LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 000121^8260 ■^ ^ -v. \ v cK 1 - O- .#y. l/ A FINNISH GRAMMAR BY CLEMENS NIEMI, A. B. HANCOCK, MICH., 1917 THE FINNISH BOOK CONCERN PRINT *> py & -pv^ A^-2/ *.<*! COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY CLEMENS NIEMI ' MAR 2615*17 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ^aA460084 c/ PREFACE. In preparing this book my aim has not been to write a complete Finnish grammar. I have sought to present only the fundamental principles in the briefest possible ivay necessary for the study of the Finnish language. The student should thor- oughly master the sound values of each letter be- fore taking any advanced steps. In doing so he is able to acquire accuracy in pronunciation. It should be remembered that Finnish, as its cognate Finno-Ugric languages, is an agglutinative language, that is to say, the ivords are formed of roots by adding certain suffixes or endings to the stem. In this process of appending, the changes of letters for euphony or harmony occur. The rules for these changes should be carefully observed in connection with each lesson as they come. Each lesson consists of a statement of grammat- ical principles, a vocabulary, exercises, and in some cases, a brief reading lesson. The vocabulary at the head of the lesson will help the student to un- derstand the sentences which follow. The exer- cises have been developed in such a tvay that each lesson brings out the grammatical principles at hand. The rules of syntax as ivell as grammatical questions have been scattered throughout a long series of lessons for the purpose of leading the stu- dent gradually to a thorough understanding of the rules. The case-endings and the use of the cases are particularly emphasized, as they form a very difficult and essential part in the study of the Finnish language. The reading lessons are so ar- ranged as to give an early acquaintance tvith real Finnish, and they continually add new tcords to the student's vocabulary. Ftdly aware of many defects, I hope that this book, the only Finnish grammar of its kind in English, will be of some aid to the learner of the Finnish language. I wish here, also, to express my indebtedness to my felloiv teachers for their valuable help and suggestions ivhich have aided me in perfecting this book. CLEMENS NIEML Suomi College, February, ipi 7. CONTENTS. Lesson Page Introduction 7 — 14 I Nominative Case 15, 16 II Accusative and Genitive Cases 17 — 19 III The Verb 19—22 IV Essive and Partitive Cases 23 — 25 V Reading- Lesson 26, 27 VI Potential and Conditional Moods 27 — 30 VII Translative and Inessive Cases 30 — 32 VIII Imperative Active, Infinitives, and Participles 32 — 35 IX Elative and Illative Cases 36 — 38 X The Auxiliary Verb Olla, to be 38 — 41 XI Adessive and Ablative Cases 42 — 44 XII Allative and Abessive Cases • 44 — 47 XIII Comitative and Instuctive Cases 47 — 51 XIV Reading Lesson 51 — 53 XV Method of Expressing the Auxiliary to have 53 — 56 XVI Negation 56 — 59 XVII Personal and Possessive Pronouns 59 — 63 XVIII Compound Tenses 63 — 66 XIX Reading Lesson 67 — 69 XX Passive Voice 69 — 73 XXI Method of Expressing Future Time 74 — 77 XXII Comparison of Adjectives 78 — 81 XXIII Interrogation 81 — 84 XXIV Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 84 — 87 XXV Reflexive and Indefinite Pronouns 8 7 — 91 XXVI Cardinal Numbers 91 — 95 XXVII Ordinal Numbers 95 — 99 XXVIII Compound Nouns 99 — 102 XXIX Attribute, Appositive, and Adverb .....102 — 105 XXX Prepositions and Postpositions 105 — 109 XXXI Conjunctions and Interjections 109 — 112 Derivation of Substantives and Adjectives ..113 — 115 Rules of Syntax 115 — 139 Tables of Declension 139 — 155 Tables of Conjugation • 155 — 173 Formation of Verb Stems 173, 174 Alphabetical List of Verbs 174, 178 Finnish — English Vocabulary 179 — 191 English — Finnish Vocabulary 192 — 205 Index * 206, 207 INTRODUCTION. I. The Finnish alphabet consists of twenty- Beven letters : a is always pronounced like a in sofa I) is always pronounced like b in fred - sometimes pronounced like c in calm or cease (1 is always pronounced like d in day e is always pronounced like e in met f is always pronounced like f in /ar g is always pronounced like g in r/ame h is always pronounced like h in homo i is always pronounced like i in d/n j is always pronounced like y in ye k is always pronounced like k in fcodak 1 is always pronounced like 1 in /and m is always pronounced like m in men n is always pronounced like n in net is always pronounced like o in open P is always pronounced like p in pay q is always pronounced like cou in could r is always pronounced like r in rose s is always pronounced like s in set \ is always pronounced like t in tell u is always pronounced like U in p v is always pronounced like v i: x is always pronounced like x in BXpti 8 FINNISH GRAMMAR y is always pronounced like French u or German ii z is not pronounced like English z (z — ts or s) a is always pronounced like a in at 6 is always pronounced like er in herb There are no silent letters in Finnish ; every letter is sounded separately as it is written. 2. The vowels are a, e, i, o, n, y, a, 6. The long vowel is indicated by the use of two letters of the same kind; the short vowel with one; as, aa-mu, morning; al-la, under; mi-ni, stove; u-ni , sleep, etc. 3. The consonants are b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, I, m, n, Vy Qy T, s, t, v, x f z. Of these c, b, d, f, g, q, x, and z are never found at the beginning of original Finn- ish words. 4. The diphthongs are no, ie, yd, an, on, eii, in, ay, by, ai, oi, ni, ei, at, 6i, and yi. 5. The diphthongs are pronounced : ai as in aisle an as in hotv ni as in qmt oi as in oil ei as in eight on as in low Of the rest en, no, ie, yd, in, ay, ai, oi, and yi have no exact equivalents in English. 6. A syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong with or without one or more consonants; as, a-pu, help; hiek-ka, sand; au-rin-ko, sun. . [NTEODUCTION 9 7. In the division of words into syllables the fol- lowing rules must be observed: I A single consonant between two vowels must be joined to the following vowel; as, korla, t i B h; ma-ta-la, 1 o w. (b) Double consonants 1:1:, pp t I . are always separated ; as, I:til:-I:a, f lower; I:< -tick; ak-kvrna t w i n d o w ; ras-kas, heav y. ( e ) When more than two consonants between two vowels, the last one is joined to the following vowel ; as, myrs-ky, storm; palk-ka, wages. S. Syllables are open or closed: (a) A syllable ending in a vowel or a diphthong is called open; as, ka-la, fish; tyo, work. (b) A syllable ending in a consonant or an aspi- ration is said to be closed; as, vir-rat, rivers; sa-de, rain. N< >TE — A syllable ran 1m- long or short according to the th of time required pronunciatioi | short when it ends In a short vowel; as, sa-tu-jn. Fabl k> -lii, villa ible is long it" it contains :i l<»n-- vowel diphthong; it" it ends in a raa-ryys, inju> n»u- lat. n »• e (1 1 • i>. Word accent is either principal or secondary. The principal accent always rests on the first syl- lable of a word ; as, apit, you learned. The be- ginner may safely ignore all but the principal accent. 10. Rules for vowel changes: (a) A long vowel is shortened if followed by the 10 FINNISH GRAMMAR plural or imperfect sign i; as, maa, maita; saa, sain. (b) Stems ending in short o, 6, u, y, form with i a diphthong; as, talo, taloista; polio, polloille; sum, suruinen; poly, polyinen. (c) Monosyllabic words ending in no, ie, yd, when followed by i, reject the first vowel; as, juon, join; vie, vein; syon, soin. (d) A in disyllabic stems, when followed by the plural or imperfect sign i, is changed to o, with which i forms a diphthong oi, if the first vowel of when followed by the plural or imperfect sign i ; as, kantaa, kantoi; herra, herroille; piha, pihoilla; koira, koiria; luistan, luistin. (e) A or a is always rejected in disyllabic stems when followed by the plural or imperfect sign i; as, heitdn, heitin; keitdn, keitin. (f ) Verbs ending in -taa, if the first vowel of the stem is a, have in the imperfect either oi or i; as, auttaa, auttoi, or autti; haistaa, haistoi, or haisti. (g) Polysyllabic verbs always reject the final a or a in the imperfect; as, janottaa, janotti; vasyttaa, vdsytin. (h) In polysyllabic nouns a or a is either rejected or changed to o or 6 (oi, oi) when followed by the plural sign, i; as, emanta emdntien; matala, rnata- lien; peruna, perunoille; kyntiild, kynttiloille. (i) A or a is rejected in all vowel stems ending in -ma, -md, -va, -vd, -mpa, -mpd, -isa, -isd, when followed by i. But if the final a or a is preceded INTRODUCTION 1 1 by two consonants (except m or v), or if the pre- ceding syllable contains the vowel /', a or a spectively changed to o or §. Otherwise / with a or ti forms a diphthong; as, sanoma, sanomia riemuisa, riei hedelma, hedelmia emisa, emi lihava, lihavia peruna, perunoita pateva, pdtevid kipea, kipeoita pahempaa, pahempia kola, kalaira pienemptia, pienempia petdjd, petajainen (j) If o or e (seldom u, y, i) precede the final a or a, they may remain unchanged or form a con- tracted diphthong; as, lankean, lankeaisin, or lan- keisin; virkocm, virkoaisin, or virkoisin. (k) Where stems ending in i are followed by a second i the second i is contracted with the first /. But in place of a short i, e precedes i, thus forming the diphthong ei; as, risti, risteissa; pres. hedelmoi, imp. hedelmoi; pres. perin, imp. perin. (1) In disyllabic words a or a become e before the comparative signs -mpa or -nipli; as, paha, pa- hempi; .£a (1) k between le becomes /; as in sidjen for sulkea (m) k between re becomes /; as in jarjen for jdrked (n) k between he becomes j; as in rohjetkoon for rohkenen (o) fc between uu becomes v; as in luvitn for ^A:^^ (p) A: between yy becomes v; as in kyvyn for fcyfcy 12. Other changes of consonants: (a) ps as in lapsi becomes s; as in lasta (in nouns) (b) ts as in veitsi becomes s; as in veistd (c) is as in kaitsen becomes t; as in kaitkoon (d) Jfcs as in juoksen becomes s; as in jnosta (in verbs) (e) m as in lumi becomes n\ as in lunta i An aspiration is a remnant of a lost consonant which was found at the end of a word. Though barely sounded, it causes the softening- of certain consonants. - Only the most important of these are here treated. INTRODUCTION L3 (f) mp as in suurimpaan becomes n; as in suvrinta (g) nt as in kolmantena becomes /; as in kolmatta (h) ns as in kolmansina become- in koln (i) k as in reked is lost ; as in reen 13. Finnish has no grammatical gender. 11. There are fifteen cases in Finnish: Lattn Name. Finnish A 1. Nominative Nimentci 2. Accusative Kohdanto 3. Genitive Omanto 4. Essive Olento 5. Partitive Osanto 6. Translative Tulento 7. Inessive Sisaolento 8. Elative Sisaeronto 9. Illative Sisatulento 10. Adessive Ulko-olento 11. Ablative Ulkoeronto 12. Allative Ulkotulento 13. Abessive Vajanto 14. Comitative Seuranto 15. Instructive Keinonto Their characteristics of form, meaning, and use are illustrated in the paradigms and exercises which follow. 15. The different cases are formed by adding certain case-endings to a fundamental part called the stem. 14 FINNISH GRAMMAR 16. The stem is the body of the word to which endings are added to express the relation of the word to other words. 17. The marks of punctuation are the same in Finnish as in English, but the comma is used more freely to set off subordinate clauses of all kinds. LESSON I 15 LESSON I. NOMINATIVE CASE. IS. The nominative singular has no ending. The plural has the ending -t; as, talo, house; tai houses. 11). In Finnish there is no article. Tctlo may be translated house, a house, or the house; and t(d<>t, houses or the houses. SSO, Adjectives agree with their nouns in num- ber and case ; as, Iso talo, a large house; Isot talot, large hous es. SI. The total subject denotes the whole of the person or thing, and is put in the nominative case; as, Poika tulee, The boy comes. *i % Z. The total predicate noun or adjective ex- presses the whole of the person, thing, or quality which belongs to the subject. It is put in the nom- inative case, and agrees in number and case with the subject of the verb (see also 46) ; as, Han runoUija, He is a poet; Varpunen on lintu, A sparrow is a bird; Talo on iso. The house is large. Vocabulary. laiha, thin U vi a. wide kovXu y school talo, h o u vaimo, w o m a n mies, m a n 16 FINNISH GRAMMAR ncida, needle paperi, paper isa, father aiti, mother tie, road • seina, wall kirja, book kuva, picture iso, large hyva, good terciva, sharp vanha, old silea, smooth pitka, long tuolla, there taalla, here on, i s ovat, are ja, and kaunis, beautiful Hyvaa pdivdd, Good day. Hyvaa iltaa, Good evening. Hyvaa huomenta, Good morning. Hyvaa ybtd, Good night. EXERCISE I. A. 1. Isa ja aiti. 2. Aiti on hyva. 3. Isa ja aiti ovat hyvat. 4. Neula on pitka. 5. Kuva on kaunis. 6. Silea tie on levea. 7. Hyva vaimo on taalla. 8. Tie on silea. 9. Teravat neulat ovat tuolla. 10. Kauniit kirjat, terava neula ja paperi ovat taalla. 11. Kaunis koulu on iso. 12. Seina on pitka. B. 1. The father and mother. 2. A beautiful book. 3. The school is large. 4. The houses are large. 5. An old woman is here. 6. The sharp needles are there. 7. Fathers and mothers. 8. The road is smooth and long. 9. The picture is beauti- ful. 10. Good and large books. 11. The house is large. 12. Long roads. son II 17 LESSON II. ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE CASK 23, The accusative has the ending -n or has no ending in the singular; -t in the plural; as, talo n or totoj house; talo t h o u s e s. 184. The genitive singular has the ending -n; as, talo n, of the house. 25. The genitive plural is formed by adding to the stem one of the following endings: (a) -en (-in) after a short i or after ; which is preceded by a short vowel; as, ciiti en (aite in), the mothers' or of the mothers; talo (talo in 1 ), of the houses. (b) -den (-tten) after a diphthong; as, mai\den (maitten), of the countries; tei\den (tei't- ten), of the roads. (c) -ten after a consonant; as, las\ten, the children's; vuor ten, of the mountains. In English these endings are designated by the preposition o f, or by the apostrophe and a I or ('). fc i(>. The plural sign is i which is placed between the stem and the case-endings with the exception of the nominative plural. k iT. The total object denotes the whole of the person or thing affected by the action of a transi- l -iioi hin b< laioin. See the rule 18 FINNISH GRAMMAR tive verb. It is put in the accusative case (see also 44); as, Mind olen lukenut kirjan, I have read the book; Anna kirja minnlle, Give me the bo o k. Vocabulary. veitsi, knife leipa, bread perhe, family sisar, sister serkku, cousin poika, boy tytto, girl, daughter Imone, room aina, always viisas, wise tama, this pieni, small markkinat, market misi, new teatteri, theater kirkas, bright rouva, Mrs. taide,avt neiti, Miss herra, M r. Kuinka te voitte? How do you do? Oikein hyvin, kiitos ! Very well, thank you! EXERCISE II. A. 1. Isan veitsi. 2. Tama on pojan 1 kirja. 3. Vanhain miesten kuva. 4. Tama on kauniitten (kauniiden) kuvien 2 huone. 5. Viisasten miesten kirjat ovat taalla. 6. Pienien poikien ja tyttojen huone. 7. Sisaren kirkas veitsi. 8. Talon huoneet i k is dropped before the genitive ending' -11, and i between two vowels is changed to j. Thus, poikau, becomes poinn, hence pojan. See the rule 10, m. 2 See the rule 10, ch so\ in L9 oval pienet. !). Tama on ison perheen talo. LO. [sail ja pojan kirja. LI. Taiteen teatteri. L2. ] ma on viisaan ja hyv&n miehen poika. B. 1. Father's house. 2. The daughter's and mother's needles. 3. Sister's books are here. 4. The boys' room is small'. 5. Mother's dailghte (>. Cousin's knife. 7. The small boy's mother. 8. The wall is long. 9. Cousin's new book. 10. Fa- ther's and mother's pictures. 11. The family is large. 12. Mother's sharp needle. 13. Cousins' house is large. 14. Sisters' room is bright. LESSON III. THE VERB. VJS. The Finnish verb has two voices, the active and passive. 2U. There are four moods, the indicative, po- tential, conditional, and imperative. 30« There are four tenses, the present, imper- fect, perfect, and pluperfect. The present and im- perfect are called simple tenses; and the per! and pluperfect are the compound tens* 31. To form the complete tenses the following elements must be observed, the stem 1 , tense sign, and personal endings. i For the vowel and consonant Btema of * ura- pha 294 and 296. Consult also the II rbs In 2 20 FINNISH GRAMMAR 32. The personal endings for all tenses of the finite verb, except the imperative, are: SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person -n -?nme 2nd „ -t -tte 3rd „ — -vat or -vat The endings distinguish the different persons of the verb. 33. The third person singular has no ending except that in the present indicative and potential the final vowel of the stem is lengthened if it is not a long vowel or diphthong. Thus, saa\n, I re- ceive; saa, he receives; tno\n, I bring; tao, he brings. 34. PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. SINGULAR PLURAL 1. sano]w, I say sano|mme, we say 2. sano|f, thou sayest sanojtte, you say 3. sanojo, he says sano\vat, they say 35. The present indicative has no tense sign. It is formed by adding the personal endings to the stem. 36. The auxiliary verb to do does not exist in Finnish. Hence the Finnish language has but one form to correspond to the three forms of the present indicative in English; as, mina sano\n, I say, I do say, I am saying. LESSON III 21 37. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. SINGULAR PLURAL 1. sano / n, I s a i d sano i mme, w e s a I . In English the words some or a n y placed before a noun or in French the partitive construc- tion (de+le, la, or les) expresses this partitive idea; as, likaa, some meat, de la viande. I I. The partial object expresses a part of the person or thing affected by the action of a transi- tive verb. Its case is the partitive (see also 27) : as, Poika Ivkee kirjaa, The b o y i a r e a d i n g a book (i. e., reading a part of the book). 24 FINNISH GRAMMAR 45. The partial subject denotes a part of the whole and is put in the partitive. Its predicate is always in the singular (see also 21) ; as, PoiJcia tulee, Some boys are coming (lit. some boys come). 46. The partial predicate noun or adjective denotes the part of a district, area, or quality which belongs to the subject. It is always put in the partitive ; as, Tama talo on kaiipiinkia, This house is a part of the city, (i. e., within the limits) ; Mies on kuuhtisaa stikua, The man is of a famous family; Huo?ieet ovat kyl- mia, The rooms are cold (i. e., the rooms belong to the class of cold rooms). Vocabulary. pala, bit, part leipa, bread sokeri, sugar vest, water kahvi, coffee maito, milk kerma, cream juomalasi, glass, tum- voi, b utter bier. suola, salt tuoda, to bring jaoda, to drink ajatella, to think pitaa, to hold, to re- syoda, t o e a t g a r d hanella on, h e h a s lakaista, to sweep omena, apple Puhutteko suomenkielta? Do you speak Finnish? Kijlld, herra, piihiin vcihan, Yes, Sir, I speak ^ little. LESSON IV 26 EXERCISE IV. A. 1. Hanellii on pala leipiia. 2. Poika juo kahvia. 3. Tytto syo sokeria. 4. Aiti tuo lasin maitoa. 5. Han piti vettii 1 kahvina. 6. Tytto tuu taalla. 7. Me joimme kahvin vetena. 8. Poika sokerin suolana. 9. Hanella on kirjoja. 10. Mina syon leipaa ja voita ja juon vetta. 11. Taal- la on kahvia ja sokeria. 12. Mies juoksee tieta pitkin (along). 13. Omenat ovat pienia. 14. Han on tohtori. 15. Huone on lammin. 16. Taalla on pala omenaa. 17. Tytto lakaisee lattiaa. B. 1. He has some bread and butter. 2 The boy drinks milk. 3. The girl brings some water and milk. 4. As a boy. 5. As a girl. 6. He brought water as a drink. 7. The mother gives some bread. 8. They drank water instead of milk . 9. Small boys and girls drink milk. 10. He brings a glass of water. 11. There is some sugar and bread. 12. Some boys and girls are singing. 13. The boy brings some bread, butter, milk, and coffee. 14. The girl eats some meat and drinks some tea. 15. He has a cup of tea. 16. They drink coffee. 17. The girl sweeps the floor. She has some ap- ples. 2 7::. i: See the rule i<», i e the essl 26 FINNISH GRAMMAR LESSON V. READING LESSON. Vocabulary. sdde, ray kaikua, to echo loistaa, to shine kutoa, to knit tunkeutua, to p e n e- heikko, weal^ t r a t e katkyt, cradle maki, hill itked, t o c r y rinne, slope tyytyvdinen, satisfied poimia, to pick opettaja, teacher latva, top of a tree, nauru, laugh top pallo, ball Translate into English the following: — VELI JA SISKO. Minulla on iso sisko. Han kay koulua (she goes to school). Han on hyva tytto. Kotona (at home) han auttaa aitia. Han kutoo pikku veljen punais- ta sukkaa. Veli on hyvin pieni. Hanetla on heikot jalat. Han ei voi kavella. (he cannot walk). Han nukkuu kauniissa katkyessa. Han nauraa aanek- kaasti (loudly). Joskus (sometimes) han itkee. Silloin (then) hanella on nalka (see 83). Aiti an- taa hanelle (to him) makeaa maitoa. Sitten pieni veli nauraa. Han on tyytyvainen. LESSON VI 27 KEVAT. On kaiinis kevatpaivii. Pojat istuvat koul (in the school) poytien ymparilla (around). 1 iat haluavat menna ulos (out). Auringon sateet oistavat kirkkaasti. Kukkien tuoksu tunkeutuu vouluhuoneeseen (into the school room). Opettaja intaa poikien menna ulos. He juoksevat maen rin- teelle (to the slope) kukkia poimimaan (to pick). He heittavat jpalloja. Pallot lentavat puiden latvo- jen yli. Poikien ilo ja nauru kaikuu ulkona. He '. ovat iloisia ja tyytyvaisia. LESSON VI. POTENTIAL AND CONDITIONAL MOODS. 47. The potential mood is formed by adding to the stem the mood sign -ne (after s 9 I, and r, -se, —le, re respectively) and the personal endings; as, . I may say; (nous\se\n, I may rise, tul\le\n, Imaycome; pur\re\n, I m ay b i t e). 4S. PRESENT POTENTIAL ACTIVE. SINGULAR PLURAL 1. sano|n< n, Imaysay sano'//( mme, we may say 2. sano|ne|t thou may- sano you may ay say ;;. sano|n< e, lie may Bano|n< vat, they may 8 a s a y 28 FINNISH GRAMMAR 49. The conditional mood has also one simple tense, the present. It is formed by adding to the stem the mood sign -isi and the personal endings. NOTE. — The Finnish conditional mood can be translated by- using- should and would, the preterit tenses of shall and will. Would brings out more clearly the Finnish con- ditional statement in English. This same idea can also be expressed by the use of the English preterit subjunctive in- stead of the conditional phrase; as, Jos olisin niin onnellinen, If I were so happy (Subj.) = If Ishould be so happy (Conditional); Felkasin, etta epaonnistuisin, I feared I should fail. 50. PRESENT CONDITIONAL ACTIVE. SINGULAR 1. sano|m|n, I should say 2. sanojm|t, thou wouldst say PLURAL sano|m|mme, we should say sano|m|tte, you would say 3. sano|m, he would sano|m|vat, they would say say NOTE. — Shou.ld is not used in the sense of ought, to ex- press duty or obligation. It expresses a condition. Vocabulary. hevonen, horse koira, dog kissa, cat hattu, hat musta, black tulla, to come vuode, bed reki, sleigh ajaa, to drive sallia, to permit, to allow rnenna, t o g o {SON vi 29 . t o-d a y huorm una , i o-m orrow if tieh k n o w h a i r KXERCISE VI. A. 1. Mini) sanonen. 2. Me sanoisimme, tulisit tanne. 3. Han sallinee mustan koiran a.iaa valkoista kissaa. 4. Me ajamme hevosen 1 ja reen tanne. 5, Sanoisin asian, jos- tietaisin. 0. Tyttfl laulaa tanaan. 7. Isa ajanee hevosta. 8. Han me- nisi tanaan, jos tulisit. 9. He tuonevat hat mi . ken- gat 3 ja sukat 4 pojalle (to the boy). 