason of the keen frost." — 5. Dissolve fn- %us. " Dispel the cold." — 6. Benignius. "More plentifully," i. e., than asual. We may supply solito. Some regard benignius here as an ad- jective, agreeing with merum, "rendered more mellow by age;" but the Horatian term in such cases is mitis. — 7. Sabina diota. "From the Sa- bine jar." The vessel is here called Sabine, from its containing wine made in the country of the Sabines. The diota received its name from \ts having two handles or ears (dig and ovc). It contained generally forty eight sextarii, about twenty-seven quarts English measure. — 9. Qui simul ttravere, &c. " For, as soon as they have lulled," &c. The relative is Gere elegantly used to introduce a sentence, instead of a personal pronoun with a particle. — ^Equore fervido. "Over the boiling surface of the deep " 13-24. 13. Fuge qucerere. " Avoid inquiring." Seek not to know.— - 14. Quod Fors dierum cunque dabit. A tmesis for quodcunque dierum fors dabit, i. e., quemcunque diem, &c. — Lucro appone. "Set down as gain." — 16. Puer. "While still young." — Neque tu choreas. The use, or rather repetition, of the pronoun before choreas is extremely elegant, as denoting earnestness of injunction, and in imitation of the Greek. — 17. Do- nee virenti, &c. " As long as morose old age is absent from thee, still blooming with youth." — 18. Campus et area. " Rambles both in the Cam- pus Martius and along the public walks." By area are here meant those parts of the city that were free from buildings, the same, probably, as the equares and parks of modern days, where young lovers were fond of stroll- ing. — Sub noctem. "At the approach of evening." — 21. Nunc et laientis, &.c. The order of the construction is, et nunc grains risus (repetatur) ab intimo angulo, proditor latentis puellre. The verb repetatur is under- 270 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK 1., OJ)K X. stood, The poet alludes to some youthful sport, by the rules of which a forfeit was exacted from the person whose place of concealment was dis- covered, whether by the .ngenuity of another, or the voluntary act of the party concealed. — 24. Male pertinaa. "Faintly resisting." Pretending only to oppose. Ode X. In praise of Mercury. Imitated, according to tha Scholiast Porphyrion, from the Greek poet Alcaeus. 1-6. 1. Facunde. Mercury was regarded as the inventor of language and the god of eloquence. — Nepos Atlantis. Mercury was the fabled son of Maia, one of the daughters of Atlas. — The word Atlantis must be pro- nounced here A-tlantis, in order to keep the penultimate foot a trochee. This peculiar division of syllables is imitated from the Greek. — 2. Feros cultus hominum recentum. " The savage manners of the early race of men." The ancients believed that the early state of mankind was but little removed from that of the brutes. — 3. Voce. " By the gift of lan- guage." — Catus. " Wisely." Mercury wisely thought that nothing would sooner improve and soften down the savage manneiu of the prim- itive race of men than mutual intercourse, and the interchange of ideas by means of language. Catus, according to Varro, was a word of Sabine or igin. Its primitive meaning was " acute" or " shrill," and hence it came to signify " shrewd," " sagacious," &c. — Decora more palcestra. " B 7 the institution of the grace -bestowing palaestra." The epithet decora is hero used to denote the effect produced on the human frame by gymnastic ex ercises. — 6. Curved lyres parentem. "Parent of the bending Jyre." Mer cury [Hymn, in Merc, 20, seqq.) is said, while still an infant, tr> have form ed the lyre from a tortoise which he found in his path, stretching seven strings over the hollow shell (kirrd 6i cv/LKpuvovc btuv kravvcToaro x°P' ddg). Hence the epithets 'Ep/iaiij and KvXknvain, which are applied to this instrument, and hence, also, the custom of designating it by the terms X^vg 9 chelys, testudo, &c. Compare Gray {Progress of Poesy), "En chanting shell." Another, and probably less accurate account, makes this deity to have discovered, on the banks of the Nile, after the subsiding of an inundation, the shell of a tortoise, with nothing remaining of the body but the sinews : these, when touched, emitted a musical sound, and gave Mercury the first hint of the lyre. (Compare Isidor., Orig., iii., 4.) It is very apparent that the fable, whatever the true version may be, has an astronomical meaning, and contains a reference to the seven planets, and to the pretended music of the spheres. 9-11. 9. Te boves olim nisi reddidisses, &c. "While Apollo, in former days, seeks, with threatening accents, to terrify thee, still a mere stripling, unless thou shouldst have restored the cattle removed by thy art, he laughed to find himself deprived also of his quiver." — Boves. The cattle of Adme- tus were fed by Apollo on the banks of the Amphrysus, in Thessaly, after that deity had been banished for a time from the skies for destroying the Cyclopes. Mercury, still a mere infant, drives off fifty of the herd, and conceals them near the Alpheus, nor does he disclose the place where they are hidden until ordered so to do by his sire. (Hymn, in Merc, 70, *eqq.) Lucian (Dial., D. } 7) mentions other sportive thefts of the same EXPLANATOIil NOTES. ■ iiOOK J., ODK XJ. 21 i deity, by which he deprived Neptune of his trident, Mars of his swcrd Apollo of his bow, Venus of her cestus, and Jove himself of his sceptre He would have stolen the thunderbolt also, had it not been too heavy and hot. [El d£ fir) fiapvTspog 6 nepavvbc fjv, ical izo/oV to izvp elxe, kclkeIvov av v(pei?i£70. Lurian, I. c.) — li. Viduus. A Graecism for viduum se sen- liens. Horace, probably following Alcasus, blends together two mytho- logical events, which, according to other authorities, happened at distinct periods. The Hymn to Mercury merely speaks of the theft of the cattle, after which Mercury gives the lyre as a peace-offering to Apollo. Th« only allusion to the arrows of the god is where Apollo, after this, express es his fear lest the son of Maia may deprive him both of these weapons and of the lyre itself. AeLdca, M.atd6og vie, dtunTope, 'xoiKikofiriTa, lir) jiot avaK'keipTjg tccOapTiv kcll Ka/nrv^a Toga. 13-19. 13. Quin et Atridas, &c. "Under thy guidance, too, the rice Priam passed unobserved the haughty sons of Atreus." Alluding to the visit which the aged monarch paid to the Grecian camp in order to ran som the corpse of Hector. Jupiter ordered Mercury to be his guide, and to conduct him unobserved and in safety to the tent of Achilles. (Consult Homer, II., 24, 336, seqq.) — 14. Dives Priamus. Alluding not only to his wealth generally, but also to the rich presents which he was bearing to Achilles. — 15. Thessalos ignes. "The Thessalian watch-fires." Refer- ring to the watches and troops of Achilles, the Thessalian leader, through whom Priam had to pass in order to reach the tent of their leader. — 16. Fe- fellit. Equivalent here to the Greek IXatiev. — 17. Tu pias lany editions. Ev sn Bentley approves of the indicative here, though ho does not edit it — 8 Imperiosius aquor. " The increasing violence of *he EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XV. 283 sea.'' The comparative describes the sea as growing every eoment more and more violent. 10-13. 10. Di. Alluding to the tutelary deities, Neptune, or Castor and Pollux, whose images were accustomed to be placed, together with a small altar, in the stern of the vessel. The figurative meaning of the poet presents to us the guardian deities of Rome offended at the sangui- nary excesses of the civil wars, and determined to withhold their protect- ing influence if the state should be again plunged into anarchy and confu- sion. — 11. Pontica pinus. " Of Pontic pine." The pine of Pontus was hard and durable, and of great value in ship-building. Yet the vessel of the state is warned by the poet not to rely too much upon the strength of her timbers. — 12. Silvcefilia nobilis. "The noble daughter of the forest." A beautiful image, which Martial appears to have imitated (xiv., 90) : " Non sum Maurcejilia silvce" — 13. Et genus et nomen inutile. "Both thy lineage and unavailing fame." The idea intended to be conveyed by the whole clause is as follows: "Idle, O my country! will be the boast of thy former glories, and the splendor of thy ancient name " 14-20. 14. Pictis pvppibus. Besides being graced with the statues of the tutelary deities, the sterns of ancient vessels were likewise embel- lished, on the outside, with paintings and other ornaments. Hence Homer occasionally calls ships fiLXroTrdpyoL, " red-cheeked." A purple color was also sometimes employed. — 15. Nisi debes ventis ludibrium. "Unless thou art doomed to be the sport of the winds." An imitation of the Greek idiom, 6$leiv yi?i,ura. — 17. Nuper sollicitum, &c. "Thou who wast lately a source of disquietude and weariness ro me, who at present art an object of fond desire and strong apprehension," &c. The expression sollicitum tcedium refers to the unquiet feelings which swayed the bosom of the poet during the period of the civil contest, and to the weariness and disgust which the long continuance of those scenes produced in his breast. Under the sway of Augustus, however, his country again becomes the idol of his warmest affections [desiderium), and a feeling of strong apprehension [cura non levis) takes possession of him, lest he may again see her in- volved in the horrors of civil war. — 20. Nitentes Cycladas. "The Cycla- des, conspicuous from afar." The epithet nitentes appears to refer, not so much to the marble contained in most of these islands, as to the circum- stance of its appearing along the coasts of many of the group, and render- ing them conspicuous objects at a distance. (Compare Vanderbourg ad loc.) Ode XV. This ode is thought to have been composed on the breaking out of the last civil war between Octavianus and Antony. Nereus, the sea-god, predicts the ruin of Troy at the very time that Paris bears Helen over the iEgean Sea from Sparta. Under the character cf Paris, the poet, according to some commentators, intended to represent the infatuated An- tony, whose passion for Cleopatra he foretold would be attended with the same disastrous consequences as that of the Trojan prince for Helen ; and by the Grecian heroes, whom Nereus, in imagination, beholds combined against Ilium, Horace, it has been said, represerts the leaders of the par ty of Augustus 254 EXPLANATORY NOTES.- -BOOK I., ODJG XV. 1-4. L Pastor. Paris, whose early life was spent among the shep. herds of Mount Ida, in consequence of his mother's fearful dream. Sana- Jon, who is one of those that attach an allegorical meaning to this ode. thinks that the allusion to Antony commences with the very first word of the poem, since Antony was one of the Luperci, or priests of Pan, the god of shepherds. — Traheret. "Was hearing forcibly away." Horace here follows the authority of those writers who make Helen to have been car- ried off by Paris against her will. (Compare Ovid, Her., xvii., 21.) Some commentators, however, make traheret here the same as raperet, i. e., tanquam prcedam secum abduceret ; while others, again, regard the term as equivalent to lenta navigatione circumduceret, since Paris, according to one of the scholiasts and Eustathius, did not go directly from Lacedae- mon to Troy, but, in apprehension of being pursued, sailed to Cyprus, Phoenicia, and Egypt. — Navibus Idceis. "In vessels made of the timber of Ida." — 3. Ingrato otio. " In an unwelcome calm." Unwelcome, say the commentators, to the winds themselves, which are ever restless, and ever love to be in motion. Hence they are styled by iEschylus nandax ' 2,oi. — 4. Ut caneret f era fata. " That he might foretell their gloomy des- tinies." 5-12. 5. Mala avi. "Under evil omens." Compare Ode hi., 3, 61, " alite lugubri ;" and Epod. x., 1, " mala alite." — 7. Conjurata tuas rum- pere nuptias, &c. " Bound by a common oath to sever the union between thee and thy loved one, and to destroy the ancient kingdom of Priam." A Graecism for qua conjuravit se rupturam. The term nuptias is here used, not in its ordinary sense, but with reference to the criminal loves of Paris and Helen. — 9. Quantus sudor. "What toil." — 10. Qua?ita funera. "What carnage." — 11. yEgida. "Her aegis." In Homer, the aegis (at- yie) is the shield of Jove, which Minerva sometimes bears (II., v., 738), and this signification is retained by Seneca (Here. Fur., 905). At a later period, it is Minerva's corselet (Eurip., Ion, 1012, ed. Herm. Ovid, Met. t vi., 17). The term is used in this last sense on the present occasion. — 12. Et rabiem parat. " And is kindling up her martial fury." The zeug- ma in parat, and the air of conciseness which it imparts to the style, are peculiarly striking. 13-19. 13. Veneris prcesidio ferox. "Proudly relying on the aid of Venus." This goddess favored him, since to her he had adjudged the prize of beauty over Juno and Minerva. — 14. Grataquefeminis, &c. " And distribute pleasing strains among women on the unmanly lyre." The ex- pression carmina dividere feminis means nothing more than to execute different airs for different females in succession. This is Doring's explana- tion, and is adopted by Dillenburger. Orelli's interpretation appears stiff and far-fetched. It is as follows : " Cantus vocalis et citharce soni inter se conjuncti totam efficiunt symphoniam; jam singulatim %pectatis his par- tibus, uolStjv dividit cithara cantus, aoidrj citharm sonos, id est, altera utra dimidia totius symphonic pars est." The allegorical meaning is con* sidered by some as being still kept up in this passage : Antony, accordiug to Plutarch, lived for a time at Samos with Cleopatra, in the last excesses of luxury, amid the delights of music and song, while all the world around were terrified with apprehensions of a civil war. — 16. Thalamo. " In thy bed-chamber," i. e., by seeking shelter therein.— 17. Caktmi spicula Cno- EXPLANATORY" NOTES. BOOK 1., ODE XVI 2^5 tit. Cnosus was one of the oldest and most important cities of Crete, sit- uate on the River Cseratus. Hence Cuosius is taken by synecdoche in the sense of " Cretan." The inhabitants of Crete were famed for their skill in archery. The correct form of the name of the city is Cnosus, as appears from coins (Eckhel, Doctr. Num., ii., p. 307), not Cnossus, or Gnossus, as commonly written. Hence the true form of the gentile adjective is Cnosius, not Cnossius or Gnossius. — 18. Strepitumque, et ceierem sequi Ajacem. "And the din of battle, and Ajax swift in pursuit." The ex pression ceierem sequi is a GfraBcisni for ceierem ad sequendum. The Oilean Ajax is here meant, who was famed for his swiftness, and whom Homer calls 'Ol/S/oc raxvc Aiac. (II., ii., 527.) — 19. Tamen. This particle is to be referred to quamvis, which is implied in serus, i. e., quamvis serus, (amen collines. "Though late in the conflict still," ~ Xo/ied' elvai, are the words of Sthenelus, who means that they, the Epi- goni, were braver than their sires, for they took the city of Thebes, before which their fathers had fallen. 29-35. 29. Quern tu, cervus, &c. " Whom, as a stag, unmindful of its pasture, flees from a wolf seen by it in the opposite extremity of some valley, thou, effeminate one, shalt flee from with deep pantings, not hav- ing promised this to thy beloved." Compare Ovid, Her., 16, 356. — 33. Ira- cunda diem, &c. Literally, " The angry fleet of Achilles shall protract the day of destruction for Ilium," &c, i. e., the anger of Achilles, who re- tired to his fleet, shall protract, &c. — 35. Post certas hiemes. "After a destined period of years." — Ignis lliacas domos. We have here a tro chee in the first place, as in line 24. Some editors, in order to bring in the spondee, read Pergameas, whicl makes an awkward change from flio in line 33. Witbofius, with much more taste, proposes barbarwas. Ode XVI. Horace, in early life, had written some severe verses against a your^ female. H^ now retracts his injurious expressions., and ?ays tbs 286 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XVI. blame on the ardent and impetuous feelings of youth. The ode turns principally on the fatal effects of unrestrained anger. An old comme ntator informs us that the name of the female was Gratidia, and that she is the same with the Canidia of the Epodes. Acron and Porphyrion call her Tyndaris, whence some have been led to infer that Gratidia, whom Horace attacked, was the parent, and that, being now in love with her daughter Tyndaris, he endeavors to make his peace with the former by giving up his injurious verses to her resentment. Acron, however, farther states, that Horace, in his Palinodia, imitates Stesichorus, who, having lost his sight as a punishment for an ode against Helen, made subsequently a full re- cantation, and was cured of his blindness. Now, as Tyndaris was the patronymic appellation of Helen, why may not the Roman poet have merely transferred this name from the Greek original to his own produo- tion, without intending to assign it any particular meaning ? 2-5. 2. CHminosis iambis. "To my injurious iambics." The iambic measure was peculiarly adapted for satirical effusions. In the heroic hexameter, which preceded it, there was a measured movement, with its arsis and thesis of equal lengths ; whereas in the iambic versification the arsis was twice as long as the thesis, and therefore its light, tripping character was admirably adapted to express the lively play of wit and sarcasm. — 4. Mari Hadriano. The Adriatic is here put for water general- ly. The ancients were accustomed to cast whatever they detested either into the flames or the water. — 5. Non Dindymene, &c. "Nor Cybele, nor the Pythian Apollo, god of prophetic inspiration, so agitate the minds of their priesthood in the secret shrines, Bacchus does not so shake the soul, nor the Corybantes when they strike with redoubled blows on the shrill cymbals, as gloomy anger rages." Understand quatiunt with Cory- bantes and irce respectively, and observe the expressive force of the zeug- ma. The idea intended to be conveyed is, when divested of its poetic attire, simply this : " Nor Cybele, nor Apollo, nor B acchus, nor the Cory- bantes, can shake the soul as does the power of anger." — Dindymene The goddess Cybele received this name from being worshipped on Mount Dindymus, near the city of Pessinus in Galatia, a district of Asia Minor She was worshipped with wild and orgiastic rites. 6-11. 6. Incola Pythius. The term incola beautifully expresses the prophetic inspiration of the god: "habitans quasi in pectore." — 8. Cory- bantes. The Corybantes were the enthusiastic priests of Cybele, who with drums, cymbals, horns, and in full armor, performed their orgiastic dances in the forests and on the mountains of Phrygia. — 9. Noricus ensis. The iron of Noricum was of an excellent quality, and hence the expression Noricus ensis is used to denote the goodness-of a sword. Noricum, after its reduction under the Roman sway, corresponded to the modem Carin- lhi.a, Styria, Salzburg, and part of Austria and Bavaria. — 11. Scevu* ignis. " The unsparing lightning." The^re of the skies. — Nee tremendo, &c. "Nor Jove himself, rushing down with fearful thunderings." Corn* pare the Greek expression Zeve KaTaifiarvc, applied to Jove hurling his thunderbolts. 13-16. 13. Fertur Prometheus, &c. According to the legend here fol lowed by Horace, it appears that Prometheus, or his brother Epimctheus EXPLANATORY NOTE?. BOOK I., ODE XVI, 287 having exhausted his stock of materials in the formation of other animals, was compelled to take a part from each of them (particulam undiqut de- sectam), and added it to the clay which formed the primitive element of man (principi limo). Hence the origin of angei, Prometheus having " placed in our breast the wild rage of the lion" (insani leonis vim, i. e., msanam leonis vim). Whence Horace borrowed this legend is uncertain, probably from some Greek poet. The creation of the human race out of clay by Prometheus is unknown to Homer and Hesiod, and can not be traced higher than Ennna. (Anthol. Pal., i., p. 301, ep., 352.) The {ivOog of Prometheus, as given by Protagoras in the Platonic dialogue of that name (p. 320), approaches very nearly to it. — 16. Stomacho. The term slomachus properly denotes the canal through which aliment descends into the stomach : it is then taken to express the upper orifice of the stomach (compare the Greek Kapdia), and finally the ventricle in which the food is digested. Its reference to anger or choler arises from the cir- cumstance of a great number of nerves being situated about the uppei orifice of the stomach, which render it very sensitive; and from thence also proceeds the great S3~mpathy between the stomach, head, and heart. 17-18. 17. Irce. "Angry contentions," i. e., the indulgence of angry feelings between the brothers Atreus and Thyestes. — Thyesten exitio gravi stravere. These words, besides containing a general allusion to the ruined fortunes of Thyestes, have also a special reference to his having been made to banquet, unconsciously, upon the flesh of his own sons. — 18. Et altis urbibus, &c. " And have been the primary cause to lofty cities why," &e. A Graecisin for et ultimce stetere causes cur altce urbes fundi- tus perirent. "And have ever been the primary cause why lofty cities perished from their veiy foundations," i. e., have been utterly destroyed. Compare, as regards the epithet ultima, the explanation of Orelli: " ab ultimo initio repetitce, et propterea pr&cipuce." The expression altis ur- bibus is in accordance with the Greek, alirv TZTo'kieQpov, ito/Uc alireiij. The elegant use of stetere for exstitere or fuere must be noced. It carries with it the accompanying idea of something fixed and certain. Comparo Virgil [AZn., vii., 735) : " Stant belli causa." 20-27. 20. Imprimeretque muris, &c. Alluding to the custom, preva- lent among the ancients, of drawing a plough over the ground previously occupied by the walls and buildings of a captured and ruined city, and sowing salt, as the type of barrenness, in the furrows. — 22. Coinpesce mentem. " Restrain thy angry feelings." — Pectoris tentavit fervor. "Th* glow of resentment seized." Literally, "made trial of." The poet lays the blame of his injurious effusion on the intemperate feelings of youth, which hurried him away. — 24. Celeres iambos. M The rapid iambics.' The rapidity of this measure rendered it peculiarly fit to give expression to angry feelings. Compare note on " criminosis iambis," v. 2, and alec the Epistle to the Pisos, v. 251. — 25. Mitibus mutare tristia. " To ex change bitter taunts for soothing strains." Mitibus, though, when render ed into our idiom, it has the appearance of a dative, is in reality the ab lative, as being the instrument of exchange. — 27. Recantatis opprobriis "My injurious expressions being recanted." — Animum. "My peace w mind." 288 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XVII. Ode XVII. Horace, having in the last ode made his peace with Tya. daris, now invites tier to his Sabine farm, where she will find retirement and security fro.n the brutality of Cyrus, who had treated her with un manly rudeness and cruelty. In order the more certainly to induce an ac- ceptance of his offer, he depicts in attractive colors the salubrious position of his rural retreat, the tranquillity which reigns there, and the favoring protection extended to him by F annus and the other gods. 1-4. 1. Velox amcenum, &c. " Ofttimes Faunus, in rapid flight, changes Mount Lycaeus for the fair Lucretilis." Lycceo is here the ablative, as de- noting the instrument by which the change is made. They who make this an hypallage for Lucretili . . . Lycceum, confound the English idiom with the Latin. — Lucretilem. Lucretilis was a mountain in the country of the Sabines, and amid its windings lay the farm of the poet. It is now Monte Libretti. — 2. Lycceo. Mount Lycasus was situated in the south- western angle of Arcadia, and was sacred to Faunus or Pan. — Faunus. F annus, the god of shepherds and fields among the Latins, appears to have become gradually identified with the Pan of the Greeks. — 3. Defendit. " Wards off." — 4. Pluviosque ventos. " And the rainy winds." The poet sufficiently declares the salubrious situation of his Sabine farm, when he epeaks of it as being equally sheltered from the fiery heats of summer, and the rain-bearing winds, the sure precursors of disease. 5-17. 5. Arbutos. Compare the note on Ode i., 1, 21. — 6. Thyma. The thyme' of the ancients is not our common thyme, but the thymus capitatus, qui Dioscoridis, which now grows in great plenty on the mountains of Greece. — 7. Olentis uxores mariti. " The wives of the fetid husband." A periphrasis for caprce. — 9. Nee Martiales Hcedilice lupos. "Nor the fierce wolves of Haedilia." It appears from a gloss appended to one of the earliest MSS., that Haedilia was a mountain in the vicinity of the poet's farm, infested by wolves. All the MSS. have Hcedilice ; but the copyists, not understanding the meaning of the term, changed it to hinnulece, which last, Bentley, by an ingenious emendation, and guided by analogy, altered into the new word hcedulece, " young female kids." The restoration of the true reading of the MSS. was made by Orelli. The epithet Martiales, as applied to lupos, has a double meaning, since it indicates the wolf not only as a fierce and savage animal, but also one sacred to Mars. — 10. Utcunque. -' Whenever." For quandocunque. — 11. Ustica cubantis. "Of the low- lying Ustica," i. e., gently sloping. This was a small mountain near the poet's farm. — 12. Levia. In the sense of attrita, "worn smooth by the mountain rills." — 14. Hie tibi copia, &c. " Here plenty, rich in rural hon- ors, shall flow in to thee, from benignant horn filled to the very brim." A figurative allusion to the horn of Plenty. — 17. In reducta valle. " In a winding vale." — Canicular. We translate this term by " the dog-star," without specifying whether we mean Sirius, the great dog-star, or Pro- cyon, the little dog-star. It may, however, be either, since their heliacal risings do not differ by many days. But, strictly speaking, canicula is Procyon, and the dies caniculares. or classical "dog-days," are the twenty days preceding and the twenty days following the heliacal rising of Ca> nicula. 18-21 , 18. Fide Ttti " On the Teian lyre," i. e. in Anacreontic srn n. EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE *VII. 280 Inacreon was born at Teos, in Asia Minor. — 19. Laborantes in uno. "Striving for one and tae same hero," i. e., Ulysses. Laborantes is ex- tremely graphic here, and implies that anxious state of feeling which they who love are wont to experience. — 20. Vitreamque Circen. "And glass- Like Circe," i. e., as bright and dazzling, but, at the same time, as frail and as unworthy of reliance as glass. Compare Sat., ii., 3, 222 : " Vitrea fama." — 21. Innocentis Lesbii. The Lesbian wine would seem to have possessed a delicious flavor, for it is said to have deserved the name of ambrosia rather than of wine, and to have been like nectar when old! (Atkenams, i., 22.) Horace terms the Lesbian an innocent or unintoxicat- ing wine ; but it was the prevailing opinion among the ancients that all sweet wines were less injurious to the head, and less apt to cause intox ication, than the strong dry wines. Consult ExcursusVII. 22-27. 22. Duces. "Thou shalt quaff." — 23. Semeleius Thyoneus. "Bacchus, offspring of Semele." This deity received the name of Thyo- neus, according to the common account, from Thyone, an appellation of Semele. It is more probable, however, that the title in question was de- rived from $vo, " to rage," " to rush wildly." — 24. Nee metues protervum, &c. "Nor shalt thou, an object of jealous suspicion, fear the rude Cyrus.' —25. Male dispari. "Ill fitted to contend with him." — 26. Incontinentes •'Rash," "violent." — 27. Coronam. Previous to the introduction of the second course, the guests were provided with chapiets of leaves or flow- ers, which they placed on their foreheads or temples, and occasionally, also, on their cups. Perfumes were at the same time offered to such aa chose to anoint their face and hands, or have their garlands sprinkled with them. This mode of adorning their persons, which was borrowed from the Asiatic nations, obtained so universally among the Greeks and Ro- mans, that, by almost every author after the time of Homer, it is spoken of as the necessary accompaniment of the feast. It is said to have origi nated from a belief that the leaves of certain plants, as the ivy, myrtle, and laurel, or certain flowers, as the violet and rose, possessed the power of dispersing the fumes and counteracting the noxious effects of wine. On this account the ivy has been always held sacred to Bacchus, and formed the basis of the wreaths with which his images, and the heads of his wor- shippers, were enciicled; but, being deficient in smell, it was seldom em- ployed for festal garlands, and in general the preference was given to the myrtle, which, in addition to its cooling or astringent qualities, was sup- posed to have an exhilarating influence on the mind. On ordinary occa- sions, the guests were contented with simple wreaths from the latter shrub; but, at their gayer entertainments, its foliage was entwined with roses and violets, or such other flowers as were in season, and recom- mended themselves by the beauty of their colors or the fragrance of their smell. Much taste was displayed in the arrangement of these garlands, which was usually confided to female hands ; and, as the demand for them was great, the manufacture and sale of them became a distinct branch of trade. To appear in a disordered chaplet was reckoned a sign of inebri- ety ; and a custom prevailed of placing a garland, confusedly put together {yvdalov GTicbavov), on the heads of such as were guilty of excess in their cups. (Henderson's History o * 'Ancient and Modern Wines, p. 119, seqg ) N 290 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XVII I. Oj»e XVIII. Varus, the Epicurean, and friend of Augustus, of whom mention is made by Q,uintilian (6, 3, 78), being engaged in setting out trees along his Tiburtine possessions, is advised by the poet to give the " sacred vine" the preference. Amid the praises, however, which he be- stows on the juice of the grape, the bard does not forget to inculcate a useful lesson as to moderation in wine. The Varus to whom this ode is addressed must not be confounded with the individual of the same name who killed himself in Germany after his disastrous defeat by Arminius. He is rather the poet Quintilius Varus, whose death, which happened A.U.C. 729, Horace deplores in the 24th Ode of this book. 1-4. 