E 178 J^SSS5SjfeiS^ AMERICAN HISTORY FROM 1607 TO 1616 \ American History From 1 607 to 1816 BY ROBERT J. Mclaughlin, a. m. WELSH-WEST SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIA Walthbr Printing House, Third Street and Girard Avenur 1916 .M lis <>' Copyright, 1916 By ROBERT J. McLAUGHLIN Published December, 1016 '^O t DEC 29 1916 ©CI,A453382 AMERICAN HISTORY FROM 1607 TO 1816 Geographical Conditions of the European Colonies in North America. (a) England, Spain, France, and Holland were rivals in their efforts to obtain possessions in the New World. While their claims were vast, the part explored was limited in extent. In 1750, the Spanish possessions in North America included Mexico, parts of the West Indies, Florida, and western United States from the Rockies to the Pacific. The English settled possessions stretched from Spanish Florida to Canada, and westward to the Appalachians, all the Dutch possessions having been ab- sorbed. The French possessions included Canada and the Mississippi Valley, its three great cities being Quebec, Montreal and New Orleans. (b) The regions occupied by the different European nations varied regarding their advantages for settlement. The Spanish had settled in Mexico, whose tropical climate and resources were not well adapted for settlement by Europeans, used to a temperate climate. France, locating early on the St. Lawrence, was hampered by the northern cold. The coast line is an important point in making settle- ments. An indented coast furnishes good harbors, per- mitting easy commercial connection with the mother coun- try during the colony's development. Navigable rivers, allowing easy access to the interior of the country, are an important condition of successful colonies. A nation whose western lands had a fertile soil, a temperate climate, an indented coast, and navigable rivers, was best equipped geographically for successful colonization. The colonies of England and Holland possessed more of these advan- tages than those of any other nation; hence their growth was greatly aided by their situation. (c) The Appalachian Mountains, stretching from Can- ada to Alabama, a distance of thirteen hundred miles, formed a great barrier to the westward movement of the English. This was an advantage in early days by con- fining the English settlements for more than a centuiy to the Atlantic Coast Plain and the Piedmont Plateau, ex- tending to the base of the Appalachians. If the settle- ments had been thinly scattered over enormous stretches of territory, the industrial development of regions with large populations would have been impossible. Manufac- turing and commerce early became important industries on the Atlantic seaboard because of this compact popula- tion. In later days, roads and railroads led over the mountains, pennitting the rapid settlement of the West. Note. — The boundary line between the Piedmont Plateau and the Atlantic Coast Plain is called the Fall Line, because the rivers de- scending from the Piedmont Plateau have falls and rapids at this point. The Indians placed their villages on the streams along this line. Here the early settlers put their villages also, because of the water-power furnished by the falls and because their boats could as- cend the rivers no higher than these falls. These settlements on the Fall Line grew into such large cities as Trenton, Philadelphia, Balti- more, Eichmond, Ealeigh, Columbia, Montgomery, etc. (d) The four European colonizing nations varied as re- gards their early difficulty in reaching the Mississippi Val- ley. The Spanish had discovered the Mississippi River by DeSoto 's work, and they had easy access to the valley over- land from Mexico, and from the Gulf of Mexico by the river itself; yet they neglected to colonize the valley to any extent, hostile Indians proving a check. The Dutch by ascending the Hudson Eiver and its tributary, the Mohawk, had an easy break in the Appa- lachian bari'ier, which there sank to a height of less than five hundred feet; they made no settlements in the Mis- sissippi Valley, being deterred by the distance and by the hostile Indian tribes. England, confined by the barrier of the Appalachians, made no westward movement for many years. Later, the Potomac and the Ohio gave them one route west, and the Cumberland Gap another. The Cumberland Gap was a pass in the Cumberland Mountains in southwestern Vir- ginia on the borders of Kentucky and Tennessee; through it, a mountain trail led into the most fertile part of Ken- tucky, this being used at a later period by many emigrants. The French, on the St. Lawrence, reached the Mississippi Valley unhindered by mountains, the route through the Great Lakes and small streams bringing them to the Mis- sissippi River. The daring work of Father Marquette and La Salle opened this region to French settlement, and Louisiana, the French name for the Mississippi Valley, became an important part of the French claim in America. Colonial Companies and Voyages. (a) The success of the East India Company in India induced certain English nobles and merobants to form a company for American colonization and trade. A charter was obtained from King James for a company with two subdivisions, the London Company and the Plymouth Com- pany, so called from the two English cities where these companies had their offices. The charter was a formal document stating the location of the grant, the name of the owner, and certain rules for its government. The London Company was given a grant of land in North America, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth de- grees of north latitude with permission to make settlements there ; the Plymouth Company controlled the land between the forty-first and the forty-fifth parallel. The company's shares sold at a sum about equal to three hundred dollars each, and the owner of the share was entitled to his part of the company's profit from trade with the Indians or from the discoveries of gold. The giving of these grants led to the settlement of the colonies by England, and out of these colonies the United States grew. (b) The ocean vessels of that time were small sailing vessels, and the voyage lasted from five weeks to four months, depending on the weather. Thus the voyage of Columbus lasted seventy days; that of the ''Mayflower" took nine weeks; that of the Jamesto\vn settlers, about four months. The voyage on these crowded little ships was very uncomfortable, and the food was poor, consisting chiefly of salt meat and wheat flour. Passengers provided their own food for the journey, and brought with them clothing, agricultural implements, muskets, etc., for the new land was a wilderness, without any means of supply- ing their needs. It required much bravery to think of enduring the discomforts and perils of such a journey. Many settlers who could not pay their passage money ob- tained free passage by agreeing to become servants to the Virginia planters for a term of years. Virginia. (a) The London Company controlled Virginia, and in 1607 they sent out about one hundred and twenty men under Captain Newport to make a settlement there, the object of the company being to find gold, to secure trade with the Indians, and to explore the region. The three ships left England on January 1, 1607, reach- ing the entrance of Chesapeake Bay in April. Entering the bay, they sailed about fifty miles up the river which they named James in honor of the king, and on its bank they founded Jamestown in May, 1607. About half of the number were idle young men of noble families, eager to make their fortunes; few of the company were fitted to settle in a new country. The long voyage was very hard; the little ships were crowded, and the food was poor, con- sisting of salt meat and wheat flour. Jamestown was little better, as regards its hardships. The water was the bad river water, and the food was poor; as a result many died of hunger and disease. Note. — The names of Newport's vessels were the "Susan Con- stant, ' ' the ' ' Godspeed, ' ' and the ' ' Discovery, ' ' Not one woman was in this first company, (b) The colony was governed by a Council of seven colonists appointed by King James of England, Captain John Smith being among the number. He was captured by the Indians; but on his rescue by Pocahontas, the daughter of the Indian chief, Powhatan, he was allowed to return to Jamestown, where he soon became president of the Council, He made the people work by refusing food to the idle; and soon trees were cut down, huts were erected, and trade with the Indians was begun. In 1609, after he was wounded by an explosion of gunpowder, he went back to England, and never returned to Virginia. To this brave, honest man, great credit is due for his work ip saving Jamestown from r^in, TU^ winter following wag 8 "the starving time," when cold, famine, and the Indians reduced their numbers greatly. So far the colony had not prospered. Everything be- longed to the company, not to the colonists, and thus there was little incentive to labor. A later governor changed this plan, and gave the older colonists their own land to culti- vate. Other settlers came and prosperity began. These Virginia settlers were called planters, and their farms, plantations. (c) Agriculture was the leading occupation, and tobacco soon became the most important crop. To obtain laborers, a planter would offer free passage from Europe with food, clothing, and shelter to men willing to go to Virginia and sign a bond, or indenture, by which they agreed to remain the planter's servants for a fixed term of years, such men being also called " redemptioners. " Others of these in- dentured sei"vants were persons convicted of crime in Eng- land and sold in Virginia as a punishment. Slavery gave another way of securing laborers. In 1619, a Dutch ship arrived at Jamestown and sold twenty negro slaves to the settlers, thus beginning slavery in America. Note.