10. Jos tietai- sin, niin laulaisin taman laulun. 11. Tama (this) koira purree poikaa. 12. Koira purree miesta. 13« Joisin lasin vetta tai (or) kupin kahvia, jos toisit tanne. 14. Pojat ja miehet tahtoish da hy- van aterian tanaan. 15. Kirjoittaisin kirjeen, jos antaisit paperia ja mustetta. 16. Nauranemme taalla, jos sallitte. B. 1. He may come. 2. They would go. 3. We would sing the whole song. 4. I may give some coffee and bread to you (sinulle). 5. The black cat would sleep. (>. Father and mother would go New York, if you would come here. 7. Yes, 1 would come, if you wait. 8. If they allow it, I would drive the horse. 9. The dog may come here. 10. We should live soberly ( raittiisti ) . 12, You 1 WO -imii - ! n tON 1, ,1. 30 FINNISH GRAMMAR would speak to him (hanelle), if he were (olisi) here. 13. I would write a letter if paper, ink, and pen were (olisi vat) here. 14. They would go fish- ing. 15. She would sweep the floor. 16. We might eat some bread and butter, and drink some coffee or tea, if you would give it to us (meille). LESSON VII. TRANSLATIVE AND INESSIVE CASES. 51. The translative expresses change from one form to another. It is designated in English by the prepositions 1 for, to, into. The ending of the translative is -ksi; as, talo\ksi, (made) into a h o u s e. 52. The place within which is regularly denoted by the inessive. It has the endings -ssa or -ssd; as, talo\ssa, in the house; kyla\ssa, in the vil- lage. In English this case is indicated by the prepositions i n or a t. Vocabulary. pata, kettle tee, tea pannu, pan teepannu, tea kettle peruna, potato palaa, to burn kappdle, piece kiehua, to boil tuli, fire kasvaa, to grow tyo, work poro, ash i See note 1 on page 31. LESSON VII 81 ina, potato kaivanto, m i n e kirjain, letter U onsana, v e r b g r a in m a r 1 o v e, furnace, o v e n. Uha, m e a t '. to live muo , formal ion . p r n o u n nimisana, n o u n hoyry, steam EXERCISE VII. A. 1. Poika asuu talossa. 2. Tytto kasvoi pit- kiiksi. 3. Tuli palaa uunissa. 4. Kahvi kiehuu pannussa. 5. Kaunis talo paloi poroksi. 6. Liha kiehuu kappaleiksi. 7. Perunat ovat padassa. 8. Poika kasvaa isoksi mieheksi. 9. Isa tulee (be- comes) vanhaksi. 1 10. Han tulee jouluksi 1 kotiin. 11, He lainasivat kirjan paivaksi 2 . 12. Han asuu kaupungissa. 13. Perunat kasvavat maassa. Mustissa padoissa on paljon (much) vetta. L5. Teepannussa on kuumaa (hot) teetii. 16. Liha paistuu uunissa. 17. Talo on maalattu punaisei B. 1. In a house. 2. The house burned to ashes. 3. The boy grew into a tall man. 1. Father and mother are in church. 5. He became (tuli) old. 6. Tea is served (tarjotaan) in cups. 7. Gram- mar teaches the formation of the verba and pro- nouns. 8. The meat boiled to pieces. 9. The man is working in a mine. 10. Coffee is boiling in the i The verb i» e c «» m e i also 1 1 >ii«-s niii \:uiiuik*i. The man became old 32 FINNISH GRAMMAR coffee pot. 11. They live in large houses. 12. The boys grew strong. 13. The book will be ready by Sunday (sunnuntaiksi). 14. Water is changed (muuttunut) into steam. 15. I threw some wood into the fire. 16. The house is painted (maalattu) white and blue. 17. I cut the bread into two (kah- deksi). 18. He cuts the potatoes into small pieces. 19. We took (luulin) you for a doctor. 20. We live in the city of New York. LESSON VIII. IMPERATIVE ACTIVE, INFINITIVES, AND PARTICIPLES. 53. The imperative expresses command or re- quest. It is formed by adding to the stem the fol- lowing mood signs and personal endings : SINGULAR 2. mood sign — — , pers ending — 3. „ „ -koo or koo, „ „ -?i PLURAL 1. mood sign -kaa or -kaa, pers. ending -mme 2. „ „ -kaa or -kaa, „ „ {-tie) 3. „ „ -koo or -koo, „ „ -t LESSON VIII 54, The Imperative conjugation of sanoa, to say: singular Plural 1. — sano kao mrm . lei us a y 2. sano, s a y sano kaa tte, B a y 3. sano|A;oo|rt, let him sano /wW, let them say say. NOTE, -The personal ending of the second person plural s«'l(loni used. Thus, use Miiiiojkaa in place Of Nimokaai tt«* » .">.">. The infinitive in Finnish is a real verbal substantive which is derived from a verbal stem, and expresses person, time, or modality. It can take the ordinary case-endings and also the pos- sessive suffixes. .!(>. The first infinitive has the signs -a or -a after a short vowel and -da or -del after a long vowel or diphthong; as, sano a , to say; clii &, to live; saa\da, to receive; syo\d& f t o e a t. This infinitive has also the longer form with the trans- lative ending -kse and the possessive suffix ; as. sanoa\kse\ni, in order that I may say, or so to say, (lit. for my saying). NOTE. — If the ■tern ends In i. n. or r the l< i doub- led; as, mi in. to come; mm nit. to pur t-.-i. to bite. Disyllabic ■terns ending In * or In n inert vowel I either -fa or -tit: as, fuse tn, to run: pes tii. t «• w vaMtajta, t o a u s w .• r ; kjrre tn, t o i> e able. T>7. The last vowel of the stem of the second infinitive is < in place of -a or -<7, and sometim. 34 FINNISH GRAMMAR after other vowels except i. This infinitive has the inessive and instructive cases; as, sano\e\ssa, in saying; sano\e\n, with saying. 58. The third infinitive is formed by adding to the stem -ma or -md; as, sano\ma\ssa, in s a y i ng ; syo\md\ssd, in eating. This infinitive is used in six cases. 59. The fourth infinitive has the ending -minen in the nominative and -mis- in the partitive ; as, sano\minen, saying; sano\mis\ta, (something) to say. This infinitive is a real substantive like the English gerund. 60. There are two participles or verbal ad- jectives in Finnish. The first of these is formed by adding -va or -vd to the stem; as, sano\va, saying; lentd\vd, flying. 61. The second participle is formed by adding -nut or -nyt to the consonant stem, and -nee- (-nei- plu.) to the vowel stem; as, sano\nut, said; teh\nyt, made; sano\neet, sano\nei\ta. NOTE. — If s, 1, r, or n is the last sound of the stem, they are doubled; as, »es|syt, washed; tul|liitf, come; pur | rut, bit; men I nyt, come. Vocabulary. lavlu, song Suomi, Finland vdrsy, verse rukoilla, to pray lukea, to read kiittaa, to thank eldd, to live luku, chapter koko, whole kaikki, a 1 1 kolme, three viisi, five LI 'II EXERCISE VIII A. 1. I. aula laulu. 2. Lukekaami . Laula- koot viisi varsya. 1 !. Elak66n Suomi.' 5. Lue kol- me lukua. 6. Kiittakaatte. 7. Han tulkoon tanne. 8. Kaikki rukoilkaamme. 9. ruhukoon, JOS hiin tahtoo. 10. Naura. 11. Syokaamme ja juokaam- me. 12. Kirjoita kirje tanaan. 13. Poika tahtoo puhua. 11. Lapsi alkoi itkea. 15. Sinun (you) pitaa tuleman. 16. Lukemalla (by reading) mina opin. 17. Tytto ja poika olivat dimassa, minun tyota tehtaessS (while I was working). 18. Juok- seminen on terveellista. 19. Hanen pitiiii laulaman. A. 1. Sing the whole song. 2. Let us sine. S. Let them read. 4. Long live Finland. 5, Let them read three verses. 6. To be (olla) good is to .happy. 7. Let us read the whole chapter 8. Let them pray. 9. Let them laugh. 11. Long live America. 12. Let us pray. 13. He has nothing to say. 1 I. I want to go. 15. The boj im- ming. Hi. Vou must go home. 17. She has (son reading to he done (tehtavana). 18. They m come here. 11). Swimming is a good ex 20. The book musl (he read i See l 16, instructive <»i lukci third Infinlth 36 FINNISH GRAMMAR LESSON IX. ELATIVE AND ILLATIVE CASES. 62. The place from which is regularly de- noted by the elative. It is formed with the ending -sta, or -sta; as, talo\sta, from the house; ky- la\sta, from the village. This case is in- dicated in English by the prepositions o f or f r o m. 63. The illative is formed : (a) By lengthening the last vowel of the stem+n, if the stem ends in a short vowel; as, talo\on, into the house. (b) By adding to the monosyllabic stem contain- ing a long vowel or diphthong the consonants -h -n, between which is inserted the last vowel of the stem ; as, kuu\hun, into the moon; tyd\hon, to the work. (c) By adding -seen in the singular and -siin in the plural after the long vowel to the stem contain- ing more than one syllable; as, venee\seen, into the boat; venei\siin, into the boats. 64. The illative expresses the place into which motion takes place and is denoted in Eng- lish by the preposition into or to. LESSON IX 37 Vocabulary. lintu, b i r d maa, 1 a n d kirkko, church kaupunki, c i t y u n paistaa, to shine lent (id, t o f 1 y kirka8 9 bright kyla, village . tree vuori s mountain pelto, field pudota, t o f a 1 1 laakso, valley EXERCISE IX. A. 1. Hyva poika tulee kirkosta. 2. Isa menee kaupunkiin. 3. Han menee vieraisiin maihin. 4. Pojat tulevat Suomesta Amerikaan. 5. Talo on tehty puusta. 1 6. Linnut lensivat puihin. 7. Poika ja tytto menivat kouluun. 8. Kolme veljesta on taiilla. 9. Mies on rikas ystavista.- 10. Poika hukkui veteen. 11. Moin kirjan kolmesta dollarista- 1^. Lapsi tulee isaansa. 3 13. Miehet matkustavat kylastii kylaan ja kaupungista kaupunkiin. 14. ]\Ii- na astuin laaksoon. 15. Linnun pesa on puussa. B. 1. I go to school. 2. Boys and girls come from school. 3. He sold the bird for three dollars. 1. He is rich in friends, but poor in money. 5. Men came from Finland to America. (>. The house is made of wood. 7. The bird flew down from the tree. 8. The bright sun. shines into the room i>. Boys and girls are going to school. 10. He comes I'll'. 38 FINNISH GRAMMAR from the woods. 11. They went from the village to the city. 12. From morning to evening. 13. Let them go to church. 14. They stepped into the church. 15. We stepped into the room. 16. I came from the room. 17. Let us go to church. 18. Let them send the boy to town. LESSON X. THE AUXILIARY VERB OLLA, T B E. 65. The verb olla is irregular in many of its forms, but it will be observed that all the mood signs and personal endings follow sequences already established in the regular conjugation. PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 66. SINGULAR. ' PLURAL. 1. olen, I am olemme, we are 2. olet, thou art olette, you are 3. on, h e i s ovat, they are. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 67. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. olin, I w a s olimme, we were 2. olit, thou wast olitte, you were 3. oli, h e w a s olivat, they were LESSON X PRESENT POTENTIAL ACTIVE. 68. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1, lienen? I may be lienemme, we may be 2, lienet, thou may- lienette, you may be e s t b e 3, In mi, he may be lienevat, they may PRESENT CONDITIONAL ACTIVE. (>1). SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. olisin, I should be olisimme, we should be 2. olisit, thou wouldst olisitte, you would be be 3. oliffi, he would be olisivat, they would be IMPERATIVE ACTIVE. 70. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. olkaamme, let us be 2. ole, b e olkaatte, b e 3. olkoon, let him be olkoot, let them be 40 FINNISH GRAMMAR INFINITIVES. 71. I. shorter form, olla, to be longer form, ollakseni, in order that I may be II. In. ollessa, in being, being. III. olernassa, etc., in being, b e i ng. IV. Nom. olerninen, (must) be, being. Part, olemista, being PARTICIPLES. 12. I. oleva, being II. ollut, been Vocabulary. taivas, sky, heaven taytyy, must tahti, star pilvi, cloud kuu, moon kylma, cold ilma, air, weather lamrnin, warm sininen, blue seta, uncle valkea, white tati, aunt hiljainen, silent, nyt, now quiet koti, home toivoa, t o w i s h, to hope LESSEN I 41 EXERCISE X. A. l. Taivaa on sininen. 2. Pilvet ovat mus Xyt on lammin ilma. 4. Kirkas kuu p;. uo- neeseen. 5. Pojan taytyy olla tyossa. 6. Ole hil- Seta ja tati olivat kylailemassa. 8. Han lienee hue: 9, Han olisi tiialla, jofl sinii tul: 10. Ilma on kylmaa. 11. Taivas on sininen ja val- koinen. 12. Isa ja aiti menivat kirkkoon. 13. Mi- na olen suomalainen. 14. Han pitaa lampimaa huoneesta. 15. Olen iloinen nahdessiini tei lii. Saanen kirjeen ani (from my unci 17. Olkaamme taalla kunnes (until) han tulee. B. 1. The - shine brightly. 2. The moon is beautiful. 3. Uncle and aunt are at home. 1 4. The boy must be here. 5. I may be there. 8. Let us be silent. 9. I would be at the church.. 10. We were in the city. 11. The weather is warm and the moon shines brightly. 12. They would be here to day. 13. Let us hope for warm weather for to- morrow. 14. hould be here until aunt and uncle come. 15. I may be too (liian) quiet. 16. V ou. 17. They may come if the - warm. 18. I would go home, if you id come with me (minun kanssa). 10. He may be at homt 1 Ul k«>fim:i. hm.inisrk^i. 1. 12 FINNISH GRAMMAR LESSON XI. ADESSIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES. 7:>. The adessive expresses the place at or on w h i c h, or the object with which anything is done. It is formed with the endings -lla or -lid; as, talo | lla, at the house; kctcle j lid, on the hand; Ostin kirjan rahallani, I bought the book with my own money. (See Lesson XV). 74. In English the prepositions at, on, upon, or with denote the endings of this case. 75. The place from which is regularly denoted by the ablative with the endings -Ita or -ltd; as, talo\lta, from the house; tytd\ltd, from the girl. This relation is indicated in English by the prepositions from or of. Vocabulary. katto, roof paikka, place lattia, floor poytaliina, tablecloth tuoli, chair teevati, saucer poyta, table muste, ink lusikka, spoon kyna, pen kahveli, fork tyijykyna, pencil kola, fish laatikko, box, drawe r lautanen, p 1 a t e raha, money saada, to receive olkaa hyvd, please puuttaa, to lack kirjuri, secretary I XI EXERCISE XI. A. l. Kaunis Irfrja on pdydalla. 2. Han i tuolilla. 3. Mina syon veitsella ja kahvelil 1. Poika kirjoittaa kynalla. 1 5. Minulta puuttuu rahaa. 6. Olkaa hyva ja antakaa minulle lyijykyna poydalta. 7. lima tuntuu kylmalta. 8. Poyt&lii- na on pdydalla. 9. Poika sai rahaa is<S. LO. Lap- si sol lautaselta. 11. Mies putosi katolta maahan. 12. Isa tulee maalta kaupunkiin. B. 1. The tablecloth is on the table. 2. I eat with a knife and fork. 3. The butter is on the plate. 4. The fork fell from the table. 5. I eat a table. 6. The pen and pencil are in a box on the table. 7. Please give me some fish on I 8. I sit in the chair. 9. Write a letter in ink. 10. I see with my eyes and hear with my ears. 1 11. The knife, fork, and spoons are on the table. 12. There are five seats at the table. 13. I work with my hands 1 . 14. I speak with my mouth . hotellissa (At the Hotel). Olkaa hyva ja antakaa minulle huone. Kyila te saatte sen (it). Kirjoittakaa nimenne (your nan poytakirjaan (into the registry-book ) . Ruokaa > >> luku „ lapse \na 99 >> lapse 1 „ talo|na 99 V talo „ hyva\nd >> >> hyva „ kylmajna >> >> kylma „ sieva|na 99 >> sieva 81. The consonant stem of nouns and adjec- tives is found by dropping the endings of the parti- tive singular; as, — Partitive sing. las|£> >> tul|£a, 99 >> tul- >> >> un|£a, >> >> un- tf >> kallis|ia, >> >> kallis. >> >> vet|ia, >> >> vet- >> >> kat|£a, >> >> kat- Most disyllabic words ending in i (if t, s, h, I, r, n, It, rt, nt, precede the last vowel of the stem) belong to the above group. NOTE. — Some nouns and adjectives may have both the vowel or the consonant stem; as, lapse |na, the vowel stem lapse; lasjta, the consonant stem las. i Stems ending in e have i in place of e in the nominative singular. See also 273, SON Mil DO be g 3 E u X i i - ■A B a - • i . *■"■ 7 - g 1- s!i a C C X w-i ii a .52 T 7 >. = — =_ c ~ 1 1 1 a; I ? 1 - - i • i i i i i i 1 1 ■ 's. --^ — — — ^ -»->• — ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 13 5 Pu 13 j5 [ij? jg jg ]3 — Tt fd i J | ^E ^T jC C jj J: oc] a pd rt pd x — bo c CO O ^c 13 cs 'S3 g jj -X J~ ,2 -~ -X c$ c3 ctf ct rt -~^ -4-> ^j 4J — P C 3 — — Is* a N CO pj S a • ~ ~ S — 50 FINNISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY. juuri, root runko, stem silmd, eye nend, nose lukea, to read purra, to bite pad, head k nulla, to hear hiaili, 1 i p kdsivarsi, arm leuka, chin rinta, breast suu, mouth voimakas, strong liammas, tooth kaula, neck korva, ear vieraiMd, to visit ukla, to swim nahda, t o s e e EXERCISE XIII. A. 1. Mies meni kaupunkiin vaimoinensa ja lap- sinensa. 2. He juoksivat kaikin voimin metsaan. 3. Isa on taalla poikinensa. 4. Han juoksi veteen suin pain. 5. On oikein 1 silmin nahda ja korvin kuulla. 6. Mies sukelsi kasin ja jaloin. 2 7. Pitka puunrunko seisoo maassa juurin. 8. Han tekee tyo- ta kaksin kasin. 9. Veli vierailee kaupungissa siskoineen. 3 10. Lapset juoksevat paljain jaloin. 11. Vanha vaimo puhui lipein (flattering) kielin. 12. Han kaantyi minuun selin. B. 1. The man came with his wife and children. i On oikein, it is right, etc. 2 Instructive case. kiLsiu ja jaloin, with his hands and feet. 3 Siskoineea or sis- koiiicnsa. with his sister. The lengthening of the last vowel of the stem has occurred in siskoineen, in place of the possessive suffix. LESSON XIV 51 2. He swims with his hands and feet. 3. The boy reads by the means of 'his eyes. 4. An old woman came with her children. 5. The boy is diving with the help of his hands and feet. 1 6. The tall tree stands in the ground by means of its roots. 2 7. I bite with my teeth. 3 8. I also eat with my teeth. 9. He came home from school with his books and pencils in his pocket. 10. A small boy is running with no shoes on. 11. He works with both hands in the office. 12. The teacher came to school with his pupils. LESSON XIV. READING LESSON. Translate into English and find all the cases in the following: PUUT. Maassa kasvaa kaikenlaisia puita. Juurineen ne ovat maassa kiinni ja imevat (suck) maasta ra- vintoa. Valotta ja lammotta ne eivat voi menes- tya. Suurimmat (larger) kasvit ovat puut. Pui- den juuret levenevat laajalle maahan. Juurista nousee puiden runko. Runko jakautuu ylhaalla haaroihin (into branches). Jokaisessa (on each) i W i t h the help of his hands and foot, kiisin ja jaloin. 2 B y means of it s r o o t s. jimriii. S Use the instructive case. 52 FINNISH GRAMMAR haarassa on oksia. Oksissa on lehtisilmuja ja kuk- kaumpuja. Kevaalla puhkeavat lehdet, ja kukat aukenevat. Hedelmapuissa on hedelmia. Hedelma- puut eivat kasva villeina (wild). N!e (they) kas- vavat siemenesta. Syksylla (in fall) hedelmat kyp- syvat. Syksylla muuttuvat lehdet keltaisiksi, pu- naisiksi, ruskeiksi ja harmaiksi. Vihdoin ne putoa- vat pois puista. Kaikissa puissa ei ole lehtia. Niis- sa on neuloja lehtien sijasta. Sellaisia (such) puita me kutsumme (call) havupuiksi (fir tree). postikonttorissa (At the Post Office). Mina olen outo kaupungissa. Haluaisin (I would like) kysya, missa (where) on postikonttori. Posti- konttori on tuolla. Haluaisin ostaa kaksi viiden sentin postimerkkia (stamp) ja kymmenen kahden sentin. Mina lahetan kirjeen aidilleni (to my mother) Suomeen. Han odottaa kirjetta minulta. Lahetan kirjeen serkuilleni myos. He ovat New Yorkin kaupungissa. He osaavat puhua englannin- kielta selvasti. Mina haluaisin vakuuttaa (to re- gister) taman kirjeen. Paljonko 1 siita menee va- kuutukseen? Vakuutus maksaa kymmenen senttia. Se ei ole paljon. Olkaa hyva ja kirjoittakaa ni- menne ja osotteenne tahan. Mutta ulkomaalle va- kuutus maksaa kymmenen senttia. Haluaisin la- hettaa rahaa Suomeen. Paljonko lahetatte? Lahe- tan noin (about) sata dollaria. Se raha taytyy la- l Paljonko, how much? LESSON XV 53 hettaa vekselilla. Kenelle (to whom) se lahete- taan? Olkaa hyva ja lahettakaa se kansallis-pank- kiin Suomessa. Rahat lahetan tanaan. Kiitos pal- jon, herra. LESSON XV. METHOD OF EXPRESSING THE AUXILIARY TO HAVE. 82. The auxiliary t o h a v e has no exact equiva- lent in Finnish. It is, however, expressed by the verb olla (65) which is always in the third person singular (regardless of its subject) and the word corresponding to the subject in English in the adessive case; as, Minulla on, I h a v e. Minulla oli, I h a d. Minnlla on ollat, I have had. Minulla oli ollut, I had had. Minnlla lienee, I may have. Minulla lienee ollut, I might had had. Minulla olisi, I should (would) have. Minulla oli si ollut, I should (would) have had. 83. Some idiomatic phrases: Minulla on kylma, I am cold. Minulla o?i lammin, I am warm. 54 FINNISH GRAMMAR Minalla on Hire, I am busy. Minulla on jano, I am thirsty. Minidla on nalka, I am hungry. Han katsoo minium, He is looking at m e. Olen iloinen nahdessani teita, I am glad to see you. Terve tidoa, Welcome. Vocabulary. kertornas, story nelja, four kaksi, two lainehtia, to wave kurkku, throat rinta, breast myoskin, also harvoin, seldom piwti, store onnellinen, happy vihannes, vegetable hedelma, fruit jarvi, lake joki, river iik ri, sea, ocean kuvastin, m irror myrsky, storm saastad, to save EXERCISE XV. A. 1. Minulla on kaksi katta. 2. Pojalla oli nelja omenaa. 1 3. Tytolla on ollut paljon rahaa. 4. Minulla on kaksi silmaa, 1 kaksi korvaa, 1 kaksi jalkaa 1 ja yksi nena. 5. Mina ostin vihanneksia ja hedelmia puodista. 6. Minulla lienee ollut viisi dollaria. 1 7. Laaja joki juoksee jarveen. 8, Ha- i See 146. LESSON XV 55 nella.olisi ollut rahaa, jos han olisi saastanyt. 9. Hevosella on nelja jalkaa. 10. Aurinko ja kuu paistavat. 11. Suuri meri lainehtii. 12. Pienella pojalla on hedelmia. B. 1. I have two hands and two ears. 1 2. I have also two feet 1 . 3. The boy has some fruit. 4. We bought some vegetables in a store. 5. The small girl has two red apples. 1 6. The large river runs into a lake. 7. I have had some coffee. 8. I may have a letter to-morrow. 9. I should have had two letters. 10. I might have had some fruit. 11. A mirror is bright. 12. The brother has some oranges and the sister has apples. IHMISEN RUUMIIN JASENET. Minulla on paa, kaksi silmaa, kaksi korvaa, kaksi huulta 2 , leuka ja suu. Silmilla mina naen. Kor- villa mina kuulen. Suussa on minulla hampaat ja kieli. Hampailla mina syon. Kielella mina puhun ja maistan. Minulla on kasvot ja otsa. Minulla on myos kaksi katta ja kaksi jalkaa. Kasilla mina teen tyota. Oikealla kadella mina kirjoitan. Oi- keassa kadessa mina pidan veitsen, kahvelin ja lu- sikan, kun olen syomassa. Minulla on viisi sor- mea kumpaisessakin (on each) kadessa. Jaloilla mina kavelen, juoksen ja hyppaan. Minulla on viisi varvasta kumpaisessakin (on each) jalassa. Kun on kylma ilma, niin kasissani pidan kasineet, i Use the essive singular. 2 See 146, a. 56 FINNISH GRAMMAR etta kalvosimeni pysyisivat lampimana. Jaloissani pidan sukat ja kengat ja kenkien paalla pidan paa- lykengat. Kaulassani pidan hatun. Nain koko ruu- miini pysyy lampimana. LESSON XVI. NEGATION. 84. Verbs are made negative in Finnish by placing the negative before the verb. The negative is capable of taking the personal endings (32). Thus, literally translated en, means 'not V ; et, 'not thou'; ei, 'not he', etc. 85. The conjugation of the negative for all moods except the imperative, is as follows : 1st person sing, en, plural emme 2nd „ „ et, „ ette 3rd „ „ ei, „ eivat 86. The conjugation of the negative in the im- perative is : 1st person sing. plural alkaamme or elkadmme 2nd „ „ did or eld „ dlkddtte or elkddtte 3rd „ „ dlkoon or „ alkoot or elkoon elkoot NOTE. — The personal ending- of the second person plural is seldom used. Thus, use alkaa or elkaa in place of alkiiaUte) or elkaa(tte). LESSON XVI 57 87. The negative conjugation of the present in- dicative, potential, and conditional is formed by combining the negative (85) with the stem of each tense respectively (the main verb does not take the personal endings) ; as, en sano, I do not say (I say not); emme sano, we do not say (we say not); en sanone, I may not say; en sa- noisi, I would not say, etc. 88. The negative and the nominative of the sec- ond participle of the main verb form the negative imperfect indicative. The participle must agree with its subject in number; as, en sanonut, I d i d not say; emme sanoneet, we did not say. 89. The imperative conjugation of the negative and the stem 1 of the main verb form the negative imperative conjugation; as, did sano, say not; alkddmme sanoko, let us not say. 90. The negative must agree with its subject in number ; as, en sano, I do not say; emme sano, we do not say. 91. The object of the negative verb is always partial ; as, En lukenut kirjaa, I did not read t h e b o o k. 92. Some uses of the negative: en, et, ei koskaan, never ei yksikddn, no one ei ketddn, nobody ei mitddn, nothing, none i The stem ends in -ko or -ko in every person except the second person singular. 