1. Sacra. The vine was sacred to Bacchus, and hence the epi« thet apLKElofyvTCdp (" producer of the vine"), which is applied to this god. —Prius. "In preference to." — Severis. The subjunctive is here used as a softened imperative : " Plant, I entreat." (Zumpt, § 529, note.) The whole of this line is imitated from Alcasus : Mndev aXko fyvrevGne TTpore- pov devdpeov ajLtneXo). — 2. Circa mite solum Tiburis. " In the soil of the mild Tibur, around the walls erected by Catilus." The preposition circa is here used with solum, as irepi sometimes is in Greek with the accusa- tive : thus, Tliucyd., 6, 2, nepi Tzdaav ttjv HcKeXcav, "in the whole of Sicily, round about." The epithet mite, though in grammatical construc- tion with solum, refers in strictness to the mild atmosphere of Tibur. And/ lastly, the particle et is here merely explanatory, the town of Tibur hav ing been founded by Tiburtus, Coras, and Catillus or Catilus, sons of Ca- tillus, and grandsons of Amphiaraus. Some commentators, with less pro- priety, render mite solum "the mellow soil," and others "the genial soil." The true idea is given by Braunhard : "Mite solum, propter aeris mitioris temperiem." — 3. Siccis omnia nam dura, &c. "For the deity has made all things appear difficult to those who abstain from wine." More literal- ly, "has placed all things as difficult before the view of those," &c. The meaning is simply this : the deity has made all those things, which they who refrain from wine undertake, appear to them as burdensome and difficult. — 4. Mordaces sollicitudines . "Gnawing cares." — Aliter. "By any other means," i. e. f by the aid of any other remedy than wine. 5-8. 5. Post vina. " After free indulgence in wine." The plural im- parts additional force to the term. — Crepat. "Talks of." The verb in this line conveys the idea of complaint, and is equivalent to "rails at," or •'* decries." In the succeeding verse, however, where it is understood, it implies encomium. — 6. Quis non te potius, &c. " Who is not rather loud in thy praises." Understand crepat. — Decens Venus. " Lovely Venus.' — 7. Modici munera Liberi. "The gifts of moderate Bacchus," i. e., mod eration in wine. The appellation Liber, as applied to B acchus, is a trans iation of the Greek epithet Avaloc, and indicates the deity who frees thr soul from cares. — 8. Centaurea monet, &c. Alluding to the well-known conflict between the Centaurs and Lapithae, which arose at the nuptials of Pirithous, king of the Lapithae, and Hippodamia. — Super mero. " Ove* their wine." Merum denotes wine in its pure and most potent state, un mixed with water. The Greeks and Romans generally drank their wines diluted with water. Ths dilution varied according to the taste of tha drinkers, and the strength of the liquor, from one part of wine and foui of water, to two of wine and four or else five parts of water, \a Inch last seems to have been the favorite mixture. Compare Excursus IX. EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XVIII. 20 1 9-10. 9. Sithoniis non levis. " Unpropitious to the Thracians." Ai (uding to the intemperate habits of the Thracians, and the stem influence- which the god of wine was consequently said to exercise over them. The Sithonians are here taken for the Thracians generally. In strictness v however, they were the inhabitants of Sithonia, one of the three penin sulas of Chalcidice, subsequently incorporated into Macedonia. — Euius, A name of Bacchus, supposed to have originated from the cry of the Bac- chanalians, evol. Others derive the appellation from an exclamation of Jupiter (ev vie, " Well done, son !"), in approval of the valor displayed by Bacchus during the contest of the giants. — 10. Cum fas atque nefas, &c. " When, prompted by their intemperate desires, they distinguish right from wrong by a narrow limit," i. e., when the only difference in their eyes between good and evil is marked by the feeble barrier jrhich their own inclinations interpose. 11. Non ego te candide Bassareu, &c. " I will not disturb thee against thy will, brightly -beauteous Bassareus." The epithet candide is equiva- lent here, as Orelli remarks, to " pulchritudine splendens." The mythol- ogy of the Greeks and Romans assigned perpetual youth and beauty to the god of wine. The epithet Bassareus, applied to Bacchus here, is de- rived by Creuzer from j3a<7(rapoc, " a fox ;" and he thinks that the garment called (3ac(japic, worn in Asia Minor by the females who celebrated the rites of this deity, derived its name from its having superseded the skins of foxes, which the Bacchantes previously wore during the orgies. (Sym- bolik, iii., p. 363.) In order to understand more fully the train of ideas in this and the following part of the ode, we must bear in mind that the poet now draws all his images from the rites of Bacchus. He who indulges moderately in the use of wine is made identical with the true and accept- able worshipper of the god, while he who is given to excess is compared to that follower of Bacchus who undertakes to celebrate his orgies in an improper and unbecoming manner, and who reveals his sacred mysteries to the gaze of the profane. On such a one the anger of the god is suro to fall, and this anger displays itself in the infliction of disordered feelings, in arrogant and blind love of self, and in deviations from the path of in- tegrity and good faith. The poet professes his resolution of never incur- ring the resentment of the god, and prays, therefore (v. 13), that he may not be exposed to such a visitation. 12-16. 12. Quatiam. The verb quatio has here the sense of moveo md alludes to the custom of the ancients in bringing forth from the tem- ples the statues and sacred things connected with the woiship of the gods, on solemn festivals. These were earned round, and the ceremony began by the waving to and fro of the sacred vases and utensils. — Nee variis ob- sitafrondibus, &c " Nor will I hurry into open day the things concealed under various leaves." In the celebration of the festival of Bacchus, a se- lect number of virgins, of honorable families, called Kavi]$bpoi, carried small baskets of gold, in which were concealed, beneath vine, ivy, and other leaves, certain sacred and mysterious things, which were not to be exposed to the eyes of the profane. — 13. Sceva tene cum Berecyntio, &c " Cease the shrill-clashing cymbals, with the Berecyntian horn." Berc cyntus was a mountain in Phrygia, where Cybele was particularly wor aiiioped. Cymbals and horns were used at the festivals of this goddess 292 EXPLANATORY NOTES. b^uK I., ObE XIX- as at those of Bacchus. — 14. Quce subsequttur, &c. " In whose train tol lows." — 15. Gloria. " Foolish vanity." — Verticem vacuum. " The empt* head/' — 16. Arcanijides prodiga. "Indiscretion prodigal of secrets." Ode XIX. The poet, after having bid farewell to love, confesses that the beauty of Glycera had again made him a willing captive. Venus, Bacchus, and Licentia are the authors of this change, and compel him to abandon all graver employments. A sacrifice to the first of these deities, in order to propitiate her influence, now engrosses the attention of the bard. Some commentators have supposed that the poet's object in com- posing this piece was to excuse himself to Maecenas for not having cele- brated in song, as the latter requested, the operations of Augustus against the Scythians and the Parthians. We should prefer, however, the simpler and more natural explanation of the ode as a mere sportive effusion. 1-5. 1. Mater s&va Cupidinum. "The cruel mother of the Loves." The later poets made Venus the mother of numerous loves, who formed her train. — 2. Tkebance Semeles puer. Bacchus; hence called ^efieTiTj- yeverjjc. — 3. Lasciva Licentia. "Frolic License." — 5. Nitor. "The brilliant beauty." 6, Pario marmore purius. Paros was famed for its statuary marble. The quarries were in Mount Marpessus. For an interesting account of a visit to these quarries, consult Clarice's Travels, vi., p. 134. 8-12. 8. Et vultus nimium lubricus aspici. "And her countenance too dangerous to be gazed upon." Lubricus aspici is analogous to the Greek ctyaXepbc pTieneadai, and lubricus, like aual friend. The individual to whom the ode alludes was a native of Cre- mona, and appears to have been the same with the duinctilius of whom Horace speaks in the Epistle to the Pisos (v. 438). 1-7. 1. Desiderio tarn cart capitis. "To our regret for the loss of so dear an individual." The use of caput in this clause is analogous to that of K^akr] and nupa in Greek. — 2. Praecipe lugubres cantus. " Teach me the strains of woe." Literally, "precede me in the strains of woe." — 3. Mel- pomene. One of the Muses, here invoked as presiding over the funeral dirge, but elsewhere the muse of Tragedy. — Liquidam vocem. " A clear and tuneful voice." — Pater. The Muses were the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. — 5. Ergo Quinctilium. The muse here commences the iuneral dirge. — 7. Nudaque Veritas. " And undisguised Truth." An al lesion to the sincerity that characterized his thoughts and actions. 11-16. 11. Tu frustra pius, &c. "Thou, alas! fruitlessly displaying a pious affection, dost ask the gods for duinctilius, not on such terms in- trusted to their care." The meaning is this : When with vows and prayers thou didst intrust duinctilius to the care of the gods as a sacred deposite, thou didst not expect that he would be so soon taken away by a cruel fate. Thy pious affection, therefore, has proved altogether unavailing and it has not been allowed thee to obtain him bask again from the gcr^ EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XXVI. 298 [Orelli, ad loc.) — 13. Blandius moderere. " Thou rule with more persua *ive melody." Observe the employment of the subjunctive here, and also in redeat. The meaning is, that even if there be a possibility of his ruling or swaying the lyre more sweetly than Orpheus, still there is no possibil- ity of his friend's being restored to existence. The allusion is to the le- gend of Orpheus and Eurydice. — 16. Virga horrida. " With his gloomy wand." Alluding to the caduceus. The epithet ho-rrida regards its dreaded influence over the movements of departed shades, as they pass on- ward to the fatal river. — 17. Non lenis, &c. " Not gentle enough to open the fatal portals in compliance with our prayers," i. e., sternly refusing tc change the order of the fates, &c. Lenis recludere, a Grascism for lenis ad recludendum. Ode XXVI. In praise of iElius Lamia, a Roman of ancient and illus trious family, and distinguished for his exploits in the war with the Can* tabri. The bard, wholly occupied with the Muses and his friend, consigns every other thought to the winds. As regards the Lamian line, consult notes on Ode iii., 17. 2-5. 2. Mare Creticum. The Cretan, which lay to the north of the island of Crete, is here put for any sea. — 3. Portare. " To waft them." — Q,7iis sub Arcto, &c. "By whom the monarch of a frozen region be- neath the northern sky is feared," &c, i. e., by what people, &c. The present ode appears to have been written at the time when Phrahates, king of Parthia, had been dethroned by his subjects for his excessive cruelty, and Teridates, who headed a party against him, appointed in his stead. Phrahates fled for succor to the Scythians, and a monarch of that nation was now on his march to restore him. The king of the frozen re- gion is therefore the Scythian invader, and the people who fear his ap- proach are the Parthians with Teridates at their head. Dio Cassius in- forms us that Phrahates was reinstated in his kingdom, and that Teridates 3ed into Syria. Here he was allowed to remain by Augustus, who obtain- ed from him the son of Phrahates, and led the young prince as a hostage to Rome. This son was subsequently restored to the father, and the standards taken by the Parthians from Crassus and Antony were deliv- ered in exchange. (Compare Dio Cassius, 51, 18, vol. i., p. 649, ed. Reim. Justin., 42, 5.) Strabo, however, states that the son of Phrahates was re ceived as a hostage from the father himself and along with him sons and grandsons [izaldag /cat Tralduv traidac. Strab., 6, extr.). Compare with this the language of Suetonius (vit. Aug., 43), who speaks of the hostages of the Parthians (" Parthorum obsides"). — Unice securus. "Utterly re gardless." 6-11. 6. Fontibusintegris. " The pure fountains." By the forties in- iegri lyric poetry is designated, and the poet alludes to the circumstance 3f his having been the first of his countrymen that had refreshed the litera- ture of Rome with the streams of lyric verse. Hence the invocation of the muse. — 6. Apricos necte fiores. "Entwine the sunny flowers." By aprici ftores are meant flowers produced in sunny spots, and therefore of sweeter fragrance and brighter hue. These " sunny flowers" and tfio chaplet which they form are figurative expressions, and mean sim oOO EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XXVIJ. ply a lyric effusion. The muse is solicited to aid the bard in celebrating the praises of his friend. — Pimplei. The Muses were called Pimpleides. from Pimplea, a town and fountain of Pieria, sacred to these goddesses Orpheus was said to have been bora here. — 9. Nil sine te mei, &c. ~ : "Without thy favoring aid, the honors which I have received can prove of no avail in celebrating the praises of others." By the term konores the poet alludes to the reputation he has gained for his successful cul- tivation of lyric verse. — 10. Fidibus novis. " In new strains," i. e., in lyric verse. Hence the bard speaks of himself as. the first that had adapt ed the iEolian strains to Italian measures (Ode iii., 30, 13). — 11. Lesbio plectro. " On the Lesbian lyre." The plectrum, or quill, is here taken figuratively for the lyre itself. Compare Ode i., 1, 34. This verse is ob- jectionable in point of rhythm, and is the only instance of the kind in Horace. On all other occasions, if the fourth syllable of the minor alcaic end in a word, that word is a monosyllable. Compare Lachmann, ap, Frank., p. 239. — Sacrare. " To consecrate to immortal fame." Ode XXVII. The poet is supposed to be present at a festal party where the guests, warming under the influence of wine, begin to break forth into noisy wrangling. He reproves them in severe terms for conduct so foreign to a meeting of friends, and, in order to draw off their attention to other and more pleasing subjects, he proposes the challenge in verse 10th, on which the rest of the ode is made to turn. 1-6. 1. Nalis inusum, &c. "Over cups made for joyous purposes." The scyphus was a cup of rather large dimensions, used both on festal oc casions, and in the celebration of sacred rites. Like the canlharus, it was sacred to Bacchus. — 2. Thracum est. Compare note on Ode i., 18, 9. — 3. Verecundum. " Foe to excess." Equivalent here to modicum. — 5. Vi- no et lucernis, &c. " It is wonderful how much the dagger of the Parthian is at variance with nocturnal banquets," literally, " with wine and lights." Immane quantum is analogous to the Greek §avjj,aoTov ogov. Vino and lucernis are datives, put by a G-rsecism for the ablative with the preposi- tion a. — Medus. Compare Ode i., 2, 51. — Acinaces. The term is of Per- sian origin. The acinaces was properly a small dagger in use among the Persians, and borrowed from them by the soldiers of later ages. It was worn at the side. Hesychius, in explaining the word, calls it dopv Heo- 'Jtaov, Zi(poc. Suidas remarks : aKivaKvc t /uiKpbv dopv Hepcnuov, and Pollux (1, 138), UepaiKov tJKpidtov tl, t& finpti irpocnprnjuevov. This last comes nearest the true explanation as given above. — 6. Impium clamo- rem. The epithet impius has here a particular reference to the violation of the ties and duties of friendship, as well as to the profanation of the table, which was always regarded as sacred by the ancients. 8-9. 8. Cubito remanete press o. " Remain with the elbow pressed on the couch," i. e., stir not from your places. Alluding to the ancient cus- tom of reclining at their meals. — 9. Severi Falerni, All writers agree in describing the Falernian wine as very strong and durable, and so rough in its recent state that it could not be drunk with pleasure, but required to be kept a great number of years before it was sufficiently mellow For farther remarks on this wine, consult Excursus VIII, EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XXVI.lt. 30 i U-14. 10. Opuntice. So called from Opus, the capital of the Opun Jian Locri in Greece, at the northern extremity of Bceotia. — 13. Cessal voluntas. " Does inclination hesitate V i. e., dost thou hesitate so to do ] — Non alia bibam mercede. " On no other condition will I drink." — 14 Qua te cunque, &c. An encomium well calculated to remove the bashful reserve of the youth. The whole sentenco may be paraphrased as foi lows : " Whoever the fan* object may be that sways thy bosom, she causes it to burn with a flame at which thou hast no occasion to blush, for thou always indulgest in an honorable love." The allusion in ingenuo amort is to a female of free birth, as opposed to a slave or freed-woman. 18-23. 18. Ah miser ! The exclamation of the poet when the secret is divulged. — 19. Quanta laborabas, <5cc. "In how fearful a Charybdis wast thou struggling!" The passion of the youth is compared to the dan- gers of the fabled Charybdis, and hence the expression Quanta laborabas Charybdi is equivalent in effect to Quam periculosam tibi puellam a?na- bas. — 21. Tkessalis venenis. Thessaly was remarkable for producing nu- merous herbs that were us'ed in the magical rites of antiquity. — 23. Vix illigatum, &c. " (Even) Pegasus will hardly extricate thee, entangled by this three-shaped Chimaera." A new comparison is here made, by whicli the female in question is made to resemble the fabled Chimaera. This animal, according to the legend, was a lion in the fore part, a serpent in the hinder part, and a goat in the middle ; and it also spouted forth fire It was destroyed, however, by Bellerophon mounted on the winged steed Pegasus. Ode XXVIII. The object of the present ode is to enforce the useful lesson, that we are all subject to the power of death, whatever may be our station in life, and whatever our talents and acquirements. The dia- logue form is adopted for this purpose, and the parties introduced are a mariner and the shade of Archytas. The fonner, as he is travelling along the shore of Southern Italy, discovers the dead body of the philosopher, which had been thrown up by the waves near the town of Matinum, on the Apulian coast. He addresses the corpse, and expresses his surprise that so illustrious an individual could not escape from the dominion of the grave. At the seventh verse the shade replies, and continues on until the end of the ode. "Be not surprised, O mariner, at beholding me in this state," exclaims the fallen Pythagorean. " Death has selected far nobler victims. Bestow the last sad offices on my remains, and so shall prosper c*i8 fortune crown your every effort. If, on the contrary, you make light fftrf iny request, expect not to escape a just retribution." lie ode would appear, from its general complexion, to have been imi- **te£. from the Greek. 1. Tt maris et terra, &c. The order of construction is as follows : " Par la munera exigui pulveiis (negata tibi) cohibent te, Sec. " The scanty present of a little dust (denied to thy remains) confines thee," &c. The ellipsis of negata tibi must be noted, though required more by the idiom of our own than by that of the Latin tongue. According to the popular belief, if a corpse were deprived of the rites of sepulture, the shs.de of the deceased was compelled to wander for a hundred years either oround ths 302 LXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I. ODE XXVI11 dead body or along the banks of the Styx. Hence the peculiar propriety of cohibent in the present passage. In order to obviate so lamentable a result, it was esteemed a most solemn duty for every one who chanced to encounter an unburied corpse to perform the last sad offices to it. Sprink- ling dust or sand three times upon the dead body was esteemed amply sufficient for every purpose. Hence the language of the text, "pulveris cxigui parva munera." Whoever neglected this injunction of religion was compelled to expiate his crime by sacrificing a sow to Ceres. Some editors maintain that pulveris exigui parva munera is a mere circumlo- cution for locus exiguus, and that cohibent is only the compound used for the simple verb. Hence, according to these commentators, the meaning will be, " A small spot of earth now holds thee," &c. This mode of ex- plaining, however, appears stiff and unnatural. — Maris et terra menso- rem. Alluding to the geometrical knowledge of Archytas. — Numeroque carditis arence. The possibility of calculating the number of the grams of sand was a favorite topic with the ancient mathematicians. Archime- des has left us a work on this subject, entitled. 6 ^aju/LLlrrjc (Arenarhis), in which he proves that it is possible to assign a number greater than that of the grains of sand which would fill the sphere of the fixed stars. This singular investigation was suggested by an opinion which some persons had expressed, that the sands on the shores of Sicily were either infinite! or, at least, would exceed any numbers which could be assigned for them and the success with which the difficulties caused by the awkward and imperfect notation of the ancient Greek arithmetic are eluded by a device identical in principle with the modern method of logarithms, affords one of the most striking instances of the genius of Archimedes. 2-7. 2. Archyta. Archytas was a native of Tarentum, and distinguish- ed as a philosopher, mathematician, general, and statesman, and was no less admired for his integrity and virtue both in public and private life. He was contemporary with Plato, whose life he is said to have saved by his influence with the tyrant Dionysius. He was seven times the general of his native city, though it was the custom for the office to be held for no more than one year; and he commanded in several campaigns, in all of which he was victorious. As a philosopher, he belonged to the Pytha- gorean school, and, like the Pythagoreans, paid much attention to mathe- matics. He was also extremely skillful as a mechanician, and construct- ed various machines and automatons, among which his wooden flying dove in particular was the wonder of antiquity. He perished in a ship wreck on the Adriatic. — 3. Matinum. Some difference of opinion exists with regard to the position of this place. D'Anville makes the Matinian shore to have been between Callipolis and the Iapygian promontory on the Tarentine Gulf; and the town of Matinum to have lain some little distance inland. Later investigations, however, place Matinum, and a mountain called Mons Matinus, in Apulia, near the promontory of Garga- num, and northeast of Sipontum. — 5. Aerias tentasse domos f <5dc. " To have essayed the ethereal abodes." Alluding to the astronomical knowledge cf the philosopher. — Rotundumpolum. "The round heavens." — 6. Mori* turo. " Since death was to be thy certain doom." — 7. Pelopis genitor Tantalus. — Conviva deorum. " Though a guest of the gods." The com mon mythology makes Tantalus to have been the entertainer, not the guest, of the gods, and to have served up his own son as a banquet in or EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XXVIII. 303 der to test their divinity. Horace follows the earlier fable, by which Tan talus is represented as honored with a seat at the table of the gods, and as having incurred their displeasure by imparting nectar and ambrosia to mortals. (Pind., Olymp., i., 98, seqq.) 8-14. 8. Tithonusque remotus in auras. "And Tithonns, though translated to the skies." An allusion to the fable of Tithonus and Aurora. *— 9. Arcanis. Understand consiliis. — Minos. In order to gain more rev- erence for the laws which he promulgated, Minos pretended to have had secret conferences with Jove respecting them. — 10. Panthoiden. " The son of Panthous." Euphorbus is here meant in name, but Pythagoras in reality. The philosopher taught the doctrine of the transmigration of souls, and is said to have asserted that he himself had animated various bodies, and had been at one time Euphorbus the Trojan. To prove his identity with the son of Panthous, report made him to have gone into the Temple of Juno at or near Mycenae, where the shield of Euphorbus had been pre served among other offerings, and to have recognized and taken it down — Iterum Oreo demissum. Alluding to the doctrine of the transmigration of souls. — 11. Clypeo rejixo. " By the shield loosened from the wall of the temple." — 13. Nervos atque cutem. " His sinews and skin," i. e. f his body. — 14. Judice te, &c. "Even in thine own estimation, no mean expounder of nature and truth." These words are addressed by the shade of Archy fcas to the mariner, not by the latter to Archytas, and they are meant to indicate the widespread reputation of Pythagoras as a Natural and Moral Philosopher, since his name had become so well known as to be even in the mouths of the lower classes. In this explanation, Doring, Orelli, Braun- hard, Dillenburger, and most other commentators agree. Some read me, ipplying the remark to the speaker himself, but without any necessity 15-22. 15. Una nox. This expression, and also semel immediately after, contain nothing inconsistent with the Pythagorean tenets, since jhey merely regard the end or limit of each particular transformation. — 18. Avidum mare. "The greedy ocean." Some editions read avidis ("greedy after gain") as agreeing with nautis. This, however, would imply a censure on the very individual from whom the favor of a burial is supposed to be asked. — 19. Mixta senum, &c. " The intermingled funer- als of the old and young are crowded together." Densentur is from den c>eo, -ere, an old verb, used by Lucretius, and after him by Virgil and Pliny The common text has densantur, from denso, -are. — Nullum caput, &c "No head escapes the stern Proserpina." An hypallage for nullum caput fugit scevam Proserpinam. The ancients had a belief that no one could die unless Proserpina, or Atropos her minister, cut a lock of hair from the head. The idea was evidently borrowed from the analogy of ani- mal sacrifices, in which the hair cut from the front, or from between the horns of the victims, was regarded as the first offering. Compare Virgil, /En., iv., 698, seq. — 21. Devexi Orionis. " Of the setting Orion." The setting of this star was always accompanied by tempestuous weather. It took place on the fifth day before the Ides of November, or, according to our mode of expression, on the ninth of the month. — 22. Illyricis undis. "Amid the Ulyrian waters." The allusion is to the Adriatic Sea in gen- oral. The Illyrians, besides their settlements on the northeastern shores of the Adriatic, had at one time extended themselves as far as Aiuscaz. en the coast of Italy 304 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I. ODE XXIX. 23-35. 23. Ne parce malignus dare.- "Do not unkindly refuse to be. stow. — 24. Capiti iiihumato. Observe the apparent hiatus here. In reality, however, no hiatus whatever takes place between the two words, but one of the two component short vowels in the final syllable of capiti is elided before the initial vowel of the next word, and the remaining one is then lengthened by the arsis. There is no need, therefore, of our read- ing intumulato with some editors. — 25. Sic. "So," i~e., if you do so, or on this condition. — 26. Fluctibus Hesperiis. "The western waves." The seas around Italy, which country was called Hesperia by the Greeks.-— Venusina plectantur silvce. " May the Venusian woods be lashed by it." — 28. Unde potest. Equivalent to a quibus hoc fieri potest, " For they are able to enrich thee." In construing, place unde potest at the end of the sentence. — 29. Sacri custode Neptuni. Neptune was the tutelary deity of Tarentum. — Negligis immerito, &c. " Dost thou make light of com- mitting a crime which will prove injurious to thy unoffending posterity V The crime here alluded to is the neglecting to perform the last sad office* to the shade of Archytas. — 31. Postmodo te natis. Equivalent to nepoti bus. Te is nere the ablative, depending on natis. — Fors et debita jura^ &c. "Perhaps both a well-merited punishment and a haughty retribu- tion may be awaiting thee thyself." — 33. Inultis. "Unheard." Literal- ly, "unavenged." — 35. Licebit injecto, &c. "Thou mayest run on after having thrice cast dust on my remains." Three handfuls of dust were on such an occasion sufficient for all the purposes of a burial. Ode XXIX. The poet, having learned that his friend Iccius had aban doned the study of philosophy, and was turning his attention to deeds of arms, very pleasantly rallies him on this strange metamorphosis. 1-5. 1. Beatis gazis. " The rich treasures." Beatus is often used, a£ in the present instance, for dives, from the idea of happiness which the crowd associate with the possession of wealth. — Nunc. Emphatical, re- ferring to his altered course of life. — Arabum. Augustus, A.U.C. 730 (which gives the date of the present ode), sent iElius Grallus, prasfect of Egypt, with a body of troops against Arabia Felix. The expedition proved unsuccessful, having failed more through the difficulties which tin country and climate presented than from the desultory attack? of the un disciplined enemy. It was in this army that Iccius would seem to hav< had a command. — Sab&&. Sabaea, a part of Arabia Felix, is here put fo> the whole region. The Sabai would seem to have occupied what cor responds to the northernmost part of the modern Yemen. — Horribiliqux Medo. "And for the formidable Parthian." It is more than probable, from a comparison of Ode i., 12, 56, and i., 35, 31, with the present passage, that Augustus intended the expedition, of which we have been speaking, not merely for Arabia Felix, but also for the Parthians and Indi. — 5. Nectis catenas. A pleasant allusion to the fetters in which Iccius, already vic- torious in imagination, is to lead his captives to Rome. — Quce virginum barbara. " What barbarian virgin." A Graeeism for qua virgo barbara 7-15/ 7. Puer quis ex aula. Equivalent to quis puer regius. The term aula may refer to the royal court either of the Arabians or the Par thians — 8. Ad cyathum statuetur. "Shall stand as thy cupbearer-' EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK 1., ODE XX*I. 305 Literally, "shall be placed," &.c. — 9 Doctijs tendere. "Skilled in aim nig." A Graecism. — Sericas, The Seres were famed for their manage ment of the bow. The reference here, however, is not so much to these people in particular as to the Eastern nations in general. In relation to the Seres, compare Explanatory Note, Ode i., 12, 56. — 11. Relabi posse. M Can glide back." In this sentence, montibus is the dative by a Grae cism. Prose Latinity would require ad monies. Some make montibus the ablative, with which they join pronos in the sense of decurrentes. This arrangement is decidedly inferior to the one first given. As regards the idea intended to be conveyed, it may be observed, that the poet compares his friend's abandonment of graver studies for the din of arms to a total alteration of the order of nature. The expression appears to be a pro- verbial one, and is evidently borrowed from the Greek. — 12. Reve?ti. " Return in its course." — 13. Coemtos undique. "Bought up on all sides. "' A pleasant allusion to his friend's previous ardor in philosophic pursuits. - — 14. Panceti. Panaetius, a native of Rhodes, holds no mean rank among the Stoic philosophers of antiquity. He passed a considerable part of his life at Rome, and enjoyed an intimate acquaintance with several eminent Romans, particularly Scipio and Laelius. Cicero highly extols his moral doctrine in his treatise " De Offieiis." Toward the end of his life Panae- tius removed to Athens, where he died. — Socraticam et domum. " And the writings of the Socratic school." Alluding to the philosophical inves- tigations of Plato, Xenophon, JEschines, and- others. — 15. Loricis Iberis The Spanish coats of mail obtained a decided preference among the Ro- mans, from the excellence of the metal and its superior temper. Com- pare Shakspeare : " It is a sword of Spain, the ice-brook's temper :" Othel- lo, v., 11, referring to the blades of Toledo. Ode XXX. Venus is invoked to grace with her presence, and witl that of her attendant retinue, the temple prepared for her at the home ot Glycera. 