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TA-TiLJ 3 I I )LES£X. of Oliver Gold THE EEV? W.«JJ(DM3B. AN ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY milMJ^MJEAIlILlI 3WHMHF; THE EARLIEST AUTHENTIC PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY NOTES. COMPILED FROM THE MOST APPROVED AUTHORITIES BY LEONARD TOWNSEND. T LONDON : TALLIS AND CO., GREEN ARBOUR COURT, OLD BAILED PREFACE. A good Chronology is a book useful to every class of readers. It is - oook of reference on almost every subject. Hitherto, however, it has been seldom attempted to form a perfectly general work of this kind. We have had Chronologies of this country, and Chronologies of that country. We have had Chronologies of historical and political events — Chronologies of biography — Chronologies of the foundations of cities and towns — Chro- nologies of inventions in the arts and sciences, and in domestic life. We have, in the present work, combined all these in one, and we have en- deavoured to make a work which may be at once a valuable — indeed a necessary — companion to history and biography; a work to which the artizan may refer to, when he would know at what period were invented the machines which he is in the custom of using, and in which every one viay learn the period at which were first introduced the things which he eats or drinks. It has been said that a Chronology is a book of reference. The object of that reference is generally to learn the dates of some circumstance which we know, and seldom to seek the circumstance which may have happened at a given date. We have, therefore, made ours an Alphabetical Chronology, which, we think, will not fail, on that account, to be doubly acceptable to our readers, as it will facilitate in an extraordinary manner, the labour of seeking the dates of known events, and will often render easy of discovery, what, in a large Chronology, made on the common plan, it would be next to impossible to find. PREFACE. After all, a simple Chronicle of facts and dates is, though useful as a work of reference, but a dry book to the general reader. We have en- deavoured, however, to make our book more interesting, and with that intent we have enlivened its pages with amusing anecdotes, inserted under the form of Notes. In these notes will be found the pith and marrow of some hundreds of volumes, and they will, we have no doubt, be considered by our Subscribers to be an invaluable addition to the work. It would be impossible to say with truth, that in a work for which so many authorities have been examined, that no inaccuracies will be found ; but the Editor hopes that they are few in number, and of little importance, it having been his principal care to consult every authentic source of information. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. AALST, a Dutch painter of fruit and flowers, born 1602, died 1658. AARON, high priest of the Jews, brother of Mosqs, died 132 years of age, B.C. 1452. AARON the Caraite, a learned Jew, who wrote a Commentary on the Pentateuch, flourished 1299. AARON and JULIUS, (Saints) suffered martyrdom under the Emperor Dioclesian, 303. AARSENS, a distinguished statesman of the United Provinces, sent ambassador to England 1620, again in the reign of Charles I., 1641. ABA, the most celebrated doctor of the Musselmen, born at Coufah, 687. ABA, King of Hungary, murdered by his own sol- diers after reigning 3 years, 1044. ABAKA, Khan, the wise and good Emperor of the Moguls, ascended the throne, 1264. ABAS, Schah, the Great, whose memory is held in veneration by the Persians, succeeded his father when the affairs of Persia were at a low ebb at the age of eighteen, 1585 ; died after a victorious reign of 44 years, 1629. ABAS, Schah, his grandson, the open protector of the Christians, died, 1666. ABAUZIT, (Firman) a very learned Frenchman, who was admired for his talents by the great Sir Isaac Newton, lived respected 87 j'ears, and died, 1767. ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant divine, born at Nay, in Berne, 1654. ABBAS, Uncle of the imposter Mahomet, died, 652. ABBEVILLE, (France). Its woollen manufactory established by Colbert, 1665. * ABBEYS, totally abolished in England by Henry VIII. in the early part of the 16th century. t ABBOTS, (The) of Reading, Glastonbury, and St. John's, Colchester, hanged and quartered, for denying the king's supremacy, and not surrender- ing their abbeys, Nov. 1559. ABBOTT, TheHon.Chas., resigned his situation as Speaker of the House of Commons, May 30, 1817 ABBOTT, Mr. Justice, appointed Lord Chief Jus- tice of the Court of King's Bench, (in the room of Lord Ellenborough, resigned,) Nov. 4, 1S18. * ABBEYS. These were the repositaries, as well as seminaries of learning. Valuable books, national records, and the history of private families were preserved in their libraries, the only places in which they could have been safely lodged in those turbulent times. John Bale, in his declaration upon Lelund's Journal, pathetically remarks, " Covetousness was at that time so busy about private commodity, that public wealth was not any where regarded. A number of those who purchased these superstitious man- sions, reserved of the library books some to serve their jacks, some to scour the candlesticks, and some to rub their boots : some they sold to the grocer and soap-seller, and some they sent over sea to the book- binders, not in small numbers, but in whole ships full ; yea, the universities of this realm are not clear from so detestable a fact. I know a merchant that bought the contents of two noble libraries for forty shillings each— a shame it is to be spoken." t ABBOTS. Fuller, in his Church History, relates the following anecdote, terming it a " pleasant and true story :" — " As King Henry VIII. was hunting in Windsor Forest, he either casually lost, or more pro- bably wilfully losing himself, struck down, about dinner time, to the Abbey of Reading, where, disguising himself, he was invited to the Abbot's table, and passed for one of the King's guard. A sirloin of beef was set before him (so knighted saith tradition by this Henry), on which the King laid on lustily. 'Well fare thy heart,' quoth the Abbot, * and here in a cup of sack I remember the health of his Grace, your master. I w r ould give an hundred pounds on condition I could feed as well on beef as you do. Alas! my weak and squeezie stomach will hardly digest the wing of a chicken.' The King plea- santly pledged him, and heartily thanking him for his good cheer, departed. Some weeks after, the Abbot was sent for by a pursuivant, brought up to London, clapt in the Tower, kept close prisoner, and fed for a short time with bread and water ; yet not so empty his body of food, as his mind was filled with fears, creating many suspicions to himself, when and how he had incurred the King's displeasure. At last a sir- loin of beef was set before him, on which the Abbot fed as the farmer of his own grange ; in springs King Henry out of a private lobby, where he was an invisible spectator of the Abbot's behaviour. ' My Lord,' quoth the Sing, ' presently deposit your hundred pounds in gold, or else, no going hence all the days of your life. I have been your physician, and demand my fee for the same.' The Abbot down with his dust nnd departed merry in heart to Reading." ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. ►ABBOT, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, died ;.l '?. Ii:;«. a-ed 71. A.BBOTSBURY Abbey, of Benedictines. Dorset, founded, 1026. A HI )ALLA, a beautiful and modest Arabian, father of Mahomet, flourished 625. ABEL, bom in the third year of the world. Killed by Cain 129, or B.C. 3874. ABELARt9, Peter, an eminent French scholar and philosopher, born near Nantes, 1079, died in the 63rd year of his age 1142. ABERBROTHICK, (Scotland) a noble abbey, founded by William the Lion, 1178. ABERCONWAY Castle. (Caernarvonshire) built in the reign of Edward L, 1284. ABERCORN, Scots earldom of, created 160G (fa- mily name Hamilton.) ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, born in 1738 ; served under the Duke of York 1785, died on board the Foudroyant, March 2S, 1801, in his 66th year. ABERDEEN, University of, founded 1477 ; King's College, founded 1500 ; Marischal College, found- ed 1 593. ABERDEEN, Scots earldom of, created 1784 ; (fa- mily name Gordon.) ABERNETHY, John, the Dissenting Minister, died 1740. aged 60. ABERNETHY, Dr. John, born 1765, died 1831. ' ABERRATION of the stars discovered by Dr. Bradley, 1726. ABERYSTWITH Castle, built in Henry I. reign ; burnt in that of his successor Stephen, 1142 ; ves- tiges of the castle still remain. ABIATHAR, High Priest of the Jews, divested of his priesthood, and banished by Solomon, B.C. 1014. ABIMELECH entered into a covenant with Abra- ham, Anno Mundi 2107. ABINGDON Abbey, built by Ethelwold, Bishop of Sherborne, in the reign of Edwy, 958. ABLE or ABEL, Thomas, an abettor of "The Holy Maid of Kent," hanged, drawn, and quar- tered, at Smithneld, in the reign of Henry VIII. 1540. ABNEY, Sir Thomas, who had a principal share in establishing the Bank of England, chosen Lord Mayor 1700, died 1722, aged 83. ABOUKIR, (Egypt) taken by the English, in 1801. ABRABANEL, Isaac, a Jew, born at Lisbon, 1437, became Counsellor to Alphonso V. and Ferdinand, the Catholic Kings of Portugal. ABRAHAM, the father and stock whence the faithful sprung, called B.C. 1921 ; entertained three angels BfC. 1897 ; offered up his son Isaac B.C. 1871 ; died B.C. 1821 ; aged 175. ABRAHAMITES, a religious sect, arose about the year 790. Joab as he was riuma hraim, B.C. 1023. id Emperor of the East, ABSALOM, killed by through the wood of Ei t ABSIMARUS proclaim 698. ABSTINENTS, a sect who abstained from wine, flesh, and marriage, arose about the year 170. ABUBEKER, the' first Caliph, and the immediate successor of Mahomet, died 634, aged 63. ACADEMIES. The principal in Europe founded as follows :— Berlin, 1700; Bologna, 1690 ; Brest, 1682; Caen, 1705; Copenhagen, 1753; Dublin, 1750; Florence, 1272 ; Geneva , 1715 ; Haerlem, 1760 ; Lisbon,1772 ; London, " The Royal," 1768 ; Lyons, 1700 ; Madrid, 1714 ; Milan, 1719 ; Naples, 1540; Padua, 1610; Paris, "of the Sarbonne," 1256 ; Petersburgh, 1724 ; Rome, for comic poetry, 1611 ; Stockholm, 1750 ; Toulon, 1682 ; Upsa'l, 1633 ; Venice, 1701 ; Warsaw, 1753. ACHILLES, the Grecian General, killed at the siege of Troy, B.C. 1184. ACRE taken by the Crusaders in the reign of Richard I., 1199. ACTS of the APOSTLES, written in the year 63. ADAM created B.C. 4004 ; died 3034 B.C." ADAMITES, a sect, whose followers went naked, established 130. ADDISON, Joseph, the Author of the " Spectator," born 1671 ; died June 17, 1719. ADMIRALTY COURT, first instituted 1347 ; in- corporated 1772. ADO, the historian, died 574. I ADRIAN, the Roman Emperor, born at Rome, Jan. 24, 76 ; died at Baiae, aged 63, 139. (He visited Britain and built a celebrated wall.) ADRIAN I., Pope, ascended the Papal throne 772. II., Pope, ascended the Papal throne SC7 ; III., Pope, died on a journey to Worms, 885. IV., the only Englishman made Pope ; died Sept. 1, 1159. V., Pope, succeeded Innocent V., 1276. VI., Pope, born 1459; died Sept. 14, died 872. 1523. ADRIANOPLE, taken by the Turks, from the Greeks 1362. ADVOCATES, Faculty of, founded a library in Scotland, 1660. iEGINHARD, Secretary to Charlemagne ; died 840. MLFRIC, an eminent monk, died 1005 ; buried at Abingdon. ^EMILIUS Paulus, the historian, died at Paris, May 5, 1529. AEROSTATION. Friar Bacon wrote on this sub- ject as early as 1292. Montgolfier's experiments, were made in 1782. Blanchard. and Jeffries crossed the straits of Dover, January 7, 1785. * ABBOT, George. This distinguished prelate, being in a declining state of health, used in the summer to go into Hampshire for the sake of recreation. He was invited by Lord Zouch to hunt in his park at Bramshill, near Basingstoke. Here he met with the greatest misfortune that ever befel him, for he accidentally killed the game-keeper with an arrow (shot from a cross bow) which he had aimed at one of the deer. This fatal accident threw him into a deep melancholy, and he ever afterwards kept a monthly fast on Tuesday, the day on which it happened. Advantage was taken of this misfortune to lessen him in the King's favour ; but his Majesty said, " An angel might have miscarried in this sort." t AB3IMARUS having dethroned Leontius, cut off his nose and ears, and shut him up in a monastery. Leontius himself was also an usurper. He had dethroned Justinian II., "who afterwards, with the assistance of the Bulgarians, surprized and took Constantinople, and made Absimarus prisoner. Justinian, now settled on the throne, and having both Absimarus and Leontius in his power, loaded them with chains, ordered them to lie down on the ground, and with a barbarous pleasure held a foot on the neck of each for the space of an hour, in the presence of the people, who, with shouts and exclamations, sung the words, which translated into English might read as follows :—" Thou shalt walk on the asp and on the basilisk, and tread on the lion and the dragon." J ADRIAN. The Latin verses this Emperor addressed to his soul, in a train of tender levity, have been the subject of numerous translations and criticisms, of which perhaps Pope's is the best ; it begins " Vital spark of heavenly flame," &c. Adrian's character was a strange combination of virtues and vices ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. jESCHlNES, the Grecian orator, born at Athens, B.C. 327. .-'KSCIIYLUS, the tragic poet, born at Athens in the 63rd Olympiad. J5SOP, the celebrated Phyrgian fabulist, lived about the 50th Olympiad. jESOP CLODIUS, a famous actor, flourished about the 670th vear of Rome. AET1US, the Arian, born in Syria about the year AFRICA. The Cape of Good Hope discovered 1-184. AFRICAN ASSOCIATION, established 1788; Siena Leona Company incorporated 1791. AGARD, the Antiquarian, born in Derbyshire. 1540 ; died 1616. AGARIC of the oak, first known as a styptic, or stancher of blood, June 1750. AGELNORTH, made Archbishop of Canterbury 1020. AGESILAUS, King of the Lacedemonians, died in the 3rd vear of the 104th Olympiad. « AGINCOURT, Battle of, fought Oct. 25, 1415. AGITATORS, set up by Cromwell to take care of the interests of the army 1647. AGUONBY, Chaplain to James I., died 1609. AGRARIAN Laws, published about the year of Rome 268. AGRIA besieged by the Turks 1552 ; taken by Ma- homet 1596 ; under the dominion of the house of Austria since 1687. AGR1COLA built the rampart of division between England and Scotland, with the chain of castles from the Forth to the Clyde, A.D. 84. AGRICOLA, George, a German physician, born 1195. AGRIPPA, Cornelius, born at Cologne 1486. AGRIPPA, Herod, born B.C. 3 years; died, eaten of worms, A.D. 44. AHAB, sonofOmri, Ring of Israel, iucci father, A.M. 3086. AIRMAN, William, a painter of considerable emi- nence, born in Scotland, 1682. AILMER, Earl of Cornwall, founded the Abbey ot : Cernell, Dorset, 1016. AILRED, Abbot of Revesby, Lincolnshire, born 1109. afterwards sainted. AINSWORTH, Dr. Henry, Divine, wrote in de- fence of the Brownists' 1590. AINSWORTH, Robert, author of a celebrated Dictionary, born 1660. died 1743 AIR GUNS, invented by Guter, of Nuremburg 1656. AIR PUMPS, invented by Geruke, of Magdeburgh, 1650. AITON, William, an eminent botanist, born 1731. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, a city in Germany, destroyed by the Huns 451 ; Treaty of Peace concluded here between France and Spain 1688; and between Great Britain and France 1748 ; taken by the French 1792, retaken 1794. AKENSIDE, Mark, poet and physician, born Nov. 9, 1721 ; died June 23, 1770. ALABASTER, William, an English divine, author of Roxana, a Tragedy. ALAIN, Chartier, secretary to Charles VII. king of France, born 1386. ALAMANDUS, Lewis, beatified by the Pope 1527. ALAMANNI, Lewis, poet, born at Florence 1495. ALAMOS, Balthasar, a Spanish writer, his works published at Madrid 1614. ALAN, Cardinal William, born 1532 at Rossal, Lancashire. ALARIC, the Goth, took Rome by treachery, 400 ; died 411. ALASCO, a Polish nobleman, expelled his country for preaching Protestantism, died 1560. t ALBAN, St., suffered martyrdom 286. Although he was affable, courteous, and liberal, yet he was capricious and unsteady in his attachments, and violent in his resentments ; he was distrusted b*- '.lis friends but dreaded by his enemies. * AGINCOURT. Henry V., undaunted by dangers and difficulties, proceeded from Harfleur by easy journeys, that he might not fatigue his troops, or discourage them by the appearance of a flight, observing the strictest discipline, and paying generously for every thing he received, which induced the country people to bring provisions to his camp. He fared as ill as the meanest soldier, although he always ap- peared with a cheerful countenance. At this village he resolved to hazard an action, as the only means of preserving his little army from destruction. Overhearing some of his nobles express a wish that the many brave men, lying idle in England, were present to assist them, " No I" he cried aloud, " I would not have one man more — if we are defeated we are too many ; if it shall please God to give us the victory, as I trust he will, the smaller our number the greater our glory !" The French spent the night in noisy festivity, exulting in their numbers, yet eventually they lost the battle. t ST. ALBAN is said to have been the first person who suffered martyrdom for Christianity in Great Britain; he is, therefore, usually styled the protomartyr of this island. He was born at Verulam, and flourished towards the end of the third century. In his youth he took a journey to Rome, in company with Amphibalus, a monk of Caerleon, and served seven years as a soldier, under the emperor Dioclesian. On his return home, he renounced the errors of Paganism, in which he had been educated, and became a con- vert to the Christian religion. Authors differ as to the time of his martyrdom. The venerable Bede fixes it in 286, but Usher reckons it among the events of 303. In our Chronology we have followed the former. The story and circumstances relating to his martyrdom, according to Bede, are as follows :— " It not being generally known he was a Christian, he ventured to entertain Amphibalus at his house. The Roman governor receiving information of this circumstance, sent a party of soldiers to apprehend Amphibalus, but Alban, putting on the habit of his guest, generously presented himself in his stead, and was carried before that magistrate. The governor asked him of what family he was. Alban replied, 'To what purpose do you inquire of my family 1 if you would know my religion, I am a Christian— my name is Alban, audi worship the only true and living God, who created all things.' The magistrate replied, 'If you would enjoy the happiness of eternal life, delay not to sacrifice to the great gods ' Alban answered, ' The sacrifices you offer are made to devils ; neither can they help the needy, or grant the petitions of their votaries.' His behaviour so enraged the governor, that he ordered him immediately to be beheaded. In his way to execution he was stopped by a river, over which was abridge, so thronged with spectators, that it was impossible to cross it. The saint, as we are told, lifted up his eyes to heaven, and the stream ■ as miraculously divided, and afforded a passage for himself and a thousand more persons. [Although ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. A.LBANI, a famous painter of Bologna, born 1578, died 1660. ALBICRONI, Julius, Cardinal, born 1664, died 1752. *ALBERTUS, Magnus, Bishop of Ratisbon, died at Cologne, T280. ALBIGENSES, a sect of Church Reformers who sprung up in the 12th century. ALCjEUS, a lyric poet, born at Mitylene, in the Isle of Lesbos, flourished in the 41th Olympiad. ALCIBIADES, an Athenian General died 404 B.C. ALCOCK (John), Doctor of Laws, made Bishop of Ely in 1486. ^ ALC'UINUS, Flaccus, the friend of Charlemagne, died 804 ; courtiers denominated him " the Em- peror's delight." ALCYONIUS (Peter), author of the celebrated " Treatise on Banishment," flourished in the 17th century. ALDHELM, or ADELM (St.), Bishop of Sherborn, died 709. ' ALDRED, Abbot of Tavistock, made Bishop of Worcester, 1046. ALDRICH (Dr. Henr}), an eminent English divine and musical composer, born 1647. ALE HOUSES in England first licensed 1551 ; they existed however from the earliest times. ALEANDER, Jerome, Cardinal, born 1480, died at Rome, 1542. ALFRED, fourth son of Ethel wolf, born 849 at Wan- tage, Berks ; succeeded his brother, Ethelredl. on the throne of England, 872 ; took London from the Danes, besieged Rochester, and drove them to their ships, 882 ; he divided England into counties and hundreds, built the University of Oxford, took a survey of England, and formed a body of laws, which, though now lost, is generally esteemed the origin of Common Law. He was thrice married : By his first queen he had two sons and a daughter ; by his second, two sons and five daughters ; and by his third, two sons and two daughters. He died 900, and was succeeded by his second son Edward the Elder. ALEMBERT, an eminent French philosopher, born at Paris 1717. ALER, Paul, a French Jesuit, author of the cele- brated " Gradus ad Parnassum," in use in all the schools of Europe, died 1727. ALGEBRA, Treatise on, written by Diophantus350. ALIEN PRIORIES, seized by the King, 1337. ALLEGIANCE, Oath of, first administered 1606, altered 1689. ALMANAC STAMPS increased 1781 ; the duty repealed 1834. ALRESFORD, Hants, destroyed by fire 1660. ALTARS, first consecrated 1334. ALTHORP, (Lord) brought in a bill for amending the Poor Laws, April 17, 1834. AMERICA discovered by Columbus, 1492. AMPHITRITE, this ship conveying female convicts to New South Wales, lost on the Boulogne sands, August 31, 1833. ANABAPTISTS first appeared 1525 ; chose Buc- hold of Levden their king, 1533. ANABAPTIST Meeting houses established 1640. ANACREON the Greek poet, died B.C. 474. ANNE BOLEYN, married to King Henry VIII. 1532 ; falsely charged with incest and beheaded 1536. ANNE OF CLEVES, Henry the Eighth's fourth wife, died 1577. ANNE, Queen of England, began to reign 1702 ; died of a fever and lethargy 1714. ANGELO, Michael, an eminent Italian painter, died 1564, ANOINTING first used at English coronations, 872. ANTHEMS first introduced, A.D. 386. ANTHONY, Saint, born in Egypt, 251. ANTINOMIANS, a sect who teaches thai; good works do not promote or ill works hinder our sal- vation ; took their origin from John Agricola, about 153S. ANTIOCH, a city of Syria, Queen of the East for 1600 years, now a miserable and ruinous town almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake, 587. does not mention the name of the river, we suppose the miracle will not be the less believed.] This wonder- ful event converted the executioner on the spot, who threw away his drawn sword, and falling at St. Alban's feet, desired he might have the honour of dying with him. This sudden conversion of the heads- man occasioned a delay in the execution till another person could be got to perform the office. St. Alban walked up to a neighbouring hill, where he prayed for water to quench his thirst, and a fountain sprung up under his feet. The executioner is said to have been a signal example of divine vengeance, for as soon as he gave the fatal stroke, his eyes dropt out of his head." — See St. Albans. * ALBERTUS Magnus, was a Dominican friar, and one of the most learned men and a celebrated doc- tor of the 13th century. He is said to have acted as a man-midwife, and some have been highly offended that one of his profession should follow such an employment. In a book he had written, there are several instructions for midwives, and so much skill shown in the art, that one would think the author could not have arrived at it without having practised himself. It has been alleged that he used some words in one of his works rather too gross for chaste and delicate ears. In his own vindication, he says, he came to the knowledge of so many monstrous things at confession, that it was impossible to avoid touching upon such questions. The bishops of the present time would undoubtedly think the office of man-midwife derogatory to their dignity. t ST. ANTHONY. He inherited a large fortune, which he distributed among the poor and retired into a desert to live in perfect solitude. Many ridiculous stories are told of his conflicts with the devil, and of his miracles. Seven epistles still extant are attributed to him. He is sometimes represented with a fire by his side, to signify his relieving persons from the inflammation called after his name ; but in these pictures he is always accompanied with a hog, on account of his having been a swine-herd, and professing to L-u re all disorders in that animal. In Stephen's " World of Wonders," are the following singular rhymes : — Once fedd'st thou Anthony, an herd of swine, And now an herd of monks thou feedest still. For wit and gut alike, both charges bin ; (are) Both loven filth alike ; both like to fill Their greedy paunch alike : nor was that kind More beastly, sottish, swinish, than this last. All else agrees : one fault I onty find, Thou faedest not thy monks with oaken mast. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 4.NTONINUS, 1'ius, a good and wise Roman Em* I peror, bom 86. ANTONINUS' WALL. The third rampart of ■, built by the Romans against the incur- sions of the North Britons, [40. ANTONIUS, (Marcus), a famous Roman orator, made consul in the year of Rome (>53. » APELLES, a celebrated Greek painter, flourished about 384 years B.C. APOCALYPSE, or The Revelations of St. John, were written in the Isle of Fatmos, A.D. 96. APOTHECARIES exempted from civil offices, in the year 1712. AQUINAS, (Thomas), styled the "Angelical Doc- tor," who refused the Archbishopric of Naples, died 1274. ARABIANS (The) took the names of Saracens, 622. ARBACES, who dethroned Sardanapalus, and began the monarchy of the Medes, which lasted 317 years, under nine Kings, died A.M. 3206. ARBUTHNOT, (Alexander), the mathematician, poet, and divine, died at Aberdeen, 1583. ARBUTHNOT, (John), M.D., of whom Dean Swift said " that he had more wit than all his friends, died and his humanity was equal to In. svii Feb. 1731. ARC, (Joan of), the Maid of Orleans, one of the most famous heroines of history, was cruelly burnt to death in the market-place of Rouen, June 1431. ARCTIC EXPEDITION. Captain Rossarrivedat Hull, after an absence of four years, when all hope of his return was abandoned, Oft. 1H, 1833. ARCHBISHOPS first known in the east, 320. t ARCHERY introduced by the Saxons in the time of Vortigf in. ARCHILOCIH'S, the Greek poet and satirist, who when provoked to invectives, was compared " to a trodden serpent," flourished B.C. 700. ARCHIMEDES, one of the most eminent of the ancient mathematicians, born B.C. 180. ARCHITECTURE was first carried to any con- siderable pitch by the Tynans. AREOPAGUS, the famous senate of A thens, cele- brated for its impartial decrees, and for hearing all causes in the dark, established B.C. 1509. ARIANS, followers of Arius, who maintained that Christ was inferior to God, and wholly denied his divinity, arose about 315. * APELLES was born in the island of Cos, and was in high favour with Alexander the Great. He executed a picture of this Prince. hoi ding a thunderbolt in his hand, whicn was finished with so much skill, that it was said that there were two Alexanders ; one invincible, the son of Philip— the other, inimitable the production of Apelles. "What is called grace, was the characteristic of this artist. His pencil was so famous for drawing fine lines, that Protogenes discovered by a single line, that Apelles had been at his house. Protogenes lived at Rhodes. Apelles sailed thither, and went to his house with great eagerness, to see the works of an artist who was known to him only by name. Protogenes was from home; but an old woman was left watching a large piece of canvass. She told Apelles that Protogenes was gone out, and inquired his name, that she might inform her master. " Tell him, (says Apelles), he was inquired for by this person," at the same time taking up a pencil, he drew on the canvass a line of great delicacy. When Protogenes returned, the old woman acquainted him with what had happened. That artist, upon con templating the fine stroke of the line, immediately pronounced that Apelles had been there ; for so finished a work could be produced by no other person. Protogenes, however, himself drew a finer line of a different colour ; and, as he was going away, ordered the old woman to show that line to Apelles if he came again : and to say, " This is the person for whom you are inquiring." Apelles returned, and saw the line: he would not for shame be overcome, and, therefore, with great care, in a different colour from the two former lines, drew another so exquisitely delicate, that it was impossible for the art of man to produce a finer stroke. Protogenes immediately acknowledged the superiority of Apelles, made inquiries in search of him, and ordered the lines thus drawn to be preserved for the admiration of future artists. It is well known that Alexander forbade any one but Apelles to paint his portrait, but he cherished the fine arts more from vanity than taste. " Alexander (says Elian) having viewed the picture of himself, which was at Ephesus, did not praise it as it deserved. But when a horse was brought in, and neighed at seeing the figure of a horse in the picture, as though it had been a real horse. ' Oh King, (said Apelles.) this horse seems to be by far a better judge than you.' " And this is not the only instance in which horses drawn by him were mistaken for real ones. t ARCHERY. ' The bow was the ancient implement of war in most countries, and, by the expertness of the archers alone, has often decided the fate of nations. The English were considered the best archers in Europe, and by their means many victories were obtained. William the Conquerer had a great number of bowmen at the battle of Hastings, but no mention is made of such troops on the side of Harold. It appears that Richard L, " the lion-hearted," was killed by an arrow at the seige of Limoges, which is said to have issued from a cross-bow. After this, we have nothing relating to archery on record for nearly 150 years, when, in the time of Edward III. an order was issued to the Sheriffs of most of the English counties for providing 500 white bows, and 500 bundles of arrows, for the then intended war against France. There were similar orders repeated in the following years, but with this difference, that the Sheriff was to furnish 500 painted bows, as well as the same number In white. At the battle of Cressy, a large body of Genoese soldiers, were particularly expert in the management of these weapons, ami assisted the French on that memorable occasion, using their bows; yet, even their efforts, Mere inef- fectual when opposed to the archery of the English. Previous to the commencement of the battle then- fell a sharp shower of rain, which wetted the strings of the cross-bows, and, as we are told, in a great measure prevented the archers from doing their usual execution. In the ages of chivalry, the usage of the bow was considered as an essential part of the education of a young man, who wished to make a figure in life. And here we hope our indulgent readers will pardon the intrusion of an extract from an old ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. ARISTIPPUS the philosopher, flourished B.C. 392. ARBTODEMUS, king of the Messinians, killed Ids own daughter to save his country, B.C. 715, and about six years after, destroyed himself upon her Crave. ARITHMETIC, first brought into Europe from Arabia, 941. ARMADA, the Spanish; 130 ships, with 50,000 men destined to invade England, arrived in the chan- nel, July 1583, but were dispersed by a storm. ARMS (French) first quartered with the English, 1358. ARMS, coats of, first used in the reign of Richard I. ARMSTRONG, Dr. John, an eminent physician and poet, born in Roxburghshire, published "The Art of preserving Health," 1744; he died Sep- tember 1779. ARMY, the first authenticated account of" a stand- ing army is that of Philip of Macedon. In modern times that of Charles VII. of France is the first. Established 1445. ARNE, Mich. Musical Doctor, wrote the Opera called Artaxerxes, 1762 ; he died March 5, 1778. ARTHUR, King, the celebrated hero of the Bri- tons, whose life was a continued scene of wonders, began to reign, 508. ARTICLES of Religion"(42), published by the clergy without consent of parliament, 1552 ; the 42 were reduced to 39, January 1563. ARTIFICERS prohibited leaving England, 1736. ARTILLERY, the era of, dated from the battle of Cressy, in 1346 ; the firelock invented about 1586. ARTILLERY (Company) a band of infantry who made part of the city guard, and consisted of 600 men, instituted 1600. ARUNDELIAN MARBLES, containing the chro- nology of ancient history, from 1582 to 355 B.C., found in the isle of Paros about 1610. ASAPH, St. died 590. ASCHAM, Roger, secretary to Mary and Elizabeth, born about 1515, died 1568. ASCUE, Ann, burnt for heresy (denying the real presence), 1546. She was first racked at the Tower, in the presence of the Lord Chancellor* who, throwing off his gown, drew the rack him- self so severely, that he almost tore her body asunder. ASH WEDNESDAY, Fast of, instituted by Pope Felix III. 487. ASHMOLE, Elias, the antiquarian born 1617, died 1692. ASHTON, Mr. murdered 1831. James Garside and Joseph Mosely executed for the murder, Novem- ber 25, 1834, ASPARAGUS first introduced into England 1602. ASSASSINS, The, were a body of men who pos- sessed twelve cities near Tyre, and whose trade was murder ; killed their king 1257. ASTLEY, Philip, the founder of the Royal Amphi- theatre, near Westminster Bridge, born 1742 ; erected the theatre 1780, died 1814. ASTRONOMY, first carefully studied in Europe about 1201 ; books of Astronomy and Geometry all destroyed as infected by magic, 1552. ATHANASIUS, St. the first Christian clergyman, made bishop of Alexandria, 326; died May 2, 375, aged 73. ATHELSTAN made king of Kent -by his father Ethelwolf, 848, died about 853. ATHELSTAN the natural son and successor of Edward the Elder, crowned King of England, at Kingston, 925, died 941. AUCTIONS were scarcely known in England before 1706 ; a duty on goods sold in that manner laid on, 1777. AUGUSTIN, St. a father of the Latin church, born 354, baptized 387, died 431 . AURUNGZEBE the Great Mogul died 1707 aged 90. AUSTEN, Jane, the highly gifted authoress of many excellent novels, born 1775, died July 18, 1817. AUSTRIA, Russia, and Prussia, together with Great Britain, concluded a treaty at Vienna, binding themselves to maintain the treaty of Paris, and to each keep 150,000 men in the field, and • not lay down their arms until Buonaparte was conquered, March 25, 1815. poetical legend of the ballad kind, wherein, Adam Bell, Clym of the Cloughe, and William of Cloudesle, are introduced to shoot before the king, and that too, for their lives. The butts were set up by the king's archers, and they were censured by Cloudesle, who said " I hold h3Tn never no good archer, That shoteth at buttes so wide :" and having procured two " hasell roddes," he set them up at the distance of four hundred yards from each other ; his first attempt in shooting at them, contrary to the expectation of the king, was successful, for it is observed that, " Cloudesle with a bearing arrow Clave the wand in two." The king being surprised at the performance, told him, " he was the best archer he ever saw." Cloudesle then proposed to shew him a yet more remarkable proof of his skill, and tied his eldest son, a child only seven years old, to a stake, and placed an apple upon his head ; one hundred and twenty yards were measured from the stake, and Cloudesle went to the end of the measurement, he first entreated the spec- tators to be silent, " And then drew out a fayre brode arrowe ; Hys bow was great and long, He set that arrowe in his bowe That was both styffe and stronge. Then Cloudesle cleft the apple in two As many a man myghte see, • Over God's forbode then sayde the kynge, That thou snolde shote at me." King Henry VII. was celebrated for his sksL in archery, and even amused himself with the bow, after he had obtained the crown. Among his memorandums, we find, " Lost to my Lord Morging, at buttes, six shillings and eight-pence. Both the sons of Henry followed his example. Archery is now principally practised by ladies, as a matter of diversion during the summer months. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. BABEL, (Tower dT) f began to "be built 2247 before Christ, which continued buildin BABYLON, (The Kingdom of ), founded by Nhn- rod, 2640; conquered by Cyrus, who founded the Persian Empire, 636 ; revolted, but wa3 re- covered two years after by a stratagem of Z i- pirns, 612; taken by Darius, after a siege of J'J months, 510 before Christ. BACHELORS at the age of 25 taxed, 1695. BACON, (Roger), born 1214; died 12U2. , (Sir Francis), died 1626. BADEN. (Congress of), at 1714. BAGDAD, built by the Caliph Almansur, 762, and became the capital of the Saracen empire ; but, being taken by the Tartars in 1258, their empire ceased. BALLS, (Cannon), made of stone, were in use until 1514. BANK Stock Sinking Fund, established 1716; Three per Cent. Annuities, created 1726; Throe per Cent. Consols, ditto 1731; Three per Cent. Reduced, 1746; Four per Cent. Consols, 1762. BANK of England incorporated, 1594; Scotch Bank created, 1695 ; Bank of Ireland opened, 1783. BANNOCKBLRN Battle fought, June 25, 1311. BANQUO murdered by Macbeth, BARBERS are of high antiquit j ; they an of as ha id their profession 300 yean before ' BAUDS, (Welch), who celebrated the praises of their heroes in Bongs at entertainments ; were re- gulated by Gryffytn ap Conan, King of Wales, 1078. * BARLOW, (William), Bishop of Chichester, died 1508. BARNABAS, (St.), stoned to death about 50. BAR.NET. (Battle of), fought between the Earl of Warwick and Edward IV., April 14, 1471. t BAROMETERS invented by Torcelli, a Flo- rentine. 1643. BARONETS first created, 1611 ; ditto, of Scotland, May 28, 1625. BARONS attended Parliament in complete armour in Henry III.'s reign. BARRISTERS first appointed by Edward I. in the year 1291. BARROW, (Rev. Dr. Isaac), the mathematician, died 1077. * BARLOW, (William), was descended from an ancient family in Wales, and born in the county of Essex. From his youth, he favoured the reformation, and travelled into Germany, to be instructed by the celebrated Luther. It appears that he now was principally engaged in writing against the Romish church, although he was a canon of St. Osyth, near Colchester, and studied with the brothers of that order. After this, he was made prior of Bisham, in Berkshire, but on the dissolution of monasteries, he resigned with cheerfulness, and issued a treatise, persuading other abbots to follow his example. This conduct pleased Henry VIII. so much, that he speedily raised Dr. Barlow to a bishoprick, and with the subserviency common to the times, he, on his appointment, wrote to the King the following epistle : — " Prayse be to God, who of his infinite goodness and mercy inestymable hath brought me out of darknesse into light, and from deadly ignorance into the quick knowledge of the truth. From which, through the fiend's instigation and false persuasions, I have greatly swerved, in so much that I have made certayn bokes, and have suf- fered them to be emprinted, as the treatise of the ' Buryall of the Ma»m., &c.' In these treatises I per- ceive and acknowledge myself grievously to have erred ; namely, against the blessed sacrament of the altar, disallowing the masse, and denying purgatory, with slanderous infamy of the Pope, and my Lord Cardinal, and outrageously railing against the clergy, which I have forsaken, and utterly renounce. Asks pardon, William Barlow." Notwithstanding these protestations, when Edward VI. came to the crown, he was again a Protestant, and for that reason, on Queen Mary's accession, was deprived of his bishopric, and imprisoned in the Fleet, where he continued for some time : fortunately, he found means to escape, and after many difficulties he joined the other English Protestants who had taken refuge from Catholic persecution in Germany. On Queen Elizabeth's elevation to the throne, our prelate was recalled to England, and raised to the see of Chichester, in which cathedral he lies buried. It is rather singular, that he had five daughters, and each of them married a bishop. It is said we are indebted to him for the translation of the Apocrypha, as far as the book of " Wisdom." t BAROMETERS are now generally known by th-: name of weather glasses, from their being prin- cipally used in a fore-knowledge of the weather; their phenomena are as follows: — 1. The rising of the mercury presages in general fair weather ; and its falling, foul weather ; as rain, snow, high winds, and storms. 2. In very hot weather, the falling of the mercury fore-shows thunder. 3. In winter, the rising presages frost ; and in frosty weather, if the mercury falls three or four divisions, there will certainly follow a thaw. But in a continued frost, if the mercury rises, it will certainly snow. 4 When foul weather happens soon after the falling of the mercury, expect but little of it ; and, on the contrary, expect but little fair weather, when it proves fair shortly after the mercury has risen. 5. In foul weather, when the mercury rises much, and high, and thus continues for two or three days before the foul weather is quite over, then expect a continuance of fair weather to follow. 6. In fair weather, when the mercury falls much, and low, and thus continues for two or three days before the rain comes, then expect a great deal of wet, and probably high winds. 7. The unsettled motion of the mercury denotes uncertain and changeable weather. And, lastly, observes Mr. Patrick, the writer of the foregoing remarks, it appears that it is not so much the height of the mercury in the tube that indicates the weather, as the motion of it up and down. Dr. Halley gives us the following account of the phenomena connected with the barometer : " In calm weather, when there is an appearance of rain, the mercury is commonly low, and," continues he, " upon very great winds, though they be not accompanied with rain, the mercury sinks lowest of all ; although, after very great storms of wind, when the mercury has been very low, it generally rises again very fa~t." ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. * BARTHELMY, John, James, a celebrated lite- rary character, born Jan. 1716. BARTHOLOMEW, St. martyred, Am*. 24, 71. BARTLEMAN, the most celebrated, bass singer of his day ; one of the proprietors and conductors of the Hanoyer-square rooms, died 1820. BARTOLOZZI, Francis, the celebrated engraver, and the first who beautifully executed the red- dotted chalk manner of engraving, died 1816, in his S8th year. BARTON, Elizabeth, the " Holy Maid of Kent," first known in Kent as a servant-maid in 1525, hanged at Tyburn, 1534. f BASTILE taken by the Parisian populace, July 14, 1789. BATH, Order of the, instituted by Richard II. BA'TTERSEA BRIDGE, built 1772. I BATTLE, trial by, first instituted, about 500 * BARTHELMY, was born at a little sea-port town on the Mediterranean, and at twelve years of age he was sent to school at Marseilles ; at an early age he was profoundly instructed in the Oriental languages, his reputation rose very high, and he was considered a youth of uncommon promise. One day, ten or twelve of the merchants of Marseilles, introduced a person to him who had implored their charity on the Exchange, observing that he alleged, " he was by birth a Jew, and had been raised on account of his great learning to the dignity of a Rabbin; but having perceived, in consequence of his studies, that the Christian was the true religion, he had become a convert ; besides this, he wished to be confronted with some learned man as to the truth of what he alleged. Barthelmy was not twenty-one years of age, yet he was immediately selected to try whether any imposition was practised, and young as he was, on retiring from the contest, he gained the character of a prodigy of eastern learning. What can more forcibly show the mutability of the fortune of men who depend on literature for support than this of Barthelmy, who, after having possessed an ample income during more tnan twenty years, found himself when at the last stage of existence, reduced to live on a mere pittance, scarcely supporting the indispensable necessaries of life. When he was seventy-eight years of age, the greater part of which had been spent in literary toils, an event occurred calculated to excite the most bitter indignation. This feeble old man was denounced as an aristocrat, and several of his companions were included in the imaginary guilt. A warrant was im- mediately issued against them. When Barthelmy received it, he instantly arose and fearlessly took leave of Madame de Choiseul, with whom he was sitting ; and such was the respect paid to the excellence of his virtue and the brilliancy of his talents, that even the gaoler, when he was introduced into the dreary walls of the prison, paid the utmost attention to him. In the 3-ear 1794, some years after his release, his approaching dissolution was apparent to every one but himself, for his fainting fits became longer than they had. been, and more frequent On the 25th of April he dined with Madame de Choiseul, but in the course of the night he became so weak that he was unable to ring the bell, and in the morning when his servant entered, he was found with his feet in bed and his head on the floor of his chamber, entirely de- prived of sensation though not of life. It is remarkable that he read Horace as if nothing ailed him within an hour of his death ; yet, while he read, his hands turned cold and he was unable to support the book, which fell to the ground. His head reclined on one side, and his nephew, as well as his attendants, sup- posed him asleep, but, alas ! it was the sleep of death ; this learned man had ceased to exist. f THE BASTILE, of Paris, was chiefly used for the custody of state-prisoners, or we may perhaps more properly say the purposes of the most unfeeling despotism, for all that was done in this odious castle was arbitrary. Each prisoner when he entered was closely examined ; his trunks were unlocked, his pockets picked, and his baggage ransacked, to discover any political papers, if he had any in his possession ; nor where any knives, watches, razors, canes, jewels, or money allowed them ; and if they had no servants of their own, they waited upon themselves, even to the making oi their beds and fire. They had when first confined, neither books, ink, or paper. They were never anticipated in any thing ; for even before any one could be shaved, he must ask it as a favour. The officials of this iniquitous prison treated the unhappy sufferers with insolence, and fatigued them by multiplied interrogatories ; promises, caresses, and menaces, were amongst the means used to elicit a confession ; which, if the prisoner made, the com- missioners told him that they had no authority for his enlargement, but had every reason to expect it ; thus exposing the unhappy victim to fresh vexations, and making him endure the misery of " hope de- ferred." We could fill our volume with a list of the prisoners confined in this horrible place, but our limits do not admit of it ; we must desist. I BATTLE in Law, or Trial by wager of Battle, is of great antiquity, but is now entirely disused. Doubtless it arose from the superstition of our ancestors, who wished to make a presumptuous appeal to Almighty God, under the unwarrantable hope that heaven would give the victory to him who had the right. An ancient MS., speaking of the " Tryal by Battle," says, " a piece of ground is set out sixty-feet square, enclosed with lists, and the court sits at sunrising, when proclamation is made for the champions, who are introduced by two knights.;" it appears, however, that these champions were only allowed the use ofbatons or staves, of aft ell. in lengtn, and a four cornered leather target, so that death very seldom ensued. Each champion taking the other by the hand, repeated the words following:— " Hear this, ye justices, that this day I ha??> neither ate, drank, nor have upon me neither bone, stone, nor grass ; nor any ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. BAXTER, (Richard), the celebrated non-coniormist divine, born 1015. BAYLE, an eminent critic and philosopher, born 1647. BAYLE, a French physician and anatomist, died prematurely in 1817. BAYLEY, (William), the astronomer, who went out with Captain Cook in his second and third voyage, died 1810. BAYONETS first used by the French 1693. BAZIN, (James Rigomer), who figured as an anarchist in the French revolution, was killed in a duel, 1821. BEADS first used in Romish devotion, 1093. BEARDS were never more worn in England than in the 10th century. BEATTIE, (James), LL.D., a pleasing poet, born, 1735. BEAUFORT, (Henry), Bishop of Winchester, who has been immortalized by Shakspeare's pomtray- ing the horrors of his death-bed; died, 1447. BEAUMONT, (Sir George), the artist who pre- sentedmany very valuable pictures to the National Gallery; died, Feb. 7, 1827. * BEAUMONT an I FLETCHER, two poets, who lived in the time of James I. t BECKET, (St. Thomas a), murdered, 1171. enchantment, sorcery, orwitchcraft.whereby the law of God may be abased, or the law of the devil exalted. So help me Heaven and the Saints. The last attempt to revive the trial by wager of battle took place in the year 1818. Abraham Thornton was tried at the Warwick assizes for the rape and murder of Mary Ashford, at Eardington, in the neighbourhood of Birmingham, whose body was found in a pond; the trial excited the greatest horror and sympathy, but the evidence, though very strong, was merely circum- stantial, and a verdict of acquittal was pronounced ; the next of kin obtained a writ of appeal, which subjects the party to another trial, and Thornton was again taken into custody, and personally appeared in the Court of King's Bench, offering, according to ancient custom " wager of battle." After the matter being solemnly argued, the Judges decided that the right of defence by this mode was coeval with the right of prosecution by appeal, and young Ashford being but a boy, the challenge was declined, and Thornton was discharged. For particulars of this alleged murder see Eardington. * BEAUMONT and FLETCHER, whose names are seldom unconnected, were two excellent poets, and dramatic writers, and from the constancy of their friendship, it has not been judged improper to speak of them together. Beaumont was born in Leicestershire, and educated at Oxford ; his dramatic con- nection with Fletcher took place before he was twenty years of age, although Fletcher was ten years older. With regard to the individual share he had in the plays published under their joint names, all that is known on the subject may be gathered from the preliminary matter of the edition of their works, published in 1778. It is said that Fletcher was luxuriantly redundant, and Beaumont possessed judgment to prune these redundancies. The first survived his coadjutor some years, but at length died of the plague in the year 1625, and was interred in the church of St. Mary Overy, Southwark. Beaumont was buried in Westminster Abbey, but no stone marks the spot where his ashes repose. t BECKET, (Thomas), Lord High Chancellor of England, and Archbishop of Canterbury. It is said that his father, Gilbert Becket, went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but a party of Saracens surprized him as he was crossing the Desert, and carried him into slavery. Here his master's daughter fell in love with him, and even followed him to London after his escape from thraldom. Her heroic affection struck him with surprize, and, after consulting with the bishops, he baptized her by the name of Matilda, and married her. From this marriage proceeded the high-spirited and haughty St. Thomas a Becket, the subject of the present article, who excommunicated all his opposers. Henry II. was highly offended at the conduct of this prelate, and is reported to have said, "I am an unhappy prince, I maintain a great many lazy and insignificant persons about me, and there are none who have gratitude or spirit enough to revenge one on a single insolent prelate, who gives me so much annoyance." No sooner were the words of the king expressed, than four gentlemen determined to take the archbishop's life, and this murderous de- sign they executed in the cathedral church of Canterbury, where Becket bowed his head to receive the fatal stroke, on the 29th of December, 1171. The assassins trembled, as all murderers do ; they were afraid they had gone too far, and dare not return to the king, but shut themselves up in a room at Knaresborough, in Yorkshire ; and, so much were they hated, that no person would even deign to eat or drink with them. At last, they determined to go to Rome, to see if the Pope would not condescend to order some penance to relieve their consciences : but their journey did not end here ; the head of the church, Alexander III., sent them to Jerusalem, to spend the remainder of their lives in the most penitential aus- terities, and, even after their death, their bodies were to be buried without the church-door. King Henry, either was, or pretended to be, horror-stricken at the mournful intelligence of Becket's death. All the offices of the church of Canterbury ceased ; nor were they allowed to be resumed, until it had been consecrated afresh. Two years after, Becket was canonized, and King Henry, immediately on his return to England, when he came within sight of the church, alighted from his horse, and walked barefoot in the habit of a pilgrim to his tomb ; here he knelt upon the bare stones, allowed the monks to flog him, and for one whole day and night he prayed without refreshment prostrate upon the cold floor of the cathedral. A splendid shrine enclosed the bones of Becket, and an immense concourse of the nobility and other persons flocked to pay their devotional honours at his tomb. Yet, it appears, that the dead, as well as the living, are subject to the mutabilities of fortune, for in the reign of Henry VIII. this rich shrine was pillaged, and c 10 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. BEDE, the venerable historian, died 735. BEER, none in England until about 1492, though a drink railed Ale, was of much higher antiquity. BEETHOVEN, a very eminent musical composer, born 1770 ; he died at the age of 57. BEGUINS, nuns who are allowed to marry ; their order established 1208. BEHEADING noblemen, first used in England 1074. BELL, (Andrew) the founder of the National Sys- tem of Education, made an experiment of his s}'s- tem at Madras 1798 ; he died Jan. 28, 1832. BELLS used by the Jews in Aaron's time. not much known in England until 590. Nan- kin and Pekin in China, were famous for their bells ; one at the latter place is said to have weighed 12,000 pounds. BELZONI, the celebrated Egyptian traveller, died Dec. 3, 1823. BENGER, (Eliza) the historian and biographer, died Jan. 9, 1827. * BENTHAM, (Jeremy) a celebrated political writer, died June 1832, in the 85th year of his age. I S even the dead saint cited to appear in court, and not appearing, (we need not inform our readers it was ! impossible) he was tried and condemned as a traitor ; and as Henry could not strike off his head, he ordered his name to be struck out of the calendar of saints, his unoffending bones to be burnt, and the ashes to be scattered to the winds. * JEREMY BENTHAM. " This eminent and excellent man died at his residence in Queen-square, Westminster. During an unhealthy season he had been subject to repeated attacks of bronchitis, but as he had recovered from them with so much vigour, it was considered by many that he would return to his former health, and he again received the visits of distinguished foreigners, and of public men with whom he was in the habit of friendly intercourse, and it was believed he would have been able to continue his labours for several years to come. Several days before his death, he had taken up the portion of his manuscripts for the third volume of his unpublished Constitutional Code, which is reputed by jurists, who are acquainted with its progress, to be one of the most valuable of his productions, as it contains the prin- ciple for the formation of a judicial establishment, and a code of procedure. Another attack of his dis- order, however, arrested his labours for ever. His death was singularly tranquil. Only a portion of his works have been printed ; and of those printed, some, which have been spoken of by eminent men as the aiost valuable, such as the " Essay on Judicial Establishments," have never in reality been published. Repeated proposals have been made to publish a complete edition of his works. A. few weeks before his death, Prince Talleyrand, who at all times, in common with the leading spirits of the age, professed his high admiration of the author, made proposals to get a complete edition of all his works in French published in Paris. He was the son of Mr. Jeremiah Bentham, and was born at the residence of his father, adjacent to Aldgate Church. He was remarkably precocious as a child, and soon after he was three years of age, he read Rapin's History of England as an amusement. At seven years of age he read Tele- maque in French. At eight he played the violin, an instrument on which, at a subsequent period of his life, he became remarkably proficient. He was very distinguished at Westminster School, and at thirteen years of age he entered the University of Oxford. The most prominent moral qualities which appear in Mr. Bentham's writing, are love of justice, and hatred of imposture : his most remarkable intellectual endowments, a penetrating deep-sighted acuteness, precision in the use of scientific language, and sagacity in matters of detail. Many incidents of his early life mark the extent of his connexion with the last cen- tury. He was accustomed to relate with great pleasure, that when he was a boy, he was taken to drink tea with Hogarth, whose works he greatly admired. He was one of the class who attended the lectures of Sir William Blackstone, when they were delivered at Oxford, and young as the mind of Bentham was, it even then revolted at the reasoning of the professor. As a law student, Bentham took notes of the speeches of Mansfield; and he was a member of the club ruled by Johnson, whom he never liked, considering him to be a gloomy misanthrope. In the year 1825 he went over to France for the benefit of his health, and was received with the respect and enthusiam which the French people always pay to men of superior mind. On one occasion, whilst in Paris, he casually visited one of the supreme courts. He was known on his entrance, when the whole body of the advocates rose and paid him the highest marks of respect, and the court invited hiin to the seat of honour. He corresponded with all the most able statesmen of his time. His principal works are—' Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ;' the ' Frag- ment on Government ;' ' Rationale of Judicial Evidence,' in five volumes, including a very full examina- tion of the procedure of the English Courts ; ' the Book of Fallacies ;' the ' Plan of a Judicial Establish- ment,' one of his most finished productions, printed in 1792, but never regularly published ; his ' Defence of Usury;' 'Panopticon,' a work on prison discipline; and many others.' Mr. Bentham was a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and was the father of the bar. In conformity with the desire of his father, he practised for a short time in equity, and was, as we have stated, immediately remarked for the ability he displa}'ed ; but the death of his father left him with a moderate fortune, and the free choice of his course of life, when he immediately abandoned all prospects of professional emolument and honors, and devoted the whole of his subsequent life to those labours, which, he believed, would produce the greatest happiness to his fellow-creatures. His extreme benevolence and cheerfulness of disposition are highly spoken of by all who had the honour to be admitted to his society, which was much sought after ; and also by his domes- tics, and by his neighbours who were acquainted with his habits. The news of the Reform Bill having been carried, greatly cheered his last hours. ' Mr. Bentham,' observes the True Sun, « was an old man. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. II | BERNOULLI, (Danie!) the great physician and philosopher, died, 1782. BEWICK, a celebrated wood-engraver, died, Nov. 8, 1828. BEZA, (Theodore), a divine of great eminence, who was the colleague of Calvin, died, October 1805. BIBLE, (The), being translated and printed in English, was in the year 1537 ordered to be set up in Churches. BIGGLESWADE, Bedfordshire. A fire here des- troyed 120 dwelling-houses, besides granaries, barns, and other buildings ; more than 400 persons were by this accident deprived of sustenance, 16th June, 1785. BIRMINGHAM. In the year 1791, a serious riot occurred; the disturbance lasted some days, and many houses were ransacked; the damage was estimated at £60,000. ; two of the ring-leaders were executed. Among the houses which suf- fered in this disgraceful affair, was that of the celebrated Dr. Priestly, which was wholly destroyed. BILLINGSGATE, (said to be built 370 years before , Christ) was the old Port of London, 979; made ; a free fish-market, 1669. A great fire at, Jan. 13, i 1716. BILLS of Exchange invented by the Jews to remove I their property from place to place where they were persecuted, about 1160; act passed to pre- vent sending money in any other way, -1th Ri- chard II., 1381 ; act passed for regulating the payment of them, 1698; first stamped, 1782: im- ! proved, 1783 ; ditto, 1791. BIRTH of Children taxed, 1695; of a duke, 301., | a common person, 2s.; again, 1783. * BIRNIE, (Sir Richard), died, April 29, 1832. BISHOPS regained their seats in the House of Peers, Nov. 30, 1661, after being deprived of their station there 15 years. BLANKETS were first made this year, by one Thomas Blanket, and some other inhabitants of Bristol, who set up looms in their own houses for weaving those woollen clothes, which yet bear that name, 1340. with venerable white locks, social and cheerful, robust in body, and promising a still longer life ; but it is always impossible to say, in highly intellectual men, how far the spirit of life is kept up by the mere vivacity of the brain, and subject to abrupt extinction from causes of accident or weather. His appear- ance, both in the amplitude of his look, the flow of his reverend hair, and the habitual benevolence of his smile, had a striking likeness to Franklin ; and, on a hasty glance, the busts of the two might be con- founded. He had all the practical wisdom of one of the sages of good sense ; took exercise as long as he could, both abroad and at home ; indulged in reasonable appetite ; and, notwithstanding the mechanical- mindedness with which his Utilitarianism has been charged, and the suspicious jokes he could crack against fancy and the poets, could quote his passages out of Virgil, 'like a proper Eton boy.' He also played upon the organ, which looked the more poetical in him, because he possessed, on the border of his garden, a house in which Milton had lived, and had set up a bust against it in honour of the great bard, himself an organ-player. Emperors as well as other princes have sought to do him honour, but. he was too wise to encourage their advances beyond what was good for mankind. The Emperor Alexander, who was afraid of his legislation, sent him a diamond ring, which the philosopher, to his immortal honour, re- turned, saying (or something to that effect) that his object was not to receive rings from princes, but to do good to the world. It was a part of the will of the late Mr. Bentham, that his body should be devoted to the purposes of improving the science of anatomy. So determined was he on this point, and so resolved to secure its execution, that he expressly warned the three friends to whom he entrusted this delicate matter, of the difficulties they would have to overcome, and the obstacles they would have to encounter, and then j asked them if they would undertake the task* They pledged themselves to see his intentions ; carried into effect, and the result was, that the body was laid on the table of the Anatomical School, j Webb-street, Borough, when Dr. Southwood Smith pronounced a spirited eulogium upon him.