58 FINNISH GRAMMAR en, et, ei enempdd, no more. en, et, ei kauempaa, no longer en, et, ei ensinkddn, not at all en, et, ei ainoastaan, not only 93. The negative is not used with infinitives. The English negative infinitive is expressed by the use of the abessive of the third infinitive with the verb olla; as, olla antamatta, not to give; olla menemdttd, not to go, etc. 94. Learn the negative conjugation of sanoa, to say, in 290. Vocabulary. pdiv&Uinen, dinner aamii, morning illallinen, supper aamiainen, breakfast laksy, lesson koira, dog kissa, cat viela, yet valmis, ready ilta, evening pdiva, day yd, night helppo, easy vaikea, hard, diffi- cult miitta, but kylld, yes EXERCISE XVI. A. 1. Paivallinen ei ole viela valmis/ 2. Pojat eivat syo aamiaista. 3. Me emme syo illallista 4. Lyhyt laksy ei ole vaikea oppia. 5. Ei yksikaan ole kotona. 1 6. Mustat koirat ja harmaa kissa ei- i r.s<- Hi*' essive singular. LESSON XVII 59 vat syo kalaa. 7. Ala tule tanne. 8. Alkaamme soko tiellii. 9. Han ei liene kaupungissa. LO, Me emme kirjoittaisi, jos han ei vastaisi kirjetta. 11. En lukenut laksya. 12. He eivat sydneet viela aamiaista. B. 1. I do not give any money. 2. No one is here to-day. 3. Dinner is not ready yet, but break- fast is always ready. 4. I did not read the book. 5. We did not send the letter. 6. Do not run any longer. 7. Let us not speak too much. 8. I may not go to church to-morrow. 9. We should not be without breakfast, dinner, or supper. 10. No one is at home. 1 11. Let them not say. 12. They do not live in the country. 13. They may not be at home. 1 LESSON XVII. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. i).">. The personal pronouns are: SINGULAR PLURAL mind, I me, w e Bind, thou te, y o u han, h e, s h e; se, i t he, 1 1< Of these sinti is used among intimate friends, relatives, children, or in poetry. T< is used in less intimate talk. Se, plu. ne, they, refers to things e the essive singular. 60 FINNISH GRAMMAR or animals. Personal pronouns are inflected like nouns. 96. The exact possessive adjectives, my, thy, h i s, etc., are lacking in Finnish. They are ex- pressed by the use of the genitive of the personal pronoun and the possessive suffixes. Of the geni- tives of the personal pronouns the first and second person can be left out, but the third person singular and plural are almost always used for clearness ; as, (minun) kirja\ni, my book (sinun) kirja\si, thy book (hanen) kirja\nsa, h i s, h e r b o o k (meiclan) kirja\mme our b o ok (teidan) kirja\nne, your book (heiddn) kirja \ nsa, their book 97. The possessive suffixes are: SINGULAR PLURAL 1st pers. -ni, m y -mme, our 2nd „ -si, thy -nne, your 3rd „ -nsa or -nsa, -nsa or -nsa, their his, her 98. Possessive suffixes are added to the case- endings, but if a case-ending ends in a consonant it is rejected before the consonant of the possessive suffix; as, taloo\ni (taloon+wi)> into my house. 99. Possessive suffixes do not cause the weak- ening of the consonant of the stem, although they may close a short syllable; as, kehto\?isa, his LESSON XVII 61 cradle, but kehdo\n; hatta\nsa, his hat, but hata\n. 100. Learn the declension of mind, I; % thou; han, he or she; me, we; te, y o u ; he, they, in 280. Learn also the declension of the possessive suffixes in 281, 282, 283, 284. Vocabulary. IddkdrL doctor pctppi, minister kasi, hand kuukausi, month ruiimis, body sana, word kenkd, shoe laase, sentence kampa, comb polvi, knee harja, brush kaula, neck viikko, week otsa, forehead vnosi, year kasvot, face rain, so heittdd, to throw idos, out korkea, high EXERCISE XVII. A. 1. Isani on taalla. 2. Sinun aitisi on koto- na. 3. Mina heitan palloni korkealle. 4. Hanen poikansa lukeee laakariksi. 1 5. Olkaa hyva ja tuo- kaa sormukseni ja harjani tanne. 6. Teidan ken- kanne ja sukkanne ovat lattialla. 7. Han lahetti kirjeen pojallensa. 8. En saanut viela kirjeeseeni vastausta pojaltani. 9. Kirjamme ovat poydalla. 10. Viikkoni, kuukauteni ja vuoteni kuluvat (pa 62 FINNISH GRAMMAR taalla ollessani liian pian. 11. Menkaamme taloosi nukkumaan. 12. Tulkaa konttooriini kirjuriksi. B. 1. My father and mother are here. 2. I sent a letter to my brother. 3. I received a letter from my sister. 4. Please send our. shoes and socks. 5. Your ring and brush are on the table. 6. Their books are on the desk. 7. His boy is studying for the ministry. 1 8. The girls do not sing. 9. My comb and your brush are here. .10. He received a book as a present from your son. 11. The lead- pencil is not sharp. 12. His knee and hand are hurt. KOTI. Minulla on pieni koti, jota (which) rakastan pal j on. Isani taloa en voi (I cannot) koskaan un- hottaa. Siella olen kotonani; siella parhaiten viih- dyn. Enkopa tuntisi tieta ja verajaa (gate) ? En- kopa taloa ja tupaa muistaisi? Kaikki (all) on siella niin tuttua minulle. Naita portaita (stairs) olen niin monesti astunut. Taman (this) oven olen niin monesti (many times) avannut (open). Ak- kunasta olen ulos katsonut (look). Takkavalkean loistossa 2 olen lammitellyt. Poydassa olen syonyt. Vuoteessa olen nukkunut. Jokaisen (every) istui- men tunnen (know), jokaisen kiven ja polun (path). Siella en eksyisi, en yon pimeydessakaan (in the darkness of night). i See 198. 2 Takkavalkean loistossa, before the glow- ing hearth. LESSON XVIII 63 Usein olin mukana (with), kun hevosia kaivolla (well) juotimme (to water). Usein saatoin leh- miamme laitumelle (to the pasture). Usein Mus- tille 1 nauroin, kun se oravaa (squirrel) haukkui (bark). Muistan viela pihlajan (mountain ash) marjoista punaisena, ja koivun (birch), jossa pie- ni lintu lauloi. Kesalla olen aholla 2 mansikoita poi- minut (to pick). Talvella olen siella makea laske- nut (to slide down). Silloinpa iloa oli, kun jar- vesta suli jaa ja kun paasimme veneella soutele- maan. Syksylla taas lentaa kiidimme kuin linnut kirkkaalla jaalla. (to be continued). LESSON XVJII. COMPOUND TENSES. 101. Compound tenses are the perfect and pluperfect. Of these perfect and pluperfect occur in the indicative; the perfect in the potential and conditional. 102. The present of the auxiliary olio, and the nominative of the second participle form the per- fect indicative active; as, Olen sanonut, I have said. This corresponds closely to the English perfect. i The name <>f a u\ allative case, z Alio, a w I land c 1 e ;i r e y t i r <•. ; See 1 1 , i. 64 FINNISH GRAMMAR 1(K>. The imperfect of olla and the nominative of the second participle form the pluperfect indica- tive active ; as, Olin sanonut, I had said. This is equivalent to the English pluperfect. 104. The potential of olla and the nominative of the second participle form the perfect potential active ; as, Lienen sanonut, I might havesaid. 105. The conditional of the auxiliary olla and the nominative of the second participle form the perfect conditional active; as, Olisin sanonut, I should have said. 106. The present negative conjugation of olla in its different moods and the nominative of the second participle form the negative perfect of the indicative, potential, and conditional, while the negative imperfect of olla with the second participle form the pluperfect indicative; as, En ole sanonut, I have not said En ollut sanonut, I had not said En liene sanonut, I might not have said En olisi sanonut, I should not have said 107. The second participle must agree in num- ber with its subject; as, Olen sanonut, I hav e said; Olemme sanoneet, We have said. 108. Learn the affirmative and negative con- jugation of compound tenses in 290. SON XVIII tBULARY. saapva, to arrive kytya, t o a s k jmhua, to spea k /A'<". to cloe /o/x ttaa, to finis h, d o o r to en d akkuna, w i n d o w kuulla, to hear kartta, m a p loytaa, to find t i on /una, t r a i n odottaa, t o w a i t vaunu, car koto, street myohastya, to be late featu reet car EXERCISE XVII. A. 1. Olen kirjoittanut kirjeen aidilleni. 2. Han asuu Bostonin kaupungissa. 3. Juna on my<">- hastynyt tfinaan. 4. Se lienee mennyt radalta pois. 5. Setani ja tatini olisivat odottaneet minun tuloani. 6. Olen jo ostanut matkalipun sinulle. 7. Juna on odottamassa 1 sinua. 8. Han ei ole I5yta- nyt katuvaunua. 9. Mies oli nukkunut vaunu- 10. Mina suljen- oven. 11. Isa oli jo lopettanut typnsa. 12. Veljeni ei ole viela saapunut. B. 1. I have sent a letter to my brother. 2. Ho had read it and was glad of it. :». The train had gone already. 4. We had come to the station ton late. 5. She has been in England. (>. 1 have not asked him to come to me. 7. They may not 1 gone yet. 8. I would have written to you. 9, We l On imm. i s \v a i t i n fi 1" " r 11. 1. 8 was glad Of it. oli iloinru .siiiii. 66 FINNISH GRAMMAR had finished our work. 10. She has received a letter from her brother. 11. They have been at work. 12. I have found the railroad station. koti (continuation). Vahatpa siita (I do not mind), josko kotini on ollut rikas tai koyha. Olen siella onnellisena ela- nyt. Siella on ollut lammin ja hyva olla. Vaatetta ja ruokaa, hoitoa ja rakkautta olen siella saanut. Siella olen lapsesta asti kasvanut. Siella on isani tyota tehnyt. Siella on aitini minulle kauniita lau- lujaan laulanut. Iltasin (at nights), kun menin vuoteelleni, kuulin aitin rukoilevan edestani (for me). Tiedan rakastaa pienta kotiani. Mutta en viela oikein ymmarra (understand), miten (how) ra- kastaa sita suurta kotia, jota (which) me sanom- me isanmaaksi. Siella on niin paljon toisin (differ- ent) kuin meilla kotona. Tiet ovat toisenlaiset 1 (different), talot ovat toisellaiset, ihmiset ovat toisellaiset, Voin eksya siella, missa en ole koskaan ennen (before) ollut. Kukaan ei (no one) minua siella tunne (know), enka minakaan ketaan (no one) tunne. Kuinka voisin vierasta maata rakas- taa? Kuinka voisin olla onnellinen, iloinen vieras- ten ihmisten luona? Niin, kotini kylla tunnen; mutta mika on isan- maani? i toittciilniiH'ii, plu. toisenlaiset (see 272). i LESSON XIX LESSON XIX. READING LESSON. kanarialintu (Canary Bird). Liisalla oil pieni kanarialintu. Se lauloi kaiken paivaa. Se oli hyvin kaunis. Liisa antoi sille menia (seeds) ja raohoja (grass) sydtavaksi. Mutta eraana paivana se makasi kuolleena hakis- saan (cage). Silloin tyttonen 1 itki kovasti. Han itki yha edelleen, vaikka aiti jo oli ostanut handle uuden linnun. Silloin sanoi hanelle iiiti: "Miksi it- ket? Taalla sinulla on toinen lintu. Se laulaa niin hyvin kuin entinenkin" (former). Liisa sanoi: "Mina olen ollut linnulle kiittamaton (unthankful). Mina olen joskus syonyt itse sokeripalan (a piece of su^ar), vaikka se olisi kuulunut (to belong) lin- nulle/' JANIS JA KOIRA. Metsasta.ja meni koirinensa metsaswimaan (hunt- ing). Matkalla han puheli (spoke) koirallenc Ole nyt tanaan oikein nopea (swift) jaloiltfl Kun janiksen tavannet (meet), niin sinua hyvin syotan. Kun metsasta.ia kaukaa naki janiksen, niin han huusi (shouted) koirallensa : Juokse, kiinni (catch). Mutta janis juoksi kovin nopeasti. I OUoimii. ,i Small -a ill. S- ■•• also 171. 68 FINNISH GRAMMAR Kbiran kaikki yritykset (efforts) olivat turhat. Pian koira naki, etta han turhaan juoksisi, vaikka kuinka voimiansa ponnistaisi. Sentahden koira masentuneena (discouraged) tuli isantansa (mas- ter) luo. Isanta sanoi koirallensa: "Hyvapa 1 lie- net sinakin juoksemaan. Katso, miten pieni janis on, mutta sinut se jattaa (leave) juoksussa kauas jalkeensa. "Naura vain, jos tahdot", sanoi koira, bk mutta muista, etta janis juoksi henkensa tahden, mina taas juoksin ainoastaan leipapalasen (a piece of bread) tahden." isanmaani (Fatherland). Isani kertoo usein Suomesta. Han kutsuu sita isanmaaksi. "Minkatahden sanot Suomea isanmaaksi?'' ky- syin kerran hanelta. "Sentahden, etta olen siella syntynyt (born), etta esi-isani (forefather) ja kaikki sukulaiseni ovat siella kauan asuneet ja etta se on Suomen kansan kotimaa (homeland)", vastasi isani. " Mutta onko Suomi minunkin isanmaani, vaikka olen syntynyt Amerikassa?" sanoin taas. "Oletko suomalainen?" kysyi isani. "Olen luonnollisesti (naturally)", sanoin mina. "Miksika?" kysyi isani. "Kun puhun suomea ja kun isani ja aitini ovat suomalaisia, niin minakin olen suomalainen." i See 162. LESSON XX 69 "Koska olet suomalainen ja Suomi on suomalaia- ten isanmaa, niin Be on sinunkin isanmaasi. Suo- men kansa, jonka lapsia olet, on kasvanut Suon* >a. Siella ovat sen el&ma, tavat (ci ), kieli ja laitokset (institutions) vahitellen (gradual! kehittyneet (developed). Nyt kaikki puhu\ maa kielta ja ovat samaa kansaa (nation). Suo- men kansa rakastaa Suomea ja sille ei ole mikaan maa niin rakas kuin Suomi, eika mikaan kieli niin kaunis kuin suomenkieli." Isani silmat loistivat (shine), kun ban sanoi nain ja mina ymmarsin, etta han rakasti Suomea suu- resti. (to be continued). LESSON XX. PASSIVE VOICE. 10J). The passive finite verb in Finnish is im- personal, that is to say, no pronoun or noun is connected with it as subject. As the source of action is not mentioned in the Finnish passive, it may be translated by one, some one, people, or i t i s ; as, sanotaan, one or some one sa: people says, it is said; in French by the indefinite article an with the verb always in the third person singular. 110. The stem of the passive verb ends in -to- or -ta- after a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant ; 70 FINNISH GRAMMAR -tta- or -tta- after a short vowel. To form the pas- sive simple tenses the regular mood and tense signs are added to the passive stem. It ends (in every mood except the imperative) in -w with the lengthening of the last vowel of the stem or the mood sign ; as, sano\ ia\an, some ones ays, etc.; sano\ttane\en, some one may say; sano\ttaisi\rn, some one would say. 111. The present indicative of the passive ends in -daan, 1 -daan 1 after a long vowel or diphthong, -faan, 1 -taan 1 after a short vowel or a consonant, -naa?i 1 or -naan, 1 -loan, 1 -man 1 after n, I, or r res- pectively ; as, saa\da\an, some one receives; tuo\da\an, someonebrings; syo\da\an, some one eats; men\nd\dn, some one goes; pan\na\an, some one puts; tul\la\an, s o-m e one comes; pur\ra\an, some one bites. NOTE. — The present passive sign is always weakened. Thus, -ta, -ta become -da, -da; -nta, -nta. become -una, -nna, etc. See Rule 11 for other changes. 112. The imperfect passive has the sign -Uin 1 after a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant, -ttiin 1 after a short vowel; as, saa\ti\in, some one re- ceived, etc.; tuo\ti\in, some one brought, etc. ; tul\ti\in, some one c a m e, etc. i The lengthening of the last vowel of the stem has occured. See also the rule 10, e. LESSON w 71 113, The English passive may be transla into Finnish in the following way: I am loved, Minna rakastetaan (lit. loves me) I was loved, Minna rakasteti 1 have been loved, Minna on rakastettu 1 had been loved, Mimm oli rakastettu I shall be loved, Minna rakastetc 1 a m t o 1 d, MinuUe kerrotac I was told, Minnlh kerrottiin, etc. 111. The pronoun or noun subject of the English passive becomes either a direct or indirect (dative-objective) object in Finnish. The dir object is put in the partitive (if total in the accusa- tive) the indirect in the allative. 1 1.1. The third person singular of the auxiliary olla in its different moods and the second passive participle form the passive compound tenses; as, on sanottu, some one h a s s a i d; oli S( s o m e o n e h a d s a i d, etc. 11(5. The negative conjugation of the passive is based on the same principle with that of the active, except that the third person singular of the and the passive stem with mood signs are used. In compound tenses the second passive participle is used ; as, <>tn t a o m e one do not say; ei ole sanottn, some one has n s a i d, etc. 117. The passive has two infinitives. The second infinitive has the sign < or /. the latter form- 72 FINNISH GRAMMAR ing a diphthong with the last vowel of the stem. This is used in the inessive case; as, sano\ttae\ssa, or sano\ttai\ssa, in one's saying. 118. The third infinitive is formed by adding -ma or -ma to the passive stem. The instructive case is used of this infinitive in connection with the verb pitaa, must; as, pitaa sano\ttama\n, one must say. 119. The first participle adds the signs -va or -va to the passive stem; as, sanotta\va, to be said; sydta\va, to be eaten. The second participle has one of the following signs 1 : -tu, -ty, -ttu, -tty. These are added to the active stem; as, saa\tu, received; teh\ty, made; sano\ttu, said; keite\tty, cooked. 120. Learn the passive affirmative and nega- tive conjugation of sanoa, to say, in 291. Vocabulary. saada, to receive pesta, to wash kunnioittaa, to honor ruoka, food kuolla, t o d i e usein, often pitaa, must saada valmiiksi, t o g e t ready ihailla, to admire viipyd, to delay keittio, kitchen keittaa, to cook paistaa, to bake soppa, soup sitten, then muna, egg i -tu or -ty is added after a long- vowel, diphthong-, consonant; -ttu or -tty after a short vowel. LESSON XX 73 EXERCISE XX. A. 1. Minulle sanotaan. 2. Kirje kirjoitetaan. 3. Paivallinen saadaan jo valmiiksi. 4. Sinun pi- taa kunnioittamaan isaasi ja aitiasi. 5. Hants ra- kastettiin. 6. Kun olisi hyva ilma, niin mentai- siin kirkkoon. 7. Poikaa ei ole nahty taalla. 8. Ei vfivytty kauan matkalla. 9. Ei liene kuultu hanen sanojansa. 10. Olisi laulettu, jos laulu olisi ollut kaunis. 11. Minulle sanottiin niin. 12. Kaikkien ihmisten pitaa kuoleman. 13. Sanottakoon ta kirjeesta hanelle. 14. Kaunista kuvaa ihaillaan. 15. Tehtakoon tama tyo ensin (first) ja sitten men- takoon ulos. 16. Heille on sanottu se asia. 17. Munia oli paistettu meille. 18. Huomenna satanee, kun taivas on pilvinen (clouded). B. 1. Books are sold. 2. The letter is written already. The book was given to him. 4. Some one is singing. 5. Some one is cooking soup in the kitchen. 6. On a rainy day one may easily catch cold. 7. One should be careful about it. 8. Tick are bought to Chicago. 9. All must die. 10. The letter is not received. 11. Some one in the group had no money to pay for his ticket. 12. I am lov 13. We are told to come here. 14. They have been loved. 19. We had been told. 20. The letter was given. 17. I was loved. 18. They may be loved. 19. We had been told. 20. The letter was son! to Chicago. 74 FINNISH GRAMMAR LESSON XXI. METHOD OF EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME. 121. Future action in Finnish is usually ex- pressed by the present tense; as, Mind luen huo- menna, I shall read t o-m orro w, "I read to- morrow". 122. But future time can also be denoted by combining the auxiliary olla, to be, and the first participle of the main verb. The future thus formed has the following meanings : — Olen sanova, I shall say Oliiz sanova, I was about to say Lienen sanova, Perhaps I shall say orlmaysay (to-morrow) Olisin sanova, I should say Vocabulary. ahkera, diligent lapio, spade xloinen, cheerful ihminen, person, varjo, shade human being kasvi, plant vaiva, trouble eilen, yesterday rakastaa, to love kartano, garden katsoa, to look menestija, to succeed vahingoittaa, to injure palkita, to reward muistaa, to remember iiiihdella, to scold eli, o r kirves, a x LESSON XXI 75 EXERCISE XXI. A. 1. Olen kirjoittava kirjeen huomenna. 2. 11. tulee junalla tanaan. 3. Sina olet oleva tydssasi ah- kera ja iloinen. 4. Han olisi sanova sinulle. 5. Veljeni tulee huomenna. 6. Sade ai vahingoita kasveja huomenna. 7. Kasvit eivat kasva varjossa. 8. Lapset leikkivat kartanolla. 9. Puutarhuri rakas- taa kasvejaan. 10. Han on iloinen ja katsoo kuinka hanen kasvinsa menestyvat. 11. Ne (they) palkit- sevat hanen vaivansa. 12. Han tekee tyota kir- veella, lapiolla ja haravalla. 1 B. 1. I shall write a letter to my brother. 2. He will come to visit us to-morrow. 3. Then I shall be glad. 4. Perhaps I shall receive a letter from him before he comes. 5. My mother and father will go to New York. 6 I was about to leave for Chicago. 7. A man is working in the garden with his spade and rake. 1 8. He is always diligent and cheerful. 9. The plants will reward his troubles. 10. He does not let bad boys injure the trees. 11. He also remembers that plants do not grow well in the shade. 12. Children will play in the garden to-day. puutarhuri. (The Gardener). Pienessa talossa asuu vanha mies. Han on puu- tarhuri. Han tekee puutarhassa ahkerasti tyota i Sec 76 FINNISH GRAMMAR lapiolla ja haravalla. 1 Han on hyva ja ystavallinen. Uoisena han katselee puutarhan kukoistavia (blos- soming) kasveja. Han rakastaa niita (them). Ne menestyvat hyvin. Kasvit palkitsevat moninkertai- sesti (many times) hanen vaivansa. Joskus pahat pojat vahingoittavat puita. Silloin puutarhuri nuhtelee heita. Kuinka saatatte niin tehda? Tama puu on kaunistuksena ja varjona koko kartanolle. Ihmisille ja elaimille siita on iloa. Niin puutarhuri sanoo. Pojat menevat hapeissaan pois. Miehen sanat olivat pojille hyva opetus. Sen he aina muis- tavat. 2 HOLMOLAISTEN ELONLEIKKUU (harvesting) . Kun holmolaiset leikkasivat ruista (rye), niin he tarvitsivat (needed) siihen seitseman (seven) hen- kea (person). Yksi painoi (pressed) oljet (straws) alas ; toinen 3 piti puuta niiden alia ; kolmas 3 leikkasi oljet poikki; neljas 3 kantoi ne lyhteeseen (lyhde = bundle) ; viides 3 sitoi lyhteet; kuudes 3 kantoi lyhteet kokoon (pile) ; ja seitsemas 3 pani ne kuhilaalle (stacks). Matti sattui (happened) kerran nakemaan heidan tyonsa, ja han ihmetteli heidan tyhmyyttaan (stupidity). Illalla oli puoli 4 peltoa jo leikattu ja toinen puoli oli leikkaamatta. Matti halusi auttaa NOTE. — Holmolainen, plu. holmolaiset, were thoughtless people who made great blunders on account of their stupidity and careless way of doing things. i See 226. 2 Sen he aina muistavat. they will always remember it. 3 See Lesson XXVII. 4 See 152. LESSON XXI 77 holmolaisia ja otti leikatakseen sen, mika viela oil leikkaamatta. Kun ban oli lopettanut tyonsfi, niin ban pani sirppinsa (sickle) kuhilaan paalle ja meni nukkumaan. Holmolaiset tulivat aamulla, naki\ etta heidan rukiinsa oli jo leikattu, ja sirppi oli kuhilaalla. He suuresti ihmettelivat. Kun he kauan tasta neuvottelivat (discussed), tulivat he vii- mein siihen paatokseen (conclusion), etta sellainen (such) tyo oli noidan (witch) tyota, ja etta noita oli muuttunut (changed) sirpiksi. Tama oli siis hukutettava (to be drowned), etta se ei enaan pi- laisi (spoil) heidan hyvaa tyotaan. Mutta ei ollut hyva koskea niin vaaralliseen esineeseen (object) ; sen vuoksi otettiin tanko (pole), sidottiin sen paa- han silmukka (tie) ja talla he vetivat (drew) sir- pin pois kuhilaalta. Koko joukko (group) oli ih- meissaan (wondered) siita, kuinka sirpin taytyi kulkea heidan perassa jarven rantaan, vaikka se kaikin voimin (with all its might) taisteli (fought) vastaan. Vihdoin saatiiin sirppi veneeseen ja nyt soudettiin keskelle jarvea. Varteen (handle) si- dottiin iso kivi lujilla koysilla (rope), etta se ei nousisi veden paalle, ja sitten se heitettiin (throw) jarveen. Mutta pahaksi onneksi (unfortunately) tarttui (catch) sirpin tera (edge) veneen laitaan, kivi painoi, vene kaatui (was turned over), ja hol- molaiset paasivat (escaped) toin tuskin (hardly) noidan pahoista pauloista (bad traps). 