1-8. 1. Cnidi. Cnidus was a Dorian city, on the coast of Caria, at the extremity of the promontory of Triopium. Venus was the tutelary god dess of the place. — Paphique. Paphos was a very ancient city of Cyprus. on the southwestern side of the island. It was famed for the worship of Venus, who was fabled to have been wafted from Cythera to the coast in its vicinity after her birth amid the waves. — 2. Sperne. " Look with con- tempt on," i. e., leave. — 3. Decoram. "Adorned for thy reception." — 5. Fervidus puer. Cupid. — Solutis zonis. Indicative, as Braunhard re- marks, of " negligentia amabilis." — 7. Parum comis sine te. " Little able to please without thee." Observe the inverted form of expression, for "deriving additional attractions from thee." — Juventas. The goddess of youth, or Hebe, who appears also in the train of Venus in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, v. 195. — 8. Mercuriusque. Mercury is enumerated among the retinue of Venus, in allusion to his being the god of language and persuasive eloquence. Ode XXXI. The poet raises a prayer to Apollo on the day when Au gustus dedicated a temple to this deity on the Palatine Hill. Standing 506 EXPLANATORY NOTES. tfOOK 1., ODE XXXI. amid the crowd of worshippers, each of whom is offering up some petition to the god, the hard is supposed to break forth on a sudden with the abrup inquiry, "What does the poet (i. e., what do I) ask of Apollo on the dedi- cation o'his temple ?" His own reply succeeds, disclaiming all that thu world considers essential to happiness, and ending with the simple an<* beautiful prayer for the " mens sana in corpore sano.' 1-8. 1. Dedication. J' On the dedication of his temple/' — 2. Novum liquorem. It was customary to us© wine of the same year's make in liba- tions to the gods. Compare Petron., c. 130 : " Spumabit pateris hornus liquor' 1 — 4. Sardinia. Sardinia was famed for its fertility, which com- pensated in some degree for its unhealthy climate. — Segetes. " Har- vests." — 5. Grata armenta. "The fine herds." — yEstuosce Calabria. " Of the sunny Calabria." Calabria, in Southern Italy, was famed for its mild climate and excellent pastures. — 6. Ebur Indicum. The ivory of India formed one of the most costly instruments of Roman luxury. Com- pare Virgil, Georg.,i., 57: "India mittit ebur." — 7. Liris. This river, low the Garigliano, rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tuscan Sea near Minturnae. The Liris, after the southern boundary of Latium was extended below the Circaean Promontory, separated that region from Campania. Subsequently, however, the name of Latium was extended to the mouth of the Vulturnus and the Massic Hills. (Compare Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. ii., p. 11," and the authorities there cited.) — 8. Mordet " Undermines" or " eats away." 9-16. 9. Premant. "Let those prune." — Calena falce. An allusion to the Falernian vineyards. Compare note on Ode i., 20, 9. — 11. Exsic* cet. Equivalent to ebibat. " Let the rich trader drain." — Culullis. The culullus was properly of baked earth, and was used in sacred rites by the pontifices and vestal virgins. Here, however, the term is taken in a gen- eral sense for any cup. — 12. Syra reparata merce. " Obtained in exchange for Syrian wares." By Syrian wares are meant the aromatic products of Arabia and the more distant East, brought first to the coast of Syria by the overland trade, and shipped thence to the western markets. — 16. Ci chorea. "Endives." The term cichoreum (tcixopeia, or Kix&piov) is, strictly speaking, confined to the cultivated species of Intubum or Inty- bum. The wild sort is called aeptc by the Greeks, and answers to our bitter succoiy. The name cichoreum is of Coptic or Egyptian origin, the plant itself having been brought from Egypt into Europe. The appella- tion Endive comes from the barbarous word endivia, used in the Middle Ages, and an evident corruption as well of the Arabic hendib as of the classical intybum. (Compare Fie, Flore de Virgile, p. 70, 71. Martyn ad Virg., George i., 120.) — Levesque malvce. " And mallows, easy of di- gestion." Compare Orelli : " stomachum non gravantes ; facile conco> wuendce." Dioscorides (ii., Ill) and Theophrastus (i., 5) both designate mallows as aliment: the first of these two authors speaks of the garden mallows as preferable, in this respect, to tbe uncultivated kind, from which it may be fairly inferred that several species of this plant were used as articles of food. The Greek name of the mallows (jua?*dxv)> from which both the Latin and English are said to be deduced, has reference to tboir medicinal properties. It is formed from uaXdaGo, "to soften," EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I., ODE XXXIV* 307 x?-20. 17. Frui paratis, &c. "Son of Latona, give me, I pray, to en- Joy m Y present possessions, being, at the same time, both healthful in frame and with a mind unimpaired by disease." Or, more freely, " Give me a sound mind in a sound body, that I may enjoy, as they should be en- joyed, the possessions which are mine." The expression dones mihi vol- ido, &c, frui paratis, is a Grascism for dories ut ego validus, &c, fruar paratis. Compare, in relation to the idea here expressed, the well-known line of Juvenal (x., 356) : " Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano." Compare also, in reference to the structure of the whole sentence, the ex planation of Dillenburger : " Ducb voti Horatiani partes sunt : dones pre- cor et valido mihi et Integra cum mente paratis frui ; turn dones degere senectam nee turpem nee cithara carentem. Hunc ordinem verborum ipse Horatius indicavit artificiose positis particulis, et . . . et, nee . . . nee." — 19. Nee turpem senectam degere, &c. "And to lead no degqjprate old age, nor one devoid of the lyre," i. e., no old age unworthy of my present contentment, nor devoid of the charms of poetry and music. (Osborne, ad loc.) Ode XXXLT. The bard addresses his lyre, and blends with the address the praises of Alcasus. The invocation comes with a peculiar grace from one who boasted, and with truth, of having been the first to adapt the jEolian strains to Italian measures. (Compare Ode iii., 30, 13.) 1-15. 1. Poscimur. " We are called upon for a strain." Compare Ovid, Met., v., 333, " Poscimur, Aonides. ,f The request probably came from Augustus or Maecenas. B entley reads Poscimus, which then becomes a part of the apostrophe to the lyre. — Si quid vacui lusimus tecum. " If we have ever, in an idle moment, produced in unison with thee any sportive effusion." — 3.. Die Latinum carmen. "Be responsive to a Latin ode." —5. Lesbio primum,6cc. "Attuned to harmony most of all by a Lesbian citizen." Primum is here equivalent to maxime. Horace assigns to Alcaeus the merit of having brought lyric poetry to its highest state of perfection. — 6. Ferox bello. Understand quamvis. — 7. TJdo litore. li On vhe wave-washed shore." Supply in. — 9. Illi semper harentem. "Ever clinging to \^r side." — 14. Laborum dulce lenimen. " Sweet solace of toils." — 15. Mihi cunque, &c. " Be propitious unto me whenever duly invoking thee." Cunque for quandocunque. Ode XXXIV. Horace, a professed Epicurean, having heard thunder m a cloudless sky, abandons the tenets which he had hitherto adopted, and declares his belief in the superintending providence of the gods. Such, at least, appears to be the plain meaning of the ode. It is more than probable, however, that the poet merely wishes to express his dissent from the Epicurean dogma which made the gods take no interest what- ever in the affairs of men. The argument employed for this purpose is trivial enough in reality, and yet to an Epicurean of the ancient school it would carry no little weight along with it. Thus Lucretius positively states that thunder in a serene and cloudless sky is a physical impossi pility : " Fulmina gigni de crassis, alteque, puiandum e%t s 308 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK I v ODE XXAV. Nubibus exstructis : nam coeCo nulla sereno, Nee leviter densis mittuntur nubibus unquam." De R. N., vi., 245, seqy. 1-7. 1. Parcus deorum, &c. The Epicureans would appear only t« have conformed to the outward ceremonies of religion, and that, too, in nt very strict or careful manner. The doctrine of their founder, after all tha may be said in its praise, tended directly to atheism ; and there is strong reason to suspect that what he taught concerning the gods was artfully designed to screen him from the odium and hazard which would have at* tended a direct avowal of atheism. — 2. Insanientis dum philosophise, &c. " While I wander from the true path, imbued with the tenets of a vision- ary philosophy." The expression insanientis sapientice (literally, " an unwise sy^em of wisdom") presents a pleasing oxymoron, and is levelled directly at the philosophy of Epicurus. Consultus is here equivalent to versatus in doctrina, as in the expression juris consultus. Compare Liv., x., 22: "Juris atque eloquentice consultus." — 4. Iterare cursus relictos. "To return to the course which I had abandoned." Heinsius proposes relectos for relictos, which Bentley advocates and receives into his text. — 5. Diespiter. " The father of light." Jupiter. — 7. Perpurum. "Through a cloudless sky." Understand calum. Thunder in a cloudless sky was ranked among prodigies. 9-14. 9. Bruta tellus. By the " brute earth" is meant, in the language of commentators, "terra qu an interval of silence on the part of the muse, i. e., of anger on the part of the god. — 21. Animosus atque fortis. " Spirited and firm." Ode XI. Addressed to Gtuinctius, an individual of timid character, and constantly tormented with the anticipation of future evil to himself and his extensive possessions. The poet advises him to banish these gloomy thoughts from his mind, and give to hilarity the fleeting hours of a brief existence. 1-19. 1. Quid bellicosus Cantaber, &c. Compare note on Ode ii., 6, 2 — 2. Hadria divisus objecto. " Separated from us by the intervening Adriatic." The poet does not mean that the foes here mentioned were in possession of the opposite shores of the Adriatic Sea ; such a supposi tion would be absurd. He merely intends to quiet the fears of duinctius by a general allusion to the obstacles that intervened. — 4. Nee ti'epides in usum, &c. " And be not solicitous about the wants of a life that asks but few things for its support." — 5. Fugit retro. For recedit. — 11. Quid ezternis minorem, <5cc. " Why dost thou disquiet thy mind, unable to take in eternal designs V i. e., to extend its vision beyond the bounds of human existence. — 14. Sic temere. "Thus at ease "--15. Canos. Equivalent to albescentes. "Beginning to grow gray." — ll.Euius. Bacchus. Com pare note en Ode i., 18, 9. — 19. Restinguet ardenles, &c. "Will tempef the cups of fiery Falernian with the stream that glides by our side.''" The ancients genei ally drank their wine diluted with water, on account of it strength. 320 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK II., ODE Xir. Ode XII. Addressed to Maecenas. The poet, having been requested by his patron to sing the exploits of Augustus, declines attempting sc arduous a theme, and exhorts Maecenas himself to make them the subject of an historical narrative. 1-11. 1. Nolis. "Do not wish." The subjunctive is here employed as a softened form of the imperative. — Longa ferce bella Numantice, Nu- mantia is celebrated in history for offering so long a resistance to the Ro- man arms. It was situate near the sources of the River Durius, now the Douro, on a rising ground, and defended on three sides by very thick woods and steep declivities. One path alone led down into the plain, and this was guarded by ditches and palisades. It was taken and destroyed oy the younger Africanus subsequently to the overthrow of Carthage. — 2. Siculum mare. The scene of frequent and bloody contests between the fleets of Rome and Carthage.— 3. Mollibus citharce modis. " To the soft measures of my lyre." — 5. Scevos. " Fierce." — Nimium. " Impelled to unrestrained desire," i. e., to lewdness. Alluding to his attempt on the person of Hippodamia. Compare Braunhard : " Nimius mero, qui, vino largius poto calef actus, ad libidinem proclivior f actus est, aKparrjg yevo- ufvoc kKiQviLitiv" — 7. Telluris Juvenes. "The warrior-sons of earth." Referring to the giants, Tnyevelc- — 8. Periculum contremuit. "In trembling alarm apprehended danger." An active intransitive verb with the accusative. — 9. Pedestribus historiis. " In prose narrative." Com- pare the Greek tte&c hoyoc. — 1.1- Melius. "With more success," i. e., than I can aspire to. — Ducta. "Led in triumph." — Vias. Referring to the streets of Rome through which the triumphal procession would pass, but in particular to the Via Sacra, which led up to the Capitol. 13-28. 13. Domince Licymnice. " Of thy lady Licymnia." By Li- cymnia is here meant Terentia, the young and beautiful wife of Maecenas, *nd Horace, in speaking of her, employs, out of respect, a fictitious name, observing, at the same time, the rule of the ancient poets, namely, that the appellation substituted be the same in number and quantity of syllables as the one for which it is used ( Terentia, Licymnia). The epithet dominee indicates respect. They who make Licymnia the name of a female friend of the poet himself, will find a difficulty to overcome in v. 21, seqq. — 15. Bene mutuis fidem amoribus. " Truly faithful to reciprocated love." — 17. Ferre pedem choris. "To join in the dance." — 18. Joco. "In sport- ive mirth." — Dare brachia. Alluding to the movements of the dance, when those engaged in it either throw their arms around, or extend their hands to one another. — 19. Nitidis. "In fair array." — 21. Num. tu, qua tenuity &c. " Canst thou feel inclined to give a single one of the tresses of Licymnia for all that the rich Achaemenes ever possessed," &c. Crine is put in the ablative as marking the instrument of exchange. — Achcemr. ties. The founder of the Persian monarchy, taken here to denote the op- ulence and power of the kings of Persia in general. Achaemenes is sup- posed to be identical with Djemschid. — 22. Aut pinguis Phrygia Myg- donias opes. " Or the Mygdonian treasures of fertile Phrygia/ i ?■., the treasures (rich produce) of Mygdonian Phrygia. The epithet Mygdonian is applied to Phrygia, either in allusion to the Mygdones, a Thracian tribe who settled in this country, or with reference to one of the ancient xrxu archs of the land. The former is probably the more correct opinion. EXPLANATORY NOTES BOOK II., ODE \U\. 82T Oiie XIII, The poet, having narrowly escaped destruction fiom the fall- ing ok a tree, indulges in strong and angry invectives against both the tree and the individual who planted and reared it. The subject naturally leads to serious reflections, and the bard sings of the world of spirits to which he had been almost a visitant. The poet alludes to this same acci- dent in tne 17th ode of the present book (v. 28), and also in the 4th ode of the third book (v. 27), where he speaks of his celebrating the anniversary of his deliverance on the Calends of March, the date of the accident. 1-11. 1. IUe et nefasto, &c. " O tree, whoever first planted thee, planted thee on an unlucky day, arji with a sacrilegious baud reared thee for the ruin of posterity and the disgrace of the district." Pagus alludes to the village district of Mandela, to which Horace's Sabine farm belonged. With quicunque primum understand posuit te. Bentley reads Ilium, 6 for IUe et, and places a semicolon after pagi in the fourth line. The pas- sage, as altered by him, will then be translated as follows : "For my part, I believe that he whoever first planted thee," &c, and then in the fifth line, "1 say, I believe that he both made away with the life of his parent," cfc. — Nefasto die. Compare note on Ode ii., 3, 6. — 5. Crediderim. "For my part, I believe." The perfect subjunctive is here used with the force of a present, to express a softened assertion. — 6. Fregisse cervicem. "Strangled." Supply laqueo. — Et penetralia, &c. "And sprinkled the inmost parts of his dwelling with the blood of a guest slain in the night- season." To violate the ties of hospitality was ever deemed one of the greatest of crimes. — 8. IUe venena Colcha, &c. " He was wont to handle Colchian poisons, and to perpetrate whatever wickedness is any where conceived," &c, i. e., all imaginable wickedness. The zeugma in tracta vit is worthy of notice. Observe the force of the aorist in tractavit, as in dicating custom or habit. — Venena Colcha. The name and skill of Medea gave celebrity, among the poets, to the poisons of Colchis. Colcha for Colchica. — 11. Triste lignum. "Unlucky tree." Lignum marks con- tempt. — Caducum. Equivalent here to " quod pr ope casurum erat." 13-18. 13. Quid quisque vitet, &c. "Man is never sufficiently aware of the danger that he has every moment to avoid." — 14'. Bosporum. Al- luding to the Thracian Bosporus, which was considered peculiarly dan- gerous by the early mariners on account of the Cyanean rocks at tbe en- trance of the Euxine. — 17. Sagittas et celeremfugam Parthi. Compare note on Ode i., 19, 11. — 18. Italum robur. "An Italian prison." The term robur appears to allude particularly to the well-known prison at Rome called Tullianum. It was originally built by Ancus Marcius, and afterward enlarged by Servius Tullius, whence that part of it which was under ground, and built by him, received the name of Tullianum. Thus Varro (I. L., 4) observes : " In hoc, pars quce sub terra Tullianum, ideo quod additum a Tullio rcge." The full expression is " Tullianum ro- bur," from its walls having been originpJly of oak. In this prison, captive monarchs, after having been led through the streets of Rome in triumph, were confined, and either finally beheaded or starved to death. '20-26. 20. Improvisa leti vis, &c. "The unforeseen attack of death has hurried off, and will continue to hurry off the nations of the world.'*— 21. Quam pcene furvce, &c. " How near were we to beholding the realm* 128 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK II., ODE XIII. of sable Proserpina." — 22. Jiidicantem. " Dispensing justice." Plaio, in his Gorgias (p. 524, A.), represents iEacus as judging the shades from Europe, and Rhadamanthus those from Asia, while Minos sat as supreme judge to hear appeals. The case of Horace, therefore, would have fallen under the jurisdiction of iEacus. — 23. Sedesqne discretas piorum. "The separate abodes of the pious," i.e., the abodes of the good separated from those of the wicked. The allusion is to the Elysian Fields. — 24. j&oliis Jidibus querentem, &c. " Sappho, complaining on her iEolian lyre of the damsels of her native island." Sappho, the famous poetess, was born at Mytilene, in the island of Lesbos, and as she wrote in the iEolic dialect, which was that of her native island, Horace has designated her lyre by the epithet of "^Eolian." — 26. Et te sonantem plenius aureo, &c. "And thee, Alcaeus, sounding forth in deeper strains, with thy golden quill, the hardships of ocean, the hardships of exile, the hardships of war." Alcaeus, a native of Mytilene, in the island of Lesbos, was contemporary with Sap- pho, Pittacus, and Stesichorus (Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, p. 5, 2d ed.) t and famed as well for his resistance to tyranny and his unsettled life, as for his lyric productions. Having aided Pittacus to deliver his country from the tyrants which oppressed it, he quarrelled with this friend when the people of Mytilene had placed uncontrolled power in the hands of the latter, and some injurious verses which he composed against Pittacus caused himself and his adherents to be driven into exile. An endeavor to return by force of arms proved unsuccessful, and Alcaeus fell into the power of his former friend, who, forgetting all that had passed, generously granted him both life and freedom. In his odes Alcaeus treated of various topics. At one time he inveighed against tyrants ; at another, he deplored the misfortunes which had attended him, and the pains of exile ; while, on other occasions, he celebrated the praises ofBacchus and the goddess of love. He wrote in the iEolic dialect. 29-39. 29. Utrumque sacro, &c. " The disembodied spirits listen with admiration to each, as they pour forth strains worthy of being heard in sacred silence." At the ancient sacred rites the most profound silence was required from all who stood around, both out of respect to the deity whom they were worshipping, as also lest some ill-omened expression, casually uttered by any one of the crowd, should mar the solemnities of the day. Hence the phrase " sacred silence" became eventually equiva- lent to, and is here used generally as " the deepest silence." — 30. Sed ma- gis pugnas, &c. " But the gathering crowd, pressing with their shoulders to hear, drink in with more delight the narrative of conflicts and of tyrants driven from their thrones." The phrase " bibit autre" (literally, " drink in with the ear") is remarkable for its lyric boldness. — 33. Illis carminibu* stupens. "Lost in stupid astonishment at those strains." — 34. Demittil M Hangs down." — Bellua centiccps. Cerberus. Hesiod assigns him only fifty heads. (Theog., 312.) Sophocles styles him "Aitiov rpiKpavov gkv ?mkcl. (Track., 1114.) — 37. Quin et Prometheus, &c. "Both Prome theus, too, and the father of Pelops, are cheated by the sweet melody into a forgetfulness of their sufferings." Decipitur laborum is a Grraecism By Pelopis parens is meant Tantalus. — 39. Orion. Consult note on Ode, iii., 4,71. EXPLANATORY NOTES. HOOK If., ODE XV 329 Ode XIV. Addressed to a rich but avaricious friend, whom anxiety for the future debarred from every kind of present pleasure. The poet depicts, in strong and earnest language, the shortness of life, the certainty of death, and thus strives to inculcate his favorite Epicurean maxim, that existence should be enjoyed while it lasts 1-27. I. Fugaces labuntur anni. "Fleeting years glide swiftly by. ' ; — 3. Instanti. " Rapidly advancing." Pressing on apace. — 5. Non si trecenis, <5cc. " No, my friend, (it will bring with it no delay), even though thou strive to appease the inexorable Pluto with three hundred bulls for every day that passes ; Pluto, who confines," &c. After non supply mo ram afferet. — 7. Ter amplum Geryonen. " Geryon, monster of triple size.'' Alluding to the legend of Geryon slain by Hercules. — Tityon. Tityos, son of Terra, attempting to offer violence to T.»tona, was slain by the arrows of Apollo and Diana. — 9. Scilicet omnibus enaviganda. " That stream which must be traversed by us all." Observe the force of scilicet, which we have expressed by a repetition of the noun unda. — 10. Terra munere. " The bounty of the earth." — Reges. Equivalent here to divites, a common usage with Horace. — 12. Coloni. "Tenants.'* Compare the explanation of Orelli : " Qui agrum alienum colunt, vol mercede, velpen- sionem domino solventes." — 18. Cocytos. One of the fabled rivers of the lower world.— Danai genus infame. Alluding to the story of the Danai- d=s. — 19. Damnatus longi laboris. " Condemned to eternal toil." An imitation of the Greek construction. Thus KaTayvcjaSelg -davarov. — 23. Invisas cupressus. " The odious cypresses." The cypress is here said to be the only tree that will accompany its possessor to the grave, in allu sion to the custom of placing cypresses around the funeral piles and the tombs of the departed. A branch of cypress was also placed at the door of the deceased, at least if he was a person of consequence, to prevent the Pontifex Maximus from entering, and thereby being polluted. This tree was sacred to Pluto, because, when once cut, it was supposed never to grow again. Its dark foliage also renders it peculiarly proper for a fune- real tree. — 24. Brevem dominum. " Their short-lived master." — 25. Dig- nior. " More worthy of enjoying them." — 26. Servata centum clavibns. " Guarded beneath a hundred keys." Equivalent merely to diligentis- sime servata. — 27. Superbis pontijlcum potiore ccenis. " Superior to that which is quaffed at the costly banquets of the pontiffs." The banquets of the pontiffs, and particularly of the Salii, were so splendid as to pass intc a proverb. — Some editions read superbum, agreeing with pavimentum, and the phrase will then denote the tesselated pavements of antiquity. Orelli and others read superbo y agreeing with mero. Ode XV. The poet inveighs against the wanton and luxurious expen- diture of the age, and contrasts it with the strict frugality of earlier times . 1-7. 1. Jam. "Soon." — Regitt moles. " Palace-like structures." Al- luding to the splendid dwellings or villas of the Roman nobility, scattered over Italy.— 3. Lucrino lacu. The Lucrine lake was in the vicinity of Baiae, on the Campanian shore. It was, properly speaking, a part of the sea shut in by a dike thrown across a narrow inlet. The lake has entire- ly disappeared, owing to a subterraneous emption which took plane <\i 3»J0 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK II., ODE XVI. J 538, whereby the hill called Monte Nuovo was raised, and the water displaced. This lake was famed for its oysters and other shell- lish. — Stagna. "Fish-ponds." Equivalent here to piscines. — Platanusque caslebs, &c. "And tfhe unwedded plane-tree snail take the place of the elms." The plane-tree was merely ornamental, whereas the elms weie useful for rearing the vines. Hence the meaning of the poet is, that utility shall be made to yield to the mere gratification of the eye. The plane- tree was never employed for rearing the vine, and hence is called c&lebs, whereas the elm was chiefly used for this purpose. — 5. Violaria. " Beds of violets." — 6. Myrtus. Nominative plural, fourth declension. — Omnis copia narium. " All the riches of the smell," i. e., every fragrant flower. Literally, " all the abundance of the nostrils." — 7. Spar gent olivetis odorem. "Shall scatter their perfume along the olive grounds," i.e., the olive shall be made to give place to the violet, the myrtle, and every sweet-scented plant. 9-20. 9. Fervidos ictus. Understand soils. — 10. Non ita Romuli, &c. " Such is not the rule of conduct prescribed by the examples of Romulus and the unshorn Cato, and by the simple lives of our fathers." As regards the epithet intonsi, which is intended to designate the plain and austere manners of Cato, consult note on Ode i., 12, 41. — 13. Privatus illis, &c. " Their private fortunes were small, the public resources extensive." — 14. Nulla decempedis, &c. "No portico, measured for private individuals by rods ten feet in length, received the cool breezes of the North." The decempeda was a pole ten feet long, used by the agrimensores in meas uring land. The allusion is to a portico so large in size as to be measured by rods of these dimensions, as also to the custom, on the part of the Ro- mans, of having those portions of their villas that were to be occupied in summer facing the north. The apartments intended for winter were turn- ed toward the south, or some adjacent point. — 17. Nee fortuitum, &c. " Nor did the laws, while they ordered them to adorn their towns at the public charge, and the temples of the gods with new stone, permit them (in rearing their simple abodes) to reject the turf which chance might have thrown in their way." The meaning of the poet is simply this : private abodes in those days were plain and unexpensive: the only ornamental structures were such as were erected for the purposes of the state or the Worship of the gods. — 20. Novo saxo. The epithet novo merely refers to the circumstance of stone being in that early age a new (i. e., unusual) materia/ for private abodes, and appropriated solely to edifices of a public nature. Ode XVI. All men are anxious for a life of repose, but all do not pur- sue the true path for attaining this desirable end. It is to be found neither hi the possession of riches, nor in the enjoyment of public honors. The rontented man is alone successful in the search, and the more so from his constantly remembering that perfect happiness is nowhere to be found on earth. Such is a faint outline of this beautiful ode, and which proves, we trust, how totally unfounded is the criticism of Lord Kaimes (Elements, vol. i., p. 37), with reference to what he is pleased to consider its want of connection. 1 15. l.Otivm. " For repose." — Impotenti. "Stormy." The comnn* l.Xf L WATORY NOTES. BOOK 11., ODE XVI 831 texthas inpafriiti. We have given impotenli with Bentley and others.