— In 1671, Virginia with a population of 40,000, had 2,000 slaves and 6,000 bond servants. (d) The colony had considerable difficulty with the Indians. Powhatan, the friendly Indian chief, died, and his successor, who hated the M^hite settlers, made a plot to destroy them in 1622. The people of Jamestown were warned in time, but the settlers in the surrounding country were surprised, and about three hundred and fifty were massacred. The Indians still kept on with their attacks, and the settlers hunted them savagely, and destroyed their villages. Peace w^as not made for ten years. A second massacre occurred several years later, and the whites re- newed the war, finally driving the Indians out of the settled regions. (e) The planting of tobacco brought prosperity to the colony. There was little town life, and the villages were few. The rich whites lived on great plantations with the large, richly furnished mansion surrounded by the barns, the stables, the tobacco houses, the corn mills, and the huts in which the negro slaves lived. Roads were much less used than the rivers, each planter having his own wharf and his own boat, rowed by slaves or servants. The planter's dress was very rich, consisting of a long coat of silk or velvet, with lace ruffles at the wrist, knee breeches, and low shoes with silver buckles; a huge powdered wig completed the costume. Newspapers were rare. There were no public schools, the planter usually having a private teacher for his children. (f ) In 1619, the company invited each of the chief settle- ments to choose two delegates, to form an assembly which Avould assist the governor and his council in the government. Eleven boroughs were represented, the twenty-two men making the first House of Burgesses. This met in James- town, and could make laws for the colony. This was the original from which our State Legislatures developed. Note 1. — la 1624, King James took away the company's charter, making Virginia a royal province. Beyond appointing the governor, the English government did not interfere much with the colony, and the House of Burgesses continued to make mosti of the colonial laws. Note 2. — Sir William Berkeley was a royal governor of Virginia from 1641 till recalled by Cromwell. Reappointed by Charles II. in 1660, he ruled Virginia tyrannically for sixteen years. Nathaniel Bacon was a young lawyer of Virginia, who led the opposition to Berkeley. As Berkeley had a monopoly of the fur-trade with the Indians, he did not try to" suppress their raids in 1676. Bacon, without Berkeley's sanction, invaded the Indian territory in 1676. For this he was tried and acquitted. The people now ralliedl around Bacon to secure relief from their heavy taxes and other grievances. Civil war broke out this 10 year (1676), and Bacon marched against Jamestown, He placed the wives of the opposing paity in front of his troops, thus protecting his forces by the "White Apron Brigade." Jamestown was abandoned by the governor, and Bacon burned it to the ground. Bacon died soon after, before he couhl accomplisli the reforms needed. Berkeley in revenge put twenty-three of his followers to death, causing Charles II. to say: "That old fool has hanged more men in that naked c^ id- try than I did for the murder of my father." The next Assembly enacted Bacon's reforms, however, and the tyrannical governor was recalled. Note 3, — The dried tobacco leaves were used as money in colonial Virginia, being bound in pound and hundred-pound packages. Sal- aries of public officials and clergymen wei'O paid with tobacco. The Pilgrims. (a) The New World offered a refuge to those oppressed in Europe for political or religious causes, and the Pil- grims were the first exiles to seek religious freedom there. Queen Elizabeth, and after her, King James, thought that every Englishman should worship with the Church of Eng- land; the Separatists, or Independents, thought they had a right to establish an independent church, and to wor- ship in their own way. (b) To escape persecution, many Separatists crossed the North Sea to Holland, but they feared that their children would forget the English language and English customs if they remained in Holland. In 1620, one congregation decided to emigrate to America. From London merchants, they borrowed the money to secure ships, supplies, etc., each subscriber of £10 getting a share of the stock, and each emigrant Pilgi"im getting a share. The gain of the colony for the first seven years was to be divided up among the share-holders; after that date, the stock was to be divided up among the subscribing merchants. (e) After various delays, in 1620, the little "May- flower" left Plymouth, England, with a eompajiy of one 11 hundred and two Pilgrims, so called from their wander- ings. The journey over the stonny Atlantic lasted sixty- four days. They explored the coast for several weeks be- fore landing; and on December 21, 1620, they landed in southeastern Massachusetts, at a place named Plymouth on John Smith's map of this coast. The men built several rough log huts that first winter, thatching the roofs with dried sAvamp grass; for food they had to depend largely on the ship's supplies. So great were their sufferings from hunger and cold that half of the colonists died that firet winter. While they had as yet no trouble with the Indians, they were always ready, under their valiant mili- tary loader. Captain IMiles Standish, each man having his gun Ix'sido him in the field and at church. (d) In the early spring of 1G21, Saraoset, a friendly Indian, apiioared at Plymouth, and he later brought the Indian Sqiianto, who made his home in Plymouth, and taught the settlers how to hunt game and how to plant Indian corn. The first summer gave a bountiful har\^est, and a Thanksgiving service, with feasting was held. Mas- sasoit, the Indian chief, came with ninety of his warriors and joined the feast as evidence of his friendship. (e) The chief occupations of the early colonists were agriculture, hunting, and trading in furs with the Indians. Later emigrants brought increased prosperity; soon there were a number of little toAvns in Pl;yTnouth Colony, Ply- moutli remaining the centre of government. Note. — ^With the development of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony became unimportant, since its location was much less favorable for commerce than that of Boston and other neighbor- ing towns. In 1691, Plymouth was annexed to Massachusetts Bay Colony. 12 The Puritans. (a) The Puritans were Euglishmen who desired that the Church of England should be "purified," as they said, though they did not separate from the church as the Sepa- ratists had done. The Puritans also quarreled with King Charles I. on the subject of taxation. He hated any control by Parlia- ment, and he raised money by forced "loans," from the people. Parliament was the only body with power to lay taxes, and in the Petition of Right of 1628, it asked Charles to cease this illegal taxation. He consented, but dismissed Parliament the, next year, intending to rule without it. This roused many parties in England to opposition to the king. (b) The Puritans emigrated in order to secure religious and political freedom. Some of their leaders sent out a body of colonists who settled Salem, on Massachusetts Bay, in 1628. The next year, in 1629, these leaders formed the Massachusetts Bay Company, securing a charter from King Charles I., which gave the right to govern colonies planted on its grant. In 1630, John Winthrop, one of the leaders of the company, with about a thousand Puritans, settled Boston, on Massachusetts Bay. The long voyage of eighty-four days had been very trying. On their ar- rival, trees were cut down and rough log cabins erected. Bread was very scarce, and they had to depend largely that winter on fish and clams. Many died from these hard- ships, but under the wise rule of Governor Winthrop con- ditions soon improved. Within ten years, fully 20,000 were driven from England to Massachusetts by the tyran- nical rule of King Charles I. This "Great Emigration," 13 as it was called, which ended in 1641, built up Massaohu- setts Bay Colony. (c) Life was very sober and earnest in the Puritan colony. Travel was mainly by boat, or on horseback over Indian trails. The people believed in education, for many of their leaders were graduates of English, universities. Free elementary schools were early established, and Har- vard College, for higher education, was founded in 1636, at Cambridge, near Boston, The Puritan Sabbath, like that of the Pilgrims, lasted from sunset on Saturday to sunset on Sunday, and services in the cold church lasted mueh of the day, the sermon being two or three hours long. The people dressed very plainly, the men wearing knee-breeches, short cloaks, and steeple-crowned hats. Their rough cabins gave way to substantial houses, but carpets were almost unknown. In every house was a spin- ning-wheel, on which the women spun the wool and flax to make the cloth commonly used for their garments. According to their charter, the freemen of the company were to manage its affairs; and only church members could be freemen. At first the men assembling in town meeting, made all the laws and elected the officers. When the colony attained greater size, each town elected dele- gates to a legislature caUed the General Court, while the town meeting of each, town attended to local matters only. Most of their laws were severe, and such punishments as the whipping-post, cutting off the ears, or branding with a hot iron, were common. Yet these laws were milder than the laws in England, where two hundred different crimes had death as a punishment. Note. — The great emigration was largely due to the arbitrary rule of King Charles I., who ruled without a Parliament for eleven years, from 1629 to 1640. The Puritans were forced to conform to the Church of England worship or to flee to America, and they therefore 14 hated King Charles I. His illegal taxation of the people reached its climax in the ship money, when he repeatedly collected money from the people to secure ships. John Hampden, a wealthy