78 FINNISH GRAMMAR LESSON XXII. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 123. Finnish adjectives have three degrees of comparison, the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. 124. The comparative is formed by adding to the stem of the positive the signs -mpa- or -rnpci- which are weakened to -mma- or -rnmii-. The nominative singular ends in -mpi; as, suu- re\mpi, bigger. 125. The superlative has the sign -m in the nom- inative singular. This is added to the positive stem; as, suur\in, biggest.. In the other cases the signs -impa- (-imma-, see 11, h) in the singular; -impi (-immi-, see 11, h.) in the plural occur after the vowel stem; as, suur\imma\lle, to the big- gest; suur\immi\ lie, to the biggest (ones) . 126. Adjectives of various degrees with proper consonental and vowel changes are declined like substantives, and they must agree in number and case with the noun they modify ; as, pienelle pojalle, to the small boy; pienille pojille, t o the small boys, etc. LESSON XXII 79 e ^ :^ p s p 1 £ hfl m * — ii o o <' O a <& CO CD fD C »1 «— i. rD o CD 02 O O 3 BO P < CD Eg ^ ta in s s P g . c » — — . ^ §' — P 9c £ ST < 0> v. £ ao" p rD c+- P - — — , x ? o ^ * a> ^rD v. § . : -: '/• c 3. ^ u- rD ._. .. -• o fl) o « * o * o x rD 5: p ^ o P X S£ ^ £?• 51 ^ ^- ^5 ^> r> <^ P 52* J §"§ 3 § 3 ^ s §<£ 9ii S y. P 5 § | ■•^^ O o p ►■* rD CO. y: 5S S ?! -^_ — 1 i 5. 5.S> o 5P w ^-c- o ^ o p c ►a rD p" 10 o 5 po rl" 5* d o rD o o p -: P <* a> P c a> < rD !l M H rD rD 80 FINNISH GRAMMAR 129. Learn the declension of adjectives in 277, 278, 279. Vocabulary. omena, apple marja, berry sitruuna, lemon mansikka, strawberry ruokahnone dining mustikka blueberry room kukka, flower vierashuone, parlor rwusu, rose kyllin, enough makea, sweet niin .... kuin, a s .... a s viheria, green kuin, than myrskyinen, stormy kesa, summer vuodenaika, season kevat, spring hapan, sour, bitter EXERCISE XXII. A. 1. Minun omenani on makeampi kuin sinun omenasi. 2. Talvi on pisin vuodenajoista. 3. Mut- ta kesa on ihanin vuodenaika. 4. Silloin viheria ruoho kasvaa maassa ja ruusut kukkivat. 5. Han antoi lahjan ahkerammalle pojalle. 6. Sitruuna on happamempi kuin omena. 7. Pieni poika on niin ahkera kuin tyttokin. 8. Vierashuone on kauniim- pi kuin ruokahuone. 9. Syksy on myrskyisempi kuin kesa. 10. Sain kirjeen rakkaimmalta ystaval- tani. 12. Sina olet pitka, han on pitempi, mutta tuo mies on kaikista pisin. B. 1. An apple is sweeter than a lemon. 2. Good strawberries and blueberries are found LESSON XXIII 81 here. 3. Give this to the most diligent and cheer- ful boy. 4. A man is stronger than a small b 5. Our dining room is larger than the parlor. (>. But the parlor is more beautiful. 7. 1 received a letter from my dearest friend. 8. I sent leti to my good friends. 9. He lives in a larger ho> than you. 10. They come from the most beautiful city in America. 11. Beautiful pictures are on the walls. 12. The man gave present to the poorest boys and girls. LESSON XXIII. INTERROGATION. 130. Word questions are introduced by various interrogative pronouns and adverbs. The inter- rogatives kuka, who; ken, who, are used of per- sons ; mikd, what; kumpi, which of the t w o ; kumpainen, which one, are used of per- sons and things. The first two are substantives while the last three can be used substantively and adjectively. 131. Sentence questions may be introduced by the particles or enclitics - ko or -fed which i appended to the emphatic word which usually stands first; as, Tuleeko h&n tanacin? Will he come to-day? Meneeko hfin kaupunkiin? Will he go to the city? 82 FINNISH GRAMMAR 132. When negative questions are introduced by -fco or -ko the enclitics are always appended to the negative word ; as, Eiko han tule ? Is he not coming? Eivdtkb he kirjoita? Do they not w rite?. 133. Learn the declension of the interrogatives in 287. Vocabulary. kokous, meeting suunnitelma, scheme vskdltaa, to dare hiljaa, quietly kello, bell haukkua, to bark, pyydystaa, to catch to insult acini, voice, sound kukko, rooster tietati, to know ottaa, to take kylla, yes hiiri, mouse keksia, to invent EXERCISE XXIII. A. 1. Kuka tulee? 2. Taalla tulee minun isani. 3. Mika mies sina olet? 4. Kenen kirja on sinul- la? 5. Kenelta sina saat rahaa? 6. Missa sina olet ollut. 7. Eiko poika tullut kaupunkiin? 8. Tuleeko han tanaan? 9. Kumpi teista osasi parem- min laksynsa tanaan? 10. Keta han tahtoo? 11. Kumpaiselle pojalle tuli kirje? 12. Oliko han tul- lut junalla tahi jalan? B. 1. Is brother coming home to-day? 2. What man are you? 3. Where have you been? 4. Did LESSON XXIII we not give the book to you? 5. Which of the two is here? 6. To whom shall I send the letter? 7. From what city do you come? 8. Did the roo crow? 9. Has not the black cat caught the i 10. Yes, she caught it. 11. To what city are you going? 12. Did you come on the train or by foot? KISSA JA HIIRET. Kissa pyydysti ja soi paljon hiiria. Sentahden hiiret hanta pelkasivat. Kerran hiiret pitivat ko- kousta aitassa. He keksivat suunnitelman. Kissa tuli aina hyvin hiljaa. Se ei haukkunut kuin koira. Se ei laulanut kuin kukko. Sentahden he paatti- vat panna kellon kissan kaulaan. Silloin kaikki kuulisivat kissan kellon aanen. Mutta ei kukaan uskaltanut panna kelloa kissan kaulaan. Hyva suunnitelma meni hukkaan. isanmaani (continuation). Olin jo kauan tietanyt, etta olin suomalainen, olin rakastanut suomenkielta, olin lukenut kaunii- ta runoja (poems), olin kuunnellut suomalaisia lau- luja, kun aitini tai joku muu (some one) oli niita laulanut, mutta nyt vasta ymmarran, miten Suomi voi olla minunkin 1 isanmaani. Kerran kysyin isaltani, mitenka suomalaisilla on niin paljon omia kauniita lauluja. Isani sanoi: "Suomen kaunis luonto (nature) on 84 FINNISH GRAMMAR kehittanyt (developed) kansamme sellaiseksi, etta se rakastaa runoja ja lauluja. Suomen valoisat kesayot (summer nights) ja lintujen laulut ovat tehneet sen, etta ihmiset pitavat runoista ja lau- luista. Holla kuuntelen (listen to) aina, kun isani tai veljeni kertoo Suomen tuhansista jarvista, koskis- ta (waterfall) ja ihanista saarista. Myoskin ha- luan kuulla Suomen monista kuuluista (famous) miehista, ja naisista (women), jotka ovat tehneet maansa kuuluisaksi ulkomailla (abroad). Haluan lukea myos kertomuksia, jotka puhuvat kuinka Suomen kansa on uskollisesti (faithfully) tehnyt tyota isanmaansa hyvaksi. Kun menen Europaan, niin haluan nahda Suo- men kaikkine ihanuuksineen (with all her splen- dors). Nyt tiedan, mika on isanmaani. LESSON XXIV. DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 134. The demonstrative pronouns are tama, this, plu. ndmd or namat, these; tuo, that, plu. nuOy those; se, i t or t h a t, plu. ne, those. These pronouns can be used substantively and adjectively. They may refer to persons or things, and must agree in number and case with the words for which they stand. LESSON XXIV 135. The relative pronouns arc joka, who, which; mikii, what. They refer to persons and things and can be used as substantives or ad- jectives. lo(>. The relative pronoun must ah e ex- pressed in Finnish, although it is often omiti in English; as, Ystdvat, joita rakastan, The friends (whom) I love; Kirja, jonka hdn myi, on kannis, The book (which) he sold is beautiful. It should be noticed that the relative clause in Finnish is always separated from the main clause by a comma. 137. Learn the declension of the demonstrative and relative pronouns in 285, 286. Vocabulary. racintola, restaurant cier/a, meal rnajatalo, hotel vdh va, s t r o ng Hike, business keskustella, to talk karhu, bear padttaa, to decide sopimus, agreement vetaa, to pull kontata, to crawl sitoa, t o t i e selva, clear potkaista, to kick j&rki, reason, mind k i/lki, side EXERCISE XXIV. A. 1. Tama poika paatti menna kirkkoon. _\ Mina annan talle tytolle kirjan. 3. Missa on hyva 86 FINNISH GRAMMAR ravintola ja majatalo? 4. Tassa ravintolassa tar- joillaan kahvia ja ruokaa. 5. Mies, joka on tuolla, on tyton seta. 6. Kahvila, josta tulen, ei ole kau- kana taalta. 7. Nama miehet tekevat tyota ko- vasti. 8. Tuo mies tekee tyota ahkerammin kuin tama. 9. He vetavat karhun ulos pesasta. 10. Han on syonyt hyvan aterian tassa ravintolassa. 11. Kuinka paljon maksaa ateria? 12. Jarjetta 1 emme voi ajatella. B. 1. Who is this boy? 2. That boy is my brother. 3. Those flowers are beautiful. 4. The man whom you saw is my friend. 5. These pic- tures are more beautiful than those you sold. 6. In what city do you live? 7. To whom shall I send this letter? 8. From whom did you receive that present? 9. Where are you going? 10. An hotel and a restaurant are found here. 11. We take our meals at this hotel. 12. The boys to whom I shall send these books are my good friends. holmolaisten metsastys. Kerran menivat holmolaiset karhuja metsasta- maan. Kun olivat tulleet karhun pesalle, niin he ensin soivat vahvan aterian. Kun olivat syoneet, niin he paattivat, etta Pekka konttaa ensin pesaan ja tuo karhun ulos. Varmuuden vuoksi 2 he olivat sitoneet koyden (rope) hanen jalkaansa. Jos hata. i jarjetta, without brains. See also 11, m. 2 Var- muuclen vuoksi, for precaution, or in order to be safe. LESSON XXIV 87 (trouble) tulee, niin Pekka potkaisee, ja hanen toverinsa vetavat hanet ulos. Sellainen oli sopi- mus. Pekka konttasi pesaan, ja aivan heti kim han oli paassyt pesaan, niin karhu puri haneltii paan pois. Hiukan liikutti (moved) Pekka jalkojansa, mutta pian han kuoli. Ulkopuolella (outside) ole- vat toverit (fellows) sanoivat: "Nyt Pekka pot- kaisi. Siella sisalla ei varmaan ole hyva olla. ' Silloin he vetivat Pekan ulos, ja Pekka oli paaton. Niin, totisesti (truly) paaton! Niin holmolaiset neuvottelivat ja sanoivat, mita tama tarkoittaisi (mean). Yksi heista vaitti (argued), etta ei ollut niin varmaa (certain), oliko Pekalla paata silloin- kaan, 1 kun han pesaan konttasi. Toinen sanoi: "Oli hanella paa. Nain selvaan, kuinka parta liikkui, kun han soi herneita aamiaiseksi ,? (for breakfast). LESSON XXV. REFLEXIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. locS. The reflexive pronoun is itee, self. It is used with the possessive suffixes except in the nominative case. Its singular and plural declen- sions are alike; as, — i -kaait is only a Btrengthtening par; 88 FINNISH GRAMMAR mind Use, I myself minutte itse\lle\ni, t o myself sina Use, thou thy- self sinulle itse\lle\si, to thy- self han Use he himself i hdnelle itse\lle\nsd, to himself me Use, w e ourselves meille itse\lle\mme, to ourselves te Use, you yourself teille itse\lle\nne, to yourself he Use, they them- selves heille Use\lle\nsd, to themselves NOTE. — Any transitive verb can be used reflexively with the reflexive pronoun itse, self if the sense allows, that the subject of the verb acts upon itself as the object; as, leikkaan itseiini, I cut my- leikkaamme itseamme, w e self cut ourselves leikkaat itseasi, you cut leikkaatte itseanne, you cut yourself yourself leikkaa itseansa, he cuts leikkaa vat itseansa, they himself cut themselves 139. The indefinite pronouns are: joka, every, any joku, some one jompikumpi, one the two molemmat, both eras, some one moni, many jokainen, every one kukin, each, each one o f mikin, any one kumpikin, both kukaan, any one kenkddn, any one kaikki, sl 1 1 jokin, some Some of these are formed from the relative and interrogative pronouns by adding the particles LESSON XXV -kaan, -k&iin, -ka, -I;u, or -tan. Of the pronoun jompikumpi both component parts are declined. NOTE. Kukiiiiii and kemkftta are >nly in i sentences. The firat component parte ku- and k«*n- word are declined. 1 40. Reciprocal action is expressed by the word toinen, second with the plural possessive suf- fixes. The word is used doubled or singly ; Rakastakaa toinen toistanne or Rakastakaa sianne. Love one another. Vocabulary. talonpoika, peasant huokea, cheap kulkuri, wanderer kaMs, expensive, sokea, blind dear kana, hen tietaa, to know erehtya, toerr valehtelija, liar peittaa, to conceal huvittaa, to amuse ratal, left selitt&a, to explain oikea, right matkustaa, to tr a v e I laiva, ship matka, tour, trip hint a, price EXERCISE XXV. A. 1. Kaupunkiin menee tie joka talosta, 2. Kumpikin poika sai omenan isalta. 3. Eras kul- kuri meni tuohon taloon. 4. Molemmat miehet ovat tyossa. 5. Etko osaa sanoa mitaan? 6. Etko tunne ketaan naistfi miehista? 7. En tunne kum- paakaan naista miehista. 8. Isalla oil kaksi poi- 90 FINNISH GRAMMAR kaa, mutta han ei antanut taloansa kummallekaan heista. 9. Aiti antoi tytoillensa omenan kullekin. 10. Huvitin itseani pianon soitolla. 11. Rakasta- kaatte toisianne. 12. Lapsi vahingoitti itseansa. B. 1. The mother gave an apple to each one of her children. 2. Each one of you should do his best. 3. Some one asked for you. 4. Every one who wants to travel in England must first cross the Atlantic. 5. I myself wrote that letter. 6. He himself 1 saw it. 7. Amuse yourself 2 when you come to our city. 8. Let us love one another. 3 9. All must be ready to go. 10. Both of these roses are beautiful. 11. No one knows where he is. 12. Both the left and right eye of the horse are blind. HEVOSEN VARKAUS. Eraalta talonpojalta varastettiin yolla hanen pa- ras hevosensa. Han meni markkinoille, joita pi-- dettiin eraassa etaisessa (remote) kaupungissa. Siella han naki oman hevosensa, jota eras aivan outo mies tarjosi huokeasta hinnasta. Nopeasti han tarttui hevosen ohjaksiin kiinni ja huusi 4 : "Tama on minun hevoseni. Se on minulta talla viikolla varastettu." Outo mies sanoi: "Te ereh- dytte, hyva mies. Tama hevonen on minim, vaik- i Han itse, he himsalf, etc. 2 Huvita itseSsi, amuse yourself, etc. 3 Rakastakaamme toisiamme, let us love one another. 4 Stem huutaa, of which the final a is dropped before the imperfect sign i (10, e) thus forming - huuti, but t between the two vowels is changed to s. This change always occurs in the imperfect. LESSON XXVI 91 ka se on suuresti teidan hevosenne nakdifien." Silloin talonpoika peitti hevosensa molemmat si 1- mat ja sanoi: "Jos hevonen on teidan, niin sano- kaa, kumpi silma on sokea." Tama vastasi nopeas- ti: "Vasen." — "Niinko? ettepa tietanytkaan! ,, sanoi talonpoika. "Ei, ei, mina sanoin epahuo- miossa (by mistake) vaarin", sanoi vieras. "Oikea silma silla on sokea." Silloin talonpoika sanoi: < k Nyt sina olet itse todistanut (proved), etta olet varas ja valehtelija. Katsokaa, miehet! Talla he- vosella ei ole kumpikaan silma sokea." Ymparillii seisovat miehet sanoivat: "Nyt tuo mies joutui kiinni (is caught)." Varas otettiin kiinni (was arrested) ja sai rangaistuksensa. LESSON XXVI. CARDINAL NUMBERS. 141. Simple numerals are: 1. yksi 6. kunsi 2. kaksi 7. seitsemdn 3. kolme 8. kahdeksan 4. nelja 9. yhdeksan 5. viisi 10. kymmem 100. sata 1,000. tuhat 1,000,000. miljoona 92 FINNISH GRAMMAR 142. The numbers from eleven to twenty are formed by adding the suffix -toista to the corre- sponding number below ten; as, — 11. yksitoisla 15. viisitoista 12. kaksitoista 16. kuusitoista 13. kolmetoista 17. seitsemdntoista 14. neljdtoista 18. kahdeksantoista 19. yhdeksdntoista 143. Numbers denoting tens, hundreds, thousands, and millions are compounds with the smaller numeral first. Both component parts are declinable. 20. kaksikymmentd 70. seitsemdnkymmenta 30. kolmekymmentd 80. kahdeksankymmenld 40. neljdkymmenld 90. yhdeksdnkymmentd 50. viisikymmentd 200. kaksisataa 60. kuasikymmentd 3,000. kolmettihatta 144. The numbers from twenty up between tens, hundreds, thousands, etc., are formed by placing the larger number first followed by the required smaller number; as, — 21. kaksikymmentdyksi 31. kolmekymmentdyksi 41. neljdkymmentdyksi 51. viisikymmentdyksi 61. kuusikymmentdyksi 71. seitsemdnkymmentdyksi LESSON XXVI 93 81. kahdeksankymmentiiyk 91. yhdeksankymmentayksi 101. satayksi 201. kaksisataayksi 301. kolmesataayksi 401. neljdsataayksi 501. viisisataayksi 601. kuusisataayksi 701. seitsemansataayksi 801. kahdeksansataayksi 901. yhdekscinsataayksi 1001. tuhatyksi 14.1. Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are declinable, but the first part only of .the numbers from ten to twenty is declined; the second part always remains in the partitive; as, yhdellet ta miehelle, to the eleven men; yhdeltdtoi m iehelta, from the eleven men. 14(i. The numerals are used much the same way in Finnish as in English, however, the follow- ing peculiarities should be noticed: (a) If the cardinal number is in the nominative or accusative (except yksi, one; miljoona, mil- lion) the word modified by it should be always in the partitive singular; as, kaksi miesta, t men; kolme poikaa, three boy s. (b) In other cases the numeral agrees with the word it modifies; as, kuudelle miehell -ix men, etc. 94 FINNISH GRAMMAR 147. Names of the months are: tammikuu, January heincikuu, July helmikuu, February elokuu, August maaliskuu, March syyskuu, September huhtikuu, April lokakuu, October toiikokuu, May marraskuu, November kesakuu, June joalukuu, December 148. The days of the week are: maanantai, Monday torstai, Th u r s d a y tiistai, Tuesday perjantai, Friday keskiviikko, W e d n e s- lauantai, Saturday day sunnuntai, Sunday NOTE. — The names of the months and the clays are not capitalized in Finnish. 149. The distributive numbers are formed by the endings -ttain or -ttain; as, kaksittain, t w o by two; yksittain, one by one. EXERCISE XXVI. A. 1. Kaksi miesta ja yksi poika asuvat talossa. 2. Viikossa on seitseman paivaa. 3. Vuodessa on kaksitoista kuukautta. 4. Mina nukuin kahdeksan tuntia. 5. Juna myohastyi kymmenen tuntia. 6. Kaytava on yhdeksan jalkaa pitka ja nelja jalkaa levea. 7. Isompi poika painaa sata paunaa. 8. Tassa huoneessa on kahdeksan tuolia ja yksi poyta. 9. Han on laulanut kahdellekymmenelle miehelle ja kolmellekymmenelle naiselle tassa huoneessa. LESSON XXVII 95 10. Pojilla on ruokaa kuudeksi viikoksi I 11. Yksittain, kaksittain pojat astuivat ulos. L2. Kahdesti olen ollut Chicagossa. B. 1. There are five men and three boya in this room. 2. How old are you? 3. I am twenty- one years old. 4. How many days are there in a week? 5. There are seven days in a week. 6. There are twelve months in a year. 7. How many dollars do you have in your pocket? 8. I have one hundred and twenty-five dollars. 9. The boys stepped in, one by one. 10. I collected (kokosin) this money from five men. 11. Please give me four dollars. 12. There are five children and four women in this room. LESSON XXVII. ORDINAL NUMBERS. 150. The formation of the ordinals is b; upon the same principle as that of the cardinals. It should, however, be noticed that ordinals, except ensimainen, first, and toinen, second, end in s in the nominative; in other cases -nic- (weakened to -nne-, see 11, i). 1st ensimdiru 19th yhdeksastoista 2nd toinen 20th kahdeskymmen 3rd kolmds 21st kahdeskymmenesyh 4th neljds 30th kolmaskymme* 96 FINNISH GRAMMAR 5th viides 6th kuudes 7th seitsemds 8th kahdeksas 9th yhdeksas 10th kymmenes 11th yhdestoista 12th kahdestoista 13th kolmastoista 15th viidestoista 15th neljdstoista 16th kuudestoista 17th seitsemdstoista 18th kahdeksastoista 31st kolmaskymmenesyhdes 40th neljdskymmenes 41st neljdskymmenesyhdes 50th viideskymmenes 51st viideskymmenesyhdes 60th kmideskymrnenes 61st kuudeskymmenesyhdes 70th seitsemaskymmenes 71st seitsemaskymmenesy tides 80th kahdeksaskymmenes 81st kahdeksaskymmenesyhdes 90th yhdeksaskymmenes 91st yhdeksdskymmenesyhdes 100th sadas 151. Fractions can be expressed by the ordinal number + osa, p a r t, or b y the cardinal + ordinal + osa; as, 1 / g viides-osa or t//cs£ viides osa; 2 / 3 fcafcsi kolmas-osaa. 152. Puoli, half, always takes the partitive singular except when it modifies a numeral; as, 2moZ£ paunaa lihaa, a half pound of meat; p2ioK kuusi, half pastsix. 153. Multiplications are expressed by com- bining the word fcerta (weakened to kerran, see 11, k) times, with the cardinal or ordinal number; as, kolme kertaa (146, a) kolme, three times three; mm kertaa seitsemdn, five times seven; notice ensimdinen kerta, the LESSON XWII first time; kymmenes kerta, the tenth t i m e. l.">4. The time in years is expressed: (a) By placing the word vuc ear, in the ive followed by a cardinal number which is no! inflected; as, vuonna tuhat yhdeksansataa ioist a, in the year nineteen hundred and fifteen. (b) By placing both imosi and the number in the genitive; as, kuttden six years old. 155, The day of the month is expressed: (a) By placing first the name of the month in the genitive and an ordinal number and the word paiva, day, in the essive; as, kesakuun neljanti paivana, on or in the fourth day of June. (b) By placing the ordinal number and piiiril in the essive, and the name of the month either in the partitive or inessive; as, neljantena p kesdkuuta, or neljantena paivana kesdk on the fourth day of June. 156. Fractions of an hour are denoted by the word kello which is not inflected followed by a cardinal number declined; as, — Kello an kymmenen minutdtia nulla 1 kuusi, 1 I is ten minutes of six (lit. the clock is lacking or wanting ten minutes). i \ allla means l a c k or w a n t. 98 FINNISH GRAMMAR Kello on puoli kahdeksan, It is half past eight o'c 1 o c k. Kello on viisitoista minuuttia yli 1 kolmen, It i s fifteen minutes past three (lit. the clock is past or over fifteen minutes). Kello on yksitoista, It is eleven o'c lock. EXERCISE XXVII. A. 1. Nyt on kesakuun viides paiva. 2. Pal- jonko on kello 2 ? 3. Kello on puoli kymmenen. 4. Kello on viisi minuuttia vailla seitseman. 5. Onko huomenna heinakuun neljas paiva 3 ? 6. Kylla se lienee. 7. Kun syksy tulee, niin paiva paivalta ilma kay kylmemmaksi. 8. Kesakuu on vuoden kuudes kuukausi. 9. Ensi sunnuntaina, viidentena paiva- na joulukuuta, menen Chicagoon. 10. Columbus loysi Amerikan vuonna 1492. 11. Kello seitsemal- ta saamme jo aamiaista. 12. Juna lahtee New Yorkiin puoli viisi jalkeen puolen paivan. 4 B. 1. What time is it? 2. It is half past five. 3. It is twenty minutes of six. 4. It is fifteen minutes after four. 5. To-day we celebrate the Fourth of July. 6. In the year 1915. 7. I shall see you on the tenth day of December. 8. Read the sixth and eleventh chapters of this book. 9. I live at 320 Fifteenth Street. 10. The first day i Yli means over or past, and governs the genitive case. 2 Paljonko on kello? what time is it? 3 Onko huomenna heinakuun neljas paiva? Is to-morrow the Fourth of July? 4 jalkeen puolen paivan, in the afternoon. LESSON XXVI 1 1 99 of the week is Sunday. 11. The first month of the year is January. 12. The twenty-sixth of May 1916. LESSON XXVIII. COMPOUND NOUNS. 157. Compound nouns are: (a) Co-ordinate in which case the hyphen 1 is used to separate the words from each other; as, Suomalaix-englantilainen, F i n n i s h-E n g 1 i s h. (b) Those in w T hich the last word is defined by the first one which precedes it. The first compon- ent part is often either in the nominative or geni- tive, and in this case only the last component part is inflected ; as, iscinmaa, fatherland; isarir maalle, to the fatherland; rautatic, rail- road; rantatielle, to the railroad. But if the first word of a compound noun is an adjective then both component parts are inflected; as, vierasmies, witness (lit. vieras, strange + mies, man); vieraallemiehelle, to the wit- ness; omatunto, conscience; omantannon, of the conscience. i The hyphen is also used for clearness between two com- ponent parts if the first word ends and the second word ins with the same vowel sound: as. tsi-isii. forefather. 