- % Press us Understand periculo. The common reading is prensus. — Si mul. For szmul ac. — 3. Condidit Lunam. "Has shrouded the moon front view " — Certa. "With steady lustre." — 5. Tfircece. The Greek nom- inative, QpaKT], for Thracia. — 6. Medi pkaretra decori. '■' The Parthiana adorned with the quiver." Compare note on Ode i., 3 51. — 7. Grosphe non gemmis, &c. In construing, repeat the term otiutri " Repose, O Grosphus, not to be purchased by gems, nor by purple, nor by gold." — 9. Gaza. " The wealth of kings." — Consularis Victor. " The lictor of the consul." Each consul was attended by twelve lictors. It was one of their duties to remove the crowd (turbam submovere) and clear the way for the magistrates whom they attended. — 11. Curas laqueata circum, &c "The cares that hover around the splendid ceilings of the great." Laqueata tccta is here rendered in general language. The phrase properly refers to ceilings formed into raised work and hollows by beams cutting each other at right angles. The beams and the interstices (lacus) were adorn ed with rich carved work and with gilding or paintings. — 13. Vivitur par vo bene, &c. " That man lives happily on scanty means, whose paternal salt-cellar glitters on his frugal board." In other words, that man is hap- py who deviates not from the mode of life pursued by his forefathers, who retains their simple household furniture, and whose dwelling is the abode not only of frugality, but of cleanliness. Vivitur is taken impersonally understand illi. — 14. Salinum. Among the poor, a shell served for a salt- cellar; but all who were raised above poverty had one of silver, which descended from father to son and was accompanied by a silver plate or patten, which was used, together with the salt-cellar, in the domestic sac- rifices. — 15. Cupido sordidus. " Sordid avarice." 17-26. 17. Quid brevi fortes, &c. "Why do we, whose strength is of short duration, aim at many things ? Why do we change our own for lands warming beneath another sun ? What exile from his country is an exile also from himself?" After mutamus understand nostra (scil. terra), the ablative denoting the instrument of exchange ; and as regards the meaning of the phrase brevi fortes oevo, compare the explanation ofBraun- hard : " Quid nos, qui ad breve tempus floremus, valemus, et vivimus, mul ta nobis proponimus" &c. — 19. Patrias qui* exsuL Some commentators regard the expression patrias exsul as pleonastic, and connect patriae with the previous clause, placing after it a mark of interrogation, and making it an ellipsis for patrias sole. — 20. Se quoque fugit. Referring to the cares and anxieties of the mind. — 21. ^Eratas naves, " The brazen-beaked galleys." The ancient ships of war usually had their beaks covered with plates of brass. — Vitiosa cura. "Corroding care." — 23. Agente nimbos "As it drives onwyd the tempests." — 25. Lastus in prazsens, &c. "Let the mind that is contented with its present lot dislike disquieting itself about the events of the future." — 26. Lento risu. " With a careless smile," i. e., with the calm smile of philosophic indifference. Lentus here is passionless, as opposed to violentus. The common reading is l&to. 30-38. 30. Titkonum minuit. "Wasted away the powers of Titho mis." — 32. Hora. "The changing fortune of the hour." (Compare Huh 7c hen, ad Veil. Paterc., ii., 18, p. 127.)— 34. Hinnitum. The last syllable being cut off before *pta by ectfilipsis and synaloepha, ni becomes 'he last #32 EXPLANATORY NOTES, BOOK II„ ODE XVII. syllable of the verse, and may consequently be made short. — 35. Aptti quadrigis. " Fit for the chariot." The poet merely wishes to express the generous properties of the animal. The ancients gave the preference in respect of swiftness to mares. The term quadriga properly denotes a chariot drawn by four horses or mares. The Romans always yoked the animals that drew their race-chariots abreast. Nero drove a decemjugis at Olympia, but this was an unusual extravagance. — Bis Afro muritx tinctce. Vestments twice dyed were called dibapha (&i$a$a). The ob- ject of this process was to communicate to the garment what was deemed the most valuable purple, resembling the color of clotted blood, and of a blackish, shining appearance. The purple of the ancients was obtained from the juice of a shell-fish called murex, and found at Tyre, in Asia Mi- nor ; in Meninx, an island near the Syrtis Minor ; on the Gaetulian shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in Africa, and at the Tsenarian promontory in the Peloponnesus.— 37. Parva rura. Alluding to his Sabine farm. — 38. Spir- itum Graia, &c. " Some slight inspiration of the Grecian muse," i. e., some little talent for lyric verse. Ode XVII. Addressed to Maecenas, languishing under a protracted and painful malady, and expecting every moment a termination of his exist- ence. The poet seeks to call off the thoughts of his patron and friend from so painful a subject, and while he descants in strong and feeling lan- guage on the sincerity of his own attachment, and on his resolve to accom- pany him to the grave, he seeks, at the same time, to inspire him with brighter hopes, and with the prospect of recovery from the hand of disease The constitution of Maecenas, naturally weak, had been impaired by effeminacy and luxurious living. " He had labored," observes Mr. Dun lop, " from his youth under a perpetual fever ; and for many years before his death he suffered much from watchfulness, which was greatly aggra- vated by his domestic chagrins. Maecenas was fond of life and enjoy- ment, and of life even without enjoyment. He confesses, in some verses preserved by Seneca, that he would wish to live even under every accu- mulation of physical calamity. (Seneca, Epist., 101.) Hence he anx iously resorted to different remedies for the cure or relief of this distress- ing malady. Wine, soft music sounding at a distance, and various other contrivances, were tried in vain. At length Antonius Musa, the imperial physician, obtained for him some alleviation of his complaint by means of distant symphonies and the murmuring of falling water. But all these resources at last failed. The nervous and feverish disorder with which he was afflicted increased so dreadfully, that for three years before his death he never closed his eyes." [History of Roman Literature, vol. Hi., p. 42, Lond. ed.) Whether this ode was written shortly before his dissolution, or at some previous period, can not be ascertained, nor is it a point of much importance 1-14. 1. Querelis. Alluding to the complaints of Maecenas at the dreaded approach of death. Consult Introductory Remarks to this ode.— 3. Obire. Understand mortem, or diem supremum. — 5. Mece partem ani- mce. " The one half of my existence." A fond expression of intimate friendship. — 6. Maturior vis. "Too early a blow," i. e., an untimely death. — Quid moror altera, &c. "Why do I, the remaining portion, lin- EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK II., ODE XVIII. 333 ^er nere behind, neither equally dear to myself, nor surviving entire ?"— 8. Utramque ducet ruinam. "Will bring ruin to us each." — 10. Sacra- meiilum. A figurative allusion to the oath taken by the Roman soldiers, the terms of which were, that they would be faithful to their commander, and follow wherever he led, were it even to death. — 11. Utcunque. Equivalent to quandocunque. — 14. Gyas. One of the giants that attempt- ed to scale the heavens. He was hurled to Tartarus by the thunderbolts of Jove, and there lay prostrate and in fetters. G-oettling reads Tvrjc, in Hesiod, Theog., 149, which would make the Latin form Gyes. We have followed Meinecke and others in giving Gyas. 17-28. 17. Adspicit. " Presides over my existence." The reference is here to judicial astrology, according to which pretended science, the stars that appeared above the horizon at the moment of one's birth, as well as their particular positions with reference to each other, were sup- posed to exercise a decided influence upon, and to regulate the life of the individual. — 18. Pars vio!e?itior, &c. " The more dangerous portion of the natal hour." — 19. Capricornus. The rising and setting of Capricor- nus was usually attended with storms. (Compar^Propertius, iv., 1, 107.) Hence the epithet aquosus is sometimes applied to this constellation. In astrology, Libra was deemed favorable, while the influence of Scorpius and Capricornus was regarded as malign. — 20. Utrumque nostrum, &c. M Our respective horoscopes agree in a wonderful manner." The term horoscope is applied in astrology to the position of the stars at the moment of one's birth. Mitscherlich explains the idea of the poet as follows : "In quocunque zodiaci sidere horoscopus meus fueril inventus, licet diverso a tui horoscopi sidere, tamen horoscopus meus cum tuo quam maxima con- sentiat necesse est." — 21. Impio Saturno. "From baleful Saturn." — 22 Refulgens. "Shining in direct opposition." — 26. Latum ter crepuit so- lium. "Thrice raised the cry of joy." Acclamations raised by the peo- ple on account of the safety of Maecenas. Compare note on Ode i., 20, 3. — 28. Sustulerat. For sustulis set. The indicative here imparts an air of liveliness to the representation, though in the conditional clause the sub- junctive is used. (Zumpt, § 519, b.) As regards the allusion of the poet, compare Ode ii., 13. Ook XVIII. The poet, while he censures the luxury and profusion of the age, describes himself 5*s contented with little, acceptable to many friends, and far happier than those who were blessed with the gifts of for- tune, but ignorant of the true mode of enjoying them. 1-7. 1. Aureum laevnar. "Fretted ceiling overlaid with gold." Com pare note on Ode ii., 16, 11. — 3. Trabes Hymettice. " Beams of Hymettian marble." The term trabes here includes the architrave, frieze, cornice, &c The marble of Hymettus was held in high estimation by the Romans Some editions have Hymettias, and in the following line recisa, so that trabes recisa ultima Africa will refer to African marble, and Hymettias columnas to Hymetlian wood ; but the wood of Hymettus does not appear to have ^een thought valuable by the Romans. — Ultima recisas Africa Alluding to the Numidian marble. The kind most highly prized had a dark surface variegated with spots — 6. Attali. Attains the Third, famed 334 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK II., OD£i AVjIT. for his immense riches, left the kingdom of Pergamus and all his fieasnret by will to the Roman people ; at least, such was the construction which the latter put upon it. (Compare Duker, ad Flor., ii., 20.) After his death, Aristonicus, a natural son of Eumenes, father of Attalus (Livy, xlv., 19 ; Justin, xxxvi., 4), laid claim to the kingdom, but was defeated by the consul Perperna and carried to Rome, where he was put to death in prison. It is to him that the poet alludes under the appellation of k." The city of Patara, in Lycia, was situate on \k\e southern coast, below the mouth of the Xanthus. It was celebrated for an oracle of Apollo, and that deity was said to reside here during six months of the year, and during the re maining six at Delos. (Virg., ^En., iv., 143. Serv., ad loc.) 65-79. 65. Vis consili expers, &c. "Force devoid of judgment sinks under its own weight,*' i. e., the efforts of -brute force, without wisdom, t«\3 of no avail. — 66. Temper at am. " When under its control," i. e., when Regulated by judgment. Understand consilio. — Provehunt in majus. "In- crease." — Animo moventes. "Meditating in mind.'' — 69. Gyas. Gyas, Cottus, and Briareus, sons of Ccelus and Terra, were hurled by their father to Tartarus. Jupiter, however, brought them bfr^k to the light of day, and was aided by them in overthrowing the Titans. Such is the mythological narrative of Hesiod. (Theog., 617, seqq.) Horace evidently confounds this cosmogonical fable with one of later date. The Centimani {'Efca royxsLpeg) are of a much earlier creation than the rebellious giants, and fight on the side of the gods ; whereas, in the present passage, Horace seems to identify one of their number with these very giants. — 71. Orion The well-known hunter and giant of early fable. — 73. Injecta monstris. A Graecism for se injectam esse dolet, &c. "Earth grieves at being cast upon the monsters of her own production." An allusion to the overthrow and punishment of the giants. {Trjyevelc.) Enceladus was buried under Sicily, Polybotes under Nisyrus, torn off by Neptune from the isle of Cos ; Otus under Crete, &c. (Apollod., i., 6, 2.) — Partus. The Titans are now meant, who were also the sons of Terra, and whom Jupiter hurled to Tar tarus. — 75. Nee peredit impositam, &c. " Nor has the rapid fire ever eaten through iEtna placed upon (Enceladus)," i. e., eaten through the mass of the mountain so as to reduce this to ashes, and free him from the superin- cumbent load. More freely, "nor is Enceladus lightened of his load." Pindar (Pyth., i., 31) andiEschylus (Prom. V., 373) place Typhoeus under this mountain. — 77. Tityi. Tityos was slain by Apollo and Diana for at- tempting violence to Latona. — 78. Ales. The vulture. — Nequitice addi- tus custos. "Added as the constant punisher of his guilt." Literally, " added as a keeper to his guilt," nequitice being properly the dative. — 79. Amatorem Pirithoum. " The amorous Pirithous," i. e., who sought to gain Proserpina to his love. Pirithous, accompanied by Theseus, de- scended to Hades for the purpose of carrying off Proserpina. He was seized by Pluto, and bound to a rock with "countless fetters" (trecentis catenis). His punishment, however, is given differently by other writers. Ode V. According to Dio Cassius (liv., 8), when Phraates, the Parthian monarch, sent ambassadors to treat for the recovery of his son, then a hostage in the hands of the Romans, Augustus demanded the restoration of the standards taken from Crassus and Antony. Phraates at first re- fused, but the fear of a war with the Roman emperor compelled him at length to acquiesce. The ode therefore opens with a complimentary al- lusion to the power of Augustus, and the glory he has acquired by thus wresting the Roman standards from the hands of the Parthians, The bard then dwells for a time upon the disgraceful defeat of Crassus. afte* EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE V. 34") which the noble example of Regulus is introduced, and a tacit coinparisor is then made during the rest of the piece between the high-toned princi pies of the virtuous Roman and the strict discipline of Augustus. 1-3. 1. Casio tonantem, &c. "We believe from his thundering that Jove reigns in the skies." — 2. Prtzsens divus, &c. Having stated the common grounds on which the belief of Jupiter's divinity is founded, name- ly, his thundering in the skies, the poet now proceeds, in accordance with the flattery of the age, to name Augustus as a " deity upon earth" [prcesens divus), assigning, as a proof of this, his triumph over the nations of tne farthest east and west, especially his having wrested from the Parthians, by the mere terror of his name, the standards so disgracefully lost by Cras sua and Antony. — 3. Adjectis Britannis, &c. "The Britons and the for- midable Parthians being added to his sway." According to Strabo, some of the princes of Britain sent embassies and presents to Augustus, and placed a large portion of the island under his control. It was not, how- ever, reduced to a Roman province until the time of Claudius. What Horace adds respecting the Parthians is adorned with the exaggeration of poetry. This nation was not, in fact, added by Augustus to the empire of Rome ; they only surrendered, through dread of the Roman power, the standards taken from Crassus and Antony. 5-12. 5. Milesne Crassi, &c. " Has the soldier of Crassus lived, a de- graded husband, with a barbarian spouse?" An allusion to the soldiers of Crassus made captives by the Parthians, and who, to save their lives, had intermarried with females of that nation. Hence the peculiar force of vixit, which is well explained by one of the scholiasts : " uxores a vie toribus acceperant, ut vitam mej-erentur." To constitute a lawful mar- riage among the Romans, it was required that both the contracting parties be citizens and free. There was no legitimate marriage between slaves, nor was a Roman citizen permitted to many a slave, a barbarian, or a foreigner generally. Such a connection was called connubium, not matri- monium. — 7. Proh curia, inversique mores! "Ah! senate of my coun- try, and degenerate principles of the day !" The poet mourns over the want of spirit on the part of the senate, in allowing the disgraceful defeat of Crassus to remain so long unavenged, and over the stain fixed on the martial character of Rome by this connection of her captive soldiery with their barbarian conquerors. Such a view of the subject carries with it a tacit but flattering eulogium on the successful operations of Augustus. — 8. Consenuit. Nearly thirty years had elapsed since the defeat of Cras- sus, B.C. 53. — 9. Sub rege Medo. "Beneath a Parthian king." — Maisus et Apulus. The Marsians and Apulians, the bravest portion of the Ro- man armies, are here taken to denote the Roman soldiers generally. On the quantity of Apulus, consult note on Ode iv., 9, of the present book. — 10. An&iliorum. The ancilia were " the sacred shields" carried round in procession by the Salii or priests of Mars. — Et nominis et toga. " And of the name and attire of a Roman." The toga was the distinguishing part of the Roman dress, and the badge of a citizen. — 11. JEterncequt Vested. Alluding to the sacred fire kept constantly burning by the vestal virgins in the temple of the goddess. — 12. Inc.olnmi Jove et urbe Roma. "The Capitol of the Roman city being safe," i. e., tnough ttie Roman power remains still superior to its foes. Jove is h^re put for Jove Capitol hna, equivalent, in fact, to Capi'olio. #48 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK II., ODE V. 13-38. 13. Hoc caverat, &c. The example of Regulus is now cited, who foresaw the evil effects that would result to his country if the Roman soldier was allowed to place his hopes of safety any where but in arms. Hence the vanquished commander recommends to his countrymen not to accept the terms offered by the Carthaginians, and, by receiving back the Roman captives, establish a precedent pregnant with ruin to a future age. The soldier must either conquer or die ; he must not expect that, by becoming a captive, he will have a chance of being ransomed and thus restored to his country. — 14. Dissentientis conditionibus, &c. "Dissent- ing from the foul terms proposed by Carthage, and a precedent pregnant with ruin to a future age." Alluding to the terms of accommodation, of which he himself was the bearer, and which he advised his countrymen to reject. The Carthaginians wished peace and a mutual ransoming of prisoners. — 17. Si non perirent, &c. " If the captive youth were not to perish unlamented." The common reading is periret, where the arsis lengthens the final syllable of periret. — 20. Militibus. "From our sol- diery." — 23. Portasque non clusas, &c. " And the gates of the foe stand* ing open, and the fields once ravaged by our soldiery now cultivated by their hands." Regulus, previous to his overthrow, had spread terror to the very gates of Carthage. But now her gates lie open in complete security —25. Auro repensus, &c. Strong and bitter irony. " The soldier, after be- ing ransomed by gold, will no doubt return a braver man !" — 28. Medicaid fuco. "When once stained by the dye." — 29. Vera virtus. " True valor." — 30. Deterioribus. Understand animis. " In minds which have become degraded by cowardice." — 35. Iners. "With a coward's spirit." — Ti- muitque mortem, &c. "And has feared death from that very quarter whence, with far more propriety, he might have obtained an exemption from servitude." He should have trusted to his arms ; they would have saved him from captivity. Vitam is here equivalent to salutem. There must be no stop after mortem. The common text has a period after mor tern, and reads Hie in place of Hinc, in the next line. — 38. Pacem et duello miscuit. " He has confounded peace, too, with war." He has surrender- ed with his arms in his hands, and has sought peace in the heat of action from his foe by a tame submission. Observe the old form duello for hello 40-56. 40. Probrosis altior Italian ruinis. "Rendered more glorious by the disgraceful downfall of Italy." — 42. Ut capitis minor. "As one no longer a freeman." Among the Romans, any loss of liberty or of the rights of a citizen was called Deminutio capitis. — 45. Donee labantes, &e. "Until, as an adviser, he confirmed the wavering minds of the fa- thers by counsel never given on any previous occasion," i. e., until he set- tled the wavering minds of the senators by becoming the author of advice before unheard. Regulus advised the Romans strenuously to prosecute the war, and leave him to his fate. — 49. Atqui sciebat, &c. There is con- siderable doubt respecting the story of the sufferings of Regulus. — 52. Reditus. The plural here beautifully ma*ks his frequent attempts to re- tun?, and the endea\ors of his relatives and friends to oppose his design. Abstract nouns are frequently used in the plural in Latin, where our own idiom does not allow of it, to denote a repetition of the same act, or the existence of the same quality in different subjects. — 53. Longa negotia. 1 The tedious concerns."— 55. Venafranos in agros. Consult note on Ode ii, 6, 16 — 56. Lacedcemonwm Tarentum. Consult note on Ode ii , 6, 11 EXPLANATORY NOTES.— BOOK III., ODE VI, 34U Ode VI. Addressed to the corrupt and dissolute Romans of his age, and ascribing the national calamities which had befallen them to the an ger o/ the gods at their abandonment of public and private virtue. To heighten the picture of present corruption, a view is taken of the simple manners which marked the earlier days of Rome. Although no mention is made of Augustus in this piece, yet it would seem to have been written at the time when that emperor was actively engaged in restraining the tide of public and private corruption ; when-, as Suetonius informs us (Vit. Aug., 30), he was rebuilding the sacred edi- fices which had either been destroyed by fire or suffered to fall to ruin, while by the Lex Julia, "De adulteriis," and the Lex Papia-Poppsea, 11 De maritandis ordinibus," he was striving to reform the moral condition of his people. Hence it may be conjectured that the poet wishes to cele brate, in the present ode, the civic virtues of the monarch. 1-11. 1. Delicto, major urn, &c. "Though guiltless of them, thou sh alt atone, O Roman, for the crimes of thy fathers." The crimes here alluded to have referenpe principally to the excesses of the civil wars. The offences of the parents are visited on their children. — 3. u&des. "The shrines." Equivalent here to delubra. — 4. Fasda nigro, &c. The statues of the gods in the temples were apt to contract impurities from the smoke of the altars, &c. H«nce the custom of annually washing them in running water or the neares* sea, a rite which, according to the poet, had been long interrupted by ^he neglect of the Romans. — 5. Imperas. "Thou holdest the reins of empire." — 6. Hinc omne principium, &c. " From them derive the commencement of every undertaking, to them ascribe its issue." In metrical reading, pronounce principium hue, in this line, as if written princip-yuc.- -8. Hesperice. Put for Italics. Consult note on Od' i., 36, 4. — 2>. Moncese? et Pacori manus. Alluding to two Parthian com- manders who had proved victorious over the Romans. Monceses, more commonly known by tfie name of Surena, is the same that defeated Cras- sus. Pa^orus was t^e son of Orodes, the Parthian monarch, and defeated Didius flaxa, the lieutenant of Marc Antony. — 10. Non auspicatos contu- dit impetus. "Hav* crushed our inauspicious efforts." — 11. Et adjecisse prced&m, &c. "And proudly smile in having added the spoils of Romans to th*ir military ornaments of scanty size before." By torques are meant, among the Roman writers, golden chains, which went round the neck, bestowed as railit&~y rewards. These, till now, had been the only orna- ment or prize of th^ Parthian soldier. The meaning is, in fact, a figurative one. The Parthians, a nation of inferior military fame before this, now exult in their victories over Romans. 13-45. 13. Occupatam seditionibus. "Embroiled in civil dissensions/' According to the poet, the weakness consequent on disunion had almost given the capital over into the hands of its foes. — 14. Dacus et u&thiops. An allusion to the approaching conflict between Augustus and Antony. By the term JEikiops are meant the Egyptians generally. As regards the Dacians, Dio Cassias (51, 22) states that they had sent ambassadors to Augustus, but, not obtaining what they wished, had thereupon inclined to the side of Anton}'. According to Suetonius (Vit. Aug., 21), their incur- sions were checked by Augustus, and ttr-ee of their leaders slain. — 1 7 Supiias inquinavere " Have polluted the purity of the nuptial compact. ' 350 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE Vlll. Compare the account given by HeineccLus of the Lex Julia, " De adulu rio," and the remarks of the same writer relative to the laws against this offence prior to the time of Augustus. [Antiq. Rom., lib. 4, tit. 18, } 51, ed. Haubold, p. 782.) Consult, also, Suetonius, Vit. Aug-., 34. — 20. In pa~ triam populumque. The term patriam contains an allusion to public ca- lamities, while populum, on the other hand, refers to such as are of a pri- vate nature, the loss of property, of rank, of character, &c. — 21. His parent- ibus. "From parents such as these." — 23. Cecidit. "Smote." — 25. Rus- ticorum militum. The best portion of the Roman troops were obtained from the rustic tribes, as being most inured to toil. — 26. Sabellis legioni- bus. The simple manners of earlier times remained longest in force among the Sabines and the tribes descended from them. — 30. Etjuga de- meret, &c. Compare the Greek terms flovlivoic and jSovXvroc. — 32. Agens "Bringing on." Restoring. — 33. Damnos a dies. " Wasting time." Dies is most commonly masculine when used to denote a particular day, and feminine when it is spoken of the duration of time. Ode VIII. Horace had invited Maecenas to attend a festal ce^bration on the Calends of March. As the Matronalia took place on this same day, the poet naturally anticipates the surprise of his friend on the occasion. " Wonderest thou, Maecenas, what I, an unmarried man, have to do with a day kept sacred by the matrons of Rome 1 On this very day my life was endangered by the falling of a tree, and its annual return always brings with it feelings of grateful recollection for my providential deliverance.''* 1-10. 1. Martiis coslebs, &c. "Maecenas, skilled in the lore of either tongue, dost thou wonder what I, an unmarried man, intend to do on the Calends of March, what these flowers mean, and this censer," &c, i. e., skilled in Greek and Roman antiquities, especially those relating to sacred rites. — 7. Libero. In a previous ode (ii., 17, 27) the bard attributes his preservation to Faunus, but now Bacchus is named as the author ot his deliverance. There is a peculiar propriety in this. Bacchus is not only the protector of poets, but also, in a special sense, one of the gods of the country and of gardens, since to him are ascribed the discovery and culture of the vine and of apples. (Theocr., ii., 120. Warton, ad loc. Athenceus, iii., 23.) — Dies festus. Consult note on Ode ii., 3, 6. — 10. Cor- ticem adstrictum, &c. " Shall remove the cork, secured with pitch, from the jar which began to drink in the smoke in the consulship of Tullus." Amphorce, the dative, is put by a Graecism for ab amphora. When the wine-vessels were filled, and the disturbance of the liquor had subsided, the covers or stoppers were secured with plaster, or a coating of pitcr? mixed with the ashes of the vine, so as to exclude all communication with the external air. After this, the wines were mellowed by the ap- plication of smoke, which was prevented, by the ample coating of pitch or plaster on the wine-vessel, from penetrating so far as to vitiate the genuine taste of the liquor. Previously, however, to depositing the am- phorae in the wine-vault or apotheca, it was usual to put upon them a label or mark indicative of the vintages, and of the names of the consuls in authority at the time, in order that, when tley were taken out, theii age and growth might be easily recognized. If by the consulship of Tuh bis. mentioned in the text, be meant that of L. Volcatius Tu'lus, who bed EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE IX. 35l M. ^Emilius Lepidus for his colleague, A.U.C. 6£B, and if the present ode, as would appear from verse 17, seqq., was composed A.U.G. 734. the wine offered by Horace to his friend must have been more than forty -six years old. 13-25. 13. Sume Mcecenas, &c. " Drink, dear Maecenas, a hundred cups in honor of the preservation of thy friend. " A cup drained to the health or in honor of any individual, was styled, in the Latin idiom, his cup (ejus poculum) ; hence the language of the text, cyathos amici. The meaning of the passage is not, as some think, " do thou drink at thy home, I being about to drink at mine ;" but it is actually an invitation on the part of the bard. — Cyathos centum. Referring merely to a large number. — 15. Perfer in lucein. "Prolong till daylight." — 17. Mitte civiles, &c " And a cask that remembers the Marsian war," i. e., a cask containing old wine made during the period of the Marsian or Social war. This war pre- vailed from B.C. 91 to B.C. 88, and if the present ode was written B.C. 23, as is generally supposed, the contents of the cask must have been from sixty, five to sixty-eight years old. — 19. Spartacum si qua, dec. " If a vessel of it has been able in any way to escape the roving Spartacus." With qua understand ratione. Qua for aliqua, in the nominative, violates the metre. Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator, who headed the gladiators and slaves in the Servile war, B.C. 73-71. Four consular armies were successively defeated by this daring adventurer. He was at last met and completely routed by the prastor Crassus. He "roved" from Campania to Mutiiia, and thence into lower Italy, until he was defeated by Crassus near Petilia in Lucania. — 21. Argutcs. "The tuneful," i. e., the sweet-singing. -- 22. Myrrheum. " Perfumed with myrrh." Some commentators errone- ously refer this epithet to the dark color of the hair. — 27. Hoc. Alluding to the conduct of the porter. — Ferrem. For tulissem. — 28. Consule Planco Plancus was consul with M. iEniilius Lepidus, B.C. 41, A.U.C. 712, at which period Horace was about twenty-three years of age. Ods XVI. This piece turns on the poet's favorite topic, that happiness consists not in abundant possessions, but in a contented mind. 1-19. 1. Inclusam Danaen. The story of Danae and Acrisius is well known. — Turris aenea. Apollodorus merely mentions a brazen cham ber, constructed under ground, in which Danae was immured (ii., 4, ]) Later writers make this a tower, and some represent Danae as having been confined in a building of this description when about to become a mother. (Heyne t ad Apollod., 1. c.) — 3. Tristes. "Strict." Equivalent to severcB. — Munierant. "Would certainly have secured." Observe tha peculiar force of the indicative, taking the place cf the ordinary viuniis. 