English gen- tleman, refused to pay his ship assessment of twenty shillings, as a matter of principle, and the case was tried in 1637. He lost his case, but his bravery helped to rouse the nation to revolt. From that hour till his death in battle in 1643, Hampden was the idol of the Puritan party. The attempt of King Charles to force religious changes on the Scotch led to their revolt, and Chailes finally called a Parliament, in order to secure supplies to out down this revolt. The "Long Parliament" met from 16-10 to 1660. One of its first acts was to pass a bill of attainder, condemning the king's chief adviser, the Earl of Strafford, to death. Strafford had worked to make Charles the absolute master of England, and the people h?.ted him. The king in order to secure his own safety reluctantly signed the bill, and Strafford was beheaded on Tower Hill. The quarrel between the king and Parliament soon led to actual war, beginning in 1642. The supporters of the king were called ' ' Cavaliers, ' ' their leaders wearing the long hair and rich costume of the courtiers; his oppo- nents were called "Roundheads," from the closely-cropped hair of the London apprentices. This war ended the Puritan emigration, for they saw their chance of overturning Charles's rule. The lead- ing general of the Parliamentary party was Oliver Cromwell, whose two great vietor'es of Marstnn Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645), made royal success impops'ble. The Puritan army with Cromwell as leader, became the real government of Ensfl'^nd. Charles was finally cap- tured and tried; he was beheaded in London in 1649. Charles II., the son of the fallen monarch, was defeated and foi'ced to flee to Prance. C^'omwell, supported by his army, becnme the absolute mns- ter of England, ruling as Lord Protector of Engflfind from 1653 to 1658. In 1660, Charles II. was recalled from France, and Puritan rule in England ended with this "Restoration" of the Stuart I'ne. The new monar'-'hv was vastly different, however, from the old; for Cromwpll, de'^BJte his faults, had made ahsolute government under a king impossible in any English-speaking country. Connecticut. (a) The Dutch had built a fort where Hartford now stands, to control the fur trade. Some English noblemen sent out a colony under John Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop, and built a fort called Saybrooke at the mouth of the river, in 1635, ^thus making the Dutch abandon their fort at Hartford. The next year a party, led by Rev. Thomas Hooker, started from Massachusetts, and walking 15 through the woods, settled in the fertile valley of the Connecticut River, at the place now called Hartford. Soon after, a number of emigrants came from England, and settled at New Haven, on Long Island Sound, purchas- ing the land from the Indians. Rev. John Davenport was their leader. Note 1. — The object in settling Connecticut was to secure religious freedom, and to win a fortune from the riches of the new country. Hooker believed in government by the people, and he disliked the Puritan plan of limiting the government to a few. His little party of emigrants marched through an unbroken wilderness for more than a hundred miles, guided only by the compass. Note 2. — When Charles II. became king in 1660, he tried to capture and execute the ' ' regicide ' ' (king-killing) judges who had ordered his father to be beheaded. Three of them fled to New Haven. When pursued here, the people helped them to escape. Tradition says that one of them, General Goflfe, suddenly appeared from hiding when the Indians attacked the town of Hadley, Massachusetts, in King Philip's war, and led the people to victory over the Indians. (b) In 1637, the settlers of Connecticut, aided by Mas- sachusetts, fought a bitter war against the Pequot Indians of Connecticut, and destroyed the entire tribe, thus secur- ing peace for many years. Roger "Williams at the risk of his life kept the Narragan- setts from joining the Pequots in this war. (c) Much attention was paid to education in Connecti- cut. Yale College was founded as early as 1701. Note. — The settlers of Hartford and nearby towns, led by Eev. Thomas Hooker, drew up a written constitution in 1639, which gave all freemen the right to vote. In 1662, King Charles II. gave Con- necticut a charter, which made them almost independent. Governor Andros was appointed governor of New York and New England by King James II., and in 1687 he marched from Boston to Hartford to demand the surrender of Connecticut's liberal charter. While the demand was being debated in the assembly's hall, with the charter lying on the table, the lights were suddenly put out. Wlien they were relighted, it was found the charter had disappeared, for Cap- tain Wadsworth had seized it. He hid it in the hollow of an old oak-tree, that was afterwards called the Charter Oak. When Wil- liam III. became king of England, the people of Boston threw Andros 16 into prison, while in Hartford, the charter was brought out from the Charter Oak and charter government restored. Rhode Island. Roger Williams, a young Welsh clergyman, came to Mas- sachusetts Bay in 1631. After some time he became pas- tor of the church at >Salem. When Williams said that people had a right to worship as they pleased, the officers of Massachusetts Bay Colony decided to banish him to England, for they tolerated no religion but their own. Williams fled through the wilderness to the Narragansett Indians, knowing their language and being considered their friend. He stayed with them till spring, when he bought land from them, and made a settlement in 1636, calling it Providence, in memory of God's providence and mercy to him. He said that there should be entire freedom for all religions and that no one would be persecuted for his religion. A few years later he went to England and secured from Charles I. a charter for the colony, which gave the people the right to govern themselves. Rhode Island continued a charter government until the Revolu- tion. General New England Matters. (a) Pequot War. (See Connecticut.) (b) King Philip's War began in 1675. Massasoit had made a treaty of peace with the colonists, and during his life there was peace; but at his death, his son Philip be- came chief, and war soon commenced. It was fought chiefly in Massachusetts. Philip hated the colonists for getting his lands, and feared that the Indians would soon be driven out. He therefore roused the neighboring tribes, 17 and began a ^var wliicli lasted about a year. Much fight- ing vras done. Twelve towns "were destroyed, and over a thousand settlers killed. Finally the Indians were con- quered, and Philip Avas killed by another Indian. Note. — 'When Philip 's Avifo anil boy uere captured by the whites, the terrible warrior's heart was broken. His wife and son were sold as slaves in the West Indies. Philip was killed by an Indian in revenge. (c) The New England Confederacy. — Plymouth, Massa- chusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven each managed their own affairs. In 1643, they formed a union for pro- tection against the Dutch and the Indians. This alliance lasted for forty years, and w^as called "The United Colo- nies of New England." Each colony sent two delegates, and these eight men had charge of general matters, such as Indian Avars. Note. — Ehodo Island desired to enter this union, but the others would not permit it, Brewster of Plymouth saying. "Concerning the Rhode Islanders, wo have no conversation with them further than necessity or humanity may require." The war against King Philip Avas conducted by this confederation of the four colonies. (d) The people of Ncav England paid a great deal of attention to education. A public school Avas established in Boston in 1635, and soon laAvs Avere passed compelling every toAvn to establish free schools. All the New England colonies kncAV the value of education. Harvard College was established near Boston in 1636. Another gi-eat Ncav England college AA'as Yale College in Ncav Haven, Connect- icut, founded in 1701. Note. — Another incident which gives us an insight into the ^char- acter of these early times is the witchcraft delusion of 1692. Nearly everybody in those days believed in witchcraft, and several persons in the colonies had been put to death as witches. When, therefore, in 1692, the children of a Salem minister began to behave queerly and said that an Indian slave woman had bewitched them, they were believed. But the delusion did not stop with the children. _ In a few weeks scores of people in S^km were accusing their neighbors 18 of all sorts of crimes and witch orgies. Many declarer! that the witches stuck pins into them. Twenty persons were put to death as witches before the craze came to an end. — McMaster. Maryland. (a) The English Roman Catholics were treated very harshly by King James I. and the English laws forbade their worship. Charles I. was a personal friend of George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, a prominent Catholic nobleman. The king gave him a grant of land which was named Maryland, in honor of the queen of England, Henrietta Maria. Lord Baltimore died before the charter was issued, and the grant was made out to his son, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore. (b) This charter made Lord Baltimore the proprietor and ruler of the region granted him. He wished to make Maryland a refuge for persecuted Catholics; and at a cost of £40,000, he sent out a body of emigrants there in two ships, the "Ark" and the "Dove." They settled in 1634 at St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac. The climate was mild and the soil was fertile, making agricul- ture the leading occupation. The Indians were friendly and the colony grew rapidly, settlers being drawn there by their desire for religious freedom. In 1635, Lord Baltimore ordered a colonial Assembly of the freemen to make the colony's laws, this being later made up of representatives sent by the colonists. This Assembly with