100 FINNISH GRAMMAR AHTI JA PAIMEN. Paimen istui kerran joen rannalla ja vuoli (chipped) puuta. Vahingossa 1 putosi 2 veitsi ha- nen kadestansa jokeen ja meni pohjaan. Suruis- sansa (in sorrow) paimen alkoi itkea katkerasti. Ahti :5 kuuli hanen itkunsa. Han tuli paimenen luo ja kysyi hanelta: "Mita itket?" Paimen sanoi ha- nelle syyn (reason, cause). Heti Ahti sukelsi 2 (dove) pohjaan ja toi paimenelle kultaveitsen (knife of gold). Paimen ei ottanut sita, vaan sa- noi: "Ei se ole minun veitseni v . Han itki yha edel- leen. Ahti sukelsi taas pohjaan. Nyt han toi ho- peaveitsen (knife of silver) ja tarjosi sita paime- nelle. Paimen sanoi taaskin: "Ei sekaan ole mi- nun veitseni." Ahti sukelsi viela kerran pohjaan ja toi paimenelle rautaveitsen (knife of iron). Taman paimen ilolla omisti. Ahti kiitti paime- nen rehellisyytta (honesty). Han lahjoitti paime- nelle molemmat seka kultaveitsen etta hopeaveitsen. Toiset saivat pian tietaa taman tapauksen. Eras paimen ajatteli: u Ehka minullakin on yhta hyva onni.^ Han meni joen rantaan, heitti jokeen veit- sen ja alkoi itkea. Ahti tuli taas ja toi kultaveit- sen. Han tarjosi sita paimenelle ja sanoi: "Tatako itket?" Paimen sanoi: "Juuri sita/' Han oikaisi (stretched) katensa ja aikoi ottaa sen. Mutta Ah- i \ ahiimoss:i, by chance, etc. 2 See page 90, note 4. 3 Ahti, the god of the sea in the Finnish mythology. LESSON XXVIII 101 ti, joka vihasi paimenen petollisuutta (deceitful act), meni pois ja otti kultaveitsen mukas (with him). Paimen men^tti siis vielfi omankin veitsensa. Rehellisyys maan perii. kettu J A kalastaja (The Fox and the Fisherman). Oli kerran mies 1 , joka sai eraana paivana niin paljon kaloja, kuin suinkin mahtui hanen rekeen- sa.- Hyvin iloisena han meni kotiinsa. Han i ajoi isoa kuormaansa. Matkalla han lauloi iloista laulua. Mutta mikahan tuo on, joka tuolla keskella tieta makaa? Kuollut kettupa (see 162) se on. Ta- man mies piti hyvana saaliina. Kaunis turkiksi (furcoat), kettu kulta. Satuitpa hyvaan aikaan! Mies nosti ketun kuormansa (load) paalle, mutta itse han istui etupuolelle (front). Mutta ilkea kettu ei ollut kuollut. Silla oli omat suunnitelmansa (scheme) . Miehen huomaamatta (without notice) heitteli se kuormasta kaikki kalat tielle. Sitten hyppasi (jump) se itsekin reesta alas. Nyt alkoi se kaloja tielta kokoamaan. Toiset se saasti. Toiset se BOl suuhunsa. Niin hyvaa ateriaa ei se ollut pitkaiin aikaan saanut. l Oil kerran ml*-*, o n C 6 U p <> n a t i in 6 t h e r e W B 111 a kuin Miiinkin .... rcktciiNii, a s h is B le 1 g \\ could hold - • 198. 102 FINNISH GRAMMAR Mies, joka iloisena eteenpain (forward) ajoi, ei tata ollenkaan havainnut. Viimein tuli han kotiin kuormineen. Vaimo tuli hanta vastaan. kk Missa olet niin kauan ollut, mieheni?" "Ala ole millasikaan, 1 vaimoni. Nyt pidetaan suuret pidot (feast). Pane pata tulelle. Minulla on reki taynna (full of) kaloja." "Todellakin (truly), mieheni?" "Aivan todella. Ja lisaksi on viela kaunis kettu- kin (see 163), jonka loysin tielta kuolleena. ,? Vaimo tuli reelle. a Voi, mita hulluttelet (fool- ing), mieheni? Eihan tassa ole yhtaan kalaa. Vie- la vahemmin tassa kettua naen. 7 ' Miesta kovasti havetti (was ashamed). ^Kyllapa huomaan, vaimoni. Viekas (cunning) kettu on meille aika kepposen (trick) tehnyt." LESSON XXIX. ATTRIBUTE, APPOSITIVE, AND ADVERB. 158. An attribute is a direct modifier of the substantive and is used as follows : An adjective or substantive attribute agrees in number and case with the word it modifies; as, Hyva poika tulee, The good boy is coming; Helsinki, Suomen paakaupunki, on Suomenlahden rannalla, Helsingfors, the capital of i Ala ole millasikaan, do not mind, etc. LESSON x\i\ 103 F inla n d la 1 o c a t e d o n the G ul I o t V inla n d. NOTE, it' the substantive attribute li n<>t modified I innot be declined; as. Paatorl LeMeile Iflketia kirj«*cn. I B «■ ii t a letter to R e v e r e n (). Adverbs denote manner, place, time, or degree. Many of them are primitive words used as adverbs ; as, vielli, yet; heti, or plan, soon, etc. 161, But a great mass of adverbs are formed by adding the following endings: (a) -sti to adjectives; as, rakkaasti, dearly. (b) 'ten to pronouns; as, siten, so; mite it, how; or -////< to express direction; as, tonne, hither; sinne, t h i t h e r. 104 FINNISH GRAMMAR (c) -tusten or -tysten to nouns to express a neutral relation ; as, rinnatusten, side by side; kcisitysten, hand in hand. 162. The suffixes -han or -han, -pa or -pa have a strengthening or affirmative force; as, — Hanhan tuli, He did come. Onhan hdnelld rahaa, He has some money. Poikapa se oli, It was (just) a boy., Tyttohan on kotona, The daughter is at home. 163. The particle -kin has a strengthening force meaning too or also; as, Hcinkin tulee, He is coming too. 164. No absolute rule can be given for the position of adverbs. As a rule, they follow the verb ; as, Han laidaa kauniisti, She sings sweetly. EXERCISE XXIX. A. 1. Nama koyhat nuoret miehet ovat hyvia oppilaita. 2. Sain kirjeen runoilijalta veljeltani. 3. Pojan laulu on kaunis. 4. Nuorena miehena han oli voimakas. 5. Poika nukkuu paa paljaana. 6. Tytto astuu huoneeseen lunta jaloissa. 7. Au- rinko paistaa kirkkaasti ja lampimasti. 8. Puhuja puhui voimakkaasti ja selvasti. 9. Hankin saapuu tanne. 10. Pojat seisovat rinnatusten. 11. Mina en ole viela kirjoittanut hanelle. 12. Hanpa ei osannut laksyansa tanaan. LESSON XXX LOS B. 1. Mr. Wilson, the president of the United States, is here. 2. A young, handsome man stepped into the house. 3. As a boy he was cheerful. 4. The boy ran around with his head bared. 5. Where are you going? 6. I, too, want to take my meal with you. 7. The moon shone brightly. 8. How are you getting along 1 ? 9. I very seldom see you here. 10. Thank you, sir, I get along very well. 11. If you wish to visit me, I shall give you my address. 12. He also gives his address to you. LESSON XXX. PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS. 165. Prepositions and postpositions show rela- tion of words. Some of these are declinable and capable of taking the possessive suffixes. !(>(>. The following postpositions govern the genitive case: kanssa, with suhteen, in relation tdhden, for the sake to of, for, inconse- alia (-to, Ae) under q u e n c e ja Iki ( -ssa , -* / a , - vuoksi, for the sake behind, after of, for M8&, (ssa, -**a, etc. i n, in the interior i H o w a r e v o u g ett I rig al o n er? k*l»k« U r^lttef 106 FINNISH GRAMMAR 167. The following genitive case: halki, 1 through kautta, b y lii-pi, 1 through poikki, 1 across 168. The following partitive case: kohti, kohden, against, towards kohtaan, f o r, i n re- spect to myoten, along, ac- cording to paitsi, besides vastaan, against 169. The following partitive case: ennen, before ilman, without keskelld (-ltd, -lie) i n the midst of liki, liketlla, near lahelld, near i Can be usecl as preposition of meaning, prepositions govern the yli, 1 over, across ympdri, 1 around kesken, in the midst of postpositions govern the pain, towards pitkin, along vailla, without varten, for, for the sake of vasten, vastoin, a- gainst, towards prepositions govern the paitsi, besides pitkin, along vastapddtd, opposite vasten, vastoin, f o r, a- gainst ympdri, around or postposition without change LESSON XXX 1<>7 EXERCISE XXX. A. 1. Musta koira makaa poydan alia. 2. Tuo mies on matkustanut maan ympari. 3. Mene kirk- koon hiinen kanssaan. 4. Tule tanne minim tah- teni. 5. Nyt me matkustamme pohjoista kohti. 6. Pojat purjehtivat jokea pitkin. 7. Tama koyha poika on rahaa vailla. 8. Pitkat miehe seinaa vasten. 9. Han tuli tanne ennen minua. 10. Talo on lahella kirkkoa. 11. Tytar meni kylaan vastoin aitinsa tahtoa. 12. Me juoksimme lapi laa- jan metsan. B. 1. He came before I did. 2. We have trav- eled through Finland. 3. The family is sitting around the table. 4. This little boy is without shoes and money. 5. We sailed up the wide and beautiful river. 6. I walked through the forest and across the field. 7. The boat is in the midst of high waves. 8. They stand behind us. 9. Ht coming for your sake. 10. The pencil is near the ink bottle. 11. I live across the street just oppo- site your house. 12. The cat and dog are under the table. karhun kalanpyynti (The Bear Catching Fish). Kettu, joka oli sydnyt vatsansa tayteen, istui nyt hyvilla 1 mielin metsan rinteessa (edge), [so K (pile) oli viela sen vieressa, Karhu sitten tuli ha- l h> villa mioliii, CO n tent 6 d, « U\ 108 FINNISH GRAMMAR nen luoksensa. Hyvaa paivaa, kettu kulta 1 (dear). Miten olet saanut noin pal j on kaloja?" "Olen ne jarvesta onkinut." "Sepa oli hyva saalis. Etko opettaisi minuakin onkimaan?" u Kylla mielellani, kettu kulta. " "No, miten se kaypi 2 ?" u Kylla sen sanon sinulle, karhu. "Mene avan- nolle (avanto, a hole in the ice) jonakin talvi-ilta- na, kun on pal j on tahtia taivaalla. Pane sitten hantasi avantoon. Istu sitten siina aivan liikku- matta (without moving) aamuun asti. Veda sit- ten hantasi ylos. Silloin on kala tarttunut kiinni (attach) jokaiseen karvaan (hair). Silla tavalla mina ongin. ,? "Kiitoksia, kettu kultaseni. Sepa on hyva neuvo (advise). " u Pida hyvanasi, 3 karhu kultaseni. v Samana iltana oli kova pakkanen (cold). Tah- det kiiluivat taivaalla. Karhu, joka muisti ketun neuvon, meni jarvelle. Siella han istui heti hanti- neen avantoon. Vahan ajan perasta tunsi han ikaankuin (as if) joku olisi purrut hanen hantaan- sa. Siitapa han tuli oikein hyville mielin. 1 Kalat ne nyt purevat itsensa kiinni. Istun aivan hiljaa. Tastapa tulee pal j on kaloja. Siina istui karhu aina aamuun asti. Silla aikaa i kulta means lit. gold. But between, intimate friends it means dear. 2 No, miten se kaypi f W ell, how is it done? 3 Pida hyvanasi, make use of the advise. LESSON XXXI 109 oli avanto mennyt paksuun jaahan. Karhun hanta oli jaatynyt (frozen) kiinni siihen. Karhua alkoi jo vasyttaa (to get tired). Pitaa minun viimein- kin vetaa ylos kalani. Mutta eipa Be tahtomitkaan onnistua. Hanta oli jaatynyt kiinni. Karhu ei paassyt paikaltansa liikkumaan. (to be continued) LESSON XXXI. CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 170. Co-ordinate conjunctions 1 are: ja, and niin, so, accordingly sekd, a 1 s o minmuodoin, conse- sekcl — etta, both — quently and nimittain, namely eXi, taikka, tahi, or mutta, vaan, but jolco — tai, either — kvitenkin, howe v e r r paitsi, besides sentahden, siis, there- myos, also fore 1 7 1 . Subordinate conjunctions are : ettii, jotta, that kun, when niin etta, so that kvin, t h a n j 08t if koska, becaus ennenkuin, before that ekka t p e r h a p a ikihankuin, as if niinkuin, as it' , Many of the conjunctions are merely pronouns or tlvea Inflected. 110 FINNISH GRAMMAR 172. Interjections express emotion. They are: joy; hei, oi mockery; aha, piti, kutti, etc. sorrow and pain ; ai, voi, oi, haa, etc. astonishment; oho, no, aha, kah, hoi disgust; hyi, ah, ui, etc. EXERCISE XXXI. A. 1. Mina luen ja sina laulat. 2. Aiti istuu seka kertoo kertomuksia lapsilleen. 3. Seka isa etta poika nauravat. 4. Mina en sita voi tehda, vaan ehka veljeni tekee. 5. Niin han sanoo, toiset taas toisin. 6. Han lupasi tulla mukaan, etta tulisi suu- rempi joukko. 7. Hei, pojat, nyt juostaan! 8. Nyt on satanut, sentahden kasvit kasvavat. 9. Ole taal- la, kunnes han tulee. 10. Jos tulet luokseni, niin olen iloinen. 11. Joko mina tahi minun veljeni tu- lee sinua vastaan asemalle. 12. Han kayttaytyy (acts) niinkuin han ei tuntisi minua. B. 1. I went to the office, but you did not come. 2. As soon as you have finished your work come to my office. 3. Our trip to Paris will be interesting, if you come with us. 4. Then I shall stay in Paris until you come back. 5. I shall either bring your meal here or take you to a restaurant. 6. Which do you wish, to row or to paddle? 7. Both my friends and I will visit you. 8. I have not seen you for a long time, however, I remember you quite well. 9. I was absent from school because I was sick. 10. She came to visit me, for she is my aunt. LESSON XXXI 111 11. They were not invited, consequently, they stayed away. 12. Perhaps he will stay here until you come. KETTU JA JANIS. Kerran tulivat kettu ja janis yhteen. Kettu noi janikselle: "Eipa sinua kukaan pelkaa!" < k Kuka sinua pelkaa?" vastasi janis. ' % Kaikki minua pelkaavat", vastasi kettu. "Mi- nulla on pitka hanta, niin kaikki luulevat minua su- deksi 1 , kun matkan paasta nakevat. Sentahden mi- nua pelataan, mutta ei sinua pelkaa kukaan!" ^Lyokaamme veto 2 '-, sanoi janis. ik Mina naytan, etta minua pelataan." Toinen suostui siihen, ja veto lyotiin. Sitten he menivat yhdessa kavelemaan, ja niin janis huomasi (noticed) lammaslauman 3 aidan sivulla makaamas- sa (sleeping). Kun janis naki taman, niin ban hyppasi heti lammaslaumaan. Lampaat pelastyivat siita ja hyppasivat minka kerkesiviit. Janis siita ilosta, etta han vedon voitti, alkoi nauraa, ja ban nauroi niin kovasti, etta hanen suu repesi ristiin. Ja siita paivasta alkaen onkin janiksen suu ollut ristiin halki. Sen pituinen se. 1 luulevat minua sudeksi, take m 6 f r ;i W 1 f. I I.> okiiiiiinnr \v < k of S h C •■ 112 FINNISH GRAMMAR karhun kalanpyynti (continuation). Kettu, joka tahan aikaan oli aamukavelyllaan (morning walk), huomasi karhun surkean tilan. Paha veijari (rogue) tuo kettu oli. Ei han karhua auttanutkaan. Painvastoin han juoksi kalastajan talolle. Siella han nousi katolle. Han huusi sielta savutorven (chimney) kautta sisaan. Vaimo kulta, mene heti # jarvelle. Siella istuu karhu hantineen avannossasi, josta vetta noudat (get). Vaimo, joka voita kirnusi (churned), vihastui (to get angry) kovin. Heti han, korento (pole) kadessaan, juoksi jarvelle. Paha karhu, miksika avantoani pilaat (to spoil) ? Kylla mina sinulle pa- rempia tapoja (manners) opetan. Niin loi (struck) han karhua kaikin voimin ko- rennolla. Karhu oli suuressa hadassa (distress). Aina kovemmin koetti han repia hantaansa irti. Viimein (finally) kavi kovin pahasti. 1 Koko hanta katkesi (break off) avantoon. Siita paivasta asti ei karhulla ole ollut hantaa. Kettu taas meni talon sisaan, jonka oven vaimo oli jattanyt (left) lukitsematta (unlocked). Siella han kaatoi kirnun (churn). Nain han taas sai hy- van aterian. Kylla hanen pahat juonensa (tricks) onnistuivat. Mutta sentahden kadottikin han kaik- ki ystavansa. Ei yksikaan enaan tuota pahaa ket- tua uskonut (trust). l kavi kovin pahasti, a bad accident occurred. DERIVATION OF WORDS 1 LS DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. 17:>. The following suffixes are used to form substantives from verbs : (a) -/a, -/a, -ri, denote the doer or agent corresponding to -e r in English; as, laulaja, a i n g- e r ;tekijd, maker; tuomari, judge. (b) -ma, -ma, the signs of the third infinitive expresses an action or result of action; as, san&i report; elama, life. (c) -minen (-mis-) the sign of the fourth infini- tive expresses an action in an abstract sense; elciminen, living. (d) -nta, -nta, -nto, -nto, express a state arising from an action; as, annanta, giving; hi throwing; luonto, nature; perinto, inher- itance; tuonti, bringing. (e) -o, -6 and -m, y, in such words as m/u memory; nciko, sight; itku, w e e p i n g t kyky, ability. (f) -mits, -mys as in valmistus, preparation; pyhimys, saint. (g) -io, -id, as in hdvio loss; ar stim a- t i o n. (h) -na, -)ici y as in kapina, revolt; noise, quarrel. 1 74. The following suffixes are added to nouns and adjectives: 114 FINNISH GRAMMAR (a) -kko, -kko, -ikko, -ikko, indicate a locality; as, rapakko, amuddyplace; kivikko, a s t o n y place; petdjikko, apinewood. (b) -la, -Id, designate locality; as, pappila, par- sonage; setdld, uncle's place. (c) -nko, -nko, -nne, express the kind of place; as, alanko, a low land; yldnko, a highland; harjanne, a ridge. (d) -isto, -isto, -sto, -sto, denote a group of ob- jects ; as, koivisto, a birch grove; mdnnisto, a pine wood; laivasto, a fleet; kirjasto, a library. (e) -nen is added to the disyllabic words and -inen to monosyllabic words to form diminutives; as, kukkanen, a small flower; oravainen, a small squirrel. (f) -lainen, -lainen, denote nationality, class, or place where a person or object belongs; as, saoma- lainen, a Finn; venalainen, a Russian; maa- lainen, a farmer. (g) -tar, -tar suffixes denote feminine names; as, iaidajatar, a woman singer; keittajdtdr, a woman cook. (h) -us, -ys after a vowel; (-uus, -yys) after a consonant are added to form abstract nouns ; as, ' vapaus, freedom;, veljeys, brotherhood; pienuus, s m a 1 1 n e s s ; hyvyys, goodness. 175. The following suffixes are used to form adjectives: RULES OF SYNTAX 1 L5 (a) -va t -v&, the signs of the first participle; as, taitava, skilful; ndhtdvd, v i s ib 1 e. (b) -nut, -a lit, the sign of the second participle; as, oppinut, learned; sivistynyt, educated. (c) -inert is usually added to the nouns; as, aamninen, early; villainen, woolen. (d) -llinen is also added to the nouns; as, yollu nen, nightly; vaarallinen, dangerous (e) -isa, -isa, -kas, -kas, denote plentif ulness ; as, kuuluisa, famous; leikkisd, playful; mavk rich in flavor; lystikas, humorous. (f) -ton, -ton (vowel stem -ttoma, -ttoma) cor- respond to the English preposition without or less; as, voimaton, powerless; uneducated (without education) . (g) -mainen, -mainen denote likeness English -i s h ; as, poikamainen, boyish. RULES OF SYNTAX. NOMINATIVE. 17G. See paragraphs 21, 22. 177. The nominative is the case of direct ad- dress; as, Niinko ajattelette, herra? Y o u t h i n k so, sir? 1 7S. The nominative absolute is put in the nom- inative case; as, Hiin tvli hatttt paa&sci I seen, Having his hat on, he came into the room. 116 FINNISH GRAMMAR GENITIVE. 179. Possession or ownership is denoted by the genitive ; as, Pojan kirja, The boy's book. 180. Subjective genitive denotes any agent which makes something; as, Leivon laidu on erit- tdin kaunis, The song of a lark is es- pecially beautiful. 181. Objective genitive expresses the object of an action; as, Jumalan pelko on viisauden alkii, The fear of God is the source of wis- dom. 182. The genitive of specification limiting a noun by means of more definite terms; as, Hel- singiri kaupunki on Suomen maan . paakaupunki, The city of Helsingfors is the capital of Finland. 183. Adjectives ending in -inen signifying age, measure, or quality, take the genitive; as, Lapsi on viikon vanha, The child is a week old; Kaytava on kuuclen jalan laajuinen, The hall is six feet in width; Poika on iscinsd nakoinen, The boy resembles his father. 184. The genitive is used with some impersonal verbs such as pitcia, kdskee, tulee, taytyy, sopii, kelpaa, tarvitsee, etc., and with the auxiliary oUa, to be; as, Hanen taytyy mennti kouluun, He must go to school, etc. RULES OF SYNTAX 1 17 185, The genitive is used with the infinil to express agent; as, Mina kqsken hanen I asked him to go. ACCUSATIVE. 186. See paragraph 27. 1ST. The accusative is used to answer the questions how many times?, how long?, what tance?; as, Viikon olin poissa, I was a w a y o n e w e e k, etc. 1SS. The total object complement is put in the accusative; as, Han teki hatun liian en, He made the hat too large. ESSIVE. 189. The essive is used to express a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action is completed : as, Menitko kirkkoon viime sunnuntaina? Did you go to church last Sunday?; Sain kir- jeen viime rnaanantaina, I received the let- ter last Monday. 190. The essive is also used to denote the state, character, or quality in which the subject is at a given time; as, Veljeni on savelta- jana, My brother is a compose r. 191. An appositive is put in the essive. Poikana han oU iloinen, As a boy, he w cheerful. 118 FINNISH GRAMMAR PARTITIVE. 192. The partitive is used with nouns that denote measure, weight, or number ; as, joukko mie- hid, a group of men; parvi lintuja, a flock of birds, etc. 193. The partitive is used also in comparision in place of kuin, than, and the nominative of a noun or pronoun; as, Mind olen hdntd vanhempi (vanhempi kuin hdn), I am older than he. 191. The partitive is used to denote measure; as, Joki on kuutta jalkaa syvd, The river is six feet deep. 195. The partial subjcet (45), object (44), predicate noun or adjective (46) are put in the partitive. 196. The partitive is also used in exclamations ; as, Hyvdd huomenta! Good morning! TRANSLATIVE. 197. The translative is used to denote a change from one form to another; as, Hdn tidi vanhaksi, He became old; Lumi muuttui vedeksi, The snow was changed into water. 198. The purpose for which anything is fitted or the purpose for which a thing or person can be used is expressed by the translative; as, Hdn kel- paa papiksi, He is fit for a minister. RULES OF SYNTAX 119 191). The translative is used to express the time at which anything is to be done; as, KoJfi lykattiin huomiseksi, The meeting was po poned until t o-m o r r o w. 200. The translative also expresses the limit of time ; as, Kirje tuli jouluksi, The letter came at Christmas time. 201. Verbs signifying to name, consider, tell, call, guess, etc., may take the translative; as, Sano tdmd suomeksi, Tell this in Finnish; KuU suin hanta hyvaksi pojaksi, I called him a good boy, etc. INESSIVE. 202. The inessive denotes existence in an object or the limit for a given space; as, Poika istuii h neessa, T h e boy is sitting in the room; Mies ui redessa, The man is swimming in the water. 203. Local proper names are used either in the interior cases (inessive, elative, illative), or in the exterior cases (adessive, ablative, allative) in the following way: (a) Substantives ending in -la and names of countries (except Yenaja, Russia), are in the interior cases ; as, Mattilassa, in M a t t's place; Vi tuij cilia, in Russia. (b) Names of countries ending in maa are in the interior case when used in speaking of things that belong to a certain country, otherwise 120 FINNISH GRAMMAR in the exterior cases; as, Saksanmaassa on kaunii- ta . kaupunkeja, There are beautiful ci- ties in Germany; but, Olin Saksanmaalla, I was in Germany. NOTE. — Suomenmaa, Finland, is always used in the interior cases. 204. The inessive denotes the quality residing in a person or thing; as, Hanessa on yska, H eh a s a cold; Kirjassa on filosofiaa, There is some philosophy in the book. 205. The inessive expresses the time within wfiich; as, En paivassa voi paljoakaan tehdd, I cannot do very much in a day. 206. The place where or occupation in which one is engaged is expressed by the inessive; as, Olin kaupangissa, I was in town; Poika on tyossa, The boy is at work. 207. The inessive is used to denote direct connection between objects or figuratively with the person and abstract idea which could more natu- rally be expressed by the adessive case; as, Poika on hevosen selassa, The boy is on the back of the horse; Hattu on naulassa, The hat is hung on the hook; Han elaa koyhyydessa, H e lives in poverty. ELATIVE. 208. The elative is used to denote the origin of anything or the material from which anything is made ; as, Han on hyvdsta perheesta, H e c o m e s RULES OF SYNTAX 121 from a good family; TaskukeUo on tehty kuttasta, The watch is made of gold 809. The elative is used to designate the whole of which a part is taken usually in connection with the comparative, superlative, or with some other numeral; as, Vanhempi veljistii on piten The older of the brothers is taller; Tama ruvsu on kaunein kaikista, This rose ia the most beautiful of all; Kaksi puhuji on taalla, Two of the speakers are here. 210. The elative also denotes motion from an interior to a certain direction when the starting point is not mentioned; as, Menin ovesta ulos, I went out through the door. 211. The whole of which a part is under con- sideration is expressed by the elative; as, Poika leikkasi kappaleen leivastci, The boy cut a slice of bread. 