856 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE XVi. sent. (Zunpt, § £i , b.) — 4. Adulteris. For amatoribus. Compare Orelli "Etiam cLz Us dicitur quivirginum castitati insidiantur." — 5. Acrisium Acrisius was father of Danae, and king of Argos in the Peloponnesus. — 6. Custodem pavidum. Alluding to his dread of the fulfillment of the ora «le. — 7. Fore enirn, &c. Understand sciebant. — 8. Converso in pretium. " Changed into gold." By the term pretium in the sense of aurum, the poet hints at the true solution of the fable, the bribery of the guards.— 9. Ire amat. " Loves to make its waj^." Amat is here equivalent to the Greek 0t/U7, and much stronger than the Latin solet. — 10. Saxa. "The strongest barriers." — 11. Auguris Argivi. Amphiaraus is meant. Poly- nices bribed Eriphyle with the golden collar of Harmonia to persuade Amphiaraus her husband to accompany him in the expedition of Adrastus against Thebes, although the prophet was well aware that no one of the leaders but Adrastus would return alive. Amphiaraus was swallowed up by an opening of the earth; and, on hearing of his father's death, his son Alcmason, in obedience to his parent's injunction, slew his mother Eri- phyle. The necklace proved also the cause of destruction to Alcmaeon at a later day. — 12. Ob lucrum. "From a thirst for gold." — 14. Vir Macedo Philip, father of Alexander. Compare the expression of Demosthenes, hianedcjv avrjp. How much this monarch effected by bribery is known to all. — 15. Mujiera navium, &c. Horace is thought to allude here to Meno dorus, or Menas, who was noted for frequently changing sides in the war between Sextus Pompeius and the triumvirs. Compare Epode, iv., 17. — 16. Scevos. " Hough." Some, however, make scevos here equivalent to fortes. — 17. Crescentem sequitur, &c. The connection in the train of ideas is this : And yet, powerful as gold is in triumphing over difficulties, and in accomplishing what, perhaps, no other human power could effect, Btill it must be carefully shunned by those who wish to lead a happy life, for " care ever follows after increasing riches as well as the craving desire for more extensive possessions." — 19. Late conspicuum, &c. " To raise the far conspicuous head," i. e., to seek after the splendor and hoaors which wealth bestows on its votaries, and to make these the source of vainglorious boasting. 22-43. 22. Plura. For tanto plura. — Nil cupientium, &c. The rich and the contented are here made to occupy two opposite encampments. — 23. Nudus. " Naked," i. e., divested of every desire for more than fortune has bestowed. Compare the explanation of Braunhard: "Pauper, et in paupertate sua sibi placensJ" — 24. Linquere gestio. " I take delight in abandoning." — 25. Contemta dominus, &c. "More conspicuous as the possessor of a fortune contemned by the great." — 30. Segetis certajide* inecB. u A sure reliance on my crop," i. e., the certainty of a good crop.— SI. Fulgentem imperio, &c. "Yield a pleasure unknown to him who is distinguished for his wide domains in fertile Africa." Literally, " escapes the observation of him who," &c. Fallit is here used for the Greek "kav- davei. As regards the expression fertilis Africa, consult note on Ode i., 1, 10. — 32. Sorte beatior. " Happier in lot ami." Understand sum. The common text places a period after beatior, and a comma after fallit, a harsh and inelegant reading, even if it be correct Latin. — 33 Oalabrcs, &c. An allusion to the honey' of Tar entum. Consult note on Ode ii., C, 14. — 34. Nee Lastrygonia Bacchus, &c. " Nor the wine ripens for me in a Laestrygonian jar." An allusion to the Formian wine. Formicc was EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE XVII. 357 regarded by the ancients as having been the abode and capital of the La> 6trygones. Compare note on Ode i., 20, 11. — 35. Gallicis pascuis. The pastures of Cisalpine Gaul are meant. — 37. Importuna tamen, &c. "Yet the pinching of contracted means is far away." Consult note on Ode i-, 12, 43. — 39. Contracto melius, &c. "1 shall extend more wisely my hum- ble income by contracting my desires, than if I were to join the realm of Alyattes to the Mygdonian plains," i. e., than if Lydia and Phrygia were mine. Alyattes was King of Lydia and father of Croesus, who was so famed for his riches. As regards the epithet "Mygdonian" applied to Phrygia, consult note on Ode ii., 12, 22. — 43. Bene est. Understand ei. " Happy is the man on whom the deity has bestowed with a sparing hand what is sufficient for his wants." Ode XVII. The bard, warned by the crow of to-morrow's storm, ex ' borts his friend L. iElius Lamia to devote the day, when it shall arrive, to joyous banquets. The individual to whom this ode is addressed had signalized himself in the war with the Cantabri as one of the lieutenants of Augustus. His family claimed descent from Lamus, son of Neptune, and the most an- cient monarch of the Laestrygones, a people alluded to in the preceding ode (v. 34). 1-16. 1. Veirasto nobilis, &c. " Nobly descended from ancient Lamus." — 2. Priores hinc Lamias denominatos. " That thy earlier ancestors of the Lamian line were named from him." We have included all from line 2 to 6 within brackets, as savoring strongly of interpolation, from its awk- ward position. It is thrown entirely out by Sanadon. — 3. Et nepotum, &c. "And since the whole race of their descendants, mentioned in re- cording annals, derive their origin from him as the founder of their house.'' The Fasti were public registers or chronicles, under the care of the Pon- tifex Maximus and his college, in which were marked, from year to year, what days were fasti and what nefasti. In the Fasti were also recorded the names of the magistrates, particularly of the consuls, an account of the triumphs that were celebrated, <5cc. Hence the splendor of the La- mian line in being often mentioned in the annals of Rome. — 6. Formia- rum. Consult note on Ode iii., 16, 34. — 7. Et innantem, &c. "And the Liris, where it flows into the sea through the territory of Minrurnae." The poet wishes to convey the idea that Lamus ruled, not only over Formiae, but also over the Minturnian territory. In expressing this, allusion is made to the nymph Marica, who had a grove and temple near Minturnse, and the words Maricai litora are used as a designation for the region around the city itself. Minturnae was a place of great antiquity, on the banks of the Liris, and only three or four miles from its mouth. The country around abounded with marshes. The nymph Marica was fabled by some to have been the mother of Latinus, and by others thought to have been Circe. — 9. Late tyramws. "A monarch of extensive sway." Tyrannus is used here in the earlier sense of the Greek rvpavvog. — 12. Aqua augur comix. Compare Ovid, Am., ii., 6, 34 : '' Pluvia graculus augur aqua." — 13. Annosa. Hesiod (Fragm., 50) assigns to the crow, for the duration of its existence, nine ages ^f men. — Dum potis. " Whila j*ou can," *. e., while the weather will a^tow you, and the wood is stili ^55S EXPLANATORY NOTE!*. BOOK III.. ODE XIX. dry. Supply es. — 14. Cras gemum mero, *sc. "On the morrow, tfccro shalt honor thy genius with wine." According to the popular belief of antiquity, every individual had a genius (daljuov), or tutelary spirit, which was supposed to take care of the person during the whole of life. — 16. Operum solutis. " Released from their labors." A Grsecism for ab operc solulis. Ode XVIII. The poet invokes the presence of Faunus, and seeks to propitiate the favor of the god toward his fields and flocks. He then de- scribes the rustic hilarity of the day, made sacred, at the commencement of winter, to this rural divinity, Faunus had two festivals (Faunalia) : one on the Nones (5th) of December, after all the produce of the year had been stored away, and when the god was invoked to protect it, and tc ■give health and fecundity to the flocks and herds ; and another in the be ginning of the spring, when the same deity was propitiated by sacrifices; that he might preserve and foster the grain committed to the earth. This second celebration took place on the Ides (13th) of February. 1-15. 1. Fauno. Consult note on Ode i., 17, 2. — 2. Lenis incedas "Mayest thou move benignant." — Abeasque parvis, &c. "And mayest thou depart propitious to the little nurslings of my farm," i. c, lambs, kids, calves, &c. The poet invokes the favor of the god on these, as being more exposed to the casualties of disease. — 5. Pleno anno, "At the close of every year." Literally, "when the year is full." — 7. Vetus ara. On which sacrifices have been made to Faunus for many a year. A pleasing memorial of the piety of the bard. — 10. Nona Decembres. Consult Intro- ductory Remarks. — 11. Festus in pratis, &c. "The village, celebrating thy festal day, enjoys a respite from toil in the grassy meads, along with the idle ox." — 13. Inter audaces, &c. Alluding to the security enjoyed by the flocks, under the protecting care of the god. — 14. Spargit agrestes, &c. As in Italy the trees do not shed their leaves until December, the poet converts this into a species of natural phenomenon in honor of Fau- nus, as if the trees, touched by his divinity, poured down their leaves to cover his path. It was customary among the ancients to scatter leaves and flowers on the ground in honor of distinguished personages. Compare Virgil, Eclog., v., 40: " Spargite humum foliis." — 15. Gaudet invisam &c. An allusion to the rustic dances which always formed part of tha celebration. Ode XIX. A party of friends, among whom was Horace, intended to :elebrate, by a feast of contribution [epavog), the recent appointment of Murena to the office of augur. Telephus, one of the number, was coil- spicuous for his literary labors, and had been for some time occupied in composing a history of Greece. At a meeting of these friends, held, as a matter of course, in order to make arrangements for the approaching ban quet, it may be supposed that Telephus, wholly engrossed with his pur iuits, had introduced some topic of an historical nature, much to the an- noyance of the bard. The latter, therefore, breaks out, as it were, with an exhortation to his companion to abandon matters so foreign to the sub ject under discussion, and attend to things of more immediate iirportanca EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK 111., ODE XIX. 359 Piesently, fancying himself already in the midst of the feast, lie issues his edicts as symposiarch. and regulates the number of cups to be drunk in honor of the Moon, of Night, and of the augur Murena. Then, as if impa- tient of delay, he bids the music begin, and orders the roses to be scatter- ed. The ode terminates with a gay allusion to Telephus. l-ll. 1. Inacho. Consult note on Ode ii., 3, 21. — 2. Codrus. The last of the Athenian kings, who sacrificed his life when the Dorians invaded Attica. If we believe the received chronology, Inachus founded the king- dom of Argos about 1856 B.C., and Codrus was slain about 1070 B.C. The interval, therefore, will be 786 years. — 3. Genus AZaci. The ^acidae, or descendants of jEacus, were Peleus, Telamon, Achilles, Teucer, Ajax, &c. — 5. Chium cadum. " A cask of Chian wine." The Chian is described by some ancient writers as a thick, luscious wine, and that which grew on the craggy heights of Ariusium, extending three hundred stadia along the coast, is extolled by Strabo as the best of the Greek wines. — 6. Mer- cemur. "We may buy." — Quzs aquam temperet ignibus. Alluding to the hot drinks so customary among the Romans. Orelli, Braunhard, Dil- lenburger, and others, make the allusion to be to the preparing of warm baths, the party being a pic-nic one, and one individual furnishing the wine, another house-room and warm baths before supper. The arrange- ment, however, of quis aquam temperet ignibus before quo prcebente do- mum, and not after this clause, seems to militate against this mode of ex- plaining. — 7. Quota. Supply hora. — 8. Pelignis car earn frig or ibus. " I may free myself from Pelignian colds," i. e., may fence myself against the cold, as piercing as that felt in the country of the Peiigni. The territory of the Peiigni was small and mountainous, and was separated from that of the Marsi, on the west, by the Apennines. It was noted for the cold- ness of its climate. — 9. Da lunce propere novce, &c. " Boy, give me quick- ly a cup in honor of the new moon." Understand poculum, and consult note on Ode iii., 8, 13. — 10. Auguris Murence. This was the brother of Terentia, the wife of Maecenas. — 11. Tribus aut novem, &c. "Let our goblets be mixed with three or with nine cups, according to the temper- aments of those who drink." In order to understand this passage, we must bear in mind that the poculum was the goblet out of which each guest drank, while the cyathus was a small measure used for diluting the wine with water, or for mixing the two in certain proportions. Twelve of these cyaihi went to the sextarius. Horace, as symposiarch, or master of the feast, issues his edict, which is well expressed by the imperative form miscentor, and prescribes the proportions in which the wine and wa- ter are to be mixed on the present occasion. For the hard drinkers, therefore, among whom he classes the poets, of the twelve cyathi that compose the sextarius, nine will be of wine and three of water ; while for the more temperate, for those who are friends to the Graces, the pro portion, on the contrary, will be nine cyathi of water to three of wine In the numbers here given there is more or less allusion to the mystic no- tions of the day, as both three and nine were held sacred. 13-27. 13. Mitsas impares. " The Muses, uneven in number." — 14. At- tonitus vates. " The enraptured bard." — 18. Berecyniice. Consult nots on Ode i., 30, 5. The Berecyntian or Phrygian flute was of a crooked form, whence it is sometimes called cornu. — 21. Parcenies dexieras 360 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE XXI. v< Sparing bands," i. e., not liberal witb tbe wine, flowers, perfumes, &c •—24. Vidua. " Our fair young neighbor." — Non habilis. " 111 suited," i. e., in point of years. — 25. Spissa te nitidum coma, &c. The connection is as follows : The old and morose Lycus fails, as may well be expected, in securing the affections of her to whom he is united. But thee, Tele- phus, in the bloom of manhood, thy Rhode loves, because her years are matched with thine. — 26. Puro. " Bright." — 27. Tempestiva. " Of nu- bile years." Ode XXI. M. Valerius Messala Corvinus having promised to sup with the poet, the latter, full of joy at the expected meeting, addresses an am phora of old wine, which is to honor the occasion with its contents. To the praise of this choice liquor succeed encomiums on* wine in general. The ode is thought to have been written A.U.C. 723, B.C. 31, when Cor- vinus was in his first consulship. 1-11. 1. O nata mecum, &c. " O jar, whose contents were brought into existence with me during the consulship of Manlius." Nata, though joined in grammatical construction with testa, is to be construed as an epithet for the contents of the vessel. Manlius Torquatus was consul A.U.C. 689, B.C. 65, and Messala entered on his first consulate A.U.C. 723 ; the wine, therefore, of which Horace speaks, must have been thirty four years old. — 4. Seu facilem, pia, somnum. " Or, with kindly feelings, gentle sleep." The epithet pia must not be taken in immediate construe lion with testa. — 5. Quocunque nomine. Equivalent to in quemcunque Jinem, "for whatever end." — 6. Moveri digna bono die. "Worthy of be- ing moved on a festal day," i. e., of being moved from thy place on a day like this, devoted to festivity. — 7. Descende. The wine is to come down from the Inorreum, or aTTodrjKTj. Consult note on Ode iii., 28, 7. — 8. Lan- guidiora. "Mellowed by age." — 9. Quanquam Socraticis madet ser- monibus. " Though he is well-steeped in lore of the Socratic school," i. e., has drunk deep of the streams of philosophy. The term madet con- tains a figurative allusion to the subject of the ode. — 10. Sermonibus. The method of instruction pursued by Socrates assumed the form of famil- iar conversation. The expression Socraticis sermonibus, however, refers more particularly to the tenets of the Academy, that school having been founded by Plato, one of the pupils of Socrates. — Horridus. " Sternly." —11. Narratur et prisci Catonis, &c. " Even the austere old Cato is re- lated to have often warmed under the influence of wine." As regards the idiomatic expression Catonis virtus, consult note on Ode i., 3, 36. The reference is to the elder Cato, not to Cato of Utica, and the poet speaks merely of the enlivening effects of a cheerful glass, of which old Cato is said to have been fond. 13-23. 13. Tu lene tormentum, &c. " Thou frequently appliest gentle violence to a rugged temper," i. e., thou canst subdue, by thy gentle vio- ence, dispositions cast in the most rugged mould. — 1 4. Sapientium. " Of die guarded and prudent." — 15. Jocoso Ly&o. " By the aid of sportive Bacchus." — 18. Et addis cornua pauperi. "And addest confidence to him of humble means." Pauper implies a want, not of the necessaries, but of the comforts of life. The expression corny a addis is one of a pro EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK 111., ODE XXIII. 361 cerbial character, the horn being' symbolical of confidence and power Consult note on Ode ii., 19, 29. — 19. Post te. "After tasting of thee." — 20. Apices. "Tiaras." A particular allusion to the costume of Parthia and the East. — Militum. " Of foes in hostile array." — 21. Lata. "Pro- pitious." — 22. iSegnes nodum solvere. " Slow to loosen the bond of union." A Grtecism for segnes ad solvendum nodum. The mention of the Graces alludes here to the propriety and decorum that are to prevail throughout the banquet. — 23. Vivcsque lucernaz. " And the living lights." — Producen*. " Shall prolong." The expression te producent is equivalent, in fact, to convivium producent. Ode XXIII. The bard addresses Phidyle, a resident in the country, whom the humble nature of her offerings to the gods had filled with deep solicitude. He bids her be of good cheer, assuring her that the value of every sacrifice depends on the feelings by which it is dictated, and that one of the simplest and lowliest kind, if offered by a sincere and pious heart, is more acceptable to heaven than the most costly oblations. 1-20. 1. Supinas manus. " Thy suppliant hands." Literally, " thy hands with the palms turned upward." This was the ordinary gesture of those who offered up prayers to the celestial deities. — 2. Nascenteluna. '* At the new moon," i. e., at the beginning of every month. The allusion Is to the old mode of computing by lunar months. — 3. Placaris. The final syllable of this tense is common: here it is long-. (Consult A nlkon's Lat Pros., p. 94, note.) — Et horna fruge. "And with a portion of this year's produce." — 5. Africum. Consult note on Ode i., 1, 15. Some commenta- tors make the wind here mentioned identical with the modern Sirocco. — 6. Sterilem robiginem. "The blasting mildew." — 7. Dulces alumni, "The sweet nurslings of my farm." Compare Ode in., 18, 3. — 8. Pomi fero grave tempus anno. " The sickly season in the fruit-yielding period of the year," i. e., in the autumn. As regards the poetic usage by which annus is frequently taken in the sense of a part, not of the whole year, compare Virgil, Eclog., iii., 57; Hor., Epod., ii., 39 ; IStatius, Sylv., i., 3, 8, &c. — 9. Nam quce nivali, &c. The construction is as follows : Nam victima, diis devota, quce pascitur nivali Algido, inter quercus et ilices, aut crescit in Albanis herbis, tinget cervice secures pontijicum. The idea involved from the 9th to the 16th verse is this : The more costly victims shall fall for the public welfare ; thou hast need of but few and simple of- ferings to propitiate for thee the favor of the gods. — Algido. Consult note on Ode i., 21, 6. — 11. Albanis in herbis. "Amid Alban pastures." Al- luding to the pastures around Mons Albanus and the ancient site of Alba Longa. — 13. Cervice. "With the blood that streams from its wounded neck." — Te nihil attinet, &c. "It is unnecessary for thee, if thou crown thy little Lares with rosemary and the brittle myrtle, to seek to propitiate their favor with the abundant slaughter of victims." The Lares stood in the atrium or hall of the dwelling. On festivals they were crowned with garlands, and sacrifices were offered to them. Consult note on Ode i., 7, 11. — 16. Fragili. The epithet fragilis here means, in fact, "whose little stalks are easily broken." — 17. Immunis. "Without a gift." Equiva- lent to liber a munere, the reference being to one who needs no gift to offer. since his life and conduct are uustamed by guilt Henco arises tha Q 362 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE XXIV. more general meaning of " innocent" [Orelli, ad loc.) — 18. Non sumtuota blandior hostia, &c. " Not rendered more acceptable by a costly sacri- fice, it is wont to appease," &c, i. e., it appeases the gods as effectually as if a costly sacrifice were offered. — 20. Far re pio et saliente intea *With the pious cake and the crackling salt." Alluding to the salted cake (mola salsa), composed of bran or meal mixed with salt, which wa< sprinkled on the head of the victim. Ode XXIT. The bard inveighs bitterly against the luxury and licen- tiousness of the age, and against the unprincipled cupidity by which they were constantly accompanied. A contrast is drawn between the pure End simple manners of barbarian nations and the unbridled corruption of his countrymen, and Augustus is implored to save the empire by inter posing a barrier to the inundation of vice. 1-15. 1. Inlactis opulentior, dec. The construction is as follows : w Licet, opulentior intactis thesauris Arabwn et divitis IndicE, occupes vm?ie Tyrrhenian et Apulicum mare titis ccementis, tamen si dira Neces- sitas figit, &c. " Though, wealthier than the yet unrifled treasures of the Arabians and of rich India, thou coverest with thy structures all the Tus- can and Apulian Seas, still, if cruel Destiny once fixes her spikes of ada- mant in thy towering pinnacles, thou wilt not free thy breast from fear, thou wilt not extricate thy life from the snares of death." The epithet intactus, applied to the treasures of the East, refers to their being as yet free from the grasp of Roman power. — 3. Ccementis. The term ccemenia literally means " stones for filling up." Here, however, it refers to the structures reared on these artificial foundations. — 4. Tyrrhenum omne, &c. The Tyrrhenian denotes the lower, the Apulian the upper or Adriatic Sea. — 6. Summis verticibus. We have given here the explanation of Orelli, which seems the most reasonable: " Dum homo Me locuples as- eidite moles jacit, cedesque exstruit, necopinato supervenit ~Elfxapfj,iv7} {'AvdyftTj), clavosque suos, quibus nihil resistere potest, in csdium culminc figit, domino veluti acclamans : Hucusque nee ultra: adest jam tibi ter- minus fatalis /" Bentley, however, takes verticibus to denote the heads of spikes, so that summis verticibus will mean, according to him, "up to the very head," and the idea intended to be conveyed by the poet will be * J sic clavos figit necessitas summis verticibus, ut nulla vi evelli possint.'' — 9. Campestres melius Scythes, &c. " A happier life lead the Scythians, that roam along the plains, whose wagons drag, according to the custom of the race, their wandering abodes." An allusion to the Scythian mods of living in wagons, along the steppes (campi) of Tartary. — 10. Rite. " Ac cording to the custom of the race." Compare the explanation of Doring: ** utfert eorum mos et vitas ratio." — 11. Rigidi GetcB. " The hardy G-etse." The Getae originally occupied the tract of country which had the Danube to the north, the range of Haemus to the south, the Euxine to the east, and the Crobyzian Thracians to the west. It was within these limits that Herodotus knew them. Afterward, however, being dislodged, probably by the Macedonian arms, they crossed the Danube, and pursued theii Nomadic mode of life in the steppes between the Danube and the Tyras, or Dniester. — 12. Immetata jugera. "Unmeasured acres," i. e., unmark ed bv boundaries. Alluding to the land being in common. The term ink EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE XXIV. 363 metata is what the grammarians term a aira^ faybfievov, since it occurs on.y in this passage of Horace. — Liber as f rug es et Cererem. "A Harvest fr*»e to all." Cererem is here merely explanatory offruges.-*- 34. Nee cvl. tura placet, 6cc. " Nor does a culture longer than an annual one please th«m." Alluding to their annual change of abode. Compare Cassar's ae ctunt of the Germans, B. G., vi., 22. — 15. Defunctumune laboribus, &c. " \xk\ a successor, upor equal terms, relieves him who hasjended his la- rvrs of a year." 17-40. 17. lllic matre carentibus, &c. M There the wife, a stranger to Cfuilt, treats kindly the children of a previous marriage, deprived of a mother's care," i. e., is kind to her motherless step-children. — 19. Dotata zonjux. "The dowered spouse." — 20. Nitido adultero. "The gaudy adulterer." — 21. Dos est magna parentium, &c. A noble sentence, but requiring, in order to be clearly understood, a translation bordering upon paraphrase. "With them, a rich dowry consists in the virtue instilled by parental instruction, and in chastity, shrinking from the addresses of another, while it firmly adheres to the marriage compact, as well as in the conviction that to violate this compact is an offence against the laws of heaven, or that the punishment due to its commission is instant deatb " — 27. Pater Urbium subscribi statuis. " To be inscribed on the pedestals of statues as the Father of his country." An allusion to Augustus, and to the title of Pater Patrice conferred on him by the public voice. — 28. In domitam licentiam. " Our hitherto ungovernable licentiousness." — 30. Claras postgenitis. "Illustrious for this to after ages." — Qualenus "Since." — 3L. Virtutem incolumem. "Merit, while it remains with us.' 5 i. e., illustrious men, while alive. — 32. Invidi. Compare the remark of the scholiast, " Vere enim per invidiam Jit, ut boni viri, cum amissi sint, desidere?tiur." — 34. Culpa. "Crime." — 35. Sine moribus. "Without public morals to enforce them." — 36. Si nequefervidis, &c. An allusion to the torrid zone. Consult note on Ode i., 22, 22. — 38. Nee Borece finite mum latus. "Nor the region bordering on the North." — 40. Horrida cat lidi, &c. " If the skillful mariners triumph over the stormy seas ? If narrow circumstances, now esteemed a .great disgrace, bid us," &c. 45-58. 45. Vet nos in Capiiolium, dec. The idea intended to be con veyed is this : If we sincerely repent of the luxury and vice that have tax nished the Roman name, if we desire another and a better state of things let us either carry our superfluous wealth to the Capitol and consecrate it to the gods, or let us cast it as a thing accursed into the nearest sea. The words in Capitolium are thought by some to contain a flattering allusion \o a remarkable act on the part of Augustus, in dedicating a large amount of treasure to the Capitoline Jove, exceeding 16,000 pounds' weight of gold, besides pearls and precious stones. (Suet., Aug., 30.) — 46. F&vcu- tium. "Of our applauding fellow citizens." — 47. In mare proximv/m. Things accursed were wont to be thrown into the sea, or the nearest run- ning water. — 49. Materiem. "The germs."-— 51. Eradenda. "Are !o be eradicated." — 52. Tenerce nimis. " Enervated by indulgence." — 54. AVs- cit equo, rudis, &c. " The free-born youth, trained up in ignorance of manly accomplishments, knows not how to retain his seat on the steel, and fears to hunt." Among the Uomans, those who were born of parents that had always been free were styled tngenuL — 57. G^ e en- deavored to express. — 28. Palhdt. This verb here obtains a transitive force, because an action is implied, though not described in it. — Audax. AHuding to her rashness, at the outset, in trusting herself to the back of the bull. — 30. Debita Nymphis. "Due to the nymphs," in fulfillment of a vow. — 31 Node sublustri. " Amid the feebly-illumined night." The stars alone appearing in the heavens. — 33. Centum potentern urbibus. Compare Homer, //., ii., 649 : Kp?]T7}v iKaro/Lnroliiv. — 34. Pater, O relic- turn, &c. "Father! O title abandoned by thy daughter, and filial affec- tion, triumphed over by frantic folly !" Nomen is in apposition with pater, and ft Ui c Lyde those of the Nereids. — 10. Virides. Alluding to the color of the sea — 12. Cynthia. Diana. An epithet derived from Mount Cynthus in De los, her native island. — 13. Summo carmine, &c. " At the conclusion of the strain, we will sing together of the goddess who," &c. The allusion is to Venus. — Gnidon. Consult note on Ode i., 30, 1. — 11. Fulgentes Cyc- ladas. " The Cyclades, conspicuous from afar." Consult note on Ode i. 14, 20. — Paphon. Consult note on Ode i., 30, 1. — 15. Junctis oloribus " With her yoked swans." In her car drawn by swans. — 16. Dicetui merita, &c. " Night, too, shall be celebrated, in a hymn due to her praise." The term n&nia is beautifully selected here, though much of its peculiar meaning is lost in a translation. As the nania^ or funeral dirge, marked the close of existence, so here the expression is applied to the hymn tha* ends the banquet, and whose low and plaintive numbers invite to repose. Ode XXIX. One of the most beautiful lyric productions of all antiqui- ty. The bard invites his patron to spend a few days beneath his humble roof, far from splendor and affluence, and from the noise and confusion of a crDwded capital. He bids him dismiss, for a season, that anxiety for the public welfare in which he was but too prone to indulge, and tells him to enjoy the blessings of the present hour, and leave the events of the fu tare to the wisdom of the gods. That man, according to the poet, is alone truly happy, who can say, as each evening closes around him, that he has enjoyed in a becoming manner the good things which the day has be- stowed ; nor can even Jove himself deprive him of this satisfaction. The surest aid against the mutability of fortune is conscious integrity, and he who possesses this need not tremble at the tempest that dissipates the wealth of the trader. 1-19. 