— (Extracted from the New Monthly Magazine.) * Sir RICHARD BIRNIE died at his official residence in Bow-street, Covent-garden, after a severe '■ illness of more than six months, arising from a pulmonary affection. Sir Richard, who had just completed . his 73d year, was bred to the trade of a saddler, and after serving his regular apprenticeship, came to , London, and obtained a situation as journeyman at the house of Mackintosh and Co., who were then saddle ' and harness makers to the Royal Family, in the Haymarket. His subsequent advancement in life may be attributed, in some degree, to accident. The foreman, as well as the senior partner in the firm, being ' absent from illness at the same time, and a command being received from his Royal Highness the Prince of j Wales, for some one to attend him to take orders to a considerable extent on some remarkable occasion, | " young Birnie" was directed to attend his Royal Highness. The orders of the Prince were executed so j completely to his satisfaction, that he often afterwards, on similar occasions, directed that the " young Scotchman" might be sent to him. By the exercise of the diligence, perseverance, and honesty for which bo many of his countrymen have been remarkable, he at length became foreman of the establishment of the Messrs. Mackintosh, and eventually a partner in the firm. During the progress of these events, he became acquainted with the present Lady Birnie, the daughter of an opulent baker in Oxenden-street, Kaysr.arket, and married her, receiving in her right a considerable sum in cash, and a cottage and some valuable land at Acton, Middlesex. He then became a householder in St. Martin's parish, and soon distinguished him- self by his activity in parochial affairs. During the troublesome times of the latter part of the Pitt administration he was an ultra loyalist, and gave a proof of his devotion to the "good cause" by enrolling himself as a private in the Royal Westminster Volunteers, in which corps, however, he soon obtained the rank of Captain. After serving the offices of constable, overseer, auditor, &c. in the parhh, he j 12 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. * BLANTYRE, Lord, died Sept. 23 1830. BLAKE, Admiral, battered Tunis, in the Mediter- ranean ; destroyed nine ships in the harbour, and made them submit to a treaty for releasing the English captives, April 13, 1655. BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE began 1760 ; Opened Nov. 19, 1766; finished 1770 ; cost £152,840. BLACKSTONE, Dr., was called to the degree of Sergeant at Law, previous to his appointment as one of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, in the room of Justice Clive, who retired Feb. 12, 1770. BLACKSTONE, Sir William, Knt. died Feb. 14, 1780, one of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, and author of the Commentaries on the Laws of England. His Majesty, Geo. III., settled a pension of £400. a year on Lady Blackstone. BLACKBOOK, The, was a book kept by the English Monasteries, in which a detail of the scandalous enormities practised in religious houses were en- tered, for the inspection of visitors, under Henry VIII., in order to blacken them and hasten their dissolution. Hence the vulgar phrase, " I'll set you down in the black book. BLANCHARD, Mr. ascended in a balloon from the Military Academy at Chelsea, with Mr. Sheldon, a surgeon; the balloon descended at Sunbury, when Mr. S. alighted, and Mr. Blanchard re- ascended and pursued his journey, safely alighting at Romsey, in Hampshire ; the concourse of per- sons to witness the ascension was immense, Oct. 16, 1784. BLOOD, circulation of, through the lungs, first made public by Michael Setvetus, a French physician, 1533 ; Cisalpinus published an account of the general circulation, of which he had confused ideas, and improved it afterwards bj' experiments, 1569 ; but it was fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628. BLOOD, a disbanded officer of the Protector, who had been attainted, meditating revenge on tht Duke of Ormond, lord lieutenant of Ireland, seized him at night in his coach, and tied him on ahorse, with a design to hang him at Tyburn, had not the duke's servant rescued him, Dec. 6, 1670 ; attempt- ed to steal the Crown out of the Tower, May 9, 1671. This man, when taken, was not only par- doned, but pensioned with £500. a year. BOCCACIO the Poet died, aged 62, June 8, 1376. BODLEY, Sir Thomas, rebuilt and furnished the Public library, at Oxford, with a vast collection of books and manuscripts, from all parts of the world, 1598. BOEHMEN, Jacob, the Teutonic philosopher and visionary, born 1575. In the morning of Nov. 18, 1624, he called one of his sons to his bedside and asked him what o'clock it was ? on being told it had struck two, he said " My time is three hours hence," and it is remarkable that he died accord- ing to his own prediction. became, in the year 1805, churchwarden, and in conjunction with Mr. Elam, a silversmith in the Strand, his co-churchwarden, and Dr. Anthony Hamilton, the then Vicar of St. Martin's parish, founded the esta- blishment, on a liberal scale, of a number of alms-houses, together with a chapel, called St. Martin's Chapel, for decayed parishioners, in Pratt-street, Camden Town, an extensive burying-ground being at- tached thereto. St. Martin's parish being governed by a local act of Parliament, two resident magistrates are necessary, and Mr. Birnie was, at the special request of the late Duke of Northumberland, placed in the Commission of the Peace. From this time, exercising the tact so characteristic of his countrymen, he betook himself to frequent attendances at Bow-Street office, and the study of the penal Statutes and Ma- gisterial practice in general. He was at length appointed police magistrate at Union Hall, and after some few years' service there, was removed to Bow-street office, to a seat on the bench of which he had long most earnestly aspired. In February 1820, he headed the party of peace officers and military in the appre- hension of the celebrated Cato-street gang of conspirators. In the affray which took place on that occasion, at the entrance to the hay-loft in which the offenders met, he received a shot through the crown of his hat. In August 1821, at the funeral of Queen Caroline, Sir Robert Baker, having offended the " Powers that were," by pursuing a line of conduct which they called pusillanimous, but which many designated as highly honourable both to his heart and head, he received a hint that he might retire, which he immediately acted upon. Mr. Birnie, upon this, was appointed chief magistrate, and as a matter of course, received the honour of knighthood. He left a daughter and two sons.— Extracted from the New Monthly Mag. * Lord BLANTYRE. This lamented nobleman, who met his death at Brussels, was born in the city of Edinburgh in the year 1775. His father died when he was but eight years old ; but, happily, this loss was in a great measure supplied by the tender care of a most excellent mother, who spared no pains to give her children the best education, as well as to train them in the ways of religion and virtue. And she had the satisfaction, before her death, of seeing them rise to a high degree of respectability— three out of four sons having attained to the rank of Major-General, in which character they were presented together at a levee held by his late majesty; his lordship entered the army in the nineteenth year of his age ; and so eagerly did he press forward to acquire, in scenes of danger, the experience that might enable him to serve his country with success and honour, that he repeatedly sold out of one regiment and bought into another at a considerable sacrifice of money, and in one instance of rank also, with a view to be present in active service. He served in the ill-fated expedition to Holland ; and was chosen aid-de-camp by General Sir Charles Stuart in the'prospect of that expedition to Egypt, the command of which afterwards devolved on Sir Ralph Abercrombie ; and when the British troops were withdrawing from that country, he accompanied Sir John Stuart, on his being sent there for the purpose of making the final arrangements necessary on that occasion. In 1807, he accompanied the expedition to the Baltic ; and in 1809 he joined the army in Spain under Lord Wellington. In his political opinions, Lord Blantyre rather leaned to the side of the Opposition ; but at the same time he never allowed any political bias to influence his vote, which was frankly given to whatsoever candidate he thought most fit to represent the Scottish Peerage. He was himself elected one pf their representatives during the administration of Lords Grenville and Grey. In 1813, soon afer h> ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 13 BONINGTON, (Richard Parkes,) an ingenious artist, born at Arnold, Nottinghamshire, in 1801. I lo hc^an to make sketches even in infancy, and at the age of eight years he made drawings of some buildings at Nottingham, which excited universal admiration. Several of his beautiful paintings are to be found in the collections of the Dune of Bid ford, and the Countess de Grey. He died of consumption, September 23, 1828. BONNOR, Bishop of London, was sent to the Mar- shalsea for refusing to comply with the rites of the Church, 1549. BOOKS, (Burning of,) was a punishment in use among the Romans. The first books were in form of blocks and tables: afterwards, among the an- cient Jews, they were in form of rolls, called volumina, or volumes ; of such did libraries chiefly consist for some centuries after Christ. The pre- sent form was contrived byAttalus, except in sacred writings. Homer is the first author we have in verse. Herodotus in prose. The first book is supposed to be written in Job's time. 30,000 burnt by order of Leo, 761. A large estate was given for one on Cosmography, by King Alfred; were sold from ten to thirty pounds a piece, in 1400. The* first printed one was the Vulgate edition of the Bible, 1462 ; the second was Cicero de Ofticiis, 1466. Their scarcity, from the seventh to the eleventh century, was chiefly owing to the universal ignorance during that period ; for, after the Saracens had conquered Egypt, in the 7th century, the communications with that country were broken off", and the papyrus no longer in use, so that recourse was had to paper, and that beina very dear, books became of great value. BORDEAUX was taken possession of by Marshal Beresford, and the white flag hoisted by the Mayor, Mr. Lynch, and the constituted autho- rities ; the British were received with every demonstration of joy. March 12, 1814. BOSPHORUS, (The,) declared in a state of blockade by the Russian Admiral Grieg, Dec. 31, 1828. BOSSUT, (Charles,) the famous Lyonnais mathe- matician, died Jan. 14, 1814. BOSTON Port Bill. The Americans, on receiving this bill, had it printed at Boston and New York, on mourning paper, and cried about the streets, as a barbarous, bloody, and inhuman murder. At a meeting of the inhabitants of Boston it was voted, " That it is the opinion of this tqwn that if the other colonies came into a joint resolution to stop all importations from Great Britain, and ex- portations to Great Britain, till the act for block- ading the harbour be repealed, the same would f>rove the salvation of North America and her iberties." May 15, 1774. BOTHWELL, (Earl,) supposed to have murdered Lord Darnley, Mary Queen of Scots' husband, 1567, and was tried but acquitted ; recommended by the nobility to Queen Mary as a fit husband, on the 24th of April following ; seized the Queen near Edinburgh, and carried her to Dunbar the same month, where, it is said, he ravished her. He, however, obtained a pardon, and a divorce from his wife ; married to Mary on the 15th of May following. Soon after he retired to the Orkneys, where he subsisted for some time by piracy; then fled to Denmark, where he was thrown into prison, lost his senses, and died miserably. 1596. BOUCHAIN surrendered to the Allies, the gar- rison being made prisoners of war, Sept. 13, 1711. BOUGHTON, (Joan,) a widow, was burnt for heresy, Feb. 16, 1493. BOULTER, (Dr.) Archbishop of Armagh, died Oct. 29, 1742 ; he was ten times one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. In 1727 and 1728, two years of dearth, he distributed great quantities of corn to the poor throughout Ireland, for which the House of Commons of that kingdom passed a vote of public thanks to him. He also ordered all the vagrant poor to be received into the poor houses of Dublin, where they were maintained at his private expense. In the scarce years of 1739 and 1740, at his own charge, he supported the poor from all parts, without distinction of religion, in the workhouse of Dublin. He gave £1,000. to build a market-house at Armagh ; and also, £1,000. towards re-building the Blue Coat Hos- pital at Dublin. Besides these, and many other public donations, his private acts of charity were innumerable. . BOURDEAUX, (Richard of,) son of the Black Prince, declared heir to the crown, and created Prince of Wales, 1377. BOW. The steeple of Bow Church, Cheapside, fell down, and killed many people, Nov.16, 1272. BOYCE, (Dr.) late Master of his Majesty's Band of Music. His remains were interred in Westminster Hall with great funeral pomp, Feb. 15, 1779. BRIDPORT, (Lord Admiral,) with the fleet under his command, consisting of 14 sail of the line, and eight frigates, gained a signal victory off Port POrient over the trench fleet, when three ships of the line were captured, June 23, 1795. return from Spain, he married an amiable young lady, the grand-daughter of the late Admiral Lord Rod- ney, with whom he continued to live in a state of the greatest domestic comfort and happiness, and by whom he had an interesting family of nine children — the youngest, twins, being born only three months before his untimely death. Having paid a visit to Scotland as soon as he could after the birth of these in- fants, (the object of which was chiefly to accelerate the finishing of his new and elegant mansion atErskine, on the Clyde, with a view to his taking up his residence in it the following summer,) he had just returned to Brussels as the Dutch troops were approaching it, and found himself again in the bosom of his family, who, as may well be supposed, at that time of general alarm, received him with the most cordial welcome, and clung to him as their guardian angel. But, alas ! he had not time to remove them to a place of safety; having gone to a window in an upper room of his house, and at a time when no danger was apprehended, to look out for an instant on the Dutch troops, who were advancing through the Rue Royale into the Park, he was struck in the neck by a musket-ball, fired obliquely from the corner of the Park, which divided the carotid artery, and, by the effusion of blood which it caused, deprived him in a few moments of his life, his family of its affectionate guardian, and society of one of its brightest ornaments. In addition to his claims as a public character, this lamented nobleman was highly distinguished for the virtues of private life. His affectionate and exemplary conduct as a son, a brother, a husband, and a father ; the excellence of his character, founded on religious principle, and the warm sensibilities of his heart, united as they were in him with a peculiar elegance and sweetness of manner ; and his delicate attentions to every one, but chiefly to those who need'sd most to be encouraged and brought into notice, endeared him to his relations and friends, and made him an object of pre-eminent respect wherever he was known. — Extracted /torn Ike Neio Monthly Magazine. II ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. BRINDLEY, (James,) the celebrated engineer and projector of that grand undertaking — the Duke of Bridgewatet's Canal, died Sept. 27, 1772. BRISTOL, (The Bishopric of) was founded by the King Dr. Paul Bush was the first Bishop, Jan. 2;5, 1513. BRISTOL was visited with a terrible storm of thunder, lightning, rain, and hail, attended with heavy gales of wind. Between live and six in the evening it was exceedingly loud, and a great ball of fire was seen to issue from the clouds, which shot with great swiftness to the northward. Se- veral people travelling on the road to that city were struck with such a panic, that they left their horses to shelter themselves from the tem- pest. December 14, 1752 BRITAIN was first invaded by Julius Csesar, with two legions, on the 20th of August ; he landed at Dover, and the first battle was fought at Deal, A.D.55. BRITAIN divided into four governments, by Con- stantine the Great, viz. Britania Prima, com- prehending the country between the Thames and the sea ; Britania Secunda, consisting of all that lay west of the Severn to the Irish sea ; Flavia Ceasceriensis, comprehending Cornwall, Devon- shire, Somersetshire, and part of Wilts and Glou- cestershire ; and the fourth division was named Maxima Ceaceriensis, including the northern counties of England, with Nottinghamshire, Der- byshire, Staffordshire, and Lincolnshire. 306. BRITAIN was harassed by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons, 364. BRITONS (The) rebelled against the Romans, in conjunction with the Picts, 365. They endea- voured to rid the kingdom of the Saxons, but were resisted by them, when a war commenced, which terminated in favour of the latter. 454. They also took arms against Vortigen, pressed him into Wales, where they besieged him in a castle, which took fire, and he perished in the flames, after a troublesome reign of thirty years. 485. BROMLEY, (Thomas,) Lord Chancellor, died this year, and was succeeded by Sir Thomas Hatton, being the first that possessed that high office who was neither prelate nor lawyer ; but he acquitted himself with grcnt credit. 1588. BROTHELS. Eighteen formerly allowed in Lon- don, under the regulation of the Bishop of Winton, as necessary evils ; 8th Henry II., 1162 ; they were situated on the Bankside, Southwark. Reduced to 12 in the time of Henry VIII. Suppressed, 1545. Tolerated in France, 1280. Pope Sixtus erected one at Rome, and the Roman prostitutes paid him a weekly tax, which amounted to 20,000 ducats a year, 1471. BROTHERS, (Richard,) a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, who, by his pretended prophecies, alarmed and agitated the weak and imbecile part of the people ; was apprehended by two of his Majestj r 's messengers, and taken before the Privy Council ; when, after a long interrogation, his case was referred to Drs. Munro and Symond, who declared him insane. 1794. BROWNRIGG, (James,) a painter, residing in Floeur-de-Lis court, Fleet-street, was committed to Wood-street compter, charged with cruel usage to two female apprentices. His wife, who was supposed to be more culpable than her hus- band, escaped. A coroner's jury was summoned to investigate the cause of the death of Mary Clifford, late apprentice to James Brownrigg, when it appeared that Elizabeth Brownrigg, his wife, beat the deceased with a cane and horse- whip, stripping her naked, and tying her to a staple in the wall. The cruelties she inflicted on the child were shocking to humanity, and by mere accident the deceased was discovered in a most deplorable condition ; she was removed to the workhouse, and shortly afterwards died of the wounds she had received. The inquest found a verdict of wilful murder against James Brownrigg, and Elizabeth, his wife, it appearing that the husband had occasionally beat her. On the 11th of August following Elizabeth Brownrigg, who had been tried and convicted of the murder of her apprentice, Elizabeth Clifford, was executed at Tyburn, and her body sent to Surgeons' Hall for dissection. The excitement caused so great a crowd to see her executed, that several persons were severely hurt by the pressure : she appeared very penitent. September 14th, James and John Brownrigg, father and son, were tried at Guild- hall, and found guilty of assaulting and whipping Mary Mitchel, another apprentice of James ; they were both sentenced to six months' imprisonment in Newgate, and to find securities for their good behaviour for seven years ; Oct. 19, 1767. BRUCE, (James,) Esq., presented his long ex- pected travels (to discover the source of the Nile) to the King and Queen ; April 15, 1790. BRUNSWICK, (His Serene Highness the Pnnce of,) was married Jan. 16th, to her Royal Highness the Princess Augusta, by the Archbishop of Can- terbury, and on the 26th they set out for Hel- voetsluys, 1764. BRUNSWICK, (The young Prince of,) was bap- tized by his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, by the name of Charles George Augustus; the sponsors being the Duke of York and the Princess Dowager of Wales ; March 9, 1766. BUCKINGHAM, (The Duke of,) and Bishop of Ely, with the Countess of Richmond, consulted in what manner they might dethrone Richard, who, suspecting the Duke of Buckingham's con- duct, ordered him to court, which the Duke re- fused, and declared against the King. The Duke took up arms, and was joined by numbers in Wales ; he designed to go to Cornwall, but could not pass the Severn, by reason of the inundation of that part of the country with water, which was never before so great there. His army was dis- persed, and he was obliged to conceal himself in the House of Bannister, one of his domestics, who betrayed him for the reward that had been pub- lished by Richard, 1483; he was beheaded at Shrewsbury, Jan. 23, 1484. BUCKINGHAM, (The Duke of,) made a speech, endeavouring to show that the Parliament was, in effect, dissolved, by the prorogation being made for above a year. He was seconded by the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Earl of Salisbury, and Lord Wharton, whereupon they were all four sent to the Tower, for contempt of the King's authority, and being of the then present parliament, Buck- ingham, Salisbury, and Wharton were dismissed soon after, on their submission ; but Shaftesbury remained prisoner above a year ; Feb. 17, 1677. BUILDING with stone brought into England by Bennett, a monk, 670; with brick, first intro- duced by the Romans into their provinces : first in England, about 888 introduced here generally by the Earl of Arundel, 1600, London being then almost built with wood, and had a very insig- nificant appearance. The increase of buildings in London, and within a mile, prohibited ; 1607. BUNKER'S HILL, (Battle of.) The Americans having thrown up some works for the defence of Boston, at a place called Bunker's Hill, were attacked by Major-General Howe, and Brigadier- General Pigott, with 2,000 troops, and after a severe and sanguinary contest, the works were carried, and the provincials driven out. The loss of the King's troops in killed and wounded amounted to 1,054, of whom 226 were killed ; of the latter were 19 commissioned officers; and 70 officers were wounded during the contest. Charlestown was set on fire and totally consumed. The loss of the provincials, as stated by them- selves, amounted only to 450 killed, wounded, and missing. June 17, 1775. BUNYAN, (John,) author of " The Piltrrim' s Pro- gress," born 1628 ; died 1688. BUONAPARTE, (Napoleon), one of the brightest heroes of history, born in Corsica, August 15, ] 769 ; sent to Paris in quality of King's scholar, 1784; appointed 2d Lieutenant in the Artillery, ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 15 1785; became Captain, 1791; was at the siege of Toulon, 179:3; married Josephine Beauharnois, 1796; gained the battle of Lodi, 1797; signed the Treaty of Leoben, which left Belgium in the posses- sion of France ; and established a republic in Italy the same year. Passed the Great St. Bernard, 1800; crowned Emperor of France, Dec. 2, 1804 ; en- tered Vienna with his army, 1805 ; fought the battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2, same year ; ratified the confederation of the Rhine, 180*6; conquered at Jena same year; deprived the Pope of Rome of all sovereign authority, 1809; dissolved his marriage with Josephine for want of issue in the same year ; married the Arch-Duchess Maria Louisa, April 2, 1810; his son born, 1811 (see next article); ar- rived at Moscow, and found it deserted and in flames, September 1812 ; lost the battle of Leipsie, Oct. 18, 1813 ; left France for Elba, April 21, 1814; escaped from thence, Feb. 26, 1815; lost every chance of empire at the battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815; surrendered himself to Captain Maitland, on board the Bellerophon, July 15, 1815; exiled to St. Helena, Oct. 13, 1815; died on that island, May 5, 1821. We regret our limited space will not allow us to do justice to the life of this great man. BUONAPARTE, (Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph,) Duke of Reichstadt, the only son of Napjleon, born March 20, 1811 ; died at Schoen- brum, July 22, 1332. BURKE, (The Right Honourable Edmund,) in- stalled Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. His Lordship, after taking the oaths of office, ad- dressed the audience in an elegant and appropriate speech, AprillO, 1784. Exhibited nine articles of impeachment against Warren Hastings, Esq., late Governor-General of Bengal ; were ordered to beprinted and taken into consideration onthe26th ; the rest of the charges amounting to 22, he pre- sented the following week, April 11th, 1786. Brought up to the House of Lords the articles of impeachment against Warren Hastings, which were ordered to be taken into consideration on a subsequent day, May 14 1788. BUR f Theatre, in Lancashire, fell down during the performance, and buried 300 persons in the ruins; a great many persons were wounded, Julv5, 1787. CABRIOLETS first used in London, April, 1823. They were built to hold two persons, besides the driver, and the fares are one-third less than hackney c >ach^s. CADE, (Jack ) assumed the name of Mortimer, fermented the insurrection in Kent; the King assembled 15,000 men, and marched against the rebels, near Sevenoaks ; Cade defeated the King's forces : whereupon the King retired to Warwick, and Cade entered London ; he caused the Lord Saye, High Treasurer, to be taken and beheaded ; they hanged his body up, and quartered it in Southvvark; his soldiers committing great riots, were refused entrance into London ; and a pardon being proclaimed by the King, he was abandoned by many of his followers ; Cade was killed, and his followers dispersed. June 1450. CADIZ, formerly Gades, built by the Phoenicians, 1,000 years before Christ ; taken by Lord Howard and the Earl of Essex. 1596 ; the new bridge, during the time it was consecrating fell, and 200 persons were killed, February, 1779. CADUCEUS (The), assumed as a symbol of peace, from an opinion among the Druids, that serpent's eggs gathered at certain times, insured the good graces of princes. CADLIN. (Captain William,) was hanged, pur- suant to his sentence, for feloniously sinking the Brig Adventure, Nov. 27, 1802. CALEDONIANS, (The,) made an irruption into Britain ; destroyed part of the Chain of Castles, and retreated with great booty, 88 ; they renewed their inroads, but were repulsed by Ulpius Mar- cellus. 162. CAi ENDS, among the Romans, standing alone, w; s the first day of every month but if pridie, that is, the day before, be added to it, it means the last day of the foregoing month. Thus pridie Caleud September is August 31. If any number be placed with it, it means that day in the former month : thus, the tenth calends of October is the 20th day of September, for reckoning backwards from October, September 20 makes the 10th day before October. In March, May, July, anil October ; the calends begin at the 16th day, but in other months at the 14th, which calends, bear the name of the following month, being numbered backward from the first day of the said following months. CALICO, first imported by the East India Com- pany, 1631 ; none printed here till 1676. CALCUTTA, (in the black hole at,) 123 persons perished, out of 146, who were confined in that dungeon by order of the Nabob ; they were suffo- cated, May 19, 1793. CAMBRIDGE, once a city called Granta ; built by Carausius ; University Chartered, 531 ; founded. 915 ; the town burnt bv the Danes, 1010 ; its castle- built, 1067 ; Chancellor's Court established by Queen Elizabeth ; refused a degree to a papist recommended by the King, Feb. 1G87 ; Wood- ward's professorship established, 1728. CAMDEN, the author of " Britannia," and other useful works, died, aged 71 ; 1623. CAMDEN, (Earl of,) appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, March 11, 1795; arrived in Dublin, to succeed Lord Fitzwilliam ; he was received by the local authorities, with the accustomed honours, March 31. CAMERA OBSCURA, (effect of the first), observed by Baptist Porta, a Neapolitan, who died 1515. CAMERON (Dr. Archibald,) hanged 1753, for taking part in the rebellion of 1745. CAMOENS, the poet, died 1579. CAMPION was executed for publishing a treatise, called the Ten Reasons, in favour of the Church of Rome. CAMPBELL, (Mungo,) was tried and found guilty of the murder of Lord Eglinton ; he afterwards put an end to his existence by hanging himself in the Tol booth, Edinburgh ; Feb. 26, 1770. < CAMPS, sometimes gave origin to cities, where, staying the winter, the soldiers were obliged to build ; all the modern towns in England, whose names end in cester, or Chester, were originally these, castra hyberna of the Romans. CANADA discovered, 1499 ; settled by the French, 1534; Quebec built by Sam Chaplin, 1608; con- quered by the English, 1759 ; and ceded to them, 1763. CANAL, (the Welland,) connecting the Lakes, Erie, and Ontario, opened for the purposes of com- merce, the first boat passing Nov. 30, 1S29. CANDIDATE is derived from Toga Candida, or white robe, worn among the Romans, who solicited a seat in the senate. CANDLELIGHT, first introduced into churches, 274; from a custom of the first Christians as- sembling, during the times of persecution, at night, in the dark and obscure places. CANDLES, (tallow), so great a luxury, that splinters of wood were burnt; 1298. CANON law had its origin from the Roman canon law, in the time of Constantine the Great, and was compiled from the opinion of the fathers of the Latin Church, the decrees of great councils, and the decretals and Bulls of the see of Rome ; the Gregorian codex published 290 ; canon law first introduced into England, 1147 ; so that the Roman idea of commanding the world while it lasts, may possibly be fulfilled, their civil law being received in all Christian states, methodized by Gratian, an Italian monk, 1151 ; Pope Gregory's decretals published about 1230 ; the Clementines Constitu- tions authenticated, 1317 ; the present canons pro- mulgated, 1635. CANNING, (the Right Honourable George,) ap- pointed Chancellor and under Treasurer of the Exchequer, on the 24th of April, 1827 ; died at the villa of the Duke of Devonshire at Chiswick, 16 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. on the 8tn of August following, aged 57, after an acute inflammatory disease, which ended his mortal career in a few days; he was privately buried in Westminster Abbey, on the 16th August, CANTERBURY, St. Martin's Church, built in the time of the Romans; it was here Bertha, Ethel- bert's Queen used to attend ; made a bishopric, 598; St. Augustine's Abbey built, 605; Arch- deaconry erected, 798 ; governed by a prefect, 780 ; a portreeve, 956 ; provost, 1011 ; rebuilt and finished, 103S ; Ethelbert's tower built, 1047; castle built, about 1066 ; cathedral burnt down by accident, 1067 ; rebuilt, 1080 ; burnt again, Sept. 5, 1174; re-built again, after ten years' labour, 1184; archbishop's great hall built about 1210; bishoprick made superior to York, 1073 ; deanery erected, 1542. CANUTE, on the death of Edmund, was recognized as king of all England ; crowned at London ; and Edmund's two sons, Edward and Edmund were banished into Sweden, from whence they went into Hungary ; be married Emma, the widow of Ethelred, and settled the succession on the issue of their marriage. All the great men swore fealty to him, and renounced the issue of Edmund ; he divided England into four provinces; kept up a body of Danish troops, and exacted of the English in one year £100,000 to subsist them, 1017 ; he dis- patched several opulent noblemen, whose power he dreaded, and whose fidelity he suspected, 1018 ; went over to Denmark, subdued Norway, and was instituted King of England, Denmark, and Nor- way, 1019. CAPS first worn at the entry of Charles VII. of France into Rouen, 1449. CARDS, (playing,) invented 1391 CARDINALS were originally the parish priests at Rome ; title began to be used, 308 ; College of, founded by Pope Paschal I. 817 ; did not elect the Popes till 1160 ; wore the red hat (to remind them, that they ought to shed their blood, if required, for religion), and were declared princes of the church, 1222; the cardinals set fire to the con- clave, and separated, and a vacancy occurred in the papal chair for two years, 1314; Cardinal Caraffa was hanged, by order of Pius IV. 1560, as was Cardinal Poli, under Leo X. ; title of emi- nence first given them by Pope Urban VIII. about 1630 ; Cardinal Richlieu was generalissimo of the French forces; Cardinal de Vallete commanded the French army, and the Archbishop of Bourdeaux the French navy in 1628 ; this is mentioned to shew that ecclesiastics have been employed in secular services. CARLISLE Castle, founded 1092, by William II. who rebuilt the city ; bishopric founded out of York and Durham, and archdeaconry erected, 1133 ; priory founded (Augustine's) under William II., and Cathedral built by Henry I. ; deanery founded 1542 ; Carlisle, the earldom of, created 1661 ; (name Howard). CARLILE, (Richard,) was tried at the Court of King's Bench, Guildhall, for a blasphemous libel, in republishing " Paino's Age of Reason ;" the trial lasted three days, in consequence of the long and laboured defence of the accused ; the jury found him guilty ; he was afterwards tried for a libel in publishing Palmer's "Principles of Nature,'' and found guilty, October 12, 1819 ; he was brought up to the Court of King's Bench to receive judg- ment, upon the several libels of which he had been found guilty ; for the publication of " Paine's Age of Reason," he was sentenced to pay a fine of £1,000. and to be imprisoned two years "in Dorset jail; and for publishing Palmer's "Principles of Nature," he was sentenced to pay a fine of £500. and be further imprisoned one year in the said jail, and to give security himself in a £1,000. and two sureties in £100. each; Nov. 16, 1819. CA RMELITES, Friars, pretend to great antiquity, 'i he first certain account of them is at Mount ( armel, in Palestine, about 1238; they are said io have been there established by Elias, the Pro- phet; brought into England 1240 ; they had about 40 houses. Carmelites walk barefooted. This order began 1547 ; confirmed 1580. CAROLINE, Princess of Brunswick, afterwards Queen of England, landed at Greenwich, and pro- ceeded to St. James's, 7th of April, 1795. The ceremony of marriage with George, Prince of Wales, took place on the following day. Arrived at Dover from her continental tour, 5th of June, 1820. Bill of Pains and Penalties brought for- ward against her, on a charge of incontinence, during the same month. The bill was withdrawn, Nov. 10, 1820. Refused admission to Westminster Abbev, at the Coronation of her husband, George IV., July 19, 1821. Died at Hammersmith, Aug. 7th, 1821. Her remains were coin eyed to Har- wich, and embarked for Germany. CARTER, a bill-sticker, was tried at the Sessions House, for publishing a scandalous and seditious libel, entitled, "An Address from the London Cor- responding Society to the other Societies in Great Britain, united forthe purposeof obtaining a Reform in Parliament." He was found guilty, and sen- tenced to six months' imprisonment, and to find security for one year, himself in £100., and two sureties in £50. each. Jan. 4, 1793. CARTWRIGHT, (Major,) a veteran patriot, and great supporter of Annual Parliaments and Uni- versal Suffrage, died Sept. 23, 1824, aged 84 years. CASHMAN, (John,) the rioter, was executed op- posite the house of Mr. Beckwith, in Skinner- street, Snow-hill. He met his fate with great firmness, but appeared incapable of receiving any religious impressions, or to have any sense of his awful situation. March 12, 1817. CASTLEREAGH, (The Right Honourable Vis- count,) appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 25th Feb., 1812. He moved an address in the House of Commons to the Prince Regent, ex- pressing an entire approbation of the resistance opposed by his Royal Highness to the unjustifiable claims of America, and a full conviction of the justice of the war with that country; which ad- dress was carried without a division, 18th Feb., 1813. Obtained leave to bring in a bill for aug- menting the disposable military force of the country, by volunteering from the militia. The bill, after going through the usual stages, was passed in both Houses, 11th Nov., 1813. Pro- posed to increase the allowance of the Princess of Wales to £50.000. a year ; but, in a letter to the Speaker, the Princess refused to accept any fur- ther allowance than the £35,000. 4th July, 1814. Committed suicide, August 12, 1822. CATHOLICS. The Romish Christians first called so, 38. CATHOLIC King, (The Title of) first taken by Ferdinand of Arragon, 1492. CATHOLIC Association voted their own dissolution 12th Feb., 1829. Catholic Relief Bill carried in the House of Lords by a majority of 213 to 109. April 10, 1829. CAXTON, (William,) a mercer, first introduced printing into England ; and the first printing press was set up in Islip s Chapel, Westminster Abbey, under the patronage of the Abbot, 1471 ; he died 1487. CERDIC, a Saxon General, arrived in Britain, 495 ; from whom descended the Kings of England, in the male line, to Edward the Confessor ; and in the female line, to George IV. He was de- feated by Arthur, near Boston ; and soon after, a second time, near Gainsford, 504. He was again defeated by Arthur at the battle of Baden-hill, Bath. He was compelled to retire to an inac- cessible post, 511. After this defeat he received a fresh supply of troops, which landed at Casholt, in Hampshire, from Germany, to reinforce his army : he took the field again, and committed great devastation, 513. He defeated the Britons, 519, which made him despair of extinguishing the Saxons, 519. Founded the West Saxon kingdom, and was crowned at Winchester twenty-three years after his arrival in Britain. Arthur made a treaty with Cerdic, and assumed the title of Emperor, 528. He subdued the Isle of Wight, ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. and cruelly destroyed the inhabitants, 530. In- vited over more Saxons, 5;>2. Gave the Isle of Wight to his nephew, 533. *EREMONIES, (Office of the Master of) first ap- pointed, for the more solemn reception of Ambas- sadors, 1603. Sir Luke Lewkenso was the first. CESAR, (Julius,) first invaded Britain with the le- gions on the 20th of August, 55; he landed at Dover, and the first battle was fought at Deal. He had sent before him Conicus, King of the Attrebatics, to invite the Britons to enter into an alliance, but they imprisoned him, and refused any negotiation. The Britons being defeated, released Conicus, and sued for peace, which was accepted on their giving hostages for their fidelity ; and Cesar re-embarked his troops on the 20th of September, 55 years before Christ. He made a second descent with a fleet of GOO vessels, and 2S gallies, in which he embarked five legions, and 2,000 horse ; he landed without opposition, and advanced to Stone, near Canterbury, where he defeated the Britons, 20th of May. He passed the Thames at Cowey Stakes, and penetrated as far as Verulam (St. Albans). He imposed a tribute of £3,000. on the Britons, and Cassivelanus, and the princes of South Britain, having submitted, and given hostages, the Ro- mans returned to the Continent, 26th September, 51 years before Christ. CESARIA built, after 12 years' labour, by Au- gustus Caesar, seven years before Christ. CHAIN, (The gold) worn by the Judges is a very ancient ornament ; it was worn by the Judges in Egpt many years before Christ, probably to remind criminals of their danger. CHAIRING members of parliament took its rise from a custom in Sweden in the first century of the Senators, rising their new-elected King on their shoulders to show him to the people. This cus- tom is still kept up at Guildford, in Surrey. CHAMPION of England, (The office of.) was first introduced at the Coronation of Richard II. 1377. It has continued in the Dymock family, as holding the manor of Scrivelsby, in Lincolnshire, ever since. CHANCERY, (Court of,) established 605; the J>resent one, by William I. The first person qua- ified for Chancellor, by education, was Sir Thomas More, 1530, the office being rather that of a Secretary of State, than the President of a court of justice. First reference to a Master in Chan- cery, owing to the ignorance of the Chancellor (Sir Christopher Hatton), about 1588. CHANTING adopted by the Church of Rome about 620 : brought into England by Austin, the Monk. CHAPLAINS were first appointed by Louis IX. of France, 1270. CHA RING-CROSS, London, erected as it now stands, 1678. CHARITY Schools instituted to prevent the se- duction of the infant poor to Popish seminaries, March 25, 1688. CHARLES I., second son and successor of James I., born 1600; arrived at Madrid to marry the Infanta, March 7, 1623 ; succeeded his father on the throne, March 27, 1625 ; married Henrietta, daughter of Francis, about the same time ; crowned Feb. 2, 1626 ; crowned at Edinburgh, summer, 1633 ; went to Scotland August 16, 1641, and returned No- vember 25th following ; went to the House of Commons, and there demanded a surrender of five of their Members, (Hollis, Sir Arthur Hazelerig, Hampden, Pym, and Strode,) whom he accused of high treason, for opposing him, 1642; appre- hensive of danger from the enraged multitude he retired to York immediately after; raised his standard first at Nottingham, August 25 follow- ing, and waged war with his Parliament ; quitted his broken army at Oxford, travelled in disguise of a servant, and put himself into the hands of the Scotch at Newark, May 5, 1646, who confined him, and sold him to the Parliament for £400,000. 8tl\ of August following; the Parliament kept him in custody at Holmsby, from whence he was carried off by force to the independant army at Newmarket, by one Joyce, a cornet, June 3, 1647 ; brought to Hampton Court soon after, from whence he escaped, and fled to the Isle of Wight, November following, where he was made a close prisoner at Carisbrook Castle, 29th July, Kits ; soon after he was set at liberty at Newport. seized again, and confined in Hurst Castle, Dec. 23d; to St. James's house, Jan. 19, 1649 j tried the next day, condemned on the 27th beheaded at Whitehall the 30th, aged 48, a, id buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. An interregnum fol- lowed this reign, till the restoration, 1660. CHARLES II., son of Charles I., born May 29, 1630 ; made a general, 1645; retired to Paris," 1646 ; es- caped from St. James's, April 23, 1648 ; on his fa- ther's death took the title of King at the Hague ; proclaimed King by the Scots, 1649 ; treated with the Scotch Commissioners at Breda, March 1650 ; sailed forScotland, 23d of June following ; crowned at Scone. January 1, 1651 ; entered England with 18,000 men, 6th of August; gave Cromwell battle at Worcester, and was defeated, September 3d ; escaped in a peasant's habit, travelled about in disguise, took ship at Shoreham, and arrived in Normandy, 22d of October following ; had a pen- sion of 6,000 livres a month settled on him by the King of Spain, 1657 : applied to the English "Par- liament, April 14th, 1660, who agreed with his terms, and restored him; he was proclaimed King, 8th of May ; arrived at Dover the 26th, and at Whitehall on his birth-day, the 29th, 1660 ; ten of the regicides were hanged, October the 10th following; crowned April 23, 1661; married Catharine, Infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662 : buried his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, and the Princess Roj'al, the same year ; got Sir John Coventry maimed, which gave' rise to the Coventry Act, January, 1671 ; shut up the Exchequer for want of money the same year; received from France a pension ot £100,000. a vear, 1674; took away the Charter of the City, 1683 ; died Feb. 6, 1685, aged 54, of apoplexy (some say he was poisoned), and was succeeded by his brother James. CHARLOTTE Augusta, daughter of George IV., born Jan. 7, 1795 ; eloped from Carlton Palace to her mother, in Connaught-place, but was brought back the same night by the Lord Chancellor, July 12th, 1814; married to Prince Leopold of Saxe Cobourg, May 2, 1816; died in child-bed, Nov. 6, 1817, to the inexpressible grief of the whole na- tion; her remains were interred with great funeral pomp on the 18th, at St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The mourning for this amiable Princess was as sincere as it was universal. CHARTERHOUSE built 1371. It was founded by Thomas Sutton, Esq , who died the 12th of December, 1611; he endowed it with £1,500. a year. CHARTRES (Colonel) convicted of a rape on his servant maid, for which he was condemned to die. and all his goods and chatties forfeited; but he afterwards obtained a pardon, on his paying a large sum to the girl. 1730. CHARTERS to towns first introduced into Italy about 1100. This practice became soon after general throughout Europe. The several towns in England delivered up their charters by order of Charles II., 1682. CHARTS (Sea) are the invention of Henry, son of John, King of Portugal. CHASTITY. (A remarkable instance of,) The Abbess of Coltingham cut off her nose and lip, and prevailed on the nuns to follow her example, to make their faces disagreeable. 8S6. CHATHAM (The Right: Hon. the Earl of), died May 11, 1778; his remains were honoured with a public funeral, and his debts were paid by the nation, and £4000. a year settler! upon the Earldom of Chatham. CHATHAM Dock was beunn by Queen Elizabeth . Chest Establishment for the relief of wounded and decayed seamen, 1588. L8 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. CHATHAM, (Earldom of,) created 1766. (Name, Pitt.) CHAUCER, (Geoffrey,) the poet, died, 1399. CHEAPSIDE Cross demolished, May 2, 1643. CHELMSFORD Church, the whole of the nave of, foil in with a tremendous crash, Jan. 17, 1800 ; but being ten o"elock at night, fortunately no per- son was passing at the time ; it was built in 1424. CHELSEA College, founded by King James ; and the first provost and fellows appointed by him, 1609. CHEMISTRY, as distilling, introduced into Europe by the Spanish Moors, 1150 ; they learned it of the Africans; practised it in the reign of Dioclesian. According to Moses, Tubal Cain should be the first inventor of Chemistry — profane authors say Vulcan ; but these have been thought to be the same person. CHESTER, once a Roman Colony; Cathedral founded, 660; St. John's Church founded 689; Castle built, or repaired, by William the First's Nephew ; Water Tower built, 1322 ; Earldom of, annexed to the crown, 1237 ; erected into a princi- pality, 13.38 ; bishoprick and deanery founded, 1541 ; annexed to the province of York, 1542 ; act passed to enable the City and County, to send Members to Parliament, 1543; deprived of its privileges, Sept. 17, 1659 ; the custom of the Dutton family riding in procession with the fiddlers of the County, at Chester fair, took its rise in the reign of Richard I. CHESTER (At) a dreadful storm of thunder and lightning took place ; a ball of fire fell on the spire of Trinity Church, which did so much damage to the steeple that it became necessary to take it down and rebuild it, Sep. 15, 1770. CHRISTIAN burial place, and the first Christian Monastery founded in Britain, 596. CHRISTIANITY first introduced into Britain ; it is said that the wife of Plautius and a British lady, Claudia Ruffina, were Christians, A.D., 48. CHRISTMAS, first established about 680. CHRISTMAS Day, ordered to be converted into a fist, 1644. CHRISTMAS Boxes originated in the early days of Popery, from boxes fixed in certain places to receive and collect money for masses : thus was the mass so purchased called Christmas, and the box in which it was put Christmas Box ; if a ship went to sea, such a box was fixed to the mast, for the mariners to put money in occasionally, though it was customary, long before this, to distribute provisions, money, &c. among the poor at the Christmas festival called Saturnalia. CHRONOLOGY, the oldest extant is that of the Chinese, which, though they have some historical accounts of older date than 424 years before Christ, is not to be relied on farther back. Sir Isaac Newton has shown, notwithstanding the general opinion in some instances, that Europeans had no ehronologv before the Persian Empire, which be- gan 536 bef .re Christ. The Antiquities of the Greeks and Latins are full of fables ; and as to the Sacred Chronology, the three biblical copies of note, viz. the Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the Septuagent, give very different accounts of the first ages, of which no attempt yet made to reconcile them, has been satisfactory; many dates even in this are uncertain, and are given only on general assertion. CHRYSOSTOM (St.) died, 408. CHURCHWARDENS and Overseers first ap- pointed, 1127. CHURCH YARDS first consecrated about the year 217. CITIES, in the time of the Romans, were merely woods fenced with ditches; first incorporated, 1201. CITY Road, (The,) from Islington to Old-street, was opened for all passengers and carriages, June, 1761. CLAPPERTON (Captain) died at Sacatoo, April 13, 1827. CLARENCE fThe Duke of) reigned the office of Lord High Admiral, August 12, 1828. CLARE Hall, Cambridge, founded by Elizabeth, Countess of Clare, but had its origin from Richard Pelew, 1326. CLAUDIUS, the Roman Emperor, sent Plautius into Britain with an army, who attacked and defeated Caractaeus in three successive battles; and the Emperor following him in person the next year, subdued the greater part of the Island, by which he acquired the title of Britannicus, A.D. 46. CLAUDIUS Csesar, with an army, landed in Britain, August, 43. CLERKENWELL Monastery, (St. John, Bene- dictines,) built 1098; destroyed by fire, 1381. CLERGY, styled clerks, the judges originally being clergymen ; and their clerks and inferior officers of the same order, exempted from military service, 817 ; compelled to a vow of celibacy, by Gregory VII., about 1073; Bishop Newton says, in 105, celibacy was first imposed upon them in England by Henry I. ; abridged of their power by the statutes 6f Clarendon, 1164 ; again 1275 ; ordered to take up arms, under an apprehension of inva- sion from France, 1368 ; gave up the right of taxing themselves, which lessened the consequence of convocations, 1605 ; and from that time they have not passed any synodical act. CLERGY, (which in old French, signifies science,) benefit of ; an institution to exempt ecclesiastics from secular punishment, took place, 1351 ; first statute that took it away, 4th Henry VII. ; gene- rally taken away by the 23d Henry VlII. CLOCKS, called water clocks, or Clepsydra, were used in the remotest ages of antiquity ; this was a vessel filled with water that emptied itself in a day, as the sand runs from an hour glass in an hour ; this invention was ascribed by the Egyptians to Mercury or Sloth ; it was improved by Ctesibius of Alexandria, and introduced into Romeb}' Scipio Nassica, 158 before Christ ; clocks introduced into Europe, in the middle of the eighth century, when Pope Paul I. sent one to Pepin, King of France, as a present, thought to be the only one in the world ; made to strike by the Arabians, about 801; and by the Italians, about 1300; a striking clock at Westminster, 1288 ; but none in England that went tolerably, till that dated 1540 ; maker's name, N. O., now at Hampton Court Palace ; clocks with pendulums, &c. invented byHuygens, a Dutchman, about 1662 ; repeating clocks and watches invented by one Barlow, 1676 ; till about 1631 neither clocks nor watches were very general. CLOTH (The Art of Weaving) was brought into England from Flanders by John Kemp, to whom the King granted his protection ; and at the same time invited over fullers, dyers, &c, 1331. COAL Heavers hanged for rioting, July, 1768. COACHES, a French invention, of not much oMer date than 1515; introduced into England, 1580. In the hard winter of 1515, the nobility of France. as they could not ride on horseback, and coaches were unknown, were drawn about in casks. An act passed to pievent men from riding in coaches, as being effeminate, 43d Elizabeth, 1601; be- came general, 1605 ; began to ply in London st reets, 1626; glass ones first brought from Brussels to Paris, 1660; act for licensing hacknev coaches passed, 1693: 23,000 coaches kept in" England, 1778, as appeared by the duty paid for them ; rates of hackney coaches raised, 1785. COAL Mines discovered in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, about 1300. COALS first used in England, and at London, 1307, when the smoke was supposed to corrupt the air so much, that the use of them was forbidden by proclamation, 1373; first brought from New- castle to London, 1381 ; the consumption in London was 600,000 chaldrons, 1773. In 1763, coals were 55s. per chaldron. COBBETT, (William,) convicted of writing, print- ing, and publishing a gross libel on the German Legion; was brought up with several others to receive the judgment of the Court of King's Bench, when Cobbett was sentenced to pay a line uf ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 18 £1,000., to be imprisoned two }ears in Newgate, and afterwards to enter into recognizance to keep the peace; the rest, to two months' imprisonment each, 9th July, 1810. COCHRANE (Lord), and Mr. Cochrane Johnstone were expelled the House of Commons, in con- sequence of their conviction in the Court of King's Bench for a conspiracy, 5th July, 1814 ; the arms, banners, &c. of Lord Cochrane were removed from Henry VII. 's Chapel, in consequence of his removal as a Knight from the Order of the Bath. This was the first occurrence of the kind since the establishment of the order. COFFEE first introduced into Arabia Felix 1454; became known at Constantinople, and coffee- houses opened, 1554; brought to Marseilles, 1644; the art of roasting and making it intro- duced at London by a Greek servant, and the first coffee-house opened in George-yard, Lombard- street, 1652; a duty of 4d. per gallon was laid on all that was made and sold, 1660; its culture first encouraged in the plantations, 1732; coffee- houses ordered to be shut up by proclamation, as they were thought encouragers of sedition, No- vember, 1675. COIN first used in Britain, 25 years B.C. ; of gold and silver, in Scotland, 211; the first sterling coined 1216; before this time rr-nts were paid in kind, and there was little trade ; money was found only in the coffers of the Barons ; milling the coin introduced, 1662 ; copper coin first made current here, 1672 ; a re-coinage of all the light gold, and ordered to pass by weight, June 15, 1774. COIN. The first coin made in Britain was in the reign of Cunobline, 23 years B.C. COINAGE of Silver. A new issue, consisting of half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences, 13th Feb., 1817. COKE (Mr.) moved in the House of Commons, "That an humble Address be presented to his Majesty, praying him to form an Administration entitled to the confidence of his people, and such as may tend to put an end to the important divisions of the country ;" which motion, after a very warm and animated debate, was agreed to without a division, 24th March, 1783. COKE, (Sir Edward,) who had been Lord Chief Justice of England, was compelled to serve as High Sheriff, 1624; died September 3, 1634. COLCHESTER, once a Roman colony, built 125 years B.C.; castle built 921; Archdeaconry erected before 1132. COLLEGE of Physicians, London, incorporated by Henrv VIII. ; ditto, at Edinburgh, 1682. COLLIER, (Sir George,) in his Majesty's ship Rainbow, fell in with the American squadron, consisting of the Hancock, Boston, and Fox fri- gates, when, after a chase of 39 hours, he cap- tured the Hancock, of 32 guns; Sir George, during the chase, was joined by the Flora frigate, which captured the Fox; the Bostoa escaped. 18th August, 1777. COMPANIES, (The Twelve,) from which the May-or is chosen, first formed in London in Ri- chard the First's reign ; Skinners incorporated, 1327; Goldsmiths, 1327; Mercers, 1393; Haber- dashers, 1407; Grocers, 1-129; Vintners, 1437 ; Drapers, 1439; Ironmongers, 1464; Merchant Tailors, 1466; Clothworkers, 1482; Fishmongers, 1536; Salters, 1558. COMETS appeared in 1104, 1107, 1110, 1256, 1299, 1315, 1316, 1337, 1341, 1353, 1371, 1401; two in 1456, 1472; two, in 1505, 1531 1532, 1556, 1557, 1580, 1590. 1596, 1607, 1618, 1647, 1652, 1661, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1678; two in 1680, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1698, 1699, 1702, 1706, 1718, 1729, 1737, 1739; two 1742, 1744, 1747; two in 1748, 1757; three 1759, 1762, 1764; two 1766, 1769, 1770, 1774. The first that was discovered and described was by Niciphorus, 1337. The true orbits of comets demonstrated by Doetfel, 168C. CONSTANTINE, afterwards the Great, born at York ; he was grandson to Coil, a chief of the Cumbrians, 270 ; he succeeded his father Con- stantius, as Emperor of Britain, 306 ; with the as- sistance of the British forces, he defeated Maxen- tius, who had assumed the purple at Rome; he embraced the Christian religion, and was unani- mously saluted by the title of Constantino (he Great, he divided Britain into four govern- ments, viz. Britannia Prima ; comprehending the country, between the river Thames and the sea ; Britannia Secunda, consisting of all that lay west of the Severn to the Irish Sea ; FlaviaCsjesariensis, comprehending Cornwall, Devonshire, Somer- setshire, and part of Wilts and Gloucestershire- and the fourth division was named Maxima Ctesariensis, including the northern counties of England, with Nottinghamshire, Derb\shire, Staf- fordshire, and Lincolnshire, 310 ; Constantine died, May 22, 337 ; and was buried at Con- stantinople. CONSTANTIUS arrived with a fleet, and landed on the Isle of Wight, and was received by the Britons as their deliverer, 293 ; repulsed the Scots, 294; he married Helena, daughter of Coilus, Duke of Colchester, by whom he had Constantine the Great; she first walled the City of London; he died at York, 306, CONSTANTINUS succeeded to that division of the Empire which included Britain, 338 ; but by in- vading the territory of his brother Constans, he was slain, and the victor inherited Britain, and arrived here to repel the still turbulent Picts ; the vices of Constans subjected him to the contempt of his subjects, and he was deprived of his crown and life by Magnentius, a Gaul, of British extrac- tion, who assumed the regal dignity; but the friends of Constantius, the youngest son of Con- stantine the Great, prevailing against him, after a struggle of three years, the usurper put an end to his own life at Lyons, 344 ; and the whole province of Britain acknowledged the authority of the victor. CONSPIRACIES. That of the Norman Barons to shake off the royal authority of William I., 1074, of Prince Robert and others against his father, William I. 1076 ; of the Norman Barons against William II., 1086 ; of Mortimer against Henry II., 1155 ; against Thomas a Becket, when Becket fell, 1170 ; of young Henry and his brothers, against their father, Henry ll., in order to obtain his crown, 1173; of the Barons against the Ministry ! of Henry III., 1233; of the Barons against Gaves- | ton, the King's favourite, whom they murdered, 1312; of the Barons against the Spencers, the King's favourites, whom they banished, 1321 ; of the Queen and others against Edward II., when i he fell a sacrifice, 1325 ; of the Queen against the Earl of Kent, who fell, 1329 ; against the King of Castile, 1367 ; of the Barons against the Earl of Suffolk, 1386; of the Duke of Gloucester, &c. against the Ministers of Richard II., who were im- peached and executed, 1388 ; of Gloucester against Richard II., 1397; of the Duke of Lancaster against Richard II., whom he deposed, 1399 ; of the Earl of Northumberland against Henry IV., | in which Northumberland fell, 1403 ; in France, ; against the Duke of Burgund}', 1415 ; of the Duke of York against Henry VI. 1452 ; of the Earl of Warwick against Edward IV., when Warwick fell, ! 1466; of the Queen, &c. against the Duke of Clarence, who fell, 1477 ; of the Duke of Gloucester | against Edward V. and his brother, who were | murdered, 1483 ; against Richard III., 1483 ; of the j Earl of Richmond against Richard lit., 1485; of ' Simnel against Henry VII., 1487; in favour of Warbeck against Henry VII., 1493; of the Dis- ciples of Wishart against Cardinal Beaton, in Scotland, whom they murdered, 1547 ; against the Duke of Somerset, who fell, 15-19; of Lady Jane Grey against Queen Mary, 1553 ; of Queen Eliza- beth, against Mary Queen of Scots, 1559; in France, against the' Duke of Guise and Cardinal Lorrain, for which 1,200 suffered death, 1500 ; of Mary Queen of Scots, &c, against the Pro- testants, 1565; of Lord Darnley, &c, against 20 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. Rizzio, 15(73 ; of Mary Queen of Scots, &c, against Lord Darnley, 15(57 : of the Scots against their Queen, 1567; of the Duke of Norfolk against Q.ueen Elizabeth, 1569; Ditto, 1571; against the Huguenots in France, 1572; divers conspiracies against Queen Elizabeth, 158-1; Parry's against Elizabeth, for which he suffered, 1534; Wooton's against James VI. of Scotland, when he attempted to put the young King into the hands of Elizabeth, 1586 : Babington's against Queen Elizabeth, 1586, for which 14 were hanged ; another against Queen Elizabeth, 1504, for which several suffered ; Gun- powder, against James I., 1604 ; Roger Moore's in Ireland, 1641; Ro}'alists against Cromwell, 1648 ; Duke of Monmouth's to assassinate Charles II., 1683 ; one in Ireland discovered, June 1, 1663 ; that of the Fanatics in the North, dis- covered, Jan. 5, 1664, for which about 21 were executed; of Sir George Berkeley, and others, to assassinate William III., 1696; Layer's against George I., 1722; trial of Major Cartwr'mht and Messrs. Wooler, Lewis, Edmonds, and Maddox, came on at the Assizes for "Warwick, on a charge of disaffection to government, and seditiously conspiring to elect Sir Charles Wolesley the le- gislatorial attorney and representative of Bir- mingham, when the jury pronounced a verdict of guilty against all of them, July 31, 1820, and sen- tence was pronounced on the 1st of June, 1821. Cartwright was fined £100., Edmunds imprisoned nine months, Maddox 18 months, and Wooler 15 months, in the jail of Warwick, and each party afterwards to give security for good behaviour ; 20 conspirators convicted at Stirling, Aug. 4, 1820 ; Cato-street conspirators arrested, Feb. 23, 1820. CONSTANTINOPLE, founded by the Argives, 658 B. C. ; besieged and destroyed, 193 ; received its present name from Constantine the Great, who removed there the seat of the Eastern Empire, 324; the city was before called B3'zaniium, from Byzas the founder ; suffered greatly by fire, pes- tilence, famine, and an earthquake that over- turned its walls, and 17 towers, Sept. 27, 446 ; empire of the Franks ended, 1281 ; had first an Emperor, 1268, taken from the Greeks by Ma- homet IT., who slew the Emperor and 60,000 inhabitants ; this put an end to the eastern empire, which began with the reign of Arcadius, 395, and continued 1055 3'ears, 1453 ; conquered by the Venetians, 1194, who held it for some time. Mahomet III., who began to reign 1595, ordered 19 of his brothers to be strangled, and 10 of his father's concubines, who were supposed to be pregnant, to be thrown into the sea. The Emperor Osman killed by his slaves, 1622. The Emperors of Constantinople are the successors of Bajazet. A fire destroyed 12,000 houses, and 7,000 people, September 27, 1729; another, that burnt 7,000 houses, July 19, 1782; another, that destroyed ^ 20,000 houses, August 22, 1782. ^OOK (Captain) who had lately returned from a voyage of discovery in the South Seas, had the ho- nour of presenting to his Majesty several maps and charts made during his vovage, August 9th, 1775. COOTE (Sir Eyre) attacked the whole force of Hyder Ali at Porto Novo, near Cuddalore, in the East Indies; and after an obstinate battle, suc- ceeded in giving him a complete overthrow. Hyder retreated to Arcot. July 1, 1781. COPLEY (Sir John) created Baron Lyndhurst, of Lyndhurst, in the County of Southampton, April 24, 1827. CORNWALLIS (Lord) arrived at Calcutta as Go- vernor-General and Commander-in-Chief in India, September 11, 1786; defeated Tippo Sultan, and drove him and. his whole army under the walls of Seringapatam, May 15, 1791 ; his Lordship de- feated the Sultan a second time near Sering- apatam, but on account of the setting in of the monsoons he was obliged to retire to Bangalore, May 15, 1792. CORN Bill (The) was passed in the House of Lords by a great majority of 128 to 21. CORDER, (Trial of William.) at Bury, St, Ed- munds, 6th of August, 1826, for the murder of Maria Marten, on the 18th of May, 1827, a young woman whom he had decoyed from her home to a tern, near Polsted, and there murdered her. The Erisoner was found guilty, and afterwards con- ;ssed the crime; he was executed on the 11th. An extraordinary excitement throughout the kingdom was produced by this murder and trial. 1828. COURTS of Justice. The four in England took their rise from a court established in the Palace of William the Conqueror. At this time the Eccle- siastical Courts were separate from the civil. COUNTIES first sent Members to Parliament, 1258; before this the Knights met only in their own counties. COUTTS (Mrs.), widow of Thomas Coutts, Esq., the banker, (formerly Miss Mellon, the actress,) was married to his Grace the Duke of St. Albans 16th June, 1823. CORONATION. The first person crowned by the hands of a Bishop was Leo, Emperor of the East, 457 ; it being supposed that the Bishop thus ex- pressed the suffrage of the Deity. Coronation oath first taken by Ethelred II., 979 ; that now used, 1377; altered, 1689 : first coronation sermon, 1041 ; coronation chair removed from Scotland to West- minster Abbey. 