212. The material in which one is rich or poor is denoted by the elative; as, Han on rikas rahas He is rich in money; Jdrvi on koyha kala The fish are scarce in the lake. 21.'}. The selling price is expressed by the elative; as, Myin kirjani dollarista, I sold my book for one dollar. 214. The elative denotes the time during which something takes place; as, Alku vuodesta hdn ti> In the beginning of the year he will come. 122 FINNISH GRAMMAR ILLATIVE. 215. The illative denotes motion into the in- terior of an object; as, Menen kirkkoon, I am going into the church. 216. The illative is used to express purpose or the thing for which anything serves or is unfit; as, Han kelpaa virkaan, He is fitted for an office; Tdmd ladke on hyvd titohon tautiin, This medicine is good for that sick- ness. 217. The illative is used to denote the cause of an action ; as, Mies knoli nalkaan, The man died of starvation; Sotilas sortui sotaan, The soldier perished in war. 218. The illative designates price or the limit which a number reaches ; as, Nisun hinta nousi clol- lariin, The price of wheat went up to one dollar; Miesten lukn nousi kahteen sataan, The number of men increased to two hundred. 219. The illative, with the verbs olla, tulia, v errata, vaihtaa, etc., expresses likeness; as, Lapsi on isddnsd, The child is like his father. 220. The illative expresses the space of time during which anything has not occurred; as, En ole ndhnyt simia pitkddn aikaan, I have not seen you for a long time. 221. The illative also denotes the period of time at which an action takes place; as, siihen RULES OF SI MAX 123 aikaan, at that 1 i m e; joulun aikaan t Christmas time. 'I'i'i. The illative denotes the manner n, cordance with which anything is done; as, Ken sinulle omaan tapaani, I tell you a c c o c d i n g to my way. ADESSIVE. 2'i:>. The adessive expresses the place on which; as, Kirja on poydalla, The book on the table. 224. The adessive designates nearness, and is also used with the third person of the auxiliary olla (see 82); as, Istun veljeni rinndlla, I am sitting close to my brother; Mi nulla kirja, I have a book. 225. The adessive denotes an indefinite period of time during which something occurs; as, / valid teen tyota, yulla leptian, I work in the day time, and rest at night. 226. The adessive is also used to expn means or the instrument by which an action is accomplished; as, Ndin sen omUla MnUUiini, I saw it with my eyes; HakkoA la, I chopped the tree with an a 227. The adessive denotes manner or way; Minun tdytyy suruUa ilmoittaa, I m ust in fo r m w i t h so r r o w, 124 FINNISH GRAMMAR 228. The price of buying is expressed by the adessive; as, Ostin sen viidelld dollarilla, I bought it for five dollars. 229. The adessive expresses occupation with the verb olla, t o b e, in which some one is engaged ; as, olla aamiaisella, to be at breakfast. 230. The adessive is also used to signify age with an ordinal number used as an attribute; as, Lapsi on toisella vuodella, The child is in its second year. 231. The adessive also denotes external or in- ternal condition or state of an object; as, Lintu on korkealla ilmassa, The bird is high in the air; Poika on hy valla paalla, The boy is ingoodhumor. ABLATIVE. 232. The ablative is used to express motion from the exterior; as, Ota kirja poydaltci, Take the book from the table; Sain kirjeen ha- nelta, I received a letter from him. 233. The ablative denotes the person who loses something, or who is affected by anything; as, Hanelta kuoli isa, His father died (lit. father died from him) ; Sen mind sinulta kiellan, I deny that (from you). 234. The qualities or possession of a person are expressed by the ablative ; as, Han on hyvct ta- voiltansa, He has no bad habits; Poika ^ on RULES OF SYNTAX L26 Julio nimelta, The boy is John by nai (The boy's name is John). 'i:;.">. The ablative expi by an object on the senses; as, Kola ma valta, The fish tastes good; Talo kauniilta, The house looks beautiful. 'i:>(>. The condition in which an object is when it becomes under the influence of tl pressed by the ablative; as, Kissa nieli him valta, The cat swallowed the mou alive. ^.'J*. The ablative denotes time in various ways; as, Kello viidelta nousin ylos, I got up at five o'clock; Pciivcl pdivSlta ilma tula Urn mdmmaksi, Day by day the weather getting warmer. fc i:>S. The ablative also expi ntive cause; as, En voinut nukkua laulidtasi, 1 could not sleep on account of your s i n g- i ng. ALLATIVE. *£lli). The allative denotes motion to or into an object; as, Anna kirja minulle, Give me the book. 240. Impressions made by an object on the senses are also expressed by the allative; na maistuu makeaMe, T h e a p pie t a s w e e t . 126 FINNISH GRAMMAR 241. The quality which is possessed by some one is denoted by the allative; as, Tytto on hyva tavoillensa, The girl has good manners (the girl is good in her manners) . 242. The allative denotes manner; as, He kid- kevat hiljalleen, They are traveling s 1 o w 1 y. COMITATIVE. 243. The comitative denotes the person or ob- ject with which an action takes place. It is always used in the plural ; as, Han tuli vairnoinensa, H e came with his wife; Mies on mennyt velji- nensa, The man has gone with his brother. INSTRUCTIVE. 244. The instructive denotes manner or instru- ment with which an action is performed ; as, Lapset jnoksevat pihalla paljain jaloin, The children are running in the yard with bare feet; Nam sen omin silmin, I saw it with myowneyes. 245. The instructive expresses manner in which something is performed with adjectives in the comparative or superlative plural adverbially to modify verbs ; as, Han otti kirjan varkain, H e took the book by stealth; Han pahuu kovimmin kaikista, He speaks the loudest of all. RUU PAS 'in!. The instructive is used to answer the questions in what quantity?; as, / mailittain, matin vdhin < r could walk miles at once, b u 1 little little; He kuolivat molemmin, They both died. vl). Indefinite and unlimited periods of ti in place of the adessive plural, is exp instructive ; as, aamuin, in the momi n g illoin, in the evenings; in the nights. ABESSIVE. 248. The abessive denotes the lack or of anything, or in the negative sense, manr means, and cause; as, Olen rahatta, I have no money (lit. I am without money) ; Rahatta tale toimeen, I cannot get along without money; Et eld tyota tekematta, You cann live without working; Etk< nauramatta ? Can y o u not talk with o u t laughing? The preposition Uman, w i thout, often pre- cedes the abessive for emphasis; as, Uman rahatta, without money, etc. 249. The preposition Uman, w i tho u1 with the partitive expresses the B Han on Uman rahaa, He has no money or he is without any m one y . 128 FINNISH GRAMMAR USE OF TENSES. INDICATIVE. 250. The present is used to indicate: (a) An action that is going on at the present time. It can be translated in the following ways: Mind sanon, I say, I am saying, or I do say. (b) Future action; as, Mind Idulan huomenna, I shall sing t o-m o r r o w. 251. The imperfect is used to denote: (a) An action which is going on in the past time; as, Tytto lakasi lattiaa, knn astnin hnonee- seen, The girl was sweeping the floor, when I entered the room. (b) An action definitely completed in the past time ; as, Tdnddn sain kirjeen, T o-d ay I re- ceived a letter. 252. The perfect is equivalent to the Eng- lish Present Perfect; as, Olen saanut kirjeen, I have received a letter. POTENTIAL. 253. The potential expresses a possibility. The present may refer to the present and future time; as, Han laulanee, He may sing; Han laulanee huomenna, He may sing t o-m orrow, 254. The perfect denotes completed action in the present and past ; as, Han lienee laulanut, H e might have sung. i:i i : CONDITIO '1.1.1. The pi nditional i present and future time, w hile I he • to completed action in the pre as, Han U kisi tyotc t, II i would w o r k, i r y o u a s b e d h i ra ; nut valmiiksi, jos olisit ollut dhk< J would have c o m p 1 e t e d y our v y o U h ad been more d i 1 i g e l niinkuin n oillutkaan, II - tho I had not been there. *i.">(>. The conditional mood in the Lndep clause indicates: (a) Resuh valehteleisi, It" he should say W o u 1 d tell a 1 i • (l)) Wish in exclamations or doubt in exclama- tory questions ; as, Jospa >' h e would come! Minm me\ Whe should I go! (c) Information, request, or question in polite form; as, Nyt olisi pdivdUi he d inner i s r e a d y, p 1 i , Will you g i \ e m e t I please? 257, Furthermore the conditional mood is used : (a) In conditional clauses when the conditio doubtful ; as, Jos minulla 130 FINNISH GRAMMAR nlkomaalle, I f I had the money I should go abroad. (b) In concessive clauses; as, Vaikka hdn kdski- sikin minua, en sittenkddn lahtisi, Even if he asked me yet I would not go. (c) In conditional clauses of comparision; as, Hdn puhuu ikddnkuin hdn tietdisi, He speaks as if he knew. (.d) In final clauses to express the purpose of an action ; as, Aiti laulaa, ettd lapsi nukkuisi, The mother sings that the child may sleep. (e) In relative clauses when the relative involves some idea of purpose or quality, etc.; as, Minulla ei ole ketddn, johon luottaisin, I have no one whom I could trust; Mies, joka sanoisi td- mdn, valehtdeisi,' The man who would say thus would tell a lie. (f) In temporal clause with knnnes or jahka, until; ennenkuin, before, to denote expected action. The principal verb is then in the past time; as, Me koetimme hdntd viivyttdd tddlld knn- nes isd tulisi, We tried to keep him here until father came; Emme tahtoneet syodd ennenkuin hdn saapuisi, We did not want to eat before he came. (g) In objective clauses with verbs asking, re- questing especially when they are in the past time ; as , Ystdvdni pyysi, ettd muistasin hdntd, M y RU1 PAX l:;l f r i e n (I r e q u d thai I h o u I d m e m b e r h i m. (h) In indirect disc ettii him lahtisi kirkkoon, T h e fa t h e r to] d John that he sh o uld go h. IMPERATIVE* 'i.">8. The imperative is used in commands and requests. Thus, Anna kirja handle, Give him the book; Elakdi i Long livg Fin- land! 259. In concessive sense the perfect imperative is rarely used; as, Olkoo t, Let him have said. 260. The passive is impersonal tacui, one writes or it is written, ei Kirja on luettu, The book is r e a d; M on sanottu, I am tol d; Minna rdkas . I am loved, etc. (See Lesson XX). USE OF INFINITIVE 261. The infinitive is a verbal noun capafa of inflection and of taking the possessive Buffixt It can also take the object of an action. The fourth infinitive is equivalent to an English participial infinitive ending in -i n g; as, sanamim kuoleminen, d y i n g, etc. 132 FINNISH GRAMMAR FIRST INFINITIVE. 262. The first infinitive has two forms: (a) The shorter form which is used without the possessive suffixes; as, sanoa, to say; lanlaa, to sing, etc. (b) The longer form is always used with the possessive suffixes and expresses the purpose of the action of the main verb ; as, Tuo leipaa syddak- seni, Bring me some bread to eat (lit. bring me some bread for my eating). In English this action can be expressed by, i n order to, in order that, or by a simple infinitive. 263. The shorter form is used: (a) To express the object of an action; as, Onko teilla hevosta mycdd? Have you a horse to sell? (b) As a predicate noun" in connection with an adjective. The agent is denoted by the genitive; as, Lakia on melkein mahdoton ihmisen tayttaa, It is almost impossible -for man to live up to the letter of the law; Kirja on hyvd lukea, The book is good to read. (c) As an attribute of substantives denoting opportunity, righteousness, permission, duty, com- mand, etc. ; as, Minulla on tilaisuus my odd taloni, I have a chance to sell my house; Mi- nulla on oikeus ajaa mies ulos, I have a right RULES OF SYNTAX 133 to drive the man out; H&nell sya, He has permission to ask. (d) As the subject of impersonal verb tdytyy, tarvitsee, tvlee, sopii, kelpaa, kdskee, e1 as, Hdnen tdytyy menna, He must go; \h pitcict tehdci, We must do, etc. (e) As an object to define such verbs as v jaksan, saatan, osaan, taidan, hapeen, A* aion, etc. ; as, Han ei osaa tehdci mitadn, He does not know how to do anything; M voin sen tehdd, I can do it, etc. SECOND INFINITIVE. 264. The second infinitive is used: (a) In the inessive to denote an action which takes place at the same time with the principal verb. The subject of the active form is e\j by the subjective genitive (180) or by the pos- sessive suffixes. When the agent is not expres- the passive is used; as, Kevaan tulles* laavat Suomeen, When spring comes the birds return to Finland (lit. on the coming of spring the birds return to Finland Kylcici lahetessdru, When I was approach- ing the village; Kotiini palate ketaan, When returning home no one was heard; Palatessa viivyttiin viikko, It took one week to return. The inessive of the second infinitive is used in 134 FINNISH GRAMMAR place of a temporal clause which is indicated in English by when or as. (b) In the instructive and to express manner in which the action of the principal verb is per- formed ; as, Poika tuli itkien kotiin, The boy came home crying; Tytto juoksi minun ohitse nauraen, The girl ran by me laugh- ing. THIRD INFINITIVE. 265. The third infinitive is used: (a) In the inessive to denote action in which any one is engaged ; as, Han on luistelemassa, H e is skating; Sina olit poikaa opettamassa, You were teaching the boy. (b) In the elative to designate an action from which any one ceases, or from which any one is hindered or forbidden ; as, Tttlen nimasta, I came from swimming; Paha ilma esti minut tide- masta, Bad weather prevented me from coming; Kielsin lapsia jnoksemasta, I forbade the children to run. *(c) In the illative to express an action which is to be performed by some one, or action for the performance of which some one is fit or unfit, or for which some one is encouraged. This case in its use closely corresponds to the English infini- tive; as, Mind menen puita noutamaan, I am going to get some wood; Poika on hyva lakemaan, The boy is good in reading; RUM VNTAX Han ei kyki ne tdtii U k( /nan,/, He is unable do this; Ystdvani kehoitti minua la friend encouraged me to sit (d) In the adessive to expre which an action is performed, and with th olla, to b e, to denote an action which i take place. In the latter case the p fixes are used with the infinitive; a oppii, One learns by reading; Ole\ kumaisiUani, lam about to sleep. (e) In the abessive to denote action without which the action of the principal verb occurs. person is expressed by the subjective genit (180) and the possessive suffix; as, Astvin I seen sinun huomaamattasi, I stepped in the room without your noticin Se tiedetaan .sanomattasikin, It is known without your saying it. NOTE. — Transitive verba of the abessh infinitive have often the pat Kirja on lukeiiint ta. The book is QOt P< d book is without reading (f) In the instructive with the verb pit&a in place of the shorter form of the first infiniti as, Meidiin pitdd auttaman \ help our friends; Tyo pitati tehtamtin, The w o r k in ust be d o n e. 136 FINNISH GRAMMAR FOURTH INFINITIVE. 266. The fourth infinitive is used: (a) In the nominative with impersonal verbs to express an action which must be performed by some one, or which is fit to be done by some one; as, Minun on se tekeminen, I must do it; Kay- ko niin sanominen? Is it proper to say so? (b) In the partitive with the suffixes to express a .continuous action. It is used in negative sent- ences implying doubt; as, Ehka sinne ei ole mene- mista, It probably does not pay to go there; Tunsin, kuinka lahenemistdni lahenin tuota paikkaa, I felt that I came nearer and nearer that place. USE OF PARTICIPLES. 267. Participles are verbal adjectives. The first participle denotes a continuous action, the second participle completed action. 268. Participles are used adjectively: (a) As an attribute when it agrees in case and number with the word it modifies. The first pas- sive participle expresses necessity or desirability; as, puhuttu kieli, the spoken language; laulava lapsi, the singing child; laulavan lapsen, of the singing child. (b) To form compound tenses with the verb olla. When the passive participle is used with this verb it expresses desirability or necessity; as, Si- RULES OF SYNTAX nun on You must g means of a boat; Olin tehn ! had done my work. (c) As predicate adjective. Mind <>t< n jfc I am invited; Sadut The fairy tales are instructive. (d) In the essive case the first participle with the verb ollci and the possessive suffix exp something pretended or supposed by the subj< Hcin liculee olevansa j, He pretends to be wise; Luulin tietavdni, mutta en I thought I knew but I did not. (e) In the essive the first passive participle de- notes an action under whose influence some one as, Hcin on setcinsci I: Havana, He is to be educated by his uncle; I ajeltavana, T he ship is being tossed by the waves. (f) In the translative the second acti\- ciple w T ith the verb tuUa, to come, denotes i: dental action, and with the verb saada t to re- ceive, completed action; as, Han tuU t taman asian, He happened to say this; Tuskin hcin sai sen 80 >i, He could scarcely say it. (g) As an appositive; as, Pal miehena, tiedan sen, Being a much experi- enced man I know it. fc i(>9. Participles are used substantively: (a) In the plural interior i (seldom in the 138 FINNISH GRAMMAR exterior) to express state or condition of an object; as, Han on nakyvissa, He is in sight; Mind en ollut saapuvilla, I was not present. (b) In the partitive when the second passive participle denotes an action antecedent to the action of the principal verb. The subjcet of this temporal construction is expressed by the genitive and the possessive suffixes. Thus, Sydtyd lahde- tcian kavelemaan, After eating one goes for a walk; Han tuli iloiseksi heti hanen pois- tuttuansa, He became cheerful immedi- ately after he had gone. 270.' The participles are used with the verbs feeling, observing, hoping, believing, guessing, saying, thinking, knowing, etc., in place of the ob- jective clause which begins with etta, that. In this participial construction the predicate must be in the accusative singular ending in -n; as, Ndin pojan tulevan (i. e., Nain, etta poika ttdee) ; I s a w the boy coming (I saw that the boy is coming). 271. The subject of the participial construction is put in the genitive if it is total (21) ; as, En nah- nyt vieraiden tulevan, I did not see the vis- itors coming; in the partitive if the subject is partial (45) ; as, Vihollinen ajatteli sotamiehia olevan linnassa (Vihollinen ajatteli, etta sotamiehia oli linnassa) , T h e enemy thought the sold- iers to be in the fortification (The enemy thought that there were some ION s o 1 (I i e r s in 1 h e I or ti f i ca1 ioi subject is expressed bj the possess if the principal verb and the participial co have the same subje //a oiki in Han luuli, < ttti hiin U He thought to have done right in that) He thought thai h e d i d r in that). The passive participial construction is wit- subject and is impersonal; as, Niifl sanottavanj One often hears that th( say so. TABLES OF DECLENSION S872, Declension of the noun, hi All nouns or adjectives ending in -//< n, arc d< according to this table. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. hevonen hc\ Ace I hevonen hex 3 > In I lu-\ Gen - hev0S€ [hevos|ten Ess. hevose na hevost na Part. hevos hf. Trans. hevose ksi hevost ksi In. hev( lu'\ El. hevose sta 140 FINNISH GRAMMAR 11. hevose|e?i hevosijm Ad. hevose|Ma hevosijila Abl. hevose|Wa hevosijlta All. hevose\lle hevosz|lle Abes. hevose\tta hevosi|tta Com. hevosi|ne|nsa hevosi|ne|nsa Instr. hevosi\n hevosijn NOTE. — n between two vowels is changed to s. 273. Declension of disyllabic nouns ending in i in the nominative singular, e. g., kasi, hand; tuli, fire. NOTE. — The stem of these nouns ends in e. SINGULAR. Nom. kasi tuli Ace. j kasi ( kade|?t j tuli ( tule|n Gen. kade|w tulejw Ess. kate|ra£ tule|wa Part. - kat|£N 1 17 11. minu utl nil //// ham Ad. minu lift mi Ua banc Ua Abl. minu lta sinu lta ban All. minu lh k sinu lh him Abes. . minu tta sinu tta hane tti PLURAL. Nom. te In Ace. nit i (Hit ft i (/(it 'hit Gen. mei dan tei dan hei dan Ess. mei mi tei mi hei nii Part. mei|ta tei ta hei Trans. mei ksi tei ksi hei ksi In. mei ssa tei E hei El. mei sta tei sta hei 11. mei\hin tei Kin hei Ad. mei 11a tei 11a hei llii Abl. mei lta tei lta hei lta All. mei lie tei lie hei lie Abes. mei|tta tei tta hei ttii 281. Declension of the first person singular of the possessive suffix -ni, my. SINGULAR. Nom. kirjajnt, my book Ace. kirja nt, my book Gen. kirja u/\ of my 1" Ess. kirjana rw, as my book Part. kirjaa ni, (some of) my bo Trans. kirjaksejm, (Tor) my h f 148 FINNISH GRAMMAR In. kirjassa|m, in my book El. kirjasta|m, from my book II. kirjaa]m, into my book Ad. kirjalla|?u, on my book Abl. kirjalta|m, from my book All. kirjalle|m, to my book Abes. kirjatta|m, without my book Com. kirjoine|m, with my book PLURAL. Nom. kirja|m, my books Ace. kirja|m, my books Gen. kirjai|m, of my books Ess. kirjoina|m, as my books Part. kirjoja|m, (some of) my books Trans. kirjoikse]m, (for) my books In. kirjoissa|m, in my books El. kirjoista|m, from my books II. kirjoihi|m, into my books Ad. kirjoilla|m, on my books Abl. ' kirjoilta|m, from my books All. kirjoille[m, to my books Abes. kirj oitta | ni, without my books Com. kirjoine|?ii, with my books 282. Declension of the second person singular of the possessive suffix -si, thy. TABLES OF I SION SINGULAR. Nom. kirja '.sv, thy book Ace. kirja si, thy book Gen. kirja si, thy book Ess. kirjana si, as thy book Part. kirjaa [si, (some of) thy book Trans. kirjaksc .\ (for) thy book In. kirjassa si, in thy book El. kirjasta [si, from thy book U. kirjaa [ si, into thy book Ad. kirjalla|si, on thy book Abl. kirjalta [si, from thy book All. kirjalle [si, to thy book Abes. kirjatta [si, without thy book Com. kirjoine's/, with thy book PLURAL. Nom. kirja [si, thy books Ace. kirja | st, thy books Gen. kirjai 'si, of thy books Ess. kirjoina|si, as thy books Part. kirjoja [si, (some of) thy books Trans. kirjoikse si, (for) thy books In. kirjois in thy books El. kirjoista si, from thy books II. kirjoihi si, into thy bo< Ad. kirjoilla .sv\ on thy hooks Abl. kirjoilta si, from thy b< 150 FINNISH GRAMMAR All. kirjoille|si, to thy books Abes. kirjoitta|sz, without thy books Com. kirjoine]si, with thy books 283. Declension of the third person singular and plural of the possessive suffix -nsa. Thus, kir- jansa, may mean, his, her, or their book. SINGULAR. Nom. kirja|wsa, his book Ace. kirja|?isa, his book Gen. kirja|wsa, of his book Ess. kirjana|wsa, as his book Part. kirjaa|wsa, (some of) his book Trans. kirjakse|wsa, for his book In. kirjassa|wsa, in his book El. kirjasta|wsa, from his book II. kirjaa|wsa, into his book Ad. kirjalla|wsa, on his book Abl. kirjalta|wsa, from his book All. kirjalle|wsa, to his book Abes. kirjatta|wsa, without his book Com. kirjoine|wsa, with his book PLURAL. Nom. kirja]wsa, his books Ace. kirja|wsa, his books Gen. kirjai|wsa, of his books Ess. kirjoina]wsa, as his books Part. kirjoja|wsa, (some of) his books TABLES OF I 151 X< >TK. oikse nsa, for hit ra, in his books aista nsa, from hi oihi nsa, into his books oilla rwa, on hifl l> oilta rwa, from hifl oille rwa, to his booh oitta nsa, without hifl oine nsa, with hifl bO( -n.su is declined in th< »bm Trans. kir. In. k i r. El. kir. 11. kir. Ad. kir. Abl. kir. All. kir. Abes. kir. Com. kir. 1884. Declension of the first person plural of the possessive suffix -none, our. The second i plural is declined in the same manner a person -mmc. SINGULAR. a /////>< , our book a mme, our book a mme, of our book ana »k a.2i\mme, (some of) our t> akst' for our book assa in our book asta mrm . from our book iaa mrm , into our book alia /////" . on our book alta mm* , from our book alle to our book atta in a" . without our !»