1. Tyrraenaregum progenies. "Descendant of Etrurian rulers." Consult note on Ode i., 1, 1. — Tibi. "In reserve for thee." — 2. Non ante verso. " Never as yet turned to be emptied of any part of its contents," i e., as yet unbroached. The allusion is to the simplest mode practiced among the Romans for drawing off the contents of a wine vessel, by inclin ing it to one side, and thus pouring out the liquor. — 4. Balanus. " Per fume." The name balanus, or myrobalanum, was given by the ancients to a species of nut, from which a valuable unguent or perfume was ex tracted. — 5. Eripe te mores. "Snatch thyself from delaj 7 "," i. e., from every thing in the city that may seek to detain thee there — from all the engross- ing cares of public life. — 6. Ut semper-udum. We have followed here the very neat emendation of Ilardinge, which has received the commenda- tions of many eminent English scholars. The common text has ne sem- per udum, which involves an absurdity. How could Maecenas, at Rome, contemplate Tibur, which was twelve or sixteen miles off 7 — Tibu7 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE XXIX. 3GH Consult note on Ode i., 7, 13. — ^Isulce decline solum. "The sloping sor of jEsula." This town is supposed to have stood in the vicinity of Tibui. and from the language of the poet must have been situate on the slope of a hill. — 8. Telegoni juga parricides. Alluding to the ridge of hills on which Tusculum was situated. This city is said to have been founded by Telegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe, who came hither after having killed his father without knowing him. — 9. Fastidiosam. "Productive only of disgust." The poet entreats his patron to leave for a season that " abundance," which, when uninterrupted, is productive only of disgust.— 10. Molem propinquam, &c. Alluding to the magnificent villa of Msece uas, on the Esquiline Hill, to which a tower adjoined remarkable for its height. — 11. Beat cs Rom es. "Of opulent Rome." — 13. Vices. "Change." — 14. Parvo sub lare. "Beneath the humble roof." — 15. Sine aulceis et ostro. u Without hangings, and without the purple covering of the couch." Literally, u without hangings and purple." The aulcea, or hangings, were suspended from the cielings and side-walls of the banqueting rooms. — 16. Sollicitam explicuere frontem. " Are wont to smooth the anxious brow," *. e., to remove or unfold the wrinkles of care. Explicuere has here the force of an aorist, and is equivalent to explicare solent. — 17. Clarus An- dromedce pater. Cepheus ; the name of a constellation near the tail of the Little Bear. It rose on the 9th of July, and is here taken by the poet to mark the arrival of the summer heats. — Occultum ostendit ignem. Equiv- alent to oritur. — 18. Procyon. A constellation rising just before the dog- ttar. Hence its name UpoKvuv (rrpd, ante, and kvcjv, canis), and its Latin appellation of antecanis. — 19. Stella vesani Leonis. A star on the breast of Leo, rising on the 24th of July. The sun enters into Leo on the 20th af the same month. 22-64. 22. Horridi dumeta Silvani. "The thickets of the rough Sil- ranus." The epithet horridus refers to his crown of reeds and the rough pine-branch which he carries in his hands. This deity had the care of groves and fields. — 24. Ripa taciturna. A beautiful allusion to the still- ness of the atmosphere. — 25. Tu civitatem quis deceat status, &c. "Thou, in the mean time, art anxiously considering what condition of affairs may be most advantageous to the state." Alluding to his office of Prctfectus Urbis. — 27. Seres. The name by which the inhabitants of China were (mown to the Romans. — Regnata Bactra Cyro. " Bactra, ruled over by an Eastern king." Bactra, the capital of Bactriana, is here put for the whole Parthian empire. — 28. Tanaisque discors. "And the Tanais, whose banks are the seat of discord." Alluding to the dissensions among the Parthians. Consult note on Ode iii., 8, 19. — 29. Prudens futuri, &c. "A wise deity shrouds in gloomy night the events of the future, and smiles if a mortal is solicitous beyond the law of his being." — 32. Quod adest me- mento, &c. "Remember to make a proper use of the present hour." — 33. Cetera. "The future." Referring to those things that are not un- der our control, but are subject to the caprice of fortune or the power of destiny. The mingled good and evil which the future has in store, and the vicissitudes of life generally, are compared to the course of a stream, at one time troubled, at another calm and tranquil. — 41. Hie potens sui % dec. "That man will live master of himself." — 42. In diem. "Each day." — 43. Vixi. "I have lived," i. e., I have enjoyed, as they should bo enjoyed, the blessings of existence.— 44. Occwpato A zeugma operates 370 EXPLANATORY N07ES. BOOK III., ODE XXX. in this Terb : in the first clause it has the meaning of "to shroud," in tbd second "to illumine." — 46. Quodcunque retro est. "Whatever is gone by." — 47. Diffinget infectumque reddet. " Will he change and undo." — 49. Scevo Iceta negotio, &c. " Exulting in her cruel employment, and per- sisting in playing her haughty game." — 53. Maneniem. "While she re- mains." — 51. Resigno quce dedit. "I resign what she once bestowed. Resigru is here used in the sense of rescribo, and the latter is a term bor rowed from the Roman law. When an individual borrowed a sum of money, the amount received and the borrower's name were written in the banker's books ; and when the money was repaid, another entry waa tuade. Hence scribere nummos, "to borrow ;" rescribere, " to pay back.' — Mea virtute me involvo. The wise man wraps himself up in the mantle of his own integrity, and bids defiance to the storms and changes of for- tune. — 57. Nori est meum. "It is not for me." It is no employment of mine. — 59. Et votis pacisci. " And to strive to bargain by my vows." — 62. Turn. " At such a time as this." — 64. Aura geminusque Pollux "A favoring breeze, and the twin-brothers Castor and Pollux." Consult note on Ode i., 3, 2. Ode XXX. The poet's presage of immortality. It is generally su F posed that Horace intended this as a concluding piece for his odes, and with this opinion the account given by Suetonius appears to harmonize, since we are informed by this writer, in his life of the poet, that the fourth book of odes was added, after a long interval of time, to the first three books, by order of Augustus. 1-16. 1. Exegi monimentum, &c. "I have reared a memorial of my- self more enduring than brass." Compare the beautiful lines of Ovid, at the conclusion of the Metamorphoses : "Jamque opus exegi quod necJovis ira, nee ignes," &c. — 2. Regalique situ, &c. " And loftier than the rega) structure of the pyramids." — 3. Imber edax. " The corroding shower.' —- 4. Innumerabilis annorum series, &c. "The countless series of years, and the flight of ages." — 7. Libitinam. Libitina, at Rome, was worship ped as the goddess that presided over funerals. When Horace says that he will escape Libitina, he means the oblivion Gl ,.ne grave. Libitina and Venus were regarded as one and the same deity, so that we have here, as elsewhere, a union of the power that creates with that which destroys. — Usque rtcens. "Ever fresh," i. e., ever blooming with the fresh graces of youth. — 8. Dum Capitolium, Sec. On the ides of every month, according to Varro, solemn sacrifices were offered up in the Capi- tol. Hence the meaning of the poet is, that so long as this shall be done, so long will his fame continue. To a Roman the Capitol seemed destined &r eternity. — 10. Dicar. To be joined in construction with princeps de- duxisse. "I shall be celebrated as the first that brought down," &c. — Auftdus. A very rapid stream in Apulia, now the Ofanto. — 11. Et qua pauper aqua, &c. "And where Daunus, scantily supplied with water, ruled over a rustic population." The allusion is still to Apulia (the epi- thet being merely transferred from the country to the early monarch of the same), and the expression pauper aquos refers to the summer heats of that country. Consult note on Ode i., 22, 13.— 12. Regnavit populorum. An imitation of the Greek idiom, ^p£e ?.auv. — Ex humili potens " J, be EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK III., ODE XXX. 371 ajme powerful from a lowly degree." Alluding to the humble origin and subsequent advancement of the bard. — 13. JEolium carmen. A general allusion to the lyric poets of Greece, but containing, at the same time, a more particular reference to Alcseus and Sappho, both writers ir the ^Eoiic dialect. — 14. Deduxisse. A figure borrowed from the leading down of streams to irrigate the adjacent fields. The stream of lyric verse is drawn down by Horace from the heights of Grecian poesy to irrigate and refresh the humbler literature of Rome. — 15. Delphica lauro. "With he Delphic bay," i e with the bay of Apollo. — lb*. Volens. "Propi- tScofily." OOK IV. v'Jde II. £nu Sy^ambri, Usipetes, and Tenctberi, wbo dwelt bjyool t*r^< Hhine, baling kiade frequent inroads into the Roman territory, Au g^oius proceeded against them, and, by the mere terror of his name, com- pelled them to sue for peace. (Dio Cassiu*, 54, 20, vol. i., p. 750, ed. Hci mar.) Horace is therefore requested by lulus Antonius, the same year lr which this event took place (A.U.C. 738), to celebrate in Pindaric strain the successful expedition of the emperor and his expected return to the capital. The poet, however, declines the task, and alleges want of talent as an excuse ; but the very language in which this plea is conveyed shows how well qualified he was to execute the undertaking from which he shrinks. lulus Antonius was the younger son of Marc Antony and Fulvia, and was brought up by his stepmother Octavia at Rome, and after his father's death (B.C. 30) received great marks of favor from Augustus, through Oc- tavia's influence. Augustus married him to Marcella, the daughter of Oc- tavia by her first husband C. Marcellus, conferred upon him the praetor- ship in B.C. 13, and the consulship in B.C. 10. In consequence, however, of his adulterous intercourse with Julia, the daughter of Augustus, he was condemned to death by the emoeror in B.C. 2, but seems to have antici- pated his execution by & \ oluntary death. He was also accused of aim ing at the empire. 1-11. 1. ^Emulari. " To rival." — 2. lulc. To be pronounced as * dissyllable, yu-le. Consult Remarks on Sapphic Verse, p. lxviii.— Ceratis ope Dcedalea. " Secured with wax by Daedalean art." An allusion to the well-known fable of Daedalus and Icarus. — 3. Vitreo daturus, &c. "Des- tined to give a name to the sparkling deep." Vitreo is here rendered by some " azure," but incorrectly ; the idea is borrowed from the sparkling of glass. — 5. Monte. "From some mountain." — 6. Notas ripas. " *"ts ac- customed banks." — 7. Eervet irnmensu&que, &c. "Pindar foams, and "*lls on unconfined with a mighty depth of expression." (Osborne, ad Iok ' The epithet immensus refers to the rich exuberance, and pro/undo ore to the sublimity of the bard. — 9 Donandus. "Deserving of being gifted." — 10. Sea per audaces, &c. Horace here proceeds to enumerate the sev- eral departments of lyric verse, in all of which Pindar stands pre-eminent. These are, 1. Ditliyrambics ; 2. P&ans, or hymns and encomiastic eifti- »ions ; 3. Epinicia (kiuviKLa), or songs of victory, composed in honor of the conquerors at the public games ; 4. Epicedia. (kTZLnfjdeLa), or funeral songs. Time has made fearful ravages in these celebrated productions : all that remain to us, with the exception of a few fragments, are forty-five of the eiuviiaa ac/tara. — 10. Nova verba. " Strange forms of expression, i. p., new and daring forms of style. Compare the explanation of Mitsch- erlich : " Compositions, junctur a, significatu denique innovata, cum novo orationis habitu atque structural and also that of Doring: "Nova sen* tentiarum lumina, novo effictas grandisonorum verborum formulas." Horace alludes to the peculiar licence enjoyed by dithyrambic poets, ac«1 EXPLANATORY NOTES BOOK IV., ODE II. 373 more especially by Pindar, of forming novel compounds, introducing novel arrangements in the structure of their sentences, and of attaching to terms * boldness of meaning that almost amounts to a change of signification. Hence the epithet "daring-" (audaces) applied to this species of poetry. Dithyrambics were originally odes in praise of Bacchus, and their very cnaracter shows their Oriental origin. — 11. Numeris lege solutis. "In Qnshackled numbers." Alluding to the privilege enjoyed by dithyrambic poets, of passing rapidly and at pleasure from one measure to another 13-32. 13. Sett deos. regesve, &c. Alluding to the Pagans. The reges, deorum sanguine?n, are the heroes of earlier times; and the reference to the centaurs and the chimasra calls up the recollection of Theseus, Piri- thous, and Bellerophon. — 17. Sive quos Elea, &c. Alluding to the Epi- nicia. — Elea palma. " The Elean palm," i. e., the palm won at the Olym- pic games, on the banks of the Alpheus, in Elis. Consult note on Ode i., 1, 3. — 18. Caelestes. "Elevated, in feeling, to the skies." — Equumve. Not only the conquerors at the games, but their horses also, were cele- brated in song and honored with statues. — 19. Centum potiore signis. »' Superior to a hundred statues." Alluding to one of his lyric effusions. — Flebili. "Weeping." Taken in an active sense. The allusion is now to the Epicedia, or funeral dirges. — Juvenemve. Strict Latinity requires that the enclitic be joined to the first word of a clause, unless that be a monosyllabic preposition. The present is the only instance in which Hor- ace deviates from the rule. — 22. Et vires animumque, &c. "And extols his strength, ana courage, and unblemished morals to the stars, and res- cues him from the oblivion of the grave." Literally, " envies dark Orcus the possession of him." — 25. Multa Directum. "A swelling gale raises on high the Dircasan swan." An allusion to the strong poetic flight of Pindar, who, as a native of Thebes in Bceotia, is here styled "Dirc^an," from the fountain of Dirce situate near that city, and celebrated in the legend of Cadmus. — 27. Ego apis Matinee, &c. "I, after the nature and habit of a Matinian bee." Consult note on Ode i., 28, 3. — 29. Per laborem plurimum. "With assiduous toil." — 31. Tiburis. Alluding to his villa at Tibur. — 32. Fingo. The metaphor is well kept up by this verb, which has peculiar reference to the labors of the bee. 33-59. 33. Majore poeta plectro. " Thou, Antonius, a poet of loftier strain." Antonius distinguished himself by an epic poem in twelve books, entitled Diomedeis. — 34. Quandoque. For quandocunque. — 35. Per sar trum clivum. "Along the sacred ascent." Alluding to the Via Sacra, the street leading up to the Capitol, and by which triumphal processions were conducted to that temple. — 36. Fronde. Alluding to the laurel crown worn by commanders when they triumphed. — Sygambros. The Sygambri inhabited at first the southern side of the Lupia or Lippe. They were afterward, during this same reigu, removed by the Romans into Gaul, and had lands assigned them alcog the Rhine. Horace here alludes to them before this change of settlement took place. — 39. In aurum priscum. "To their early gold," i. e., to the happiness of the Golden Age. — 43. Forumque litibus orbum. "And the forurn free from 'itigation." The courts of justice were closed at Rome not merely in cases of public mourning, but also of public rejoicing. This cessation of business was called Justitivm — 45. Turn. Alluding to the expected 374 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK V., DDK III. triumphal entiy of Augustus. No triumph, however, took place, as tie emperor avoided one by coming privately into the city. — Mem vocis bona vars accedet. " A large portion of my voice shall join the general cry " — 46. O sol pulcher. " O glorious day." — 49. Tuque dum procedis, &c •• And while thou art moving along in the train of the victor, we will often raise the shout of triumph ; the whole state will raise the shout of triumph." The address is to Antonius, who will form part of the tri- umphal procession, while the poet will mingle in with, and help to swell She acclamations of the crowd. With civitas omnis understand dicet.-— 53. Te. Undei*stand solvent, " shall free thee from thy vow." Alluding to the fulfillment of vows offered up for the safe return of Augustus. — 55. Largis lierbis, " Amid abundant pastures." — 56. In mea vota. "For the fulfillment of my vows." — 57. Curvatos ignes. " The bending fires of the moon when she brings back her third rising," i. e., the crescent of the moon when she is three days old. The comparison is between the crescent and the horns of the young animal. — 59. Qua notam duxit, &c. "Snow-white to the view where it bears a mark; as to the rest of its body, of a dun color." The animal is of a dun color, and bears a conspi cuous snow-white mark, probably on his forehead. — Niveus videri. A G-ra3cism, the infinitive for the latter supine. Ode III. The bard addresses Melpomene, as the patroness of lyric verse. To her he ascribes his poetic inspiration, to her the honours which he enjoys among his countrymen; and to her he now pays the debt of gratitude in this beautiful ode. 1-24. 1. Quern tu, Melpomene, &c. "Him on whom thou, Melpomene, mayest have looked with a favoring eye, at the hour of his nativity."— 3. Labor Isthmius. " The Isthmian contest." The Isthmian, celebrated at the Isthmus of Corinth, in honor of Neptune, are here put for any games. — 4. Clarabit pugilem. "Shall render illustrious as a pugilist." — 5. Curru Achaico. "In a Grecian chariot." An allusion to victory in the chariot race. The whole of lower Greece was at this time called Achaia by the Romans, so that the allusion here is to the Grecian games in general. — 6. Res bellica. " Some warlike exploit." — Deliisfoliis. " With the Da- lian leaves," i. e., with the bay, which was sacred to Apollo, whose natal place was the Isle of Delos. — 8. Quod regum tumidas, &c. "For hav- ing crushed the haughty threats of kings." — 10. Prmjluunt. For prater fluunt. "Flow by." The common text has pcrfluunt, "flow through." The reference is to the waters of the Anio. Consult, as regards Tibur and the Anio, the note on Ode i., 7, 13. — 12. Flngent ^Eolio, Sec. The idea meant to be conveyed is this, that the beautiful scenery around Tibur, and the peaceful leisure there enjoyed, will enable the poet to cul- tivate his lyric powers with so much success as, under the favoring in fiaence of the Muse, to elicit the admiration both of the present and com- ing age. As regards the expression JEolio carmine, consult note on Ode iii., 30, 13. — 13. Romm, principis urbium, &c. "The offspring of Home, queen of cities." By the "offspring of Rome" are meant the Romans themselves. — 17. O testudinis aurem, &c. "O Muse, that rulest the sweet melody of the golden shell." Consult notes on Odes iii.. 4, 40, and i._ 10, 6.— 20. Cycni sonum. "The melody of the dying »^an." Consult EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK IV., ODE IV 37£ note on Ode i., G, 2. — 22. Qnoa monstror. "That I am pointed out. '— 23. Romance Jidicen lyrce. " As the minstrel of the Roman lyre." - 24. (£uod spiro. " That I feel poetic inspiration." Oi/E IV The Raeti and Vindelici having made frequent inroads int/i the Roman territory, Augustus resolved to inflict a signal chastisement OS these barbarous tribes. For this purpose, Drusus Nero, then only twenty three years of age, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, and a step-son con sequently of the emperor, was sent against them with an army. The ex pedition proved eminently successful. The young prince, in the very first battle, defeated the Rssti at the Tiidentine Alps, and afterward, in con junction with his brother Tiberius, whom Augustus had added to the war> met witli the same good fortune against the Vindelici, united with the remnant of the Raeti and with others of their allies. (Compare Dio Cas- sius, liv., 22 ; Veil. Paterc, ii., 95.) Horace, being ordered by Augustus {Sueton., Vit. Horat) to celebrate these two victories in song, composed the present ode in honor of Drusus, and the fourteenth of this same book in praise of Tiberius. The piece we are now considering consists of three divisions. In the first, the valor of Drusus is the theme, and he is com- pared by the poet to a young eagle and lion. In the second, Augustus is extolled for his paternal care of the two princes, and for the correct cul- ture bestowed upon them. In the third, the praises of the CI audi an line are sung, and mention is made of C. Claudius Nero, the conqueror of Has- drubal, after the victory achieved by whom, over the brother of Hannibal Fortune again smiled propitious on the arms of Rome. 1-21. 1. Qualem ministrum, &c. The order of construction is as fol- lows : Qualem olimjuvenlas et patrius vigor propidit nido inscium labo- rum alitem ministrum ful minis, cui Jupiter, rex deorum, permisit regnum in vagas aves, expcrtus (eum) fidelem in fiavo Ganymede, vernique venti. nimbis jam remotis, docuere paventem insolitos ?iisus ; mox vividus im petus, &c, (talem) Vindelici videre Drusum gerentem bella sub R&tis Alpibus. " As at first, the fire of youth and hereditary vigor have im pelled from the nest, still ignorant of toils, the bird, the thunder-bearer, to whom Jove, the king of gods, has assigned dominion over the wandering fowls of the air, having found him faithful in the case of the golden-haired Ganymede, and the winds of spring, the storms of winter being now re- moved, have taught him, still timorous, unusual darings ; presently a fierce impulse, &c, such did the Vindelici behold Drusus waging war at tbe foot of the Raetian Alps." — Alitem. Alluding to the eagle. The ancients Relieved that this bird was never injured by lightning, and they therefore raado it the thunder-bearer of Jove. — Vernique. The eagle hatches her eggs toward the end of April. — 12. Amo* dapis aique pugncE. "A desire for food and fight." — 14. Fulvae matris ab ubere, &c. '.'A lion just wean- ed from the dug of its tawny dam." — 16. Dente novo peritura. " Doomed to perish by its early fang." — 17. RcbHs Alpibus. The Raetian Alps ex tended from the St. Gothard, whose numerous peaks bore the name of Adula, to Mount Brenner in the Tyrol. — 18. Vindelici. The country of the Vindelici extended from the Lacus Brigantinus (Lake of Constance] to the Danube, while the lower part of the (Enus, or Inn, separated it from Xoricum. — Quibus mos unde deductus &c. "To whom -£*nn whai 370 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK IV., ODE IV, source the cnstom he derived, which, through every age, arms their right hands against the foe with an Amazonian battle-axe, I have omitted to inquire." The awkward and prosaic turn of the whole clause, from quibuz t) omnia, lias very justly caused it to be suspected as an interpolation* we have therefore placed the whole within brackets. — 20. Amazonia se- curi. The Amazonian battle-axe was a double one, and, besides its edges, it had a sharp projection, like a spike, en the top. — 21. Obarmel The verb obarmo means "to arm against another." 24-33. 24. Consiliis juvenis r evictee. " Subdued, in their turn, by the skillful operations of a youthful warrior." Consult Introductory Remarks. 25. Sensere, quid mens, &c. "Felt what a mind, what a disposition, duly nurtured beneath an auspicious roof — what the paternal affection of Au- gustus toward the young Neros could effect." The Vindelici at first be- held Drusus waging war on the Raeti, now they themselves were destined to feel the prowess both of Drusus and Tiberius, and to experience the force of those talents which had been so happily nurtured beneath the roof of Augustus. — 29. Fortes creantur fortibus. The epithet fortis ap- pears to be used here in allusion to the meaning of the term Nero, which was of Sabine origin, and signified "courage," '• firmness of soul." — 30. Patrum virtus. " The spirit of their sires." — 33. Doctrina sed vi?n, &c. The poet, after conceding to the young Neros the possession of hereditary virtues and abilities, insists upon the necessity of proper culture to guide those powers into the path of usefulness, and hence the fostering care of Augustus is made indirectly the theme of praise. The whole stanza may be translated as follows : " But it is education that improves the powers \mplanted in us by nature, and it is good culture that strengthens the heart : whenever moral principles are wanting, vices degrade the fair en- dowments of nature." It is evident from this passage that Horace was familiar with the true notion of education, as a moral training directed to the formation of character, and not merely the communication of knowl- edge. (Osborne, ad loc.) 37-64. 37. Quid foveas, O Roma, Neronibus, &c. We now enter on the third division of the poem, the praise of the Claudian line, and the poet carries us back to the days of the second Punic war, and to the vic- tory achieved by C. Claudius Nero over the brother of Hannibal. — 38. Me- taurum Jlumen. The term Metaurum is here taken as an adjective. The rvletauras, now Metro, a river of Umbria, emptying into the Adriatic, was rendered memorable by the victory gained over Hasdrubal by the consuls C. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator. The chief merit of the victory was due to Claudius Nero, for his bold and decisive movement in march bg to join Livius. Had the intended junction taken place between Has- ?lrubal and his brother Hannibal, the consequences would have been most disastrous for Rome. — 39. Pulcher ille dies. " That glorious day." Pul- e&er may also be joined in construction with Latio, " rising fair on Latium." According to the first mode of interpretation, however, Latio is an abla live, ienebris fugatis Latio, " when darkness was dispelled from Latium.' — 41. Adorea. Used here in the sense of victoria. It properly means a distribution of com to an army, after gaining a victory. — 42. Dims per urbes, &c. • From the time that the dire son of Afric sped his wa^ through the Italian cities, as the flame does through the pines, or the EXn.AJVATORY NOTES. BOOK IV., ODE V. 377 southeast wind over the Sicilian waters." By dirus Afer Hannibal it meant. — 45. Laboribus. Equivalent here to prceliis. — 47 Tumultu. Con- sult note on Ode iii., 14, 14. — 48. Deos habuere rectos. "Had their gods again erect." Alluding to a general renewing of sacred rites, which had Deen interrupted by the disasters of war. — 50. Cervi. "Like stags."—* 51. Quos opimus fallere, &c. " Whom to elude by flight is a glorious triumph." The expression fallere el effugere may be compared with the Greek idiom ?Md6vrae (pevyecv, of which it is probably an imitation. — 53. Quce cremato fortis, &c. " Which bravely bore from Ilium, reduced to ashes." — 57. Tonsa. "Shorn of its branches." — 58. Nigra feraci fro n- dis, <5cc. " On Algidus, abounding with thick foliage." Consult note on Ode i., 21, 6. — 62. Vinci dolentem. "Apprehensive of being overcome." — 63. Colchi. Alluding to the dragon that guarded the golden fleece. — 64. Echioniave Thebes. " Or Echionian Thebes." Echion was one of the number of those that sprung from the teeth of the dragon when sown by Cadmus, and one of the five that survived the conflict. Having aided Cadmus in building Thebes, he received from that prince his daughter Agaue. 65-74. 65. Pulckrior evenit. "It comes forth more glorious than be- fore." Orelli adopts exiet, given by Meinecke from Valart, as more in ac cordance with the futures proruet and geret, which follow. But there is no good classical authority for such a form. We meet with it only in Tertullian {adv. Jud., 13), and so redies in Apuleius (Mel., p. 419). In Ti- bullus (i., 4, 27) we must change transiet to transiit. — 66. Integrum. "Hitherto firm in strength." — 68. Conjugibus loquenda. " To be made a theme of lamentation by widowed wives." Literally, " to be talked of by wives." Some prefer conjugibus as a dative. The meaning will then be, " to be related by the victors to their wives," i. e., after they have re- turned from the war. — 70. Occidit, occidit, &c. "Fallen, fallen is all our hope." — 73. Nil Claudia non perjicient manus. "There is nothing now which the prowess of the Claudian line will not effect," i. e., Rome may now hope for every thing from the prowess of the Claudii. We can not but admire the singular felicity that marks the concluding stanza of this beautiful ode. The future glories of the Claudian house are predicted by the bitterest enemy of Rome, and our attention is thus recalled to the young Neros, and the martial exploits which had already distinguished their career. — 74. Quas et benigno numine, &c. "Since Jove defends them by his benign protection, and sagacity and prudence conduct them safely through the dangers of war." Ode V. Addressed to Augustus, long absent from his capital, and ia- voking his return. 1-24. 1. Dims orte bonis. " Sprung from propitious deities/' Allud- ing to the divine origin of the Julian line, for Augustus had been adopted by Julius Csesar, and this latter traced his descent from Venus through lulus and iEneas. — 2. Abes jam nim.ium diu. u Already too long art thou absent from us." Augustus remained absent from nis capital for the space of nearly three years, being occupied with settling the affairs of Gaul (from A- LLC. 738 to 741). — 5. Luaen -edde tutc, &c. " AuspiMous prince, re?tr-re 378 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK IV., ODE V the light of thy presence to thy country." — 8. Et soles melius nitent. "And the beams of the sun shine forth with purer splendor." — 10. Car pathii maris. Consult note on Ode i., 35, 8. — 11. Cunctantem spalio, &.& "Delaying longer than the annual period of his stay." — 12. Vocat. "In- vokes the return of." — 15. Desideriis ictejidelibus. " Pierced with faith- ful regrets." — 17. Etenim. Equivalent to nal yap. "And no wonder she does so, for," &c. — Tuta. The common text has ruira, for which we have given tuta, the ingenious emendation of Bothe, thus avoiding the awk« wardness of having rura in two consecutive lines. The blessings of peace, here described, are all the fruits of the rule of Augustus ; and hence, in translating, we may insert after etenim the words "by thy guardian care." — 18. Almaque Faustitas. " And the benign iavoi of heav- en," i. e., benignant prosperity .-^19. Volitant. "Pass swiftly, ' i. e., are impeded in their progress by no fear of an enemy. — 20. Culpari metuit fides. " Good faith shrinks from the imputation of blame." — 21. Nullis polluitur, &c. Alluding to the Lex Julia " de Adulterio" passed by Au- gustus, and his other regulations against the immorality and licentious- ness which bad been the order of the day. — 22. Mos et lex maculosum, &c. " Purer morals and the penalties of the law have brought foul guilt to sub- jection." Augustus was invested by the senate repeatedly for five years with the office and title of Magister morum. — 23. Simili prole. "For an offspring like the father." — 24. Culpam Pcena premit comes. "Punish- ment presses upon guilt as its constant companion." 25-38. 