Lord Baltimore's agreement passed the Toleration Act of 1649, giving absolute freedom of worship to all Christians. (c) As in Virginia, nearly all the people lived on plan- tations along the creeks and inlets. Corn and tobacco w^ere the chief crops; and for this cultivation, slaves and in- 19 dentured servants supplied the labor. Travel was mainly by boat or on horseback. Under Lord Baltimore's wise, kindly rule, Maryland became a very prosperous colony. Note 1. — The grant of Maryland was made on condition that Lord Baltimore pay the king every year two Indian arrows and one-fifth of all the gold and silver mined there. Note 2. — The proprietors lost Maryland several times, but in 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore secured it firmly. It continued to be a proprietary government until the Revolution in 1776. Pennsylvania. (1) The Indians who occupied Pennsylvania at the time of Penn's settlement were the Iroquois, who had come down from New York, and the Algonquins; the Algon- quins consisted of various nations, of whom the most important were the Lenni-Lenape, or the Delawares, as the English named them. The Delawares were much milder than the sav^age Iroquois, who were noted warriors. Other Algonquins in Pennsylvania were the wandering Shawnees. (Describe Indian industries, homes, char- acter, etc.) (2) The Dutch were among the earliest European set- tlers of Pennsylvania. Henry Hudson entered what was later named Delaware Bay in 1609. Captain Cornelis Mey, who had discovered and named Cape May, in a second voyage ascended the river with colonists and erected Fort Nassau, near the present location of Gloucester. De Vries made a settlement in Delaware, a few years later, calling the place Swanendael, the Valley of the Swans; but a quarrel with the Indians led to the massacre of all the inhabitants. The chief occupation of the early Dutch set- tlers was fur-trading. Note. — The Dutch soon abandoned Fort Nassau, and built Fort Oasimir near the present town of New Castle, Delaware. 20 (3) The Swedes arrived in Delaware soon after the Dutch, erecting Fort Christina, where Wilmington now stands. Governor Printz, the third governor of New Sweden, made a settlement a few miles below the site of Philadelphia, calling it New Gottenberg. The Swedes were excellent settlers, their occupations being fur-trading and farming. Stuyv^esant, the Dutch governor of New Nether- land, fearing the progress of the Swedes, led an expedi- tion against the Swedish fort, and compelled its surrender. This ended Swedish rule in America. Note. — Other Swedish settlemeuts Tveve at Upland, now Chester, and at Wicaco, now southern Philadelphia. The rebuilt church there still stands, and is known as the Gloria Dei, or Old Swedes' Church. 4. The English in Pennsylvania. (a) The Quakers at this time were persecuted in Eng- land. This sect called themselves Friends, but in derision their opponents called them Quakers. They did not be- lieve in fighting, either by individuals or by armies; they objected to taking oaths in court, and to all show or pomp. They refused to worship with the Church of England. An act of Parliament called them a "mischievous and dangerous people," and the prisons were crowded with them. It wan this English persecution which drove them to America, where they found safety and religious freedom. (b) William Penn had become a Quaker as a young man. He was arrested several times under the Conventicle Act, which forbade attendance or preaching at any religious sei*vice outside those of the Church of England. On his father's death, he inherited a claim against the English government for £16,000. In 1680, Penn asked his friend. King Charles II., to give him a tract of land in America, in payment of the debt, and the king gladly did so. Penn 21 proposed the name New Wales for his province, and later, Sylvania, meaning "woodland." To this the king prefixed "Penn, " giving the name Pennsylvania. Later the Duke of York gave Penn the three counties now form- ing the State of Delaware. Penn ^^^shed to. try what he called a "holy experiment" in government, founding a colony where not only Quakers, but all who were perse- cuted might find safety. Note. — Soon after Charles II. became king, he granted the land from the Delaware to the Connecticut to his brother, the Duke of York. In 1664, an English fleet arriving at New Amsterdam, forced the surrender of the Dutch possession of New Netherland. The Eng- lish then sent two ships to the Delaware, ending Dutch rule in America. Penn had almost absolute control over the land granted to him. For it he was to pay the king two beaver-skins a year, and one-fifth of all the gold and silver found there. His plan of building a colony he called his "Holy Experiment." (c) Penn appointed his cousin, William Markham, deputy-governor, sending him over in 1681. The next year, 1682, Markham and three commissioners appointed by Penn selected the site for the city of Philadelphia, between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, the name of the city having been chosen by Penn for its meaning of "brotherly love." That year Penn himself came over from England in the ship "Welcome." The long voyage began on Sep- tember 1st, and to its discomforts was added an outbreak of smallpox, which caused thirty deaths on the ship. Penn reached Newcastle, on the Delaware, on October 27, 1682. He took formal possession the next day, and soon went on to the site chosen for Philadelphia. There were then only a few houses in the place, most of the new settlers living in caves along the river front during the winter of 1682-1683. When the streets were laid out, those rim- ning east and west were named for forest trees, such r.8 Spruce, Pine, Chestnut, Walnut, etc. Mulberry Street be- 22 came Areli Street on account of its arched bridge at Front Street, The streets running north and south were nanted numerically, as Second Street, Third Street, etc. High Street, later known as Market Street from its markets, was located in the centre from river to river, while Broad Street crossed it at right angles. From the first the city grew rapidly, soon becoming the leading city in the colony. (d) Penn aimed to make the Indians his friends. Tn June, 1683, he made his famous treaty with them under a large elm-tree on the shore of the Delaware. Penn and his attendants were unarmed. After receiving some presents, the Indians gave the wampum belt and pledged eternal peace. This treaty was kept faithfully until the French and Indian "War. Note 1. — This elm-tree became very famous. A British general stationed a guard to protect it, when the English occupied Philadel- phia, in 1777. It was destroyed by a storm in 1810, but its site is marked by a monument, now surrounded by a little park. Note 2. — Penn, after the treaty under the Shackamaxon elm, pur- chased land at various times from the Indians. The most famous of these was the "Walking Purchase," by which he was to receive a tract of land extending as far from the Delaware Eiver as a man could walk in three days. Penn, accompanied by a few friends and a small company of Indians, walked about thirty miles in a day and a half. The remaining day and a half were walked out in 1737, by orders of Thomas Penn. Three fast walkers were obtained, the prizes offered for speed being five hundred acres for each. A path was marked to guide them, and food was placed along the way at inter- vals. By noon of the second day, the fastest walker, a hunter named Marshall, had walked over sixty miles. The indignant Indians refused to give up the land until Thomas Penn, by valuable presents, secured the help of the Iroquois chiefs. Ordered by them to give up the land, the unfortunate Delawares had to submit. (e) In the government of the colony, Penn was veiy liberal. Penn's ''Frame of Government," drawn up in England, was adopted by the first General Assembly that met in Chester in 1682. This constitution vested the government in a governor, appointed by the proprietor^ 23 and in the freemen of the province. The freemen were to elect the Provincial Council and a General Assembly, whose duty was to make the laws for the colony. This first Assembly also passed a number of Penn's proposed laws, which were known as the "Great Law," or body of laws, of Pennsylvania. This "Great Law" allowed complete freedom of worship ; it gave to property owners and tax- payers the right to vote; it ordered the prisons to be made into workhouses, where the criminals were to learn a useful trade; it limited the death penalty to the two crimes of murder and treason, and this at a time when in England two hundred offenses were punishable by death. Note. — In 1701, the old Frame v/as abandoned, and Penn gave the province in its place a new constitution, called the ' ' Charter of Priv- ileges. " This gave greater powers to the General Assembly, which was still to be elected by the people. It made the Provincial Council a body to be appointed by the proprietor, its duty being to advise the governor and to act as a court of appeal. By it, the "three lower counties," or Delaware, were given a separate Assembly. This "Charter" continued in effect till the Revolution. Note. — All the Quakers did not settle in Philadelphia. Many on landing settled on farms and in various small settlements in south- eastern Pennsylvania. A considerable number were in comfortable circumstances, and they met with no such hardships as the Pilgrims endured. Note. — Penn 's colony brought him no riches. He returned to England in 1684, remaining there for fifteen years. In this period he had many difficulties to meet as the friend of the exiled James II. In 1699 he returned to Pennsylvania, bringing with him his second wife, Hannah Callowhill. He became again the governor of the colony, continuing so until he left for England in 1701, to defend his rights as proprietor of Pennsylvania. His affairs in England were in a very bad condition. Lawsuits, the expenses caused by one of his sons, and the