• oine mm< . with our bo Nom. kir; Ace. kir] Gen. kir; Ess. kir; Part. kir Trans. kir In. kir El. kir; 11. kir Ad. kir.i Abl. kir; All. kir Abe kir Com. kir 152 FINNISH GRAMMAR PLURAL. Nom. kirj a | mme, our books Ace. kirja| mme, our books Gen. kirj ai | mme, of our books Ess. kirjoina | mme, as our books Part. kirjoja | mme, (some of) our books Trans. kirj oikse| mme, for our books In. kirj oissa| mme, in our books El. kirj oista | mme, from our books II. kirj oihi j mme, into our books Ad. kirj oillaj mme, on our books Abl. kirj oilta | mme, from our books All. kirj oille | mme, to our books Abes. kirj oitta] mme, without our book Com. kirj oine | mme, with our books 285. Declension of the demonstrative pronouns tdmd, this; tuo, that; se, it or t h a t. Nom. Ace. Gen. Ess. Part. Trans. In. El. SINGULAR. tdmd tuo se \ tdmd\n \ tuo\n \ se n ( tdmd / tuo 1 se tdmd\n tuo|n se\n ta\nd tuo|na si?id ta\td tuo\ta si ta ta\ksi tuo k si siksi ta|ssa tuo\ssa sii\nd ta,\std tuo\sta sii tcl 11. t&\han tuo hon hi n Ad. ta lid tuo Ua ua Abl. ta ltd tuo lta BJ (fa All. tuo lie BJ H< PLURAL. Nom. \ nama i nama t nuo ne Ace. nam Gen. \ nai di \ noi d< 1 nii A i nai tti l noi tti j nii /^ Ess. nai na noi na nii na Part. nai ta noi ta nii tit Trans. nai ksi noi ksi nii ksi In. nai ssa noi nii El. nai|sta noi st a nii 11. nai hin noi hin nii hin Ad. nai 11a noi 11a nii 11a Abl. nai lta noi lta nii lta All. nai lie noi lie nii lie 286. Declension of the relative pronoun w h o, w h i c h. For m ika, w h o, w h i c h, w h a t, see 287. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. jo ka jo t ka Ace. n ka jot ka Gen. jo n ka I joi Ess. jo na joi na 154 FINNISH GRAMMAR Part. Trans. In. El. II. Ad. Abl. All. .1 o o JO jo jo jo \ta \ksi \ssa \sta \hon \lla \lta \lle Joi|ta joi|ksi joi|ssa joi[sta joi|hin joi|lla joi|lta joi|lle 287. Declension of the interrogatives kuka, ken, who; mikd, what. SINGULAR. Nom. ku\ka ken m\\ka Ace. kene|i mi|n|A:a Gen. kene\n mi|n \ka Part. ku\ta ke\td mi|£a Trans. kene\ksi mi\ksi In. ku\ssa kene|ssa mi\ssa El. kene\sta mi\sta 11. ku\hnn kene\en milhin Ad. kene\lla mi\lla Abl. kene\lta mi\lta All. kene\lle PLURAL. mi j lie Nom. ku|t|A;a ke\t\ka mi \t\kd Ace. ku |t|fca kejtjfea mi \t\kd Gen. \ kui\den | kei \den ( kui\tten I kei\tte?i TABLES OF CONJUGATION Part. kei tii Trans. kei ksi In. kei (other El. kei sta declini 11. Ad. kei hin kei 1 11a like singular) Abl. kei lta All. kei | lie NOTE.- K 11 in pi. W li i c h of th e t comparative (see kuni|iaiiM'ii, u h i c h tives and nouns < Hiding in -lien 31 TABLES OF CONJUGATION. 288. Active affirmative and negative conjuga- tion of olla, to be. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. Affirmative. olen olemme olet olette on ovat I a m, etc. Neg en ole emme ole et ole ette ole ei ole eivat ole I am not, etc. IMPERFECT. Affirmativi . olin olimme olit olitte oli olivat I was, etc. N( 1 en ollut emme oil et ollut ette oll< ei ollut eivat oil© I w a a n t, etc 156 FINNISH GRAMMAR PERFECT. Affirmative. olen ollut olemme olleet olet ollut olette olleet on ollut ovat olleet I have been, etc. Negative. en ole ollut emme ole olleet et ole ollut ette ole olleet ei ole ollut eivat ole olleet I have not been, etc. PLUPERFECT. Affirmative. olin ollut olimme olleet olit ollut olitte olleet oli ollut olivat olleet I had been, etc. Negative. en ollut ollut emme olleet olleet et ollut ollut ette olleet olleet ei ollut ollut eivat olleet olleet I had not been, etc. TABLES OF CONJUGATION POTENTIAL. PRESENT. Affirmative. A < gai lienen lienemme en liene emm* lienet lienette et liene ette liene lienee lienevat ei liene eivat 1 I may be, etc. I may not be, i PERFECT. Affirmant lienen ollut lienemme olleet lienet ollut lienette olleet lienee ollut lienevat olleet I might have been, etc. Negative. en liene ollut emme liene olleet et liene ollut ette liene olleet ei liene ollut eivat liene oil' I might not have been, etc. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. Affirmative. N( gai olisin, olisimme en olisi emme olisi olisit olisitte et olisi ette olisi olisi olisivat ei olisi eivat olisi I should be, etc. I should not be, 158 FINNISH GRAMMAR PERFECT. Affirmative. olisin ollut olisimme olleet olisit ollut olisitte olleet olisi ollut olisivat olleet I should have been, etc. Negative. en olisi ollut emme olisi olleet et olisi ollut ette olisi olleet ei olisi ollut eivat olisi olleet I should not have been, etc. IMPERATIVE. Affirmative. olkaamme, let us be ole, b e olkaatte, b e olkoon, 1 e t h i m be olkoot, let them be Negative. . alkaamme olko, let us n o t b e ala ole, be not alkaa(tte) olko, be not alkoon olko, let him alkoot olko, let them notbe notbe TABLES OF CONJUGATION INFINITIVK I. shorter, olla, to be III. Ines. olen longer, ollakseni, in in bein g order that I IV. Nom. oleminen, might be (lit. i n g, (mu for my being) Part, olemista, II. Ines. ollessa, in i n g being PARTICIPLES. I. oleva, being II. ollut, been 289. Passive affirmative and negative con jug tion of olla, to be. INDICATIVE. Affirmative Negat PRESENT. ollaan, o n e is ei olla, one is n IMPERFECT. oltiin, o n e w a s ei oltu, o n e w as not PERFECT. on oltu, one has been ei ole oltu, o n e h not bee n PLUPERFE( oli oltu, one had ei oltu oltu, one had been not been 160 FINNISH GRAMMAR POTENTIAL. PRESENT. oltaneen, onemaybe ei oltane, one may not be PERFECT. lienee oltu, onemight ei liene oltu, one might have been not have been CONDITIONAL. PRESENT, oltaisiin, one should ei oltaisi, one should be n o t b e PERFECT. olisi oltu, oneshould ei olisi oltu, one should have been not have been IMPERATIVE. oltakoon, let one be alkoon oltako, let one not be INFINITIVES. tt t ( oltaissa ) , . . , , . II. Ines. - .. Kin) ones being III. Instr. oltaman, (must) b e PARTICIPLES. I. oltava, (must) b e II. oltu, been Tables of conji iui 'ii>o. Active affirmative and tion of the verb sanoa, to say. INDICATE PRESENT. Affirmati sano n san< en sano emme 6ano sano t sano/ et sano ette sano sano sano vat ei sano eivat sano I say, etc. I do not s a j IMPERFECT. Affirmati Ni \ sano 7 n sano i mme en sanonut emme sanoni sano i t sano i tte sanonut el sano i sano i vat ei sanonut eivat sanon< I said, etc. I did not s a y, i PERFECT. Affirmati olen sanonut olemme sanon< olet sanonut olette sanoiu on sanonut oval sanoi I have sa i d, et Ni gat en ole sanonut emme ole sanon et ole sanonut ette ole sanor ei ole sanonut eival ole sanoneel I h a v e n o t s a i d, etc. 162 FINNISH GRAMMAR PLUPERFECT. Affirmative. olin sanonut olimme sanoneet olit sanonut olitte sanoneet oli sanonut olivat sanoneet I had said, etc. Negative. en ollut sanonut emme olleet sanoneet et ollut sanonut ette olleet sanoneet ei ollut sanonut eivat olleet sanoneet I had not said, etc. POTENTIAL. PRESENT. Affirmative. sano|we]n sanoiweimme sano | ne | t sano | ne | tte sano|w?|e sano \ne\ vat I may say, etc. Negative. en sano [ne emme sanoj??e et sano \ne ette sano j we ei sano j we eivat sano J we I may not say, etc. TABLES [ON UFKCT. .1 ffirmat lienen sanonut lienemme lienet sanonut lien< lienee sanonut lien- I might have said, i Negai en liene sanonut emme liene et liene sanonut ette liene sanoneet ei liene sanonut eivat liene sanoi I might not have said, i CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. Af fir mat' sano isi n sano isi mine sano isi t sano sano \isi sano isi vat I should say, etc. Negative. en sano U emme sano et sano ette sano . ei sano | m eivat sano I should not say, etc. 164 FINNISH GRAMMAR PERFECT. Affirmative. olisin sanonut olisimme sanoneet olisit sanonut olisitte sanoneet olisi sanonut olisivat sanoneet I should have said, etc. Negative. en olisi sanonut emme olisi sanoneet et olisi sanonut ette olisi sanoneet ei olisi sanonut eivat olisi sanoneet I should not have said, etc. IMPERATIVE. Affirmative. 1 — sano J kaa \ mme, sano, say let us say say sano\kaa(tte), say sano|A;oojn, sano | Jcoo \t, let him say let them say Negative. 1 — alkaamme sano7t*o let us not say ala sano, alkaatte sanojAro, say not say not alkoon sano|A:o, alkoot sano|A;o, let him not say let them not say TABLES OF CONJUGATION 165 INFINITIVES. I. shorter, sano|a, to say- longer, sano|a|kse(ni), in order that I may say (lit. for my saying) TT T \ sanolelssa / . II. Ines. - .,' in saying ^sano|i|ssa \ T ) sanolijn /with or by saying, Inst. - I }sano|e|n \ saying III. Ines. sano|raa|ssa, in saying, saying El. sano|ma|sta, from saying II. sano|raa|an, (to) say, saying Ad. sano|ma|lla, by saying Abes. sano|majtta, without saying, not saying Instr. sano|raa|n, (must) say IV. Nom. sano\mine?i, saying Part. sano|rais|ta, (something) to say PARTICIPLES. I. sano|?;a, saying II. Nom. sanojm^, said Gen. sa,no\nee\n, of saying 291. Passive affirmative and negative conju- gation of sanoa, to say. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. Affirmative, N( sano|ta|an, one says ei sanota, one does n o t s a y 166 FINNISH GRAMMAR IMPERFECT. sano|£W|in, one did ei sano|££^, one did say notsay PERFECT. on sa,no\ttn, one has ei ole sanojito, one said has not said PLUPERFECT. oli ssmo\ttu, one had ei oltu sano|£to, one said hadnotsaid POTENTIAL. PRESENT. sano|££cme|en, o n e may ei sa,no\tlane, o n e m a y say notsay PERFECT. lienee ssmo\ttu, one ei liene sano\ttii, one migt have said might not have said CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. sano|££amjin, one ei ssnio\ttaisi, one would say would not say PERFECT, olisi sa,no\ttu, one ei olisi sano\ttu, one w o u 1 d h a ve s a i d would have not said TABLES OF CONJUGATION IMPERATIVE. sano | ttafco | on, let one ei s&no\ ttako, let one say not s;iy INFINITIVES. TT T i sano|££adssa ) 7 . v , II. Ines. - ,, .,' (in) one s saving / sano|££ai|ssa \ III. Instr. sano\ttarna\n, (must be) said PARTICIPLES. I. s&no\ttava, (to be or must be) s a i d II. sano\tta, said 292. Active affirmative and negative conjuga- tion of the verb saada, t o -s-ary: Y? CA*H INDICATIVE. PRESENT. Affirmative. Neyat saa|w saa|mme en saa emme Baa saa|£ saa \tte et saa ette saa saa saa|i?a£ ei saa eivat saa I receive, etc. I do not r e c e i etc. 168 FINNISH GRAMMAR IMPERFECT. Affirmative. Negative. sa|z[n sa|i|mme en saanut emme saaneet sa|i|t sa|i|tte et saanut ette saaneet sa|i sa|i|vat ei saanut eivat saaneet I received, etc. I did not receive, etc. PERFECT. Affirmative. olen saanut olemme saaneet olet saanut olette saaneet on saanut ovat saaneet I have received, etc. Negative. en ole saanut emme ole saaneet et ole saanut ette ole saaneet ei ole saanut eivat ole saaneet I have not received, etc. PLUPERFECT. Affirmative. olin saanut olimme saaneet olit saanut olitte saaneet oli saanut olivat saaneet I had received, etc. TABLES OF CONJUGATION If)!) Negati en ollut saanut emme oil© ieet et ollut saanut ette olleet saaneet ei ollut saanut eivat olleet Baaneet I had not received, etc. POTENTIAL. PRESENT. Af fir mati N( «/. Passive affirmative and negative conju- gation of the verb saada, t o r e ceil 172 FINNISH GRAMMAR INDICATIVE. Affirmative. Negative. PRESENT. saa|da]an, one re- ei saajrfa, one does ceives notreceive IMPERFECT. saa|fa*|in, one re- ei saa|£^, o n e di d no t ceived receive PERFECT. on saa|to, onehasre- ei ole saa|te, one has ceived not received PLUPERFECT. oli saa|£^, one had ei oltu saa|£w, one had received not received POTENTIAL. PRESENT. saa\tane\en, one may ei saa|frme, one may receive notreceive PERFECT. lienee saa|£w, one ei liene saa|i?/, one might have re- might not have ceived received VERB STEMS CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. saa|fom|in, one would ei Baa I aid receive not rec PERFECT. olisi saaj^v, one would ei olisi h a v e r e c e i v e d would not ha received INFINITIVES. saaj£aA;o|on, let one ei saa7r//;o, let one receive not recei TT T i saa'iaelssa / ,. . II. Ines. - , .,' (in) ones recei vi (I saa|£cu|ssa \ III. Instr. ssi£i\tama\n PARTICIPLES. I. saa\taua, (must be) received. II. received. FORMATION OF THE VERB STEB 294. The vowel stem of the verb 1 I by dropping -koon or -koon, the endings of the third person singular of the imperative aeti\ no\koon, vowel stem sano-; syd feooi syd-. 174 FINNISH GRAMMAR 295. The consonant stem may be found by dropping the same endings, -koon, -koon, of the imperative active; as, tid\koon, consonant stem tul-; pes\koon, consonant stem pes-. It should be noticed that all the consonant stems end in e in the present indicative active; as, tule\n, pese\n, pane\n, etc. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VERBS. 296. Alphabetical list of verbs showing the first person singular of the present indicative, the third person singular of the imperfect indicative, the third person singular of the imperative active, and the imperative passive: Present Imperfect Imperative Imperative Indicative Indicative Active Passive aion aikoi aikokoon aiottakoon ajan ajoi ajakoon ajettakoon alan alkoi alkakoon alettakoon annan antoi antakoon annettakoon astun astui astukoon astuttakoon autan \ auttoi 1 autti auttakoon autettakoon eksyn eksyi eksykoon eksyttakoon elan eli elakoon elettakoon erehdyn erehtyi erehtykoon erehdyttakoon haluan halusi halutkoon haluttakoon hankin hankki hankkikoon hankittakoon heitan heitti heittakoon heitettakoon huomautan huomauttti huomauttakoon huomautettakoon LIST OP VERBS huudan huvitan hyppaan hairitsen ihailen imen istun itken jatkan juhlin juon jatan kalastan kannan kasvan katson keitan keraan kiitan kirjoitan koetan kohtaan konttaan kuulen kunnioitan kuritan kutsun kudon kylailen kysyn kavelen lennan lepaan loistan \ huusi / huuti huvitti hyppasi hairitsi ihaili imi istui itki jatkoi juhli joi jatti kalasti kantoi kasvoi katsoi keitti kerasi kiitti kirjoitti koetti kohtasi konttasi kuuli kunnioitti kuritti kutsui kutoi kylaili kysyi kaveli lensi lepasi loisti huutakoon huvittakoon hypatkoon hairitkoon ihailkoon imekoon istukoon itkekoon jatkakoon juhlikoon juokoon jattakoon kalastakoon kantakoon kasvakoon katsokoon keittakoon keratkoon kiittakoon kirjoittakoon koettakoon kohdatkoon kontatkoon kuulkoon kunnioittakoon kurittakoon kutsukoon kutokoon kylailkoon kysykoon kavelkoon lentakoon levatkoon loistakoon huudettakoon huvitettakoon hypattakoon hairittakoon ihailtakoon imettakoon istuttakoon itkettakoon jatkettakoon juhlittakoon juotakoon jatettakoon kalastettakoon kannettakoon kasvettakoon katsottakoon keitettakoon kerattakoon kiitettakoon kirjoitettakoon koetettakoon kohdattakoon kontattakoon kuultakoon kunnioitettakoon kuritettakoon kutsuttakoon kudottakoon kylailtakoon kysyttakoon kaveltakoon lenncttakoon levattakoon loistcttakoon 176 FINNISH GRAMMAR lopetan loukkaan lopetti loukkasi lopettakoon loukatkoon lopetettakoon loukattakoon luen luki lukekoon luettakoon luulen luuli luulkoon luultakoon lyon lahden loi lahti lyokoon lahtekoon lyotakoon lahdettakoon lahetan lahetti lahettakoon lahetettakoon maksan maksoi maksakoon maksettakoori matkustan matkusti matkustakocn matkustettakoon melon meloi melokoon melottakoon menen meni menkoon mentakoon menetan menetti menettakoon menetettakoon menestyn merkitsen menestyi merkitsi menestykoon merkitkoon menestyttakoon merkittakoon metsastan metsasti metsastakoon metsastettakoon muistan muisti muistakoon muistettakoon muodostan muodosti muodcstakoon muodostettakoon muutun muuttui muuttukoon muututtakoon my on myohastyn nauran moi myohastyi nauroi myokoon myohastykoon naurakoon myotakoon myohastyttakoon naurettakoon nousen nousi nouskoon noustakoon nuhtelen nuhteli nuhdelkoon nuhdeltakoon nukun nukkui nukkukoon nukuttakoon naen naki nahkoon nahtakoon naytan cdotan naytti cdotti nayttakoon odottakoon naytettakoon cdotettakoon ojennan \ ojensi ") ojenti ojentakoon ojennettakoon olen oli olkoon oltakoon omistan omisti omistakoon omistettakoon ongin opin osaan onki oppi osasi onkikoon oppikoon osatkoon cngittakoon opittakoon osattakoon ostan osti ostakcon ostettakoon LIST OF VE1 otan otti ottakoon ctettakoon painan painoi painakoon painettakoon paistan paistoi paistakoon paistettakoon palkitsen palkitsi palkitkoon palkittakocn poltan poltti polttakoon pcltettakoon panen pani pankoon pantakoon peitan peitti peittakoon peitettakoon pelkaan pelkasi pelatkoon pelattakoon perin peri perikoon perittakoon pesen pesi peskoon pestakbon pidan piti pitakoon pidettakoon pcimin poimi poimikoon poimittakoon potkaisen potkaisi potkaiskoon potkaistakoon putoan putosi pudotkoon pudottakocn puren puri purkocn purtakoon pyydan pyysi pyytakoon pyydettakoon paas'en paasi paaskoon paastakobn paatan paatti paattakoon paatettakobn rakastan rakasti rakastakoon rakastettakoon repaisen repaisi repaiskoon repaistakoon rukoilen rukoili rukoilkoon rukoiltakoon saan sai saakoon saatakoon saavun saapui saapukoon saavuttakoon sallin salli sallikoon sallittakoon sanon sanoi sanokocn sanottakocn seison seisoi seisokoon seisottakocn selitan selitti selittakoon selitettakoon seuraan seurasi seuratkcon seurattakoon sidon sitoi sitokoon sidottakoon sovin sopi sopikoon sovittakoon soudan \ sousi 1 souti soutakoon soudettakoon sukellan \ sukelsi / sukelti sukeltakoon sukellettakoon 178 FINNISH GRAMMAR saastan saasti saastakoon saastettakoon tahdon tahtoi tahtokoon tahdottakoon tarjoan tarjosi tarjotkoon tarjottakoon tartun tarttui tarttukoon tartuttakoon teen teki tehkoon tehtakoon tiedan tiesi tietakoon tiedettakoon toivon toivoi toivokoon toivottakoon tulen tuli tulkoon tultakoon tunkeudun tunkeutui tunkeutukoon tunkeuduttakoon tunnen tunsi tuntekoon tunnettakoon tuon toi tuokoon tuotakoon uin ui uikoon uitakoon unhotan unhotti unhottakoon unhotettakoon vahingoitan i vahingcitti vahingoittakoon vahingoitettakoon vaihdan vaihtoi vaihtakoon vaihdettakoon vakuutan vakuutti vakuuttakoon vakuutettakoon valitsen valitsi valitkoon valittakoon varastan varasti varastakoon varastettakoon vastaan vastasi vastatkoon vastattakoon vedan veti vetakoon vedettakoon vien vei viekoon vietakoon vierailen vieraili vierailkoon vierailtakoon viihdyn viihtyi viihtykoon viihdyttakoon voin voi voikoon voitakocn voitan voitti voittakoon voitettakoon vuolen vuoli vuolkoon vuoltakoon ylenen yleni / yletkoon ylettakoon aannan \ aanti / aansi aantakoon aannettakoon FINNISH-!^ 179 FINNISH ENGLISH VOCABULARY. aalto, wave aamiainen, breakfast ah, alas ahkera, diligent ahkerasti, diligently Ahti, god of the sea aika, time aikoa, to intend aina, always airo, oar aita, fence aitta, store house aivo, brain ajaa, to drive ajatella, to think ajo, drive ajuri, driver akkuna, window alas, down alusvaate, underclothei alkaa, to begin, alia, under antaa, to give apu, help arkku, trunk asema, station, depot askel, step astia, vessel, utensil astua, to step asua, to live aurinko, sun auttaa, to help edella, before ehka, perhaps ei, not, no ei ensinkaan, not at all ei koskaan, never eilen, yesterday eksya, to err elokuu, August elaa, to live elain, animal eli, or enempi, comp. « i paljo. n enin, superlative of paljo, m< ennenkun, befoi entinen, fom epahuomio, mi 180 VOCABULARY erehtya, to err, to mistake etela, south eras, some one etaalla, far etta, that H haara, branch haarautua, to branch halki, through halpa, cheap haluta, to wish, to desire hammas, tooth hankkia, to furnish, to get hapan, sour, bitter harja, brush harmaa, gray •harvoin, seldom hattu, hat haukkua, to bark, to insult hauska, pleasant havupim, fir tree he, they hedelma, fruit hedelmapuu; fruit tree heikko, weak heinakuu, July heittaa, to throw helmikuu, February helppo, easy, cheap henki, life herra, Mr., Sir herrasmies, gentleman heme, pea hevonen, horse hiha, sleeve hiiri, mouse hiljaa, silently, quietly hiljainen, quiet, silent hinta, price hius, plu. hiukset, hair hoitaa, nurse hoito, care hopea, silver housut, trousers huomenna, to-morrow huomauttaa, to call attention, to remark huomautus, remark huone, room . huokea, cheap huoleti, without care huuli, lip huutaa, to cry, to shout hukkaan, in vain huhtikuu, April huvittaa, to amuse hypata, to jump hyvin, very hyva, good hairita, to disturb han, he, she hanella on, he or she has hanta, tail hata, distress, need hoyry, steam FINNISH-ENGLISH 181 ihana, graceful, charming ihailla, to admire ihminen, man, human being ikaankuin, as if illallinen, supper ilma, weather, air ilman, without iloinen, cheerful ilo, joy, gladness ilta, i imea, to suck, t< iso, big, larj istua, to sit isa, father isanta, mast itkea, to cry, to itse, self ja, and jalopeura, lion jakautua, to branch jalka, foot jatkaa, to continue jo, already joka, every joka, who, which jokainen, every jokin, something joki, river joko tai, either joku, some one jotakin, something jotta, that joulukuu, December juhlia, to celebrate juuri, root juoda, to drink juoma, drink juomalasi, glass, tumbler juosta, to run juna, train jalki(-ssa, -sta, -en) behind, or after jalkiruoka, jompikumpi, one or other of janis, rabbit the two jos, if joskus, sometimes kaali, cabbage kahvi, coffee kahvipannu, coffee pot jarvi, lake jattaa, to Ic jaa, ice K kahveli, fork kaikki, all kaikellainen. kinds 182 VOCABULARY kaikkialla, everywhere kaivanto, mine kajahtaa, to echo kaksittain, two by two kaksi, two kallio, rock kallis, expensive, dear kala, fish kalastaa, to fish kammioa, to disgust kampa, comb kana, hen kanarialintu, canary bird kansallinen, national kanssa, with kantaa, to bear, to carry kartta, map kartano, garden, yard katkera, bitter, sour kasvi, plant kasvaa, to grow katsca, to look, to see katto, roof katu, street katuvaunu, street car kaukana, far kaula, neck kaulus, collar kaunis, beautiful kaupunki, city kautta, by kehto, cradle keittio, kitchen keittaja, cook keittaa, to cook keksia, to invent kello, bell keltainen, yellow kenka, shoe kenkaan, any one kertomus, story kesa, summer kesakuu, June keskiviikko, Wednesday keskella, in the midst of kesy, tame kevat, spring kerma, cream kerata, to gather, to collect kettu, fox kiittaa, to thank kiittamaton, unthankful kieli, tongue kielioppi, grammar kiehua, to boil kirja, book kirje, letter kirjain, letter kirjoittaa, to write kirkko, church kirkas, bright, clear kirves, ax kissa, cat koettaa, to try kohdata, to meet kohta, soon koira, dog koko, whole, size kolme, three kokous, meeting FINNISH-E1S konttori, office kontata, to crawl korkea, high korva, ear kcska, becat koti, home koulu, school kova, hard kuu, moon kuin, than kuulla, to hear kuukausi, month kukkaumpu, flower bud kukka, flower kukin, each kukko, rooster kukaan, any one kulta, gold kulkuri, wanderer kumma, wonder kumpikin, one of the two kunnioittaa, to honor kunnes, until, til kun. kurittaa, kutsua, to call, to ask kutoa, to kuva, picture kylla, \ kyla, vill kylailla, to visit kylma, cold kyna, pen kypsya, to ri] kysya, to ask karki, point kasi, hand kasivarsi, arm kasitysten, hand in katkyt, cradle kavella, t<> walk kayda, to go kaytava, hall koyha, p L. laaja, wide laakso, valley laatikko, box laatusana, adjective lahja, gift, present lahjoittaa, to present laiha, thin lainehtia to wave laiva, ship lakana, bed sheet lammas, lamb, sheep lammaslauma. lampaanliha, mutt lapio, lapsi, child lattia, f. latva, top lauantai, Saturd laulaa, lauma, 1! laulu. lautanen. 