1296 ; its seat is a stone called the Palladium of the Scottish Monarchy, and is said tc have been Jacob's Pillar ; it was first transported tc Spain where it was used as a seat of justice, by Gethalus, contemporary with Moses ; it after- wards found its way to Dunstaffnage, in Scotland ; and continued there as the coronation chair till the reign of Kenneth II., who, to secure his empire, removed it to Scoone, and in which every Scottish Monarch was inaugurated, till Edward removed it to Westminster. CORSNED (Trial by), a species of purgation ; being a bit of bread, consecrated with a form of exorcism, which the supposed criminal was to eat, taking the sacrament at the same, and praying that it might destroy him if guilty. Godwin, Earl of Kent, abjuring the death of the King's mother, appealed to his corsned, which stuck in his throat and killed him, hence the vulgar phrase, " I'll take my sacra- ment upon it," " May this morsel be my last,' and the like. CORNWALLIS (Lord) beseiged in York Town by the United American and French forces, and after a gallant resistance surrendered; the British forces consisted of between 5 and 6,000 men, and 1,500 sailors, Oct. 19, 1781. The Noble Lord, accompanied by General Arnold, arrived in London, January 23, 1782. CORNWALLIS (Lord), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, issued a proclamation, authorising his Majesty's Generals to give protection to such insurgents a3 (being simply guilty of rebellion) should surrender their arms, abjure all unlawful engagements, and take the oath of allegiance, June 29, 1798. CROMWELL, (Oliver,) born at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599 ; made a Colonel, 1643 ; made Lord-Lieu- tenant, and went over to Ireland with his army, 1650 ; made General of the army, June 21 follow- ing; having taken near 7,000 prisoners at the battle of Worcester, he sold them for slaves to the Americans ; made protector for life, December, 1653 ; died of gout in his stomach, September 3, 1658, in the 60th year of his age ; his carcass was hung up at Tyburn, Jan. 30, 1661, and afterwards buried under the gallows. CROSBY, (Brass,) Lord Mayor of London, attended by many Aldermen and Common Councilmen, pro. ceeded to St. James's, to present the City Address, Petition, and Remonstrance, and were intro- duced to his Majesty, who returned an answer "That he saw no reason to alter the opinion he had expressed in answer to the former Address, and therefore could not comply with the prayer of the petition," Nov. 21, 1770. Crosby committed to the Tower by order of the House of Commons for a breach of the privileges of the House ; the ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 21 numbers were, fur the committal, 202; against it, 39. The mob was very riotous, but no particular mischief occurred from the precautions taken to prevent it, Nov. 27, 1770. On the 22d of April, 1771, the Right Honourable Brass Crosby, Lord Mayor of London, was brought from the Tower to the' Court of Common Pleas, and a solemn argu- ment was held on the subject of his Lordship's commitment by the House of Commons, when the Court determined that no Court of Justice had any jurisdiction over the House of Commons, and that a power over their own members was vested in them by the very fundamentals of the constitution ; and that his Lordship's act was not only a con- tempt of the House, but of the City of London, which was virtually represented in it ; his Lord- ship was therefore remanded back to the Tower. The populace, on his Lordship retiring, took the horses from his carriage, and dragged it to the Mansion-house, amidst the loudest huzzas. CRANE (James), a Romish priest, was committed to Guildford Jail ; there were found in his pocket several commissions to enlist men for the Pre- tenders service, Feb. 17, 1746. CRANMER (Archbishop), Guildford Dudley, and his wife, the Lady Jane Grey, were condemned for high treason, Nov. 3, 1553. On October 21, 1555, he recanted ; but was afterwards burned at Oxford, March 21, 1556. * CRESSY (The battle of), Aug. 24, 1346. CROCKERY Ware, invented 1309. CROSS (the Sign of) first used by Christians, as a mark of distinction, about 110; that of our Saviour found on Mount Calvary, 326 ; the punish- ment of, abolished, 315. CROWNS in the remotest antiquity were given only to Gods. The first Roman that wore one was Tarquin I., 616 ; the first high priest that wore one was Aristobulus, 104 before Christ ; first used in England, 872 ; the triple one, or tiara, first worn by Pope Urban V., 1364 ; before the popes wore only one with two circles ; Hormisdas was the first pope that put a crown to it at all, about 553; Boniface VIII. added the second, 1303. CROYLAND Abbey, in Lincolnshire, rebuilt, and in it were set up the first tuneable bells in Eng- land, 945. COVENT GARDEN (Theatre Royal) was dis- covered to be on fire, about four o'clock, on the morning of Sept. 20, 1808 ; and in less than three hours the whole of the interior was destroyed, and nearly all the scenery, library, &c. The fire raged with great violence in Bow-street, where seven houses were destroyed, and two others greatly damaged ; a party of firemen, by the falling of the burning roof of the theatre, were buried in the ruins, by which dreadful accident nineteen persons lost their lives, and three others were severely injured. The first stone of the new building was laid by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, with grand masonic ceremony, on the 31st of December following ; Mr. Robert Smirke was the architect ; it was opened, on the 17th September, 1809, when a riot commenced in consequence of an alteration in the prices of admission, commonly called the O.P. row. CRY (the Irish), which alarmed all England, 1688 , took its rise from the following circumstance; some Irish soldiers having broken into a country- man's house, a neighbour ran off for London, crying as he went, that the Irish had risen, and were firing of houses, and destroying men, women, and children ; this, at a time when a revolution was taking place, occasioned such an alarm, that it soon spread over the whole kingdom, and every one took up arms, dreading an invasion of the Irish. CUMBERLAND (Duke of). An extraordinary at- tempt was made to assassinate H.R.H. the Duke of Cumberland while he was asleep in bed; Sellis, a Piedmontese valet, who was supposed to have made the attempt, was found in his own room with his throat cut, May 31, 1810 ; an inquest was held the following day upon his body, when the jury found a verdict of felo»de~sf. CURFEW Bell (the), established, 1068; which, to prevent fires, obliged people to put out their fires and candles at eight o'clock in the evening, when the bell was rung ; abolished 1100. CURLS (artificial), called heart-breakers, first used in England, by the ladies, in the reign of Charles II. CUSTOM-HOUSE (London), first built, 1559; a new one, 1718; the present magnificent building erected 1814, on a most extensive scale, by T">avid Laing, architect to the board of customs ; but the foundation having given way in 1825, the front next the Thames has since been re-built from the designs of Mr. Smirke. CUIRASSE, a piece of armour, though known to the ancients, in a different form, was not brought into use till about 1300. CURRANTS, or Corinthian grapes, first planted in England, Sept. 1532 ; brought from the Isle of Zante, belonging to Venice ; the musk rose and several sorts of plumbs from Italy, were brought and planted bv Lord Cromwell, about the same time. CRUCIFIXES, first introduced into the Romish Church, 461. CYCLE (the solar), commenced nine years before the vulgar Christian sera; lunar, invented by Meton the Athenian, and hence called the Metonic, July 15th, 432 B.C. CYCLOPS (Fable of the), supposed to allude to a tribe of people settled in Greece, famous for building light-houses; hence they were repre- sented with one eye in the centre of their fore- heads. DACRE Castle, Cumberland, built before 925. DACRES (Lord), hanged for murder, 1541. DAMASKEENING, or ornamenting of iron, (the art of) first taught at Damascus, but brought to perfection by Cursinet, a Frenchman, about 1600. DANCER (Daniel), a notorious miser, who, though possessed of great riches, lived in the very extreme of misery, and died at Pinner, in Middlesex, on the 12th of September, 1794. DANCING (the art of), said to be first taught by Castor and Pollux to the Lacedemonians ; others attribute the invention to Minerva ; dancing to time, &c. invented by the Curetes, who danced in their armour, 1534 B.C. DANEGELT, a land-tax ; first established by Ethelred II. 1002 ; it was part of the standing re- * Edward III. encamped at Cressy, and the same afternoon, at four o'clock, this battle began. The French army consisted of above 100,000 men. The King of Bohemia, who, though blind, was present at the battle, having caused his horse's bridle to be fastened to those of two brave knights, was slain, and his standard, on which was embroidered in gold, three ostrich feathers, with these words, Teh Dien, that is, I serve, was taken and brought to the Prince of Wales, who, in memory of that day, bore three ostrich feathers in his coronet with the same motto, which is still continued by all Princes of Wales. The English in this battle gained a complete victory, and Edward the Black Prince immortal honour. In this battle the English used cannon or great guns for the first time. France lost in this battle the King of Bohemia, the Earl of Alencon, the Duke of Lcrrain, the Earl of Flanders, the Earl of Blois, eleven princes, eight bannerets, 1200 knights, upwards of eighty standards, and above 30,000 common soldiers. The king published orders in his camp that the prisoners should not be insulted in their misfortunes, but that his troops should thank God for their victory. Edward, the c"ay after the battle of Cressy defeated a body of militia that was coming to Philip's assistance, when he slew 7C00 on the spot. Aug 24, 1346. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. vemie under Henry I., and paid in the 21st of Henry II., but soon after it was lost. DANES, their first descent upon England, at Port- land, 787 ; their second, in Northumberland, 794, when they were repelled, and perished by ship- wreck. They landed on Sheppey Island, 832 ; again in Cornwall, and were defeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at Charmouth, Dorsetshire, from 35 ships, and stood their ground, 837; defeated Ethelwolf, 840; landed at the mouth of the Thames, from 350 vessels, and took Canterbury and London, 851 ; subdued by Ethelwolf at Okely, in Surrey, 853; invaded Northumberland, and seized York, 867 ; defeated Ethelred, and his brother Alfred, at Basing and Merton, 871 ; surprised Warham cas- tle, and took Exeter, 876 ; took Chippenham, 877 ; 120 of their ships wrecked at Swanwich, Dorset- shire, 877 ; 1205 of them killed by Odun, Earl of Devon, 878 ; Alfred entered into treaty with them, 882 ; their fleet totally destroyed at Apuldore, by Alfred, 894; invaded Anglesey, 900; submitted to Edward the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorsetshire, 982 ; landed again in Essex, 991, and were bribed to quit the kingdom ; their fleet defeated, 992 ; fresh invasions by them near Bristol, and in Kent, and had £24,000. given them to depart, 998; numbers of them massacred, by order of Ethelred II., Nov. 13. 1002 ; continued their ravages, and defeated the English at Ipswich, 1010 ; took Can- terbury, and put nine out of ten of the inhabitants to death, 1011 ; settled in Scotland, 1020 ; ex- pelled England, 1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 1047, and carried off great plunder to Flanders ; joined the Northumbrians, burnt York, and slew 3,000 Normans, 1069 ; invaded England again, but bribed by William I., quitted it, 1074. DANIEL sent captive to Babylon, 606 ; advanced at court, 603; interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream, 603; his vision of the four monarchies, 555 ; cast into the den of lions, 538 ; from a vision, predicted the Persian empire under Alexander, 534 ; died 534 before Christ, aged 90 ; the begin- ning of his 70 weeks, 457 ; ditto, according to Scaliger, 421 before Christ. DANTZICK taken by the Swedes in 1734 ; bv the Prussians, 1773 ; abridged of its privileges, 1775. DARKNESS (Seventeen davs of unusual). 797. DARNLEY (Lord), great grandson of Henry VII., born 1547 ; married Mary, Queen of Scots, 1565, and took the title of King Henry ; headed the as- sassins of David Rizzio, 1566 ; murdered, by being blown up, Feb. 10, 1567. DARTMOUTH burnt by the French, 1355. DAUPHIN of France, Lewis, poisoned, December 24, 1415 ; John, his brother, that succeeded him, poisoned, April 16, 1416. DAUPHINY, ceded by the Dauphin of Viennois, 1343 ; annexed to the crown of France, on con- dition the king's eldest son should be styled Dauphin, 1349. DAVENANT and Denham, two famous poets, died, 1668. DAVID succeeded Saul on the throne of Israel, 1055 ; took Jerusalem, 1042 ; defeated the Phi- listines, 1041 ; subdued the Syrians, &c, 1040 ; removed the ark to Mount Sion, 1039 ; committed adultery with Bathsheba, 1035; reproved by Nathan, 1034; married Bathsheba, 1033; died 1015 before Christ, aged 70. DAVIS'S Straits discovered, 1585. DAY began at sun-rise by the Chaldeans, Syrians, Persians, and Indians; at sun-set by the Athe- nians, Arabs, ancient Greeks, and other Euro- pean nations ; the Ausonians, who were the most ancient inhabitants of Italy, computed the day from midnight; the Mahometans reckon from twilight as the intermediate point between light and darkness. Hence it is, that noon varies with the season. Modern astronomers count the day from noon. DEARTH, 1094; so great in England and France, that a quarter of wheat was sold for almost 20s. which was followed by a pestilential fever, that carried off multitudes of people, 1193, 1194, 1135, another, 1222; another with a murrain. 1251 ; another, when wheat sold for 40s. a quarter, 1315 ; wheat sold for £3. a bushel, and the poor forced to eat horseflesh and dogs, 1316 ; another great one, owing to the great rains, with a murrain, 1335; two others, 1348 and 1353; again, when bread was made in many places of fern roots and ivy berries, 1438. DEATH (Sudden) considered in France as a mark of infamy and proof of damnation. 1280. DEBENHAM, Suffolk, burnt (38 houses), March 1744. , DEBENTURE (Government) first given, 1649, as a bond from the commonwealth to secure the soldiers' arrears. DEBTS in France were recoverable by an ordi- nance issued 1134, which authorised the creditor to seize the effects of a debtor, without any war • rant, and pay himself; but this was corrected by a law, 1351. DE COURCY (The privilege of) standing covered before the Kings of England, at their first au- dience, granted to that family by John, for John de Courcy's consenting to combat with the cham- pion of France, 1203. DEDICATIONS to Books, contrived to get money, about 1600; nine or ten dedications were then customary to one book. DEFENDER of the Faith, a title conferred by Pope Leo X. on Henry VIII. for writing a book against Luther, 1521 ; th's title was taken from him again on his dissolving the monasteries, but confirmed to him by parliament, 1543 ; Chatnber- layne says, the title belonged to the kings of England before the pope conferred it. DEGREES (Academical) first introduced in the University of Paris, from whence other European Universities borrowed their custom before 1215. DELUGE (General), threatened in the year of the world, 1536; began Sunday, December the 7th, in the year of the world, 1656, i.e. 2348 before Christ, Noah being then about GOO years old. The ark rested upon Mount Arrarat, Wednesday, May 6, 2347 before Christ. The tops of the mountains appeared, Sunday, July 19. Noah removed the covering of the ark, Oct. 23; left it, Friday, Dec. 18, having been in it 377 days. DELUGE of Ogyges, from which Attica and Achaia lay waste above 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops out of Egypt, 1796 before Christ, this was in the reign of Ogyges. Deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, about 1494 before Christ, an inundation only, so called from its happening in the reign of Deucalion, King of Lyconia. These floods seem only confused accounts of the general deluge. DEMERARA, a Dutch settlement in Guinea ; on a river of the name, contiguous to Essequibo, 2 miles wide at its mouth, defended by a fort on the east bank, and navigable upwards of 200 miles. The country produces coffee, sugar-canes, and the finest kinds of wood. Taken by the English in 1766 ; restored in 1S02 ; taken again in 1803 ; and again restored in 1814. This settlement, and that of Essequibo, form one government, Capital, Starbrock. DENARIUS (The Roman) was worth about 7%d. English. DENBIGH Castle built, 1280 ; 'abbey built, 1330. DENMAN (Sir Thomas), Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench; created a peer, by the title of Baron Denman, of Dovedale, Derbyshire, March 22, 1834. DENMARK, the ancient kingdom of the Goths, its first king reigned, 714; Harold dethroned for being a Christian, 82" ; embraced Christianity, 940, and bishops first v ppointed; united with the crowns of Norway and Sweden, by the union of Calmar, 1394 ; the house of Oldenburgh began to reign, 1448, from whom the present royal family is descended; Christian II., in order to estabiish despotism, massacred all the nobility, except Gustavus Vasa (who escaped in the disguise of a peasant), Nov. 8, 1520, when it was united with Sweden ; separated from Sweden, 1523. Lu- theranism made a rapid progress, 1526, and was established, 1544 ; crown of, made hereditary and ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 23 absolute, 1660; revolution of, Jan 17,1772; Ele- Sbant, urder of, instituted about 1478. See brway, Copenhagen, Cimbri, Christianity, Sweden, Calmar. DENMARK (Christian, King o0, visited England, 1523; a succeeding king ditto, 1605; the same again, 1614 ; Christian VII. ditto, August, 1768. DENMARK (Matilda, Queen of), sister to George III. of England, died at Zell, May 10, 1765, aged DENMARK (Prince George of), husband to Queen Anne, visited England, 1669; died of an asthma and dropsy, October 28, 1708, aged 55. DERBY (James, Earl of), beheaded at Bolton, for opposing Cromwell, October 15, 1651. DERBY, chartered bv Charles I. DERWENTER (Earl of), and Lord Kenmuir, be- headed on Tower-hill, Feb 24, 1716, for taking part in the rebellion of 1715. DESMOND (Thomas, Earl of), beheaded in Ireland, 1468. DEUTERONOMY, or the fifth book of Moses, closes the history of 2552 y 2 years, from the creation to the death of Moses. DIAMOND (The first), cut byde Berguen, of Bruges, 1489 ; the brilliant is an improvement of the table diamond, introduced within the last century. DIAMONDS (Nine of), called the Curse of Scotland, from a Scotch member of parliament (part of whose family arms is the nine of diamonds) voting for the introduction of the malt-tax into Scotland. DIANA (Temple of), at Ephesus, burnt by the Amazons, about 1141 ; rebuilt by the Grecian colonies before the reign of Cyrus ; burnt again, by Erostratus, in order to perpetuate his name, 356 before Christ ; again by the Goths, in their third naval invasion, about 256. DIBDIN (Charles), a dramatic author, celebrated song-writer, and musical composer ; died July 25, 1814. On his tomb, in the burial ground of St. Martin's-in-the-fields, are the following lines from his own song of Tom Bowling : — " His form was of the manliest beauty, His heart was kind and soft, Faithful below he did his duty — But now he's gone aloft." DICE, invented by Palamedes about the time of the Trojan war. This was the game of Tali and Tesserae among the Romans. DICTATOR (The first at Rome), 497 before Christ. DIEPPE, laid in ashes by the English, July 14, 1694. DIET of Worms, for the peace of the empire, 1495 ; of ditto, April 17, 1521, of Spires, against the Re- formers, March 15, 1529; of Ausburg, June 25, 1530. DIGBY (Sir Everard), born 1581; hanged with other conspirators in the powder-plot, Jan. 30, 1606. DILKES (Rear- Admiral), sailed from Spithead for the coast of Normandy, July 22, 1703 ; where he took, burnt, and sunk forty sail of the en envy's ships, three of which were equipped as men of war. Queen Anne had a medal struck upon the occasion, and delivered to the Admiral and all his officers. DIONYSIUS, St. Priory, Hants, built by Henry I. about 1124. It was a priory of black canons. DISPENSATIONS, first granted by the pope, 1200. DISPENSING power of the crown exerted by Ja\:nes II., 1686 ; re-assumed to lay an embargo on corn, 1767. DISSENTERS, first separated from the Church of England, 1571. DISTAFF, the art of spinning with it at the small wheel, first taught to English women by Bona- visa, an Italian, 1505. DIVORCE. There was no such thing in the republic of Rome for 250 years; the first was 229 before Christ, at which time the women were so de- bauched, that 3,000 prosecutions were on the roll for adultery. A bill was presented by the Lord Chancellor to the House of Lords, to make divorces and separations more easy, 1539, but was dropped. DOCTOR (The degree of) first created, about 1150 ; not given in England till 1207 ; Lh music, first given in our universities, 1463. DODD (Rev. Dr. William) hanged at Tyburn for forgery, June 27, 1777. DODD (J. W.), an eminent actor in the comic line, died Dec. 17, 1796. DODDINGTON Indiaman wrecked 250 leagues east of the Cape, July 17, 1755—247 perished. DODSLEY (Robert), the celebrated bookseller, poet, and miscellaneous writer, died Sept. 26, 1764. DOMINGO (St.) discovered by Columbus, 1492. Insurrection, Aug. 1792. DOMINICA, discovered by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1494, taken by the French, but restored to the English at the peace, 1783. DOMINICAN Friars, founded by St. Dominick, a Spaniard, who was born 1170 ; their order con- I firmed, 1216; came into England, 1221. They had forty-two houses, the first of which was at Oxford. Blackfriars, London, belonged to them. DON (The title of) first taken by the kings of Spain in the middle of the 8th century. DONATISTS, who admitted of no church but the African, arose under Donatus in Africa, 311 ; after- wards united themselves with the Arians, and continued above 300 years. DONELLAN (Captain), hanged at Warwick, for poisoning Sir Theodosius Boughton, April, 2, 1781. DOOMSDAY-BOOK, which contained a survey the kingdom, began 1080 ; finished 1086. DORIC Order, in architecture, is the most ancient of the whole, and was invented by the Dorians. DORISLAUS (Dr.), agent for the parliament at the Hague, murdered by twelve English cavaliers, royalists, May 3, 1649. DORSET (Archdeaconry of) separated fromSarum, 1542. DORSET (Dukedom of) created 1720. DORT (Sea broke in at), drowned 100,000 people, April 17, 1446. DOUGLAS (Earl), stabbed by James II. of Scotland, Feb. 22, 1452. DOVER CASTLE built by Julius Csesar; the tower of, built 47; old church dedicated, 156; town chartered by Edward the Confessor ; priory built, 1130 ; Domus Dei house built, 1240 ; pier built, 1539. DOWER, or the wife's thirds, a Danish custom, given by Suenon, the father of our Canute the Great, out of gratitude to the Danish ladies, who sold their jewels, to ransom him when taken prisoner by the Vandals. DRAGOONS first raised in England, 1681. DRAKE (Sir Francis) set sail for his voyage round the world, 1577 ; died Jan. 28, 1595, aged 50. DRAMATIC ENTERTAINMENTS, under the titles of mysteries and interludes were first repre- sented at Chester and Coventry, 1061. The first on record is the miracle play of St. Catherine, per- formed by the scholars of the Abbot of St. Albans. Regular dramatic entertainments began to be per- formed about Nov. 1528; Gammer Gurton's Needle is supposed to be the first comedy; but several plays by Parker, Heywood, and others, both of a tragic and comic cast were represented ; com- missioners were appointed to review the works of dramatic writers, with power to reject those having an improper tendency in 1589. DRESDEN taken by the Prussians, 1756; by the Imperialists, 1759; by the Prussians again, 1760. DRESS. Parti-coloured coats were worn here in Henry the First's reign ; cloths of gold and silver worn, 1376 ; none permitted to wear silk or furs in Scotland but persons of rank, 1429. DRILL- BO RE (The) and engraver's wheel were in- vented in the time of the Greeks, by Theodore of Lamos ; at which time, engraving of gems were discovered and practised ; this was near 1200 years before Christ. DROWNING was anciently a kind of punishment. In France, during the reign of Louis XI. they frequently drowned their criminals. DRUIDS, an order of men among the Britons, to 24 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. called for their veneration for this Oak Drvis. Their religion sprung from that of the Ante"diluvians, without either altar or sacrifice, and continued for a space of 2000 years. They acted as priests and magistrates. One of tVem was occasionally in- vested with the supreme authority. They were cruelly burnt and destroyed in the Isle of Anglesey, in defence of their country's right, by Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman governor, by order of Nero, 60. DRUM (The), an oriental invention, and brought by the Arabians or Moors into Spain. DRUM-CAPSTANS, for weighing heavy anchors, invented bv Sir Samuel Morland, about 1685. DRUNKENNESS punished with 5s. fine, or the stocks, 1605. DRURY-LANE Theatre. The first, built in 1617, was destroyed by a mob the same year ; and on the 24th of February, 1809, the magnificent struc- ture was discovered to be on fire, and so rapid were the flames, that in a short space of time the whole was in one entire blaze; the sublimity of its appearance, and the awful glare it threw over the metropolis, was indescribable; happily no lives were lost ; but the next day a man was killed by the falling of a part of the wall, and another wounded. * DRYDEN (John), the poet, born 1631 ; died Mav 1, 1701. DUBLIN city wall built about 838; stormed by Dermod, 1171; its first charter granted, 1173; castle built, 1220 ; mayor of, first made from a {>rovost, 1407; mayor honoured with the title of ord, 1665; parliament house begun, 1729; finished, 1739 ; cost £40,000. DUCAT, a piece of money so called; took its name from the Dukes in Spain, having a power to coin in the 6th century. * John Di-yden, one of the most eminent of the English poets, was born, according to the most probable accounts, on the 9th of August, 1631, in the parish of Aldwinkle-All-Saints, in Northamptonshire. His father, who possessed a small estate, and acted as a justice of the peace during the Protectorate, was the third son of Sis: Erasmus Dryden, bart., of the same county. The subject of this article, his eldest son, received his early education in the country, and was then removed to Westminster school, whence he was elected to a scholarship in Trinity college, Cambridge, and took his degree of bachelor of arts. His father dying in 1654, he succeeded to the possession of his estate, subject however to considerable deductions for the widow and younger children. He immediately removed to London, under the auspices of his relation, Sir Gilbert Pickering, one of Cromwell's council and House of Lords. Dryden is said to have been his secretary ; and certainly at this time he discovered no symptoms of disagreement with the political tendency of his family. On the death of Oliver he wrote his celebrated " Heroic Stanzas" on that event ; one of the first of his poems that evinced the loftiness of expression and imagery which characterize his maturer efforts. This production necessarily subjected him to much obloquy in after times, es- pecially as it is suspected that in the passage where Cromwell is praised for staunching the blood " by breathing of the vein," the poet intended to vindicate the execution of Charles I. Be this as it may, at the Restoration he made all possible haste to efface his past stains, by greeting the king's return in a poem, entitled "Astraea Redux," which was quickly followed by a "Panegyric on the Coronation." In 1661 he produced his first play, " The Duke of Guise ;" and in the next year " The Wild Gallant." In 1662 also appeared his poem, addressed to the Chancellor Hyde, and his " Satire on the Dutch." Setting aside the drama, to which his attention was unremitting, his next publication of consequence was the "Annus Mirabilis," published in 1667. His reputation, both as a poet and a royalist, was by this time so well established, that on the death of Sir William Davenant, he was appointed poet laureat and his- toriographer, with a salary of £200. per annum. He soon after published his " Essay on Dramatic Poesy," which he had written in ?«365, in his retirement during the plague ; previously to which public calamity he had married Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter to the Earl of Berkshire, an alliance which seems to have done little towards the advancement of his worldly prosperity. He now became professionally a writer for the stage, by entering into a contract with the patentees of the King's Theatre, to supply three plays a-year. The earlier dramatic productions of Dryden were written in rhyme, a circumstance which favoured the rant that disfigured them in common with most of the tragedies of the day. To correct this fault, Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, in conjunction with other wits, composed "The Rehearsal," in which celebrated burlesque Dryden was openly ridiculed in the character of Bayes. The town enjoyed the laugh, but the sterling character of the poet was very little affected. In 1679 he joined Lord Mulgrave in an " Essay on Satire ;" and in 1681, at the express desire of Charles II., he composed his famous political poem, entitled "Absalom and Achitophel," in which the incidents attendant on the rebellion of Absalom against David, are admirably applied to Charles II., the Duke of Monmouth, and the intriguing Earl of Shaftesbury. The severity and excellent poetry of this production raised him innumerable enemies; whom he still farther enraged by his "Medal, a Satire on Sedition ;" written on the occasion of a medal struck by the Whig party, when an indictment against Shaftesbury for high treason was de- clared ignoramus. The rancour of the last production is not easily to be paralleled. Having succeeded so well in political, he next essayed literary satire, by attacking Shadwell in his " Mac Flecknoe," the prototype of the Dunciad. Soon after appeared his " Religio Laici," the object of which is to give a com- pendious view of the arguments in favour of revelation. With all this ability and industry, Dryden acutely suffered the anxiety attendant on straitened circumstances ; and an affecting letter addressed by him to Hyde, Earl of Rochester, representing his pecuniary embarrassments, shows the unhappiness of this not extravagant, and certainly most industrious, champion of loyalty under Charles II. He next published some classical translations, and two volumes of " Miscellany Poems;" and on the death of the king, composed his "Threnodia Augustalis, a funeral poem,' which, as might be expected on such a ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 2.5 .M CKING was practised as a punishment among tho Celtic and ]• ranks. DUDLEY (Edmund and Empson), ministers to Henry VII., fell a sacrifice to popular resentment in the reign of Henry VIII., and were beheaded, Vug. 28, 1510. IJUDLEY (Lord Guildford), son of Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, married Lady Jane Grey, grand- daughter of Henry VII., by her mother's side, 1553; condemned and beheaded with her, after Queen Mary's accession, for espousing his wife's claim to the throne, Feb. 12, 1554. DUELLING and Knight-errantry took their rise from judicial combats; forbidden in France in civil matters, 1305; appointed in France, in order to have the judgment of God in particular cases, as whether one gentleman had betvi familiar with the other's wife, 1451 ; punished in France, 1663 ; with small swords, introduced into England, 1588; checked in the army, 1792. DUKE (Title of) first given in England to Edward, Son of Edward III., March 17, 1336 ; quite extinct, 1572. subject, is not one of his happiest productions. On the accessions of James II. he conformed to the religion of the new sovereign ; which complaisance, for it was probably little more, gained him an addition to his pension of £100. per annum. One of the fruits of this conversion, and of the profits attached to it, war. his elaborate controversal poem of " The Hind and the Panther," the very absurdity of which plan, overcome as it is by the force and beauty of the versification and execution, is highly honourable to the poetic talents of Dryden. The birth of a prince in June, 1G88, called forth his " Britannia Rediviva," in which all kind of prosperity to church and state is anticipated from the auspicious event, with much more of poetic, than of prophetic inspiration, as the unfortunate poet found out in a few months afterwards, by the loss of his places and pensions in consequence of the revolution. He had now nothing to trust to but his literary industry, and during the ten concluding years of his life, when he wrote actually for bread, and at so much per line, he produced some of the pieces which have most contributed to his well-established fame. Pass- ing over his translations of Juvenal and Persius, and various minor works, it may be observed, that he commenced his celebrated translation of Virgil in 1694, and it was sent to the press in 1697. He is supposed to have received £1,300. for this hasty but able translation. Soon after the appearance of Virgil, he was solicited to write a second ode for St. Cecilia's day, which request produced his admirable " Alexander's Feast," probably the most popular lyric poem in the English language. It appears that about this time he meditated a translation of Homer, but the design was given up for that of modernizing Chaucer's Tales, in which undertaking he contracted with a bookseller to furnish 10,000 lines for £300. ; and so rich and ductile was the versifying faculty of Dryden, this unpoetical bargain produced the col- lection called his " Fables," some of the most truly poetical pieces he ever composed. This was the last of his great works, for he soon after declined in health, although the immediate cause of his death was an inflammation in one of his toes, which, terminating in a mortification, put an end to his life on the 1st of May, 1700. A romantic account of his interment was given by the celebrated Mrs. Thomas, which had no other foundation than the interference of some noblemen and others, to change a private into a public funeral. The latter accordingly took place, with a very honourable attendance ; and the body of this great poet was interred in Westminster Abbey, next to that of Chaucer. The place was for some time un- distinguished by a monument, until a plain one with his bust, was erected by Sheffield, Duke of Bucking- ham. The foregoing sketch, brief as it is, will preclude the necessity of much observation on the moral and political character of Dryden. It possibly forms one of the strongest instances recorded in English history, of the debasing nature of the high monarchical and passive obedient theory on commanding talent. According to Congreve, although' reserved and saturnine, Dryden was friendly and humane, domestic in habits, and affectionate towards his family. That the pen of such a man should be so freely prostituted to party rancour and venal panegyric, appears surprising; and it is equally so, that although regular in his own manner, few went before him in the dramatic licentiousness of the age. For a portion of this subserviency, his narrow circumstances may plead in mitigation, but it would be futile to say, that it can altogether excuse it ; and Dryden will always remain a conspicuous instance of the union of high talent with extreme mental prostitution. On his literary merits it would be idle to dwell here; the character of none of our writers having been more amply investigated. Asa dramatic poet he has wit, force, and majesty, but very little of nature or propriety. His comedy, with the exception of " The Spanish Friar," is altogether inferior ; and of all his tragedies, " Don Sebastian," and "All for Love," alone are spoken of at present. As a general poet he stands unrivalled in point of versification, it being generally acknow- ledged, that for fulness and variety of harmony, and a fine flowing and resistless current of numbers, he has never been surpassed. There is scarcely any walk of poetry in which he has not excelled ; but, as might be expected in so able a satirist, the pathetic seemed least suited to his powers. His style in prose also deserves great praise ; he chiefly exercised it in the critical essays prefixed to his works, which form excellent specimens of genuine English composition. The reputation of Dryden has lost nothing by age : many of his productions are doubtless very little read, but enough remains to render him one of the most lasting of the English potts, of which there are but two or three of greater celebrity. Of recent editions of his works, we may refer to the prose works, by Malone, 1800, 4 vols. 8vo. ; his poetical works, edited by Todd, with notes by Warton, 1812, 4 vols. 8vo. ; and the whole of his works, by Sir Walter Scott. 1818, 18 vols. 8vo. Dryden left behind him three sons, of whom Charles, the eldest, was the author ot some Latin poems and translations. In 1692, he went to Italy, ano. was appointed by pope Innocent XII. chamberlain to his household. While at Rome he wrote a poem in English, "On the Happiness of a Retired Life." He was unfortunate'y drowned in attempting to swim across the Thames at Datchet in 1704. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. * DI'l .WICH College, founded by Alleyn the plaver, I Alexander I. ; burnt by Edward I., 1303. t DUMOURIEZ (Charles Francois Duperier), born DUrViFERLINE Abbey, Scotland, completed by | 1739, died, 1823. * Edward Alleyn a celebrated actor in the reigns of Elizabeth and James; still better known as the founder of Dulwich College. He was born A D. 15(56, in London, in the parish of St. Botolph Bishopsgate. His predilection for the stage, for which he was eminently qualified by person and deportment, led him to embrace the theatrical profession very early. According to the testitrony of Ben Johnson and the other dramatists of the age, he was the first actor of the day, and of course played leading characters in the plays of Shakspeare and Johnson ; although, in consequence of the names not being set against the parts in the old editions of those authors, his particular share in them is not ascertained. The celebrity of Alleyn was such, that he drew crowds of spectators after him wherever he performed, so that, possessing some private patrimony, with a careful and provident disposition, he soon became master of an establishment of his own, called the Fortune playhouse, in Whitecross-street. He was likewise appointed keeper of the royal menagerie and bear garden, which offices are said to have produced, for that age, the considerable income of £500. per annum. He was thrice married, and received portions with his two first wives, who produced him no issue to inherit it. Growing rich from these various sources he was led to distinguish himself by the foundation of Dulwich College, or hospital of God's gift, for the maintenance of one master, one warden, and four unmarried fellows of the name of Allen, three whereof were to be clergymen, and the fourth, a skilful organist ; also six poor men, and as many women ; and twelve poor boys, to be educated until the age of fourteen or sixteen, and then put out to some trade or calling. The credulous gossip Aubrey tells a ridiculous story of the origin of this donation in a fright endured by Alleyn, who saw a real devil on the stage, while himself performing a fictitious one in a drama by Shakspeare. After the college was built, he met with some difficulty in obtaining a charter for a settlement of the lands in mortmain, owing to the opposition of the Lord Chancellor Bacon, who doubted the utility of the institution, in comparison with others for which a similar favour had been refused. The very rational letter of this great man to the Marquis of Buckingham on this subject is extant; and the interest of Alleyn must have been great to get the better of such an opponent. He was the first master of his own college ; and dying in 1626, was buried in the new chapel belonging to it. The lands forming the endowment of this singular institution having now become of great value, with no extension of the charity, a fellowship in it has become a very desirable object. Within these few years it has been brought into great additional notice by the admirable collection of pictures of the best masters, bequeathed by Sir Francis Bourgeois, for which a handsome gallery has been erected and with due precaution, the public are freely admitted all the year round. A diary kept by Alleyn himself is in existence. f Charles Francois Duperier Dumouriez, a French general of great military talent, born January 25, 1739, of a noble, though not affluent family in Provence. His father, the translator of the " Ricciardetto," bestowed great pains on his education till the age of eighteen, when he entered the army, and made his first campaign against the same Duke of Brunswick whom, subsequently in 1792, he drove out of the French territories. On this occasion heso much distinguished himself by his bravery, that when at length wounded in nineteen places, and taken prisoner, the duke sent him back with a flattering letter addressed to his general, Marshal de Broglie. In his twenty-second year he obtained three more wounds, a captaincy, and the cross of St. Louis. During the peace of 1763 he travelled through Italy and Portugal, on the subject of which latter country he published an " Essay." On his return to Paris in 1767, when he was named aide- marechal-general of the army destined for the invasion of Corsica, and having served with reputation in the campaigns of 1768 and 1769, obtained a regiment. In 1770, he was appointed by the Duke de Choiseul, minister to the confederates of Poland, and two years afterwards was employed by the Marquis of Monteynard, minister of war, to revise the military code. In the latter end of 1772, being entrusted by this minister with the management of a secret negociation with Sweden, at the instance of Louis XV., but unknown to his secretary for foreign affairs, the due d'Aiguillon, he was arrested at Hamburgh by the -order of that minister, and placed in the Bastile, the king not daring to interfere and save him. He continued six months in confinement, and was then banished to the Castle of Caen for three more. On the succession of Louis XVI. to the throne, Dumouriez obtained a revision of his trial, and a declaration from the government that he had been unjustly sentenced. He continued employed in the various duties of his profession, till the breaking out of the Revolution, when siding with the moderate party, he obtained in 1791 the command of the district from Nantes to Bourdeaux ; the year following, being recalled to Paris, he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, and appointed minister of foreign affairs, but resigned his situation in three days, perceiving the vacillation and insincerity of the court. On the entrance of the foreign troops into France, Dumourier having succeeded Lafayette in the command of the army of the north, dispersed with a very inferior force of the Prussian army, 100,000 strong, through the superiority of his tactics ; and the battle of Jemappe shortly after consolidated his triumph by revolutionizing Belgium, and placing it under the influence of France At his return to Paris, he found the trial of the king, whose life he vainly endeavoured to save, already in progress; and becoming suspected in consequence, by the more violent of the terrorists, retired from the capital and placed himself once more at the head of his arm}-. Ir ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 27 • DUNCAN (Adam), Admiral, born 1731, died, 1804. DUNE of Donnadilla, a town so called from an imaginary prince, who reigned 260 before Christ. The greatest antiquity in Scotland. DUNKIRK taken by the English, June 24, 1658 ; sold to the French for £219,000., Oct. 17, 1661 ; delivered up to England, to be demolished, July 7, 1712; the basin, &c. destroyed under the inspection of English engineers, 1763 and 1764. DUNSTAFFNAGE Castle, Scotland, fabled to have been founded by Ewin a Pictish monarch, coeval with Julius Ctesar. It was certainly the first seat of the Pictish and Scottish princes. DUNSTAN, Abbot of Glastonbury, gained nigh credit with King Edrid, who submitted even to re- ceive discipline from his hands ; 951 ; Edrid re- built Glastonbury Abbey, on which he laid out vast sums. He permitted Dunstan to introduce the monks into the benefices, and they proclaimed Dunstan's sanctity ; he died Archbishop of Can- terbury, 989. DURHAM Bishopric first founded. 635; removed from Lindisarne to Durham, 1000; castle built, 1069; monastery built, 1073; first cathedral founded, and archdeaconry erected, 995 : present cathedral began building, 1093; finished, 1242; deanery founded, 1541 ; made a county palatine, 1652 ; town incorporated, 1576; act passed to en- able the city and county to send members to par- liament, 1672. DUSIUS, a kind o£ libidinous daemon among the Gauls. Hence " The deuce take you." DYING is said to be the invention of the Tyrians, and purple was the first colour dyed. Till the time of Alexander, there were no colours in use but scarlet and purple. Introduced into England from the low countries, 1667. EARL (The dignity of) first given in England to Alfred, afterwards King of England; called by the sovereign, Cousin, so early as the reign of Henry IV. none having this title formerly, but those of the blood royal. EARL Marshal (The 'first), 1383, in the person of Thomas, Lord Mowbray, created Duke of Norfolk in 1397 ; given to the Howards, 1483. EARTH, proved to be flatted towards the polos, | 1737. j EARTHEN vessels, the art of making them invented i by Epimetheus, 1715 before Christ ; earthen ware invented in Italv, 1310. EARTHQUAKE, one in Asja that overturned twelve cities, 17. One rn China, 114. One at Antioch, 115 One that swallowed up Nicomedia and several neighbouring cities, 120. One that destroyed Cesareaand Nieopolis, 128. Several in Europe, Asia, and Africa, with three days' dark- ness, 262. One in Macedonia, that swallowed up 150 cities, in Asia and Greece, 357. Terrible one, with an inundation round the Mediterranean ; 50,000 persons were drowned at Alexandria, July 1, 365. One from September to November, which swallowed up several cities in Europe, 394. One swallowed up several villages in the neigh- bourhood of Cybyra, 417. One swallowed up several cities in Palestine, 419. One at Constan- this situation, the convention neither daring to dismiss him nor to accept his resignation, which he repeatedly tendered, endeavoured to destroy his popularity with the troops, and by rendering his com- missariat inefficient, caused the failure of the campaign. A feeling of mutual distrust now took place between the French directory and Dumouriez, and the latter hastened to conclude a treaty with the Prince of Saxe Coburg for the evacuation of Belgium, while he himself determined to lead his troops to Pavis, and re-establish the constitution of 1791 ; in order to effect which, Coburg promised, if necessary, to furnish a contingent. The design was frustrated by some of the subordinate generals, who conveyed intelligence to the convention of what was in agitation. The latter, alarmed, immediately summoned Dumouriez to their bar, and sent accredited commissioners to arrest him ; when, finding his intentions betrayed, he took the decisive step of instantly arresting the commissioners and handing them over to the custody of the German leader, as hostages for the safety of the royal family. A degree of insubordination now showed itself among the troops under his command, and the general finding all lost, quitted them and repaired for refuge to the head-quarters of his quondam enemy, who offered him a command, but he declined it, and retired to Switzerland, where he published a volume of his own memoirs. The cantons were how- ever too near to France to render that country a safe asylum, especially as the sum of 500,000 femes was offered for his head. He therefore again retreated to Hamburg, where he subsisted on a pension of 400 louis, granted him by the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel. On the threatened invasion of this country by Napoleon, Dumouriez removed to England, where he spent the remainder of his life, surviving several years the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, in which however he took no part. In 1821 he published two memoirs addressed to the Greeks, whose cause he had much at heart, and at length died in his eighty fifth year, at Turville-park, near Henley-upon-Thames, March 14, 1823.— Ann. Biog. * Viscount Adam Duncan, a naval officer of distinguished skill and courage. He was born in Scotland, and was the son of Alexander Duncan, Esq. of Lundie, in the county of Angus. Going to sea when young, he obtained a lieutenancy in 1755, was made master and commander in 1759, and was post-captain in 1761. In that station he served in the following year at the taking of Havannah ; and in 1779 he shared in the victory of Admiral Rodney over the Spaniards. In 1789 he was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral of the blue, and by regular gradation, in 1794, he became vice-admiral of the white squadron. The following year he was appointed commander of the North Sea fleet ; when, after a tedious and harassing service ot two years, occupied in watching the motions of the Dutch in the harbour of the Texel, Admiral Duncan found himself obliged to leave his station, and sail to Yarmouth roads, in consequence of the mutinous disposition of his sailors. This unpleasant occurrence was the prelude to a glorious victor}'. The Dutch fleet put to sea, which was no sooner made known to Admiral Duncan's men, than they returned to their duty, and he immediately sailed in pursuit of the enemy. He came up with them off the coast of Holland, between Camperdown and Egmont, and after a severe engagement defeated them, and captured the com- mander, Admiral de Winter, and eight of his ships. The conqueror was rewarded with the title of Vrscount Duncan, and a pension of £2,000. a year. -8 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. Hoople, attended with hre, pestilence, and famine, that uverthrew its walls and seventeen towers, Sept. 17, 446. One that almost destroyed the city of Antiorh. Sept. 14. 153- One at Constantinople, that lasted forty days, and overturned several edifices, 4S0. One at Antioch, that destroyed that and several other cities, 526. Another at Antioch that swallowed up 4,800 inhabitants, 52S. One over the whole world, Sept. 6, 543. One at Constantinople, 552. One at Rome and Constantinople, that overthrew many houses, 557. One that destroyed Antioch, 580. One that destroyed many cities in Syria, 749. One that shook " France, Germany, and Italy, and threw down St. Paul's at Rome", April, 801. One through- out all England, followed by a great scarcity of fruit and a late harvest, 1090. One in Shrop- shire, 1110. One in December, 1116. One in Sept. 1120. One just as King Henry was about to embark for Normandy, when flames of fire burst out of certain rifts of the earth with great violence, Aug. 2, 1134. One that swallowed up the city of Catania, and more than 15,000 souls, 1137. One that overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 1185. A dreadful one, Feb. 14, 1248. One in Somersetshire, 1249. One at St. Alban's, 1250. General one, that threw down St. Michael's on the Hill, without Glastonbury, 1274. The greatest ever known in England, November 14, 1328. One at Lisbon, when a vast number of persons perished by the fall of buildings, 1344. Several churches thrown down by one, May 21, 13S2. A very dreadful one, accompanied with thunder and lightning, Sept. 28, 1426. One in Spain, that did a great deal of mischief in An- dalusia, April 5, 1504. Another dreadful one at Lisbon, which continued eight days, overthrew several churches, and more than 1,500 houses, under which 30,000 persons were buried; several of the neighbouring towns were swallowed up with their inhabitants, and the Tagus overflowed and destroyed half Portugal, Feb. 1531. A whole province or the mountainous part of China was in a moment absorbed into the earth, all the towns and the inhabitants buried, and an immense lake of water took its place, which remains now, 1556. One in Naples and Sicily, that swallowed up several towns, and above 30,000 persons, March 27, 1638. One in Chili, when several whole mountains of the Andes sunn into the earth, one after another, 1646. One, 1661. One at Oxford, 1665. The city of Catania destroyed by one, and an irruption of jEtna, with the loss of 60,000 inha- bitants, 1682. In many parts of England, 1683. One in Jamaica and Lima, 1687. One in 1692. One felt in England, France, and Germany; 60,000 perished by it in Sicily, out of 254,000- per- sons, and the chief town in Jamaica was destroyed, Sept. 1693, where the earth opened and swallowed up nine-tenths of the houses and 2,000 people. Messina destroyed by one, 1694. One at China, when near 400,000 persons were lost, 1699. One at Rome, &c, and England, 1703; the city of Aquila in the kingdom of Naples was destroyed, and 7,000 persons. One at China, 1718. One at Chili, that destroyed the kingdom, 1730. One at China, that destroyed the provinces, July 29, 1731. One at Naples, March 20, 1732, when 2000 persons were destroyed. One in Ireland, that destroyed 100 houses and five churches, August, 1734. One that destroyed Lima and Callao, in Peru, Oct. 28, 1746 ; out of 3,000 inhabitants at Lima, one single person only escaped. Two in London, Feb. 8, and March 8, 1750. One that destroyed 4,000 persons at Philippoli, in Romania, Feb. 1750. One at Adrianople that destroyed 200 mosques, and a great part of the city, August, 1752. One in the Morea, which swallowed up many villages, and several persons, July 15, 1754. One at Con- stantinople and Cairo, &c, which destroyed two- thirds of the buildings, and 40,000 inhabitants, Sept. 2, 1754. One at Peru, that destroyed the city of Quito, April 24, 1755. One at Lisbon, Dec. 26, 1764. One that destroyed 2,000 houses, &c, in the island Metylene in the Archipelago, May 27, 1755. One that destroyed Lisbon ana 70,000 people, Nov. 1, 1755. One in the Azores, July 18, 1757. One that destroyed Tripoli, Dec. 5, 1759. A terrible one in Syria, Oct. 30, 1760. One at Constantinople, that buried 880 persons, May 22, 1766. One at Martinico, August, 1767, where 1,600 persons lost their lives. One at St. Domingo, 1770. One at Altdorf, Switzer- land, Sept. 10, 1774. At Gualtimala, one that buried the city and 8,000 families, July 6, 1774. One at Smyrna, when numbers lost their lives, July 3, 1771. One at Tauris, Persia, when near 15,000 houses were overthrown, and num- bers perished, March, 1780. One in Calabria, Italy, that destroyed near 4,000 villages, up- wards of 40,000 persons, and overthrew the city of Messina, in Sicily, Feb. 6, 1783. One that overthrew Thessalonica, 1783. At Borgo San Sepulchre, Italy, Sept. 30, 1789, when several churches were thrown down, and 1,000 persons perished ; the earth swallowed up 30 houses and many people in the neighbourhood. At Oran, Africa, when the town was overthrown, Oct. 1790. EASTBY Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1152. EAST-INDIA house erected, 1726. EAST Loo, Cornwall, incorporated, 1587. EAST Retford, Nottinghamshire, chartered anew by James I. EASTER established about 68; controversy deter- mined 667 ; the cycle or time of keeping Easter first calculated for 532 years, by Victorius, 463. EASTER Island, South Sea, discovered, 1722. EASTERLINGS, in history, were the Danes and Normans, so called when they invaded Ireland, 795 and 798. EASTLAND Company, who trade to Norway, &c. erected, 1585. EBION, the head of the Ebonites, appeared, 79. He denied the divinity of Christ, and the virginity of his mother. ECLIPSE, the custom of the Chinese and Tartars beating of drums and making other noise during an eclipse, arose from an idea that it was occasioned by magic, they thus strove to drown the voices of the magicians, that their charms might not reach. The Greeks did the same. The first of the moon upon record, forty minutes after eight in the even- ing, March 19, 720 before Christ. The first observer of their revolutions was Calippus of Athens, who flourished 336 before Christ. EDDA (The) was the religious code of Icelandic Runic mythology, compiled by Sigfusson of Ice- land, about 1080. EDELS (New-Holland, Land of), discovered by the Dutch, 1619. EDGAR Atheling, son of Edward, the only son of Edmund II., nephew to Edward the Confessor, and after him, only heir to the crown of England, but deprived of it by the usurper, Harold II. On the death of Harold, he resigned the crown to William I. He married a princess of Scotland, and died after 1120, aged 70. From this Edgar is lineally descended George III. EDGAR, brother and successor of Edwy, began his reign, 959; obliged by Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, not to wear his crown for seven years, for carrying off Editha, a nun, and ravishing her ; stabbed Athelwold, and married his wife, Elfrida ; destroyed the wolves, with which the country was over-run, by demanding of the Welch a yearly tribute of wolves' heads, 971 ; obliged eight of his tributary princes in Wales to row him a barge on the river, Dec. 973 ; crowned at Axminster, 973 ; he was a bigot to monkery, built forty-seven monasteries, and left two sons and a daugh- ter ; died 975, aged 32 ; buried at Glastonbury, and was succeeded by his son, Edward the Martyr. EDINBURGH Castle, supposed to be built by Edwin, King of Northumberland, in the 9th century; city taken by the English, 1296; city built, 1544; university founded, 1580. EDMUND I. brother and successor of Athelstan, began to reign, 941 ; aged eighteen ; killed by a ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 20 ruffian, whom he struck at an entertainment, 948 : buried at Glastonbury, and succeeded by his brother Edred. his own' children being too young. EDMUND II., styled Ironside, on account of his strength, son of Ethelred II., married the widow of Sigefert, a Danish nobleman, who was nut to death in 1015 ; succeeded his father on the throne, 1016, aged 27, but was opposed by Canute, who was crowned by the other party. After many battles, it was agreed to divide the kingdom be- tween them : but Edmund was soon after mur- dered at Oxford by two of his chamberlains, 1017, and Canute, King of Denmark, succeeded Ed- mund's sons being then abroad. EAST Grinstead Church fell down, Nov. 12, 1785. EAST India Docks (The foundation stone of the) was laid by Captain Huddart, and John Wool- more, Esq., on the 4th of March, 1805, in the presence of the directors and a great concourse of people, and on the 4th of August, 1806, they were publicly ooened. * ENFIELD (Dr. William), an eminent writer and philologist, died at Norwich, on the 3d of No- vember, 1797. EDGE-HILL (Battle of) began about two o'clock on Sunday afternoon, Oct. 23, 1642, near Kine- ton, Warwickshire, where the king's horse beat the rebel cavalry out of the field. The Earl of Essex, commander of the parliamentary army, established his quarters at Kineton before the battle, and there awaited the approach of the king from Shrewsbury. On Sunday the day of the battle the royal forces appeared on the summit of Edge-hill, at ten o'clock in the morning. Imme- diately, Essex caused his men to advance in line, and they were met at the foot of the hill by their adversaries. The forces of each party were nearly equal, but raw, and rather impetuous than firm. On the approach of the king, Sir Faithful For- tescue, who came to serve against his majesty, changed sides ; and Prince Rupert attacking the enemy's left wing of cavalry, with his usual im- petuosity, whilst the other wing was also routed ; upon which the king's corps- de-reserve rashly supposing the victory complete, joined in the pursuit. Sir William Balfour, commander of the enemy's' reserve, seizing his opportunity, fell upon the king's infantry thus abandoned, and furred the fate of the day. The Earl of Lindsay was mortally wounded, his son taken prisoner, and Sir Edmund Verney killed. Thus the prince at his return found affairs wearing the aspect of defeat, and the king was advised to quit the field. Both parties remained under arms during the night, and both claimed the victory. The list of slain on both sides amounted to 1,300, about 500 of whom were thrown into a neighbouring pit, where a few fir trees wave over their remains. Essex first withdrew from the field, and retired to Warwick, whilst the king resumed his former quarters. EDRED succeeded his brother, Edmund I. on the throne, 018 ; died of a quinsy, 966 ; buried at Winton, and was succeeded by his nephew, Edwy, son to Edmund I. EDWARD the Elder, second son of Alfred, suc- ceeded his father on the throne, 900 ; he encouraged learning, founded the University of Cambridge, and enlarged his dominions in Wales and Scot- land by conquest ; died at Farringdon, 925 ; buried in Winton, and was succeeded by his natural son Athelstan- He left 15 children, sons and daugh- ters; one daughter married Charles, King of France ; another Otho, Emperor of Germany ; ano- ther Louis, King of Provence, another Gormon III., King of Denmark. EDWARD the Martyr, eldest son of Edgar, by a first marriage, succeeded to his father's crown, 975, aged 15 ; stabbed by order of his step-mother, Elfrida, who opposed his succession in favour of her own son Ethel red, 979 ; buried at Shaftes- bury, and was succeeded by his brother-in-law, Ethelred II., Elfrida's son, EDWARD the Confessor, youngest and, seventh son of Ethelred II., by his second wife Emma, succeeded his half-brother Hardicanute on the throne, 1041 ; married Editha, daughter of Earl Godwin, 1043 ; supported Malcolm, heir to the crown of Scotland, against Macbeth the usurper, 1054. He caused the Saxon laws to be revised and amended, and introduced the French lan- guage and customs into England ; verbally nomi- nated William I. to be "his successor; died Januarys, 1066, aged 65; buried in Westminster Abbey, and succeeded by Harold II., son of Godwin. EDWARD I., eldest son of Henry III., born June 16, 1239; married. Eleanor, princess of Castile, 1255 ; taken prisoner by the rebel ami}', 1264 ; re- leased on ignominious terms, 12G5 ; obtained a complete victory over the bar ns at Eversham, August 4, following; wounded in the holy land by an assassin, 1271 ; succeeded to his father's crown, November 16, 1272 ; landed in England, July 25, 1274 ; crowned at Westminster, Aug. 19, following; went and did homage to the King of France, for the Duchy ofGuienne, and relinquished his right to Normandy, 1279 ; subdued Wales, 1263 ; went to France, summer, 1286 ; returned, August, 1280 ; buried his queen, 1291 ; subdued Scotland, and sent King Baliol to the Tower, 1296 ; married Margaret, sister to the King of Fiance, Sept. 12, 1299; died of a flux at Burgh, in Cumberland, July 7, 1307 ; was buried at" Westminster, and succeeded by his fourth son, Edward II. EDWARD II., fourth son of Edward I., born at * William Enfield, LL.D., a dissenting divine, of great learning and amiable character, was born at Sudbury, in 1741. He was educated for the dissenting ministry at Daventry, and in 1763 was chosen pastor to a congregation at Liverpool, where he obtained much notice as a pleasing preacher and amiable man. During his residence in Liverpool, he published two volumes of " Sermons," in 12mo., as also a collection of " Hymns" and " Family Prayers," all of which were well received. In 1770, he accepted an invitation to become resident tutor and lecturer on belles-lettres, at the academy at Warrington, where he remained for several years. During this year he published his well-known " Speaker," and subsequently the sequel to it, entitled "Exercises on Elocution;" "The Preacher's Dictionary;" "The English Preacher;" "Sermons on the principal Characters in the Old and New Testament," &c. He also en- gaged in the controversy on literary property, and drew up " Institutes of Natural Philosophy, theoretical and experimental." On the dissolution of the academy, in 1783, he remained two years at Warrington, en- gaged in the education of private pupils, during which time he received the title of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh. In 1785 he accepted an invitation to preside over a congregation at Norwich, to which he united private tuition, which however he finally resigned for literary occupation exclusively. In 1791, he published his " Abridgment of Brucker's History of Philosophy, ' 2 vols. 4to., a clear and able performance ; and subsequently joined with Dr. Aikin and others in the " General Biography," 10 vols. 4to. He died, in the enjoyment of the highest esteem and respect for his qualities, both of head and heart. November 3, 1797, in his 57th year. After his death his "Sermons" were published in 3 vols. 8vo., the subscribers to which were exceedingly respectable and numerous.— Aikin' s G. Biog. 30 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. Caernarvon, Wales, April 25, 1284; tie was the first Prince of Wales ; succeeded his father, July 7, 1307; went to France, and married Isabella, the king's daughter, 130b ; by mal-administration he brought on a civil war, owing to his favourites, theSpensers; obliged by the barons to vest the fovemment of the kingdom in twelve persons, larch 16, 1308 ; went to Bulloign on a pilgrimage, Doc. 13, 1313; resigned the dominion of Guienne to his son, then aged thirteen, 1325 ; dethroned by his queen. Jan. 13, 1327; and was succeeded by his son, Edward III. ; murdered at Berkeley castle, at the instance of Mortimer, the queen's paramour, by running a red hot poker up his fun- dament, Sep. 21, following, and buried in St. Peter's, Gloucester. EDWARD III., eldest son of Edward II., born at Windsor, Nov. 12, 1312 ; succeeded his father, Jan. 15, 1327; crowned Feb. 1, following; being a minor, the Queen Dowager and Mortimer go- verned until 1330 ; and by their intrigues the Earl of Kent was falsely accused and condemned ; but the king afterwards confined his mother, and put Mortimer to death ; he next reduced Scot- land, and took the king prisoner ; married Phi- lippa, daughter of the Earl of Hainault, Jan. 24, 1328 ; did homage for Guienne to the King of France at Amiens, 1337 ; took the title of King of France ; was acknowledged so by the Flemings, and the old French historians allow his title to be good ; quartered the arms of France, fleurs de lys, and added the motto, "I serve;" challenged the French king to single combat, 1340 ; chosen Em- peror of Germany, which he refused, Aug. 1348 ; lought in single combat with a Frenchman at Calais, and conquered, Jan. 1, 1349 ; instituted the Order of the Garter the same year ; defeated the French at Poictiers, and took the king and his son prisoners, 1356; buried his mother, Isabella, 1358 ; imprisoned the King of France in Hereford castle, 1359; Edward embarked with 100,000 men for Calais, Oct. 28, following; raised the siege of Paris, April 1360, when a storm near Chartres destroyed near 1,000 men and 6,000 horses ; the kivgs of France, England, and Cy- 5rus, entertained by Sir Henry Picard, Lord layor of London, at his own house, Jan. 4, 1365 ; Edward died of a cingle, at Richmond, June 21, 1377 ; buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II., son to Edward the Black Prince. EDWARD the Black Prince (so called from his black hair) eldest son of Edward III., born June 15, 1330; married his cousin, Joanna, Countess Dowager of Holland, daughter of the Earl of Kent, who was beheaded, 1361 ; made Prince of Aquitaine, 1382 ; brought the King of France prisoner to England, from the battle of Poic- tiers, 1356, who was ransomed for 3,000,000 of crowns ; but as his son, one of his hostages, would not continue in England, the king returned a pri- soner, and died in London ; made an excursion into Castile, 1367; died 1376. EDWARD IV., a descendant by the mother's side, of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward the Third's second son, and fifth cousin of Henry VI. , who was descended from the Duke of Lancaster, Ed- ward the Third's third son, born September 1442 ; elected king when Henry VI. was deposed, March 5, 1461 ; crowned June 29th following ; privately married Lady Elizabeth Gray, widow of Sir John Gray, of Grafton, Bucks, 1464 ; the valour of this prince was, unfortunately for the times, turned against his own subjects; he was taken prisoner by the Earl of Warwick, March, 1470, but escaped soon afer; fled beyond sea, but landed soon after at Holderness ; expelled the kingdom, 1470, and Henry VI. restored to his crown, after six years' imprisonment ; Edward returned, as Duke of York, March 25, 1471 ; beat the Earl of Warwick at Barnet ; was restored, and King Henry VI. sent to the Tower ; died April 9, 1483, at Westminster, and was succeeded by his son, Edward V. This king understood and loved trade so well, that he carried it on to his own private use ; he used also to preside in the Court of King's Bench, and has done so three days together. EDWARD, son of Henry VI., murdered by Cla- rence and Gloucester, in presence of Edward IV., May 21, 1471, aged 18. EDWARD V., son of Edward IV., born 1470; suc- ceeded his father, April 9, 1483, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, protector ; conveyed to the Tower, May 1483 ; deposed, June 20, following, and with his brother, the Duke of York, smothered (as is supposed) in the Tower soon after, by order of his uncle, Richard III., who succeeded him. EDWARD VI., son of Henry VIII., by Jane Sey- mour, his third queen, born Oct. 12, 1537 ; suc- ceeded his father, Jan. 28, 1547, his uncle, the Duke of Somerset, protector; crowned Sunday, Feb. 20, following ; settled the crown on Lady Jane Grey, May 1553 ; died of a consumption at Greenwich, July 6, following, and was succeeded by his sister, Mary. EDWIN, King of Northumberland, the first Chris- tian king, succeeded Redwald as eighth mo- narch of Britain, 624 ; killed in battle, 633, aged 46 ; buried at Whitby, Yorkshire, and was succeeded by Oswald, his nephew, King of Northumberland. EDWY, son to Edmund L, succeeded his uncle, Edred, 955, aged 17 ; resigned part of his king- dom, Northumberland and Mercia, to his brother Edgar ; died of grief, 959 ; buried at Winton, and was succeeded by Edgar. EDYSTONE Light-house, built in 1699; blown down, 1703 ; rebuilt, 1705 ; burnt, 1759 ; rebuilt, 1760 ; burnt again, 1770 ; rebuilt, 1774. EGBERT, son of Woden, the father of the English monarchy, began his reign as King of Wessex, 800 ; conquered Mercia, 819 ; and every other of the seven kingdoms, and became sovereign of all England, south of the Humber, and called it Eng- land, 827 ; drove the Danes out of Britain, 836 ; died 883, and was succeeded by his son Ethelwolf. EGFRID, succeeded his father Offa, as 17th King of Britain, 798; died the same year, after reign- ing six months ; buried at St. Albans, and was succeeded by Renewolfe, 13th King of Mercia. EGLINGTON, Scots Earldom of, created 1503. EGLINTOUN (Lord), attempting to take away a man's gun for poaching in his manor, was shot by him and killed, 1769. EGMONT and Hoorn (Counts), beheaded at Brus- sels, 1568, which so enraged the Netherlanders that nothing could appease them, till they had shaken off the Spanish yoke. EGREMONT Castle, Cumberland, built 1070. EGYPT (The Kingdom of) is supposed to have began under Misraim, the son of Ham, the second son of Noah, 2188 before Christ, and lasted 1663 years. Subdued by Nebuchadnezzar, 570; by Cambyses, 525. In times £>f heathenism their kings were all priests. The princes of the line of the Pharaohs governed it till it became tributary to Persia, 525, and annexed to that kingdom, 359 before Christ ; became a province of the Roman empire, 31 ; Omar Caliph, of the Saracens, sub- dued it, 641 ; and his posterity secured the con- quest, till Saladin, in 1174, established the empire in Africa. From this time the sovereigns were styled Sultans ; subdued by the Mamelukes, about 1258 ; conquered by the Turks, 1517. *ELBA (The Island of) taken by the British, Aug. 9, 1796. * Elba is an island in the Mediterranean, between Italy and Corsica, separated from Tuscany by the channel of Piombino. It has acquired historical celebrity as the residence of Napoleon Buonaparte, from May 1814, to Feb. 26, 1815, when he sailed on his expedition to France. By the treaty of Vienna, of June 3, 1815, all that part of the island which belonged to the Prince of Piombino is placed under the dominion >f the Grand Duke of Tn^nv. ___ ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. SI ELDON, Norfolk, burnt (50 houses), June 4, 1752. ELEANOR, the divorced wife of Louis, King of France, married Henry II., 1152; died 1204. ELEANOR, queen of Edward L, died on her journey to Scotland, at Herby, Lincolnshire, 1290, and was buried at Westminster. Wherever the corps stopped in its way to London, crosses were erected to her memory : there was one at North- ampton, and another one at Charing-cross. ELEANOR, queen of Henry III., died in a mo- nastery at Ambresbury, about ]292. ELECTRICITY, little known till Dr. Gilbert, of Colchester's discoveries, 1606; from two globes of the brimstone, discovered by Ottoguericke, 1647 ; electric shock discovered at Leyden by Cuneus, 1746 ; that it would fire spirits first known, 1756. ELEGIAC verse, supposed to be invented by Ca- linus of Ephesus, who flourished about 776 before Christ; but this is not rightly known. ELEUSINIAN mysteries, in honour of Ceres, first introduced at Athens, by Eumolpus, 1356 before Christ ; extinguished soon after, 364. ELGIN Cathedral, Scotland, founded 1224. ELI, the eleventh judge of Israel, on hearing the ark was taken, fell down and broke his neck at Shiloh, 1116 years B.C., aged 98. ELIJAH prophecied, 911, in the 13th year of Ahab's reign ; supported by the widow of Sarepta, whose son he raised from the dead, 910; brought rain from heaven, 908 ; taken up to heaven in a chariot of lire, 806 B.C. ELIOT, of Port Eliot (Barony of), erected 1784. * ELIOTT (George), died at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1790. ELIZABETH, queen of Henry VII., died in child- bed, 1503. t ELIZABETH, daughter of Henry VIII.. by bin second queen, Ann Boleyn, born September 7, 1533, and created Princess of Wales soon after; declared illegitimate, 1536 ; restored by parlia- ment to her right of succession, 1544 ; that right set aside on Lady Jane Grey, 1553; imprisoned in the Tower by Queen Mary" 1554; ditto at Wood- BtOCK, 1554; released at the intercession of King Philip, April 9, 1555; succeeded her half-sister,' Mary, on the throne, Nov. 17, 1558, crowned at Westminster, January 15, 1559; succoured the Protestants in France, 1568; invited them to England, which gave birth to sundry manufac- tures. 