claims of his agent. Ford, had involved him deeply in debt. At Ford's death, his heirs brought their claim into court, and Penn went to the debtors ' prison rather than submit to their demands. He stayed there about nine months. When the Ford heirs reduced their claim to about one-half of the original demand, Penn'g friends paid tb§ money, and set him free. He died of paralysis in 1718, 24 5. Other Nationalities in Pennsylvania. (a) The Welsh were among the early settlers. Most of them were Friends; they, too, had been persecuted by England, and they came to Pennsylvania to secure free- dom. A few remained in Philadelphia, but most of them settled in the Welsh Barony, later called the Welsh Tract, a country section extending back from the Schuylkill. Others went still further west, settling in Lancaster County. Such names as Bryn Mawr (meaning ''the great hill"), Merion, Montgomery, Haverford, and Welsh Mountains show the extent of their settlements. At iirst they were unable to understand the English language; they soon ceased to be separate, however, and merged into the colony as one of its valued elements. (b) The Scotch-Irish began to come to Pennsylvania shortly after the year 1700. They came in great numbers, forming about a third of the population of colonial Penn- sylvania. These settlers were the descendants of the Scotch who had occupied the northern part of Ireland in the seventeenth century. Pennsylvania attracted them be- cause of its fertile soil and its religious freedom. They did not agree well with the German settlers in the eastern part of the State, and most of them went westward. The Cumberland Valley was settled largely by them. In 1768, when the land beyond the Alleghany Mountains was opened to' settlers, many of them seized the opportunity, and invaded the western wilderness. The Scotch-Irish were energetic and brave, and well adapted to conquer the difficulties of frontier life. They fought and conquered the Indians, turned the forest into farms and towns, and were an important element in the development of the State, 25 (c) The Germans were the first, after the Friends, to emigrate to Pennsylvania. Penn and Fox had visited Holland and Germany, and their ideas were welcomed by many. Among these were the Mennonites, a people like the Quakers in their opposition to war, and in their use of plain, simple dress and speech. These Mennonites, persecuted in the regions along the Rhine, were glad to find peace in Pennsylvania. In 1683, Francis Daniel Pas- torius, a learned German, master of seven languages, es- tablished the German settlement of Germantown, now a suburb of Philadelphia. The original settlement was made by a little company of forty-one Mennonites. The people were extremely poor, but their industry soon brought prosperity. They were skilled weavers of linen, and their goods found a ready market. They practiced other in- dustries, such as lacemaking, printing, etc. Among their industrial establishments was the first paper-mill in America, built in 1690 on a branch of Wissahickon Creek, near Philadelphia, by William Eittenhuysen, a Mennonite minister from Holland. After 1700, the English government circulated in Ger- many descriptions of the wealth and beauty of America in order to induce German immigration. Its efforts were suc- cessful, and great numbers came to Pennsylvania. Py 1750, the Germans here numbered about 90,000, forming one-third of the entire population. They settled the val- leys of the Lehigh, the Schuylkill, and the Susquehanna, founding the towns of Bethlehem, Easton, Allentown, Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster. These people were ex- cellent farmers, and their steady thrift and persistent in- dustry contributed largely to make the colony of Penn- sylvania successful. They did their duty in the Revo- 26 lution also, helping with their Scotch-Irish neighbors iu winning independence for the nation. 6. Boundary Disputes. (a) The disputes regarding the boundaries of Pennsyl- vania were long and bitter. Connecticut, by its charter, was given a grant extending ''from the Atlantic to the Pacific." Connecticut, therefore, asserted a claim, to nearly all of the upper half of Pennsylvania. A Connecticut settlement was made in Wyoming Valley in this disputed section, but it was destroyed by Indians in 1763. Settlers from each colony determined to hold the land, and hostilities continued for a number of years. The dispute was settled in 1782, by a commission appointed by Congress. It aM^arded the land to Pennsylvania. (b) Virginia claimed Pittsburgh and the western end of the State, and the matter was not settled till 1779. (c) The dispute with Maryland dated from the begin- ning of Penn's grant, and it lasted more than eighty years. Lord Baltimore claimed a belt extending across the State and including Philadelphia. Finally, in 1763, two Eng- lish astronomers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were employed to draw the present southern boundary line. These, after four years' labor, completed the boundary for over two hundred miles, giving the famous Mason and Dixon's line. Note 1. — Mason and Dixon cut a path twenty-four feet wide through the forest, marking the boundary line in its centre. A stone marked each mile; every fifth milestone bore on the north the arms of the Penns, and on the south, the arms of Lord Baltimore. Indian oppo- sition made the work difficult, and prevented its entire completion by Mason and Dixon. Others surveyors completed the line in 1782. Note. 2. — The boundary between Pennsylvania and Delaware was surveyed by David Rittenhouse, the Pennsylvania astronomer. He also marked out the northern boundary, near the forty-Becond parallel, in 1786'1T87. 27 7- Education. (a) The Frame of Government directed the formation of public schools in the colony. An act of the Assembly in 1683 ordered that all children over twelve years old should be taught some useful trade. That same year, tlie governor and the Council of the colony sent for Enoch Flower, to open a pay school in Philadelphia. In 1681), Penn wi-ote to Thomas Lloyd, president of the Council, ordering him to establish a public grammar school. For many years, this Friends' Public School was the only school in Pennsylvania giving free instruction, (b) Primary education grew slowly; for in 1833 only 24,000 pupils attended the public schools. Governor "Wolf, in his message of 1833, urged the need of an improved system of public schools, and the law of 1834 established a general system of free, common-school education. The Senate of Pennsylvania repealed the law in 1835 ; but the House, influenced by the eloquence of Thaddeus Stevens, refused to agree, and the public schools of to-day became possible. From then on they spread over the State. The schools of to-day show a great advance over those of colonial times in the length of the school term, in the style of the buildings and furniture, and in the kind and number of text-books. (e) Higher education in Pennsylvania owes much of its development to Franklin. The present University of Penn- sylvania began in 1740 as a charity school, on Fourth Street below Arch. In 1749 it became an academy, partly through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. In 1755 this school was called "The College, Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia ; " in 1779 it became the University 28 of the State of Pennsylvania, and in 1791, the University of Pennsylvania. Note. — The first principal of the Friends ' Public School was George Keith, who served only one year. To-day this school is known as the William Penn Charter School; it is located on Twelfth Street, below Market. Christopher Dock, known as the ''pious schoolmaster," and noted for his kindness and devotion to his work, taught school in German- town and Skippack for many years. Another famous colonial teacher was Anthony Benezet, a Frenchman who came to America in 1731, and later taught in the Friends ' Public School in Philadelphia. He, too, was r6markably kind. He gave much free instruction to Indian and negro children. The first college in Pennsylvania was the famous "Log College," established in 1726 by Eev. William Tennent, at Neshaminy, in Bucks County. This name was given to the school at first in contempt. One of its results was the establishment of Princeton University in New Jersey. 8. Industries of Pennsylvania. (a) The main occupation in colonial Pennsylvania was farming. There were no patroons as in New York, nor great planters as in the South, most of the fanners living on small farms which they cultivated in person. The Quakers as a class opposed slavery; hence there were hut few negro slaves in the colony. The farmer usually began with a log cabin in a forest clearing; this developed into the farm with its fields and orchards. From the flax and wool produced on the farm, the farmer's wife usually made the cloth for the family's clothing. Grain, fruit, and cattle were raised in abundance, and these, with flour from the grist-mills and lumber from the saw-mills, were their chief sources of wealth. Note. — Dr. Benjamin Rush describes the German farmers of colonial days with ''extensive fields of grain, full fed herds, luxuriant nic-ad- ows, orchards, promising loads of fruit, together with spacious barns and commodious stone dwelling-houses." (b) In the towns and cities, commerce was the chief occupation, the manufacturing being on a very small scale. 