25. Quis Parthum paveat, &c. The idea intended to be con- veyed to this: The valor and power of Augustus have triumphed over the Parthians, the Scythians, the Germans, and the Cantabri; what have we, therefore, now to dread? As regards the Parthians, consult notes on Ode i., 2fi, 3, and iii., 5, 3. — Gelidum Scythen. "The Scythian, the tenant of the North." By the Scythians are here meant the barbarous tribes in the vicinity of the Danube, but more particularly the Geloni. Their inroads nad been checked by Lentulus, the lieutenant of Augustus. — 26. Quts, Germania quos horrida, &c. "Who, the broods that horrid Germany orings forth." The epithet horrida has reference, in fact, to the wild and savage appearance, as well of the country as of its inhabitants. — 29. Con- dit quisque diem, &c. " Each one closes the day on his own hills." Un- der the auspicious reign of Augustus, all is peace ; no war calls off tka vine-dresser from his vineyard, or the husbandman from his fields. — 30. Viduas ad arbores. " To the widowed trees." The elms have been widowed by the destruction of the vineyards in the civil wars. — 31. Et Mteris te mensis, &c. "And at the second table invokes thee as a god/' The ccsna of the Romans usually consisted of two parts, the mensa prima, or first course, composed of different kinds of meat, and the mensa secunda or altera, second course, consisting of fruits and sweetmeats. The wine was set down on the table with the dessert, and, before they began drink- ing, libations were poured out to the gods. This, by a decree of the senate, was done, also, in honor of Augustus, after the battle of Actium. — 33. Pro- sequitur. " He warships." — 34. Et Laribus tuum, &c. " And blends thy protecting divinity with tint of the Lares, as grateful Greece does those of Castor and the mighty Hercules." Under the name Castoris, the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, are meant. The Lares here alluded to are the Lares Publici t or Dii Patrii, supposed by some to bo identical with EXPLANATORY NOTE3. — HOOK I/., ODE VI. 379 the Penates. — 37. Longas O utinam, &c. "Auspicious prince, mayest thou afford long festal da^-s to Italy," i. e., long mayest thou rule over us — 33. Dicimus integro, &c. " For this we pray, in sober mood, at earl} dawn, while the day is still entire ; for this we pray, moistened with the juice of the grape, when the sun is sunk beneath the ocear Integer dies is a day of which no part has as yet been used. Ode VI. The poet, being ordered by Augustus to prepare a hymn fee the approaching Secular celebration, composes the present ode as a scrt cf prelude, and entreats Apollo that his powers may prove adequate to &:3 task enjoined upon him. 1-23. 1. Magna vindicem lingua "The avenger of an arrogant tongne." Alluding to the boastful pretensions of Niobe, in relation to her offspring. — 2. Tiiyosque raptor. Compare Ode ii., 14, 8. — 3. Sensit. "Felt to be." Supply esse. — Trojce prope victor altte. Alluding to his having slain Hector, the main support of Troy. — 4. Phthius Achilles. The son of Thetis, according to Homer (II., xxii., 359), was to fall by the hands of Paris and Phoebus. Virgil, however, makes him to have been slain by Paris (^n., vi., 56, seqq.) — 5. Ceteris major, tibi miles impar. "A warrior superior to the rest of the Greeks, but an unequal match for fhee.'' — 7. Mordaciferro. "By the biting steel," i. e., the sharp-cutting axe. — 10. Impulsa. "Overthrown." — 11. Posuitque. " And reclined." — 13. IIU no7i, inclusus, &c. The poet means that, if Achilles had lived, the Greeks would not have been reduced to the dishonorable necessity of employing the stratagem of the wooden horse, but would have taken the city in open fight. — Equo Minerva sacra mentito. " In the horse that belied the wor ship of Minerva," i. e., which was falsely pretended to have been an offer ing to the goddess. — 14. Maleferiatos. " Giving loose to festivity in ay evil hour." — 16. Falleret. For fcfellisset. So, in the 18th verse, vrerei for ussisset. — 17. Palam gravis. " Openly terrible " — 18. Nescios fan infantes. An imitation of the Greek form, vri^ia tekvcl. — 21. Flexvs "Swayed." Bent from his purpose. — 22. Vocibus. "Entreaties." — Ad- nuisset. "Granted." — 23. Potiore ductcs alite. "Reared under more favorable auspices." 25-39. 25. Doctor Argivce, &c "God of the lyre, instructor of the Grecian Muse." T haute is here equivalent to Musts lyrica, and Apollo is invoked as the deity who taught the Greeks to excel in lyric numbers, or, in other words, was the xopodidu(jKa/,oc Movcuv. — 26. Xantlw. Al- luding to the Lycian, not the Trojan Xanthus. This stream, though the largest in Lycia, was yet of inconsiderable size. On its banks stood a city of the same name, the greatest in the whole country. About sixty stadia eastward from the mouth of the Xanthus was the city of Patara, 'famed for its oracle of Apollo. — 27. Dan aits defende decus Camtsnce. "Defend the honor of the Roman Muse," i. e , grant that in the Saecular hymn, which Augustus bids me compose, I may support the honor of the Roman lyre. As regards DaunitE, put here fDr ItaltE, i. e., Romanes. consult the notes on Ode ii., 1, 34, and i., 22. 13.— 28 Levis Agyieu. "O youthful Apollo." The appellation Agyv.ns is of Greek origin ^kyvievc) and. if the common derivation be correct (from avoid, " a street"), denotes 880 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK IV., ODE VII. M the guardian deity of streets." It was the custom at Athens to erect sinal conical cippi, in honor of Apollo, in the vestibules and before the doors of their houses. Here he was invoked as the averter of evil, and was worshipped with perfumes, garlands, and fillets. — 29. Spiritum Phcs- bus mihi, &c. The bard, fancying that his supplication has been heard, now addresses himself to the chorus of maidens and youths whom he sup- poses to be standing around and awaiting his instructions. My prayer is granted, "Phoebus has given me poetic inspiration, Phoebus has given me the art of song and the name of a poet." — Virginum prima, &c. "Ye noblest of the virgins, and ye boys sprung from illustrious sires." The maidens and youths who composed the chorus at the Saecular celebration, and whom the poet here imagines that he has before him, were chosen from tlie first families. — 33. Delias tutela de Compare Tacit., Ann., i., 9. — 7. Quern legis expertes Latina, &c. " Whom the Vindelici, free before from Roman sway, lately learned what thou couldst do in war." Or, more freely and intelligibly, "Whose power in war the Vindelici, &c, lately experienced." We have here an imitation of a well-known Greek idiom. — 8. Vindelici. Consult note on Ode iv., 4, 18. — 10. Genaunos, implacidum genus, Breunosque veloces. The poet here substitutes for the Raeti and Vindelici of the fourth ode, the Genauni and Breuni, Alpine nations, dwelling in their vicinity and allied to them in war. This is done apparently with the view of amplifying the victories of the young Neros, by increasing the number of the conquered nations. The Genauni and Breuni occupied the Val d'Agno and Val Braunia, to the east and northeast of the Lago Maggiore (Lacus Verbanus). — 13. De~ jecit acer plus vice simvlicL "Bravely overthrew with more than an equal return." — 14. Major Neronum. " The elder of the Neros." Alluding to Tiberius, the future emperor. — 15. Immanesque Rcstos auspiciis, &c. " And, under thy favoring auspices, drove back the ferocious Raeti." In the time of the republic, when the consul performed any thing in person, he was said to do it by his own conduct and auspices (duclu, vel imperio, et auspicio suo) ; but if his lieutenant, or any other person, did it by his command, it was said to be done, auspicio consulis, ductu legati, under the auspices of the consul and the conduct of the legatus. In this manner the emperors were said to do every thing by their own auspices, although they remained at Rome. By the Rasti in the text are meant the united forces of the Raeti, Vindelici, and their allies. The first of these consti- tuted, in fact, the smallest part, as their strength had already been broken by Drusus. Compare Introductory Remarks to the fourth ode of this book. 17-33. 17. Spectandus in certamine Martio, &c. " Giving an illustri- ous proof in the martial conflict, with what destruction he could overwhelm those bosoms that were devoted to death in the cause of freedom." The poet here alludes to the custom prevalent among these, and other barbar- ous nations, especially such as were of Germanic or Celtic origin, of de- voting themselves to death in defence of their country's freedom. — 21. Ex- ercet. "Tosses." — Pleiadum choro scindente nubes, &c. "When the dance of the Pleiades is severing the clouds." A beautiful mode of ex- pressing the rising of these stars. The Pleiades are seven stars in the neck of the bull. They are fabled to have been seven of the daughters of Atlas, whence they are also called Atlantides. (Virg., Georg., i., 221.) They rise with the sun on the tenth day before the calends of May (22d of April), according to Columella. The L atin writers generally call them Vergilia, from their rising about the vernal equinox. The appellation of Pleiades is supposed to come from tt?Jco, "to sail," because their rising marked the season when the storms of winter had departed, and every thing favored the renewal of navigation. Some, however, derive the name from ttTielovec, because they appear in a cluster, and thus we find Manilius calling them ll sidus glomerabile." — 24. Medios perignes. Some commentators regard this as a proverbial expression, alluding to an affair full of imminent danger, and compare it with the Greek 6ia m'pbc fioXtiv. The scholiast, on the other hand, explains it as equivalent to "per medium pugntB fervorem." We rather think with Gesner, however, that the ref erence is to some historical event which has not come down to us. — 25. Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufdus. "With the same fury is the bull-formec 3 390 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK IV., ODE XIV. Auftdus roll ?d along." The epithet tauriformis, analogous to the Greek TavpbjuLcafyos, allades eithor to the bull's head, or to the horns with which the gods of rivers were anciently represented. The scholiast on Eurip ides (Orest., 1378) is quite correct in referring the explanation of this to the roaring of their waters. Consult note on Ode iii., 30, 10. — 26. Qua regna Dauni, &c. " Where it flows by the realms of Apulian Daunus," i. e., where it waters the land of Apulia.— Prcefluit. For praterfiuit. Compare Ode iv., 3 10. — 29. Agmina f errata. " The iron-clad bands." — 31. Metendo. "By mowing down."— 32. Sine clade. "Without loss to himself," i. e., with trifling injury to his own army. — 33. Consilium el tuos divas. " Thy counsel and thy favoring gods," i. e., thy counsel and thy auspices. By the expression tuos divos, the poet means the favor of heaven, which had constantly accompanied the arms of Augustus : hence the gods are, by a bold figure, called his own. A proof of this favor is given in the very next sentence, in which it is stated that, on the fifteenth anniversary of the capture of Alexandrea, the victories of Drusus and Ti- berius were achieved over their barbarian foes. 34-52. 34. Nam, tibi quo die, &c. "For, at the close of the third lus- trum from the day on which the suppliant Alexandrea opened wide to thee her harbors and deserted court, propitious fortune gave a favorable issue to the war." On the fourth day before the calends of September (August 29th), B.C. 30, the fleet and cavalry of Antony went over to Oc- tavius, and Antony and Cleopatra fled to the mausoleum, leaving the pal- ace empty. The war with the Raeti and Vindelici was brought to a close on the same day, according to the poet, fifteen years after. — 36. Vacuam anlam. Alluding to the retreat of Antony and Cleopatra into the mauso- leum. — 37. Lustro. Cousult note on Odeni., 4, 22. — 40. Laudemque et op- tatum, dec. " And claimed praise and wished-for glory unto your finished campaigns." — 41. Cantaber. Consult note on Ode ii., 6, 2. — 42. Medus- que. Compare Introductory Remarks, Ode iii., 5, and note on Ode i., 26, 3. — Indus. Consult note on Ode i., 12, 55. — Scythes. Consult notes on Ode ii., 9, 23, and iii., 8, 23. — 43. Tutela pr&sens. Consult note on Ode iii., 5, 2. — 44. Domintc. "Mistress of the world." — 45. Fontium qui celat origines Nilus. The Nile, the largest river of the Old World, still con- ceals, observes Malte-Brun, its true sources from the research of science. At least scarcely any thing more of them is known to us now than was known in the time of Eratosthenes. — 46. Istcr. The Danube. The poet alludes to the victories of Augustus over the Dacians and other barbarous tribes dwelling in the vicinity of this stream. — 46. Rapidus Tigris. The reference is to Armenia, over which country Tiberius, by the orders of Augustus, A.U.C. 734, placed Tigranes as king. The epithet here applied to the Tigris is very appropriate. It is a very swift stream, and its great rapidity, the natural effect of local circumstances, has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median tongue, Diglito in Arabic, and Hiddehel in Hebrew, a/1 which terms denote the flight of an arrow. — 47. Belluosus. " Teeming with monsters." — 48. Britannis. Consult note on Ode iii., 5, 3. — 49. Non paventis funera Gallice. Lucan (i., 459, seqq.) ascribes the contempt of death which characterized the Gauls to their belief in the metempsychosis, as taught by the Druids. — 50. Audit. " Obeys." — 51. Sygambri. Consult note on Ode iv., 2, 36. — 52. Compositis armis. " The ; r arms being laid up." EXPLANATORY NOTES. UUUK IV., ODE XV. 391 Ode XV. The poet feigns that, when about to celebrate in song the battles and vi-tories of Augustus, Apollo reproved him for his rasii at- tempt, and that \e thereupon turned his attention to subjects of a less daring nature, and more on an equality with his poetic powers. The bard therefore sings of the blessings conferred on the Roman people Dy the glorious reign of the monarch ; the closing of the Temple of Janus ; the prevalence of universal peace ; the revival of agriculture ; the re-estab- lishment of laws and public morals ; the rekindling splendor of the Roman name. Hence the concluding declaration of the piece, that Augustas shall receive divine honors, as a tutelary deity, from the hands of a grate ful people. 1-31. 1. Phasbus volentem, Sec " Phoebus sternly reproved me, by the striking of his lyre, when .wishing' to tell of battles and subjugated cities, and warned me not to spread my little sails over the surface of the Tus- can Sea." To attempt, with his feeble genius, to sing the victories of An gustus, is, according to the bard, to venture in a little bark on a broad, tempestuous ocean. As regards the expression increpuit lyra, compare the explanation of Orelli : "lyra plectro tacta hoc nefacerem vetuit." — 5. Fruges uberes. " Abundant harvests." Alluding to the revival of agri culture after the ravages of the civil war had ceased. — 6. Et signa nostra restituit Jovi. " And has restored the Roman standards to our Jove." An allusion to the recovery of the standards lost in the overthrow of Cras- sus and the check of Antony. Consult note on Ode i., 26, 3, and Introduc- tory Remarks, Ode iii., 5. — 8. Et vacuum duellis, Sec. "And has closed the temple of Janus Q,uirinus, free from wars." The Temple of Janus was open in war and closed in peace. It had been closed previous to the reign of Augustus, once in the days ofXuma, and a second time at the conclu- sion of the first Punic war. Under Augustus it was closed thrice : once in A.U.C. 725, after the overthrow of Antony (compare Orosius, vi., 22, and Dio Cassius, 51, 20) ; again in A.U.C. 729, after the reduction of the Can- cabri (compare Dio Cassius, 53, 26) ; and the third time when the Dacians, Dalmatians, and some of the German tribes were subdued by Tiberius and Drusus. (Compare Dio Cassius, 54, 36.) To this last Horace is here supposed to allude. As regards the expression Janum Quirinum, com- pare the language of Macrobius (Sat., i., 9) : " Invocamus Janum Quiri- num quasi bellorum potentem, ab hasta, quam Sabini curim vocant." — 9. Et ordinem rectum, Sec. The order of construction is as follows : et in jecit frena Licentia evaganti extra rectum ordinem. "And has curbed licentiousness, roaming forth beyond the bounds of right order," i. e., un bridled licentiousness. Consult note on Ode iv., 5, 22. — 12. Veteres artes " The virtues of former days." — 16. Ab Hesperio cubili. "From his rest- ing-place in the west." — 18. Exiget otium. " Shall drive away repose." — 20. Inimicat. "Embroils.' — 21. Xon qui prof undum, Sec. Alluding to the nations dwelling along the borders of the Danube, the Germans, Raoti. Dacians, Sec. — 22. Edicta Julia. "The Julian edicts." The reference is to the laws imposed by Augustus, a member of the Julian line, on van- quished nations. — Getce. Consult note on Ode iii., 24, 11. — 23. Se)-es. Con- sult note on Ode i., 12, 55. Florus states that the Seres sent an embassy with valuable gifts, to Augustus (iv., 12, 61). — Infidive Persce. "Or the faithless Parthians." — 24. Tanain prope fiumen orti. Alluding to the Scvthians. Among the embassies sent to Augustus was one from the 392 EXPLANATORY NOTES. BOOK IV., ODE XV Scythians. — 25. Et profestis lucibus et sacris. "Both on common and sa cred days." Consult note on Ode ii., 3, 7. — 26. Munera Liberi. Consult note on Ode i., 18, 7. — 29. Virtulefunctos. " Authors of illustrious deeds." — 30. Lydis remixto carmine tibiis. " In song, mingled alternate with the Lydian flutes," i. e., with alternate vocal and instrumental music The Lydian flutes were the same with what were called the left-handed flutes. Among the ancient flutes, those most frequently mentioned are the tibicB dextrce and sinistra, pares and impares. It would seem that the double flute consisted of two tubes, which were so joined together as to have but one mouth, and so were both blown at once. That which the musician played on with his right hand was called tibia dextra, the right- handed flute ; with his left, the tibia sinistra, the left-handed flute. The former had but few holes, and sounded a deep, serious bass; the other had many holes, and a sharper and livelier tone. The left-handed flutes, as has already been remarked, were the same with what were called the Lydian, white the right-handed were identical with what were denomina- ted the Tyrian. — 31. Alma progeniem Veneris. An allusion to Augustus* who had passed by adoption into the Julian family, and consequently claimed descent, with that line, from Ascaoius, the grandson of Anchisei &ad Veno*. EPODES. The term Epode ('E7Tuj<56c) was used in more than one signification It was applied, in the first place, to an assemblage of lyric verses imme- diately succeeding the strophe and antistrophe, and intended to close the period or strain. Hence the name itself from etti and udij, denoting some- thing sung after another piece. In the next place, the appellation was given to a small lyric poem, composed of several distichs, in each of which the first verse was an iambic trimeter (six feet), and the last a dimeter (four feet). Of this kind were the Epodes of Archilochns, mentioned by Plutarch in his Dialogue on Music (c. xxviii., vol. xiv., p. 234, ed. Hutten) t and under this same class are to be ranked a majority of the Epodes of Horace. Lastly, the term Epode was so far extended in signification as to designate any poem in which a shorter verse was made to follow a long one, which will serve as a general definition for all the productions of Horace that go by this name. Compare, in relation to this last meaning of the word, the language of Hephcestion (De Metr., p. 129, ed..Gaisf) t elute spendthrift." Among the Romans, it was thought effeminate to ap- pear abroad with the tunic loosely or carelessly girded. Hence cinctus and succinctus are put for industrius, expeditus, or gnavus, diligent, ac- tive, clever, because they used to gird the tunic when at work ; and, on the other hand, discinctus is equivalent to iners, mollis, ignavus, &c— Nepos. The primitive meaning of this term is " a grandson :" from the too great indulgence, however, generally shown by grandfathers, and the ruinous consequences that ensued, the word became a common designa- tion for a prodigal. Epode II. The object of the poet is to show with how much difficulty a covetous man disengages himself from the love of riches. He there- fore supposes a usurer, who is persuaded of the happiness and tranquil lity of a country life, to have formed the design of retiring into the coon try and renouncing his former pursuits. The latter calls in his money, breaks through all engagements, and is ready to depart, when his ruling passion returns, and once more plunges him into the vortex of gain. Some commentators, dissatisfied with the idea that so beautiful a descrip- tion of rural enjoyment should proceed from the lips of a sordid usurer, have been disposed to regard the last four lines of the epode as spurious, and the appendage of a later age. But the art of the poet is strikingly displayed in the very circumstance which they condemn, since nothing can show more clearly the powerful influence which the love of riches can exercise over the mind, than that one who, like Alphius, has so accurate -a perception of the pleasures of a country life, should, like him, sacrifice them all on the altar of gain. 1-22. 1. Procul negotiis. "Far from the busy scenes of life." — 2. Ut vrisca gens mortalium. An allusion to the primitive simplicity of the Golden Age. — 3. Exercet. "Ploughs." — 4. Solutus omni fasnore. "Freed from all manner of borrowing or lending," i. e., from all money transac- tions. The interest of money was called f Genus, or usura. The legal in- terest at Rome, toward the end of the republic and under the first em- perors, was one as monthly for the use of a hundred, equal to twelve per cent, per annum. This was called usura centesima, because in a hun- dred months the interest equalled the capital. — 5. Neque excitatur, &c. " Neither as a soldier is he aroused by the harsh blast of the trumpet, nor does he dread, as a trader, the angry sea." — 7. Forum. "The courts of law." — Superba civium, &c. " The splendid thresholds of the more pow- erful citizens." The portals of the wealthy and powerful. Some, how- ever, understand by superba, an allusion to the haughtiness displayed by the rich toward the clients at their gates. In either case, the reference is to the custom, prevalent at Rome, of clients waiting on their patrons to offer their morning salutations. — 11. Inutilesque, &c. All the MSS. and early editions place this and the succeeding verse after the 13th and 14th, with the exception of a single MS. of H. Stephens, in which they are ar- ranged as we have given them. Many of the best editors have adopted this arrangement. After alluding to the marriage of the vine with the trees, it seems much more natural to make what immediately follows have reference to the same branch of rural economy. — 12. Inserit. " In- grafts." — 13. Mugientium. Understand bourn. — 14. Erra* Marius di 1 not return with equal glory from the subjugation of Jugurtha, nor the younger Africanus from the destruction of Carthage. — 27. Punico lugubre mutavit sagum. " Has changed his purple robe for one of mourning." An hypallage for mutavit Punicum sagum lugubri sago. The Roman sagum was properly a military robe : here, however, the term is taken in a more extended sense. The allusion in the text is to Antony, and the epithet Punico may either refer simply to the color of his paludamentum, or general's robe, or else, what appears preferable, may contain a general censure on the previous luxury and splendor of his attire. — 29. Aut Hit ventum nobilem, &c. This passage would seem to confirm the truth of the remark made in a previous note (v. 19), that nc accurate accounts had as yet reached the capital either respecting the details of the fight itself, or the ulterior movements of Antony.— 30. Ventis non suis. " With unpro- pitious winds." — 31. Exercitatas Noto. "Agitated by the blast of the South." As regards the Syrtes, consult note on Ode i., 7, 22. — 32. Incerto man. "In doubtful course over the sea," i. e. t as if not knowing where to anchor. — 33. Capaciores affer hue, &c. The joy of Horace was top EXPLANATORY NOTES. EPODE X. 407 hvely, as Dacier remarks, to wait the return of Maecenas He celebrates the victory the moment he receives the news, and he thinks his appre- hensions for the safety of Octavianus ought now to cease, for it was not known at Rome that he intended to complete his ccnquest by pursuing Antony, and exposing himself to new dangers. — 35. Fluentem nauseam. " The rising qualm." — 37. Rerum. " For the interests." — 38. Lymo. Con- sult note on Ode i., 22, 4. Epode X. Addressed to Maevius, a contemptible poet of the day, who was on the eve of embarking for Greece. The bard prays heartily that he may be shipwrecked, and vows a sacrifice to the storms if they will but destroy him. This Maevius is the same with the one to whom Virgil satirically alludes in his third Eclogue [v. 90) : " Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Mcsvi." He would seem to have incurred the resent- ment of both Virgil and Horace by his railing and slanderous propensities. 1-24. 1. Mala soluta, &c. " The vessel, loosened from her moorings, sails forth under evil auspices, bearing as she does the fetid Maevius." — 2. Olentem. Compare the explanation of Mitscherlich : " Hircini odoris kominem" Rutgersius (Lect. Venus., x., 10) thinks that this epithet is rather meant to be applied to the character of Maevius as a poet, and to his affectation of obsolete words. There is far more of bitter satire, how- ever, in olentem, if considered as a personal allusion. — 3. Utrumque latus. "Each side of her." Understand navis. — 4. Auster. The poet enumer- ates the winds Auster, Eurus, and Aquilo, in order to convey a livelier image of a tempest, by the contending together of these opposing blasts, so that, in fact, a tornado is meant. — 5. Niger rudentes Eurus, &c. "May the dark southeast wind scatter her rigging and shivered oars in the sea turned up from its lowest depths." By niger is meant, in reality, a dark, cloud-collecting wind. — 7. Quantus. "With as great fury as," i. e., with all the fury it has when, &c. — 8. Trementes. " Waving to and fro beneath the blast." — 9. Sidus amicum. "The star friendly to mariners.'" The allusion is to the Dioscuri. Consult note on Ode i., 3, 2. — 10. Orion Consult note on Ode iii., 27, 17. — 12. Quam Graia victorum manus, &c. The poet alludes to the destruction by Minerva of the vessel that bore the Oilean Ajax, and to the shipwreck of the Grecian fleet off the promontory of Caphareus in Euboea. — 16. Pallor luteus. Consult note on Ode iii., 10, 14. — 18. Aversum ad Jovem. " To unpropitious Jove." — 19. lonius udo, &c. " When the Ionian Sea, roaring with the blasts of the rainy South." The term sinus, here applied to the Ionian Sea, has reference to its being bent into numerous gulfs. In strict geographical language, however, the expression Ionius sinus, about the time of Horace, denoted merely a part of the Adriatic. — 21. Opima quod si, &c. The poet vows a sacrifice to the Tempests, if the corpse of the shipwrecked Maevius, cast xmburied on the shore, become the prey of birds. Some commentators refer the expression opima pr&da to corpulence of person on the part of Maevius. This, how- ever, is mere conjecture. The words may, with more propriety, be ren- dered " a dainty prey." — 24. Tempestatibus. The ancients were accus- tomed to sacrifice a black lamb to the Storms and Tempests, and a Krbite one to the Western wind 408 EXPLANATORY NOTES. EPODE XVI. Epode XIII. Addressed to a party of friends, with whom the poet wishes to spend a day of rain and storm amid the joys of wine. Ke ex- horts them to seize the present hour, and to dismiss the future from the;7 thoughts. To add weight to this Epicurean maxim, the authority of the Centaur Chiron is adduced, who advises the young Achilles, since fate had dastined him for a short career, to dispel his cares with wine and song. 1-6. 1. Horrida tempestas cesium contraxit "A gloomy tempest has narrowed the expanse of heaven." The space appears diminished when the sky is covered with clouds.^-2. Deducunt Jovem. " Bring down the upper air." By Jupiter is here meant the higher part of the atmosphere {(Ether). The ancients considered rain as the air dissolved. — Siluce. A diaeresis, on account of the metre, for silvce. — 3. Rapiamus, amici, Sec. " My friends, let us seize an opportunity from the passing day." — 5. Ob- ducta solvatur froTite senectus. " Let the clouded brow of sadness be re- laxed." Literally, " let sadness, with clouded brow, be relaxed." Senec- tus does not here mean age, but "sadness" or "melancholy." Compare the scholium of Porphyrion : " Senectutem pro gravitate ac severitate ac ripe." — 6. Tu vina Torquato move, &c. The poet, eager for the expect ed entertainment, imagines his friends already present, and, addressing himself to one of the party supposed to be assembled, exclaims, "Do thou produce the wine, pressed when my Torquatus was consul." The force of move, in this passage, is best explained on the principle that this was to be a feast of contribution, and that Horace calls first upon him who was to furnish the wine. The wine to be drunk on this occasion is that which had been made in the year when L. Manlius Torquatus was con- sul. Consult note on Ode iii., 21, 1. 7-18. 7. Ccetera mitte loqui. "Cease to talk of other things." The poet alludes to some cause of anxiety on the part of his friend. — Deus lime fortasse benigna, &c. " Perhaps the deity will, by a kind change, restore what now disquiets thee to its former state. — 8. Achcemenio. Consult note on Ode iii., 1, 44. — Cyllenea. The lyre is here called " Cyilenean," be- cause invented by Mercury, who was born on Cyllene, a mountain in the northern part of Arcadia, on the borders of Achaia. — 11. Nobilis centaurus Chiron. — Alumno. Achilles. — 13. Assaraci tellus. "The land of Assar- acus," i. e., Troy. Assaracus was a son of Tros, and the grandsire of An- chises. (Compare //., xx., 230.) — 15. Curto subtemine. "By a short thread." We have adopted Bentley's emendation, curto. The common lection, certo subtemine ("by a thread that fixes thy destiny"), is far in- ferior. The term subtemen means properly the woof or weft, i. e., the threads inserted into the warp. — 18. Deformis cegrimonice, &c. "The sweet soothers of disfiguring melancholy." Epode XVI. The republic, as Sanadon remarks, had been violently agitated by civil commotions for almost sixty years, beginning wi*h the days of Marius and Sylla. A fresh scene of bloodshed was now approach- ing, and the quarrel between Octavianus and Antony threatened tlv5 Ro- man world with a general dissolution. A battle was expected, and that battle was to decide, as it were, the fate of the universe. An event of such deep interest engrossed the minds of men. A feeling of uncertainty EXPLANATORY NOTES. EPODE XV,. 