1569; excommunicated by the Pope for her zeal in the Protestant cause, which caused a rising of the papists, who were soon suppressed ; agreed to marry the Duke of Anjou, brother to Charles IX., of France, but receded, 1581 ; a conspiracy formed to assassinate her, by one Ballard, &c, which failed, 1586 ; died melancholy at Richmond, March 24, 1603; buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by her third cousin, James VI. ELLENBOROUGH (Lord), late the Right Hon. Edward Law, Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, died December 13, 1818. ELISHA died 838 years B.C., having prophecied 60 years. EMERY (Mr. John), a distinguished comic actor late of Covent Garden Theatre, died July 25, 1822 * George Augustus Eliott, Lord Heathfield, was the son of Sir Gilbert Eliott, of Stobbs, in Roxmirgh- shire, and was born about 1718. He was educated at Leyden, and served as a volunteer in the Prussian arm}'. Returning to Scotland, he entered as a volunteer into the 23d regiment of foot, and in 1736 went into the corps of engineers, and made great progress in that study until his uncle. Colonel Eliott, introduced him as adjutant of the 2d troop of horse grenadiers. He rose through the gradations of captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel, and was soon after appointed aid-de-camp to King George II. In 1759, he quitted the grenadier-guards, being chosen to form and discipline the 1st regiment of light-horse, called after him Eliott's, which he commanded in Germany. In 1775 he was appointed governor of Gibraltar. At the siege of that place by the combined forces of France and Spain, he defended it in the most able manner. On his return, after the peace, he received the Order of the Bath, and was raised to the peerage in 1787, by the title of Lord Heathfield, Baron Gibraltar. He was intending to return to his government, when he was prevented by a paralytic stroke, which carried him off at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1790. He left a son and daughter. — Br it ink Peerage. f Elizabeth, Queen of England, -"as one of the most celebrated of its sovereigns. She was educated in the principles of the reformatio, and also in those classical studies into which it had then become cus- tomary to initiate females of distinction in England. In her father's testament she was placed the third in the order of succession, but the Duke of Northumberland induced her brother, Edward VI., to set her aside, as well as her sister Mary, to make room for Jane Grey. In the reign of Mary she was placed under circumstances of great difficulty, from her known attachment to Protestantism ; and notwithstanding her great prudence, but for the politic interference of her brother-in-law, Philip of Spain, she might have been in great personal danger. On the death of Mary, in 1558, she was immediately proclaimed queen, and received in the metropolis with the loudest acclamations. She consigned to oblivion all the affronts she had received during the late reign, and prudently assumed the gracious demeanour of the common sovereign of all her subjects. Philip of Spain soon made her proposals of marriage, but she knew the aversion borne him by the nation too well to think of accepting them. She proceeded with considerable prudence and moderation to the arduous task of settling religion, which was in a great degree effected by the first parliament she summoned, and from that time England assumed the station in Protestant Europe, which it has ever since maintained. It was not long before Elizabeth began that interference in the affairs of Scotland, which produced some of the most singular events of her reign. Mary, the young Queen of Scots, was not only the next heir in blood to the English crown, but was regarded by the Romanists, who deemed Elizabeth illegitimate, as the true sovereign of England- By the marriage of that princess with the dauphin, and her relationship to the Guises, Scotland was also drawn into a closer union with France than ever. Thus great political causes of enmity abounded, in addition to the female rivalry, which was the most conspicuous foible of Elizabeth. The first step she took in Scottish affairs was to send a fleet and an army to aid the party which supported the reformation ; and this interference in 15G0 effected a treaty, by which the French were obliged to quit Scotland. On the return of Mary from France, after the death of her husband, attempts were made to procure Elizabeth's recognition of her title as presumptive 32 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. successor to the crown of England ; but although unattended to, and very disagreeable to the latter, the two queens lived for some time in apparent amity. In the meantime Elizabeth acquired great reputation by her vigorous conduct and political sagacity, and had many suitors among the princes of Europe, whom, consistent with her early resolution to live single, she constantly refused. Being regarded as the head of the Protestant party in Europe, she made a treaty of alliance with the French Hugonots in that capacity, and gave them aids in men and money. Her government at home also gradually grew more rigorous against the Catholics ; one of the mischievous consequences of the incessant intrigue of the popish party, both at home and abroad, to overthrow her government. She did all in her power to thwart the attempts to unite Mary in a second marriage, and besides a weak jealousy of the personal charms of the queen of Scotland, she discovered another sexual weakness in a propensity to adopt court favourites, with a view to exterior accomplishments, rather than to sterling merit, as in the well-known instance of Dudley, Earl of Leicester. While it is but too certain that the political dissentions in Scotland, which gave Mary so much disquiet, were fomented by Elizabeth and her ministers, it was her own misconduct alone that produced the terrible crisis which threw her into the hands of her formidable rival. The manner in which Elizabeth detained the unhappy queen in captivity, the secret negociations of the latter with the Duke of Norfolk, the re- bellions in the north, and the treasonable engagements made by the Earls of Northumberland and West- moreland with the Duke of Orleans in the low countries, are affairs rather of history than biography. In the midst of these events the puritanical party began to give much uneasiness to the queen, who was warmly attached to the ceremonials of religion, and to the hierarchy of which she had become the head. Inheriting too, all the exalted maxims of royal authority maintained by her father, the spirit of civil liberty, by which the puritans became early distinguished, was also very offensive to her. Elizabeth, however, un- derstood the art of making practical concessions, while she maintained her dignity in language ; and such was the general prudence and frugality of her administration, that she retained the warm affection even of those whom she governed with a vigorous hand. The almost only cause of complaint in regard to pecuniary matters in this celebrated reign, arose from the injurious grant of monopolies, which formed a frequent subject of parliamentary complaint, and were often in consequence revoked. The politic assistance given by Elizabeth to the Protestants of the low countries, induced Spain in 1572 to promote a conspiracy, which was chiefly conducted by a Florentine merchant and the Bishop of Ross, the Scottish resident in England. The Duke of Norfolk allowing himself to be drawn into a participation of this plot, on its discovery was tried and executed ; and the English indignation was so great against Mary, (who in reality formed the soul of all these conspiracies,) that she might have been proceeded against to any extremity, with the entire national concurrence. Elizabeth, however, aware of the plea formed by her unjust detention, was at present satisfied with an increase of vigilant superintendence, and the ruin of her party in Scotland by the succession of the Earl of Morton to the regency. The massacre of St. Bar- tholomew in the same year, was well calculated to excite the alarm of all Protestant rulers, and es- pecially of Elizabeth, who put herself and court into mourning on the occasion, and received in silent solemnity the French ambassador sent over to apologize for that execrable deed. She, however, maintained external amity with the French court, and even suffered negociations to be commenced for her marriage with the Duke of Aleneon, the king's brother, which brought that prince to England. An expectation that the union would take place now became general ; but whether the great dislike displayed by the ministers and people to the prince proposed, or that she had only indulged the coquetry of her disposition to an extreme, she suddenly broke off the affair, and sent back the enraged lover to his government in the Netherlands. In 1575 she received the honourable offer of the possession and sovereignty of the revolted Dutch provinces, but from prudential reasons she declined to accept them, and it was not until 1578 that she signed with them a treaty of alliance. An extraordinary instance of attachment to her person was shown in 1584, when her subjects of all ranks entered into an association to defend her from all attacks. This burst of loyalty originated in the apprehension of new conspiracies in behalf of the Queen of Scots, who about this time was committed to still more rigorous custody. In 1585, Elizabeth ventured openly to defy the hostility of Spain, by entering into a treaty with the revolted provinces, by which she bound herself to assist them with a considerable force, the command of which she entrusted to Leicester, who did little honour to her choice. She also sent an armament under Drake against the Spanish settlements m the West Indies, and made a league of mutual defence with James, King of Scotland, whose friendship she courted while she detained his mother in prison. In 1586 that conspiracy took place, the object of which was her assassination by Anthony Babington. The particulars of this plot it is unnecessary to detail here, or the manner in which it led to the trial and condemnation of the unfortunate Mary. As Elizabeth's principal counsellors, as well as the nation at large, were of opinion that the safety of the state demanded the life of that unhappy queen, whatever may be thought of the injustice of her treatment, it was clearlv the result of strong political circumstances. Elizabeth, however, conscious of the invidious light in which the execution of a queen and relation would appear to Europe at large, practised all the arts of dissimulation to remove as much of the odium from herself as possible. She even wished Mary to be taken off privately, and it was only on the refusal of Sir Amias Paulet and Sir Drue Drury, her keepers, to be concerned in so odious an affair, that the curious transaction of furthering the warrant by secretary Davi3on took place, which produced the execution of Mary on February 8, 1587. The dissembled grief of ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 33 EMBER weeks, or circular fasts, established by Pope Urban I. about 222. EM BROIDERY (The invention of) attributed to the Phrygians. EMBDEN East India Company established, 1750. EMMANUEL college, Cambridge, founded by Sn Walter Mildmav, 1581. (11 ('(•Hows.) ENAMELLING 'taught in England by a GreeV in Edward Ist's reign; King John gave an enamelled cup to the corporation of Lynn in Norfolk, which Elizabeth, when informed of this catastrophe, deceived no one; although the imputed mistake of Davison, and the sacrifice of him to her assumed resentment, afforded the King of Scotland a pretext for gradually laying aside his anger, and resuming an amicable correspondence with the English court. The year 1588 was rendered memorable by the defeat of the Spanish armada, on which meditated invasion Elizabeth dis- played all the confidence and energy of her character ; and her subjects, even including the Catholics, showed the utmost zeal in her service. Soon after this event, one of the most important in English history, Elizabeth became the ally of Henry IV. of France, in order to vindicate his title to that throne ; and for some years English auxiliaries served in France, and naval expeditions were undertaken, in which none more distinguished themselves than the celebrated Earl of Essex, who, on the death of Leicester, succeeded (o his place in the queen's favour. In 1601, she held a conference with the Marquis de Rosni, afterwards the celebrated Sully, who came over on the part of Henry IV. to concert, in concurrence with England, a new balance of European power, to control the preponderance of the house of Austria. Elizabeth readily gave in to the project, and the minister quitted England in admiration of the solidity and enlargement of her political views. Having suppressed an insurrection in Ireland, and obliged all the Spanish troops sent to aid in it, to quit the island, she turned her thoughts towards relieving the burdens of her subjects, and gained much additional popularity by suppressing a great number of unpopular monopolies. The execution of the Earl of Essex, however, gave a fatal blow to her happiness; and on learning from the dying countess of Nottingham, that he had really transmitted the ring, which implied his request of pardon, she became furious with rage, and when her anger subsided, fell into an incurable melanchoty. At length nature began to sink, and as her end manifestly approached, she was urged by her council to declare her successor. She answered " who but her kinsman, the King of Scots'!" and soon after sinking into a lethargy, she ex- pired, without farther struggle or convulsion, on March 24th, 1602, in the seventieth year of her age, and fort}--fifth year of her reign. Estimating the character and conduct of Elizabeth from the events of her reign, she will justly rank high among sovereigns. Under her auspices, the Protestant religion, as opposed to popery, was firmly established. Factions were restrained, government strengthened, the vast power of Spain nobly opposed, oppressed neighbours supported, a navy created, commerce rendered flourishing, and the national character aggrandized. Nor, as in the case of Anne, did she merely lend a name to a conspicu- ous period of history ; her own prudence, judgment, fortitude, firmness, vigour, and industry, materially contributed to the prosperity of her administration. It is not however by any abstract idea of a constitu- tional ruler that Elizabeth must be judged, as no sovereign was ever more jealous of power and prerogative ; but at the same time she saw what the Stuarts never could be made to see, that in a mixed government, popularity was the only efficient support of lasting authority and influence; and therefore always timely sought to gain the affections of her people by dignified concession and cautious demeanour. She was frugal to the borders of avarice ; but being as economical of the people's money as of her own, her prudent atten- tion to national expenditure contributed materially to the public good. The severity of Elizabeth to Catholic emissaries, Jesuits, and others, whether native or foreign, has latterly been deemed scarcely defencible, nor on a religious ground was it so ; but it is never to be forgotten, that most of those who suffered, really sought the overthrow of the state, and in addition, acted under the direction of a foreign influence of the most baleful description. The treatment of the Queen of Scots can never be wholly defended, but will always remain one of those cases which neither policy nor even personal danger can sufficiently justify. It may be questioned, however, if the dissimulation of Elizabeth has not injured her memory in respect to this strong featured transaction, more than the deed itself, which was certainly deemed necessary both by her ministers and a vast majority of the people. Of the more personal qualities and acquirements of this queen, the principal, in the way of defect, were her violence and haughtiness of temper, impatience of contradiction, and insatiable fondness for admiration and flattery. It is to be remarked, however, that capricious as she was in her affections, and petty in her feminine jealousies, she always made even her favourites feel that she was their sovereign when they were disposed to forget it. Although fond of lite- rature and substantially learned, she was no very munificent patroness, and made very poor returns for the excess of incense so lavishly bestowed upon her. She was skilled in the Greek, and spoke the Latin language with considerable fluency. She translated from the former into Latin, a dialogue of Xenophon, two orations of Isocrates, and a play of Euripides, and also wrote a commentary on Plato. From the Latin she translated Boeth'us's Consolations of Philosophy; Sallust's Jugurthine War; and a part of Horace's Art of Poetry. In the Royal and Noble Authors of Lord Orford, may also be found a catalogue of translations from the French, prayers, meditations, speeches in parliament, letters, &c. ; which, however, flattery may have exaggerated her literary abilities, testify sufficiently to the learning and general capacity of Elizabeth. To conclude—this celebrated queen was rather great as a politician, than either estimable as a moralist, or amiable as a woman ; but taken altogether, the page of history has seldom to record a reign more honourable to the intellect and capacity of the person presiding over it, than that of Elizabeth. —Iluine. AHUh's G. Biog p 34 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. is still preserved there ; painting in enamel is de- rived from the ancient mode of painting in potter's ware in the reign of Porsenna, king of Etruria, 506 before Christ. ENEAS, the Trojan general, died about 1179 B.C. ENGELL (.1. J.), a 'German philosopher, died in the year 1799. ENGLAND, originally inhabited by the Britons, a branch of the ancient Gauls or Celtte ; the western part, in the time of the Romans, was inhabited by theBelgao; the northern, by the Brigantes ; South Wales by the Silures ; and Norfolk and Suffolk, by the Iceni. Invaded by Julius Csesar, 54 years before Christ ; subdued by Claudius, 44, and com- pletely so by Agricola, in 85.The Romans kept pos- session till 410. Ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 448. Conquered by the Saxons, 455, who were invited over by the ancient inhabitants, and who divided it into seven kingdoms, called the Heptarchy. Erected into a kingdom by Egbert, by a union of all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, near 400 years after the arrival of the Saxons, 827. Conquered by the Danes, 877; recovered by Alfred, 880. Divided into counties and hundreds, 886. Invaded by the Scots, who were defeated by Alhelstan, 921. Invaded by the Welch, 983 ; by Sweyn, KirMg of Denmark, 1004 ; again by Sweyn, and almos' iab» dued by him, 1013. Invaded and defeated %f fch© Irish, 1069 ; Irish landed and were defeated, 1070. Invaded by Malcolm of Scotland, who burnt se- veral churches, &c. 1071 ; again, 1091 ; again, 1093, when Malcolm and his son were killed a/„ Alnwick. Put under an interdict by pope Alexaa* derllL 1169. Invaded by Robert, Duke of Nor- mandv, 1101 ; by David of Scotland, 1138 ; again by the Welch, with success, 1136 ; by the Scots, 1183. Put under an interdict by the pope, for John's opposing his nomination to the see of Can- terbury, 1306; interdict taken off, on John's sub- mission, 1214. All in arms, 1215. Underwent a reformation in government, 1258. Invaded by the French. 14i6. Invaded by Henry, Duke of Rich- mond, August 7th, 1485. Put under an interdict, on Henry VIH's snaking off the pope's supremacy, 1535. ENGLAND (Bank of), first incorporated, 1593. ENGLISH monarchy, began in 449. ENGLISH fleet defeated by Van Tromp, 1652. ENGLISH Liturgy first read in the French church in the Savoy, 14th July, 1661. ENGRAVING of Gems, is supposed to be of high antiquity ; a cornelian engraved was found in the ruins of Herculaneum ; supposed to have been cut in the time of the Trojan war; the invention is still more ancient, it was common in Eg}'pt before the departure of the Israelites, some of whom were lapidaries and engravers of stones, as appears from Exodus. On copper, invented by Maso, of Flo- rence, 1460, though not brought to perfection till about 1490; the first book with copper-plates was published 1540 ; rolling presses invented about 1545 ; engraving with the hammer invented 1592 ; in mezzotinto by Siegen, and perfected by Prince Rupert, 1648; to represent wash, invented by Barabbe, a Frenchman, 1761 ; crayon engraving invented at Paris, by Bonnet, 1769. NEOCH, the father of Methuselah, translated to heaven, 987 of the world, aged 365 ; i. e. 3017 be- fore Christ. ENTAILING estates introduced by statute, 1307. ENTERTAINMENT (Places of), in and about London, first licensed, 1752. SPICTETUS the stoic philosopher, died about 161. EPPOIS established at Lacedemon, 760 before Christ. EPICUREANS arrived about 310 before Christ. EPIPHANY (Feast of), introduced 813. EPIRUS (Kingdom of), first known in history by the great warlike achievements of Pyrrhus, about 950 before Christ ; a second Pyrrhus was renowned for his wars against the Romans, 280 before Christ. Epirus became a republic, 240, but was subdued by the Romans 167 before Christ. It was finally conquered by Mahomet II. 1466, and is now part of the Ottoman empire. EPISCOPACY, introduced before 100; Presbyte- rian church government established in Scotland, by act of parliament, 1592 ; Episcopacy abolished in Scotland, 1G06; ditto in England, 1648; re- stored in England, 1660; ditto in Scotland, 1661 ; which continued till the revolution. Scotland during the episcopacy, had two archbishoprics, St. Andrew's, and Glasgow ; and twelve bishop- rics, Edinburgh, Dunkeld, Aberdeen, Murray. Brechin, Dumblain, Ross, Caithness, Orkney, Galloway, Argyle, and the Isles. EPOCH (The first), began with the creation, 4004 ; the second with the deluge, 2348 ; the third, with the call of Abraham, 1921; the fourth, with the deliverance of the Jews, 1596 ; the fifth, with the foundation of Solomon's temple, 1012 ; the sixth, with the end of the Jewish captivity, 536 before Christ. EPSOM mineral spring, the first of the purging kind in England, discovered about 1630. EQUESTRIAN Statue. The fine one at Charing, cross was erected in consequence of the Commons having voted the sum of £70,000. for solemnizing the funeral of King Charles I., and erecting a monument to his memory, January 20th, 1768. EQUINOX (Autumnal), observed by Ptolemy, Sep- tember 25, P. m. 2 h. 132. ERA, or fixed period, from whence certain people or nations counted their years ; that of Nabonassar, 74T; Syracusan, 343; Philippic, or death of Alexaader, 324 before Christ ; of contracts, or Seleucidee, 312 ; Astronomical of Dionysius, June 26th, 283. Spanish, 38 before Christ; Christian, 4 ; of Dioclesian, or Era of martyrs, 284 ; of Hegira, or flight of Mahomet, 622 ; Persian, or of Yezde- gird, 632 ; era of Christ began to be introduced into history, 784. ERCOMBERT, youngest son of Eadbald, by Emrac, began his reign in Kent, 640 ; died 665. ERDBURY Priory, Warwickshire, built in the reign of Henry II. !<]SHER Place,' Surrey, built 1414. ESK DALE Chapel (Penance at), performed on as- cension eve annually, in commemoration of the murder of the monk, 1150. Here was an order of Grandmontine monks. ESQUIRE, or Gentleman (The addition of), to a man's name was rare before 1413 ; one Kingston was made a gentleman by Richard II. ESSEK, Hungary, abandoned by the. Turks, in the year 1687. ESSEX (Archdeaconry of), erected before 1142. ESSEX (Devereux, Earl of), struck by Queen Eliza- beth for his insolent behaviour in council, 1598 ; sent to Ireland, 1599, to subdue O'Neal's rebellion, but returning without the queen's leave, he was confined and degraded, 1600 ; and beheaded for stirring up the people to arms, February 25, 1601. ESOP, the Phrygian fabulist, put to death 556 B.C. EVELYN (John), a learned writer, ingenious culti- vator of philosophy, and the liberal and useful arts in England, in the seventeenth century was born atWotton, in Surrey, 31st October, 1620. His long and useful rather than splendid career was closed by death, February 27th, 1705-6. EXPLOSIONS. One in the laboratory of Wool- wich, by which four workmen lost their lives, 20th June, 1814. A dreadful one, of gunpowder, at Dresden, in which 1000 houses were destroyed, oi damaged, and many persons killed, 27th June, 1814. On the 14th June, 1815, some gunpowder exploded in the house of a maker of fire- works in Spitalfields, and many persons were killed. August 19th, in the same year, a barrel of gunpowder in the Stow- market waggon blew up and scattered the whole lading about, with considerable damage. An ex- plosion of a mine near Durham, took place on July 5th, 1817, by which about forty perished. An ex- plosion of gunpowder at Nottingham on the 30th August, 1816, blew up a warehouse at the wharf, and killed several persons. ESSEX (Thomas Cromwell), created earl, 1540; condemned for high treason, without a trial, and beheaded, July 28, the same year. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 35 ESSEX (Earl of), and Lord Russcl, committed to the Tower, for engaging in Monmouth's conspiracy, where the Lord E ;sex cut his own throat, June 21st. 1683. ESTATES ; act passed for entailing them, 1307. ETCHING Invented by Carpi, an Italian, 1.196 ; with aquafortis found out, 1535. ETHELBALD I. King of Mereia, succeeded Ceol red as 15th king of Britain, 710 ; killed by his subjects near Tamworth, and buried at R -plon, Derbyshire, 757 ; ami was succeeded by bis nephew, Olfa. ETHELBALD II. son and successor of Ethelwolf, married his mother-in-law, the Princess of France ; began to reign in Wessex, 857 ; reigned two years and a half, and died, 860; buried at Sarum, and was succeeded by his brother, Ethelbert II. ETHELBERT II. succeeded his father Ethelwolf in Kent, 857, and his brother in Wessex, 800 ; died, 866; and was succeeded, in the whole kingdom, by his brother Ethelred. ETHELRERT, lifth kin- of Kent, succeeded Ceaulin as sixth king of Britain, 592 ; married Berta, daugh- ter of Chilperie, King of France, 594; by whom he was prevailed on to turn Christian, and permit St. Augustine to settle at Canterbury ; he had a second wife, who married his son after his death ; died, 616; and was succeeded by Redwald, King of the East Angles. ETHELRED succeeded his brother, Wulfer, as twelfth king of Britain, 674; his queen, Ostrid, murdered by some Mercian nobles, 697 ; resigned his crown, 701; tinned monk, and died abbot of Bradncy, 716 ; and was succeeded by his nephew Kenred. ETHELRED I.' succeeded his brothers, Ethelbald and Ethelbert, 866 ; died of a wound received in battle against the Danes, 872 ; left two sons and a daughter, and was succeeded by his brother Alfred. ETHELRED II. succeeded his brother, Edward the Martyr, and was anointed king by Dunstan, at Kingston-upon-Thames, aged 12, 979 ; married Emma, sister to Richard II. Duke of Normandy, 1001 ; (hence the connection with the Norman family, that afterwards seated William the Con- queror on this throne) ; fled from Suenon, King of Denmark, who invaded. England, into Normandy, 1013, when Suenon was proclaimed king ; and soon after dying, his son Canute was proclaimed, March, 1014 ; but was soon after obliged to fly to Den- mark ; on this Ethelred, being invited back, re- turned ; Canute also returned, and obliged him to retire to the north, 1015 ; died April 23, 1016 ; was buried rn St. Paul's, and succeeded by his son Edinond Ironside. ETHELWOLF, bishop of Winton, succeeded his father, Egbert, as king, 838 ; died 857, and left his kingdom divided between his two eldest sons, Ethelbald and Ethelbert II. This prince esta- blished the annual tribute to the Pope, called Peter-pence, for the support of the English college at Rome. ETON College, founded by Henry VI. 1441 ; rebuilt, 1569, under the title of " The 'Kynges College of our Lady at Etone, by side Windsore." EUCHITES, a sect that appeared about the end of the fourth century, and prayed without ceasing; though their doctrine subsisted in the east before Christ. They taught that men had two souls, one good, one bad, &c. EUDOXIANS, a sect of heretics in the fourth cen- tury, so called from theirleader Eudoxus, patriarch of Antioeh. They adhered to the errors of the Arians, and maintained that the Son was created out of nothing, and had a will distinct from the Father, &c. EUNUCHS are mentioned, Deut. xxiii, L, and are of high antiquity both in Asia and Egypt. The first was made by order of Semiramis. EUSTATIA (St. Island of), taken from the Dutch, February, 1781 ; retaken by the French from the English, Nov. 27th following. EUIYCHIANS, heretics arose 447, under Eutyches of Constantinople. They denied that Christ's body was truly human. EVESHAM Abbey (Benedictines), Worce built, 701 ; Abbots Tower built, about 1620; town chartered by James L EWELM PALACE, Oxfordshire, built, 1424. EXCHANGE (Royal) finished by Mr i nomas Gresham, 15fiQ; called Royal by Queen I ,.,.;,. foetll, Jan. '2 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. FAMINE, the beginning of that which lasted seven years, 1708 before Christ ; an extraordinary one at Rome, when many persons threw themselves into the Tiber, 440 before Christ; so dreadful a one in Italy, that parents were reduced to the cruel necessity of eating their own children, 540 ; one in 976; another 1005; another 1087; another 1193; another 1251; another 1315 ; another 1318; in Scotland, 1310, 1338; another in England, 1335; another 1348; another 1389 ; another 1438; in the kingdom of Naples, Jan. 1764, was followed by a sickness till the plague carried off between 3 and 400,000 people ; at Naples alone died 50,000. FANS, muffs, masks, and false hair, first devised by the harlots in Italy, and brought into England from France, 1572 ; fans were in use in the time of Terence. FARLEY Castle, Somersetshire, built before 1342. FARMER (Richard), D D., a learned and elegant scholar, born at Leicester, 1735, died 1797. FARNHAM, Irish earldom, created 1785. FARNHAM Castle, Surrey, built by Henry, King Stephen's brother. FASTS established, 138. Fasting has been prac- tised by most nations, from the remotest antiquity. FAUCONBERG (Earldom of), created 1756. FAUNTLEROY (Henry), a banker, was tried at the Old Bailey sessions for forgery, and found guilty, Oct. 30, 1824, and was executed opposite the debtors' door, Newgate, pursuant to his sen- tence, on the 30th of November following. The demeanour ofthe unhappy man was perfectly com- posed, and when he closed his eyes he appeared deeply absorbed in the contemplation of his awful situation. FAUSTUS, or Faust John, one of the earliest printers, having first brought to France printed Bibles about 1465, imitating manuscripts, and the French not conceiving how he could multiply copies, threatened to prosecute him for sorcery. Hence " The Devil and Dr. Faustus." He died at Mentz. FAUX (Guv), &c., executed for a plot, called gun. powder plot, intended to blow up king, lords, and commons, while sitting in the parliament-house, Jan. 31, 1606. FENCING Schools in London prohibited, as intro- ductory to duels, 1285. PENNING (Elizabeth), who had been tried and convicted of poisoning the family of Mr. Turner, with whom she lived as servant, was executed pursuant to her sentence on the 26th of July, 1815; at the scaffold she solemnly declared her inno- cence. The trial and execution of this person caused an extraordinary sensation in the public mind, from a belief that she was innocent ofthe crime for which she suffered; the mob broke the windows, and committed other outrages against the prosecutor ; and her funeral, which took place at St. George the Martyr's burial ground, upwards of 10,000 persons attended. FEN WICK (Sir John) beheaded early in 1697, for conspiring; against the life of William III. FERGUSSON (Robert), the Scotch poet, died in- sane, 16th October, 1774, aged 24. FERME,ORNEE, the first completed by Phil. Southcote, Esq., at Weybridge, about 1750. * ERRAR, Bishop of St. David's, burnt at Caer- marthen for his religion, 1555. FERRERS (Earldom of), created 1711. FERRERS (Earl of \ hanged at Tyburn for shooting his servant, 1760. FEUDA.L system took its rise in Italy, and was thence transferred to France and Germany ; here- ditary fiefs were frequent in France, 814 ; it was an old Gothic system, as appears from Tacitus. Feudal law introduced, 1070 ; this was dividing the kingdom into baronies, giving them to certain persons, and requiring those persons to furnish the king with money and a stated number of soldiers, thus adopting the maxim, that all lands are holden ofthe crown. It was discountenanced in France by Louis XI. about 1-170: restored and limited by Henry VII. 1495; abolished by statute 12 Car. II. 1662. A remnant of this law continued in the Highlands of Scotland so late as 1748. FEVERSHAM of some note, 811 ; abbey (Cluniacks) built, 1147 ; Davington nunnery founded, 1153 ; town first chartered by Henry III. ; Mainon Dieux, founded by Henry III. school erected, 1582 ; Mr. Arden murdered, 1550 ; running at old wives Lees, established, 1628. FEZ (Kingdom of), anciently Mauritania, conquered by the Saracens, 696. FIELDING (Sir John), acting magistrate of Bow Street, died, September, 1780. FIFE (Duncan, Earl of), murdered by the Aber- nethies, 1288. FIFE, (Irish earldom of), created, 1759. FIGURES, in Arithmetic, introduced into Europe by the Saracens, from Arabia, 991 ; till then letters were used; the letters numeral were unknown among the earliest people. They were introduced in the times of barbarism and ignorance. FINES originated from the mercenary disposition of the courts ; all punishments anciently, before the use of money, being corporal. FINLAND converted to Christianity, 1150. FINLATER (Scots earldom of), created, 1637. FIRE-ENGINES to draw water, invented 1663 ; those to extinguish fire invented by Heyden, a Dutch-man, 1699. FIRE-SHIPS first introduced in the English navy, 1588. FIRES (Great), in London.— The fire of London broke out where the Monument now stands, which destroyed, in the space of four days, eighty-nine churches, among which was the cathedral of St. Paul's, the City gates, the Exchange, Custom- house, Guildhall, Sion College, and many public structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, a vast num- ber of stately edifices, and 13,200 dwelling-houses; in all, 400 streets, &c. The ruins of the City were 436 acres, extending from the Tower along' the Thames side to the Temple church, and from the north-east gate, along the City wall, to Holborn- bridge, or Fleet ditch. During the continuance of the fire, the king and the Duke of York, and many of the nobility and great ministers, used their ut- most endeavours to prevent the spreading of it. They made the round of the fire usually twice a day; and for many hours together, on horseback and on foot, gave orders for pursuing the work, by commands,, threatenings, desires, example, and good store of money, which the king himself dis- tributed to the workmen; Sept. 2, 1666; it was supposed to be set on fire by the papists. At Battle-bridge, Aug. 12, 1749. In St. Katharine's, 1673, 1681, and 1734. In Cornhill, 1748, 1759, and 1765. In Gray's Inn, Feb. 7, 1680. In Inner Temple, 1717. At Limehouse, Dec. 1716. In Lincoln's Inn Square, June 27, 1752. Pantheon, Jan. 13, 1792. At Rotherhithe, June 1, 1765. In Southwark, 600 houses, 1676. In the Temple, Jan. 26, 1679. In Thames-street, Jan. 24, 1715. In Threadneedle street, May, 1772. At Wapping, 1682. Opera-house burnt, June 17, 1789. The House of Lords and Commons destroyed by fire on the 16th of October, 1834; and on the 18th, the ruins were inspected by their majesties. FIRE- WORKS (the invention of) is attributed to the Florentines and people of Sienna. FIRST-FRUITS in early ages were offered by hus- bandmen, as grateful acknowledgments to the gods for plentiful crops. The tenths of many things are, by a very ancient and universal prescription, claimed by the gods. It was also customary for kings to receive a tenth portion of the property of their subjects, (Gen. 14, 18, 20.) First-fruits and tenths, a tax paid by the clergy, estimated by the rate made, 1253, but enlarged, as at present, 1292 ; it was a papal usurpation, introduced in the reigns of John and HemyllL, and added to the crown revenue, 1534 ; granted b) f the queen for the augmentation of small livings, Feb. 7, 1704 ; this is called Queen Ann's bounty. Office esta Wished, 1503. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 37 PISH first brought to London by land carriage, Wfil. FISHER, Bishop of Rochester, born 1458; be- headed (for denying the king's supremacy), June 22, 1536. FISHERY (Herring), incorporated Oct. 11, 1750. FITZGERALD (Gorge Robert), Esq, hanged with others at Castlebar, Ireland, for murder, June 12th, 1716. FITZGIBBON (Irish barony), erected 1780. FITZHARRIS, hanged 1681, for a libel against the king. FITZWILLIAM (Irish earldom of), created 1716. FITZWILLIAM (Title of Viscount), created 1620. FITZWILLIAM (Richard Viscount), of the king- dom of Ireland, died on the 4th February, 1816. His lordship had at his house at Richmond one of the most valuable collections of pictures in Europe ; more than 10,000 proof prints by the first artists ; a very extensive library, and a scarce and curious collection of the best ancient music, among which were the original virginal book of Queen Elizabeth, and many of the worko of Handel, in the hand- writing of that great master ; he left his pictures to the University of Cambridge, and £100,000. stock to build a gallery to exhibit them. FITZWILLIAM (Barony of), created 1746. FIVE-MILE ACT passed, October 31st, 1665. This act obliged non-conformist teachers, who re- fused to take the non-resistance oath, not to come within five miles of any corporation where they had preached, since the act of oblivion, unless they were travelling, under the penalty of £50. FLAG. The present fashion was begun by the Saracens, on their seizing of Spain ; before, they were square and stretched on cross pieces of wood like church banners. FLAGELLANTS, who taught whipping necessary to salvation, arose 1260. FLAMMOC, a Cornish lawyer, headed an insurrec- tion, because they would not pay a tax ; marched to London, was defeated in a battle at Blackheath, and executed, 1497. FLAVA CiES ARIES, or the yellow locks of the Romans, was changed from dark brown hair, by washing it often with lye of wood-ashes ; the women of the southern parts of Italy continue the custom now. FLEET-MARKET opened, September, 1737. FLEETS (East and West India), taken by the combined fleets of France and Spain, August 9th, 1780. FLETCHER (The Rev. Mr.), was suspended by the synod of the secession church of Scotland, from his functions as a minister, in consequence of his behaviour to Miss Dick, to whom he was under a contract of marriage, which he refused to perform, September 9th, 1824. FLEURS DE LYS were anciently bundles of spears, designed to express the confederation of divers warlike people, who wished to free themselves from the yoke their neighbours were subject to; there were afterwards the Francs, the word U/s or ly in Celtic, signifying Franc, a fee ; so that the arms of France are properly the arms of the Francs. FLINT CASTLE built, and the town chartered by Edward I. 1275. FLORENCE, the order of St. Stephen, instituted, 1561. Fl OUIIM. East and West, ceded lo Spain, Jai.imrj 20th, 1783. FLORIDA discovered, 1512; ceded to the Britisl erown, 1763. FLOWERS, art of preserving them in sand, dis- covered by Boeler, of Strasburg, 1633. FLUTE (The), invented by Hyagnis of Phrygia, 1606 before Christ. FLUXIONS, or differential method of, invented by Sir Isaac Newton, 1669; first published by Leibnitz, who is supposed to have invented them also, 1684. FOLEY of Kidderminster (Barony of), created 1776. FONTEVRAULT Nuns (Order of), instituted at Fontevrault, Picardy, by Arbrisset, where he built an abbey soon after 1110; brought into England and settled at Non-Eaton, before 1161. These had but three houses. FONTAINE LA, the French poet, died December, 1695. FONTS instituted, 167, for baptism. FOOD (Animal), permitted by God, 2357 before Christ. FOOLS (Festhal of), held in the cathedral at Paris, January 1st, and continued for 240 years, when all sorts of absurc ities and indecencies were committed by the ecclesiastics, during the celebration of the mass, 1198 ; it originated at Constantinople, in the Greek church, about 990. FOOTBALL was a manly diversion of the Romans. FORBES, Scots barony, created before 1421. FORBISHER'S Straits discovered, 1578. FORD ABBEY, Devonshire, built 1142. FOREST (New), ma '* 1081, by William I. for his diversion, who for that purpose destroyed 36 parishes, and depopulated the country 30 miles round. At this time the forest laws took place, which were imported from the continent. FORFEITURE of estates for treason took place among the Saxons. FORGERY made capital, 1734. FORMOSA, in China (The island of), taken from the Dutch by the Chinese, and the Dutch expelled about 1661 ; the Dutch had taken it from the Por- tuguese ; overflown by the sea and almost destroyed, May 22d, 1782. FONTHILL ABBEY, Wiltshire, formerly the seat of William Beckford, Esq. ; a residence, which for magnificence and variety is unrivalled in the west of England, perhaps not exceedel in the island ; was purchased by Mr. Farquhar for £330,000. on the 20th November, 1822 On Dec. 21st, 1825, the tower of the abbey fell down, de- stroying in its descent the great hall, the whole of the octagon, and a great part of the galleries : no personal accident occurred, as Mr. Farquhar and his family resided in the east wing of the building. FORRESS-STONE in Murray, Scotland, is sup- posed to have been erected in commemoration of the final expulsion of the Danes from that country, by Malcolm III. about 1U60. FORREST (John), burnt in Smithfield, for denying the supremacy, May 22d, 1538 ; aged 42. FORT ST. DAVID, India, bought by the East India Company, 1686. *FOTHERGILL (John), died 1780. * John Fothergill, an eminent physician, was born at Carr-end in Yorkshire, in 1712, where his father, who was a quaker, resided upon a family estate. About 1728 he was put apprentice to an apothecary at Bradford, and thence proceeded to the University of Edinburgh. He took his degree of M.D. in 1736, and then came to London and entered as a pupil in St. Thomas's hospital. In 1740, he made a tour to the continent, and on his return devoted himself to his profession. In 1748, he greatly distinguished himself, by a publication entitled " An Account of the Sore Throat attended with Ulcers," which passed through several editions, and was translated into the French. He also supplied a monthly account of the weather, and diseases of London, to the Gentleman's Magazine, which is considered the parent of all statements of the kind. In 1754, he was nominated an honorary member of the Edinburgh College of Physicians, and in 1763 was ad- mitted into the Royal Society of London. In 1762, he purchased an estate at Upton in Essex, and formed an excellent botanic garden, with hot-houses and green-houses to the extent of 260 feet. lie acquired a 33 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. FOOTE (Miss), an actress, brought an action against Joseph Ilayne, Esq, for breach of promise of mar- riage, when the jury returned a verdict of £3000 damages in favour of the plaintiff, Dec. 22d, 1824. FORTESCUE, of Castle Hill (Earldom of), created, 1789. FORTESCUE, of Credan, Irish barony, created 1746. FORTIFICATION (The modern practice of), took place about 1500, though some authors trace it back almost to the beginning of the world ; first treatise on, published by Albert Durer, 1527. FORTROSE, Irish Viscount (Title of), created 1766. FOTHERINGAY CASTLE, Northamptonshire, built 1408. FOUNDRY, the art of casting statues in brass is very ancient ; it was practised in all its perfection among the Greeks ; with us it was but little known before the 17th century; casting of guns took place in 1338, and casting of bells before tha of cannon. FOUNDLING HOSPITAL (The) was opened for the reception of all children under two months old, when 117 children were taken in, June 2d, 1756. FOUNTAINS ABBEY (Cistercians), Yorkshire, founded 1132. FOWEY, Cornwall, made a borough, 13 of Eliz. FOX (George), founder of the Society of Friends, commonly called quakers, in consequence of their trembling mode of delivery ; born at Drayton in Leicestershire in 1624, died 1690. FOX (John), a learned English divine, better known as the compiler of " Fox's Book of Martyrs," was born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in 1517 ; died in 1587, in his 70th year, much esteemed and lamented. * FOX (Charles James), born January 13th, 1748 ; died September 15th, 1806. large fortune, of which he made a most liberal use. On his own society he conferred great benefits, pro- jecting and carrying into effect the institution of a large public school at Ackworth in Yorkshire. He was also the associate of Mr. Howard, in his attempt to alleviate the condition.of poor prisoners. Dr. Fothergill was likewise zealous for the political interests of the country, and interfered to prevent that fatal breach with the American Colonies which produced their final separation from the parent country. He died in 1780, in the 69th year of his age. His moral character is thus summed up by his friend Dr. Franklin, in a letter to Dr. Lettsom : " If we may estimate the goodness of a man by his disposition to do good, and his constant endeavours and success in doing it, I can hardly conceive that a better man has ever existed." His works, consisting of medical pieces and pamphlets, of two elegant pieces of biographical eulogy on Dr. Alexander Russel, and Peter Collinson, and of some political and miscellaneous essays and letters, were published, with memoirs of his life by Dr. Lettsom, in 3 vols. 8vo., 1784.— Thompson's Mem. of Dr. Fo- thergill. Lettsom's Account of his Life. * Charles James Fox. This eminent statesman was the second son of Henry, first Lord Holland, so long the rival and opponent of Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, and whose political life and conduct as Paymaster-general of the Forces was at one time the subject of much animadversion. His son, Charles James, was born January 13th, 1748, and early became a peculiar favourite with his father ; who perceiving indications of great capacity, mingled exceeding indulgence with the most careful attention to his educa- tion. He was sent in the first instance to Eton, whence he removed to Hertford College, Oxford, and his classical acquirements, according to the testimony of Dr. "Warton, and as shown by his correspondence with Gilbert Wakefield, were very considerable. As his father intended him to rise in the political world, he procured him a seat for the borough of Midhurst in 1768, before he was of legal age, and in 1770, the same interest procured him the office of one of the lords of the Admiralty, which situation he resigned the next year, and was appointed a commissioner of the Treasury. Acting at this period under the influence of his father, who might be deemed a Tory, the parliamentary conduct of Mr. Fox led to little anticipation of his future career. He spoke and voted against Wilkes, and otherwise yielded to the fetters of party, but not so far as to preclude the natural ingenuousness of his disposition from displaying itself. Thus he warmly supported Sir William Meredith's bill, to give relief from subscription to the thirty-nine articles, and in several other respects asserted his independence. Whether this conduct rankled in the mind of Lord North, or that, as alleged, a coldness between them was simply produced by a difference of opinion in regard to the committal of Woodfall, the printer, for breach of privilege, it may now be difficult to deter- mine ; but after being a supporter of administration for six years, Mr. Fox was ejected in so cavalier a manner, that he was very naturally thrown into the foremost ranks of opposition. Happily for his con- sistency the adoption of the disastrous measures which terminated in the independence of the American colonies, enabled him to take this part without opposing any of the proceedings or policy which he had previously supported. During the whole of this eventful contest he spoke and voted in direct opposition to the ministerial system, and in conjunction with Burke, Barre, Dunning, and other eminent leaders, displayed the highest talents both as a statesman and orator. At the general election in 1780, he became a candidate for the representation of the city of Westminster, and succeeded, although opposed by the whole influence of the crown, a circumstance that necessarily much increased his political importance. On the final defeat of the weak and calamitous administration of Lord North, and the accession of that of the Marquis of Rockingham, Mr. Fox obtained the office of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and the nation was led to hope that a strong and effective cabinet was at length formed. The measures adopted in the first instance were of a nature to justify these expectations ; contractors were excluded from seats in the House of Commons; custom and excise-officers were disqualified from voting at elections ; the uncon- stitutional proceedings in relation to the Middlesex election were rescinded ; a reform bill abolished a number of useless places ; and a more liberal policy was adopted in regard to Ireland. The death of the Marquis of Rockingham in the midst of these promising appearances, suddenly divided the party, and on the Earl of Shelburne becoming First Lord of the Treasury, in preference to the Duke of Portland, I ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 39 FRAMLl NGHAM CASTLE, Suffolk, erected in the time of the Saxons. FRANCE, the country of the ancient Gauls; a colony of the Beige, from Germany, were per- mitted to settle in it, '200 before Christ! Conquered by the Romans, 25 before Christ. The Goths, Van- dals, Alans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Burgundi divided it amongst them, from 100 to 480. The Franks, from whom the French are derived, occu- pied part of Brabant, 130 years before the reign of Clovis. This is the only state in Europe that can boast a perpetual succession from the conquerors of the western empire. Its first king was Phara- mond, who began to reign in 418; Clovis was the first Christian king, 481. It was peopled by the natives of Germany, who crossed the Rhine to in- vade the Gauls. First origin of fiefs in this country, 584. The Moires du Palais introduced, 613. Charles Martel governed with absolute power, 721. Kings of France first consecrated, 752. Scots guards embodied 1270, they continued about the king till Henry II. The Gabel or duty on salt, commenced 128P>. The assemblies called the State.-:-General, first met 1302, and continued to 1614. Floral games instituted 1324. The English crown lost all its possessions in France, between 1341 and 1359. The king was taken prisoner by the English, 1356, in the reign of Edward the Black Prince. Two kings, two queens, two regents, two parliaments, and two universities of Paris, 1426. Thetaillon tax established loll). Francis I., taken pri onei i \ the imperialists, and carried into Spain, August, 1525; killed at a tilting match, 1559. The Duke of Guise and his party killed 60 Pi ants, and wounded 200 in a quarrel at Vassi, Alar. 1st, 1562. This was the first blood spilt in the civil war. The Protestant religion toleral civil war ensued, 1570. The French began to date from the birth of Christ, 1618; before, they reck- oned from the creation. Navarre united to 1 i 1620. Queen Mother visited England, 1638. Frondeurs, a party :k.ua\ took place in the minority of Louis XIV. i* very true as a maxim, but when ministers have been denounced as unfit for government for years together, and have actually proved themselves so, it is not for those who have been the foremost to drive them out of office to accompany them in again. The temporary success of this ill-judged party movement served only to render popular disgust the more general ; and when on occasion of the famous India bill the dissatisfaction of the sovereign became apparent, the dismissal of the Coalition from office excited very general satisfaction. Indeed, the tide of popularity set at this time so strongly against Mr. Fox, that at the ensuing election nearly seventy of his friends lost their seats, and he had him- self to enter into a strong and expensive contest for the representation of Westminster. Still, although in the new parliament Mr. Pitt had a decided majority, Mr. Fox headed a very strong opposition ; and po- litical questions were for some years contested with a display of talent on both sides, which the House of Commons had seldom previously exhibited. In 1788, Mr. Fox repaired to the continent, and was pro- ceeding to Italy, when he was recalled by the king's illness, and the necessity of constituting a regency. The contest for the unrestricted right of the heir-apparent, which he warmly espoused, was marked b} r a great display of oratorical and logical talent on the part of the opposition, but both in and out of parlia- ment the majority on this occasion was with Mr. Pitt. In 1790 and 1791, Mr. Fox regained a share of popularity by his opposition to wars with Spain and Russia, and also by his libel bill, regulating the rights of juries in criminal cases, and rendeiing them judges both of the law and the fact. On the breaking out of the French revolution, he, like many other friends to liberty, was disposed to regard it as likely- to prove extremely beneficial. The contrary views of Mr. Burke, and other of his friends, ard the extra- ordinary manner in which that warm and intolerant politician on that account publicly renounced his friendship, is one of the most striking incidents in parliamentary history. Possibly in regard to that great event they were both right and both wrong. It would be difficult to maintain at this time of day that the French nation has not been benefited by the revolution, and equally so to dispute the magnitude of its temporary sufferings and sacrifices. Mr. Burke was right as to immediate consequences, and Mr. Fox as to remote. The policy of the war that followed belongs to history; suffice it to say, that Mr. Fox firmly opposed the principle on which it commenced, and strenuously argued for peace on every occasion ; and at the treaty of Amiens, in 1801, gave Mr, Addington, who concluded it, his support. When hostilities were renewed he also doubted of their necessity ; but on becoming Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in conjunction with the Grenville party, he acquiesced in its propriety. Coalitions were uniformly the wreck of this great man's popularity ; and certain arrangements which it rendered necessary on the pre- sent occasion, and more especially that of making Lord Chief Justice EUcnborough a cabinet minister, were very unpalatable to the public. His political career was now however drawing towards the close ; his health began rapidly to decline ; symptoms of drops) appeared ; and in a few months after the death of Mr. Pitt, his great rival was laid in an almost contiguous grave. Mr. Fox died September 15, 1S06, without pain, and almost without a struggle, in the fiftY-eiehth year of his a«e. 40 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. (''HANKING of letters first claimed, 1660; com- menced, 1731. Before the year 1764, when the act fwssed to alter the mode of franking, the franked etters amounted annually to £170,700. The privi- lege abridged, 1784.