29 Workmen connected with various trades found ample oc- cupation in the cities. The products of the surrounding farms and flour-mills were sold in the city shops, besides manufactured articles imported from England. Philadelphia was a very attractive town in colonial days. The houses were usually substantial, two-story dwellings, often surrounded by gardens. The houses were heated by open fireplaces, where logs were burnt; they were lighted by tallow candles. The shops in many of the dwellings had as signs, a basket, a beehive, etc., to indicate what was for sale. Great trading-houses developed in the city, carrying on commerce with distant ports, using in many cases ships built in Philadelphia shipyards. The city soon became one of the chief trade centres of the colonies, with a popula- tion of 16,000 in 1760. Note. — Prominent men in the Pennsylvania Colony. John Barry (1745-1803) was a distinguished naval commander of the Eevolution. He was born in Ireland and came to Philadelphia when about fifteen years old. He became a sailor, and later a captain of a trading vessel. On the outbreak of the Revolution, he was given command of the "Lexington," with which he captured several British vessels. He and his men helped to row the boats across the icy Delaware when Washington surprised the Hessians at Trenton. In command of the "Ealeigh," in 1778, he was attacked by two British ships; after a battle, he ran his ship ashore and escaped to land. In command of the "Alliance," in 1781, he cap- tured two British ships after a sharp engagement. In 1794, Barry was made commander of the new navy, which protected American commerce with the West Indies during the difficulty with France in 1798. "The Father of the American Navy" died in Philadelphia a few years later. John Bartram (1699-1777) was one of the earliest of American botanists. He was brought up on a farm, and his great love for plants caused him to begin his famous botanical garden. It is situated in Philadelpuia near Fifty-fourth Istreet and ^7oodiand Avenue, By the aid r . friends, he travelled in the colonies, gather- ing and studying botanical specimens. He died in Philadelphia, just after the British had captured the city duri ig the Revolution, 30 Stephen Decatur (1779-1820) was born in Maryland. His family had left Philadelphia during the British occupation, but returned in 1779. He entered the navy as a j'oung man, and soon dis- tinguished himself. In 1804, in the harbor of Tripoli, he burned the American frigate "Philadelphia," which the Tripolitans had captured. He served with credit during the War of 1812. In 1815, he conquered the Algerine pirates, compelling the dey of Algiers to make a satisfactory treaty of peace with the United States. In 1820, he was kiUed in a duel with Commodore James Barron. Julni Diekiuson (1732-18U8), though born in Maryland, is best known by his public services in Pennsylvania. He studied law in Philadelphia and London, and became a leading lawyer in Philadel- phia. He took an active part in the politics of Pennsylvania. His famous '"Letters of a Pennsylvania Parmer" roused the colonists by showing them that if England taxed them to support colonial officers, the colonial Assemblies would have no control over these officers. He was a member of the First Continental Congress in 1774, and of the Second Continental Congress. In July, 1776, he opposed the Declaration of Independence, because he considered it premature. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787 his wisdom and skill were of great value. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was one of the greatest men America ever produced. Born in Boston of poor parents, he had little schooling. He really was self-educated. Apprenticed to his brother, he learned printing, and at seventeen left for Philadel- phia, beginning his owu career. Wlien twenty-three, he became editor and proprietor of a newspaper, the "Pennsylvania Gazett.^, " and three years later he began his famous "Poor Richard's Almanac," which he continued for , twenty-five years. He early entered politics. In 1754, he was a delegate to the Albany Convention, suggesting a plan of union. (Deserib it.) The Pennsylvania Assembly sent Franklin as agent to England, and while there, he opposed the pas- sage of the Stamp Act of 1765. When summoned before Parliament the next year, his clear reasoning showed them the folly of the Stamp Act and aided in its repeal. On his return home to Phila- delphia in 1775, he was chosen delegate to the Second Continental Congress, serving as a member of the committee that framed the Declaration of Independence. Being sent as ambassador to France, his wisdom and ability won the French, and an alliance between France and America was formed in 1778. This alliance really secured our independence, by the aid that France gave us at that critical period. Franklin also aided in forming the treaty of 1783, which ended the Revolution. Over eighty years old, the nation still needed him, and he was a prominent member of the Convention that framed the Constitution in 1787. The services of Franklin cannot well be overestimated. Stephen Girard (1750-1831), a French emigrant, reached Phila- delphia as a young man in 1776, becoming there a grocer and a 31 wine bottler. He prospered by his skill and industry, establishing a fleet of merchant vessels known in every port, and becoming a millionaire. He showed rare heroism during the yellow fever epidemic in Phila- delphia in 1793, nursing- the sick in person, and aiding in every way possible. On the expiration of the charter of the United States Bank, G-irard took it, forming ''The Bank of Stephen Girard," in 1812. He rescued the nation from ruin in 1814 by loaning about five million dollars to the almost bankrupt government, wheu no one else would take such a risk. He died in 1831, leaving the bulk of his immense fortune for a college for orphan boys, thus establishing one of Philadelphia's noblest charities. Elisha Kent Kane (1820-1857), the distinguished Arctic explorer, was born in Philadelphia. He was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, He served as surgeon in the navy, and visited many parts of the world. In 1850, he joined an Arctic expedition sent out in search of Sir John Franklin. In 1853, he commanded a seeoud expedition in search of the lost explorer. Kane's ship, the "Advance," spent two winters in the frozen North, with the temperature often forty degrees below zero. He succeeded in reaching the most northern point attained by the explorers of that time. The second spring Kane and his men left the frozen "Advance," and after a journey of nearly three months by sledge and open boat, they reached a settlement in safety. Kane explored more than a thousand miles of the coast of Greenland. He became a national hero by his daring and resolute labor in the Arctic regions. James Logan (1674-1751) came to America as William Penn's secretary in 1699. He was a fine scholar, knowing Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French, German, and was skilled in various sciences. He collected at his country-seat at Stenton, near Philadelphia, a library of three thousand volumes, now in the Philadelphia Library. He was never the actual governor of the colony, but he exercised great influence over its affairs as the friend of the Penn family. He was very friendly with the Indians and was often consulted by them. Robert Morris (1734-1806) was a distinguished American states- man and financier. This rich Philadelphia banker and merchant took the side of the struggling colonists against England. He was a member of the Second Continental Congress, signing the Declara- tion of Independence. In 1777, just after the battle of Trenton, in answer to Washington's request, Morris sent him fifty thousand dollars, thus enabling Washington to keep his ill-paid army together. He raised the money for the campaign of 1781. "He issued his own notes at one time to the amount of a million and a half to meet the pressing needs of the army." Lodge says: "Altogether, Morris's services were hardly second to those of Washington or Greene. ' ' 32 In 1781 he was ouperintendent of Finance, serving for three years. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, aiding in tiie formation of tliat instrument. After the war, owing to a business failure, he lost his fortune and was cast into a debtors' prison for three and a half years, neg- lected by the government for which he had done so much. Francis Daniel Pastorius was born in Germany. He was brilliantly educated in the classical and modern languages. He came to Penn- sylvania in 1683, secured a grant from Penn and with a number of German settlers made the settlement of Germantown. The success of the settlement was largely due to the leadership of Pastorius. He was a signer of the first American protest against slavery, this document being sent to the Friends' Meeting in Philadelphia. Pas- torius taught school in Germantown and Philadelphia for many years. David Kittenhouse (1732-1796), born near Philadelphia, was a descendant of the builder of the first paper-mill in America. He worked on his father 's farm until he became a maker of clocks and mathematical instruments. His nights he gave to study, becoming a mathematician and astronomer. It was Eittenhouse who surveyed the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania and that between New York and Pennsylvania. He aided the patriot cause, serving as a member of various committees and boards during the Eevolution. "Washington appointed him the first director of the mint established in Philadelphia in 1792. He died, honored by scientists the world over. Dr. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) was born near Philadelphia. He was gi'aduated from Princeton College. After studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, he returned to Philadelphia in 1769. His medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania during many years made Philadelphia the centre of medical science in the United States. Besides his work as professor, he had a large practice as physician. He fought the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 with great courage, sometimes visiting a hundred patients a day. He was an ardent patriot, signing the Declaration of Independence as a delegate to Congress from Pennsylvania. His writings on medical subjects were widely read. He is often called "The Father of American Medicine. ' ' Thaddeus Stevens (1793-1868) was born in Vermont. After being gi-aduated from Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, he moved to Pennsylvania, where he studied law. He was repeatedly elected to the Legislature of Pennsylvania. In 1835, his powerful speech in iavor of the public schools overcame the opposition in the Legis- lature and established them on a sure basis. He removed to Lan- caster and from there entered Congress, serving as a member for fourteen years. He was an opponent of slavery and a strong sup- porter of Lincoln during the Civil War. He advocated negro suf- frage after the war, and was the chief author of the bill for the 33 reconstruction of the seceded States. This act divided the ten Southern States into five military districts, until these States adopted new constitutions ratij.ying the new amendments. He was one of Johnson's great foes, advocating his impeachment. He died in Washington. Christopher Saur (now Sower) was born and educated in Germany. He came to Philadelphia, and established a printing-house in German- town in 1738. His weekly German newspaper was known through the country. He published an almanac, a magazine, and g, number of German books. Bayard Taylor (1825-1878) was born in Chester Coimty, Pennsyl- vania. He was the greatest writer the State has produced. Before he was twenty-one he went to Europe, undeterred by poverty. He sometimes lived on six cents a day, spent for bread, figs, and roasted chestnuts. He described his travels ' in " Views Afoot, ' ' a book that made him famous. He later travelled in many countries, and wrote a number of volumes describing his journeys. He was a fine German scholar, and his greatest poem is an English translation of Goethe's ' ' Faust. ' ' He died in Berlin, after serving nearly a year i.s American minister to Germany. General Anthony Wayne (1745-1796) was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He entered the patriot army as colonel, becoming a general in 1776. He fought at Brandy wine, at Germantown, and at Monmouth. For his capture of Stony Point on the Hudson in 1779, Congress granted him a gold medal. His last victory was over the Ohio Indians in 1794. His daring courage made the people call him "Mad Anthony." Conrad Weiser at the age of fourteen emigrated from Germany to America. Here he lived for eight months with an Indian chief, learn- ing the Indian language. He later moved near Eeading, engaging in farming. He was Indian interpreter for the Province of Penn- sylvania for many years, and aided in making all its Indian treaties. He was greatly respected by the Indians. Benjamin West (1738-1820) was bom in Pennsylvania. As his parents were Quakers, they did not give him much encouragement^ in his desire to become an artist, but his genius conquered all difficulties. In 1759 h© went to Italy to study, and thence to London. The Penn family in 1773 had him paint the picture of William Penn's treaty with the Indians, paying him £420 for it. Another of his famous pictures is "Christ Healing the Sick." He died in London where he had long been prominent as an artist. Alexander Wilson, a Scotchman, came to America in 1794 as a poor man. He tried various occupations until Bartram interested him in the study of birds. He determined to make a collection of the birds 34 of America; and beginning in 1804, he traveled over the country. His efforts resulted in nine volumes on American ornithology. James Wilson was a brilliantly educated Scotchman. He became a lawyer, and finally settled in Philadelphia. He signed the Declara- tion of Independence and helped to frame the Constitution in 1787. Of the fifty-five delegates to the convention that drew up the Consti- tution, he was the most learned in the subject of history and govern- ment. Count Zinzendorf was a leader among the Moravians of Pennsyl- vania. He was born in Germany in 1700, and came to America in 1741. He founded the Moravian settlement of Bethlehem, on the Lehigh Eiver. After organizing a number of missionary stations among the Indians, he returned to Germany. Note 1. — Many great historical events occurred in Pennsylvania. The first protest against slavery was made in 1688, when Pastorius and three other Mennonites of Germantown sent a petition to the Friends' yearly meeting, protesting against buying or keeping negro slaves. The first hospital in America was the Pennsylvania Hospital, founded in Philadelphia, at Eighth and Spruce Streets, in 1755. Philadelphia had a tea-party in 1773, when the captain of the tea- ship "Polly" was compelled to take the tea back to England, be- cause of the patriotic opposition of the people. In Philadelphia, the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress met; and here, in 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Dur- ing their occupancy of Philadelphia, the famous Misehianza was or- ganized by the British in honor of the departure of General Howe, in May, 1778; after a regatta on the Delaware, the procession marched to the country-seat of Thomas Wharton, in the southern part of Phila- delphia, where a tournament was held, followed by a ball. The first flag of the United States was made after the Act of Congress of June 14, 1777, by Mrs. Betsy Ross, at 239 Arch Street, Philadelphia. The Articles of Confederation and the Federal Constitution were both adopted in Philadelphia. The first national bank of America was the Bank of North America, established in Philadelphia in 1781 ; the first mint was established in Philadelphia in 1792. Philadelphia was the national capital from 1790 to 1800, and here Washington and John Adams served as presidents. Note 2. — Philadelphia has a great many places of historic interest : Letitia House was built by Penn in 1682-1683, near Second and Market Streets. It was the first brick house erected in the city. This house, called the Penn House, now stands in Fairmount Park. Penn Treaty Park is located at Beach Street and Columbia Avenue. It has a small monument to mark the place where stood the tree under whose branches Penn made his treaty with the Indians in 1683. The oldest church building in the city is Old Swedes' Church, or Gloria Dei, near Front and Christian Streets. It was built on the ..site of the original bloclfjiouse church at Wicaeo, and dates from 1700. 35 Christ Cliurcli, on Second Street near Market, took the place of an earlier church, and dates from 1727. Washington worshipped here, as did Benjamin Franklin, Eobert Morris, John Adams, Lafa- yette, and many other great men of the Revolution. In Christ Church cemetery, at Fifth and Arch, lie buried the re mains of Philadelphia's greatest citizen, Benjamin Franklin. Carpenters' Hall is located in the rear of the south side of Chestnut Street, near Third Street. This building is famous as the meeting place of the First Continental Congress in 1774, in which sat Wash- ington, Henry, Samuel Adams, John Adams, and other patriots. Tlie first Bank of the United States was here from 1791 to 1797, Here also was tue Second Bank of the United States, from 1817 for nearly five years. Independence Hall is located on Chestnut Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. It was originally called the State House, the present name being given after the Declaration of Independence was announced in 1776. The east room is known as Independence Chamber, The table on which the Declaration of Independence was signed 'Stands in this room, us does also the chair on which John Hancock sat as president of the Second Continental Congress. In this room. Congress met from 1775 to 1783. Here the design of the nation's flag was adopted by Con- gress, June 14, 1777. Here, in 1787, the Federal Convention, with Washington as presiding oflicer, drew up the Constitution for the new nation. The most interesting object in Independence Hall is the Liberty Bell. The committee appointed in 1751 to secure a bell for the State House tower decided to have it cast in London. The motto, selected for the bell .-y Isaac Norris, was "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." The bell was brought over from England in 1752, and soon began its patriotic career, ring- ing out the news of the great events in the history of the colonies' struggle for liberty. The bell tolled last at the funeral of Chief Justice Marshall, in 1835, a great split in the side silencing its tones forever. Congress Hall is a separate building, situated at the corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets; it was erected in 1788 and 1789. Here the Congress of the United States met from 1790. to 1800, when Philadel- phia was the national capital, the Senate meeting on the second floor, and the House of Representatives on the first floor. Washington took the oath of office here, after his second election as president; here John Adams was inaugurated on March 4, 1797; here, in September, 1796, Washington delivered his Farewell Address to the people of the United States. 