409 as to tne issue of the contest filled them with alarm, and a remembrance of the preceding wars collected into one point of view all the horrors which they had produced. The poet, amid these scenes of terror, com- posed this epode. He proposes to the Romans a desertion of their coun try, and a retreat to the Fortunate Islands, where the gods promised them a more tranquil and a happier life. To confirm this advice, the example of the Phocseans is cited, who abandoned their native city rather than live under the dominion of Cyrus, and bound themielves by a common oatfc never to return. 1-13. 1. Altera jam teritur, &c. "A second age is now wasting away in civil wars." By this second age is understood the period which inter- vened between the death of Caesar and che contest of Octavianus and An tony. The first age extended from the entrance of Sylla into Rome with an armed force to the death of Caesar. If we make the present epode to have been written A.U.C. 721, B.C. 32, the whole antecedent period here referred to would be fifty-six years ; and if we allow, as is commonly done, thirty years to an atas (or yevea), the "second age" was within foui years of its completion. — 2. Ipsa. " Of her own accord." Equivalent to the Greek avrij. — 3. Quam neque Jlmtimi, &c. The order of construction is as follows : Nos, impia (Etas, devoti sanguinis , perdemus earn civitw tern, quam neque, &c. — 3. Marsi. The poet assigns the first place to the Marsic, or Social War, as most fraught with danger to the republic. — 4. Minacis aut Etrusca, &c. Alluding to the efforts of Porsena in behalf of the banished Tarquins, and the siege which Rome in consequence un- derwent. Niebuhr has clearly shown that Rome must have surrendered to Porsena, and acknowledged his sovereignty by the sacrifice of a third part of her territory. Compare Tacitus, "dedita urbe" {Hist., iii., 72). One of the conditions of the treaty was that the Romans should use iron only for tillage (Plin^ H. N., xxxiv., 39). This, of course, would only have been submitted to by a conquered people. — 5. ^Emula nee virtus CapucB. "Nor the rival strength of Capua." The allusion in the text appears to be to the bearing of Capua after the overthrow of Cannae, when, as it would seem from Livy (xxiii., 6), she aimed at the empire of Italy. Capua made a league with Hannibal after this battle. — Spartacus Consult note on Ode iii., 14, 19. — 6. Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox. " And the AUobroges, faithless in their frequent commotions," i. e., dis- playing their faithless character in their numerous seditions. The Alio broges were situate in the southern part of Gaul, between the Rhodanus (Rhone) and Isara (Isere). — 6. C&ruleapube. "With its blue-eyed youth.*' Compare the description given by Tacitus (Germ., 4) of the Germans; " Habitus corporum .... idem omnibus ; truces et carulei oculi, rutila comes, magna corpora" The allusion in the text seems to be principally to the inroad of the Cimbri and Teutones. — 9. Devoti sanguinis. " Of de- voted blood," i. e., whose blood is devoted to destruction as a punishment for our fathers' crimes. — 10. Barbarus. Alluding to the barbarian nations which formed part of the forces of Antony. — Et urbem eques, &c. "And the horsemen strike our city with sounding hoof," i. e. t ride insulting over the ruins of fallen Rome. — 13. Quceque carent ventis, &c. "And insolently scatter the bones of Romulus, which lie concealed from winds and suns, {unlawful to be beheld !)" The sanctity of sepulchres was always guard ec* by the strictest laws, and their sacred character was founded on th« S 410 EXPLANATORY NOTES. EPODE AVI. circumstance of their being dedicated to the Manes. The tombs of the founders of cities were regarded as particularly entitled to veneration, and it was deemed a most inauspicious omen if the remains contained ir» them were, by accident or in any other way, exposed to view. As, ac- cording to the Roman legend, Romulus was caught up to the skies, the allusion here to his mortal remains lying in an earthly sepulchre becomes merely a poetic one. Romulus, in fact, is here the ideal representative of the Roman people, and by the ossa Quirini are meant the bones of Roman citizens, which the poet, with prophetic vision, beholds scattered about, exposed to the winds and sun, amid the overthrow and desolation of the city. (Orelli, ad loc.) 15-37. 15. Forte quid expediat, &c. " Perhaps yo all in common, or else the better portion, are inquiring of yourselves what is best to be done in order to avert these dreadful calamities." More literally, " to be free from" or "to be rid of." By the expression melior pars are meant those who hold civil conflicts in abhorrence, and who feel for the miseries of their country. — 17. Pkocceorum velut prof u git, &c. "As the people of Phocaea fled, bound by solemn imprecations : as they abandoned," &c. The Phocaeans, a people of Ionia, rather than submit to the power of Cy- rus, abandoned their city, binding themselves by an oath, and by solemn imprecations, not to return before a mass of red-hot iron, which they threw into the sea, should rise to the surface. (Herod., i., 165.) — 25. Sedjure- mus in hac. Understand verba, and compare Epode xv., 4. The oath of the Phocaeans is here imitated, excepting that stones are substituted for iron. — Simul imis saxa renarint, &c. "That we shall all be permitted to return, whenever these stones shall rise from the bottom of the sea, and swim back to the surface of the water." — 27. Domum. "To our country." — Quando Padus Matina laverit cacumina. "When the Po -?hall wash the Matinian summits," i. e., when the Po, in the north, shall wash the summits of Mount Matinus, in Apulia, just above the promon tory of Garganum. Near this mountain was the town of Matinura. — 29 Proruperit. "Shall burst forth." — 30. Monstra junxerit. "Shall form unnatural unions" — 31. Ut. "So that." — 33. Credula. "Persuaded of their safety." — Flavos. Bentley reads ravos, on the authority of some MSS., and because rava lupa occurs in Ode iii., 27, 3, and Cicero [Acad., ii., 23) styles the sea ravum. This, however, is unsatisfactory. — 34. Le- vis. " Become smooth," i. e., become smooth as a fish, from having been rough and shaggy. — 35. Hcec execrata. " Having sworn to the perform- ance of these things, under solemn imprecations." — 37. Aut pars indocih melior grege. " Or that portion which is wiser than the indocile crowd." — Mollis et exspes inominata, &c. " Let the faint-hearted and desponding press these ill-omened couches," i. e., continue to dwell in this city of gloomy auspices. The epithet mollis applies to those who want spirit and manly daring to brave the dangers of the sea, while by exspes those are designated who have, with timid minds, given up all hopes for the salvation of their country. 39-58. 39. Muliebrem tollite luctum. The poet adjures those whom he supposes to be about to abandon their country along with him, to leave it as men, and to shed no tears, and indulge in no womanish grief, on the eve of their departure. — 40. Etrusca prater et volate litora. Their course EXPLANATORY NOTES. EPODE X VTI. 41 1 fs first to lie through the Mare Tyrrhenian, after leaving which they are tc make for the main ocean. — 41. Xos manet Oceanus circumvasrus. " The cir cumambient Ocean awaits us." Horace here adopts the Homeric notion that the ocean was avast river flowing completely round the earth, which latter was a circular plane. — Arva, beata petamus arxa, &c. "Let us seek the fields, the blessed fields, and the rich isles," &c. The poet advises his countrymen to seek the Fortunate Isles of the ocean. These are general- ly supposed to have been identical with the modern Canaries. It is more than probable, however, that they were merely a part of the group. — 43. Reddit ubi Cererem, &c. " Where the earth, though untouched by the plough, yields its annual produce, and the vines, though unpruned, ever flourish." — 46. Suamque pulla, <&c. "And the dark fig graces its own tree," i. e., the natural or ungrafted tree. The epithet piflla alludes to the color of the fig when ripe. — 48. Crepante pede. "With rustling footstep," i. e., with a pleasing murmur. — 50. Amicus. A pleasing reference to th6 kind and friendly feelings with which, to the eye of the poet, the flock is supposed to bestow its gifts upon the master. — 53. Nulla nocent pecori con- tagia. Alluding to the salubrity of the atmosphere. — Xullius asiri ces- tuosa impotenlia. "The scorching violence of no star." Consult note on Ode. iii., 13, 19, and i., 17, 17. — 55. Tit neque largis, &c. "How neither rainy Eurus wastes the fields with excessive showers," &c. Compare the description of the Homeric Elysium in the western isles (Od., iv., 566, seqq.). — 58. TJtrumque temperante. "Controlling each extreme," i. e., of rainy cold and scorching heat. 59-65. 59. Non hue Argoo, &c. " The pine sped not hither its wav with an Argoan band of rowers," i. e., the Argoan pine (the ship Argo) never visited these happy regions to introduce the corruptions of other lands. The allusion is to the contagion of those national vices which commerce is so instrumental in disseminating. — 60. Impudica Colchis. Alluding to Medea, and her want of female modesty in abandoning her home. — 61. Cornua. " Their sail-yards." Literally, "the extremities of their sail-yards," antennarum being understood. — 62. Laboriosa cohors Ulixei. " The followers of Ulysses, exercised in hardships," *. e., Ulysses and his followers schooled in toil. — 63. Jupiter ilia piae, &c. "Jupiter set apart these shores for a pious race, when he stained the Golden Age with brass; when, after this, he hardened with iron the Brazen Age," i. p., when the Brazen and the Iron had succeeded to the Golden Age. The verb secrevit, as used in the text, well expresses the remote situation of these blissful regions, far from the crimes and horrors of civil dissension — 65. Quorum piis secunda, &c. " From which age of iron, an auspicious escape is granted to the pious, according to the oracle which I pronounce." With quorum understand sceculorum. The language of the poet is here based upon the custom, followed in the most ancient times, of leading forth colonies under the guidance of some diviner or prophet, after the oracle had been duh- consulted and its will ascertained. Epode XVII. A pretended recantation of the fifth Epode, to which succeeds the answer of Canidia, now rendered haughty and insolent by success. The submission of the bard, however, and the menaces of the sorceress, are only irony and satire, so much more severo and violent aJ they are more disguised *12 EXPLANATORY NOTES. EPOLE XVIJ 1-7. 1. Efficaci do mantis scientioe. " I yield submissive ta thy mighty art,*' i. e., 1 acknowledge and submit to thy power, mighty sorceress. The expression do manus is figurative, and is used commonly to denote the submission of the vanquished to the victors on the field of battle. — 2. Regna per Proserpina, &c. " By the realms of Proserpina, and by the power of Hecate, not to be provoked with impanity, and by thy books of enchant- ments,*' &c. The poet here adjures Canidia by the things which she most revered, and with which, as a sorceress, she was supposed to be most conversant. — 5. Defixa. " Bound by thy incantations to obey." The verb defigo is peculiar in this sense to magic rites. Hence it frequently an- swers to our verb "to bewitch." — 7. Citumque retro solve, &c. "And turn backward, turn, thy swift-revolving wheel." The turbo, equivalent to the Greek (>6fll3oc, was a species of wheel, much used in magic rites. A thread or yarn was attached to it, which began to wind around on tho wheel's being made to revolve, and, as this process was going on, the in- dividual who was the subject of the ceremony was supposed to come more and more under the power of the sorceress. Horace, therefore, en- treats Canidia to turn her magic wheel backward, and untwine the fatal thread, that he may be freed from the spell in which she had bound him. 8-22. 8. Movit. Understand ad misericordiam. The poet heightens the ridicule of the piece by citing Achilles and Circe as examples of im- itation for the worthless Canidia. — Nepotem Nereium. Achilles. — Tele- pkus. A king of Mysia, who led an army against the Greeks when they had landed on his coasts, and was wounded, and afterward cured, by Achilles. — 11. Unxere matres llice, &c. "The Trojan matrons anointed the corpse of Hector, slaughterer of heroes, originally doomed to voracious birds and dogs," &c. The idea intended to be conveyed is, that the Trojan matrons were enabled to perform the last sad offices to tb " corpse of Hec- tor, in consequence of the relenting of Achilles at the supplications of Priam. — 14. Pervicacis Achillei. " Of Achilles, however inflexible." Com pare Ode i., 6, 6. — 15. Setosa duris, &c. " Divested their bristly limbs ot the hard skins of swine," i. e., ceased to be swine. An allusion to the fable of Circe, and the transformation of the followers of Ulysses into swine, as well as to their subsequent restoration by the sorceress, on the interference of the chieftain of Ithaca. — 17. Tunc mens et sonus, &c. "Then reason and speech glided back, and their former expression was gradually restored to their looks." The term relapsus (the zeugma in which must be noted) beautifully describes, as it were to the eye, the slow and gradual nature of the change. — 19. Dedi satis superque, &c. " Enough and more than enough have I been tormented by thee." — 21. Reliquit ossa pelle amicta lurida. " Has left behind only bones covered over with a livid skin," i. e., has left me a mere skeleton. — 22. Tuis capillus albus, &c. " My hair is become white by the force of thy magic herbs." The poet ascribes this to the effect produced on his mind and feelings by the incantations of the sorceress, and not, as Gesner supposes, to any unguent actually applied by her to his locks. 24-40. 24. Est. "Is it allowed me." An imitation of the Greek usage, by which laru est, is put for l^eari, licet. — 25. Levare tenta, &c. 1 To relieve by respiration my swelling heart." — 26. Negatum. "What I once denied." Understand a me. — 27. Sabella pectus increpare carmine^ EXPLANATORY NOTES. EPODE XVII. 4 I 3 5cc. "That Sabellian incantations disturb the breast, and that the head splits asunder by a Marsian song." The poet here very pleasantly applies to human beings what was thought, in the popular belief, to happen mere- ly to snakes. The Sabellians and Marsi were famed for their skill in magic. By the former are here meant the Sabines generally. Consult note on Ode iii, 6, 38. — 32. Tu, donee cinis, &c. "A living laboratory, thou glowest against me with the magic drugs of Colchis, until I, become a dry cinder, shall be borne along by the insulting winds." — 35. Quod stipendium. "What atonement." — 38. Centum juvencis. "With a heca- tomb of bullocks." — Mendaci lyra. " On the lying lyre," i. e., on the lyre which will celebrate thee, a shameless woman, as the ornament of thy sex. — 40. Perambulabis astra sidus aureum. " Thou shalt proudly move, a brilliant constellation, amid the stars," i. e., my verses will raise thee to ^he stars of heaven. The verb perambulo carries with it the idea of a oroud and boastful demeanor. 41-46. 41. Infamis Helena Castor, &c. "Castor, offended at the treatment of the defamed Helen," &c. An allusion to the story related of the poet Stesichorus. Having defamed Helen in some injurious verses, he was punished with blindness by her brothers, Castor and Pollux. On the bard's publishiag a recantation, they restored him to sight. — 44. Potes nam. Equivalent to the Greek dvvacrac yap, and a usual form of expres- sion in prayers and addresses to the gods. — 45. O nee paternis, &c. " O thou that art disgraced by no paternal stains." There is a great deal of bitter satire in this negative mode of alluding to the pretended fairness jf Canidia's birth. — 46. Nee in sepulcris pauperum, &c. "And art not skilled, as a sorceress, in scattering the ninth-day ashes amid the tombs of the poor," i. e., and knowest not what it is to go as a sorceress amid the <;ombs of the poor, and scatter their ashes on the ninth day after interment. The ashes of the dead were frequently used in magic rites, and the rules of the art required tkat they must be taken from the tomb on the ninth day after interment (not, as some without any authority pretend, on the ninth day after death). The sepulchres of the rich were protected against this profanation by watches (compare Dorville, ad Charit., p. 429, ed. Lips.), and the sorceresses were therefore compelled to have recourse to the tombs of the poor. 49-53. 49. Non saxa nudis, &c. "The wintry main lashes not, with swelling surge, rocks more deaf to the cry of the naked mariners than I am to thine." — 51. Quid proderat ditasse, &c. "Of what advantage was it to me to have enriched Pelignian sorceresses, or to have mixed a speedi- er potion ?" i. e., what have I gained by having paid Pelignian sorceresses an extravagant sum for instructions in the magic art, or by having learn- ed to mix a more potent draught of love ? The Peligni were situated to the east of the Marsi, and, like them, were famed for their magic skill Consult note on Ode iii., 19, 8. — 53. Sed tardiora fata, &c. "But a mora ingering destiny than what thy prayers shall demand awaits thee. A painful existence is to be prolonged to thee, a miserable being, with, this sole view, that thou mayest continually survive for fresh inflictions of torture.' ' The idea intended to be conveyed is as follows : Tny entreaties for a cessation from suffering are fruitless. I will increase and prolong those sufferings to such a degree that thou shalt pray to be released from 414 EXPLANATORY NOTES. SPECULAR HYMN them by a speedy death. That prayer, however, shall not be heard, and thou shalt iive on only to be exposed every moment to fresh inflictions tf torture. 5&-71. 56. Optat quietem, &c. Examples of never-ending punishment are here cited in Tantalus, Prometheus, and Sisyphus. — 57. Egens bcnig- 7H£, &c. On the punishment of Tantalus, consult note on Ode ii., 13, 37. — CO. Sed vetant leges Jovis. The epic dignity of these words adds to the ridicule of the whole piece. — 62. Ense Norico. Consult note on Ode i., 16, 9. — 64. Fastidiosa tristis cegrimonia. "Afflicted with a sorrow that loathes existence." — 65. Vectabor humeris, &c. " Then, as a rider, shall I be borne on thy hostile shoulders," i. e., then will I cruelly triumph over thee, my bitterest foe. The expression vectabor eques humeris is intended as a figurative allusion to the pride and insolence of a conqueror. So equitare, KadirnreveLV, KaOiTnTafcadai, &c. — 66. Meceque terra cedct in- solentia. " And the earth shall retire from before my haughty might," i. e., in the haughtiness of my power I will spurn the earth, and make thee bear me on thy shoulders through the regions of air. — 67. Qua mover? cereas imagines possim. " Who can give animation to waxen images." The witches of antiquity were accustomed to make small waxen images of the persons whom they intended to influence by their spells, and it was a prevailing article of popular belief that, as the incantations proceeded, thetc images gave signs of animation, and that the sorceresses could per ceive in their looks and manner the gradual effect of the magic charms that were acting on the originals. — 68. Curiosus. The allusion seems to be to some occasion when the " prying" poet discovered Canidia in the midst of her sorceries. — 71. Artis exitum. " The effect of my art." Specular Hymn. In the year of Rome 738, B.C. 17, and when Augus tus had consolidated the energies and restored the tranquillity of the Ro- man world, the period arrived for the celebration of the Saccular Games. Among the directions given in the Sibylline Books for the due perform- ance of these solemnities, a hymn, in praise of Apollo and Diana, to whom they were principally sacred, was ordered to be sung by a chorus of youths and maidens. The composition of this hymn, on the present occasion, was assigned by the emperor to Horace, and the production which we are about to consider was the result of his labors, forming a proud monument of talent, and one of the noblest pieces of lyric poetiy that has descended to our times. Apollo and Diana are invoked to perpetuate their favoring influence toward the Roman name. Thrice the chorus address them, and thrice the Roman empire is confided to their care. If we were to judge from their name, these games would have been celebrated once in every century or saeculum ; but we do not find tbat they were celebrated with this regularity at any period of Roman history, and the name ludi sceculares itself was never used during the time of the republic. In order to understand their real character, we must distin- guish between the time of the republic and of the empire, since at these two periods these ludi were of an entirely different character. During the time of the republic they were called ludi Taraitini. Te- rentini, or Taurii, while during the empire they bore the name of Iv.di ?&xrnlar<:s. Their origin is described by Valerius Max^mus^ who atfrib- EXPLANATORY NOTES. SECULAR HYMN. 41 ft ates their institution to the miraculous recovery of three children of on* Valerius, who had been attacked by a plague raging at that time in llonie, and were restored to health by drinking some water warmed at a place in the Campus Martius called Tarentum. Valerius afterward offered sac rifices in Tarentum to Dis and Proserpina, to wnom the recovery of his children was supposed to be owing, spread lecMsternia for the gods, and held festive games for three successive nights, because his three children had been saved. The account of Valerius Maximus agrees in the main with those of Censorinus and of Zosimus, and all appear to have derived their information from the ancient annalist, Valerius Antias. While, ac- cording to this account, the Tarentine Games were first celebrated by Va- lerius, another legend seems to consider the fight of the Horatians and Cu- riatians as connected with their first celebration. A third account ascribes their first institution to the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. A fearful plague broke out, by which all pregnant women were affected in such a manner that the children died in the womb. Games were then instituted to pro- pitiate the infernal divinities, together with sacrifices of sterile cows [tau- rece), whence the games were called ludi Taurii. These games and sac- rifices took place in the Circus Flaminius, that the infernal divinities might not enter the city. Festus and Censorinus ascribe the first cele- bration to the consul Valerius Poplicola. This account admits that the worship of Dis and Proserpina had existed long before, but states that the games and sacrifices were now performed for the first time to avert a plague, and in that part of the Campus Martius which had belonged to the last king Tarquinius, from whom the place derived its name Tarentum. Valerius Maximus and Zosimus, who knew of the celebration of these games by Valerius Poplicola, endeavor to reconcile their two accounts by representing the celebration of Poplicola as the second in chronological order. Other less important traditions are mentioned by Servius and by Varro. As regards the names Tarentini or Taurii, they are perhaps nothing but different forms of the same word, and of the same root as T? t rquln ; us. All the accounts mentioned above, though differing as to the tii&e at which, and the persons by whom, the Tarentine games were first ce^hrated, yet agree in stating that they were celebrated for the purpose of averting from the state some great calamity by which it had been afflicted, and that they were held in honor of Dis and Proserpina. From the time of the consul Valerius Poplicola down to that of Augustus, the Tarentine Games were only held three times, and again only on certain emergen- cies, and not at any fixed time, so that we must conclude that their cele- bration was in no way connected with certain cycles of time [scecula). The deities in whose honor they were held during the republic, continued, as at first, to be Dis and Proserpina. As to the times at which these three celebrations took place, the commentarii of the quindecimviri and tbe accounts of the annalists did not agree, and the discrepancy of the statements still extant shows the vain attempts which were made in later times to prove that, during the republic, the games had been celebrated once in every saeculum. All these misrepresentations and distortions arose in the time of Augustus. Not long after he had assumed the su- preme power in the republic, the quindecimviri announced that, accord ing to their books, ludi sseculares ought to be held, and, at the same time, tried to prove from history that in former times they had not only bepiu 116 EXPLANATORY NOTES. *— SPECULAR HYMN* celebrated repeatedly, but almost regularly once in every century. TKd games of which the quindecimviri made this assertion were the ludi Tarentini. The celebrated jurist and antiquary Ateius Capito received from the emperor the command to determine the ceremonies, and Horace was re- quested to compose the festive hymn for the occasion. But the festival which was now held was in reality very different from the ancient Taren- tine games ; for Dis and Proserpina, to whom formerly the festival be- longed exclusively, were now the last in the list of the divinities in honor of whom the ludi saeculares were celebrated. A description of the various solemnities is given by Zosimus. Some days before they commenced, heralds were sent about to invite the people to a spectacle which no one had ever beheld, and which no one would ever behold again. Hereupon the quindecimviri distributed, upon the Capitol and the Palatine, among the Roman citizens, torches, sulphur, and bitumen, by which they were to purify themselves. In the same places, and on the Aventine in the Temple of Liana, the people received wheat, barley, and beans, which were to be offered at night-time to the Parcae, or, according to others, were given as pay to the actors in the dramatic representations which were performed during the festive days. The festival took place in summer, and lasted for three days and three nights. On the first day the games commenced in the Tarentum, and sacrifices were offered to Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Minerva, Venus, Apollo, Mercury, Ceres, Vulcan, Mars, Diana, Vesta, Hercules, Latona, the Parcae, and to Dis and Proserpina. The so- lemnities began at the second hour of the night, and the emperor opened them by the river side with the sacrifice of three lambs to the Parcae, upon three altars erected for the purpose, and which were sprinkled with the blood of the victims. The lambs themselves were burned. A temporary scene like that of a theatre was erected in the Tarentum, aud illuminated with lights and fires. In this scene festive hymns were sung by a chorus, and various other ceremonies, together with theatrical performances, took place. During the morning of the first day, the people went to the Capitol to offer solemn sacrifices to Jupiter; thence they returned to the Tarentum, to sing cho- ruses in honor of Apollo and Diana. On the second day, the noblest mat- rons, at an hour fixed by an oracle, assembled on the Capitol, performed supplications, sang hymns to the gods, and als© visited the altar of Juno The emperor and the quindecimviri offered sacrifices, which had been vowed before, to all the great divinities. On the third day, Greek and Latin choruses were sung in the sanctuary of Apollo by three times nine boys and maidens of great beauty, whose parents were still alive. The object of these hymns was to implore the protection of the gods for alJ cities, towns, and officers of the empire. One of these hymns was the carmen saeculare by Horace, which was especially composed for the oc- casion, and adapted to the circumstances of the time. During the whole of the three days and nights, games of every description were carried on in all the circuses and theatres, and sacrifices were offered in all the temples. The first celebration of the ludi saeculares in the reign of Augustus took place in the summer of the year 17 B.C. The second took place in the reign of Claudius, A.D. 47 ; the third in the reign of Domitian, A.D. 88; aud the last in the reign of Philippus, A.D. 248, and, as was generally EXPLANATORY NOTES. SPECULAR HYiMN. 41 n oelieved, just 1000 years after the building cf the city. [Diet. Antiq- t. r Uudi Stzculai-es.) 2-20. 2. Lucidum cceli decus. '' Bright ornament of heaven." — 4. Tem- pore sacro. "At this sacred season." — 5. Sibyllini versus. The Sibyl- line verses, which have reference to the Saecular Games, are preserved in Zosimus (ii., 6, p. 109, seqq., ed. Reitemeier). They are also given in a more emended form by Mitscherlich. — 6. Virgines lectas puerosque castas. The Sibylline verses directed that the youths and maidens, which com- posed the chorus, should be the offspring of parents that were both alive at the time. i. e., should be patnmi and matrimi. Consult Introductoiy Remarks. — 7. Septem colles. An allusion to Rome, and the seven hills on which it was built. — 9. Curru nitido diem qui, &c. "Who with thy radiant chariot unfoldest and hidest the day, and arisest another and the same," i. e., different in semblance, but the same in reality. The sun is here said to hide the day at its setting, and to arise on the morrow a new Luminary with the new day, but in all its former splendor. — 11. Possis visere. "Mayest thou behold." — 13. Rite maturos aperire partus, <5cc. " Ilithyia, propitious in safely producing mature births, protect the Roman mothers." — 16. Genitalis. Compare the explanation ofDoring: "Qua gignentes seu puerperas ope sua leuat, genitura favet, et se propitiam pr&bet." — 17. Producas subolem. "Bring to maturity our offspring." — Patrum. " Of the senate." — 20. Lege marita. Alluding to the Julian law, " De maritandis ordinibus" holding out inducements for entering the married state, and imposing penalties on celibacy. The end of it was to promote population, and repair the loss occasioned by the carnage of the civil wars. 21-38. 21. Certus undenos, &c. " That the stated revolution of ten times eleven years may renew the hymns and sports, celebrated by crowds thrice in the bright season of day, and as often in the pleasing night." The Sascular solemnities lasted three days and three nights. — 25. Vosque veraces cecinisse,