- FRANKS (The), arose from a confederacy ot the inhabitants of the lower Rhine and Weser, about 240 ; settled in Gaul, 277. * FRANKLIN (Benjamin), born 1706; died 17th April, 1790. * Benjamin Franklin, an American philosopher and statesman of great celebrity, was born at Boston in New England, in 1706. His family was originally from Ecton, in Northamptonshire, where his ancestors had for several years possessed a small freehold. His father removed to New England to avoid the per- secution against non-conformists under Charles II., and followed the occupation of soap-boiler and tallow- chandler at Boston. The mother of Benjamin, a second wife, was a descendant of one of the first colonists of the province. The early indications which he gave of a love of literature and reading, induced his father, in the first instance, to destine him for the church; but rendered unable, by the burden of a large family, to supply sufficient funds, he was early taken from school and employed in the servile offices o.f the family trade. By this change he was severely mortified, and wished to go to sea, which his father opposed. Although in humble life, the latter possessed considerable information, with great solidity of understanding; and took great pains to form the minds of his children on the principles of good sense and moral rectitude. He also possessed books, although his library was scanty ; and Franklin read man}' accounts of voyages and travels, and early went through a course of polemical divinity, which seems t*> have done any thing but settle his faith. He attributes, however, to a careful perusal of Defoe's Essay upon Projects, the bias which influenced the complexion of his future career. While thus unconsciously forming the outline of future character, an elder brother having set up a printing-office at Boston, he was articled to him as an apprentice ; and he could not have been placed to a business better suited to his aptitude and disposition. He quickly rendered himself a proficient in the mechanical part of the pro- fession, and eagerly seizing every opportunity to get at new books, was soon inspired with the ambition of authorship. He began by writing ballads and printing them ; but a little wholesome ridicule on the part of his father, soon convinced him that his talent was not poetry. With characteristic assidiity he then studied the composition of prose, and to the success of his efforts in this direction he attributes much of his subsequent elevation to stations of importance. In the mean time he became a very dogmatical polemic, from which, by the perusal of a translation of Xenophon's M«*»orabilia, he was softened into a Socratic ; and finally he argued himself into the scepticism which he seems to have retained, more or less, all the rest of his life. He, however, early obtained that dominion over his appetites which is so impor- tant a step in moral discipline, and to this power of self-denial much of his future prosperity may be attributed. His brother at length set up a newspaper, to which he ventured to send some pieces anony- mously for insertion, which being, accepted and much admired, he began to feel his abilities, and to be- come impatient under treatment which exhibited more of the master than relation. The result of these disagreements was a determination to clandestinely quit Boston, and seek his fortune in New York or Philadelphia. This event accordingly took place in his seventeenth year, and arriving in the latter place with scarcely a shilling in his pocket, and a penny roll in his hand, he obtained employment from a printer named Keimer, whose deranged affairs he soon put into better order. In Philadelphia he obtained the notice of Sir William Keith, the governor of the province, who urged him to set up for himself, and after an ineffectual application to his parents to assist him, the governor himself offered to supply the means, and proposed to him to make a voyage to England to acquire proper materials. Franklin gladly embraced this proposal, and arrived in England with his intimate friend, Ralph, subsequently a political writer of some eminence. Upon his reaching London he found himself entirely deceived in his promised letters of credit and recommendation from Governor Keith, and was therefore obliged to engage himself at a printing-house of eminence in Bartholomew Close. The conduct of Franklin in England seems to have been marked with his usual prudent economy ; but both he and Ralph appear to have acted with some licence in other respects, the one forgetting a wife and child whom he had left in America, and the other his engagement to a Miss Read, whom he was to many on his return. Franklin remained in England eighteen months, during which time he wrote a " Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain," in answer to Wollaston's Religion of Nature. This work attracted some notice, and introduced him to Dr. Mandeville, author of the celebrated fable of the Bees. In 1726, he returned to Philadelphia in the capacity of clerk to Mr. Denham, a liberal-minded merchant, by whose death the connexion was dissolved in less than a year, and he became superintendent in the printing-office of his old employer, Keimer. In this situation he acquired general esteem, and was enabled to set up for himself, in partner- ship with one Meredith, a young man whose friends could advance a little money. Their success was immediate, although gradual, and was much ensured by a new paper, which the talents of Franklin, both as writer and printer, rendered immediately successful. In process of time Meredith, who disliked business, voluntarily withdrew, and Franklin was enabled by his friends to go on by himself, and unite the trade of a stationer. The remainder of his career as a tradesman was thriving and prosperous in a high degree ; and in 1730, he ventured to marry Miss Read, then however a widow, or rather the nominal wife of a man from whom she had separated on discovering that he was previously the husband of another living wife. The subsequent history of Franklin relates no longer to the humble tradesman, but to the influential ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 41 FRANKFORT (Riot at), on the 3d April, 1833. It was headed by the students, in the course of which, the guard-house was taken, and several fersons, confined for political offences, liberated, n the conflict which took place between the military and the people, much blood was shed, and several lives lost ; five soldiers were killed and twenty wounded; the loss of the students was greater, but not exactly ascertained. FREEHOLDERS UDder the feudal policy, were obliged to serve the state, and this duty was con- sidered bo sacred, that they could not take holy orders, without leave of the sovereign. FREEMASONS (society of), took its rise from a set of foreigners, who called themselves Free- masons, from none being acquainted with the se- crets of their order, but such as they admitted free among them. Their principal secret wasconstruct- politician and natural philosopher. Becoming in point of circumstances one of the leading persons in Philadelphia, the vigour of his capacity soon displayed itself in schemes for the advancement of the com- munity of which he formed a part. The establishment of a public library was one of these useful projects ; and in 1732 he published his " Poor Richard's Almanack," which became remarkable for a number of con- cise, pointed, prudential maxims, that were admirably calculated for the meridian in which it circulated. His political career commenced in 1736, when he was appointed clerk to the General Assembly of Pennsyl- vania; and the next year he obtained the valuable office of postmaster-general of Philadelphia. In the French war in 1744, when it became necessary to secure the province against the enemy, Franklin pro- posed a plan of volunteer association, which was immediately signed by 1200 persons, and being circu- lated through the provinces, obtained 10,000 subscriptions, a circumstance meriting notice, as it first served to unfold to America the secret of her own strength. It was also about this time that he com- menced those electrical experiments which have rendered his name so celebrated. His discoveries were communicated in three publications, entitled " New Experiments and Observations in Electricity, made at Philadelphia in America." They are conveyed in the form of letters to Mr. Collinson, the dates of which are from 1747 to 1757. A full account of his discoveries in reference to negative and positive electricity ; his manner of charging the Leyden phial ; and, above all, his brilliant demonstration of the identity of electric fire with that of lightning, will be found detailed at length in the " History of Electricity," by Dr. Priestley. As practical utility was, in the mind of Franklin, the ultimate object of all philosophical investigation, he immediately applied his discovery, by the invention of iron conductors, to the protection of buildings from lightning; and such was the reliance on his sagacity, they were im- mediately adopted by his countrymen generally. In 1747, he was elected representative for Philadelphia, to the general assembly of the province, and distinguished himself on the popular side, against the claims of the proprietary to an exemption from taxation. In 1750, his plan of an academy in Philadelphia was adopted, and he was also greatly instrumental in the formation of an hospital. In 1753, he was appointed to the important office of deputy postmaster-general of the British colonies ; and in 1757, he sailed for London as agent for Pennsylvania, the assembly of which was engaged in warm disputes with the pro- prietary. Having carried his point against the latter, his success and reputation produced him similar appointments from other American provinces, and a forcible pamphlet written by him is thought to have led to the determination of acquiring Canada. In 1762 he returned to America, and received the thanks of the assembly of Pennsylvania for his services, and a handsome pecuniary recompense. In 1764, being defeated in his re-election by the influence of the proprietary, he again visited England as agent for Pennsylvania; and this being the period when the stamp-act produced so much commotion in America, he was heard at the bar of the House of Commons in respect to the disposition of his countrymen in regard to it. In 1766 and 1767 he visited Holland, Germany, and France, and met with a distinguished recep- tion. The interception by Dr. Franklin of some letters from the governor and others of Massachusets bay, to the British ministers, containing most unfavourable accounts of the conduct and intentions of the colonists, and recommending coercion, being published by the legislature of that state, produced a great sensation. On his attending the privy-council to present a petition for a change of governors, he was treated with so much virulence in relation to these letters by the then solicitor-general, Wedderburne, since chancellor and Earl of Rosslyn, that he appears never to have forgotten it ; nor was the loss of his place of deputy postmaster-general of a nature to allay his resentment. Soon after the commencement of hostilities, in 1775, he returned to America, and when the question of a declaration of independence was started, was decidedly in its favour. He afterwards sat as president of the convention for settling a new government for Pennsylvania ; and was soon after deputed to the court of France, where he brought about the treaty of alliance defensive and offensive in 1778, which produced an immediate war between France and England. He was also one of the commissioners who, on the part of the United States, signed the provisional treaty of peace in 1782, and the definitive treat} in 1783. In 1785, he was re-called from the high station which he had so well filled, and was chosen president of the supreme executive council. The high regard in which he was held by his fellow-citizens appeared in his being from time to time chosen president of various philanthropic societies ; among which, one for the abolition of slavery, and another for the improvement of prisons, claimed much of his attention. In 1788 his increasing infirmities induced him to withdraw from public business altogether ; and on the 17th of April, 1790, he closed his eventful life in i he eighty-fifth year of his age. u 42 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. mg of roofs like that of King's College chapel, Cambridge) which they built. They are said to have introduced the art of building with stone in England, about 670 ; others say the institution is as early as the building of Solomon's Temple; excom- municated by the pope, September 23, 1738 ; their hall in London built, 1775. KRESCO-PAINTING was known in China long before the Christian sera. FRIENDLY ISLES discovered by Tasman, 1643 ; visited by Captain Cook, 1773. KRITHESTOKE PRIORY. Devon, built 1222. FROST, so great, that the Danube was quite frozen over, 558; Mediterranean so frozen, that carriages were used on the Adriatic sea, 859 ; again, 1234 ; one of 15 weeks, 1407 ; the Baltic was frozen over, 1426; again 1459, so that people travelled on the ice from Denmark to Lubec, Wismar, Rostock, and Stralsund ; great one in England, from November 24th, to February 10th, 1434 ; one at Christmas, 1683; again, 1709"; again, 1 739 for nine weeks. FRYTH (John Rev.) burnt for heresy in Smithfield, July 4th, 1533. FULHAM BRIDGE built, 1727. FULLING (The art of), invented by Nicias, a go- vernor in Greece, in the time of the Romans. FUNDS, a Florentine institution, 1344; first settled and adopted at the Revolution, 1689. FUNERAL orations or sermons were customary among the Romans, and in use among the Greeks. Solon is supposed to be the first author of one. The custom of a led horse at state funerals took place, 1268 ; tax laid on funerals, 1783. FURNESS ABBEY, Lancashire, founded, 1127. FURNITURE was very heavy, and could not be readily moved, 1216. FUSELI (Henry), R. A., a painter of the first emi- nence in his profession, and keeper of the Ro3'al Academy, died on the 16th April, 1825, in the 86th year of his age. GAGE (Barony of), created 1790. GAIANITES, a sect that sprung from the Euty- chians, took their name from Gaian, a bishop of Alexandria, in the 6th century, though they were of older standing. They denied that Christ after the hypostatic union was subject to human infirmities. GAINSBOROUGH (Earldom of), created 1652. GALLIES first used with three rowers to each car, 786 before Christ. They came from Corinth* GALLILEO the astronomer died, January 1642. GALL1PAGO ISLES discovered by Capt. Cowley, 1684. GALLOWAY (Scots Earldom of), created 1623. GALWAY COLLEGE, Ireland, founded by Edward VI. 1551. GALWAY (Title of), Irish Viscount, created in the year 1727. GAMBIER (Admiral Lord), died on the 19th April, 1834. GAME, first act for preserving it passed, 1496; pre- sent one, 1753. The game laws are peculiar to the northern part of Europe; they were never thought of by the Greeks or Romans. The}' were first occa- sioned by falconry, and therefore the heron is deemed game, it being the noblest bird the falcon could fiy at ; our present game law is a bastard slip from the forest laws. In the time of Charles I., no person shot flying ; it was reckoned unfair : what is now called poaching was the gentleman's recreation. Licences for shooting established, 1784. GAMING (Excessive), introduced into England by the Saxons; the loser was often a slave to the winner, and sold like other merchandize. The Turks never play for money. GAMUT invented by Gui L'Aretin, 1025, and the six notes, ut, r°, &c. fixed by one Meurs, of Paris, from the first syllables of the several lines of a Latin hymn to St. John, 1133. Ut rrfevet m'serum /utum, so itosque /abores. The Germans have drank to the six notes of music, since their establishment, foi the reason assigned in the above-mentioned Latii line. GARDENING (The sera of;, in Queen Elizabeth': time; of modern English gardening, about 1700. * GARDNER (Alan, Lord), born 1742, died 1810. t GARNERIN. the French aeronaut, died, Augus 1823. GARNET (Thomas), a Jesuit, hanged at Tyburn ft. refusing to take the oath of allegiance, June 25tl 1608. J GARRICK (David), an eminent actor, born 170t died 20th January, 1779. * Alan, Lord Gardner, a naval officer, was born at Uttoxeter in Staffordshire, April 12th, 1742, and at the age of thirteen became a midshipman. After passing through various promotions, in 1766 he was made ( > >st-captain in the Preston, of fifty guns, which he commanded on the Jamaica station In 1782 he had the Duke, of ninety-eight guns, in which ship he first broke the French line on the 12th of April. In 1793 he was ».iade rear-admiral, and appointed commander-in-chief on the Leeward Island station. After making an ineffectual attempt on Martinico, he returned home, and was then employed as rear-admiral of the white with Lord Howe, and so distinguished himself upon the 1st of June, that he was made a baronet and major- general of the marines. A dangerous mutiny breaking out in the fleet at Portsmouth, Admiral Gardner attempted to quell it, but using harsh means, the crew became so enraged against him, that it was with difficulty he escaped with life. In 1800 he was created an Irish peer, and in 1807 succeeded Earl St. Vincent in the command of the channel fleet, whi. h his health obliged him soon to relinquish. He sat in three successive parliaments, and was finally mde a British peer with the title of Baron Gardner of Uttoxeter. He died at Bath in 1809. — Naval Chronicle. t Garnerin ( ) a celebrated aeronaut, who, if not the most scientific, was at least one of the most daring and adventurous of the profession. He was the first man who made the experiment of descending in a parachute ; a feat which he accomplished on the 21st of September, 1802, ascending from an inclosure in North Audley-street, Grosvenor-square. At the computedheight of 4154 French feet, this intrepid " voyager through the fields of air," cut the rope which attached the car to the balloon, and descended safely in the fields near Kentish Town, the balloon falling next day near Farnham in Surry. M. Garnerin's death was occasioned by apoplexy in the Theatre du Jardin Beaujolin at Paris, August, 1823. Having the rope which sustained the curtain in his hand, by a sudden relaxation of his grasp, he allowed it to fall, when one of the weights struck him on the head, and he never recovered from the effects of the blow.— Ann. Liiog. I David Garrick, the most eminent actor ever produced by the English stage, was born at Hereford in 170'!. His grandfather was a French refugee on account of the e ictof Nantz ; and his father, a captain in I he army on half-pay, usually resided at Litchfield, where he married the daughter'of one of the vicars of ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 43 GARTER (Order of), instituted April 23 1310; GATESHEAD Monastery, Durham, founded be- altered 1502. Some sav it owes its origin to Ri- fore 653. chard I.; its splendour to Edward III. The Duke GAUGING contrived, 1570; Anderson says about of Richmond was the first knight that wore the 1350. riband over his shoulder, the Dutchess of Ports- GAUL (Ancient), comprehended all modern France, Alsace, and Lorraine, Savoy, Switzerland, mouth, his mother, having thus put it on, and in traduced him to his father, Charles II., who was so pleased with the conceit, that he commanded the knights to wear it so in future, April, 1G81 ; before was worn round the neck, as old pictures shew. The number of knights increased, 1786. GARTER King at Arms, create 1 by Henry V. GARTH (Sir Samuel), physician and poet, died June, 1718. GASCONS established themselves in Gascony, about 593. GAS-LIGHTS first introduced in Golden-lane, 14th August, 1807. The use of gas in streets and houses was brought into general practice in Pall Mall, London, in 1809. St James's Park first the four Electorates of the Rhine, Liege, Luxem- burgh, Hainault, Flanders, and Brabant ; suc- cessfully invaded by the Barbarians, 407. GAUNT (John of), Duke of Lancaster, third son of Edward III., married the daughter of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile, and after his death took the title of king, 1371. His children by his third wife Catherine Swineford, before marriage, were made legitimate by act of parliament. From him by this last wife descended King Henry VII. of England. GAUNTLETS were not introduced until about the 13th century. GAUZE, a manufacture known to, and of great lighted with gas, Feb. 23, 1821. I value among the Romans, 14, the cathedral. He was educated at the grammar-school of Litchfield, but was more distinguished for his sprightliness than attachment to literature ; and he gave an early proof of his dramatic tendency by inducing his school-fellows to act the Recruiting Officer, in which he himself took the part of Serjeant Kite, being then only twelve years of age. As the circumstances of his father were narrow, he was sent to Lisbon upon the invitation of his uncle, a considerable' wine-merchant in that capital. His stay at Lisbon was very short, and returning to Litchfield, he was placed under the celebrated Samuel Johnson, who had then undertaken to instruct a few youths in the belles-lettres. A love for the stage had however become firmly rooted in the mind of Garrick, and singular to say, his grave tutor was induced to accompany him in a spe- culative journey to the metropolis. This remarkable event took place in the years 1736-7, and at the recommendation of Mr. Gilbert Walmsley, Garrick was placed under the care of an eminent mathematician at Rochester, with a view of cultivating his general powers previously to his admission at the Temple. The death of his father however disturbed this arrangement, and having been left a legacy of £1000 by his uncle, he joined his brother, Peter Garrick, in the wine trade. This connexion was however soon dissolved, and in the summer of 1741 he gave entire sway to his long-repressed inclination, by joining GifTard's com- pany at Ipswich, where, under the assumed name of Lyddal, he played a great variety of parts with uni- form success. At this time the stages of the metropolis were but indifferently supplied with leading per- formers, so that when Giffard, who was manager of a theatre in Goodman's-fields, introduced his accom- plished recruit there on the 19th of October, 1741, the effect was immediate and decisive. He judiciously chose the part of Richard III., which required not that dignity of person which he did not possess, while it gave him a scope for all the strong marking of character and changes of passion, in which his principal excellence consisted. He at the same time adopted a natural mode of recitation, which was a daring innovation on the part of a new performer, before audiences accustomed to the artificial declamation of the school which preceded him ; but so favourably did this return to nature aid his facility of expression, that the effect was irresistible. The part of Richard was repeated for many successive nights, and the estab- lished theatres were deserted, and strings of carriages from the west end of the town thronged the streets of the city. The proprietors of the old theatres, alarmed at his success, threatened Giffard with a prose- cution, as an infringer upon their patents, and Fleetwood drew Garrick over to Drury-lane. After finishing the winter season of 1742 at this theatre, he visited Dublin, where his reception was equally flattering. On his return he varied his characters by parts in genteel corned}', and even descended to the representation of almost absolute stupidity in that of Abel Drugger. Stage quarrels and a second visit to Dublin engrossed the interval until he became a manager in his own right ; an event which took place in the spring of 1747. By acting at Covent-garden, he had reduced Drury-lane to such a state of inferiority that Lacy, the patentee, was glad to admit him a partner upon equal terms, Lacy assuming the care of the property and general economy, and Garrick the management of the stage. Under these auspices Drur}'-lane opened in 1747 ; on which occasion his old and constant friend Samuel Johnson, furnished the new manager with a celebrated prologue, one of the few which merit lasting preservation. This period formed an sera in the English stage, from which may be dated a comparative revival of Shakspeare, and a reform both in the conduct and licence of the drama, which is very honourable to the genius of the actor who effected it. In 1749, Garrick married Mademoiselle Violette, and the remainder of his theatrical career was a long and uninterrupted series of success and prosperity until its close. Although parsimonious, and occasionally too hasty in his intercourse with authors, he managed to keep on terms with the majority of the most respectable, and received from many of them an excess of incense which was but too acceptable. In 1763 he visited the continent, and on his return, alter an absence of a year and a half, was received with excessive applause. He had written while an actor, his farces of " The Lying Valet," •« Lethe," and " Miss in her Teens," and in 1766, he com- i posed, jointly with Colman, the excellent comedy of " The Clandestine Marriage." The year 17~9 was 44 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. GAY (John),* an tmment poet, died December, 1732, a#sd 43. GAVKSTON, the favourite of Edward II., put to deathb\ the barons, July 1, 1312. GAZETTES, so called from a small Italian piece of money, Gazcttu, given to read them ; introduced in Venice, 1600; in France, 1631; in Leipaic, 1715; in Amsterdam, 1732; at the Hague, 1735; at Cologne, 1756; Courier of the Lower Rhine, 1764 ; the English Gazette first published at Ox- ford, Nov. 7, 1665. signalized by the famous Stratford Jubilee, a striking proof of his enthusiasm for Shakspeare. It occupied three days at Stratford, and its representation at the theatre lasted for ninety-two nights. After the death of Lacy in 1773 the sole management of the theatre devolved upon Garrick, who continued to fulfil the duties of that office until 1776, when he determined upon his final retreat, and sold his moiety of the theatre for £37,000. The last part which he performed was Don Felix in " The Wonder," for the benefit of the theatrical fund, an institution for the relief of decayed actors, the plan of which he perfected. At the conclusion of the play he addressed a brief farewell to the audience. The general feeling with which this was delivered and received, rendered it truly impressive, and few persons ever quitted the stage with plaudits so loud and unanimous. He did not long enjoy his opulent and well-earned repose, dying under a ■ suppression of urine, the effects of which produced a stupor, on the 20th January, 1779. His remains were ; interred with great pomp in Westminster Abbey, his funeral being attended by a numerous assemblage ol \ rank and talent. His large fortune, after an ample provision for his widow, leaving no children, was divided j among l »is relations. As an actor David Garrick seems never to have been surpassed for truth, nature, and variety and facility of expression, for which his countenance appears to have been admirably adapted. Expression, indeed, and the language of passion, formed his great strength, being equalled by many of his contemporaries in the enunciation of calm, sentimental, and poetical declamation. As a man his predomi- nant fault was vanity, and a spirit of economy bordering on parsimony, a censure which Dr. Johnson would however occasionally dispute. His excessive love of praise necessarily made him unwilling to share it, and he is charged with endeavouring to keep down rising talents on this account. In his commerce with the j great he was exceedingly happy, preserving sufficient freedom to make him a pleasing companion, without ! encroachment on either side ; and his attention to decorum secured him the society of the most grave and j dignified characters. His literary talents were respectable, but not superior : besides the pieces already j mentioned, he is the author of some smart epigrams and jeux d'esprit ; a great number of pleasant prologues i and epilogues ; a few dramatic interludes; and many judicious alterations of old plays. — Davies's Life of Garrick. Ann. Reg. * John Gay, an eminent English poet, was born at or near Barnstaple, in 1688. He was descended from an ancient but reduc d family, who after an education at the free-school at Barnstaple, apprenticed him to a silk-mercer in London. He showed, however, such a dislike to trade, that after a few years of negligent attendance, his indentures were cancelled by agreement, and he devoted himself henceforward to litera- ture. In 1711, he published his " Rural Sports," which he dedicated to Pope, then a young poet like himself; which compliment introduced them to each other, and proved the foundation of a friendship which lasted for life. In 1712, the easy, improvident disposition of Gay being unfavourable to his pe- cuniary circumstances, he accepted the office of secretary to Anne, Dutchess of Monmouth, which pro- bably being little more than nominal as to employment, left him at leisure to pay his court to the muses ; and his pleasant mock-heroic poem, entitled "Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of London," was published in the same year. He also soon after engaged in dramatic writing. " The Mohocks," a tFagi-comical farce, being attributed to his pen ; which piece was followed by an unsuccessful comedy, entitled, " The Wife of Bath." In 1714, his able caricature of Ambrose Philips's sj'stem of pastoral was published, under the title of " The Shepherd's Week." This performance, which attracted considerable attention, was dedicated to Lord Bolingbroke, who, with the Tory party then in power, much be- friended the poet. By their interest he was at length appointed secretary to the Earl of Clarendon, in his j embassy to the Court of Hanover ; but the death of the queen once more threw a cloud upon his rising prospects. In 1715 appeared his burlesque drama of " What d'ye Call it 1" which was followed by a farce, in conjunction with Pope and Arbuthnot, called " Three Weeks after Marriage," which altogether failed. ! In 1720 he was encouraged by the countenance of the numerous friends whom his kind and amiable dis- I position had ensured (many of them possessing rank and fortune), to publish his poems by subscription ; , by which expedient he secured a thousand pounds, and a present of South-sea stock from secretary Craggs, and might have made hrs fortune, had he sold in time. This he could not be persuaded to do, and j his consequent disappointment seriously affected his health. In 1723 he produced his tragedy of " The Captives;" and some instances of court favour encouraged him to employ himself in his well-known " Fables," written professedly for the instruction of the Duke of Cumberland, and published with a de- dication to that prince in 1726. For this performance, which, while it falls short of La Fontaine, exhibits great ease in the mode of narration, and much lively and natural painting, he naturally expected a hand- 1 some reward, but was offered nothing better than the office of gentleman usher to the young Princess j Louisa, which he declined as an indignity; and all the subsequent solicitations in his behalf were un- attended to. Under this sense of disappointment, he composed his famous " Beggar s Opera," the notion [ which seems to have been afforded by Swift. It was first acted in 1727, at Lincoln's Inn Fields, h2\ mg ' ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 45 (iEE (Mr.) An extraordinary conspiracy to con- line thia gentleman having been entered into, John Heath, alias William Heath, alias Thomas Ed- wards, Peter Laccassiene, and Jeremiah Weedon were examined on the 20th May, 1834, and com- mitted to Newgate to take their trial, for having by menaces and by force demanded from Mr. Gee the sum of £1,100, or £1,200 with intent to steal the same. The parties were accused of confining Mr. Gee in a house at which Edwards had request- ed him to call, where Mr. Gee was tied to prevent his escape, the place being so constructed as to prevent him from being heard if he called out for assistance; but from which, notwithstanding, he did effect his escape, and had the parties taken into custody. On the 7th July, the above persons were tried on two indictments for their conduct, and were acquitted at the Old Bailey, as the in- dictments could not be sustained; but they were held to bail for the assault ; and on the 1st of August following, John Edwards and Jeremiah Weedon were found guilty at the Middlesex ses- sions of a conspiracy to imprison Mr. Gee, a soli- citor ; and Peter Laccassiene for an assault upon the same gentleman. Edwards was sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Newgate; and Weedon to one j'ear's imprisonment in the house of correc- tion. Maria Canning, who had also taken some part in their proceedings, was acquitted. GELDING Cattle not used in Scotland, till after 1378. GENERALISSIMO, a word invented in favour of John of Austria, brother and chief general to Philip II. of Spain, 1571. GENESIS (The book of), contains a period of 2369 years, ending with the death of Joseph. GENEVA, its republic founded, 1535 ; taken pos- session of by France and Sardinia, June 29th,1782. GENEVIEVE (Congregation of), commenced, 1618. GENOA, formerly inhabited by the Ligurians ; its republic founded, about 63 years before Christ ; the present one 950 ; the first duke of, chosen 1337 ; republic restored to its liberties by Doria, Septem- ber 12th, 1528 ; an attempt to seize it by conspiracy under Fiesco, which would have succeeded, had not Fiesco been accidentally killed, 1547 ; bantt failed, 1750. GEOFKEY, Bishop of Norwich, put to death, 1210. GEOGRAPHY, the Chaldeans and Egyptians, were the first persons who paid an} particular at- tention to it, 1510 before Christ ; brought into Europe bY the Moors, about 1220. GEOMETRY invented by the Egyptians ; Josephus attributes it to the Hebrews, and others to Mercurj GEORGE I. sirnamed Guelph, serond cousin of Queen Anne. Thr* succession settled on hi« mo- ther, 1700; created Duke of Cambridge, &c /Oc- tober 5th, 1706; ascended the throne, August 1st, 1714 ; landed at Greenwich, September 18th, fol- lowing ; quarrelled with the Prince of Wales fur his resenting the king's nomination of the Duke of Newcastle's standing sponsor for the prince's son, November, 1718 ; reconciled to the prince, June, 1720 ; buried his queen, November, 1726 ; died at Osnaburg, Sunday, June 11th, 1727, of a paralytic disorder, aged 67 ; and was succeeded by his son, George II. GEORGE II. son of George I. by Sophia, daughter of the Duke of Zell, succeeded to the crown, June 15th, 1727 ; married his daughter Anne to the Prince of Orange, March 14th, 1734; quarrelled with the Prince of Wales for concealing the princess's pregnancy from him, 1737 ; reconciled to him, 1742 ; gave his daughter Louisa in marriage to Fred. V. K. of Denmark, 1743; died suddenly, October 25th, 1760, at Kensington, aged 77 ; buried, November 11th, at Westminster, and was suc- ceeded by his grandson George III. GEORGE III. son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, born June 4th, 1738; succeeded his grandfather, George II. October 26th, 1760 ; made the judges independent, March, 1761 ; married Charlotte, daughter of the Duke of Mecklen burgh, September 8th, 1761 ; crowned September 22d following. His life attempted by Marg. Nicholson, a mad wo- man, 1785 ; afflicted with insanity, October 25th, 1788 ; Prince of Wales appointed regent, February, 1789; went to St. Paul's cathedral, April 23d, 1789. The present family being descended from James Ist's daughter, who was married to the King been previously refused at Drury-lane. Its chief purpose was to ridicule the Italian opera, but the tact and spirit of the poet rendered it an unique performance ; nor is it easy to define the mixture of nature, pathos, burlesque, and satire, which in the first instance formed its originality and attraction. Its moral tendency has been much impugned, both when it appeared and ever since ; but it was obviously never Gay's inten- tion to encourage the vices of one rank, because they took their rise in sources similar to those which pro- duced the vices of another. His object was evidently rather to strip off the gilding by which selfishness and depravity in the higher grades are concealed from the view, not only of the world at large, but of the offending parties themselves. Be this as it may, the " Beggar's Opera," which ran for sixty-three successive nights, and transformed the actress who represented the heroine into a duchess, so offended the persons then in power, that the Lord Chamberlain refused to licence for performance a second part of it, entitled " Polly." This resentment however rather served the author than otherwise, as it induced his friends and the party in opposition, to come forward on its publication with so handsome a subscription, that his profits amounted to £1200, whereas the " Beggar's Opera" had gained him only £400. A farther benefit accrued in the pa- tronage of the Duke and Duchess of Queensbury, who took him into their house, and condescended to manage his pecuniary concerns. He was soon after seized with dejection of spirits, attributed to disap- pointment, but which possibly originated in habitual indolence, and a constitutional tendency to cholic. He enjoyed however intervals of ease, sufficient to enable him to compose his sonata of " Acis and Galatea," and the opera of " Achilles ;" but being seized with an inflammation of the bowels, he died in De- cember, 1732, at the age of forty-five. No man was more sincerely lamented by all who knew him ; and his memory was honoured by interment in Westminster abbey, where his monument exhibits an epitaph by Pope, which evinces considerable affection and feeling. Swift and Arbuthnot also manifested great regard for him. As a man, Gay possessed too little energy of mind to support the independence which he affected, but he was eminently gifted with the gentle virtues which beget affection. As a poet he cannot be ranked in the first class, but he seldom fails tc give pleasure ; and among his smaller pieces his two ballads o " All in the Downs," and " 'Twas when theSeas were roaring," will ever be felt and admired. " The Beg- gar's Opera" may be deemed the finest of the ballad or modern comic operas, a species of praise that v. ,;; be estimated according to the very different opinions formed of the merit of that species of entertainm'rtrts Gay's works are to be found in all collections. - Biog. lirrt. Johnson's Poets. Spence's Anecdotes. 46 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. nf Bohemia, and James I. being the direct lineal | descendant of Malcolm III. King of Scots, by Mar- garet, the sister of Edgar Atheling, and Edgar \theling being lineally descended from the imme- liate heir of Egbert," King of the West Saxons, though excluded from the throne by the usurper Harold II. it follows, that George III. is truly de- scended from the ancient Saxon kings. He died January 29th, 1820; and on the 17th February his remains were interred with great funeral pomp in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. He had reigned 59% years, the longest and most interesting in the English annals. GEORGE IV. The eldest son of George III., was born August 12th, 1762, and succeeded to the throne of his father on Sunday the 30th January, 1825 ; proclaimed in London on the following day. This prince married April 8th, 1795, his cousin Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, second daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, by whom he had one daughter, Charlotte Caroline Augusta. In this amiable, in- teresting, and inestimable princess, the hopes of the British nation were mournfully disappointed by her unexpected demise on the 6th November, 1817, in the 22d year of her age. She was born on the 27th January, 1796, and married on the 2d May, v 1816, to his Serene Highness Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg. Owing to the illness of George III., the Prince of Wales was appointed Regent on the 6th February, 1811. George IV. died June 26th, 1830. GEORGIA (Colony of) established by charter, 1732; settled, 1733; expedition against St. Au- gustine, 1740. GERMANY, from Germann, or warlike man, be- ing anciently divided into several independent states, made no figure in history till 25 years before Christ, when the people withstood the power of the Romans, and expelled them in 290. The greatest part conquered by the Huns from China, 432, but not totally subdued till Charlemagne be- came master of the whole, 802 : he was the first emperor, and added the second head to the eagle for his arms, to denote that the empires of Rome and Germany were in him united. It was called Allemania, from Alleman, i.e. in German, "Every Man," denoting that all nations were welcome there. Dukes being at this time made governors of those provinces they claimed a right to them ; and nence came most of the sovereign princes of Ger- many. Lewis I., Charlemagne's son, was the first king that made this empire independent, 814. It continued united to the crown of France, till 841 ; Charles III. was the first that added the year of >ur Lord to the year of his reign, 879. Conrad I. was the first elected emperor, 912. The emperor assumed the title of King of the Romans, 1002. To bring in their sons successors, the emperors, in their life-time, politically got them elected kings of the Romans, which was a part of the sovereignty; the first emperor so elected, 1054. The elective power originated by the emperors getting their last will, wherein they nominated their successors, confirmed before their deaths, by the princes and great men. The Emperor Philip murdered, 1208. Nine electors first appointed to choose an emperor, 1258. Lewis V. made^ the empire independent on the Holy See, Aug. 8, 1338. Golden Bull, relating to the election of the emperors, established by Charles IV. of Germany, 1357 : this reduced the number of electors to seven. To get his son elected King of the Romans, Charles IV. gave each elector 100,000 ducats, and was forced to mortgage several cities to raise the money, 1376 ; the descendants o( the mortgagees continue still in possession of them. Charles V., born 1500; visited England, 1522; re- signed his crown to his brother, 1556, and turned monk, 1558. A reformation took place in the empire, and an eighth elector added, 1648. The peace of Carlowitz, when the h >unds of the Ger- man and Eastern empires were settled, 1698. A ninth elector, that of Brunswick, created 1692. Emperor Joseph II. died Feb. 1790. Orders of St. Anthony, in Hainault, founded, 1382; of St. Hubert, in Juliers, 1473; of St. Michael, 1618. GERMANS first mentioned in history, 214. GERVIS Abbey (Cistercians), Yorkshire, founded, 1145. GHENT founded by Julius Caesar. * GIBBS (Sir Vicary), died February, 1820. GIBRALTAR first known by the name of Mons Calpe, and so called till 713; taken from the Infidels, 1310 ; besieged by the King of Grenada, 1316; again by the Moors, when the Spaniards were starved into a surrender, June, 1332; the Spaniards besieged it again the same month, but without success ; besieged again by the Spaniards for nine months, 1349, but without success ; taken by the King of Grenada, 1410 ; surrendered to the Emperor of Fez, 1411 ; besieged again by the Spaniards, 1438; again, and taken, 1462, since which the Christians have held it ; taken by the English, under Sir George Rooke, July 24, 1704; besieged by the Spaniards, Feb. 27, 1727 ; again May, 1731 ; again July, 1781 to 1783. GIFFORD (John), an historical and political writer, was born, 1758 ; died at Bromley, in Kent, March 6, 1818. GILBERTINES, an order of Canons, instituted by St. Gilbert, at Sempringham, Lincolnshire, 1148. At the dissolution they had 25 houses. GILDING with Leaf Gold (The art of) known to the Romans soon after the destruction of Carthage ; gilding and silvering of metals were also practised by them. GILLINGWOOD, Yorkshire, burnt down, Dec. 11, 1750. GIMLET invented by Dedalus. GIN Act passed, July 24, 1737 ; 17,000 gin-shops suppressed in London, 1750. GIPSIES, or Egyptians, called in France Bohemians, in Italy Zingani, in Germany, Zigeuner, a peculiar race of people ; made their appearance first in Germany, about 1517 ; having quitted Egypt when conquered by Selim I. ; banished from France, 1560 ; from Spain, 1591, and all parts of Europe ; the first statute that passed against them here, was in 1530. GLADIATORS (The Combats of) were first used at Rome at funerals only, 263 before Christ, where prisoners were obliged to assume that profession, and fight before the tombs of great men, in imi- tation of the barbarous custom of the Greeks, of * Sir Vicary Gibbs, a clever English lawyer, born in 1752, at Exeter, in which city his father practised as a surgeon. He proceeded in due course from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, on the royal founda- , tion, and in 1772, obtained a Craven scholarship. Entering himself of Lincoln's Inn, he contracted an intimate acquaintance there with Mr. Dunning, afterwards Lord Ashburton, whose countenance and support tended mainly to his future advancement in the profession of the law. He succeeded Mr. Burke in the recordership of the city of Bristol, and was soon distinguished as an eloquent pleader and an able . advocate. His subsequent exertion on the trials of Hardy, Tooke, Thelwall, &c, ranked him still higher , in hus profession. He obtained a silk gown, and proceeded rapidly through the different situations of Chief Justice of Chester, Solicitor and Attorney- General (on accepting which last office he was knighted), j till being raised to the bench as a puisne judge, he was finally elevated to the dignity of Lord Chief Justice df the Common Pleas in 1814. Sir Vicary Gibbs filled this important post about four years, when his ; advanced age and increasing infirmities induced him to resign. He survived his retirement from public iiie ' about two years, and died in the month of February, 1820.— Gent. Maq. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 47 Kirrificing captives ut the tombs of their heroes. (t afterwards became a custom to purchase pri- soners and slaves, have them instructed in the jse of arms, and exhibit them in particular festi- vals. The first of this kind was in 213 before Christ , they frequently fought till one died ; the custom abolished, 500. GLANDORE, Irish Earldom, created 1776. GLASGOW Cathedral founded 1136; castle (great tower of ), built, 1426; university founded, *450; theatre burnt, May 6th, 1780. GLASGOW (Scots Earldom of), created 1703. GLASS, we hear of as early as Aristophanes ; it was first worked at Sidon in Syria ; some panes of a glass, it was said, were found in a window at Pompeii ; this was buried by an earthquake in 79 ; of course window glass was in fashion then. The Romans had the art of melting and blowing glass, making bottles and drinking glasses. The Chinese were acquainted with the art of making glass from flints, so early as the beginning of the third century. Art of making, brought to England from France, 1664; cast plate, blown plate (art of), discovered by chance, 1174; first made here into bottles, &c. 1557 ; making of looking-glass plates first set on foot in France, 1605; first plate-glass manufactory at Lambeth, introduced from Venice, by the Duke of Buckingham, 1674 ; casting looking-glass plates, the invention ofThevart, a Frenchman, 1688; glass made from minium and flint by Zisher, at Wittem- burg, 1758; glass tax established 1746 ; additional duty laid on, 1777. GLASS (Painting on), the first notion of which is said to be given by a French painter at Marseilles, when Julius II. was pope, 1503 ; but Albert Durer, who died 1528, and Lucas of Leyden, who died 1533, were the first that carried it to any height ; however we have a record of glass-painting so early as the 20th of Henry III., and some assert, that the first glass painted here was in John's reign. GLASSES (Musical), the art of producing sound from them, by rubbing the rims, was long known to the Germans, but revived by Dr. Franklin, 1670. GLASTONBURY Church, the first Christian church in Britain, built, as supposed, by Joseph of Arima- thea, about 60 ; abbey (Benedictines) founded 300, some say about 597 ; rebuilt, 1120 ; town chartered 1705. GLEASTON CASTLE, Lancashire, built 1340. GLENCAIRN (Scots Earldom of), created 1488. GLOUCESTER, once a Roman colony, built by Ar- viragus, 47 ; abbey founded 700 ; burnt 1102 ; again, 1122; city incorporated by Henry III.; made a bishopric and city, 1541 ; last charter granted, 1672. GLOUCESTER (Duke of), uncle to Richard II. smothered at Calais between two feather beds, February 28th, 1397. GLOUCESTER (Humphrey, Duke of), third son to Henry IV., and uncle to Henry VI., imprisoned and murdered by the queen's party, February 28th, 1447. GLOUCESTER (Richard Duke of), brother to Ed- ward IV. murdered Edward, Prince of Wales, 1471; put the Duke of Clarence to death, February 18th, 1478 ; made protector of England, 1483 ; ordered his two nephews, Edward V. and his brother, to be I murdered ; and elected king, June 20th following. | GLOUCESTER (Duke of), son to Queen Anne, died of fever. July 29th, 1700, aged 11. GLORIA PATRI added to the Psalms, by Pope Da- mascus, about 366. GLOVES embroidered and perfumed, introduced here by Edward, Earl of Oxford, in Elizabeth's reign ; the custom in bargains of giving servants money for a pair of gloves, is derived from the an- cient practice in eastern nations, of giving the stewards gloves as a fee on the transfer of land, or giving the purchaser a glove by way of investiture ; hence also the ceremony of throwing a glove by way of challenge ; a duty laid on them, 1785. GNOSTICS, a philosophising sect of Christians, that ridiculed the history of Moses, &c, arose in the 2d century, flourished in the 3d, and were suppressed in the 4th or 5th. The Manichaeans were a branch of this sect. GOBELIN Manufactory for tapestry, &c. at Paris, established by Colbert, 1667, in the house where Gobelin the noted dyer resided. GODESTOW Nunnery (Benedictines), Oxfordshire, first consecrated, 1138. GODS (Fabulous) of the ancients, were no other than deified heroes. GODFATHERS and Godmothers forbidden to marry, 721. GODMANCHESTER, Hants, chartered by James I. GODOLPHIN, of Helston (Barony of), created, 1735. GODWIN (Earl), invaded England, 1052, and mur- dered Alfred ; choked at table with the king, in protesting his innocence, 1053. GOLD first coined in England, 1257. GOLDEN Age, when all men were upon an equality, during the reign of Saturn, who was a king of the Aborigines. GOLDEN Angel (Order of), founded before 486 ; re- stored, 1191. GOLD-FISH first brought into England about 1691, but not generally known till 1728. GOLDSMITH (Dr. Oliver), bor.i 1731, died April, 1771. His poem " The Deserted Village," his no- vel "The Vicar of Wakefield' are universally admired, and many other productions of his pen deserve approbation. GOOD-HOPE (Cape of), discovered by the Portu- guese, 1487 ; first doubled, by Vasca-di-Gama, 1497 : ditto, by the English, 1591 ; taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese, and a colony estab- lished, 1653. GOODIER (Captain), hanged for the murder of his brother, Sir Dinely, January, 1741. GOODWIN-SANDS, formed by the sea overflowing 4000 acres of Earl Goodwin's, in Kent, 1100. GORDIAN KNOT (The), a knot of the thongs in the waggon of Gordius, who was elected King of Phrygia, from driving a waggon, and which he af- terwards deposited in the temple of Jupiter. Who- ever loosed this knot, whose ends were not disco- verable, the oracle declared should be emperor of Persia. Alexander the Great cut away the knot till he found the ends, and thus in a military sense, interpreted the oracle, 330 before Christ. GORDON (Scots Duke of), created 1684. * GORDON (Lord George), died in Newgate, No- vember 1st, 1793. GOREE Island taken by the English, 1663 ; retaken by the Dutch, 1665 ; subdued by the French, 1677 ; * Hon. George Gordon, called by courtesy, Lord George Gordon, was the son of Cosmo George, Duke of Gordon, in Scotland, and was born in 1750. He entered when young into the navy, but left the service during the American war, in consequence of a dispute with Lord Sanwich relative to promotion. He then became a member of the House of Commons, where he sat during several sessions for the borough of Lud- gershal. His parliamentary conduct was marked by a certain degree of that eccentricity which became but too conspicuous in his subsequent behaviour; but he displayed no deficiency of wit or talent, often animadverting with great freedom on the proceedings of the ministers and their opponents. At length in 1780, a bill having been introduced into the house for the relief of Roman Catholics from certain penalties and disabilities, he collected a vast mob, consisting of the members of a Protestant association and the rab- ble of the metropolis, at the head of whom he marched in procession to the House of Commons, to present a 48 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. taken by the English, 1753 ; restored to the French, 17(v5 ; taken by the English, but restored to France at the peace, 1783. GOSFORD, of Market-hill, Irish viscount, created 1785.^ GOSPEL, parsons ordered to stand when read, by Pope Anastasius, 599. GOTHAM (History of the wise men of) was, in the reign of Henry VIII. accounted a book of wit, and alluded to certain sports and customs, by whir ,j the people of Gotham in Lincolnshire held tb,ir lands. The histories of Reynard the Fox. Tom Thumb, &c, were then in great estimation. GOTHS (The), who inhabited all the count-/ from the Baltic to the Euxine seas ; first men-t jned as invading the Romans, 250; waged war with them, 366, from which time may be derived the fall of the Roman empire. The whole nation, a million in number, through fear of the Huns, removed with the leave of the Emperor Valens, to the waste lands in Thrace, 376. Rebelled against the Romans, 377, and were quelled ; being afterwards attacked by Valens, the Roman army was cut to pieces, and the emperor killed. The Gothic youths massacred, 378. The Goths capitulated with, and submitted to the Romans, October 3d, 382. Goths embraced Christianity, 400. Pillaged Rome, and massacred the inhabitants, 410. Took possession of Spain, 411, which they kept till 713, when they were driven out by t.ie Saracens. Slew 300,000 inhabi- tants of Milan, 539. 3-OWN and t /assock, present one, not worn before the reign o' Charles II. 3rOWRIE 0£arl of), beheaded for conspiring against James II of Scotland, 1584 ; the earl, his son, and Alexan *er Ruthven, his brother, conspired against the \\P, of James VI. of Scotland, at Perth, and had near 1 / effected their design, but were slain in the atKmpt, August 5th, 1600. 3rB iCE before and after meat, is a very ancient practice that obtained both in the heathen and Christian worlds. GRACE DIEU Nunnery, Leicester, built 1151. GRAFTON (Dukedom of) created 1675. GRAHAM of Belford (Earldom of) created 1722. GRAHAM (Sir David) beheaded for conspiring against James VI. of Scotland, January 1593. GRAEME'S Dyke, a breach in the wall, between the Forth and Clyde, made by Gramme, an ancestor of the Montrose familv, 420. GRAMMARIANS, first regular ones, flourished 276 before Christ. GRANADA (Kingdom of) conquered by the Moors, 715 ; the last Moorish prince was Abouabdoulah, who was conquered by the Castilians, 1492. GRANBY (Marquis of) died the 18th of October, 1770. GRANARD (Irish Enrldom of) created, 1684. GRAND CAIRO built by the Saracens. GRANDIER burnt at Loudon, France, for witch- craft, 1634. GRANDISON (Irish Earldom of) created 1767. GRANDMONTINES (Order of) instituted at Li- mosin, by a gentleman of Auvergne, about 1076; brought into England under Henry I. They had but three houses. GRANGE (The Laird of), governor of Edinburgh, hanged with ethers, 1573. GRANTHAM (Barony of) created 1861. GRANTLEY, of Markenfield (Barony of), created 1782. GRANVILLE (Earldom of) created 1714. GRATTON (Henry), Esq., a distinguished Irish patriot, and an eloquent and able statesman, died in London, June 4th, 1820, in his 74th year, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the graves of Mr. Pitt and Mr. Fox. GRAVESEND chartered by Queen Elizabeth; burnt 1727. New Pier, erected by the Corpora- tion, opened July 20th, 1834. GRAVITY (The Laws of) discovered by Galileo. GRAY, Scots barony, created 1347. GRAY'S INN, London, built 1687. * GRAY (Thomas), poet, died 30th July, 1771. petition against the proposed measure. The dreadful riot which ensued, and which was not suppressed till after the destruction of many Catholic chapels and dwellings, the prison of Newgate, and the house of the chief-justice, Lord Mansfield, led to the arrest of Lord George Gordon, and his trial on the charge of high treason ; but no evidence being adduced of treasonable design, he was acquitted, though the magnitude of the mischief which his imprudence had occasioned, rendered him the object of apprehension as an insane and dangerous enthusiast. His future conduct was little calculated to efface such impressions. In Maj% 1786, he was excommunicated for refusing to come forward as a witness in a court of law. He then pub- lished a " Letter from Lord G. Gordon to the Attorney-General of England, in which the motives of his Lordship's public Conduct from the beginning of 1780 to the present Time are vindicated," 1787, 8vo. In the beginning of 1788, having been twice convicted of libelling the French ambassador, the Queen of France, and the criminal justice of this country, he retired to Holland, but he was arrested, sent home, and committed to Newgate, where he passed the remainder of his life. He died November 1st, 1793, disturbed in his last moments by the knowledge that he could not be buried among the Jews, of whose religion he had >ecome a zealous professor during his imprisonment. — Ann. Reg. * Thomas Gray, a distinguished English poet, was the son of a money-scrivener in the city of London, where he was born in 1716. Being an only child, he was regularly educated and sent to Eton, where he aid the foundation of his future intimacy with Horace Walpole and Richard West. In 1734, he removed to Cambridge as a student of St. Peterhouse, where he early obtained some reputation for literature and >oetry. He quitted college in 1738, and entered himself at the Inner Temple, with a view of studying aw, but was easily induced to accept the invitation of Mr. Walpole to accompany him in his tour of Europe, towards the close of which they separated, in consequence of some disagreement, and Gray, with lis moderate resources, finished the expedition by himself and returned to England in 1741. His father soon i ft er died, and leaving a very small property behind him, Mr. Gray wholly resigned the expensive cul- tivation of the law, and returned to academic retirement at Cambridge. Here he occupied himself several vears in laying literary schemes and plans of magnitude, which he often admirably commenced, but iniformly wanted energy to mature. So slow was he to publish, that it was not until 1747 that his " Ode m a distant Prospect of Eton College," made its appearance before the public, and it was only in con- sequence of the printing of a surreptitious copy, that in 1751 he published his ''Elegy, written in a Country Church-yard." This poem, which was sent into the world without the author's name, quickly ran I through eleven editions, was translated into Latin verse, and has secured lasting popularity. Irc 1757. on j ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 49 GRECIAN Monarchy, commenced by Alexander the Great's victory over Darius, the last Persian monarch, 329 before Christ ; empire began under Nicephorus, Emperor of the East, 811 ; ended 1453. GREECE (The sacred war of) begun, 356 before Christ. GREEK Church separated from the Latin, 1050. GREEK marks of accent first used by Aristophanes Byzantius, about 200 before Christ ; study of Greek introduced into France, 1173 ; into England by William Groceyn, 1491. GREEKS (The)' descended from Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, and originally from Javan, son of Japhet, and grandson of Noah; the famous retreat of 10.000 from Babylon, under Xenophon, 401 before Christ ; origin of their schism, 860. GREEN Castle, Carnarvonshire, built 1138. GREEN (Colour of Saxon) discovered by Barth, 1744. GREENLAND first discovered by the Norwegians, and settled by them, 837 ; converted to Chris- tianity, 996; this colony subsisted till about 1348, when a disease, called the black-death, cut them entirely off. Company established, 1692 ; colonized by the' Danes, 1728. GREENWICH Observatory built 1676; hospital endowed, 1694 ; burnt, Jan. 2, 1779. GREGG executed for high treason, 1708. GREGORIAN Codex published 290. GRENADES taken by the French, 1779; suffered greatly in a storm, Oct. 10, 1780; restored to Eng- land, Jan. 1783. GRENADIERS (soldiers) armed with a pouch of hand-grenades, established first in France, 1667; introduced into England, 1685. GRENVILLE (Barony of) created 1790. GRESIIAM College, 'founded by Sir Thomas Gre- sham, 1581, who died 1578; taken down 1771, and the Excise-office built on the spot, 1774. GREY (Lady Elizabeth), daughter of Sir Richard Wideville, and the Dowager" Duchess of Bedford, on the death of Sir John Grey, married Edward IV., 1464 ; consented to marry Richard III., 1484. GREY (Lady Jane), the great grand-daughter of Henry VII., and second cousin to Elizabeth ; mar- ried to Lord Guildford Dudley, 1553; proclaimed Queen of England on the death of Edward VI., July 9th, the same year ; but resigned the crown to Mary, ten days after; beheaded for high treason in the Tower, Feb. 12th, 1554, aged 17. GREY (Marquisate of) created 1740. GREY de Wilton (Barony of) created 1784. GRIFFIN, Prince of Wales, who had been taken and confined in the Tower, attempting to escape by the window, fell, and broke his neck, 1244. GR'IMSTON (Title of), Irish Viscount, created 1719. GRISLER, the Austrian governor, shot by William Tell, which laid the foundation of Swiss liberty, 1375. The Swiss state was then a province "of Geimany, and governed by prefects, but the Cantons having been treated with great rigour by the emperor, Ury, Schwcitz, and Underwalt, threw off their yoke, and entered into a con- federacy tn support their freedom for ten years; this led the way to others doing the Bame. GRIST-MILLS (The invention of the Irish), 21 1. GROATS and Half-groats were the largest silver coins, 1351. GROG, the sea term for rum and water, arose from Admiral Vernon, who first introduced it on board aship; he was called old Grog, from wearing a program coat in bad weather. This was the admiral that took Portobel lo. GRONVILLE and Cains College, Cambridge, founded by De Gronville, 348. (Twenty-six fellows.) GROSVENOR (Earldom of) created 1784. GROTESQUE (The) invented by Antiphiles, the Egyptian painter, who nourished 336 beforeChrist. GROVES, a kind of religion attributed to them by the heathens, in very early ages, Deut.xvi. 21, introduced into Greece from Phoenicia by Cadmus. GUADALOUPE discovered by Columbus, 1493; taken from the French by the English, 1759; almost destroyed by a hurricane, when great num- bers perished, Oct. 11, 1780. GUARDS (Three regiments of) first raised, 1650. GUELFS and Gibbelins, party names from Hiewelf and Heigibelin, names of towns, two watch-words given by opposite armies, during the civil wars in Germany, 1140; began in Italy, 1154; the Guelfs were for the pope, the Gibbelins for the emperor ; 100,000 Guelfs were slain in Italy, in opposition to the empire of Germany, 1319. GUERNSEY reduced, '1339. GUIENNE. The French made themselves masters of all this province, except Calais; after its being in the possession of the English 300 years, Apui, 1451. GUILDFORD Castle built before the conquest; town chartered by Heniy I. and VII., free-school established, 1551; canal to Weybridge began, 1650, on which were erected the first locks til England. GUILDFORD (Earldom of) created 1752. GUILDHALL, London, built 1416; Council Cham* ber, 1425 ; the front and porch, 1431 ; burnt, 1&66; repaired 1669; beautified 1762; front rebuilt 1789. GUINEA (Coast of) discovered by the Portuguese, 1482. GUINEAS current for 30s., 1688; reduced to 21s. 1717. GUNNERY (The invention of) is given to the Italians before 1537. GUNPOWDER (The invention of) is ascribed to one Swartz of Cologne, 1400 ; some say the Chinese knew the secret long before; first made in England, 1561. GUNPOWDER-PLOT discovered, November 5, 1605. GUNS (Small) invented by Swartz, a German, about 1378 ; brought into use by the Venetians, 1382 ; casting of great ones invented before 1338 ; first used at the battle of Cressy, 1346; first used in England, at the siege of Berwick, 1405; first cast in England, 1544; used in shipping by the Vene- tians, about 1539 ; before they were only used to batter walls. the death of Cibber, the office of laureate was offered to Mr. Gray, who declined it, and the same year published his two principal odes, " On the Progress of Poesy," and "The Bard," which, although little calculated to attract the many, tended materially to exalt his poetic character. In 1759 he removed to London, where he resided for three years, in the vicinity of the British Museum; and in 1769, took a journey in Scotland, and was introduced to the most eminent men of literature of that country. In 176S the Duke of Grafton presented him with the professorship of modern history at Cambridge, in consequence of which he wrote the "Ode for Music," for the installation of that nobleman as Chancellor of the University the following year. It was the intention of Gray to do something more than his predecessors, who had made the office a sinecure, although affording a salary of £300. per annum; but his health soon after declining, he proceeded no farther than to sketch a plan for his inauguration speech. He died of the gout in his st-.inach, on the 30th of July, 1771, in his fifty-fifth year, and was buried with his mother in the ?hurch-\ard of Stoke Pogeis, in Buckinghamshire, yj- J) ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. • GUY (Thomas), died December, 1721. GYMNASTIC Games instituted atEleusis, 132G be- fore Christ. GYRWI, or Jarrow monastery, Durham, founded about 084. GYSBURG Priory, Yorkshire, founded 1119. HABEAS Corpus Act passed, May 27th, 1679; bill to suspend it, July 1715; again, October 1722; again, October 1745 ; again, April 1746; again November 1746 ; again 1779. HABINGTON (William), poet and historian, born 1605, died 1654. HABIT (The ecclesiastical), began to be distin- guished from the lay habit, about the time of Gre- gory the Great, in the sixth century. HAC'KENDOWN Banks, Kent, formed, 853. HACKMAN (Rev. Mr.), hanged for the murder of Miss Ray, April 19th, 1779. He shot her through jealousy. HACKNEY Coach Fares, London, increased 1786. HADDINGTON (Scots Earldom of) created 1619. HA DLEY Castle, Essex, built before Henry III. HAGHMON Priory (Augustines), Salop, built, 1100. HAIR (Long), among the ancient Gauls was esteemed a peculiar honour; hence the appellation Gallia ( ontifa ; hut afterwards it was held so odious, that there is a canon still extant of 1096, import- ing, that such as wore long hair should be excluded church whilst living, and not be prayed for when dead. False hair was worn by the Greeks and Romans. Among the Goths, cutting off the hair was considered a disgrace; no person shaven could reign. HALBERD (The), is the Gothic battle-axe, with a long handle. HALES Abbey (Cistercians), Gloucestershire, built 1246. HALES OWEN x\bbey, Shropshire, of the Prsemon- sliatensian order, founded by John, 1204. HALKERTON (Scots barony), created 1647. HALL (The Rev. Robert), an eminent dissenting preacher, born 1764, at Arinsby, in Lincolnshire, and died February 21st, 1831 ; he was one of the most eloquent divines of his time. HALLIFAX, woollen manufactory established there in Henry Vllth's time. HALLING House, Kent, built before 1183. HALSEWELL East-Indiaman foundered off Port- land, when the captain and 126 perished, January 6th, 1786. HAMBURGH Company first incorporated in Eng- land, though under another name, 1296. HAMLET'S Tomb was a barrow or mount raised over his grave. The field in Jutland, where he was buried, is to this day called AmleV s-hede. HAMILTON Cathedral, Scotland, founded 1451. HAMILTON (Duke of), Earl of Holland, and Lord Capel, beheaded for taking part with Charles I. in the civil wars, March 9th, 1649. HAMILTON (Duke of) and Lord Mohun, killed in a duel in Hyde Park, November 15th, 1712. f HAMPDEN (John), the English patriot, born 1594 ; killed in battle, June 24th, 1643. HAMPTON Court Palace finished by Cardinal Wol- sey, and given by him to Henry VIII. 1525; bridge ordered to be built, 1750. * Thomas Guy, the founder of Guy's Hospital, was the son of a lighterman in Southwark, and born in 1644. He was brought up a bookseller, and kept a shop in the angle formed by Cornhill and Lombard- street. He dealt largely in the importation of bibles from Holland, and afterwards contracted with Ox- ford for those printed at that University ; but his principal gains arose from the disreputable purchase of seamen's prize-tickets, in Queen Anne's war, and by South Sea stock, in 1720. By these speculations ar*l practices, aided by the most penurious habits, he amassed a fortune of nearly half a million sterling, of which he spent about £200 000 in the building and endowing his hospital in Southwark. He also erected alms- houses at Tamworth, and bsnefited Christ's Hospital, and various other charities, leaving £SO,000 to be divided among those who could prove any degree of relationship to him. He died in his eighty-first year, after having dedicated more to charitable purposes than any private man in English record. — Nichols's A nee. t John Hampden, celebrated for his patriotic opposition to taxation by prerogative, was descended from an ancient family settled at Great Hampden, in Buckinghamshire. He was born in London in 1594, and at an early age was entered a gentleman commoner at Magdalen College, Oxford. On leaving the University he took chambers in one of the inns of court, in order to study law ; but the death of his father putting him in possession of an ample estate, he indulged in the usual unrestrained career of country gentlemen, until the aspect of the times, and the natural weight of his connexions and character produced greater strictness of conduct, without any abatement of his cheerfulness and affability. Being cousin-german, by the mother's side, to Oliver Cromwell, he, like his kinsman, attached himself to the party in opposition to the court. He entered into parliament in 1626; and soon after married a lady of the Foley family. Al- though for some years a uniform opposer of the arbitrary practices in church and state, and one of those who in 1637 had engaged a ship to carry them to New England, he acted no very distinguished part in par- liament. Hume, whose partiality in respect to the transactions of this period has long ceased to mislead, sneers at the motives to this intended emigration, as merely puritanical ; but the conduct of Hampden in regard to the demand for ship-money, which immediately followed the prohibition to depart fee kingdom, forms a conclusive answer to this insinuation. His resistance to that illegal impost, to use the language of Lord Clarendon, "made him the argument of all tongues," especially as it was after the decision of the judges, in favour of the king's right to levy ship-money, that Hampden refused to pay it. Being prosecuted in the Court of Exchequer, he himself, aided by council, argued the case against the crown lawyers for twelve days, before the twelve judges ; and although it was decided against him by eight of them to four, the victory, in a popular sense, was in his favour. From this time he received the title of the patriot Hampden ; and his temper and his modesty on this great occasion acquired him as much credit as his courage and perseverance. Henceforward he took a prominent lead in the great contest between the crown and the parliament, and was one of the five members whom the king so imprudently attempted, in person, to seize in the House of Commons. When the appeal was to the sword, Hampden acted with his usual decision, by accepting the command of a regiment in the parliamentary army, under the Earl of Essex. His military career was he wever short, and only allowed time to prove that his courage in the field became ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 5] HAMPTON Court, in Herefordshire, was the palace of Henry IV. though most Bay it was built under Henry V. HANBURY'S Charities, Church Langton, estab- lished March 14th, 1765. • HANDKL (George Frederick), the musician, died April 14th, 175'J, aged 75. HAND-in-hand fire-offu e en te I, 1697. HAND Fisting, an ancient custom at Langholme, as a substitute fur marriage, by joining of hands, which lasted* for a year; when, it' the parties were agreeable, it. was renewed, the children were kept by the inconstant. his general character. Prince Rupert having beaten up the quarters of the parliamentary troops, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, Hampden eagerly joined a few cavalry that were rallied in haste, and in the skirmish that ensued, received a shot in the shoulder, which broke the bone; and after much suffering, his wound proved fatal six days after its infliction. It is said that the king testified his respect for him, by sending his own physician to attend him. His death was a great subject of rejoicing to the royal party, and of grief to his own. That the joy of the former was misplaced, there is now much reason to believe, as he would have proved a powerful check upon the unprincipled ambition of his relative, Oliver. Clarendon sums up an elaborate character of this eminent leader, by a sentence implying that, like Catiline, "he had a head to contrive, a tongue to persuade, and a hand to execute any mischief." This language. divested of party spirit, merely implies that, acting upon his own theory, he was a man of extraordinary talents and vigour. No doubt he went to the extreme in his opposition to prerogative ; but his character and conduct, from first to last, evince his conscientiousness, and he has taken his rank by acclamation on the one side, and tacitly on the other, very high in that list of genuine English patriots, the mention of whose names excites involuntary respect. — Clarendon. Hume. Biog. Brit. * George Frederick Handel, or Haendel. This celebrated composer was a native of Halle, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, in Lower Saxony, where his father practised with considerable reputation as a physician and surgeon. He was the offspring of a second marriage, and was born February 24, 3684. His father intend- ing him for the law, discouraged as much as possible the strong passion which he evinced early in life for the science of music, and even forbade him to practice. But although no instrument was allowed to be in the house, the young musician contrived to secrete a small clavichord in a garret, where he amused himself during great part of the night after the rest of the family had retired to bed, and made such progress, that on paying a visit to the Court of Saxe Weifenfels, where his brother held a subordinate situation in the household, he seized the opportunity to play on the church organ, with such power and effect, that the duke, who accidentally witnessed his performance, used his influence successfully with his father, to permit him to follow the bent of his inclination. He was accordingly placed under the tuition of Zachau, organist of the cathedral, and at the age of nine was so far advanced in the practical part of the science, as to be able to officiate occasionally as deputy to his instructor, while his theoretical proficiency actually enabled him to compose a service, or "Spiritual Cantata," weekly for nearly three years. On the death of his father, in 1703, he repaired to Hamburgh, then celebrated for the excellence of its musical per- formances, and procured an engagement in the orchestra at the opera there. At this period of his life he commenced an acquaintance with Matheson the composer, which, though untoward in its com- mencement, ripened into a strict friendship. A breach of etiquette during the performance of the latter's opera of Cleopatra on the 4th of December, 1704, produced a quarrel between the young men, which terminated in a duel. Fortunately Matheson s sword broke against one of Handel's but- tons, which ended the rencontre, and a reconciliation took place. On the 30th of the same month Handel brought out his first opera, "Almira," which, 'in the February following, was succeeded by his " Nero," Matheson performing the principal character in each. Having at length saved