184 VOCABULARY lehti, leaf leipa, bread lentaa, to fly leviita, to rest leuka, chin liian, too liike, business liivi, vest liha, meat lihakauppa, meat market lihava, fat liki (-11a, -ta, -lie) near lintu, bird loistaa, to shine lokakuu, October lopettaa, to end, to finish loukata, to insult, to hurt lukea, to read luku, chapter lumi, snow luulla, to suppose, to pre- sume ■ luokka, class lusikka, spoon lyijykyna, pencil lyhyt, short lyoda, to beat, to strike lahde, spring lahella, near lahettaa, to send lahtea, to start, to set off laksy, lesson lammin, warm lampo, temperature M. maa earth, land maailma world maaliskuu, March maanantai, Monday maalata, to paint maalari, painter maito, milk majatalo, hotel mahtava, powerful, mighty makea, sweet makeinen, candy makeiskauppa, confectionary makkara, sausage maksaa, to pay mansikka, strawberry marja, berry markkina, market marraskuu, November matto, carpet, rug matala, shallow, low matka, trip, journey matkalippu, ticket matkustaa, to travel me, we meloa, to paddle menna, to go menettaa, to lose menestya, to succeed merkita, to mark meri, sea metsa, forest metsastaa, to hunt FINNISH-ENGLISH metsastys, hunting mies, man mikin, any one milloin, when minulla on, I have minutti, minute mina, I molemmat, both moni, many monenlainen, all kinds of muinoin, formerly muistaa, to remember mukana, along muna, egg muodostaa, to form muodostus, musta, black muste, ink mustikka, blackb mutta, but mualta from muuttua, to chi myrsky, storm myrskyinen, stormy myoda, to sell myohastya. myoskin, ah myoten, alon maki, hill N. naapuri neighbor nauraa, to langh nauru, laugh ne, they, them, those niinkuin, as if niin muodoin, consequently niin etta, so that nimi, name nimittain, namely nimisana, noun nopea, swift, quick ncusta, to r nuhdella, t«> scold nukkua, to -1 nuo, tli nuori, young nyt, now nahda, I nama, ti nayttaa, t«» show odottaa, to wait oh!, oh! ohjas, rein oikea, right ojentaa, strech, to straighten oksa, branch, twi olla, t<> be oli, olivat, w olkaa hyva, , olki, cma, own 186 VOCABULARY omistaa, to own omena, apple on, is onki, fishing tackle, fishhook onkia, to fish with a hook onni, luck onnellinen, lucky oppia, to learn opettaja, teacher osata, to know osa, pa'rt osote, address ostaa, to buy ostos, shopping otsa, forehead ottaa, to take cttaa kiinni, to catch outo, strange ovat, are ovi, door paikka, place paimen, shepherd painaa, to press, to weigh paita, shirt paistaa, to bake paitsi, besides, except paha, bad palkita, to reward pallo, ball pala, piece polttaa, to burn paljo, much paljas, bare palvelija, servant pankki, bank panna, to put pannu, pan pappi, priest, minister paperi, paper parempi, comp. of hyva, bet- ter paras, sup. of hyva, best pata, kettle peittaa, to cover peite, cover Pekka, Peter pelto, field pelata, to be affraid perhe, family peria, to inherit perjantai, Friday peruna, potato pesa, nest pesta, to wash petollinen, deceitful pian, soon pieni, small piirakka, pie pilvi, cloud pimea, dark pisin, sup. of pitka, longest, tallest pitkin, along pitka, long pitaa, to hold, to regard, to like FINNISH-ENGLISH poikki, across poika, boy poimia, to pick, to gather pohja, bottom pchjoinen, northern, north polvi, knee pennistus, effort, exertion ponnistaa, to exert postikenttori, post office potkaista, to kick pudota, to fall puku, suit puhua, to speak punainen, red puoli, half puoti, store purra, to bite purjehtia, to sail puu, puuro, porri puuttua, to 1 puutarhuri, pyyheliina, t. pyytaa, to 1 pysty, an upi pyorea, round paa, head paaskynen, swall paasta, to reach paattaa, to deci painvastoin, on t paiva, day paivallinen, dinner poyta, table poytakirja, n poytaliina, table cloth R. rakas, dear raicastaa, to love rakentaa, to build rangaista, to punish rangaistus, punishment ranta, shore, coast Ranska, France rata, track rauta, iron rautatie, railroad ravinto, nourishment, ravintola, restaurant rehellinen, hon< reki, sleigh repaista, to tear rehellinen, hi >n< rikas, rich rinnatusten, side rinne. rinta, bn ripustaa, risti, rouva, M ruoho. ruokahuone, dinii ruoka rukoilla, to ; 188 VOCABULARY ruskea, brown ruumis, body ruusu, rose raystas, eaves saada, to receive saada valmiiksi, to get ready saalis, booty, prey saapua, to reach, to arrive sade, rain sallia, to allow, to permit salaa, secretly sal vet i, napkin sama, same sana, word sanoa, to say seina, wall seinakello, clock seisoa, to stand sekoittaa, to stir se, it seka, also seka — etta, both — and sellainen, such selittaa, to explain, to de- scribe selka, back selva, clear seinmoinen, such sentahden, therefore, for serkku, cousin seta, uncle seurata, to follow seuraava, next sieva, nice, fine siis, therefore siisti, neat sija, case, seat silma, eye silea, smooth silloin, then silla, for sininen, blue sina, thou sinun, thy sisar, sister sisa (-ssa, -sta, -ltii, etc.) in, in the interior sitten, then sittenkun, after that sitoa, to tie, to bind sitruuna, lemon sokea, blind sokeri, sugar sokeripala, a piece of sugar sokeriastia, sugar bowl sokerileivos, cake sopimus, agreement sopia, to fit soppa, soup sormi, finger sormus, ring soutaa, to row suhteen, in relation to sukka, sock, stocking sukeltaa, to dive sunnuntai, Sunday FINNISH-ENGL] 189 suola, salt suomalainen, Finn, Finnish Suomi, Finland sum, sorrow susi, wolf suunnitelma, scheme suu, mouth* syksy, fall, autumn syva, d< syy. syyskuu. sade, ray, saastaa, I T. taas, again tahtca, to want, to desire taide, art taivas, sky, heaven takki, coat talo, house talonpoika, peasant, farmer talvd, winter tammikuu, January tapahtua, to happen, to occur tapaus, event, occurrence tarjota, to offer tarttua, to take hold of, to attach tasku, pocket taskukello, watch te, you tee, tea teepannu, tea pot teevati, saucer tehda, to make teonsana, verb terava, sharp tie, road, * tietaa, to know tiistai, Tuesday tcivo, 1 tcivoa, to 1 tosi, true tcsin, truly toukokuu, May torstai, Thurs tukka, hair tulla, to con tuli, fire tunkeutua, to peneti tunti, hour tuntea, to feel tuoda. bring tuoksu, tell tuolla, there tucli, chair tuo, that tupa, house turhaan, in tytto. tyytyvainen, tyo, \\<»rk tahti. takki, blanks tahden, taalla. 190 VOCABULARY tama, this tanne, here tanaan, to-day tati, aunt taysi, full taytyy, must tayttaa, to fill U. uida, to swim ulos, out ulkomaa, foreign country unhottaa, to forget usein, often uskaltaa to dare, to venture urhoollinen, brave uuni, stove, furnace, oven uni, sleep, dream usea, many uusi, new V. vaan, but vaara, danger vaate, cloth vaatekaappi, wardrobe vaatekauppa, clothing store vahingoittaa, to injure, to harm vahinko, injury, harm vahva, strong vaihtaa, to change vaikka, but vaikea, difficult, hard vaimo, woman vaiva, trouble vakuuttaa, to register, to assert valehtelija, liar valita, to choose vaikea, white valmis, ready vapaa, free vapa, fishing rod vanha, old varhainen, early varjo, shade varmaan, surely varpunen, sparrow varas, thief varastaa, to steal vartalo, stem, body varten, for, for the sake of vasen, left vastaan, against vastapaata, opposite vastata, to answer vastaus, answer vatsa, stomach vaunu, car veitsi, knife veli, brother vene, boat veri, blood FINNISH-FAV.I.ISII veraja, gate, passageway vesi, water vetaa, to pull, to draw vieda, to carry viela, yet vierailla, to visit vieras, stranger vierasmies, witness vierashuone, parlor vihdoin, at last vihannes, vegetable vihata, to hate vihastua, to get angry viheria, green viihtya, to feel at home viikko, week viimein, finally, at last viimeinen, last vnsas, viisi, villainen, virkamies, holder voida, voi, butt voima, strength voimakas, powerful voittaa, t<> win vuode, bed vuoksi, for, for t vuolla, to chip vuori, mountain vuosi, year vakeva, powerful varsy, \ vaara, wrong, cr< yhteen, together Yhdysvallat, the United States yksi, one yksittain one by one yleta, to rise aiti, mother aaneti, silent yli, over, act yritys, enterprise, ystava, friend ympari, around yd, night A. aani, voice, t aantaa, t.» pr o. oljy, oil 192 VOCABULARY ENGLISH-FINNISH VOCABULARY. according to, myoten across, yli, poikki address, osote, osottaa adjective, laatusana admire, ihailla advise, neuvoa afraid of, pelata after, jalki (-ssa, -sta, -en) again, taas against, vastaan, vasten air, ilma alas, ah all, kaikki all kinds of, kaikellainen allow, sallia almost, melkein along, pitkin, myoten already, jo also, myoskin always, aina back, selka, taka bad, paha ball, pallo bank, pankki bare, pal j as bark, haukktfa A. amuse, huvittaa and, ja answer, vastata, vastaus animal, elain any one, kenkaan, mikin apple, omena April, huhtikuu are, ovat arm, kasivarsi around, ympari art, taide as if, ikaankuin, niinkuin as, kun ask, kysya, pyytaa attempt, } T ritys at last, vihdoin, viimein August, elokuu aunt, tati ax, kirves B. be, olla be late, myohastya bear, kantaa bear, karhu beat, lyoda beautiful, kaunis ENGLISH-FINNISH 193 bed, vuode before, ennen, edella before that, ennenkun beg, pyytaa begin, alkaa berry, marja besides, paitsi, senlisaksi best, paras better, parempi big, iso bind, sitoa bird, lintu bite, purra bitter, katkera black, musta blackberry, mustikka blanket, villainen peite blind, sokea blow, puhaltaa blue, sininen boat, vene body, vartalo, ruumis boil, kiehua book, kirja both, molemmaf both — and, seldl box, laatikko boy, poika brain, aivo branch, oksa, haara brave, rohkea, urhoollincn bread, leipa break, sarkea breakfast, aamiainen breast, rinta bright, kirkas bring, tuoda brown, ruskea brush, harja build, rakentaa business, liike burn, polttaa but, mutta, vaikka butter, voi button, nappi buy, ostaa C. cabbage, kaali cake, sokerileivos call, kutsua calm, tyyni, hiljainen can, kannu can, voida car, vaunu canary bird, kanarialintu careful, huolellinen carry, kantaa, vieda case, sija cat, k cause, syy ceiling, valik celebrate, juhlia certain, varma chair, tuoli change, muuttaa, mat chapter, luku check, vekseli 194 VOCABULARY child, lap si chin, leuka choose, valita church, kirkko city, kaupunki claim, vaatia class, luokka clause, lause clock, seinakello close, sulkea, ahdas cloth, vaate cloud, pilvi coat, takki coffee, kahvi coffee pot, kahvipannu cold, kylma collar, kaulus comb, kampa come, tulla confectionary, makeiskauppa consequently, niin muodoin, siis cook, keittaa, keittaja cover, peittaa, peitto craddle, katkyt crawl, kontata cream, kerma cross, risti cry, itkea, huutaa cut, leikata danger, vaara dangerous, vaarallinen dare, uskaltaa dark, pimea day, paiva dear, rakas deceitful, petollinen decide, paattaa, deep, syva desire, haluta, tahtoa difficult, vaikea diligent, ahkera diligently, ahkerasti each, joka ear, korva early, varhain dining room, ruokasali dinner, paivallinen distress, hata disturb, hairita. dog, koira down, alas dream, uni drink, juoda, juoma drive, ajaa, ajo driver, ajaja dry goods store, rihkama- kauppa E. earth, maa easy, helppo eaves, raystas ENGLISH-FINNISH echo, kajahtaa edge, reuna, raja either — or, joko — tai end, loppu, lopettaa err, erehtya evening, ilta event, t a pa us every, jol everybody, j everyone, everywhere, kail expensive, k eye, sill fail, epaonnistua fall, pudota fall, syksy family, perhe famous, kuuluisa far, kau kan a fast, kiivas fasten, sitoa father, isa February, helmikuu feel, tuntea feel at home, viihtya fence, aita field, pelto finally, viimein, vihdoin find, loytaa finger, sormi Finn, suomalaiiien Finland, Suomi fir tree, havupuu fire, tuli fishhook, onki fit, sopia five, viisi flock, 1 an in a flock of sheep, lammaslauma floor, lattia flower, kukka fly, lent food, ru< foot, jalka for, sillii for the sake of, ten forehead, « foreign country, ulto foreigner, ulk forest, n forget, unhot fork, kahveli form, ni- formation, mu< former, entinen forward, fox, kettu France, Rans free, vap Friday, lauai friend, friendly, from from somewhere 196 VOCABULARY fruit, hedelma fruit tree, hedelmapuu full, taysi, tayttaa furnish, hankkia gardener, puutarhuri garden, kartano, piha gate, veraja, portti gather, kerata, koota gentleman, herrasmies get, saada get angry, vihastua get ready, saada valmiiksi gift, lahja give, antaa glad, iloinen go, menna gold, kulta grammar, kielioppi grass, ruoho gray, harrtiaa green, viheria grow, kasvaa H. hair, tukka, plu. hiukset half, puoli hall, kaytiiva hand, kasi hand in hand, kasi kadessa hang, ripustaa happy, onnellinen happen, tapaht'ua hard, kova harm, vahingoittaa hate, vihata, viha hat, hattu have, (see Lesson XV) he, han he has, hanella on head, paa hear, kuulla heart, sydan heaven, taivas heavy, raskas help, auttaa, apu hen, kana her, hanen here, taalla hide, piiloutua high, korkea hill, maki his, hanen hold, pitaa hold fast, pitaa kiinni home, koti honest,, rehellinen hook, koukku hope, toivoa, toivo horse, he von en hot, kuuma hour, tunti house, talo hotel, majatalo, hotelli how, kuinka ENGLISH-FINNISH human being, ihminen hunger, nalka hunt, hunting, n I. I, min a I have, min ul la on ice, jaa if, jos immediately, heti in, (see Section 52) in relation to, suhteen in the interior, sisa (-ssa, -sta, -11a, etc.) in the midst of, keskella in vain, turhaan, hul indeed, todellakin intend, inherit, i injury, valiinko injure, vahii ink, muste insult, loukata invent, keksi iron, rauta January, tammikuu joy, ilo July, heinakuu key, avain kettle, pata kill, tappaa kitchen, keittio lack, puuttua lady, nainen lake, jarvi lamb, lam mas land, maa last, viimeinen late, myohainen jump, hypata June, kesakuu K. knee, polvi knit, kutoa knife, veitsi know, tietaa L. laugh, nauraa, nauru law, laki lawn, nurmik leaf, lehti learn, op pi a leave, left, vasen 198 VOCABULARY leg, nilkka length, pituus lesson, laksy letter, kirje liar, valehtelija liberty, vapaus life, elama light, valo lion, leiona lip, huuli live, asua, elaa long, pitka lose, menettaa, kadottaa love, rakastaa low, matala M. mail, posti make, tehda man, mies many, moni, usea many times, monta kertaa March, maaliskuu mark, merkita, merkki market, marketti master, isanta May, toukokuu meadow, niitty measure, mitta, mitata meat, liha meat market, lihakauppa meet, kohdata memory, muisto merchandise, kauppatavara merchant, kauppias milk, maito mind, mieli ' mine, kaivanto minute, minutti Miss, neiti Mr., herra Mrs., rouva month, kuukausi moon, kuu morning, aamu most, enin mother, aiti mutton, lampaaniiha mountain, vuori my, minun, (see Section 96) N. nail, naula name, nimi napkin, salveti national, kansallinen nature, luonto near, lahella, liki (-11a, -lta, -lie, etc.) neat, siisti necessary, tarpeellinen neck, kaula ENGLISH-FINNISH needle, neula neighbor, naapuri nest, pe never, ei koskaan new, uusi next, seuraava night. no, ei (see Section no one, ei yksikaan noise, melu noon, nose. not at all, i notice, nourishment, November, marraskuu now, nvt number, nun nurse, hoi obey, todella occur, tapahtua October, lokakuu odor, tuoksu of, (see Section 25) offer, tarjota, tarjous officer, virkamies office, konttori often, usein oil, 61 jy old, vanha on, pa a 11a (see Section paddle, meloa page, sivu pain, tuska, kipu paint, maalata, maali painter, maalaaja pair, pari pan, pannu paper, paperi parents, vanhemmat on account of, tali one by one, yl one of the two, jompikt open, aukaista opposite, oar, airo or, eli, tahi other, toinen ought, pitaa our, meidan out, ulos i"4) own, oma, P. park, puis parlor, lone part, passenger, mutku path, polku pay, mal pea, heme peace, rauha penetrate, tunkeut 200 VOCABULARY pen, kyna pencil, lyijykyna permit, sallia Peter, Pekka pick, poimia, kerata piece of sugar, sokeripala pie, piirakka place, paikka, sija plate, lautanen play, leikkia please, olkaa hyva pleasant, hauska point, karki quart, neljas osa quick, vilkas poor, koyha potato, peruna powerful, voimakas pray, rukoilla press, painaa present, lahja price, hinta pronounce, aantaa pull, vetaa punish, rangaista punishment, rangaistus put, panna q. quiet, hiljainen R. rabbit, janis railroad, rautatie rain, sade raise, nostaa rake, harava ray, sade reach, saapua, paasta perille read, lukea ready, valmis reason, syy receive, saada red, punainen regard, pitaa register, vakuuttaa registry-book, paivakirja rein, ohjas relation to, suhteen remark, huomauttaa remember, nxuistaa rest, levata, lepo restaurant, ravintola return, palata takaisin reward, palkita rich, rikas right, oikea ring, sormus ripen, kypsya rise, nousta road, tie rock, kallio, kivi roof, katto room, huone ENGLISH-FINNISH rooster, kukko root, juuri rope, koysi rose, ruusu sack, siikki sail, purjehtia sale, myynti salt, sue la same, sama sand, hiekka satisfied, tyytyvainen Saturday, lauantai sausage, makkara save, saastaa saw, saha say, sanoa scenery, maisema school, koulu scold, nuhdella sea, meri search, hakea season, yuodenaika seat, istuin secret, salainen secretly, salaisesti see, nahda seed, siemen seek, etsia seldom, harvoin self, itse sell, myyda send, lahettaa September, syyskuu rough, k round, ]. row, rug, mat S. servant, palvelija shadow, \a shake, heiluttaa, rai ii shame, 1 share, i sharp, terava shave, ajaa she, han sheet, lakana shepherd, paimen shine, ship, laiva shirt, paita shoe, kenka shore, ranta short, lyhyt shoulder, hartiat, oik shout, hunt show, naytti shut, sulkea side, sivu sign, merkki silent, hiljainen silver, h< since, jalkeen, k sing, laulaa singular, sink. Sir, hen 202 VOCABULARY sister, sisar sit, istua skin, nahka, kuori . skirt, hame sky, taivas sleep, nukkua sleeve, hiha sleigh, reki slope, rinne slow, hidas small, pieni smooth, silea snow, lumi so, niin soap, saippua sock, sukka soft, pehmea soil, maa some, joku, muuan ^ some one, joku something, jotain somewhere, jossakin son, poika song, laulu soon, pian, joutuin sorrow, suru sound, aani sour, vakeva south, etela sow, kylvaa sow, neuloa spade, lapio spare, saastaa spark, sakene. sparrow varpunen speak, puhua special, erityinen, ylimaa- rainen spend, kuluttaa spoon, lusikka spread, levita, levittaa spring, kevat stair, porras stamp, merkki stand, seisoa star, tahti stir, sekottaa start, alkaa station, asema stay, jaada, viipya steal, varastaa . steam, hoyry step, askel stick, keppi stocking, sukka stomach, vatsa stone, kivi stop, pysayhtya store, puoti storm, myrsky stormy, myrskyinen story, kertomus stove, mini straight, suora strange, outo stranger, vieras straw, olki, korsi strawberry, mansikka street, katu strength, voima ENGLISH -FINN strike, 1\ strong, vakeva study, opetella subject, alus, aine succeed, menestya such, sellainen suffer, karsia sugar, sokeri sugar bowl, sokeriastia suit, puku sun, aurinko Sunday, sunnunt supper, illalli surely surface, pinta suspect, sweep, swallow, nen sweet, mi swift. swing, heilua swim, uida table, poyta tail, hanta tailor, raatali take, ottaa tame, kesy tea, tee tea pot, teepannu teach, opettaa tear, repia teeth, hampaat tell, sanoa, kertoa temperature, lampo ten, kym'menen than, kuin thank, kiittaa that, tuo thaw, sulaa their, heidan them, no. nama then, sit ten there, tuolla, siella these, nama they, he thick, paksu thief, thing. think, jatella thirst, jano this, tama those, thou, -ina though, vaikka thrice, kolm throat, kurkku through, throw, hcitl Thursday, thy, sinun ticket. | pu tie, -it- »a, kat time, tire, to. 204 VOCABULARY to-day, tanaan toe, varvas to-morrow, huomenna . tongue, kieli to-night, tana iltana too, myoskin, liian, viela tooth, hammas ' top, latva touch, koskea tour, matka towel, pyyheliina town, kaupunki track, rata train, juna translate, kaantaa ugly, ruma, epamiellyttava uncle, seta under, alia understand, 3'iiimartaa, kasit- taa unite, yhdistaa valley, laakso vegetable, villainies verb, teonsana verse, varsy vest, liivi wage, palkka wagon, karry waist, vyotainen wake, herata transparent, lapinakyva travel, matkustaa treasure, kassa treat, kohdella, kasitella trick, keino, temppu, keppo- nen trip, matka trouble, hankahuis trust, luottaa ■ truth, totuus try, koettaa Tuesday, tiistai turn, kaantaa twice, kahdesti U. unless, jollei, paitsi until, asti, kunnes, saakka upon, paalla (see Section 74) upward, ylospain urge, kehoittaa use, kavttaa V. victim, uhri virtue, hyve visit, kylailla. kylaily visitor, kylailija voice, aani W. walk, kavella wall, seina want, tahtoa, haluta wardrobe, vaatekaappi ENGLISH-FINNISH warm, lammin was, oli wash, p^ watch, taskukello watch, vartioida water, vesi west, Ian si wave, aalto way, tic, tapa we, me weak, heikko wealth, rikkaus wear, kayttaa, kuluttaa. kes- taa weather, ilma Wednesday, keskiviikko week, viikko weep, itkea weigh, painaa welcome, tervetullut well, hyvin, kaivo what, mita when, mil loin whence, mistci where, n. which, mika, kuka while, silla aikaa kun, hetki white, valkea who, joka, ii whole, 1 whose, jonka, why, mil wide, 1; wife, vaimo wild, villi, raaka win, voittaa wind, tuuli window, akkuna wise, viisas wing, siipi wish, tahto, haluta wisdom, viia with, kanssa (see S 74, 78 without, ilman tion wolf, susi woman, nainen wood, puu, ir wool, villainen word, sana work, • x world, maailma wrist, '. write, k wrong, \ yard, kartano yellow, keltaine.il yes, kylla yesterday, eilen yet, yield you, young, r, your. youth, INDEX. NOTE. — References are to paragraphs unless otherwise in- dicated. abessive case, 77, 248, 249. ablative case, 75, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236. 237, 238. accent, 9. accusative case, 23, 2 7, 187, 188. adjectives, agreement of, 20; comparison, 123; declension, 126, 277, 278, 279; derivation, 175; irregular, 128; pos- sessive, 96. adessive case, 73, 82, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231. adverbs, definition, 160; for- mation, 161; position of, 164. allative case, 76, 239, 240, 241, 242. alphabet, 1. appositive, 159. aspiration, 11, note 1; 8, b. article, none in Finnish, 19. auxiliary verb olla, 65; conju- gation, 288, 289. attribute, 158. cardinal numbers, 141; for- mation, 142, 143, 144. comparative, 124; declined, 278. comitative case, 78, 243. compound nouns, 157. compound tenses, Lesson XVIII. conditional moods, 49, 50, 255, 256. conjugations, 288, 289, 290, 291. conjunctions, co-ordinate, 170; subordinate, 171. consonant- stem, 81, 295. consonants, 3, 7, b. consonant changes, 11, 12. contracted words, 274. diminutives, 174, e. diphthongs, 4; how pro- nounced, 5. distributives, 149. elative case, 62, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214. essive case, 41, 189, 190, 191. future time, 121, 122. gender, 13. genitive case, 24, 25, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184. 185. have, 82. illative case, 63, 64, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222. imperative, 53, 54, 258, 260. imperfect, 37, 38, 39, 112, 251. impersonal verbs, 109. indicative, 33, 35, 111, 250. infinitives, first, 56, 261, 262, 263; second, 57, 117, 264; third, 58, 118, 265; fourth, 59, 266. inessive case, 52, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207. instructive case, 79, 244, 245, 246, 247. interjections, 172. interrogation, 130, 131, 132. interrogative pronouns, 130, 287. moods, 29. multiplications, 153. negation, Lesson XVI. negative verbs, Lesson XVI. numbers, cardinal, 141; or- dinal, 151. INDEX somlaatlre ca 19, 21 177. 17s. nouns, derivation, 173. object, total, 87; partial, 44, participles, 267, 273 preement of, 107; first. 60, 119; Becond, 61, 120. participial construction, 270, 271, particles, 163. partitive _ 44, 45, 46, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196. partial, object, 44; subject, 45; predicate noun or adjec- tive, 46. passive, Lesson XX. perfect tense. 102, 104, 105, 106, 115, 25! personal endings. 32, 53; pro- nouns, 95. plural sign, 26. pluperfect tense, 103, 115. possessive, adjectives, 96; suf- fixes, 9S. postpositions, 165, 166, 168. potential mood, 47, 4S, 253, 254. predicate, 40; nouns or adjec- tives. 22, 46. prepasltlaas, prrsiiil pronoun*,. rel i • nil punctuation reciprocal ruh-s 11, 12, mien simple stem, 16, ■abject, total ■affixes, supcrlutix C lin. syllables, lime in translator 199, - verb. tive, Lesson x\ 13S. rowels, 2. vowel chang 294. *52 *** > . -^ 9 g . '% ■ ■ V ' 1 x '-~ -< v'\