36 Bartram's Garden is located near Fifty-fourth Street and Wood- land Avenue. Its founder was the great colonial botanist, John Bar- tram. The old stone residence and the garden are now city property. A few places of general interest in the city are Girard College, an institution founded by Stephen Girard 's will for the education of male orphans, on Girard Avenue, west of Twentieth ; the United States Mint, on Spring Garden Street, between Sixteenth and Seven- teenth Streets; the United States Navy Yard, on League Island, at the foot of Broad Streeo; the Chew Mansion, or Cliveden, at Ger- mantown Avenue and Johnson Street, the scene of the fiercest fight- ing of the battle of Germantown in 1777; and Fairmount Park with its area of 3,300 acres and with its many points of interest, such as Memorial Hall with its pictures. Horticultural Hall with its plants and flowers, and its old colonial homes. The Carolinas. (a) The first settlers of North Carolina were men who came from Virginia along the coast. King Charles II. granted to eight noblemen aU the land between Virginia and Spanish Florida, the region being known as Carolina. In the north was the Albemarle Colony, near Albemarle Sound. (b) In 1670, two shiploads of emigrants from England settled on the Ashley River, in the southern part of the grant. After ten years they moved and settled Charles- town, naming it after the king. This name was afterwards shortened to Charleston. This town and the surrounding country became a refuge for many Huguenots, or French Protestants, who had fled from France to escape the per- secution of King Louis XIV. (c) In the southern part of Carolina, there were many wealthy planters of rice and indigo, with many negro slaves on their plantations. Agriculture was the leading occupation and caused the colony to prosper. These plan- ters had richly furnished houses and left all labor to the slaves, these living in separate quarters. There were few 37 towns or cities like those of the more populous North. North Carolina had only small farms with few slaves. It had no great cities whatever. Note. — Carolina was finally divided into North and South Carolina, each with its own government, when the proprietors gave back their grant to the king in 1729. Georgia. (a) In 1732, King George II. granted the region be- tween the Savannah River and the Altamaha River to General James Oglethorpe and a company of other benevo- lent Englishmen. It was named Georgia, in honor of the king. This new colony was intended to hold certain dis- puted territory and to protect Charleston from the Spanish and Indians in; Florida. It became a refifge for poor debtors. (b) At that time in England, the law permitted a credi- tor to send to jail any one who could not pay him what he owed, and many died in these filthy jails, being unable to pay their debts. Oglethorpe pitied these people and wished to help them. In 1733, with a number of such poor families, Oglethorpe made the first settlement in Georgia, calling the town Savannah. Later settlements were made by Germans, by Scotch Highlanders, and by Scotch-Irish. Note. — The Scotch had fought to restore the heirs of James II. to the tlirone of England in 1715 and 1745; and after their defeat, many Scotch were forced to seek refuge in America. At this time, the English laws prevented the export of Irish woolen goods. This ruined the woolen manufacture in northern Ireland, and forced many of the Scotch-Irish there to emigrate. These Scotch- Irish formed a third of the settlers of Pennsylvania and North Caro- lina, and a half of those of South Carolina. Abridged from Bourne and Benton. 38 (c) Rice aud indigo were planted, and the colony began to advance, though it remained undeveloped down to the Revolution. After twenty years the trustees gave back the land to the king, and Georgia was made into a royal province. Note. — James Oglethorpe Ihed to be very old, aud saw the ecdouy he had founded become a State in the Union. During the Bevulu tion he was offered the ponition of commander of the British armies against the colonies, but he refused the position, because his sym- pathies were with the Americans. After the war, when John Adams was sent as our first minister to London, Oglethorpe was the first to congratulate him on the winning of American independence. Adapted from Elson. The Dutch in America. (a) Henry Hudson was an Englishman in the service of the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch had mucii commerce with the East Indies, and they wanted to find a shorter, all-sea trade route there. In 1609, Hudson was sent to try to find a passage through America to Asia. His ship, the "Half Moon," entered what is now called Dela- ware Bay and New York Bay. He discovered the river that bears his name, sailing up the stream as far as Albany, hoping that it might lead to China. This voyage gave Holland its claim in America. Note.— In 1609 Hudson, in his Dutch ship, the "Half -Moon," sailed from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay, and then returned north- ward, entering New York Bay, after rounding a low, "sandy hook." The curious Indians, in their deerskin clothing, exchanged green tobacco for the white visitors ' knives and beads. After reaching Albany, he descended the river and returned to Holland. In 1610, Hudson, sailing for the English, entered Hudson Bay, where his ship was kept fast in the ice for some months. His sailors mutinied, and put Hudson, his son, and seven sick men adrift in an open boat. The crew was imprisoned when they reached Eng- land, and an expedition was sent out to find Hudson. No trace, however, could be found of this daring navigator. (b) Hudson's favorable account of this region led to settlement there. 39 In 1623, the Dutch "West India Company" sent out a number of agents and settlers to locate on Manhattan Island (now New York). Peter Minuit, the first Dutch governor, in 1626, bought the island from the Indians for beads and cloth worth twenty-four dollars, and called the town New Amsterdam. The whole colony was called New Netherland. The Dutch also established trading-posts in Connecticut, in New Jersey, and in Delaware, in order to trade with the Indians. The trading-post at Albany was especially important, since it was a gateway to the Mohawk Valley and the Great Lakes. (c) In order to secure more rapid settlement of the Hudson River valley, the company agreed that any mem- ber who should found a settlement of fifty adults would receive a grant of land. These founders were called pa- troons, and their colonists were dependent on them for land and supplies; they had almost absolute control of their grant. This system created a few wealthy land- OMTiers, but it did not extend widely. (d) The chief occupations of the Dutch settlers were farming and fur trading, the Indians giving them furs in exchange for merchandise. The colony prospered from its industry. Of its four governors sent out from Holland, the best and the last was Peter Stuyvesant. (e) Several wars had been waged between England and Holland on account of ocean trade. James, Duke of York, asked his brother. King Charles II., to give him the Dutch colony in America, and received from him a grant of all the land between the Delaware River and the Connecticut. In 1664, an English fleet appeared in the harbor of New Amsterdam and demanded its surrender. Governor Stuy- vesant at first refused to surrender, but as the people 40 would not aid him, he was compelled to do as the English wished. New Amsterdam was now called New York, and New Netherland became an English province. Note. — ^Peter Stuyvesant, the fourth and last of the Dutch gov- ernors, was an honest mtm, but his rule was severe and arbitrary. Having lost a leg in war, he had a wooden leg bound with silver, and from this he was called "Old Silverleg. " At that time New Amsterdam had a population of about one thousand. When the English fleet came in 1664 and demanded the surrender of the town, Stuyvesant wanted to fight, but the people begged him to yield. At last he consented to surrender, saying, ' ' Well, let it be so, but I would rather be carried out' dead." He ended his days in peace in his home in Wew Amsterdam. (f) The Dutch were excellent settlers. Their houses were usually one and a half stories high, and were gen- erally warmed by great open fireplaces. The people were very clean, and instead of using carpets, covered their floors with white sand. The cloth for garments was made at home, and each family had its own loom and spinning- wheel. "While the people were industrious, they took life easily, and were fond of good eating and drinking. They rose at dawn, and went to bed at sunset. The men were nearly always smoking. They wore baggy knee-breeches, and coats with big brass or silver buttons. The French in America. (a) Samuel de Champlain was a brave French naviga- tor and explorer. In his first voyage to the New "World, he sailed a long distance down the St. Lawrence River. In his second expedition to America, he spent three years exploring the coast of lower Canada and of New England. In 1608, he founded Quebec, which soon became the greatest city of New France. Learning fi-om the Indians of a great lake, he and two French companions joined a war party of northern Indians who were going on an expedition there. 41 Travelling largely by canoes, they reached this lake in 1609. To the lake which he thus discovered, he gave his own name, calling it Lake Champlain. When the party came np with the fierce Iroquois near the site of Ticon- deroga, a battle ensued. The Frenchmen, protected by armor and equipped with muskets, soon routed the Iroquois, w^ho turned and fled, Champlain desired to secure territory for France, and to develop the fur trade with the Indians. He also aimed to make these Indians Christians. He labored twenty-seven years for his colony, and deserves the title of "The Father of New France." Note. — Champlain 's defeat of the Iroquois made this powerful tribe the bitter enemies of the French. This had very important results in the war that came later between France and England (1756-1763), for the Iroquois were the friends of the English in this war. Fiske regards this battle between Champlain and the Iroquois as one of the most important events in the history of the French colonies. (b) Father Marquette was a young Jesuit priest, who had come to Quebec from France, as a missionary to the Indians, finally settling in Michigan. Learning from the Indians of a great river near the Lakes, he determined to explore it. In 1673, Father Marquette in company with Louis Joliet, a fur trader, and five of their countrymen began their expedition, their outfit consisting of two canoes and a supply of food. From Lake Michigan they entered the Fox Eiver, and from it by portage they reached the Wis- consin River, which led them into the Mississippi River. For about a month they moved -down the Mississippi, finally turning back when near the mouth of the Arkansas. Mar- quette desired to bring Christianity to the Indians of the 42 Mississippi Valley. His work opened up this region to the French. Note. — Marquette an