enough to warrant him in making a journey to Fitaly, he proceeded in succession to Florence, Venice, Naples, and Rome; in which latter capital he formed an acquaintance with Corelli at the house of Cardi- nal Ottoboni. On his return to Germany in 1710, he entered the service of the Elector of Hanover, after- wards George I. of England, as chapel-master, but having received pressing invitations from several of the British nobility to visit London, he, with the permission of that prince, set out for England, where he arrived in the latter end of 1710. The flattering reception which he met with in this countr}', induced him to break his continental engagement, in violation of a positive promise which he had given, to return within a speci- fied time, and he was in consequence, on the accession of his royal patron to the throne of these realms, in much disgrace, till the good officers of Baron Kilmansegge not only restored him to favour, but procured him ! an increase of the pension of £200 granted him by Queen Anne, to double that amount. From 1715 to 1718, ; Handel resided with the Earl of Burlington, and then quitted that nobleman for the service of the Duke of Chandos, who entertained him as maestro di capella to the splendid choir, which he had established at his seat at Cannons. For the service of this magnificent chapel, Handel produced those anthems and organ J fugues which alone would have been sufficient to immortalize him. After two years dedicated to this mu- nificent patron, the Royal Academy of Music was instituted ; and this great composer, whose fame had now reached its height, was placed at its head ; and this for a short period may be considered as the most splendid era of music in England. The warmth of his own temper however, called into action by the ar- rogance and caprice of Carestini, Cuzzoni, and others of his principal Italian singers, gave birth to many & violent quarrels, and public opinion becoming to a certain extent enlisted in favour of his opponents, las ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. HANDMAIDS, or Helpmates, were anciently allowed the clergy, but they were old and ugly. The custom is still continued in Calabria, where they have great privileges. HANDS DALE, is derived from an ancient custom in northern nations, when shaking hands was deemed necessary to bind a bargain. * HANGER (George), Lord Coleraine, died 1824. t HANNIBAL, the Carthaginian general, poisoner! himself rather than fall into the hands of the Romans, 183 years before Christ, aged about 70. HANOVER, which had hitherto been but a village, obtained the privileges of a city, 1178; made the ninth electorate, 16i>2; treaty with France, &c. 1725. popularity began to wane, and after ten years' duration, the operas under his direction were abandoned. ' In 1741 he brought out his chef-d'ceuvre, the oratorio of the " Messiah." This sublime composition was i not however duly appreciated at its first representation, a circumstance which may be accounted for by the ! offence which its author had just given, in refusing to compose for Senesino, who had insulted him. Dis- | gusted at its reception, Handel set out for Ireland towards the close of the same year, where it was much more successful. Mrs. Cibber's execution of the song, " He was despised," exciting especially a very strong j sensation, and when, after an absence of nine months, which had turned out most profitably both to his j purse and fame, he returned to London, the hostility against hiro had much abated, and his oratorios were i constantly received at Covent-garden theatre with the greatest approbation by overflowing audiences, the I Messiah in particular increased yearly in reputation. Some time previously to his decease he was afflicted ! by that most serious among human calamaties, total blindness; but this misfortune had little effect on i his spirits, and he continued not only to perform in public, but even to compose. His own air, however, | from the oratorio of Sampson, " Total Eclipse," is said always to have affected and agitated him extremely- after this melancholy privation. On the 6th of April, 1759, he was as usual at his post in the orchestra, but expired after a very short illness on the 13th of the same month. His habits of life were regular, and although in his contests with the nobility he lost at onetime the whole of his saving, amounting to £10,000, yet he afterwards recovered himself, and left £20,000 at his decease. His appetites were coarse, his person large and ungainly, his manners rough, and his temper even violent, but his heart was humane, and hi? disposition liberal. His early and assiduous attention to his profession, prevented him from acquiring much ■ literary information, but he spoke several modern languages. His musical powers it is scarcely possible to i estimate too highly ; he was never exceeded in the strength and boldness of his style; and while fugue, | j contrivance, and full score were more generally reverenced than at present, was unrivalled. Although his ; vocal melodies may not be more polished and graceful than those of his countryman Hasse, or his r rals j Bunononcini andPorpora, his instrumental compositions exhibit a combination of vigour, spirit, and inven- tion, which has never been exceeded, and his chorusses in grandeur and sublimity have not been equalled since the invention of counterpoint. A very honourable national tribute of applause was given to Handel in 1785, by a musical commemoration at Westminster Abbey, in which pieces, selected exclusively from his works, were performed by a band of 500 instruments, in the presence of their late majesties and family, and | the principal nobility and gentry of the three kingdoms. This great composer, who never married, was buried in Westminster abbey, where a monument by Roubilliac is erected to his memory. — Burner's Hist. of Mm. Biog. Diet, of Mus. j * George Hanger, Lord Coleraine, better known by the title of " Colonel Hanger," distinguished alike by his talents and his eccentricities. Being a younger son of a noble family, he was destined for the army, and a commission was procured for him at an early period of life. He served in America .during the whole of the war with the United States, but he was never afterwards able to obtain employment as a military man. The highest rank he reached was that of major ot the British legion of cavalry. In 1789, he published " An Address to the Army, in reply to strictures by Roderic Mackenzie, on Tarleton's History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781," 8vo. Though accustomed to mingle much in gay and fashionable society, and indulge in convivial pleasures and general dissipation, he contrived to devote much of his time to reading, and was usually well provided with topics for conversation, so as to be a very amusing companion. Free in his manners, he was yet never disposed to give intentional offence ; and the peculiarity of his behaviour and apparent naivete of disposition disarmed resentment, so that mirth rather than anger was the common result of his most extravagant sallies. On the death of his elder brother in 1814, he succeeded to his title, which however he refused to assume : and when addressed by it he was not at all pleased with the compliment. He died at his house near the Regent's-park in 1824, aged seventy-three. Among a considerable number of publications which proceeded from his pen, the most interesting and amusing is his " Life, Adventures, and Opinions," 1801, 2 vols. 8vo. If any proof of his eccentricity were required, it might be found in the fact, that in one of his books he introduced a portrait of himself, suspended a la lanteme. — Ann. Reg. % Hannibal, a celebrated Carthaginian leader, the son of Hamilcar, and one of the most famous generals recorded in ancient history, was born in the year of Rome 534, and B.C. 220. At the age of eight years his j father caused him to swear before the altar eternal enmity to the Romans. He acquired the art of war in Spain, under Hamilcar, and at the age of twenty-two commanded the cavalry in the army of his brother-in- I law, Asdrubal. On the death of that leader he was nominated his successor by the acclamation of the troops, and proceeded, on the plan of his predecessor, to extend the Carthaginian dominions in Spain; and, contrary ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 53 HANOVER (Princess Sophia of), mother to George I. youngest daughter of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohe- mia, who was the daughter to James I- ol c urse, first cousin to James II. declared heir to the crown of England, 1700; died of an apoplexy, June 8th, 1714, aged 83. HANOVERIAN Troops arrived in England, May 16th, 17156; left it December 5th following. HANS Towns (England*! quarrel with), ended 1473. HANSEATIC League, (a commercial and defensive combination of the cities round the Baltic, against the piracies of the Swedes and Danes, &c.) took Flace about 1190 ; it continued till about 1300. lence the Hans Towns. It at one time comprised sixty-eight cities. HARDlCANUTE, King of Denmaik, third son of Canute, by Emma, seized the crown of England on the death of his brother, Harold I. 1039 ; died suddenly, at the marriage feast of a Danish lord, at Lambeth, 1041 ; buried at New Winchester, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Edward the Confessor, Ethel red's first son by Emma, Alfred's brother. HARFLEUR taken from the French by Henry V. 1415. HARLEQUIN (The name of), took its rise from a famous Italian comedian, who came to Paris under Henry III., and who, frequenting the house of M. dc Ilarley, his companions used to c;iil his /larlfquino, that is " little Ilarley," a name which has descended to those of tne same rank and profession. ITARLEY (Robert), Earl of Oxford, born 1661; stabbed while at the council-board, by Guiscard, a French refugee, who was brought there for exa- mination on a charge of high treason, March 8th, 1711: died 1724. HAROLD I. second and natural son of Canute, suc- ceeded his father on the throne, 1036 ; by force of arms, and in order to extirpate the English royal family, he forged a letter from Emma to her two sons, Alfred and Edward, who had fled to Nor- mandy, inviting them to England to take the crown ; when here, he ordered Alfred's ejes to be put out ; but Edward escaped, and was after- wards king; died April 14th, 1039; buried at St. Clement Danes, London, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Hardicanute, King of Denmark. HAROLD II. son of Earl Godwin, took possession of the throne on the death of Edward the Confessor, January, 1066 ; defeated his brother Tosti, the King of Norway, who had invaded his dominions at Standford, September 25th, ditto, was killed by the Normans at the battle of Hastings, October 14th, following ; and succeeded by William, Duke ol Normandy, the Conqueror. to treaty, laid siege to Saguntum. After achieving several conquests in Spain, he planned the invasion of Italy, and in the fulfilment of that daring scheme, ascended the formidable ridge of the Alps, which had perhaps never before been crossed by a regular anny. Having defeated Cornelius Scipio, Sempronius, and Flaminius, in the celebrated battles of Ticinus, Trebia, and in the ambuscade near the lakeThrasymc.ie, he -was at length checked by Fabius. The famous victory of Cannae, over the consuls Varro and ^Emilius Paiflus, B.C. 216, being the most disastrous defeat ever endured by the Romans, carried his fortune to its greatest height. The immediate consequence of this battle was the defection of most of the Roman allies in that part of Italy, and the surrender of the opulent city of Capua. Weakened however by his victory, he was obliged to remain for some time inactive, during which interval the Romans recovered from their panic, and when the Carthaginians were at length encamped before Rome, B.C. 211, their appearance excited no alarm. Perceiving the hopelessness of the attempt, Hannibal marched back as far as Rhegium, and Capua again fell into the hands of the Romans. From this time the sole theatre of the exploits of Hannibal in Italy was confined to the southern extremity of it, where he maintained the war with fluctuating success, until the complete defeat of bis brother Asdrubal, by the consul Claudius, quite crippled the Carthaginian. This disaster, added to the fact of the invasion of Africa by Scipio, obliged Hannibal reluctantly to quit Italy in the 17th year after entering it ; and his departure was celebrated at Rome by public rejoicings. His arrival in Africa induced the Carthaginians to violate a truce which they had made with Scipio, and gave a temporary revival to their interests ; yet so sensible was he of the impending danger, that he made proposals of accommodation to the Roman leader, which were rejected. The famous battle of Zama, B.C. 202, terminated the contest ; he was obliged to fly from a field covered with slaughtered troops, and declaring to the Carthaginian senate that peace was necessary on any terms, the first Punic war termi - nated. He did not however lose his credit with his countrymen, and although precluded by the conditions of the peace from remaining at the head of the army, he was chosen praetor, and displayed great abilities in the rectification of affairs, until the Romans found it convenient to accuse him of concerting hostilities against them with King Antiochus. Under these circumstances he deemed it necessary to withdraw from the storm, and quitting the city in disguise, he joined Antiochus, with whom he held many conferences concerning his meditated war against the Romans. On learning this event, the Romans sent ambassadors to Antiochus, who endeavoured to render Hannibal suspected, whose plans were otherwise rendered abortive by the weak presumption of the Syrian king, and the jealousy of his ministers. When Antiochus was driven to make peace with the Romans, one of their leading conditions was, that Hannibal should be given up to them. Foreseeing this result, he first retired to Crete, and subsequent^', according to some writers, to Armenia. His last asylum was in the court of Prusias, King of Bithynia, who preparing to give him up on the demand of the Romans, he swallowed poison, which he always carried about him against such an emergency, and died B.C. 183, at the age of seventy. Thus perished a man, accounted by the ancients one of the most consummate masters of the art of war. The Romans have loaded his memory with every imputation of cruelty and perfidy : but although profuse of human blood, and unscru- pulous as to the manner in which he obtained his ends, he could scarcely be more so than many of the Roman leaders themselves ; and it appears from several instances, that he was not incapable of generosity ol sentiment. It speaks highly of the talents of Hunnibal, that he nearly balanced the fortunes of Carthage and Rome, and inflicted wounds upon the latter to which its poets and historians never allude without norror.— Polybi/ts. Livy. Corn. Nepos. 54 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. • 1 1 ARO UN or Aaron al Rashid, succeeded his brother Hadi in the caliphate in the year 7S8. HARP (The) taught by Terpander at Lresbos, 682 B.C. HARPERS and the Bards, who always preceded the onsets of the Welch in battle, abolished by Edward Ist's conquest of Wales. HARPIES were supposed to be the locusts only ; ButTon imagines they were the Ternate Bat's; Bryant supposes they were a college of priests in Bithynia, who were driven out of the country for tneir violence and cruelty. Their temple was called Arpi, HARRINGTON (Earldom of), created 1741. HARRISON received £20,000 for his time-piece, 1764. HARROWBY (Barony of), created 1776. HARROWGATE mineral spring discovered, 1571. HARWICH (Barony of), created 1756. HARWICH chartered by James I. HARWOOD Nunnery, Bedfordshire, built 1150. HASTINGS Castle, Kent, built before 1100. HASTINGS (Warren), Esq. late governor of Bengal, tried for peccability in India, by the House of Lords, 1788. HASTINGS in Sussex, incorporated as early as Edward the Confessor ; burnt by the French, 1377. HASTINGS (Lord), put to death, by order of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, for plotting against him, June, 1483. HAT (The man's), invented at Paris by a Swiss, 1456 ; first worn in England in Henry Vllth's time ; first manufactured in London by the Spaniards, 1510 ; before this, both men and women generally wore close knit woollen caps. High-crowned hats worn by the men in Elizabeth's reign. The custom of taking it off in salutation originated in the days of chivalry', from knights appearing with- out their helmets in church, and in the presence of ladies and respectable personages ; this being then considered as an indispensable mark of respect and peaceable intention. Duty laid on them, 1784. HAUTBOY (The), supposed to be invented by Mercury. HAVANNAH taken, August 13th, 1762. . HAVARD College, New Englar.d, incorporated May 31st, 1650, burnt and rebuilt, 1764. HAVERFORDWEST Castle, built in the reign of William III. HAVRE-DE-GRACE put into the hands of the English, bv the French Protestants, 1502. HA WARDEN Castle, Flintshire, .built before 1231 i, demolished, 1648. HAWKE of Towton (Barony of), created 1776. HAWKERS and Pedlers, act for licensing them passed 1697 ; altered 1785. HAWKESBURY (Barony of), created 1786. HAXEY, in Axholm, Lincolnshire, burnt, (fifty houses) March 4th, 1744. HAYMARKET, Charing-cross, London, established for the sale of hay, 1664. HEALTH, (the cusom of drinking them,) in fashion so early as 1134 before Christ; some say, they arose from Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, drink- ing Prince Vortigern's health, in a gold cup, at an entertainment about 460, in conformity to the Scripture compliment, " O king live for ever J" HEARTH-MONEY, the origin of the window-tas established, 1662 ; abolished, 1689. HEBREW points first invented, 475. HEGIRA (The a?ra) of the Arabians and Mahome- tans commenced 622. It owed its origin to the flight of Mahomet, who being persecuted at Mecca, returned to Medina, July 26th, 622. HELCJSSAITES, who taught that we might verb- ally renounce the faith, so we kept it in the heart, appeared 250. HELEN (The rape of ), by Theseus, 1213 ; by Paris, 1204 before Christ. HELENA (The island of St. ), taken by the English, 1673. HELIOMETER, an instrument for measuring the diameter of the stars, invented by M. Bouguer, 1747. HELIOSCOPE, invented by Christ. Scheiner, 1625. HELL- FIRE Clubs suppressed by order of council, 1721. There were three. The members assumed the names of the patriarchs, prophets, and martyrs in derision, and ridiculed the Trinity and other Christian doctrines. * Haroun or Aaron al Rashid, a famous caliph of the Saracens, was the second son of the caliph Mahadi, and was the most potent prince of his race, ruling over territories extending from Egypt to Khorassan. He obtained the name of Al Rashid, or the Just, but his claim to the title must be regarded with consider- able allowance for eastern notions of despotic justice. One of his noblest qualities was his love of learning and science : he caused many Greek and Latin authors to be translated and dispersed throughout his empire, and even made his subjects acquainted with the Iliad and the Odyssey. He eight times invaded the Greek empire, and on the refusal of the Emperor Nicephorus, in 802, to pay tribute, addressed to him a singularly arrogant epistle, and followed it up by an irruption into Greece, which terminated in the defeat of Nicephorus, who was obliged to pay an augmented tribute, and agree not to rebuild Heraclea and the other pillaged and dilapidated frontier towns. During these transactions, the ruin of the family of the Barmecides exemplified the despotic rigour of Haroun's character. Yahia, the head of it, had superintended his education ; and of his four sons, the eldest was a successful general ; the second the caliph's prime vizier, Giaffer ; and the third and fourth in dignified stations. The generosity, munificence, and affability of the Barmecides, rendered them the delight of all ranks of people, and Giaffer was so much in his master's graces, that the caliph, in order to enjoy his company in the presence of his sister Abassa, to whom he was equally attached, formed a marriage between the princess and vizier, but with the capricious restriction of \ their forbearing the privileges of such an union. Passion broke through this unjust prohibition, and the ' caliph in his stern revenge publicly executed Giaffer, and confiscated the property of the whole family. A decree was even made forbidding all mention of the names or actions of the Barmecides, which a grateful old man venturing openly to disobey, with the capricious magnanimity of a despot, he was not only pardoned but rewarded. Haroun attained the summit of worldly power and prosperity, and the French historians mention a splendid embassy which he sent to Charlemagne, which among other presents, brought a mag- nificent tent, a water clock, an elephant, and the keys of the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem, implying a permission for European pilgrims to visit it. Haroun was seized with a mortal distemper while proceeding to march to put down a rebellion in the provinces beyond the Oxus ; and retiring to Tous, in Khorassan, expired in the forty-seventh year of his age, and twenty-third of his reign. The popular fame of this caliph is evinced by the Arabian Nights Entertainments, in which Haroun, his wife Zobeide, his vizier Giaffer. and chief eunuch Mesrour, are frequent and conspicuous characters.— Marign Vs Hist, of the Caliphs. Gibbon ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 55 HELMET (The), was known to the Scandinavians, in the most early ages, HELSTON, Cornwall, incorporated, 27th Elizabeth. HELSTONE, the Furry or Flora day, kept the 8th of May, originated as is supposed from the ancients keeping holiday and ushering in the spring with rejoicings, as the May-day gailands. I1ELTER Skelter, derived from hilariter, eeleriter, that is, cheerfully and expeditiously. HEMSTED, Herts, incorporated by Henry VUL I1ENGIST and Horsa, two brothers, heads of the Saxons who came into Britain, landed in the isle of Thanet with 5000 men, 449 ; Hengist murdered 300 English noblemen, whom he had invited to a festival at Stonehenge, 475 ; died 480, after reign- ing King of Kent thirty-one years, and was suc- ceeded in the monarchy by Ella. Hengist was the founder of the English monarchy, and was succeeded by Ella. Horsa was slain in battle at Ailsford, soon after his arrival in England. HENRIETTA, Charles the Ist's queen, died in Fiance, 1669. HENRY I. sirnamed Beauclerc, third son of William I. succeeding his brother William II. was crowned August 5th. 1100 ; married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III., King of Scots, by the sister of Edgar Atheling, thus restoring the Saxon family, 1100; made peace with his elder brother Robert 'Duke of Normandy, who invaded his kingdom, and claimed the crown, 1101; invaded Normandy, 1105; con- quered it, 1106, and took his brother prisoner, who died a prisoner twenty-eight years after in Cardiff castle ; betrothed his daughter Maude to the Emperor of Germany, 1109; invaded the Welch, 1114; challenged by Lewis le Gros, King of France, 1117; buried, his queen, 1118; wounded in the attack at Andelay in France, 1119 ; his only son, aged 18 years, shipwrecked and lost, when coming from Barfieur, 1120; married Adelais, daughter of the Duke of Lovaine, 1121 : gave his daughter, on the death of the emperor, to the Earl of Anjou's son. Geoffrey Plantagenet, by whom she had Henry II., 1127; surfeited himself at Lyons near Rome, with eating lampreys, and died December 1st, 1135, aged 68; was buried at Reading, Berks, and succeeded by his nephew Stephen, son of his sister Adela, by the Earl of Blois. HENRY II. the first of the Plantagenets, grandson of Henry I. by his daughter Maude, born 1133; intrigued with Rosamond, 1149; again, 1153; succeeded his cousin Stephen, in exclusion of Stephen's son, October, 1151 ; arrived in England, Dec 8; crowned with his queen Eleanor at London, December 10th ; dispossessed his brother Geoffrey of Anjou, 1156; crowned again at Lincoln, 1158; married his son Henry to the King of France's daughter, both infants, 1159; crowned at Worces- ter the same year ; quelled the rebellion at Maine, 1166 : determined his son Henry should associate with him in the royalty, and crowned him 1170; invaded Ireland, and conquered it, 1172; did penance, and was lashed by the Monks, at Becket's tomb, to make atonement for that man's murder, July 8th, 1174; took the King of Scots prisoner, and made him give up the independency of his crown the same year; reduced all the rebels in England; named his fourth son, John, then 11 years old, King of Ireland, 1177 ; buried his son Henry, June 11th, 1183; agreed with Philip of France to go to the holy war, 11S8 ; died abroad, with grief, at the altar, cursing his sons for rebel- ling against him, July 6th, 1189, and was succeeded by his second son, Richard I. This prince possessed Guienne, Poitou, Xantongue, Auvergne, Limousin. Perigord, Angoumois, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Normandy, and Bretagne iii France. HENRY III. son of John, born October 1st, 1207; succeeded his father, and was crowned at Glou- cester by his father's adherents, October 28th, 1216; made peace with Lewis of France, 1217 ; received homage from the King of Scotland at Northampton, 1218 ; crowned again at Westmin- ster after Christmas, 1219 ; quelled the insur- rections of the mutinous baronR, 1222; barons : threaten to elect another kin,T(, but were subdued, ' 1233; married Eleanor, daughter of the Count of Provence, January 24th, 1236; had an interview i with the King of the Scots, at York, 1237 ; obliged by the barons to submit to certain regulations in ■ government, 1238 ; pledged his plate and jewels, when he gave his daughter, Margaret, in marriage to Alexander III. King of Scots, 1252 ; she was married at York ; resigned Guienne, Ireland, and Wales, to his son Edward, 1354 ; accepted the ! Sicilian crown from the pope for his son Edmund, 1255 ; obliged by the barons to resign his sovereign power, and sell Normandy and Anjou to the French, 1258; shut himself up in the Tower, foi fear of the barons, 1261 ; taken prisoner with his son and brother Richard, King of the Romans, at the battle of Lewes, 1264; wounded in the shoulder at the battle of Evesham, while in the custody of the Earl of Leicester, when the barons were defeated, 1265; died with age, at St. Ed- : mundsbury, November 16th, 1272, and was suc- ceeded by his eldest son, Edward I. It appears I from records that he was a great encourager of the arts. HENRY IV., Duke of Lancaster, grandson of Ed- ward III., was born 1367; succeeded his first cousin Richard II., and crowned October 13th, 1399 ; conspired against by Richard's party, January, 5th, 1400; challenged by the Duke of Orleans, in revenge for the death of Richard, which ended in abusive language, 1403 ; married Joanna, widow of the Duke of Bretagne, February, ! 1404; conspired against by the Earl of Northum- j berland, 1404 ; imprisoned James I. of Scotland, | who landed in Norfolk in his way to France, | December, 1406 ; died in the Jerusalem chamber, Westminster, March 20th, 1413; was buried at Canterbury, and succeeded by his son Henry V. by his first wife, daughter of the Earl of Hereford. HENRY V., eldest son of Henry IV., born 1388; committed to prison, when Prince of Wales, for striking Chief Justice Gascoigne on the bench, before whom one of his companions was indited for a riot, 1412 ; succeeded his father on the throne, April 9th, 1413 ; conspired against, in favour of the Earl of March, his third cousin, a descendant from the Duke of Clarence, Edward the Third's second son, 1415 ; landed at Havre- de-Grace, with 56,000 men, and took Harfleur, August following, and fought the battle of Agin- court, October 25th, 1415 ; invaded Normand}', August, 1417 ; renewed his claim to the crown of France ; entrusted with the government of France, and declared heir to the crown, the Dauphin having been disinherited for the murder of the Duke of Burgundy, May 21st, 1420; married the Princess Catherine of France, May 30th, 1420; pledged his crown, jewels, &c, for £20,000, 1421 ; died of a fistula at Roan, August 31st, 1422, was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son Henry VI. HENRY VI. only son of Henry V. born at Windsor, December 6th, 1421 ; succeeded his father on the throne, August 31st, 1422 ; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, regent ; proclaimed King of France, but opposed by the disinherited Dauphin, who had near 15,000 Scots in his army, ditto j crowned at Westminster, November 6th, 1429; crowned at Paris, December 17th, 1430 ; the French made themselves masters of Paris, after it had been possessed by the English seventeen years, 1436 ; married to Margaret of Anjou, November, 1444 ; conspired against by Richard Duke of York, ne- phew to the late Earl of March, and descended from the second son of Edward III , 1450; taken prisoner by the Duke of York at the battle of St. Alban, May, 1455 ; made the Duke of York pro- tector, November, 1455 ; resumed the government, February, 1456 ; taken prisoner again, at the battle of Northampton, by the Earl of Warwick, 1460, when it was settled that the Duke of York should succeed to the throne after the death of Henry; deposed by Edward IV., son of the Duke ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. of York, the duke being slain at the battle of Wakefield, March 5th, 1461 ; escaped to Scotland soon after; returned to England, 1463, and was taken in Lancashire, and sent to the Tower; re- stored to his throne, 1470 ; taken prisoner again by Edward, April 11th, 1471 ; died in the Tower, (supposed to be murdered by the Duke of Glou- cester) May following, buried at Windsor, and was succeeded by his fifth cousin, Edward IV. HENRY VII. sirnamed Tudor, Earl of Richmond, the grandson of Sir Owen Tudor, by Henry Vths widow, by the father's side ; and by the mother's, grandson of John, Duke of Somerset, who was the great grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancas- ter, by Catherine Swineford, Edward IHd's third son ; he succeeded by conquest, his fifth cousin, Richard III., whom he killed in battle, and who was descended from the Duke of York, Edward IHd's second son, August 22d, 1485; crowned October 30th, following ; married Elizabeth, Ed- ward the IVth's daughter, and heiress of the house of York, January 18th, 1486, and thus settled the contest between the two families ; lost his queen in childbed, February 11th, 1503 ; gave his eldest daughter, Margaret, in marriage to James IV. of Scotland, December, 1503 ; died consumptive at Richmond, April 22d, 1509, aged 51; buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. HENRY Vllth's chapel, its first stone laid, January 18th, 1503. HENRY VIII. the first king of England that was styled Dread Sovereign, second son of Henry VII. born June 28th, 1491 ; compelled by his father to marry his brother Arthur's widow, Catherine, June 3d, 1509 ; succeeded his father on the throne, June 24th, following ; invaded France in person, 1513 ; was a competitor with Charles V. for the empire, 1519 ; had an interview with Francis I. of France, at Ardres, June 7th, with Charles V. Emperor of Germany at Gravelines, July 10th, 1520; in leaping a ditch with a pole, he pitched head foremost into some clay, and without help would have been suffocated, 1527; gave up the claim of the English monarchs to the crown of France, for a pension of 50,000 crowns to him and his successors, August ISth, 1527; styled by the clergy, head of the church, 1531 ; divorced from Queen Catherine, and married Anne Bulleyn, a maid of honour, May 23d, 1538 ; excommunicated by Pope Paul, for beheading Sir Thomas More, and others, for refusing to take the qath of supremacy to the king, August 30th, 1536 ; put Anne to death on a charge of adultery and incest, and married Jane Seymour, a maid of honour, May 20th, 1536 ; lost his queen in childbed, when Edward VI. was born, October 24th, 1537 ; disputed publicly in Westminster-hall, on religious matters, with John Lambert, 1538; married Anne, sister to the Duke of Cleves, December, 1539 ; divorced from her on a plea of a pre-contract, July 10th, 1540 ; married Catherine Howard, the Duke of Norfolk's niece, August 8, following ; put her to death for adul- tery, Feb. 12, 1543; married Catherine Parr, widow of Lord Latimer, daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, July 12, following ; died, Jan. 28, 1547 ; was buried at Windsor, and succeeded by his son Edward VI. He was the most learned, king we ever had ; he drew many of the statutes himself. HENRY III., King of France, murdered by Cle, ment, a monk, Aug. 1, 1589, aged 38. He was the last of the Valois family. HENRY IV., Emperor of Germany, dethroned by his son, and reduced almost to want bread, 1106. HENRY IV., King of France, make prisoner three years, for countenancing the massacre at Paris, 1572; killed by Ravilliac, May 14, 1610. HENRY, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., died of a lax, Nov. 6, 1612, aged 18. HEPTARCHY (The Saxon) commenced 582, and continued till 800, when Egbert reigned alone — 1. Kingdom of Kent, containing only that county ; be- gan 457, and ended 8^4 — 2. The South Saxons, con- taining Sussex and Surrey ; began 491, ended about 630.— 3. The West Saxons, containing Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Berkshire ; began 519, ended 838.— 4. The East Saxons, containing Essex, Middlesex, and part of Hertfordshire ; began 527, ended 747 5. Nor- thumberland, containing Lancashire, Yorkshire, the bishopric of Durham, Cumberland, Nor- thumberland and part of Scotland, as far as Edin- burgh-Frith ; began 547, ended about 792.-6. The East Angles, containing Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire ; began 575, ended about 793.-7. Mercia, containing Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, Notting- hamshire, Cheshire, and part of Hertfordshire ; began 582, ended 874. N.B. The Saxons, notwith- standing this division of the kingdom, were subject to one monarch, who was called King of Britain : the monarchy was not then hereditary, but that Eerson succeeded who had the greatest power, [engist was the first Saxon monarch in Britain, though there were kings of Britain before its con- quest by the Romans. HERACLIDJS (The return of the), descendants of Hercules, into Peloponnesus, is the epoch of the beginning of profane history, and took place eighty years after the taking of Troy, 1104. HERALDRY, the marks to distinguish different colours, invented by the Chevalier de la Colom- bierre, 1639. HERALDS are of great antiquity. Stentor is re- presented by Homer as herald of the Greeks, who had a voice louder than 50 men. Heralds college instituted in England, 1340 ; office built by the first Earl of Derby for his residence ; given up to the crown, 1552 ; incorporated by Edward VI. HERCINIAN Forest, (The) in the time of Ccesar, covered all Germany ; it was sixty days' journej' in length, and nine days in breadth ; Sch wart's- wald, or the black forest is part of it. HERCL'LANEUM, first suffered by an earthquake, February 5th, 63; totally overwhelmed with Pompeium, by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, November 1st, 79, in the first year of the Emperor Titus ; ruins of, discovered at Portici, June, 1747 ; 140 volumes of its antiquities discovered in a wooden chest, 1754. HERCULES (The fable of) taken by the Greeks, as supposed, from the history of Sampson. HEREFORD founded in the Heptarchy ; made a bishopric, 680; archdeaconry erected about 1100; cathedral built, 1107; deanery, chancellorship, and treasurership erected, about 1140; precentor- ship, 1150. HEREFORD (Title of Viscount) created 1549. HERESY. The cruel statute for burning heretics gassed, 1401 ; and William Sawtree, rector of St. >syth's, London, was the first that suffered ; re- pealed, 1677. HERIOTS, and military services, established by the Saxons. HERITABLE jurisdictions in Scotland abolished, 1747 ; they were valued at £164,232. HERMIONE, a Spanish galleon, taken March 21, 1762. HERMITS (their order) established, 1157. HEROD began to reign in Judea, 40 ; put his wife, Mariamne, to death, and his mother-in-law Alexandria, 28 ; began to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, 18 ; his two sons put to death by order of the Jewish council, 6 ; died Nov. 25, four years before Christ, that is, four years before the com- mon sera. HERRINGS, (the first invention of preserving them,) by pickling, discovered in the year 1390, which gave rise to the herring fishery. Anderson says, the Scotch caught and salted them so early as 836, and the Netherlanders traded with them for them. HERTFORD rebuilt 913, incorporated by James I. HERTFORD College, Oxford, founded by Dr. Newton, 1740. (Four fellows.) HERTFORD, (Earldom of) created, 1750. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. • ; 7 HERTLEBURY Castle, Worcestershire, built in the Year 1268. HESPERIDE8. Thegolden apples they are related to have had the keeping of, are supposed to have been oranges, and the dragon that watched the garden, is supposed to have been an arm of the sea that encompassed it ; some think the situation was in Morocco, others in Sweden, others in Africa. HESSIAN troops arrived in England, 1756 ; left it, 1757. HEVER Castle, Kent, built 1340. HIEROGLYPHICS invented by Hermes Trismegis- tus, alias Mercury. HIGH and low church, two distinct parties, occa- sioned by the prosecution of Sacheverell for sedi- tious sermons, 1710; his abettors were called High Church, his opponents, Low Church. IlfGHAM Ferrars college, Northamptonshire, built, 1422. HIGHLAND Clans disarmed by act of parliament, May 1725, again 1748 ; the dress prohibited August, 1746 ; since this it has again been permitted. HIGHNESS (The petty Italian princes first com- Slimented with the title of), 1630; the Duke of rleans took that of "Royal Highness" to dis- tinguish him, 1631. HILARIA (Feasts), celebrated every year by the Romans, on the 8th of the calends of April, or the 25th of March, in honour of Cybele. HILL (Rev. Rowland), died April 12th, 1833. *HILL (Aaron), a celebrated writer, died February, 1750. y t HILL (Sir John), a writer of the last century, died in 1775. * Aaron Hill, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in London in 1685. His father, originally a gentleman of good estate in Wiltshire, left him almost wholly unprovided for, which circum- stance obliged him to quit Westminster school at the age of fourteen. His relation, Lord Paget, being ambassador at Constantinople, he ventured uninvited, to join him, and was received with kindness, although with some surprise, and a tutor was provided for him, under whose care he travelled through Palestine, Egypt, and various parts of the east. In 1703 he returned to England, and the death of Lord Paget frustrating his expectations in that quarter, he travelled for three years with Sir William Wentworth. In 1709 he published a " History of the Ottoman Empire," partly from materials collected in Turkey, which publication, although it obtained much notice, the author himself subsequently regarded as a crude and juvenile performance. A poem which he addressed in the same year to the Earl of Peterborough, procured him the patronage of that nobleman, and an introduction to the Tory leaders. In 1710 he married a lady of beauty and fortune, and became manager of Drury-lane theatre, which post however he soon gave up, in consequence of a difference with the lord chamberlain, the then Duke of Kent. While in the management of Drury-lane, he wrote his first tragedy of " Alfred," and " Rinaldo," an opera. Much under the influence of a projecting spirit, in 1713 he obtained a patent for extracting sweet oil from beech mast, and a company was formed under his auspices, but after a trial of three years the scheme entirely failed, as did a subse- quent plan for establishing a plantation in Georgia. Fie still continued to write for the theatres, and several of his pieces were brought on the stage. He also composed poems, and for one entitled the " Northern Star," in compliment to Peter the Great, received a complimentary reward from his widow, Catherine I. In 1724 he commenced a periodical paper, in conjunction with a Mr. Bond, called the " Plain Dealer," which publication seems to be that which introduced Mr. Hill into the Dunciad, in a tone of half satire and half compliment on the part of its celebrated author, to which Hill replied in a piece entitled " The Pro- gress of Wit," in lines that Pope himself need not have disclaimed. The breach was afterwards healed, and as far as appearances, at least, the poets became good friends. A new project for supplying timber from the Highland estates of the York Buildings' company, next engaged his attention, and in 1731 he re-wrote his Elfrid, which he brought forward under the title of " Athelwold." He afterwards translated in succession the Zaire, Alzire, and Merope of Voltaire, all of which show him in the light of a superior dramatic translator. He still however continued to interest himself with schemes of commercial improve- ment, until his health began to decline, and he died in February 1750, in his sixty-fifth year, and was in- terred in Westminster-abbey. Aaron Hill was a man of active and extensive benevolence, and so kind and affectionate in the relations of society, that few men were more beloved. As a poet he was turgid and affected, although occasionally nervous and harmonious. He is however little read at present, although his versions of Zaire and Merope have kept the stage until within these few years.— Biog. Brit. Anderson's Lives of Brit. Poets t Sir John Hill, a writer of the 'ast century, distinguished for the versatility of his talents, and the multitude of his publications. He was the son of a clergyman of Peterborough, and was born about 1716. After having served an apprenticeship to an apothecary in Westminster, he established himself in that business in St. Martin' s-lane ; but having married a wife without a fortune, he was obliged to seek farther re- sources for the increase of his income. Having some knowledge uf botany, he was employed by the Duke of Richmond and Lord Petre to manage their botanic gardens. By their liberal assistance also he was enabled to travel through various parts of the kingdom, and collect scarce plants, of which he published an account by subscription. This scheme was not very profitable, and he therefore turned his attention to the stage; but after two or three exhibitions at the Haymarket and Covent-garden, he discovered that he was not qualified to shine as an actor, and returned again to his shop. His activity attracted the notice of men of science and learning ; and a translation of a Greek tract on gems, by Theophrastus, which he published in 1746, procured him both money and reputation as an author. He was introduced to Martin Folkes and Henry Baker, two distinguished members of the Royal Society, and a paper which he wrote was published in the Philosophical Transactions ; but on his being disappointed in an attempt to obtain admission into the 5? ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. • HILL (Sir Richard), son of Sir Rowland Hill, died in 1808. HINCHINBROOK Priory. Hants, built 1074. HINDON, Wilts, burnt (150 houses) July 2d, 1754. HISPANIOLA (Columbus first landed at), when he discovered America, 1498. HISTORY of the Old Testament ceased 430; that of Thucydidus ended, and that of Xenophon beqan 410 : of Theopampus ended 394 ; of Ephesus 339 before Christ. HITCHIN, Herts, burnt (20 houses) September 11th, 1762. HOBSON'S choice, " This or none," is derived frcta one Hobson, who let out horses at Cambridge, and obliged such as wanted one, to take that next the stable door, being the one which had had most rest. HOCUS POCUS derived from hoc est corpus, the form of consecrating the sacramental bread in the Romish Church. t HOGARTH (William) the celebrated painter died in 1762. HOLDENBY House, Northamptonshire, built, 1585. society, he revenged the affront by publishing " A Review of the Works of the R. S." 1751, 4to., in which he placed some of the contributions to the Philosophical Transactions in a ludicrous point of view. Hence- forth he depended chiefly on his pen for his support. He undertook " A General Natural History," 3 vols, folio; and, in conjunction with George Lewis Scott, he compiled a "Supplement to Chambers's Cyclopaedia." In 1752 he published " Essa3's on Natural History and Philosophy," containing curious microscopical observations. At the same period he started the " British Magazine," and also carried on a diurnal pub- lication called the " Inspector." Notwithstanding his literary engagements, he was a constant attendant on every place of public amusement, where he collected by wholesale a great variety of private intrigue and personal scandal, which he freely retailed to the public in his inspectors and magazines. This discre- ditable occupation was not without its inconveniences, for it involved him in various quarrels, and on one occasion he was severely caned at Ranelagh, by a gentleman who had been the object of his slander. He had procured the diploma of M.D. and practised as a physician ; but not content with the regular emolu- ments of his profession, he invented several quack medicines ; which, by means of the puffing advertise- ments he wrote to recommend them, had for some time a considerable sale, to his great pecuniary 3 Ivantage. His talents as a botanist however were by no means despicable, though his conduct was in so many respects unworthy of the character of a man of literature and science. He produced many useful works ; but his greatest undertaking was a work entitled "The Vegetable System," 17 vols, folio, published successively, with plates, under the patronage of the Earl of Bute. His introduction to this nobleman was probably through his marriage with the sister of Lord Ranelagh ; though that lady, after the death of her husband, published a pamphlet, complaining of the conduct of Lord Bute towards Sir John Hill. The title of knighthood he owed to the King of Sweden, who bestowed on him the order ol the Polar star, in return for the present of a copy of his botanical works. He died of the gout, a disease for which he professed to have a specific, in November 1775. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote novels and plays, now de- servedly forgotten ; and he was so industrious and prolific an author, that he is said to have received £1500 in the course of a j'ear, for works of his own composition ; a circumstance not very creditable to the taste of his contemporaries ; as, except his tracts on natural history, he published nothing of any value. Having had a quarrel withGarrick, on account of the rejection of one of his dramas, that celebrated actor charac- terized Hill, not unjustly, in the following caustic epigram : «' For physic and farces his rival there scarce is ; His farces are physic, his physic a faree is." — Biog. Dram. Hutchinson's Biog. Med. Aikin's G. Biog. * Sir Richard Hill, bart., son of Sir Rowland Hill, of Hawkestone, Salop, the first baronet of the family, was born there in 1733. He received his education at Westminster school ; whence he removed to Mag- dalen college, Oxford, where he graduated as M.A. He made the tour of Europe ; and on his return much distinguished himself by his attachment i,o the Calvinistic Methodists, which he strikingly displayed in 1768, on the expulsion of six young men from the university of Oxford, whose conduct and principles were then deemed fanatical. On that occasion Mr. Hill attacked the authorities there in a severe pamphlet, which he entitled " Pietas Oxoniensis," which was answered by the public orator of the university, Dr. Nowell, upon whom his antagonist retorted with much asperity. He next engaged in strenuous controversy with Wesley, Fletcher, and others of the Arminian Methodist leaders, in defence of Calvinism. On the death of his father he succeeded him in the representation of the county of Salop, and was a frequent speaker. His observations were almost always more or less connected with the subject of religion ; and by his frequent quaint if not humorous application of facts and language from the Bible, he obtained from the writer of the Roliad the title of the scriptural Killegrew. In 1798 he published a vindication of Calvinism, against Baubeney's " Guide to the Church ; " and in 1804, remarks of a similar tendency against one of the Bishop of Lincoln's charges. He would sometimes even preach in dissenting chapels, and built one of his own at Hawkestone. He died unmarried in 1808, when his title passed to his brother, Sir John Hill, father of Lord Hill. The celebrated Rev. Rowland Hill is another brother.— Gent. Mag. t William Hogarth, an eminent and original painter, was the son of a native of Westmoreland, who settled in London, where he kept a school, and was employed as a corrector of the press. The subject of this article was born in 1697, or 1698, in the parish of St. Martin, Ludgate, and was apprenticed to an engraving silver- ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 59 HOLLAND Priory, Lancashire, founded 1319. HOLLAND, the stadtholdership made hereditary in the male and female branches of the Orange family, 1747. HOLM Cultrum Abbey, (Cistercians) Cumberland, built 1135. HOLOFERNES killed by Judith 690 before Christ. HOLSTEIN given up by Russia to the Danes, No- vember 16th, 1773. HOLT (Lord Chief Justice), died March 6th, 1709, aged 67. HOLT Mineral Spring discovered, 1723. HOLY-WATER first used in churches, 120. m HOLY-CROSS Church, Tipperary, Ireland, built by O'Brien, King of Limerick, in 1169. HOLY-GHOST (Descent of), May 24th, 33. HOLY-GIIOST Chapel, Hampshire, built early in Henry Vfllth's reign. HOLYHEAD Church, built before 1291. A HOLYROOD-HOUSE Abbey, Edinburgh, founded by David I. 1128. HOMAGE, that of kneeling and putting the hands between those of the sovereign, was a custom among the old Normans. HOMILIES drawn up by Archbishop Cranmer, 1547. HONEY (Discovery of the use of), attributed to Bacchus as a succedaneum for wine. HONITON, Devonshire, chartered, 19th Edward I. burnt (140 houses) July 10th, 1747. HOODS (Ladies), came into fashion at the end of Charles lid's reign. HOOPS with iron gingles, trundling them was a manly sport of the Romans, called Trochus. HOPS introduced into England, 1524 ; the parlia- ment petitioned against them, as a wicked weed, 1528 ; before this, wormwood and other bitter plants were used to preserve beer. smith. This occupation necessarily gave him some skill in drawing, and before his apprenticeship expired he had exhibited several specimens of ludicrous caricature. Yielding to the impulse of genius, as soon as he became his own master, he entered at the academy for design, in St. Martin's-lane, and studied drawing from the life. His proficiency, however, was not considerable, and he might never have exhibited much talent as a painter had he not penetrated through external form to character and manners. He was at first obliged to support himself by engraving arms and shop bills, from which he ascended to designs for books, an edition of Hudibras affording him the first subject particularly suited to his genius. In the mean time, having practised painting with much industry, and being very successful in catching likenesses, he acquired considerable celebrity as a portrait painter. His decided talents for original comic design now gradually unfolded themselves ; and various public occasions produced displays of his ludicrous powers. In 1730 he contracted a clandestine marriage with the only daughter of Sir James Thornhill, the painter; and soon after commenced his first great series of moral paintings, "The Harlot's Progress." The merit of these pictures gradually reconciled him to his father-in-law, and the young couple took up their abode at his house. Nothing could exceed the popularity of this series, for the plates of which the names of 1200 sub- scribers were entered. In 1745 he acquired additional reputation by his much admired suites of " The Rake's Progress ; " and " Marriage a-la-Mode." His other works, in series, are " Industry and Idleness ;" " The Stages of Cruelty ; " and " Election Prints." The single comic pieces from his pencil are very numerous; among the most distinguished of these are "The March to Finchley ; " " Modern Midnight Conversation ;" " Sleeping Congregation ; " "Parts of the Day;" " Gates of Calais;" " Gin Lane and Beer Street;" " Strollers in a Barn ;" &c. These are rather studies for the searchers into life and manners, than for the professional artist ; but to those of every class who possess a genuine relish for ridicule and humour, they will ever prove attractive. Hogarth, who was not destitute of vanity, also wished to shine in the higher branch of historical painting, and attempted a Sigismunda in the Italian style, which Lord Orford calls a complete failure. Although he affected to disregard literature, he sought to appear in the character of an author, and by the aid chiefly of Dr. B. Hoadly, produced, in 1753, his " Analysis of Beauty ;" the leading principle of which is, that beauty fundamentally consists in that union of uniformity and variety, which is found in the curve or waving line. By the resignation of his brother-in-law, Thornhill, in 1757, he became sergeant painter to the king, an appointment which possibly induced him to depart from the party neu- trality he had previously maintained, by attacking Mr. Wilkes, and his friends, in a print, published in September, 1762, entitled " The Times." It was answered by Wilkes in a severe North Briton, which in its turn produced a caricature of Wilkes. An angry epistle to the painter followed from the pen of Churchill, which was retaliated by a caricature of the poetical divine; and "never" says Lord Orford, " did two men of abilities throw mud with less dexterity." The powers of Hogarth were not, however, impaired, as he had shortly before published one of his capital works, a satirical print against the methodists. From this a decline in health took place, which terminated in death in October 1764, owing to the rupture of an aneurism in his chest. He lies interred at Chiswick, under an elegant mausoleum, decorated with an inscription by hia friend Garrick. Hogarth was a man of rough and vulgar manners, who, like most unedu- cated persons, affected a contempt for all knowledge which he did not himself possess ; but he was, at the same time, generous and hospitable. He was often absent in company, and seemed entertaining him- s%H with his own ideas, or searching after some new objects of ridicule, which he attentively caught up when they occurred. Lord Orford is mistaken when he asserts that he seldom indulged in personal satire, many of his delineations being individual portraits. He lived to enjoy the fame which, in his own peculiar line, he so richly merited ; and complete collections of his works are deemed highly valuable and curious. A catalogue of all his prints will be found in the fourth volume of Walpole's anecdotes. A multiplicity of local and temporary circumstances introduced into his pictures, has rendered notes necessary to a due comprehension of them ; a task which has been well performed in the " Hogarth Illustrated," of Ireland.— 1 ifc by Nichols. Walpole's Anec. 60 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY HORATII and Curat ii (Combat between the), 667 before Christ. HORSA slain bv VortimW, 455. HO KSE-GU ARDS institutcd,1550 ; building erected 17-18. HORSES (Tax on), commenced 1784. HOST (Elevation of the), first introduced 1201 ; S recession of, instituted, 1311. SPITALITY, from the 4th to the 9th century, was a duty enforced by statutes ; the laws of the Slavi ordained that the moveables of an inhospita- ble person should be confiscated, and his house burnt ; they even allowed landlords to steal for the support of their guests. HOSPITALS in England— Asylum instituted, 1758; Bancroft's,Mile-end, built 1635 ; Bethlehem founded by Edward VI. 1553; present building erected, 1676; Bridewell, before a palace, founded by Edward VI. 1553, and given to the city ; British Lying-in, instituted November 1749 ; Brownlow- street Lying-in, founded, 1749 ; Christ's, founded by Edward VI., 1552; Foundling incorporated, 1739 ; French Protestants, ditto 1718 ; Guy's ditto, , 1722; Lock instituted, 1746; London ditto, 1740; incorporated, 1758 ; London Lying-in, founded March 30th, 1750 ; London Workhouse ditto, 1611 ; Magdalen instituted, 1758 ; Middlesex ditto, 1745 ; Miserkordia established, 1774 ; St. Bartholomew's founded by Henry VIH., 1539; St. George's in- stituted October 19th, 1733 ; St. Luke's founded, 1751 ; St. Thomas's ditto, by Edward VI., 1553; Sick and Wounded Seamen's, incorporated June' 24th, 1747; Small-pox instituted, Sept. 26th, 1746 ; Westminster Infirmary ditto, 1720 ; West- minster Lying-in ditto, 1765. HOSPITALS in Ireland.— Blue-Coat, incorporated 1670; Charitable Infirmary opened, 1728; Dublin Workhouse established, 1728 ; Incurables opened, 1753; Kilmainhain incorporated, 1683, Lock Hos- pital instituted, 1755 ; Lying-in established, 1745, incorporated, 1757; Mercers' incorporated, 1750; Charitable Loan instituted, 1757 ; Dublin Hos- pital opened, 1762; St. Nicholas's opened, 1753; St. Patrick's founded 1745, incorporated 1746; Smith's School, incorporated 1669 ; Stevens's Hos- pital, ditto 1730; Venereal opened, 1558. HOTHAM (Sir John) and his son beheaded for taking part with the king against the parliament, 1645. HOTSPUR (Henry Percy), the Duke of Northum- berland's son, called so from his great courage ; i slain at the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403. j He conspired against Henry IV. to dethrone him*. \ HOUR (The) was not known at Rome 300 years ' after its foundation. Before the erection of the sun-dial the hour was published at Rome by loud howling noises twelve times a day ; so it was by the Egyptian priests long before. This mode is continued among the Turks, their priests pro- claiming from the top of the mosques stated times of the day. HOUSE of Commons, formerly St- Stephen's chapel, ' built 1115, HOWDEN Church, Yorkshire, built before the year 1266. HOWE (Title of Viscount), of Langar, created 1782, * HOWE (Richard), died August 5, 1799. i HOWARD, the philanthropist, died Feb. 1790. HOWL (The Irish), at funeral originated from the Roman outcry at the decease of their friends, they hoping thus to awaken the soul, which the}' sup- posed might only lie inactive. * Richard, Earl Howe, a celebrated English admiral, one of the most distinguished naval commanders of modern times. He was the third son of Emanuel, second Viscount Howe, and was born in 1725. Aftei- having received the rudiments of a liberal education at Eton, his strong predilection for the sea induced his father to place him at the age of fourteen, in quality of a midshipman, on board the Severn, in which ship he sailed with Anson for the Pacific, and continued going through the usual gradations of the service under that admiral till 1745, when, though only twenty years of age, he obtained the command of the Baltimore sloop of war. In this vessel he behaved with such gallantry in an action with two French ships, laden with supplies for the service of the pretender, whom he beat off with considerable loss, that his immediate promotion to the rank of post-captain was the consequence. In 1758, and the following year, while in the Magnanime, under admiral Sir E. Hawke, he distinguished himself by his exertions against the Isle of Aix, St. Maloes, Cherbourg, &c. He was afterwards present at the unfortunate affair of St. Cas, where he exposed his own person with great coolness, and by his courage and conduct succeeded in bringing off many of the wounded, who must otherwise have perished. The same year he took a prominent part in the fight with Conflans, and did much towards the victory of the day. His elder brother having been killed in America, in 1758, he succeeded to the family title and estates, but continued to follow his profession. In 1760, he was raised to the rank of colonel of marines, and three years afterwards he ob- tained a seat at the board of Admiralty, which situation he resigned in 1765, when he was made treasurer of the navy. In 1770 he sailed as commander-in-chief to the Mediterranean, with the rank of rear-admiral of the blue, from which step he proceeded in due gradation to those of rear-admiral of the white, and vice-admiral of the blue. On the breaking out of the war with France, Lord Howe sailed for the coast of America, with a squadron destined to act against D'Estaing, who commanded the French force in that quarter, and on his return was raised, in 1782, to an English earldom. . In the course of the same year he again sailed with a small fleet to the relief of Gibraltar, which important service he effected in despite of the combined fleets of the enemy. In 1783, he accepted the post of first lord of the Ad- miralty, which, with a partial intermission, he continued to hold until 1793, when, on the breaking out of the revolutionary war, he took the command of the English fleet, and bringing the enemy to an action on the 1st of June, 1794, he obtained over them a most complete and decisive victory. The arrival of the news of this welcome event excited the greatest sensation throughout the nation. Illuminations took place all ovar ; the kingdom, the thanks of both Houses of Parliament were voted to the conquerors, and the king and queen visited the victorious fleet at Spithead, on its return ; on which occasion the king conferred on Earl Howe a valuable sword, with a gold chain and medal struck for the purpose. The rank of general of marines, and the vacant garter, both conferred on this successful commander in the course of the next year, were the consummation of his honours. In 1797, Lord Howe exerted himself with great success to queli the mutiny among the seamen at Portsmouth, which was the last public act of his valuable and meritorious life. One daughter alone survived him, and the gratitude of the nation has honoured his memory by a monument, erected to him at the public expense in St. Paul's cathedral.— Collinses Peerage. Biog. JYavalis. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 61 HUDSON'S Bay, discovered by Captain Hudson, 1610; company's charter granted, 1670. HUGH DE BEAUVOIS, with 40,000 foreigners, coming over from Calais, to assist John against the barons, perished in a storm, 1215. HUGHES (Henry), executed at the top of Horse- monger gaol for violating a girl under 9 years of age. HUGUENOTS, Protestants first called so in France, I from a Gorman word, signifying, " allied by oath," 1660; massacre of them at Puis, August 21th, 1572. HULL, Yorkshire, incorporated by Henry VI. ; cita- del built, 1681. * HUME (David), died August 25th, 1776. HUMILIATI, a congregation of religious, in the church of Rome, established 1162; abolished 1570. * David Hume an eminent historian and philosopher, was born at Edinburgh, in 1711. His father was a descendant of the family of the Earl of Home, but not opulent, and the subject of this article being his youngest son, his fortune was very small. Losing his father in his infancy, he was brought up under the care of his mother, a woman of singular merit, and was destined by his family for the law ; but his passion for literature was so strong, he could not confine himself to professional studies, and, as he observes in his memoirs, while they fancied him to be poring over Voet and Vinnius, he was occupied with Cictro and Virgil. His slender patrimony however, not allowing him to follow his inclinations without some view of profit, he was induced, in 1734, to visit Bristol, with recommendations to some eminent merchants ; but, as might have been expected, he was as little disposed to commerce as to law, and resolved to retire to some provincial town of France, with the intention of prosecuting his literary pursuits in privacy, and of supplying, by economy, his pecuniary deficiencies. He resided first at Rheims, and afterwards at La Fleche, in Anjou, and passed three years in France in a manner very accordant with his own inclinations. In 1737 he came to London, and the next year published his " Treatise upon Human Nature," the cool recep- tion, or rather entire neglect of which, proved a severe mortification.. Being of a sanguine temperament, he was not altogether discouraged, but pursued his studies, and in 1742 printed at Edinburgh his " Essays moral, political, and literary," which work, owing to its more popular form and elegance of style, was very favourably received, and made some amends for his former disappointment. In 1745 he took up his resi- dence with the young Marquis of Annandale, to whom he acted as a sort of guardian, an office which was rendered necessary by that nobleman's health and state of mind. He remained in this situation for a year, and then stood candidate for the professorship of moral philosophy at Edinburgh ; but although strongly supported, he was excluded by the negative of the presbytery, in consequence of his known scepticism. In 1746 he accompanied General Sinclair, as his secretary, in an expedition designed against Canada, but which ended in an attack upon the French coast ; and in 1747 attended the same officer in a military em- bassy to the courts of Vienna and Turin. Here he increased both his knowledge of the world by good company, and his little fortune by frugality, accumulating the handsome sum, as it then appeared to him, of '£1000. Having been led to imagine, that the neglect of his " Treatise upon Human Nature" originated from its too dry and systematic form, he cast the first part of the work anew, and caused it to be published while he was abroad, with the title of, an " Inquiry concerning the Human Understanding." It however, attracted very little more notice than at first, and on his return, the author retired to Scotland, where he resided two years. Meantime all his writings, except the first, began to attract notice, and answers, the usual conco- mitants of new opinions, when ably supported, were occasionally making their appearance. Of a cool temper, and careless of obtaining converts, he made it a rule to reply to none of these strictures, a resolution which he subsequently pleaded, when called upon to notice the answer of Dr. Campbell to his " Essay on Miracles." In 1751 he repaired to the metropolis, where in the next year, he published his " Political Dis- courses," which were at once well received. Nearly about the same time appeared his "Inquiry con- cerning the Principles of Morals," a work that he himself deems " incomparably his best," but which, like most mere abstract speculations, met with but little attention. In 1752 he obtained the congenial appoint- ment of librarian to the faculty of advocates at Edinburgh ; which, by affording him the command of a large and curious collection of books, seems first to have inspired him with a notion of writing history. His local situation might also suggest his first subject in that line, "The History of England, under the House of Stuart," of which a quarto volume appeared in 1754. To use his own language, it was received " with one cry of reproach, disapprobation, and even detestation." He attributes this reception to his favourable treatment of Charles I. and Lord Strafford, but it was much more owing to his equally contemptuous men- tion of the opposing religious parties ; which, as far as they were sincerely actuated by their opinions, he regards as little more than votaries of superstition on the one side, and of enthusiasm on the other. The work was therefore, not only decried, but neglected ; and had not a war broken out between the two countries, the author would have again retired to France. His constitutional equanimity, however, gradu- ally prevailed, and he resolved to proceed in his task, and in the mean time he published his " Natural History of Religion," and other pieces, the first of which was answered by Warburton, in the name of Dr. Hurd. In 1756 he published the second volume of his history, which embraced the period from Charles II. to the revolution, and was comparatively well received. He now resolved to take a wider range, and in 1759 published his " History of the House of Tudor," which excited a clamour against him almost equal to his first volume. His reputation as an historian, however, gradually increased, and he was encouraged to complete his work from the earliest period, which he accomplished in two additional volumes, in 1761, and his " History of England" became thenceforth a standard book. Upon this important worn, now so well known, little remark is necessary. Although free from the narrow partialities and prejudice* which s > 62 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. HUNDREDS (Division of), a Danish institution, first made in England by King Alfred. HUNGARY, the Pannonia of the ancients, was subject to the Romans eleven years B.C. ; con- quered by the Huns under Attila, when the king- dom began, 133; annexed to Germany, under Charlemagne, but became independent, 920 ; the Turks contended with the Germans for it, from 1540 to 1739, when, by the treaty of Belgrade, it was ceded to the latter; conquered by the Abares in the sixth century, and by the Turks or Magiars, SS9, the immediate* ancestors of the modern Hun- garians ; converted to Christianity, 1010. Lewis, king of, killed in battle against the Turks, 1526 ; since this it has been governed by princes of the house of Austria ; kingdom united with Bohemia, 1612; declared hereditary in the house of Austria, 16S7. HUNTER (William), a celebrated anatomist, born May 23, 1718; died, May 30, 1783. HUN'S, savage inhabitants of that part of Siberia, since occupied by the Mongouls, commenced, 1210; their kingdom founded, 230; at war with the Chinese, 201 ; kingdom taken and divided forty-eight years B.C. ; embraced Christianity, 416; ravaged all Europe, 446; conquered Scythia and Germany, about 460; the kingdom destroyed soon after the death of Attila, 454. HUNTING, an invention of the Thebana. HUNTINGDON Castle built, 921. HUNTLEY (The Earl of) trod to death in a battle against the Earl of Murray, Oct. 28, 1562. HURLERS at St. Clare, Cornwall, are supposed to be sepulchral monuments. HUNGERFORD (New) Wholesale Fish-market opened July 21, 1834. HURLY-BURLY is said to owe its origin to Hurleigh and Burleigh, two ne ghbouring families, that tilled the country round them with contest and violence. * HURRICANE in London, January 4, 1818. HURST Castle, Hants, built by Henry VIII. , about 1539. HURSTMONCEUX Castle, Sussex, built before 1066. HUSTINGS (Court of), London, we find mentioned in the laws of Edward the Confessor. HUTCHINSONIANS, a kind of Cabalistic sect, that sprung up in this country about 1720, from one John Hutchinson, of Yorkshire, who was born in 1674. HYDE Abbey, near Winchester (Benedictines), founded by Alfred. frequently influence national historians, and enlarged and philosophical in his genera\ views of events and characters, his researches into the origin and progress of the English constitution are deemed wanting, both in depth and accuracy. According to this opinion, he has too sweepingly regarded the liberty of the country as of modern date, and the mere result of forced concessions from the sovereign, and has sometimes j even coloured facts to support that conclusion. His predilection for the house of Stuart, has also made him somewhat unfair to that of Tudor, and still more to the real patriotism of the motives of many of those who sought to curb the high pretensions and baleful extent of prerogative so imprudently claimed by that I unhappy family. With every abatement, however, his reputation stands high ; and, aided by his clear style, which, although sometimes incorrect and exhibiting gallicisms, is frequently eloquent, and always agreeable, will probably remain so. The copy money received for his history, added to a considerable pension obtained from the crown by the interest of Lord Bute, finally secured him independence, and he was about to retire to his native country, when he was unexpectedly invited, by the Earl of Hertford, then proceeding as ambassador to Paris, to attend him, with a view of ultimately becoming the secretary of the embassy. He accordingly accompanied that nobleman to France, and received :he expected appoint- ment. He was also farther gratified, by a most enthusiastic reception in the Parisian circles, in his character of historian and philosopher. He remained charge d'affaires after the departure of Lord Hertford, in 1765, and returned to England in 1766, accompanied by that singular and paradoxical character, Jean Jacques Rousseau, to whom he behaved with the greatest delicacy and generosity, a conduct which that eccentric person repaid with his usual ingratitude, and insane suspicion. Having now acquired a relish for public life, Mr. Hume, in 1767, became under-secretary of state, under General Conway, which post he held until the resignation of that minister in 1769. He then finally retired to Edinburgh ; and having realized a thousand per annum, he drew round him some chosen associates, among whom he lived generally admired and respected, until the spring of 1775, when he was attacked by a disorder in the bowels, which never after altogether left him, but gradually produced a state of exhaustion, which carried him off on the 25th of August, 1776, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. He died in a state of mental composure, which has been eloquently described by Dr. Adam Smith, who, in his estimation of the character of this eminent man, depictures him as charitable, generous, urbane, and possessed of a degree of gaiety and good humour, which is seldom attendant on students so persevering as Mr. Hume. This temper even evinced itself on his death-bed, which, as might be expected, has in many quarters produced more censure than admiration. Upon the whole, however, it will be as difficult to deny the high personal moral claims of this writer, favoured as he was with the rare talent of self-command, as the vigour and acuteness of his intellect. He doubtless takes the lead among modern philosophical sceptics, and while open to the objections to which that system of philosophising will ever be liable, he must be allowed to have upheld it with distinguished ability. Besides the works already mentioned, in 1783, "An Essay on Suicide" appeared, which a critic in the Monthly Review affirms, from his own knowledge, to be really by Mr. Hume. If so, it more openly assails received opinions than any thing published during his life-time, although it is said, that it would then have appeared, had not the booksellers been afraid to publish it.— Hume's Account of his own Life, and Dr. Smith's Letter. Aikirfs G. Biog. * A very destructive hurricane took place in London, and throughout England, at the above date. Scarcely a county escaped considerable damage, and numerous vessels were wrecked or sunk round the coasts. The wind blew from S. to S.W., and the ravages continued from eight in the evening till mid- night, accompanied with much lightning. The tempest also extended to various parts of Europe. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 63 HYDRAULIC machine invented by Sir Samuel Morel and, 1682. HYDROSTATICS first taught by Archimedes, 200 before Christ. HYLTON Castle, Durham, built 930. HYMNS for churches, first composed by St. Hilary. ICELAND, the ancient Thule, discovered by a Dane, 860 ; peopled by the Norwegians, who were dr/ven out of Norway, 874; became subjects to Norway about 1275 ; and with Norway afterwards to Denmark. ICONOCLASTERS, or Image-breakers, a sect that appeared about 722, supported by the Emperor Leo I. They destroyed both Pagan and Christian images, which caused great insurrections and divi- sions among the Christians, from 740 to 780, when images were again erected in churches, and the worship of them confirmed by the Roman church. IDES, with the Romans, were eight days in every month, so called, being the eight days succeeding the Nones. In March, May, July, and October, these eight days begin at the 8th day of the month and continue to the 15th, in other months, they begin the 6th day, and last to the 13th. The last of these days only is called * The Ides,' the first being called ' The Eighth Ides,' the second day the 7th, the third the 6th, and so on : i e. the 8th, 7th, and 6th days before trie Ides. Thus the Ides of any month imply the 15th or 13th of that month. IDOLATRY introduced by Ninus, King of Assyria, about 1200 before Christ ; first abolished from Kent, by Ereombert, who began his reign 640. IDOLS are supposed to originate in the pillar of Jacob, erected at Bethel, Gen. xxviii. 18, 19. ILLYRIA became tributary to Rome, 228 before Christ. ILIUM, built 1359 before Christ; sixty-four years before the voyage of the Argonautse. Sir Isaac Newton says," this voyage was about thirty years before the taking of Troy. IMAGES and Reliques (Worship of), commenced 448; tried to be abolished by the Emperor Leo Isauricus, 727; images moved out of churches, 1548. IMPEACHMENT, the first of a chancellor, and the first bv the Commons, 1386. IMPOSTORS.— 1. One Aldebert, in the 8th century, pretending to have a letter from Jesus Christ, which fell from heaven, at Jerusalem, seduced multitudes to follow him into the woods and de- serts, and to live in imitation of John the Baptist. —2. Two men were crucified for giving out that they were both of them the Messiah; and two women were executed for pretending, one to be the Virgin Mary, the other, Mary Magdalen, 1221. — 3. Gonsalvo Martin, burnt by the Inquisition in Spain, for pretending to be the Angel Michael, 1221. — 4. Elizabeth Barton, called the holy maid of Kent, was spirited up, by the popish party, to obstruct the reformation, foretelling the speedy death of Henry VIII. if he divorced Catherine, and married Anne Boleyn ; she and her confederates were hanged at Tyburn, 1534. — 5. In the first year of Queen Mary's reign, after her marriage with Philip, Elizabeth Croft, a girl of 18 years of age, was secreted in a wall, and with a whistle made for the purpose, uttered many seditious speeches against the queen and prince, for which she was sentenced to stand on a scaffold, at St. Paul's Cross, during sermon-time, 1553 ; she was called the spirit of the wall.— 6. George David, a water- man's son, at Ghent, called himself a nephew of God, said he was sent into the world to adopt children for heaven; he denied the resurrection; preached against narriage, in favour of a commu- nity of women, and taught that the body only could be defiled by sin ; he had many followers, and died at Basle, in Switzerland, 1566.— 7. One Hacnet personated our Saviour, and was executed tor phemy, 1592.— 8. A friar, of the order of St. Basil, I pretended to be the son of the Czar of Musr.ovy, whom the usurper Boris had put to death ; but, according to his account, another child had been substituted in his place ; supported by Poland, he was invited by the Russians to the" throne, and the reigning Czar Fedor, and all his family, were Eut into his hands, whom he cruelly put to death ; ut his imposition was discovered, and he was assassinated in his palace, 1606.— 9. James Naylor, a quaker, sentenced to be whipped, and his tongue burnt through, on the pillory, by an order of the House of Commons, for personating our Saviour, December 4th, 1656.— 10. Mr. Mompesson, a ma- gistrate of Tedworth, Wilts, having punished an idle fellow, who beat a drum about the country, under the authority of a feigned pass, and taking away his drum, which he deposited in his own house, his house was beset for two or three years with a continual drumming; the drummer was tried at Salisbury for a wizard, and transported, 1661 — 11. Greatrakes, the Irish impostor, pretend- ing to cure all diseases, by stroking the patient, occasioned very warm disputes in Ireland, 1665, and in England, where it fell into disrepute, in 1666, on his examination before the Royal Society. — 12. Sabbati Levi, a Jew of Smyrna, amused the Turks and Jews a long time at Constantinople, by personating our Saviour, 1666. — 13. Dr. Titus Oates, an infamous clergyman, and others.made a discovery of an intended plot of the papists to kill the king, and introduce popery, September 6th, 1678 ; they swore away the lives of many Roman Catholic clergymen: Oates was whipped, 1685, and sen- tenced to be imprisoned for life ; but was after- wards pardoned, and pensioned by King William, 1689. — 14. One Fuller, a prisoner in the King's Bench, for debt, forged a sham plot against William III. for which he was fined and pillored, 1691. — 15. Young, a prisoner in Newgate, forged the hands of the Earls of Marlborough, Salisbury, and other nobility, for a pretended association for restoring King James; the lords were imprisoned; but the imposture being detected, Young was fined £1000 and pillored, 1692.— 16. Three French refugees pretended to be prophets, and declared, that Dr. Emms would rise out of the grave, 1706.— 17. Mary Tofts, of Godalming, Surrey, pretending that she bred rabbits within her, and so imposed on Mr. John Howard, of Guildford, and Mr. St. Andre, surgeon to the king, as to prevail on them to es- pouse her cause, 1726.— 18. Elizabeth Canning, whose story is well known, convicted of perjury, and transported, 1753.— 19. The story of the Cock- lane Ghost, by William Parsons, his wife, and daughter, 1762"; the parents were pillored and im- prisoned. IMPROPRIATIONS, strictly speaking, took place with the Norman conquest. Before the destruc- tion of the monasteries, by Henry VIIL, 1539, many livings were in their possession ; the great tithes they kept themselves, allowing the small tithes to the vicar or substitute that served the church. On the suppression of the monasteries, Henry VIIL disposed of these great tithes among his favourites. Hence they came into lay hands. * INCHBALD (Mrs. Elizabeth), died Aug. 1, 1821. * Elizabeth Inchbald, the daughter of a farmer named Simpson, born at Stanningfield, in Suffolk, in the year 1756. Having lost her father at the age of sixteen, she came to London with a view of obtaining an engagement for the stage, when attracting the attention of Mr. Inchbald, then an actor of some celebrity, a marriage was the consequence, and she accompanied her husband on several provincial tours, partaking in his engagements. He dying in 1779, she returned to London, and made her debut at Covent-garden as Bcllario, in the play of "Philaster," October 3, 1780. She continued on the boards about eight years, and from her great personal attraction, which she retained to a late period of her life, as well as from hex 64 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. • INCLEDON (Charles), died Feb. 11, 182G. INDEPENDENTS, such as hold the independency of the church, or that each congregation may govern themselves in religious matters. Presby- terians and Anabaptists are now agreed with them ; the Anabaptists always were. Their first meeting- house founded in England was that by Mr. Henry Jacobs, about 1616. INDIA STOCK sold from 360 to E00 per cent. 1683. INDICATIONS were revolutions of 15 years, by which the Romans reckoned time ; they were instituted according to general opinion, in the time of Con- stantine, about 312, and are still preserved in the Pope's bulls. The indiction of Constantinople began Dec. 1, 312. That of the western Empire, Dec. 24 or 25 ; that of the church of Rome, Dec. 25, 312, or Jan. 1, 313. INDIES (East), first discovered by the Romans; discovered by the Portuguese, 1487 ; conquered in 1500, and settled by them in 1506. The first set- tlement was Goa. The English company es- tablished, 1600; their stock consisted of £72,000; they fitted, out four ships, and meeting with suc- cess, have continued ever since. The French first settled there, 1674; a new English company es- tablished, 1698; the two united, 1702; agreed to give government £400,000 a year, for five years, so they might continue unmolested, Feb. 1769; India bill passed, 1773; Dutch East India com- pany established, 1594; East India company at Copenhagen, established 1612; French ditto, 1664. INDULGENCIES invented in the 11th century, by Popes Gregory VII., Victor, and Urban II., as a recompense to those who went in person to the natural talents, was a popular performer. After her retirement from the stage in 1789, she depended principally on her literarj' labours for support, publishing several dramatic pieces, most of which had a temporary success, while some are even yet considered as what is technically termed " stock plays." Her works, dramatic and miscellaneous, consist of "A Mogul Tale," a farce, 1784; "I'll tell you what,'' a comedy ; " Appearance is against them," and the " Widow's Vow," farces, 1786 ; " The Child of Nature," a dramatic piece; the "Midnight Hour," a farce; "Such things are," a play, 1788; "The Married Man," a comedy, 1789; "Next door Neighbours," a comedy, and "A Simple Story," a novel, in four 12mo. vols, in 1791; "Every one has his Fault," a comedy, 1793; "Wedding Day," a comedy, 1794; " Nature and Art," a novel, in two vols. 12mo. 1796; "Wives as they were, and Maids as they are," a comedy, 1797 ; " Lover's Vows,' a play from the German of Kotzebue, 1798; " Wise Man of the East," a comedy, 1799 ; and " To Marry and not to Many," 1805. She also edited a collection of dramas, entitled the "British Theatre," with biographical and critical remarks, in 25 vols. 12mo., during the period from 1806 to 1809 ; a similar collection of the most popular farces, in seven vols. 12mo. ; and the " Modern Theatre," in 10 vols. 1809. Her death took place at Kensington, August 1, 1821, in her sixty-sixth 3 r ear. The " Simple Story" will long preserve the reputation oi Mrs. Inchbald as a novelist, being a tale of great interest and genuine pathos ; and it adds highly to the merit of this ingenious and able woman, that she passed a life attended with many difficulties and temptations, with unsullied reputation. — Gent. Mag. * Benjamin Charles Incledon, generally known by the latter of his Christian names only, an eminent English vocalist, born about the year 1764, at St, Keveran, in the county of Cornwall, where his father is said to have been a respectable member of the faculty. When only eight years old, the extraordinary fine tones of his voice, for which he was in after life so distinguished, induced his parents to article him to the celebrated Jackson, of Exeter, under whose tuition he remained as a chorister in Exeter cathedral, until he had attained his fifteenth year. The restraints, however, to which he was necessarily subject in this situation, were highly disagreeable to a boy of his mercurial disposition, and he took an opportunity to quit Exeter abruptly in the year 1779, and to enter as a common sailor on board the Formidable, 98 gun- ship, commanded by Rear-admiral (then Captain) Cleland. In the royal navy he remained about five years, during which period he sailed to the West Indies, and saw some service. His vocal abilities having attracted the notice of his officers, especially of Lord Mulgrave (then Captain Phipps), and Admirals Pigott and Hervy, he was advised by them to try his fortune on the stage. He accordingly made his first bow to a theatrical audience in Collins's Southampton company, in 1783, as Alphonso, in the "Castle of An- dalusia." A subsequent engagement, entered into with the Bath manager the following year, introduced him to the acquaintance, and eventually to the friendship, of Rauzzini, who not only did his utmost to bring him before the public in a manner suitable to his talents, but also conferred on him the no less solid benefit of his instructions. In October, 1790, he made his debut on the London boards, at Covent-garden theatre, with great success, in the character of Dermot, in O'Keefe's musical farce of " The Poor Soldier," and rose at once into a degree of popularity, which attended him until the infirmities consequent upon advancing years, and a not very regular mode of life, compelled him to retire from the active duties of his profession. Of the diminution of his powers, however, he never could be persuaded, but constantly attributed his declining popularity to the caprice of the public. His voice, a rich tenor, combined un- common power, sweetness, and ductility, both in the natural and falsetto, and his intonation was singularly correct, taking his imperfect education into consideration. His articulation was however far from equal to his other qualities, being coarse, not to say vulgar. The better sort of the old English ballad, of which Stevens's "Storm," and Gay's "Black-eyed Susan," are, perhaps, amongst the finest specimens, was decidedly his fort ; nor in this style of singing had he ever an equal. Shield wrote many of his airs ex- pressly for him, and never has any one done more justice to his composer. Pecuniary embarrassments, arising from an utter carelessness of money and general improvidence, embittered the latter part of his life, which was closed at Worcester, on the 11th of February, 1826. His remains were carried to Hampstead, in the vicinity of London, and were there interred.— Gent. Mag. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. (>:> crusades ; money first Riven for them in the 12th ; Pope Clement V. was the first that made a public 6ale of them, about 1313. INDUSTKIA, a Roman city, discovered in Pied- mont, 1751. INFANTE and Infanta, were titles used in Spain, since the reign of Evremond II. King of Leon, 982 ; and imply in the ancient Biscay languages, a suc- cessor. INHERITANCE ; that law of an uncle coming in before a nephew, passed from the Jews to the Phoenicians, and from them into all Africa. INJECTIONS (Anatomical), first made by Ruisch, 1726. INK (Indian), invented by the Koreans, about 620 ; discovered by the Chinese about 900. INNES (Alexander), of Cromy, Scotland, assassi- nated by his cousin Robert, April 1580. INNS of Court, instituted as a university to teach the law soon after the court of Common Pleas was fixed in Westminster-hall. The degrees were barristers and Serjeants. INOCULATION hath been practised under one mode or another, time immemorial ; first tried on criminals and with success, 1721. The vaccine in- troduced 1799. INQUISITION (Popish), begun by Pope Gregory IX. 1204 ; establishedatTholouse, 1229; commit- ted to the direction of the Dominicans, 1233; 133 heretics were burnt in Champagne in France, in the presence of eighteen bishops, 1839 ; its first establishment in Spain, 1812. INSTITUTION to benefices by bishops first ap - pointed. 1124. INSURANCE of ships first practised in the reign of Caesar, about 45 ; in general custom throughout Europe, 1194; insurance offices first set up in London, 1667. INSURRECTION of the Chinese against the Dutch of Batavia, when 12,000 Chinese were massacred, October, 1740 ; of the poor in many parts of Eng- land, owing to the dearness of provisions, 1766. INTERDICTS (National), were an improvement on the custom of the ecclesiastic censures on whole families, and took their rise about 320. INTEREST of money, 45 per cent. 1307 ; established by law at 10 per cent. 1546; £9 16s. 1604; £8 1622 ; £6 1660 ; reduced to £5 per cent. 1714. INTERIM, a provisional regulation in favour of the Lutherans, relating to the articles of faith neces- sary to be believed, till the decision of a general council, published by Charles V. of Germany, 1548. INUNDATIONS. There happened such a flood in Gloucestershire, that all the country was over- flowed by the Severn, and several persons were drowned in their beds, 1483. The waters did not abate for ten days, which hindered the Duke of Buckingham's passing that river into Wales, to join the Welchmen, who were risen against the king, and occasioned his misfortune and death. One in Catalonia, Spain, from continued rains, attended with a storm, that drowned more than 50,000 persons, 1617. One at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, when upwards of 120 persons were drowned, 1633. One in Gascoyne, when the watar spouted from the sides of an adjacent mountain, in jets, 1678. One in Yorkshire, in which a rock visibly opened, and water was thrown into the air, to the height of an ordinary church steeple, 1686. One in the North of England, November, 1771. INVALIDS (Establishment for), in France, 1604. IONIC order in architecture, the first order of, was given by the people of Ionia in Asia, about 650 years before Christ. IP'HIGENTA (The fable of the sacrifice of), taken by the Greeks,as supposed, from the history of Jephtha. IPSWICH West-gate built, 1430; college built, 1524; town incorporated by Charles II. IRELAND, originally called Ierne, Hibernia, and Scotia. They have their origin uninterrupted up to Japhet. The first conquest of this island was the Milesian, by Heremon and Ith (sons of Milesius, King of Spain) ; Ith landed here from Galatia, and died of the wounds he received of the natives, 1071 before Christ, when tne island was divided as at present. Heremon vrat the first monarch. It was governed by several kings, till conquered by Henry 1 1. From 323 to 103 before Christ, there were but two kings but what were killed by their successors. King Cormac O'Con wrote a book, called " Advice to Kings," about 254. Ulster was colonized by the Scots, who in the 3d century covered the island. Began to receive the Christian faith, about 430. Had no archbishops till 1152; be^re, the bishops were suffragans to the Archbisbop of Canterbury. Invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near Wexford, May, 1170, who settled there the first colony of British inhabitants in that town. Conquered by Henry II. who appointed first a viceroy, 1172. All the Irish were ordered home, 1423. The kings of England were called lords of Ireland, till 1512; when Henry VIII. took the title of king. Erected into a king- dom by a bull from Pope Paid IV. 1555. Invaded by the'Spaniards, 1582, again by ditto, at Baltimore, 1601. A formidable insurrection there, headed by Tyrone, 1598; ended with his defeat, 1601. All the principal woods cut down by order of Crom- well. Linen trade opened, December 23d, 1779. Its independency established, 1782. The Gone, vans invited to settle there, 1782. Order of St. Patrick founded, February 5th, 1783. Admitted to a free trade by the British parliament, 1779. IRON discovered by the burning of Mount Ida, 1432 before Christ ; first cast in England at Backstead, Sussex, by Ralph Page and Peter Baude, 1544 ; iron was not drawn by mills (an invention of Ger- many) till 1563. IRON-MASK, a state prisoner in Fiance, so called from an iron mask, that he had fixed on his face, to conceal him, but with steel springs, to admit of his feeding; was supposed to have been some prince, and was treated as such ; a discovery of himself would have occasioned his death; he died 1704, after forty-three years' confinement. IRON-MILLS, first erected in England, by Godfrey Box, of Liege, 1590. IRRELAGII Friary, Ireland, founded 1440, rebuilt 1602. ISAIAH began to prophesy 786 ; put to death bv Hezekiah, 696 before Christ. ISIAC TABLE, a monument of antiquity, discovered at Rome, 1525. ISRAEL, the seat of the kingdom transferred from Tirzah to Samaria, by Omri, 924 ; kingdom of finished by the taking of Samaria, (by Salma- naser) 721 before Christ. ISRAELITES departure out of Egypt, Tuesday, May 5th, 1491. Josephus says, 1985; fed with manna from heaven, Thursday June 4th, the same year; passed over Jordan, with Joshua, Friday, April 30th, 1451 before Christ, and entered into Canaan. ISTHMIAN Games; or, combats in the Isthmus of Athens, instituted by Sysiphus, King of Corinth, in honour of Neptune, fifteen years afler the rape of Ganymede, 1326; restored, 581 before Christ, held every fifth year. The reward, a chaplet of parsley. ITALY, a colony of Arcadians conducted byEvander there, 1243; first eruption of the Gauls into, 588; Cimbri andTeutones, driven out 113 before Christ. Several cities bought their present immunities of the Emperor of Germany; Lucca gave 12,000 crowns ; Florence, Genoa, and Bologna, 6000 each, 1286. JACOBITES, a party called by that name, from the revolution to 1746,"viz. those" who expressed their wishes to restore the family of James II. JAMAICA discovered, by Columbus, 1494; settled by the Spaniards, 1509 ; taken from them by the English, under Admiral Pen, May 7th, 1655 ; dread- ful hurricane, August 23d, 1722;" another, Septem- ber 1st, 1734; another, October, 1744; another dreadful one, August 10th, 1751 ; again, with an earthquake, when Savannah le Mar was over- flowed by the sea, and destroyed, October 2, 1780 ; another, that did great damage, and killed 17C persons, July 30, 1784. JAMES I. King of. Scotland, succeeded his father 06 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. John, 1423; his father being at war with the English, he was taken by them, and remained a prisoner till 1424, when he was released, (on pay- ing £40,000, and consenting to marry Joanna, grand-daughter to Edward III.) by John, Duke of Bedford, regent, during the minority of Henry VI. to whom he paid homage for his crown ; murdered in his bed by assassins, by order of his uncle, the Earl of Athoel, February 19th, 1437, whom he had punished for maladministration during his imprisonment. He was succeeded by his son James II. JAMES II. King of Scotland, son of James I. suc- ceeded his father 1437, being then 7 years old; killed at the siege of Roxburgh, by the bursting of a cannon, 1460, aged 29, and was succeeded by his son James III. JAMES III. King of Scotland, son of James II. aged 7 years, succeeded his father, 1460 : seduced by astrology, to which he was addicted, he arrested his two brothers, John and Alexander, caused John to be assassinated ; Alexander escaped, raised an arm}' against him, and took him prisoner, but gene- rous'lv set him at liberty; his subjects however rebelled against him for his tyranny, and he fell by them in battle, 1488 ; he was succeeded by his son James IV. JAMES IV. of Scotland, son of James III. aged 16, succeeded his father, 1488 ; married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, December, 1503 ; subdued his rebellious subjects, but after- wards assisting Louis XII. of France, against Henry VIII. of England, he was killed at the battle of Floddon-neld, 1531, aged 41, and suc- ceeded by his son James V. James IV. always wore a chain round his body, in penance for his father's murder. JAMES V. of Scotland, son of James IV. succeeded his father, 1531, then only 18 months old, his mother Margaret being regent ; when of age, he assisted Francis I. of "France, against Charles V. and married Francis's eldest dauqhter, 1535 ; buried his queen, 1537, and married Mary of Lor- raine, daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise, and widow of Louis d'Orleans, by whom he had only one child, Mary, born 8 days before his death, which happened December 13th, 1542, he was suc- ceeded by this daughter. JAMES VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, sirnamed Stuart, son of Mary, Queen of Scots (grand- daughter of Margaret, Henry VHIth's sister), by Lord Darnley, born at Edinburgh, June 19th, 1566 ; crowned King of Scotland, on his mother's being deposed, the Earl of Murray regent, July 29th, 1566; took the reins of government, 1578; went to Norway October 22d, and married Ann, Princess of Denmark, November 24th, 15S9 ; returned to Scotland, May 1st, 1590 ; seized by the Earl of Bothwell, 1593; was near being murdered by Gowrie, and his brother, at Perth, August 5th, lf'00 ; succeeded Elizabeth on the throne of Eng- land, March 24th, 1603; arrived in London, May 7th following; conspired against, in favour of Arabella Stuart, his second cousin, July following ; styled himself King of Great Britain, 1606; created his son Henry Prince of Wales, May, 1610 ; created ninety baronets to raise money, May 1611 ; created his son Charles Prince of Wales on the death of his son Henry, November, 1616 ; went into Scotland, March 4tb, 1617 ; returned September following ; lost his queen in a dropsy, March 1st, 1619, aged 45 ; tore a protestation out of the journals of the House of Commons, December 11th, 1621 ; died of an ague at Theobald's, March 27th, 1625 ; and was succeeded by his second son, Charles I. ; Henry, Prince of Wales. JAMES II. brother of Charles II. born October 30th, 1633; entered into the Spanish service, 1658; married Ann Hyde, the lord chancellor's daughter, September 3d, 1660; made lord high admiral, 1664; lost his wife, March 31st, 1671, aged 30; married the Princess of Modena, November 21st, 1673 ; a bill passed the House of Commons to ex- clude him from the succession, 1680 ; in going to Scotland by sea, the vessel struck upon a sand- bank, he, with a few, escaped in the long-boat, 150 perished, 1682 ; succeeded Charles II. on the throne, February 6th, 1685; crowned April 23d, following ; received the Pope's Nuncio, 16S7 ; fled, on the Prince of Orange's being invited over, De- cember 12th, 1683; seized at Feversham, and brought back to Whitehall, December 16th; left England, by order of Prince William, December 23d, 1688 ; and was succeeded by his daughter Mary and William III. her husband ; and landed with an army at Kinsale in Ireland, March 22d, 1689 ; returned to France, June, 1690 ; died at St. Germain's, August 9th, 1701. JAMES'S Palace (St.), built, 1530. JAMES (The) from Limerick, foundered at sea 25th April, 1834, with emigrants on board ; 265 perished^ and 10 only were saved. JANE SEYMOUR, Henry VHIth's third wife, died in child-bed with Edward VI. October, 1537. JANISSARIES (Military order of), established among the Turks, 1362. JANSENISTS, a sect, followers of Cornelius Jan- senius, Bishop of Ypres, who broached a particular doctrine respecting grace and free-will. It made no noise in the world till after the death of its author, 1638. JAPAN (Empire of), founded by Jerotimo, 1188 ; governed by kings 660 before Christ; first disco- vered by the Portuguese, 1549; Christianity pre- scribed there, 1586. JEFFERIES (Miss), hanged for poisoning her uncle, March, 1752. * JEFFREYS (George Lord), died in 1703. * Lord George JefFrej-s, Baron Wem, commonly known by the name of Judge Jeffreys, was the son of John Jeffreys, Esq. of Acton, in Denbighshire, where he was born towards the beginning of the 17th century. He was educated at the free-school of Shrewsbury, whence he was removed to that of Westminster ; and being subsequently entered at the Middle Temple, he applied himself very assiduously to the law. His father's family being large, his allowance was very scanty, but his industry and ingenuity supplied all deficiencies; and by attending an assize at Kingston during the plague, when few barristers could be met with, he was allowed to plead, although not formally admitted, and continued to practise unrestrained until he attained the highest employments in the law. Soon after commencing his professional career, he was introduced by an alderman of his own name, and probably a relation, among the citizens of London ; who soon after chose him their recorder ; and to this advancement, and the influence it procured him, may be attributed his introduction at court, and appointment of solicitor to the Duke of York. A willing instru- ment of all sorts of measures, his farther promotion, at such a period, was rapid, and he was appointed successively a Welch judge and chief justice of Chester, and created a baronet. When parliament began to prosecute the abhorrers, he resigned the recordership, and was appointed chief justice of the King's Bench. On the accession of James II. he was one of the great advisers and promoters of all the oppres- sive and arbitrary measures of that misguided reign ; and for his sanguinary and inhuman proceedings against the miserable adherents of Monmouth— atrocities which will consign haa name to everlasting ignominy— ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. G7 JEH03HAPHAT overcame the Philistines 896 be- fore Christ. JERICHO (Walls of), fell, 1 (64. * JERNINGHAM (Edward), died Nov. 17th, 1812. JEROBOAM set up two golden calves at Dan and Bethel, to prevent his subjects going to worship at Jerusalem, 976 before Christ. JERSEY, Guernsey, Sarke, and Alderney, were appendages of the duchy of Normandy, and united to the crown of England, by the first princes of the Norman line. * JERUSALEM Chamber, Westminster, supposed by Walpole to be derived from a room, which Henry III. when building the abbey, ordered to be called the Antioch chamber, being a treasury for receiving the sums levied by the Jews, for carrying on the war with France. JERUSALEM (Temple of), built 1094; city ttfko. by Jehoash, 835; by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of eighteen months, June 9th, 578, f>rty years after Jeremiah's prophecy, Ezek. iv. 6 ; the second temple began, 534; finished under Darius, March 10th, 515; the inhabitants butchered b) Jason, 170 years before Christ ; destroyed by Titus, August 31st, 70; an aitempt to build it by Julian, 363; pillaged by the Persians, and 90,000* inhabi- tants killed, G13; taken by the Saracens, 037; converted into a mosque, 643 ; taken by Godfrey of Bologne, who was there elected king of it, July 5th, 1100; finally conquered by Saladin, 11^7 ; now subject to the Turks. The Latin patriarchs of, ended, 1291. j JERVIS (John), Earl of St. Vincent, died March 15th, 1823. was rewarded by the vindictive and cold-hearted James with the post of lord high chancellor. What can be said in favour of this dispicable adherent, should not, however, be omitted ; and it is acknowledged that he usually showed himself an able and impartial judge where political purposes were not to be answered. His deportment on the bench was, however, in the highest degree discreditable at all times, and even when his indignation was properly excitsd, he indulged in scurrility and abuse of the most degrading description, a practice in which he indulged even to fury against the celebrated Richard Baxter, and all prosecuted parties whose politics or opinions were disagreeable to the court. To this abusive habit he possibly owed the unhappy termination of his disgraceful existence. On the arrival of the Prince of Orange, when all was in confusion, the conscious chancellor, who had disguised himself as a seaman, in order to get on board a ship unknown, was detected in a low public-house in Wapping by an attorney, whom he had signally rated in open court. The latter making his discovery known, he was immediately seized by the populace, ' and carried before the lord mayor, who sent him to the lords in council, by whom he was committed to the j Tower, where he died April 18th, 1689, of intemperance and a broken heart. Pennant records a remarkable \ instance of insult endured by this fallen instrument during his imprisonment. He received, as he thought, I a present of a barrel of Colchester oysters, and expressed a great satisfaction that he was still remembered ! with kindness by somebody, but on opening the barrel, instead of the expected contents, appeared a haiter. j Jeffre3's, whose name has become a received appellation in England for iniquitous judges, left one son, who inherited both his title and intemperate habits. He is said to have been the author of some pieces in the State poems, and of "An Argument in the case of Monopolies," 1689. He died in 1703, and left an only daughter \ by Charlotte, daughter and heiress of the Earl of Pembroke, who married the Earl of Pomfret, and after his ' death presented the noble collection of the Pomfret marbles to the university of Oxford. The deep impression left by the cruelties of Jeffreys in the west of England is strikingly exhibited, by a fact mentioned by Granger, that the amiable Countess of Pomfret was insulted on the western road, simply as being the grand- daughter of the execrated Jeffrej's. — Life of George Lord Jeffreys. Life of the Lord Keeper North. Gran- ger. Pennant's London. * Edward Jerningham an ingenious poet and dramatic writer, descended from an ancient Roman Catholic family in Norfolk, and brother of Sir William Jerningham, bart. He was born in 1727, and when young was sent to the English college at Douay, in Flanders, whence he was removed to Paris. His education being completed, he returned to England, where he became a member of the established church. One of his earliest productions was a poem in favour of the Magdalen institution, which was followed by " The Deserter," 1769; "The Funeral of Arabert, Monk of La Trappe," 1771; " Faldoni and Teresa," 1773; " The Swedish Curate;" " The Fall of Mexico," 1775 ; " Honoria, or the Day of All Souls," 1782 ; " The Rise and Progress of Scandinavian Poetry," 1784; " Enthusiasm," 17S9 ; &c. His play, called " Margaret of Anjou," was acted in 1777 ; " The Siege of Berwick," a tragedy, in 1794 ; and " The Welch Heiress," a comedy, in 1795. A collection of his poetical and dramatic works appeared in 4 vols. 8vo. 1806. He also published in the latter part of his life, " An Essay on the mild Tenour of Christianity," and other religious tracts. His death took place November 17, 1812. The private character of Mr. Jerningham was extremely amiable, and he is spoken of with great respect and esteem by Lord Byron, in the notes to his English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. — Gent. Mag. Watt's liibl. Brit. t Juhn Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, a gallant and distinguished naval commander, descended of an ancient and respectable family in Staffordshire. He was the second and youngest son of Swynfen Jervis, Esq. auditor of Greenwich hospital, and was born at Meaford-hall, January 9th, 1734 (old style). At the age of fourteen, he was rated a midshipman on board the Gloucester, of fifty guns, on the Jamaica station, and in 1755 served as lieutenant under Sir C. Saunders, in the expedition against Quebec. Soon after being made commander, he was appointed first to the Experiment and afterwards to the Albany sloop. In 1760 he obtained the rank of post-captain, and commanded the Foudroyant, in the action between Admiral Keppel and the French fleet, in July, 1778. In 1782, being then under the orders of Admiral Barrington, he engaged and took the Pegase, of seventy-four guns and 700 men ; in which exploit he received a severe wound in the KNIGHTS and Citizens obliged tc reside at tie places they represented, 1415. KNIGHTS of the round table, instituted at Windsor, 1314. KNITTING introduced about 1550. KNIVES first made in England, 15G3. This wiu the first branch of cutlery made here. KNOWN-MEN, a name given to the Lollards, by Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, 1500. * KNOX (John), died November 24th, 1572. * John Knox, the chief instrument and promoter of the reformation in Scotland. He was descended from an ancient and honourable family, and born at Gifford in East Lothian, in 1505. He received his primary education at the grammar-school of Haddington, whence he was removed to the university of St. Andrew's, where he received the degree of M. A. much before the usual age. Having embraced the ecclesiastical profession, he began as usual with the study of scholastic divinity, in which he so much distinguished himself, that he was admitted into priest's orders before the time appointed by the canons. He soon became weary of the subtle theology of the schools, and resolved to apply himself to that which was more plain and pactical. This alteration of opinion led him to attend the sermons of Thoman Guillaume or Williams, a friar of eminence, who was so bold as to preach against the pope's authority ; and he was still more impressed by the instructions of the celebrated George Wishart, so that he quickly relinquished all thoughts of officiating in the church of Rome, and became tutor to the sons of the lairds of Long Niddrie and Orrnistoun, who had embraced the reformed doctrines. Here he contrived to preach not only to his pupils, but to the people of the neighbourhood, until interrupted by Cardinal Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, who obliged him to abscond, and he thought of retiring to Germany. The persuasion of the fathers of his pupils, and the assassination of Beaton by the Leslies, encouraged him to remain; and he took shelter under the protection of the latter in the castle of St. Andrew's, where he instructed his scholars; and notwith- standing the opposition of the sub -prior and clergy of St. Andrew's, he preached the principles of the reformation with extraordinary courage and boldness. This continued until the castle of St. Andrew's surrendered to the French in July 1547, when he was carried with the garrison into France, and remained a prisoner on board the gallies until the latter end of 1549. Being then set at liberty, he passed over to I England, and arriving in London, was licensed either by Cranmer or the protector Somerset, and appointed preacher, first at Bei-wick, and afterwards at Newcastle. In 1552 he was appointed chaplain to Edward | VI., and preached before the king and council at Westminster, who recommended Cranmer to give him j the living of Allhallowo in London, which he declined, not choosing to conform to the English liturgy as it i then stood. It is even said that he refused a bishopric, regarding all prelacy as savouring of the kingdom o! j antichrist. He however continued his practice as an itinerary preacher, until the accession of Mary in ! 1554, when he quitted England, and sought refuge at Geneva, where he had not long resided, before he was ; invited by the English congregation of refugees, then at Frankfort, to become their minister. He unwillingly accepted this invitation, at the request of John Calvin, and continued his services until embroiled in dispute j with Dr. Cox, afterwards Bishop of Ely, who strenuously contended for the liturgy of King Edward. ■ Knox, in his usual style of bold vituperation, having, in a treatise published in England, called th« ! Emperor of Germany as great an enemy to Christ as Nero, his opponents accused him to the senate of j treason, both against the emperor and Queen Mary, on which he received private notice of his danger, and j again retired to Geneva, whence, after a residence of a few months, he ventured in 1555 to pay a visit to his 1 native countrj'. Finding the professors of the Protestant religion greatly increased in number, and j formed into a society under the inspection of regular teachers, he finally joined them, and produced so great ' an effect by his exertions both in Edinburgh and other places, that the Roman Catholic clergy, alarmed at his progress, summoned him to appear before them in the church of the black friars in that metropolis, on the 15th of May, 1536. This summons he purposed to obey, resting on the support of a formidable party of nobles and gentry, which so alarmed his opponents, that they dropped the prosecution. Thus encouraged, j he continued preaching with additional energy and boldness, and was even induced to write to the queen ; regent, Mary of Lorraine, a letter, in which he earnestly exhorted her to listen to the Protestant doctrines. While thus occupied, he was strongly invited to pay a visit to the English congregation at Geneva, and he accordingly departed for that .place in July, 1556. He was no sooner gone, than the bishops summoned him to appear before them, and as that was impossible, they passed sentence of death against him as a heretic, and burnt him in effigy at the cross at Edinburgh. Against this sentence he drew up an energetic appeal, which was printed at Geneva in 15b8, previously to which, he was invited to return to Scotland, and had actually reached Dieppe on his way, when he received other letters recommending delay, which epistles he answered by such strong remonstrance? against timidity and backsliding, that those to whom he addressed them entered into a solemn or.d or covenant, dated December 3d, 1557, " that they would follow forth their purpose, and commit themselves and whatever God had given them into his hands, rather than suffer idolatry to reign and the subjects to be defrauded of the only food of their souls." Knox in the mean time had returned to Geneva, where he published his treatise entitled, "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous Regiment of Women," chiefly aimed at the cruel government of Queen Mary of England, and at the attempt of the queen regent of Scotland to rule without a parliament. A " Second Blast" was to have followed, but the accesssion of Queen Elizabeth to the throne of England, who was expected to be friendly to the Protestant cause, prevented it. In April 1559, he would have visited England, but was i prevented b" the resentment felt by Elizabeth at his late treatise; he therefore proceeded directly to 76 ALI HABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. KNOX (William), Secretary of Stale in the I KNUTZEN (Matthias), a formal professor of American Department previous to the indepen- Atheism of the 17th century. dence of the United States, died 1810. at the age KNUTZEN (Martin), a professor of philosophy at of 78. j Konigsberg, in Prussia, born in the year 1713, * KNOX (Vicesimus), died September 6th, 1821. | and died in 1751. Scotland, where he found a persecution of the Protestants just ready to commence at Stirling. "With hi s usual intrepidity he hurried to the scene of action to share the danger, and mounting a pulpit, by a vehement harangue against idolatry, he inflamed the people with extreme rage. The indiscretion of a priest, who, immediately on the conclusion of this discourse, was seen preparing to celebrate mass, and to decorate the altar for that purpose, precipitated his hearers into direct violence, and a general attack was made on the churches of the city, in which the altars were overturned, the pictures destroyed, and the images broken into pieces. The people next proceeded to the monasteries, which massy fabrics they almost levelled to the ground, and acted with a degree of energy and fury which nothing could for the moment resist. As these riotous proceedings were censured both by the reformed preachers, and by the leaders of the same party, historians have agreed to regard them as an unconcerted outrage, and a mere accidental eruption of popular fury. From this time Knox continued to promote the reformation by every means in his power ; and by his correspondence with the secretary Cecil, was chiefly instrumental in establishing the negociation between "The Congregation " and the English, which terminated in the march of an English army into Scotland. Being joined by almost all the great men of the latter country, these forces soon obliged the French troops, who had been the principal support of the tyranny of the regent, to quit the kingdom, and the parliament was restored to its former independence. Of that body, the majority had embraced Protestant opinions, and no opportunity was omitted of assailing the ancient religion, until at length the Presbyterian plan, recommended by Knox and his brethren, was finally sanctioned ; the old ecclesiastical courts being abolished, and the exercise of religious worship, according to the rites of the Romish Church, prohibited. In August 1561, the unfortunate Mary, then widow of Francis II. King of France, arrived in Scotland to reign in her own right. She immediately set up a mass in the royal chapel, which being much frequented, excited the zeal of Knox, who was equally intolerant with the leaders of the conquered party, and in the face of an order of privy council, allowing the private mass, he openly declared from the pulpit, " that one mass was more frightful to him than ten thousand armed enemies, landed in any part of the realm." This freedom gave great offence, and the queen had long and angry conferences with him on that and other occasions, in which he never paid the slightest homage, either to sex or quality. He preached with equal openness against the marriage of Mary with a papist ; and Darnley, after his union, being in- duced to hear him, he observed in the course of his sermon, that " God set over them, for their offences and ingratitude, boys and women." The share taken by this ardent and intrepid minister in the ensuing unhappy transactions is subject rather for history than biography. In the year 1567, he preached a sermon at the coronation of James VI., when Mary had been dethroned, and Murray appointed regent. In 1572 he was greatly offended with a convention of ministers at Leith for admitting the titles of archbishop and bishop to remain during the king's minority, although he approved of the regulations adopted in reference to their elections. At this time his constitution was quite broken ; and he received a great additional shock by the dreadful news of the atrocious massacre of St. Bartholomew. He had however strength enough to preach against it, which he desired the French Ambassador might be acquainted with ; but soon after took to his bed, and died on the 24th of November, 1572. He was interred at Edinburgh, several lords attending, and particularly the Earl of Morton, that day chosen regent, who, as soon as he was laid in the grave, thus exclaimed, " There lies he who never feared the face of man, who hath been often threatened with dag and dagger, but yet both ended his days in peace and honour ; for he had God's providence watching over him in an especial manner when his life was sought." The character of this eminent reformer has been sketched with great candour and impartiality by Dr. Robertson, in his history of Scotland, who, in observing upon the severity of his deportment, impetuosity of temper, and zealous intolerance, justly observes, that the qualities which now render him less amiable, fitted him to advance the reformation among a fierce people, and enabled him to encounter dangers, and surmount opposition, to which a more gentle spirit would have yielded. This is a truth which can be rejected neither by warm admirers on the one hand, nor by those who imbued with the tolerant notions of a more enlightened era, are shocked at the absence of moderation on all sides. That John Knox was a man of exalted principles, great intellectual energy, undaunted intre- pidity, and exemplary piety and morality, will be freely admitted by the impartial of every class. He wao twice married, and had two sons by his first wife, who were educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which they became fellows. His writings, in addition to those already mentioned, are "A faithful Admo- nition to the Professors of the Gospel of Christ in the Kingdom of England," 1554 ; " A letter to Queen Mary, Regent of Scotland;" "A steady Exhortation to England for the speedy embracing of Christ's Gospel." After his death appeared his " History of the Reformation of Religion within the Realm of Scotland," at the end of the fourth edition of which, Edinburgh, 1732, folio, are appended all his other works.— M' Cries Life of Knox, ltobertsoifs Hist, of Soot. * Vicesimus Knox, DD., an eminent divine, author of a variety of works both in theology and polite literature. He was born December 8th, 1752, and educated at Merchant Tailors' school, whence he pro- U ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. \ KOEMPSER, a German physician, historian, and crandyon, tearing the same name, was born about botanist, died 1726. I the year 1709, and was the author of an account of KORAN (The), translated into Latin, 1143 KORTHOLT (Christian). There were two learned theologians of this name; the elder a native of Burg, in the Island of F^rmei-en, was born in January, 1633, and died in the spring of 1694. The the British Antiquarian Society, and an edition of the Letters of Leibnitz ; he also wrote several devotional tracts in his capacity of Professor in the University ofGottingen, where he died in 1751. KOSCIUSKO (Thaddeus), died October 16th, 1817. ceeded in due course upon a fellowship to St. John's-college, Oxford. On the death of his father he was chosen his successor in the head-mastership of Tunbridge grammar-school, over which he presided thirty- three years, till, retiring in 1812, he was himself in turn succeeded by his son. He held the livings of Riemwell and Ramsden Crays in Essex, and the chapelry of Shipbourne, in Kent. His works, many of which have been translated into various European languages, are, "Essays Moral and Literary," 3 vols. 8vo. and 12mo. ; "Liberal Education," 2 vols, ditto; "Winter Evenings," 3 vols, ditto ; "Personal No- bility, or Letters to a Young Nobleman," 1 vol. 12nio; "Christian Philosophy," 2 vols. 12mo; Considera- tions on the Nature and Etficacyof the Lord's Supper," 1 vol. 8vo. ; and a pamphlet "On the National Importance of Classical Education;" with a variety of sermons on different occasions. He also published for the use of his school, expurgated editions of Horace and Juvenal, and a series of selections from the works of the best English authors, generally known as " Elegant Extracts," and " Elegant Epistles." On the commencement of the war consequent on the breaking out of the French revolution, several pamphlets in opposition to the belligerent councils which prevailed, were generally attributed to him, as well as a translation of Erasmus's "Bellum dulce inexpertis," printed with the signature " Antipolemus." He is also regarded as the author of a searching tract, entitled, "The Spirit of Despotism," published anony- mously in 1794, and since reprinted. Dr. Knox wrote the Latin language with great purity and elegance, both in prose and verse, pa3 - ing the greatest attention ts the harmony and rhyme of his sentences. His death took place at Tunbridge. — Ann. Biog. * Thaddeus Kosciusko, a celebrated Polish patriot. He was of noble descent, but his family being by no means wealthy, he was educated in the military school at Warsaw, where he made a great progress in the study of mathematics and drawing. He was, in consequence of his proficiency, nominated one of four i students sent at the expense of the establishment to improve their knowledge in France. On his return to | Poland, he had a commission given him ; but being refused promotion, he determined to go to America, ' where war was then carrying on between Great Britain and her colonies. There he became adjutant to ' General Washington, and acquired by his talents and bravery the esteem of those with whom he served,' and he was also rewarded with the cross of the Cincinnati. After the conclusion of the war, he lived in I retirement in his native country till 1789, when he was made a major-general in the army by the diet, in J which the management of public affairs was vested. He was afterwards employed as a general of division : under the younger Poniatowski, when he displayed great zeal, skill, and courage, in opposition to the at- 1 tempts of the Russians against the independence of Poland. Finding his efforts for freedom paralysed by ! the weakness or treachery of others, he gave in his resignation, and was afterwards forced to become an exile from his country. He had retreated to Leipzic in 1793, when the Polish army and the people in gentral, impatient under the yoke of Russia, were ready for insurrection. All eyes were turned towards Kosciusko, whom they chose for their leader, and messengers were sent to him from Warsaw to acquaint him with the schemes and wishes of his compatriots. In compliance with the invitation, he proceeded towards the frontiers of Poland ; but apprehensive of compromising the safety of those with whom he acted, he was about to defer his enterprise, and set off for Italy. He was, however, persuaded to return, and arriving at Cracow at the very time when the Polish garrison had expelled the troops of Russia, he was chosen, on the 24th of March, 1794, generalissimo, with all the power of a Roman dictator ; and he imme. mediately published an act, authorising insurrection against the foreign authorities, and established a new government. He then proceeded to support Colonel Madalinski, who was pursued by the Russians ; and having joined that officer, they attacked and defeated the enemy on the 4th of April, with inferior numbers. His army now increased to nine thousand men, the insurrection extended to "Warsaw, and in a few days the Russians were driven from that palatinate. Kosciusko united his forces with those of General Grochowski, and found himself at the head of an army fifteen thousand strong. He obtained some advantage over the Russians on the 8th of June, at Szezekociny; but the King of Prussia arriving to the assistance of the enemy, Kosciusko suffered a defeat, and was exposed to great personal danger. From this period he waged a disadvantageous warfare against his too powerful opponents till the 4th of October, when he was com- pletely defeated, and taken prisoner, at the battle of Maniejowice. He was sent to Russia, and confined in a fortress near St. Petersburg, till the accession of Paul I., who through real or affected admiration of the character of Kosciusko, set him at liberty. In May, 1797, he took his departure for the American United States, where he was honourably received by the government and people. He returned to Europe the fol- lowing year, and settled in France, where he passed a great part of the remainder of his life. Buonaparte in vain endeavoured to engage him in his ambitious schemes for the subjection of Poland, and even made use of the name of Kosciusko in his proclamations ; but the wary and disinterested patriot comprehended the nature of his designs, and rejected his overtures. He died at Soleure, in Switzerland. — D\cl . des H. M. du 18me S. Biog. Nouv. des Conlemp, T8 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. • ROTZEBUE (Augustus Frederick Ferdinand Von), murdered, March 25th, 1819. KRUDENER (Baroness Valeria de), a religious enthusiast, born at Riga, in 1765, and died at Karasubassar, December 25th, 1824. KRUNITZ (John George), a German physician and natural philosopher, born at Berlin, and died in the year 17%. KRUSEMARK (Baron de), a Prussian general and statesman, died at Vienna, 1821. KRUSINSKI (Judas Thaddeus), a Polish Jesuit, born 1677, and died 1774. KUTUZOW, or Koutousoff (Michael Lavrionovitch Gole Mitcheff, prince of) a famous Russian general, and minister of state, born in 1745, and died at Breslau, in Silesia, April 16th, 1813. KYNASTON (Sir Francis), an English knight, one of the esquires of the body to King Charles I., born at Otley, in Shropshire, 1587. KYRLE (John), surnamed by Pope "The Man of Ross," an English gentleman, who possessed an estate of £500 per year at Ross, in Herefordshire, where he died in 1754, at the age of ninety. LACTEALS (The) discovered by chance hi o\v>\<. ins a dog, by Astllius, July 23d, 1.622; in birds, fish, &c, b}' Mr. Hews. in, surgeon of London, 1770: LADIES first introduced at Court by the Quee,i of Louis XII., about 1500; much later in England. LADRONE and Philippine Islands, the first European discoverer of them was Ferdinand Magellus, )520 LAITY and Clergy (Distinction of) established before 150. LAKENHEATH, Norfolk, infinite damage done there by a land-flood, 1667. LAMB (Dr.) murdered in the streets of London, 1628. LAMBERT burnt in Smithfield, 1538. LAMBETH Palace built, 1184 ; college and chapel founded by Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, about 1196. LANCASTER Castle, built by Edward III. ; town incorporated by King John ; priory founded, 118S. LANCASTER (Plantagenet, Earl of) grandson to Henry III., beheaded, March 1322, for conspiring against the Spencers, favourites of his first cousin, Edward II. * Augustus Frederick Ferdinand Von Kotzebue was born May 3d, 1761, at Weimar, in Germany, where his father was a counsellor of legation. He is said to have manifested a talent for poetry when on y six years old. His education was commenced at the gymnasium of his native place, and completed at the academies of Duisbourg and Jena. He was destined for the profession of law, but he wished to become a man of letters ; and there was scarcely any branch of literature which did not in some degree engage his attention. At the age of twenty he was invited to St. Petersburg, by the Prussian ambassador, who was the friend of his father, and who procured him the office of secretary to M. de Bauer, general of engineers. On his death, Kotzebue was nominated by the czarina a counsellor, and placed in a judicial situation at Revel, where, in 1783, he became assessor of the primary tribunal, and at length president of the govern- ment, which post he occupied ten years, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army. Having received his dismission, he retired to an estate which he possessed at some distance from Narva, and consecrated his leisure to the cultivation of dramatic literature. He had previously produced some pieces for the theatre at St. Petersburg, which had contributed to procure him the favour of the empress. In 1792, he was called to the direction of the theatre at Vienna, whither he proceeded ; but after a short time he relinquished his new situation, and went to Weimar. He had resided there three years, when the intreaties of his wife, who was a native of Russia, induced him to return hither ; but he had scarcely arrived on the frontiers of the empire, when he was arrested by order of Paul I., who suspected him to be the author of some revo- lutionary pamphlets, in which he was personally attacked. Kotzebue was transported to Kurgau, in Siberia ; and he published an account of his journey, his residence there, his attempts to escape, and various other adventures, in a very amusing, but apparently not very authentic work, entitled, " The most remark- able Year of my Life." He was, however, soon recalled, and, as he states, well received by the emperor, who confided to his direction the theatre of St. Petersburg. This situation he wished to resign, but could not obtain permission to do so till after the death of Paul I. In April, 1801, Kotzebue set off for Weimar, where he arrived soon after. Some disputes which he had with Goethe and the two Schlegels induced him to remove to Paris, where he experienced the most gratifying attentions from the French literati ; and it is not at all to his credit that he repaid their kindness by the publication of a calumnious work, which he called, " My recollections of Paris." He treated the Italians with equal illiberality in his " Recollections of Rome and of Naples." About the end of 1803, he commenced, in conjunction with M. Merakel, a journal, entitled " Der Freymiithige," — " The Sincere," in which Napoleon Buonaparte was attacked with virulence. Till 1813, Kotzebue continued to be employed on literature and politics ; and to his pen are ascribed many pro- clamations and diplomatic papers issued by the cabinet of St. Petersburg.' He attended the czar in the campaign of 1813, as politicai secretary to the army; and he was afterwards nominated consul-general of Russia at Konigsberg, whence he was called, in 1816, to St. Petersburg, to be attached to the office of foreign affairs. In 1817, the Emperor Alexander authorised him to return to his own country, and appointed him his literary correspondent in Germany, with an allowance of 15,000 roubles, and a com- mission to give an account of the state of public opinion among the people. The manner in which he executed this employment caused his destruction. His calumnious accusations against the students of the German universities having rendered him the general object of their detestation, one of them, a young enthusiast named Sandt, went to Manheim, where Kotzebue resided, and killed him in his own house, by stabbing him with a poignard. Kotzebue is known in England as a dramatist, in consequence of some of his plays having been translated for the British stage. His "Misanthropy and Repentance," the English version of which has received the unmeaning title of "The Stranger," may be considered as a fair specimen of his talents. He affixed his name to more than three hundred dramas ; but many of them were merely retouched by him, having been purchased of their authors, and others are translations.— Bio$. C r ni». Bwg. Now. den Contcmp. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. LANCASTER (Duchy Court of), London, erected 1370 ; made a county Palatine, 1376. LANCASTERIAN Family (The first king of) was Henry IV. LAND let in general for Is. an acre throughout England, 1544. Rental of England, including land, houses, and mines, was computed at six millions, about 1600 ; twelve years' purchase was then the value of land. About 1690, the rental amounted to fourteen millions, and land was worth eighteen years' purchase. It rose to thirty- five years' purchase in 1778, but fell, in 1779, to twenty-four years ; in 1782, to twenty years. LLANDAFF Bishopric, founded about 490; ca- thedral built, 982 ; chancellorship and precentor- ship erected about 1200. LAND-TAX collected very early in tenths, fifteenths, scutages, &,c, 891, but settled as it now stands, 1692 ; established on places, 1760 ; land-tax, in 1733, was only Is. in the pound. LANERCOSTPriory, of the Augustine order, Cum- berland, founded 1169. LANARK Castle, Scotland, founded by Robert Bruce, 1314. LANGUAGES. The first spoken on the earth was He- brew, of which the Chaldee and Syriac are dialects. The original European ones were 13, Greek, Latin, Dutch, Sclavonian spoken in the East, Welsh, Biscayan spoken in Spain, Irish, Albanian in the mountains of Epirus, Tartarian, the old Illyrian, the Jazygian remaining yet in Liburnia, the Chausin in the north of Hungar}', and the Finnic in East Friesland. Arabic is the mother tongue of Africa. From the Latin sprung the Italian, French, and Spanish, and from the Spanish the Portuguese. The Turkish is a dialect to the Tartarian, with a mixture of others. From the High Dutch, or Teutonic, sprung the Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, English, Scotch, Hungarian, Buhemian, Polonian, &c. French is allowed to proceed from the ancient British or Welsh. LANGUARD Fort, Essex, built by James I. LANGUEDOC (Vhe Parliament of) erected by Charles VII., 1441 ; (the canal of) began and finished under Louis XIV. • LANSDOWNE (Marquis of), born about 1737 ; died 1805. LANTERNS, the invention of King Alfred, 890. LANTPHEY Court, Pembrokeshire, built before 1335. LA RAMIE, hanged at Paris, for personating the son of Charles IX., 1596. LAPLAND converted to Christianity, 1160. LATHE (The), for turning, is very ancient; accord- ing to Diodorus Siculus, it was first used by a grandson of Daedalus. Pliny says it was invented by Theodore the Samian. t LATIMER, Bishop of Worcester, burnt at Oxford for heresy, in Queen Mary's time, 1555, aged 85. LATIN ceased to be spoken in Italy, about 581; in France, in the 9th century ; abolished in processes at law, 1731. LATINS (The) reduced to the subjection of the Romans, 339 before Christ. LATIUM (City of), now Romania, built by Latinus, king of the Latins, 904 before Christ. * William Petty, Marquis of Lansdowne, was descended from Sir W. Petty, and was born in 1737. He succeeded to the Irish title of Earl of Shelburne, on the death of his father, in 1761 ; and, in 1763, he obtained | the office of president of the board of trade, which he resigned to join the train of opposition led by Mr. Pitt (Lord Chatham) with whom he returned to office in 1766. When a change of ministry took place in 1768, I he was again displaced, and he continued to be a parliamentary antagonist of ministers till 1782, when he was nominated secretary of state for the foreign department. On the death of the premier, the Marquis of Rockingham, he was succeeded by Lord Shelburne ; but he was soon obliged to give way to the coalition between Lord North and Mr. Fox. In 1784 he became an English peer, by the titles of Marquis of Lans- downe and Earl of Wycombe. He now employed himself in the cultivation of science and literature at Bow- wood, his seat in Wiltshire ; and he collected a valuable library, the MSS. belonging to which were, after his death, purchased for the British Museum. Lord Lansdowne was twice married. By his first wife* the daughter of Earl Granville, who died in 1771, he had a son, who succeeded him, and died without issue. By his second wife, Lady Louisa Fitzpatrick, he became the father of the present Marquis. The subject of | this article was one among the numerous conjectured authors of " Junius's Letters." — British Peerage. t Hugh Latimer, an eminent English prelate and reformer in the sixteenth century/ He was the son of a j respectable yeoman at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire, where he was born about the year 1470. He re- ! ceived his early education at a country school, whence he was removed to Cambridge in his fourteenth ; year. He was brought up a zealous Romanist, but becoming acquainted with Thomas Bilney, at Cambridge, he gradually changed his opinions, and being of an ardent and sincere temper, became equally zealous in promulgating the doctrines of the reformation. He first became openly obnoxious to the enemies of inno- vation, by a series of discourses, in which he dwelt upon the uncertainty of tradition, the vanity of works of supererogation, and the pride and usurpation of the Roman hierarchy. These sermons were warmly attacked by Buckenham, prior of the Black Friars at Cambridge, whose reasoning was assailed with great humour and acuteness by Latimer, who much advanced the Protestant party at Cambridge, of which him- self and Bilney became the leaders. At length the Bishop of Ely interdicted his preaching within the jurisdiction of the university, which order was defeated by the good offices of Dr. Barnes, prior of th« Augustines, who, being friendly to the reformation, boldly licensed Latimer to preach in his chapel, which was exempt from episcopal interference. At length the progress of the new opinions was represented to Cardinal Wolsey, who, at the importunity of Archbishop Warham, created a court of bishops and deacons to put the laws in execution against heretics. Before this court Bilney and Latimer were summoned, and the former, who was deemed the principal, being induced to recant, the whole were set at liberty; and such was the favour extended tc Latimer, that he was licensed by the Bishop of London to preach throughout England. The remorse of Bilney is well known, and the manner in which he disclaimed his abjuration and sought the stake, which martyrdom he finally endured at Norwich. The fate of his friend by no means intimidated Latimer, who had even the courage to write a letter of remonstrance to Henry VIII., on the evil of prohibiting the use the Bible in English. Although this epistle produced no effect, Henry, SO ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. LAUNCESTON Castle, Cornwall, built by the Romans ; town built abcut 900 ; incorporated 1555. LAUREL (The common) with the horse-chesnut, first brought into the low countries from Con- stantinople, as a present from the Imperial am- bassador to Clusius the botanist, who called it Lauro-Cerasus, 1576; it was before called the da-teofTrebisond. LAW (bid ward), Lord Ellenborough, died De- cember 13th, 1818. who loved openness, took it in good part, and presented the writer to the living of West Kington, in Wiltshire. The ascendancy of Anne Boleyn and rise of Thomas Cromwell, proved still more favourable to Latimer; and after encountering much anno3ance from the opposing party cf divines, headed by Warham, Stokesley, and others, from which he was delivered by the king himself, he was, in 1535, ap- pointed Bishop of Worcester. Of the plain dealing of Latimer, the following circumstance is a proof. It was then the custom for bishops to make presents on new-year's-day to the king, and among the rest, Latimer waited at court with his gift, which, instead of a purse of gold, was a New Testament, having the leaf turned down to this passage ; " Whoremongers and adulterers God will judge." Henry was not, how- ever, offended ; and when the sturdy prelate was, some time after, called before him to answer for some passages in a sermon which he had preached at court, he defended himself so honestly that he was dis- missed with a smile. The fall of Anne Boleyn and Cromwell prepared the way for^reat reverses, and the six articles being carried in parliament, Latimer resigned his bishopric, rather than hold any office in a ihurch which enforced such terms of communion, and retired into the country. Here he remained in privacy, until obliged to repair to London for medical advice, in consequence of a hurt received from the falling of a tree. There he was discovered by the emissaries of Gardiner, and imprisoned for the remainder of Henry's reign. On the accession of Edward, he was released, and became highly popular at court by his preaching, during the whole of that short reign ; but never could be induced to resume his episcopal func- tions. Having got rid of all intreaty on this subject, he took up his abode with Archbishop Cranmer at Lambeth, where his chief employment was to hear complaints and procure redress for the poor. Soon after Mary ascended the throne, and in pursuance of the measures taken to re-establish the opinions of the church of Rome, Latimer was cited to appear before the council, in doing which an opportunity was afforded him to quit the kingdom. He, however, prepared himself with alacrity to obey the citation, and as he passed through Smithfield, the courageous old man exclaimed, "This place has long groaned for me." About the same time Cranmer and Bishop Ridley were also committed to the Tower.which became so crowded, that the three prelates were confined in the same room. From the Tower they were conveyed to Oxford, and confined in the common prison, with every circumstance of degradation, preparatory to a mock disputation, in which Latimer behaved with his usual intrepidity and simplicity, refusing to deliver any thing more than a free confession of his opinions. The three prelates, although fully condemned, remained in prison sixteen months, chiefly because the statutes under which they had been tried had been formally repealed. In 1555, however, new and more sanguinary laws having been enacted in support of the Romish religion, a commission was issued by Cardinal Pole, the pope's legate, to try Latimer and Ridley for heresy. Much pains were taken during this second trial to induce them to sign articles of subscription, which they steadfastly refused, and were in consequence delivered over to the secular arm, and condemned to the flames. This sentence was put in execution about a fortnight after their condemnation, on the 16th of October, 1555. At the place of execution, having thrown off the old gown which was wrapped about him, Latimer appeared in a shroud prepared for the purpose, and with his fellow sufferer was fastened to the stake with an iron chain. A faggot, ready kindled, was then placed at Ridley's feet, to whom Latimer exclaimed, " Be of good comfort, master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a candle by God's grace in England, as I trust shall never be put out." He then recommended his soul to God, and with firmness and cpmposure expired amidst the flames. The character of Bishop Latimer is sufficiently obvious from the tenor of his whole life. His talents as a preacher, although adapted for popularity in his own times, in which his simplicity, familiarity, and gibing drollery were highly estimated, will not bear a critical examination in the present day. " His manner of preaching," says Gilpin, " was, however, highly affecting, as he spoke immediately from the heart ; and no man was less influenced, jy sinister motives, or durst with more freedom reprove vice, however dignified by worldly distinctions." A collection of the sermons of Bishop Latimer was first printed in 1570, and they have since been frequently republished. Several of his letters appear in Fox's Acts and Monuments.— Gilpin's Life of Latimer.— Biog. Brit. * Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, fourth son of Edmund Law. He was born at Great Salkeld, in Cumberland, in 1749, and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He obtained a prize medal, given by the Chancellor in 1771 ; and after taking his first degree, became a student of the law at Lincoln's-inn. Having been called to the bar, he travelled the northern circuit ; but he established his reputation as a barrister at the trial of Mr. Hastings, for whom he was leading council. He was raised to the office of attorney-general in 1801 ; and the following year he succeeded to the station of chief justice, on the death of Lord Ken3'on, when he was made a baron. In 1806 he became, not without much constitutional objec- tion, a member of the short-lived cabinet of Mr. Fox and Lord Grenville. He held his post of chief justice till 1818, when he resigned it, and died the same year, leaving a high character for legal abilities, somewhat blemished by warmth of temper.— Ann. Biog. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 81 LAW Burrows, in Scotland, an ancient security to keep the peace. LAWS.— The most ancient Atticklaws, from whence the Roman were afterwards taken, owe tfvir origin to the laws of Moses ; a tribunal of justice first established in the kingdom of Argos, by Phoroneus, son of Inachus, 1808 B.C. The first regular system was established at Athens, by Draco; this was afterwards abolished, and a new one given by Solon. Roman law collected by Theodosius the younger, 438 ; the code completed under Justinian, about 633; the Saxon code by Ina, 709 ; Alfred's body of laws made, 890 , those of Edward the Confessor composed, 1005 ; re- stored to England by Henry I., 1100 ; the Pandect of Justinian found in the ruins of Almalphi, 1137 ; laws digested by Glanville, 1181. LAWYERS excluded parliament in the reign of Henry IV. LAYER (Counsellor) hanged for enlisting men into the Pretender's service, March 17, 1723. LAZARO (Order of St.) instituted, 1119; confirmed, 1255. LAZARUS raised from the dead, 33 ; died December 17th, 63. LE MOTTE (Monsieur), the French spy, hanged at Tyburn, July 27th, 1781. LEADENHALL built as a store-house for the poor, 1446. LEAGUE between the Emperor, Pope, and Ve- netians, against the French, October 4 th, 1511; between the Emperor and Henry VIII. against Francis I., 1521; between the Pope, Emperor, Venetians, &c, against Francis I., 1523 ; between Henry VIII. and Charles V. against Francis I., 1643 ; between the Pope and the Emperor against the Protestants, 1546; between the Pope and France, against the Spaniards, December lDth» 1555; of the beggars (for so were tlv; Protestants called) to oppose the inquisition in Flanders, 1500 ; between Spain, Venice, and the Pope, against the Turks, 1570; of the Huguenots, or French Protes- tants in France, which occasioned a civil war, 1576; between France and England, 16Q3; be- tween the Protestant Princes against the Emperor, 1626; between Spain and Denmark against Sweden, 1637 ; in Scotland, against episcopacy, 1638; between Denmark and Holland, 164!) ; be- tween Venice and Poland, against the Turks, 1684; of Ausburgh against France, June 11th, 1686 ; between Denmark, Poland, and Russia, against Sweden, 1099; between France, Spain, and Portugal, against England, Holland, and Germany, 1701; between the French and the American rebels, October 30th, 1778; between France and Holland against England, 1784. LEAR, King of Britain, began to reign in 900. He built the city of Leicester, where he was buried, 840 B.C., leaving his youngest daughter, Cordelia, queen, who, after reigning five years, being taken prisoner by her sister, slew herself. LEATHER, a duty first laid on it, 1339. LECTISTERNIUM (Feast of) instituted at Rome, 399 years B.C. LEDBURY Hospital, Hereford, founded, 1232 ; re- founded by Queen Elizabeth, 1580. LE DESPENCER (Barony of) created, 1231. * LEE (Nathaniel), a dramatic poet, died, 1691 or 1692, aged 33. LEEDS Castle, founded about 857 ; built 1071 ; re- built in the eleventh century; chartered by Charles I. ; anew by Charles II. t LEE LEWES (Charles), an eminent comic actor, died June 24th, 1803. • Nathaniel Lee, a dramatic poet, was the son of Dr. Lee, rector of Hatfield, Hertfordshire. He was educated at Westminster school under Dr. Busby, whence he was removed to Trinity-college, Cambridge, in 1668, and took the degree of B.A. the same year; but not succeeding to a fellowship, he quitted the university, and came to London, misled, it is said, by the promises of Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. In the metropolis, neglected by his patron, he turned his attention to the drama, and in 1675 produced his tragedy of "Nero," and from that time to 1681, produced a tragedy yearly. He also tried his abilities as an actor, but although a most pathetic and impressive reader of his own compositions, he failed in the other requisites of a performer, and gave up the attempt. The warmth of his feelings, added probably to an hereditary taint of insanity, fostered by dissipated and irregular habits, produced, in 1684, a crisis of that malady, which rendered his confinement necessary, and he was taken intoBethlem hospital. He remained in that receptacle of misery until 1688, when he was discharged, sufficiently cured to write two more tragedies, the " Princess of Cleves," and the " Massacre of Paris," which appeared in 1689 and 1690. He was still, however, liable to fits of frenzy, and was so reduced in circumstances, as to depend for sub- sistence on a weekly allowance of ten shillings from the theatre. He died in 1691 or 1692, in consequence of some injury received in a drunken night frolic, and was buried at St. Clement Danes. He is the author of eleven plays, all of which were acted with applause, and dedicated to the leading noble patrons of the day. | Addison regards the genius of Lee as peculiarly adapted fortragedj', but his natural fire and pathos was i buried in a torrent of words, and clouded by a tendancy to turgid and bombastic eloquence. He never- ' theless possessed a high vein of poetry, and is thought to have represented the passion of love with peculiar force and tenderness. Two of his pieces, "Theodosius, or the Force of Love," and the " Rival Queens," ' have kept possession of the stage. Besides his own eleven tragedies, he wrote " OZdipus and the Duke of Guise," in conjunction with Dryden.— Biog. Dram. Spence's Ancc. I t Charles Lee Lewes, an eminent comic actor, who was the son of a hosier in Bond-street, and was ' employed as a letter-carrier by the post office. He at length joined a company of strolling players, and after the usual vicissitudes of an itinerant life, he obtained an engagement at Covent-garden. He first appeared as a harlequin, but afterwards attempted higher characters ; and on the death of Woodward, in 1776, he became one of the principal comedians of the company. In 1783, he left Covent-garden for Drury- j lane, where, however, his stay was of short duration. He then travelled, and delivered G. A. Stevens's l lecture on heads ; after which he went to the East Indies, and on his return visited Scotland, and in 1792 ' and 1793 was at Dublin, where he was a favourite performer. The latter pan of his life was spent in em- i barrassed circumstances, and it was terminated on the 24th of June, 1803, on the morning of which day he • was found dead in his bed. He was buried at Pentonville, near London. In 1805 was published an amusing miscellany, entitled " Memoirs of C. Lee Lewes," 4 vols. 12mo. written by himself. — Thesp. Die. I Bioy. Utiv- M 82 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. LEES Priorv, Essex, built, 130G. LEFEBVRE (Joseph Francis), Duke of Dantzic, was born in 1753, in Alsace; entered the army in early life, and was first a sergeant at the beginning of the revolution; he became a general in 1794; distinguished himself greatly in all the campaigns down to 1S14, particularly at Jena, Eylau, Wagram, and Dantzic, and died at Paris on the 14th of December, 1S20. LEIBURN Castle, Kent, built about 1190, LEICESTER, built by Lear ; abbey (Augustines), built, 1143; town incorporated by King John: walls demolished, 1662. * LELAND (John), antiquary, died, 1552. t LELAND (Dr. John), the historian, died, Jan. 16th. 1766. TLELY (Sir Peter), historical and portrait painter, died, 1680. * John Leland, a noted English antiquary, born in London about the end of the reign of Henry VII. He was educated at St. Paul's school, and Christ's-college, Cambridge, whence he removed to- Oxford, and then to Paris for farther improvement. Returning home he took holy orders, and obtained a rectory in the marches of Calais. Henry VIII. made him his chaplain and librarian, and gave him the singular title of royal antiquary. In 1533, he was empowered, by a commission under the great seal, to search for objects of antiquity in the archives and libraries of all cathedrals, abbeys, priories, &c. ; in consequence of which, he spent six years in travelling over the kingdom, visiting the remains of ancient buildings and monuments, and collecting materials for the illustration of the history and archaeology of England and Wales. At the dissolution of monasteries, he endeavoured to prevent the destruction of MSS., by proposing their being conveyed to the king's library ; but his recommendation was neglected. Several benefices were conferred on him, among which were a canonry at King's-college, now Christ-church, Oxford ; and a prebend at Salis- bury. He retired to his house in London, to arrange and methodize the stores of intelligence which he had col- lected ; but the fatigue arising from intense study, or some other cause, rendered him insane, and he died about two years after. Leland published several elegant Latin poems, and some archseological tracts ; and he composed a work, entitled, " Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis," published at Oxford, in 2 vols. 8vo. in 1709 ; but the great bulk of his collections, after passing through various hands, was placed in the Bodleian library, in an indigested state. Camden, Burton, and other antiquaries availed themselves of his labours, and at length Hearne printed a considerable part of his papers, forming " The Itinerary of John Leland," 9 vols. 8vo. ; and"Lelandi Antiquarii de Rebus Britannicis Commentaria," 6 vols. 8vo.— Biog. Brit. Be.rkenhout. Aikin. t John Leland, a learned English dissenting divine, was born at Wigan, in Lancashire, in 1691. "When- very young, his family removed to Dublin, where he was privately educated for the ministry, and in 1716 he became joint pastor of a dissenting congregation in tha capital, with Mr. Weld. In 1733, he first com- menced author, by publishing an answer to " Christianity as old as the Creation;" and he engaged in a controversy with Dr. Morgan, against whom he wrote " The Divine Authority of the Old and New Testa- ment asserted." To this work he subsequently added a second volume. These publications produced him much attention, both from the friends of the establishment and the dissenters, and in 1739 he was favoured with the degree of DD. by the university of Aberdeen. In 1742, he published a reply to the celebrated pamphlet, entitled, " Christianity not founded on Argument;" and, in 1753, appeared his "Reflections on the late Lord Boiingbroke's Letters on the Study and Use of History." He next engaged in a summary review of the most noted books which had been published against revealed religion, which, in 1754, he committed to the press, under the title of " A View of the principal Deistical Writers that have appeared in England in the last and present Century," 8vo. To this work he also added a second volume, in which a more particular attention is paid to the works of Hume and Bolingbroke ; and as his reflections on Lord Boiingbroke's letters bore a close affinity to his labours in his " View," he was induced to include it with other matter in a third volume, in a new edition of the whole. He next completed, in two volumes, 4to, a a work, entitled, " The Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Revelation," which has since been reprinted in two volumes, 8vo. Dr. Leland died in his seventy-fifth year, highly respected for his learning and abilities. After his death his sermons were published in 4 vols. 8vo. Dr. Leland's " View of the Deistical Writers," was republished, in 1798, by Dr. W. L. Brown, of "the Marischal-college, Aberdeen, who added thereto, " A View of the present Times, in relation to Religion and Morals, and other important Subjects."— Weld's Preface to Funeral Sermon. British Biog. vol. x. I Sir Peter Lely, a celebrated portrait painter, was born at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617. His father, whose family name was Vander Vaas, a native of Holland, was a captain in the garrison of that town, but having acquired the nick-name of Captain le Lys or Lely, his son obtained it as a proper name. He was first instructed by Peter Grebber, at Haerlem, and having attained considerable skill, attracted by the encouragement afforded to the arts by Charles I., he came over to England in 1641, and commenced portrait painter. He finished portraits both of that monarch and of Cromwell ; but it was not until the restoration that he rose to the height of his fame and prosperity. He fell in with the voluptuous taste of the new court, in his representation of the beauties who adorned it, and by the delicacy and grace of his pencil, became the favourite lady's painter. He has transmitted the features of most of the beauties of the court of Charles II.; and is particularly admired for the grace and air of his heads, and the elegant disposal of his fancy draperies; but fell short of his model, Vandyke, in taste and expression. He was in great favour with Charles II., who made him his principal painter, and honoured him with knighthood. He married an English lady of beauty and family, and acquired considerable wealth, part of which he expended in 3ol- ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. I I LENT (The fast of), instituted 140 ; first established here in Kent, bv Ercombert, C40. "LET US PRAY," a form used by the Heathen Greeks, prior to their worship at sacrifice. LEOMINSTER, Herefordshire, chartered by Queen Mary. LESBOS (The isle of) began to be peopled about 1045 B.C. LESKARD, Cornwall, incorporated, 1580. LOSTWITI1IEL, Cornwall, incorporated by the 33d Edward I. LETTERS invented by Memnon the Egyptian, 1822; first brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia to Greece, and afterwards introduced among the savages of Europe, about 1500 B.C. ; carried by the Europeans to America about 1500. ; LETTERS of Slanes are a discharge in old Scots law given to a murderer, by the relations of the ! person murdered, on paying a certain fine. ■ LEVANT Trade commenced, 1511; soon dwindled, I but revived, 1610. ■ LEVEL (The Carpenter's) invented by Theodore the Samian, in the time of the Greeks. LEVELLERS in London restrained, 1643. LLEWELLIN, the last prince of the Welsh, de- I feated and slain by the English, and his head put on the Tower of London, 1284. LAWES Priory (CI uniac monks) founded, and castle i built, 1078; archdeaconry erected, 1180. LIBRARY, first public one founded at Athens, by Hipparchus, 526 B.C. ; first private library, the property of Aristotle, 334 B.C. ; first large one at Rome, built by Theophrastus ; Alexandrian, founded 283, consisting of 400,000 valuable books, burnt 47 B.C. ; again, consisting of 700,000 volumes, 1 642 ; the Vatican at Rome, founded 1446. LICENCES first enjoined to dealers in exciseable goods, 1784. LICINIAN Law proposed in Rome, 376, passed 367, B.C. LIE (The great affront of giving the), arose from the word •* Thou liest," in the oath taken by the de- fendant injudicial combats before engaging, when charged with any crime by the plaintiff; and Francis I. of France, to make current his giving the lie to the Emperor, first stamped it with infamy, by saying in a solemn assembly, that" he was no honest man that would bear the lie." LIEGE (Revolution of), 1789. LIGHT and Colours (Theory of), given by Si Isaac Newton, 1666. LIGHTHOUSES were first raised, 1757. LIGHTNING &c. so dreadful as to throw down several churches, February, 1222. It thundered fifteen days together, with rain and floods that destroyed the fruits of the earth, 1233. As the king and queen were talking together in their bedchamber, a flash of lightning passed by them, and killed two of their servants who were waiting on them, but did them no hurt, 1285. Destroyed many men and beasts, and burnt many houses, &c., 1360. St. Paul s steeple, and that of Waltham- cross, were fired by lightning, Candlemas-dav , 1443. LIGHTS in churches first introduced in day- time, about 50. The original institution was at the religious assemblies of Christians to avoid the scandal occasioned by their meeting in the dark, at night, during the times of persecution. LIGHTS of the Zodiac, first observed by an English- man, 1649. LILLO (George), dramatic writer, born 1693 ; died September 2d, 1778. LIMA founded by Pizarro, 1535. LINCLUDEN Abbey, Scotland, founded in the reign of Malcolm IV., who died 1165. LINCOLN'S Inn-square inclosed with rails, 1737. LINCOLN, once a Roman colony; castle built by the Romans; cathedral built, 1070; bishopric formed by uniting Sidnachester and Dorchester, 1086; deanery, archdeaconry, chancellorship, and precentorship erected, 1092 ; sub-deanery, ditto, 1140; city burnt, 1123; Newport-gate a Roman building. LINCOLN College, Oxford, founded by the Bishop of Lincoln, 1427 (Twelve fellows). LINCOLN'S Inn, London, the palace of the Bishop of Chichester, about 1226; converted into an inn about 1310. LINDISFARNE Monastery, Northumberland, founded before 651; present one built, 1104. It was formerly a bishop's see, till removed to Chester. LINDESAY (Sir James) executed for murdering Roger de Kirkpatrick at Carlaverock-castle, June, 1357. * LINLEY (Thomas) an eminent musician, died, 1795. lecting a gallery of pictures, which sold at his death for £26,000. He was seized, in 1680, with an apopletic j fit, while painting tho Duchess of Somerset, and died at the age of sixty-three. The " Beauties " at j Windsor-castle, by the pencil of Lely, are much admired.— Walpole's Ancc. Biog. Brit. Bryan's Diet. I ' of Paint, and Eng. * Thomas Linley. There were two distinguished English musicians of this name, father and 6on. The elder Linley received his musical education under Chillcott, the organist of the abbey church at Bath, and completed it under Signor Paradies, an eminent composer of Venice. In the city already mentioned he continued to reside for many years, conducting the oratorios and concerts performed there ; and to his taste and exertions, while acting in that situation, may be mainly attributed the renewed popularity of the works of Handel. As his family grew up around him, several of its members displayed great musical talent, especially his two eldest daughters, one of whom became the object of a most romantic attachment to, and subsequently married, the celebrated Richard Brinsley Sheridan, whose duels with Captain Mathews respecting her, excited so great a sensation in their day. The second, Mary, was afterwards Mrs. Tickell. On Sheridan's completing the purchase of Drury lane theatre, his father-in-law became joint-patentee with him, and coming to London, took an active part in the management of the concern, the musical depart- ment of which he conducted for many years. During this period, he composed the airs to numerous operas and minor musical pieces, having previously, in conjunction with his son, Thomas, arranged those of the " Duenna" for Coven^garden. The untimely death of this son, the eldest of his boys, who, after displaying extraordinary powers as a musician during the whole of his short, but brilliant career, was unfortunately drowned at the age of twenty-two, was a severe blow to his father. The melancholy circumstance alluded to, took place on the 7th of August, 1778, while on a visit with his sisters at Grims- thorpe in Lincolnshire, the seat of the Duke of Ancaster. In company with three other young men of his own age, he had embarked on board a pleasure-boat in the canal, which being, through some mismanage* ment, overs? t, Linley, though an excellent swimmer, sank in his endeavours to reach the shore, while th« 84 ALI'IIABMTICAL CHRONOLOGY. LINEN first made in England, by Flemish weavers, 1253. Diodorus Siculus relates that very line cloth was made in Malta, before 21 ; till 1253, woollen shirts were worn, as now by the mountaineers in Males; linen weavers (a company of), from 'the Netherlands, established in London, 1386 ; staining of linen first known here, 1597; linen trade, Ireland, began by Lord Wentworth, 1634 ; British linen company erected, 1746; fine linen made in Ire- land from netties, 1755. LISBON (Portugal) made a free port by John II. custom-house burnt, May 31st, 1766. LITANIES first used in churches, 443 ; the first in England, 1343. LITCHFIELD bishopric founded by Oswy, King of Mercia, 656 ; united with Coventry, 1086 ; pre- centorship erected,1130 ; treasurership and deanery, ditto, 1140; chancellorship, ditto, 1222; cathe- dral built, 667 ; rebuilt, 1148. LITERARY property (Statute in favour of), passed, 1710; adjudged not perpetual, 1774. LITERATURE was so little known from the 9th to almost the 14th century, that few men of eminence in the church and state could either read or write. * LITHGOW (William), a Scottish traveller died, 1640. t LITTLETON (Sir Thomas), died, 1481. LITURGY first read in Scotland, July 23d, 1637. LIVERIES originated in our British ancestors clothing their vassals in uniform, to distinguish families; as they painted arms and symbols in their clothes and armour for the same purpose. LIVERPOOL Castle built, and town chartered by King John. LIVERPOOL (Lord) born, 1770; died December 4th, 1828. LIVONIA' converted to Christianity, 1186; ceded to Poland, 1561. LLANSTEPHEN Castle, Carmarthenshire, built, 1138. LOADSTONE, its attractive virtues, according to Pliny, were known to the ancients ; but its incli- ' nation to the poles was not then discovered; it ! was however known before 1180. T LOCKE (John), an eminent philosopher, died ! October 28th, 1704. LOCUSTS (Swarms of) settled on the ground about ! London, and consumed the vegetables, 1748. ' others s^ved themselves by clinging to the keel. A brain-fever seized his father on the communication of ; the intelligence, from which, though he slowly recovered to a certain extent, yet he never again attained | his former health. He survived the defeat of his fondest hopes, however, till the year 1795, when he died 1 in Southampton-street, Covent-garden. His remains were conveyed to "Wells cathedral for interment, j where they were deposited in the same vault with his daughters, Mrs. Sheridan and Mrs. Tickell, both of ' whom had also preceded him to the grave. There are few compositions in English music which surpass J those of Linley in simplicity of construction, combined with pathos, spirit, and originality. His celebrated 1 madrigal to Cowley's words — " Let me careless and unthoughtful lying," still annually performed at the | ancient concerts, is especially considered a fine specimen of that species of composition. A handsome | monument has been erected near the place of their burial, to the memory of himself and daughters, by a ' surviving member of the family.— Blog. Diet, of Mus. * William Lithgow, a Scottish traveller, who in the early part of the 17th century proceeded on foot ' through various countries in Europe, Asia, and America, over a distance, according to his own asseverations, of more than thirty-six thousand miles. In the course of these pedestrian excursions, he met with many strange adventures, and underwent many hardships, the most serious of which was his falling, during his journey through Spain, into the hands of the inquisition at Malaga. On this occasion he underwent the ' torture, both ordinary and extraordinary ; and though he afterwards succeeded in reaching England, he j was so much crippled by the injuries he had received, as to be forced to be carried to court in a litter, ; when he went there for the purpose of presenting his book to James 1. A squabble with the ambassador i Gondemar afterwards caused him nearly a year's confinement in the Marshalsea prison. The original ! account of his wanderings is now difficult to be met with, as is also his account of the siege of Breda ; but the leading incidents of the former are to be found in the Phoenix Britannicus. — Granger. t Thomas Littleton or Lyttleton, a celebrated English judge and law authority. He was the eldest son of Thomas Westcote, of the county of Devon, Esq., by Elizabeth, daughter and sole heir of Thomas Littleton of Frankley in Worcestershire, in compliance with whose will the eldest son of the marriage took ; the surname and arms of Littleton. He was born at the beginning of the 15th century at Frankley, and having been educated at one of the universities, he was removed to the Inner Temple, where he studied the law, and became very eminent in his profession. He first distinguished himself by his learned lectures on the statute of Westminster, "De donis conditionalibus," and was afterwards made, by Henry VI. judge of the Marshalsea court, and king's serjeant. In 1455 he went the northern circuit as judge of assize, and was continued in the same post by Edward IV. who also, in 1466, appointed him one of the judges of the common pleas. In 1475 he was created, among others, a knight of the bath, and continued to enjoy the esteem of his sovereign and the nation until his death, at an advanced age, in 1481. The memory of Judge Littleton is preserved by his work on "Tenures," which has passed through a very great number of editions ; those from 1539 to 1639 alone amounting to twenty-four. This work is esteemed the principal authority for the law of real property in this kingdom, while the " Commentary " of Sir E. Coke is deemed the repository of all his learning on the subjects therein treated. Of this work a republication took place in 1788, enriched with the annotations of Sir M. Hale and Lord Chancellor Nottingham, and greatly improved by the learning and industry of Mr. Hargrave and Mr. Butler. — Biog. Brit. Reeve's Hist, of English Law. I John Locke, one of the most eminent philosophers and valuable writers of his age and country, was born at Wrington in Somersetshire, on the 29th of August, 1632. His father, who had been bred to the law, acted in the capacity of steward, or court keeper to Colonel Alexander Popham, by whose interest, on the ' ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 85 breaking out of the civil war, he became a captain In the service of pari lament; Themibject of this ait/r|e was sent at a proper age to Westminster school, whence he was elected in 1651 tu Christ-church College, Oxford. Here he much distinguished himself for his application and prolific. icy ; and having tak'-n the degree of 13. A. in 1(555, and of M.A. in 1058, he applied himself to the study of physic. In the yeai 168 I, he accepted of an offer to go abroad, in the capacity of a secretary to Sir William Swan, appointed envoy from Charles II. to the elector of Brandenburg, and other German princes; but he returned in the course of a year, and resumed his studies with renewed ardour. In 1666 he was introduced to Lord Ashley, afterwards the celebrated political Karl of Shaftesbury, to whom he became essentially serviceable in his medical capacity ; and who was led to form so high an opinion of his general powers, that he prevailed upon him to take up his residence in his house, and urged him to apply his studies to politics and philosophy. By his acquaintance with this nobleman, Mr. Locke was introduced to the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of Halifax, and others of the most eminent persons of their day. In 1668, at the request of the Earl and Countess of Northumberland, he accompanied them in a tour to France ; and, on his return, was employed by Lord Ashley, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, in drawing up the fundamental constitutions of the American state of Carolina. He also inspected the education of that nobleman's son, and was much consulted on the marriage of the latter, the eldest son, by which was the celebrated author of " The Characteristics, ' In 1670 he began to form the plan of his essay on the human understanding ; and about the same time was made a fellow of the royal society. In 1672 Lord Ashley, having been created Earl of Shaftesbury, and raised to the dignity of chancellor, he appointed Mr. Locke to the office of secretary of presentations, which however, he lost the following year, when the earl was obliged to resign the seals. Being still president of the board of trade, that nobl man then made Mr. Locke secretary to the same ; but the commission being dissolved in 1674, he lost that appointment also. In the following year he graduated as a bachelor of pin sic, and being apprehensive of a consumption, travelled into France, and resided some time at Montpelier. In 1679 he returned to England, at the request of the Earl of Shaftesbury, then again restored to power ; and in 1682, when that nobleman was obliged to retire to Holland, he accompanied him in his exile. On the death of his patron in that country, aware how much he was disliked by the predominant arbitary faction at home, he chose to remain abroad ; and was in consequence accused of being the author of certain tracts against the English government ; and, although these were afterwards discovered to be the work of ^another person, he was arbitrarily ejected from his studentship of Christ-church, by the king's command. Thus assailed, he continued abroad, nobly refusing to accept a pardon, which the celebrated William Penn undertook to procure for him, expressing himself like the chancellor L'Hospital, in similar circumstances, ignorant of the crimes of which he had been declared guilty. In 1685, when Monmouth undertook his ill-concerted enterprize, the English envoy at the Hague demanded the person of Mr. Locke, and several others, which demand obliged him to conceal himself for nearly a year ; but in 1686 he again appeared in public, and formed a literary society at Amsterdam, in conjunction with Limborch, Le Clerc, and others. During the time of his concealment, he also wrote his first "Letter concerning Toleration," which was printed at Gouda, in 1689, under the title of " Epistola de Tolerantia," and was rapidly translated into Dutch, French, and English. At the revolution, this eminent person returned to England in the fleet which conveyed the Princess of Orange, and being deemed a sufferer for the principles on which it was established, he was made a commissioner of appeals, and was soon after gratified by the establishment of toleration by law. In 1690 he published his celebrated "Essay concerning Human Understanding," which was instantly attacked by various writers among the oracles of learning, most of whose names are now forgotten. It was even proposed, at a meeting of the heads of houses of the university of Oxford, to formally censure and discourage it ; but nothing was finally resolved upon, but that each master should endeavour to prevent its being read in his college. Neither this, however, nor any other opposition availed ; the reputa- tion, both of the work and of the author, increased throughout Europe ; and besides being translated into French and Latin, it had reached a fourth English edition in 1700. In 1690, Mr. Locke published his second " Letter on Toleration ; " and in the same year appeared his two " Treatises on Government," in oppo- sition to the principles of Sir Robert Filmer, and of the whole passive obedient school. He next wrote a pamphlet, entitled, " Some Considerations of the Consequences of lowering the Interest and Value of Money, " 1691, 8vo., which was followed by other smaller pieces on the same subject. In 1692, he published a third " Letter on Toleration ; " and the following year his " Thoughts concerning Education." In 1695 he was (made a commissioner of trade and plantations, and in the same year published his " Reasonableness of Christianity, as delivered in the Scriptures;" which being warmly attacked by Dr. Edwards, in his " Socinianism Unmasked," Mr. Locke followed with a first and second "Vindication," in which he defended himself with great mastery. The use made by Toland, and other latitudinarian writers, cf th> premises laid down in the " Essay on the Human Understanding, " at length produced an opponent in the ce- lebrated Bishop Stillingfleet, who, in his " Defence of the Doctrines of the Trinity," censured some passage- in Mr. Locke's essay ; and a controversy arose, in which the great reading and proficiency in ecclesiastic;!' antiquities of the prelate, necessarily yielded in an argumentative contest to the reasoning powers of ti>- philosopher. With>his publications in this controversy, which were distinguished by peculiar mildness an urbanity, Mr. Locke retired from the press, and his asthmatic complaint increasing, with the rertitudi which distinguished the whole of his conduct, he resigned his post of commissioner of trade and plantations 8fi ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. LOGARITHMS, fur the use of seamen, invented by baron Napier, a Scotchman, 1614. LOGWOOD cultivated in Carolina, 1732. LOLLARDS (a term of reproach equal to that of fanatics) were those who dissented from the church of England, before she renounced popery. They sprung From William Lollard, who began to propagate his opinions, 1315, and was burnt at Cologne, 1351 ; and after his death the disciples of Wickliffe were called Lollards; prescribed by parliament, 1400; greatty multiplied in England, 1109; many Lollards executed about 1414. LOMBARDY (Kingdom of) began, 573. The Lombards were a detachment of Alcmans from Brandenburg invited into Italy by Justinian, to serve against the Goths. As a reward for their services, the emperor gave them part of Upper Pannonia, now a part of Lower Austria, 548; from whence they passed into Italy, and their chief was proclaimed king by his army at Milan, 570; besieged Rome, 595. This kingdom made considerable conquests till 771, when Desiderius, their last king, was taken by Charlemagne, and their territories annexed to the German empire ; some of the Lombards afterwards inhabited Italy, formed themselves into societies, and companies of them settled in every kingdom ; they became the carriers and bankers of Europe ; one of these com- panies settled in Lombard -street, London. LONDON first founded by Brute, a lineal descen- dant of iEneas, 1150 B.C. and called Troynovant ; afterwards called Lundain from Llan Dian, the temple of Diana ; it was called Caer Lud, in the reign of King Lud, Augusta, in Julias Caesar's time, and founded by the Romans, 49; it went by ths name of Londonceaster in the time of the Sax ,ns, and Camera Regia in that of William the Con- queror; made a bishopric in 653, though others say it was in the time of Constantine the Great, for that the Bishop of London was at the council of Aries in 314 ; deanery erected before the conquest ; archdeaconry before 1136; chancellorship, 1150, treasurership, 1160; precentorship, 1203; city repaired by Alfred, 885 ; burnt to the ground about 912 ; "nearly destroyed by lire, 1077 ; charter first granted 1079; burnt again, 1130; the chief magistrate in William I time was called Port- reeve, a title first given in the time of the Saxons. 654; Richard I. ordained two bailiffs, but King John changed them into a mayor ; obtained their first free charter for electing their own magistrates. 1208; common hunt lirst appointed 1226; alder- men first appointed 1 242 ; most of the houses were thatched, 1246; John Norman, the first mayor sworn at Westminster, 1250; juses built with wood, 1300; no mace carried before the mayor till 1338 ; privileges of the city taken away, but restored on submission, 1386 ; aldermen elected annually, till 1394; charter declared forfeited, 1683; taken away, 1688; given.again, 1689, lord- mayor not a freeman of one of the twelve compa- nies, 1742; gates taken down, 1760; common council ordered to wear blue silk gowns at court, September 14th, 1761 ; discontinued the practice, 1775 ; streets new paved and signs removed, 1764 ; Newgate taken down, 1776 ; city remonstrated on the king's paying no attention to their petition for a redress of grievances, and was censured, 1770. although King William was very unwilling to receive it, observing, that he could not in conscience hold a situation to which a considerable salary was attached; without performing the duties of it. From this time he lived wholly in retirement, where he applied himself to the study of Scripture ; while the sufferings incidental to his disorders were materially alleviated by the kind attentions and agreeable conversation of Lady Masham, who was the daughter of the leader Dr. Cudworth, and for many years his intimate friend. Mr. Locke existed nearly two years in a very declining state, and at length expired in a manner correspon- dent with his great piety, equanimity, and rectitude, on the 28th of October, 1704. He was buried at Oates, where there is a neat monument erected to his memory, with a modest Latin inscription indited by himself. The moral, social, and political character of this eminent and valuable man, is sufficiently illustrated by the foregoing brief account ot his life and labours, and the effect of his writings upon the opinfms, and even fortunes of mankind, will form the most forcible eulogium on his mental superiority. Of his " Essay on the Human Understanding," it maybe said, that no book of the metaphysical class has ever been more generally read ; or, looking to its overthrow of the doctrine of innate ideas, none has produced greater consequences. In the opinion of Dr. Reed, he gave the first example in the English language of writing on abstract subjects with simplicity and perspicuity. No author has more successfully pointed out the danger of ambiguous words, and of having distinct notions on subjects of judgment and reasoning; while his observations on the various powers of the human understanding, on the use and abuse of words, and on the extent and limits of human knowledge, are drawn from an attentive reflection on the operations of his own mind, the only source of genuine knowledge on those subjects. Several topics, no doubt, are introduced into this celebrated production, which do not strictly belong to it, and some of its opinions have been justly controverted. In some instances, too, its author is verbose, and wanting in his characteristic perspicuity ; but with all these exceptions, and even amidst the improvements in metaphysical studies, to which this work itself was mainly conduced, it will ever prove a valuable guide in the acquirement of the science of the human mind. His next great work, his " Two Treatises on Government," although necessarily opposed by the theorists of divine right and passive obedience, and by writers of jacobitical tendencies, essentially espouses the principles which, by placing the House of Brunswick on the throne of Great Britain, may be deemed the constitutional doctrine of the country ; and, as such, it as been ably and unanswerably defended. Besides the works already mentioned, Mr. Locke left several MSS. behind him, from which his executors, Sir Peter King and Mr. Anthony Collins, published in 1706, his paraphrase and notes upon St. Paul's Epistles to the Galatians, Corinthians, Romans, and Ephesians, with an essay prefixed for the under- standing of St. Paul's Epistles, by a reference to St. Paul himself. In 1706 the same parties published, "Posthumous Works of Mr. Locke," Svo., comprising a treatise "On the Conduct of the Under- standing;" "An Examination of Malebranche's Opinion of seeing all Things in God," &c.f but all his works have been collected together, and frequently printed in three volumes folio and four volumes quarto.— Biog. Brit. Life prefixed to Works. Towersh Vindication. Enfield's Hist, of Philos. Aikin's G. liiog. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. *7 LONDON-BRIDGE built of timber, In the reign of Ethelred between 993 and 1016 ; built new with timber, 11(35 ; finished with stone, after thirty-three years labour, 1209 ; houses took fire at both ends, the people thinking to suppress it, were hemmed in, and leaping over into boats and barges, several sunk, and 300 persons were drowned, 1214 ; its waterworks invented and begun, 1582; a great fire on it, February 11th, 1632 ; houses taken down, 1756 ; temporary bridge burnt, April 11th, 1758 ; toll discontinued, March 25th, 1782. LONDON-STONE, Cannon-street, first placed there by the Romans, fifteen vears B.C. LONDONDERRY, 210,000 acres there granted to the citv of London, 1610 ; town besieged, April 20th, 1689. LONGBEARD, William Fitz-Osborn, a lawyer, so called, hanged at Tyburn, for stirring up the peo- ple to sedition, after 1197. This was the first instance of the people rising in defence of their liberties, independent of the barons and the clergy. LONGITUDE. Harrison's time-keeper invented, 1763 ; Le Roi, of Paris, invented a watch that keeps time better, 1776. LOOM Engine (The Dutch weavers') was brought into use here, from Holland, about 1676. LORD High Steward, the first appointed for a cor- ronation, was Thomas, second son of Henry IV. ; the first for a trial of a peer, was Edward, Earl of Devon, on the arraignment of John, Earl of Hun- tingdon, in the same reign. LORD Lieutenants of counties instituted, July 24th, 1549. LORD Mayor's Show, London, the first, 1453. LORD Steward of the Household, so called since 1540 ; before, he was styled Grand Master of the Household. LORRAINE, given by the emperor Lotharius, to his second son, as an independent duchy, about 851 ; it continued under its princes till 1670, when it was seized by Louis XIV. of France, and an- nexed to that crown, though the empty title is retained by another. LOTHIAN, Scots Marquisate, created, 1701 LOTTERIES (Public) first established in England, 1569. LOUIS XV. King of France stabbed by Damien, but not mortally, January 5th, 1757 ; but being at- tacked by the small-pox, he died unlamented on the 10th of May, 1774, in the 65th year of his age, and 60th of his reign. * LOUIS XVI. King of France, born August, 1754. * Louis XVI., King of France, grandson of Louis XV., and son of the Dauphin Louis, and Maria Josepha ofSaxon}'. His father, a prince of much strictness of character, carefully superintended thaeducation of his three sons, the youngest of whom was the late King of France, and placed them under preceptors, who paid a guarded attention to their morals. Their care in this respect perfectly succeeded with Louis the eldest, who, without displaying any brilliancy of parts, was humane, averse to flattery, simple in his tastes, and fond of retirement. He was married in 1770 to Maria Antoinette of Austria, daughter of the Empress MariaTheresa, and sister to the Emperor Joseph II., and ascended the throne in May 1774, being then in his ! i twentieth year. His first prime minister was M. de Maurepas, who had occupied the same station in the late reign, but who had been exiled. By the influence of this statesman, the ancient parliaments were I restored, which was a popular measure, but too late and insufficient to materially ingratiate the public It was the lot of Louis XVI., like Charles I., to come to the crown when great changes were taking place in the minds of men ; and while the despotism and extravagance of the last two reigns had operated to open the eyes of the people to the evil of arbitrary sway, a set of able and eloquent writers rose up, who, by the ' united powers of argument and ridicule, exposed all the weaknesses of ancient institutions, and endeavoured i to re-model the whole fabric of public opinion. The finances were also in a state of great derangement ; and although Louis himself was very moderate in his expenses, his economical plans were all thwarted by the profusion of his consort and the princes of the blood. A suspicion of bias on the part of the queen, in ; favour of her own fatuity, was also prevalent, while the mixture of haughtiness and levity in her character, ! and her imprudences of conduct, deprived her of the esteem and affection of all but the few courtiers who profited by her failings. The situation of France in the quarrel between Great Britain and her revolted colonies, unfortunately for Louis, also afforded a temptation for interference, too accordant with the standard policy of France, to be neglected by his then minister, the Count de Vergennes, who, supported by the i queen's party, prevailed against the king's opinion not to show any partiality to the colonies. The com- 1 plaints of England at this conduct being disregarded, open war took place in 1778; and although France and her allies succeeded in detaching America from the British crown, that event, and the manner in which it was brought about, evidently hastened the revolution. Previously to affairs reaching this crisis, various ministries were employed, some of which had enlarged views, although little in accordance with the anomalous state of the country, until at length the finances were entrusted to the famous Necker, whose dismissal, in 1781, in consequence of the enmity which his economical plans excited in the courtiers and the queen, made room for the appointment of M. de Calonne. By some specious operations, this last minister restored an apparent prosperity for a short time, and gave free vent to the profusion of the court ; but the result, at no distant period, was a derangement of the finances to so alarming an extent, that it was necessary to lay the state of affairs before a national assembly. An inferior kind of body to the States- General, termed the Notables, selected by the king's nomination, from the different orders of the state, was collected for this purpose, to whom the enormous deficit, which had hitherto been kept secret, was disclosed. Extensive taxation was proposed to make good the deficiency, which the parliament of Paris refusing to register, it was banished, together with the Duke of Orleans, who, under the mask of patriotism, was endeavouring to work the ruin of the king. After various abortive expedients, Necker was recalled, and the dreaded alternative of an assembly of the States-General resorted to, which critical measure took place in May, 1789. As it is simply intended in this article to touch upon a few points of this eventful crisis, which exhibit the course of events which led to the destruction of the king, it is not necessary to dwell upon the proceedings which terminated in the Commons declaring themselves "The National 88 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. Assembly." During these vioient contests, n»e hn.^ fluctuated between opposite counsels, until at length perceiving the obvious tendency of the measures pursued to the subversion of monarchical power, and being urged by the queen and the princes of the blood, he was induced to give orders for assembling the troops round the capital, and for the dismissal and exile of Necker. Paris burst into a flame on this event, commotions took place, in which the soldiers refused to act against the citizens ; the Bastile was attacked and taken, and resistance being in vain, the king recalled Necker. Schemes for a new constitution, and new measures of finance, were then discussed with tolerable composure, until a scarcity of provisions following, the people were roused into fur}', and a dreadful insurrection took place, in which a numerous armed mob marched to Versailles, broke into the palace, massacred some of the guards, and compelled the king, queen, and family to accompany them to Paris. A great emigration of the most zealous friends of royalty now took place, and the endeavours of these partizans to produce hostile interference from without, only served to hasten the destruction of the king and his queen. The National Assembly, in the mean time, formed a new constitution on the basis of limited monarchy, which the king solemnly swore to observe, but the increasing emigration of the clergy, nobles, and members of the royal family, while troops were collected, and openly formed into an army on the frontiers, naturally awakened public suspicion, and popular ferments took place both in the capital and the provinces. These suspicions Louis endeavoured to allay, by formally announcing to foreign courts his acceptance of the constitution; but his character for sincerity received an indelible stain by his attempt to escape in June, 1791. This step, when the royal party were stopped on the frontiers, and brought back prisoners to Paris, he endeavoured to defend, on the ground of the danger and insults to which himself, and still more the queen, was exposed from the Parisian mob ; but as his flight was at the same time evidently connected with the plans of the Emperor Leopold and the emigrants, the confidence of the people could never be restored. In the mean time the National Assembly proceeded to complete their labours, and in September 1791, presented to the king the con- stitutional act, which he solemnly accepted, and swore to maintain inviolable. They soon after dissolved themselves, and were succeeded by a legislative assembly, appointed by internal election. The schemes of in- terposition and conquest becoming still more and more obvious, in the following April war was declared against the emperor, and a decree passed tne convention, or orming a camp of twenty thousand men round Paris. This last measure the king, who regarded it as intended to overawe the moderate party, and strengthen the jacobins, refused to sanction, as he likewise did a severe decree against the refractory clergy. He also dismissed some of the popular ministers, who had been forced upon him ; and by all these proceedings excited so much discontent, that a furious populace made their way into the Tuilleries, and treated the king with gross personal insults. The approach of the Duke of Brunswick, preceded by an impolitic and threatening manifesto, in which the acceptance of the constitution by Louis was treated as an involuntary compliance, completed the exasperation of the people, and at length Pethion, the ma3'oi of Paris, appeared at the head of the sections at the bar of the National Convention, and demanded the deposition of the king. The determination of this point was fixed for the 10th of August, on which fatal day a numerous body of insur- gents attacked the Tuilleries, in the defence of which nearly the whole of the Swiss guards were massacred. The king and family had previously taken shelter in the hall of the National Convention, which immediately proceeded to declare the suspension of the royal authority, in the person of Louis XVI. and to decree the convocation of a National Assembly for the ensuing month. The king and his family were then imprisoned in the Temple, while various massacres and enormities succeeded of the most appalling description. All of these were, however, surpassed by the horrid murder of upwards of 1000 state prisoners, on the 2d and 3rd of September ; among whom was the beautiful Princess of Lamballe, whose bleeding head, stuck upon a pike, to the eternal infamy of the perpetrators, was shown to the queen, whose intimate and favourite she had been. Under the influence of a spirit so baneful, the result of many generations of misgovernment, the final fate of the most unhappy victim of it, could not be distant. After royal tyliad been abolished in the new convention by acclammation, an intention was soon avowed of bringing the king to trial, in breach of the constitution, which declared his person inviolable. On December 1 1th, 1792, he was accordingly brought to the bar, to answer to the heads of accusation drawn up against him, for the crimes of tyranny and treason towards the nation. He defended himself with judgment and presence of mind, and received the assistance of three eminent advocates, who generously took upon themselves the hazard of so unpopular an act. He was found guilty by a small majority, and the punishment of death was decreed against him. He employed the short interval allowed him, in the preparations for death enjoined by his religion, to which he was sincerely devoted ; and on the 21st of January, 1793, was led to the scaffold, where his behaviour partook of the calm fortitude which had distinguished him through all the scenes of suffering, to which he had been so mercilessly exposed. He declared his innocence to the surrounding crowd, but was rudely interrupted by the noise of drums and the hands of the executioner. His body w r as thrown into a pit, filled with lime, and no vestige left of the place of his interment. Such was the tragical end of Louis XVI. a victim to the thoughtlessness and misrule of his ancestors, himself being possibly one of the most moral and best-inten- tioned sovereigns of France. In vigour of mind and firmness of resolution, he was certainly deficient, but perhaps few princes, more possessed of these characters, would have been able to extricate themselves with honour from the perils that surrounded him. His subservience to the queen, and the weak and profuse party who availed themselves of her influence, proved undoubtedly his most fatal political failing. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. H!J * LOUIS XVIII. King of France, died September 26th, 1824. LOUIS, son of Philip II. of France, laid claim to the crown of England, from the pope's nomination, and landed with an army in the Isle of Thanet, May 23d, 1216. LOUISBURG taken by the English, June, 1745; given up to the French, 1749 ; retaken July 22d, 1758. LOUISIANA discovered by the French, 1633; set- tled by them, 17-18; ceded to England, east of the Mississippi, 1763. LOUTH Park Abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139. LOUVRE (The), at Paris, was so called from L'oeuvrc, the new work. LOV & (Rev. Christopher), beheaded, 1651, aged 33, LOVE-FEASTS established in the first century. LOW Countries, the country of the ancient Belga, conquered by Julius Ca;sar, 47 B.C. ; passed into the hands of France, 412; governed by earls, subject to that crown, from 864 to 1369; by marriage the 17 provinces came into the house of Austria but were yielded to Spain by Charles V. 1556 ; seven of the provinces shook off the Spanish yoke, 1579; acknowledged independent by Spain, 1648; the other ten remained with the Duke of Austria, to whom Philip of Spain gave them as a marriage portion with his daughter Elizabeth, 1598 ; by the treaty of Vienna the seven were an- nexed to the German empire, 1725 ; that part now held by France was annexed to France, 1748; threw off their dependency on the empire, and united under the name of the Belgic states, Jan. 1790; insurgents quelled, Nov. 1790. tn point of acquirement, Louis XVI. was by no means deficient ; he wrote well, and excelled in clearness of expression, and methodical arrangement. Of the possession of these talents, and no small extent of information, the instructions to the navigator Perouse, drawn up by his own hand, form an unequivocal proof. This unhappy monarch left a son and a daughter, the latter of whom married her cousin, then Dauphin of France. The unhappy son, regarded by the mockery of etiquette as Louis XVII. died miserably, in 1795, at the early age of eight, in the brutal custody to which, after the death of his father, he was committed.— Hist, of the French Rev. Memoirs 'y Bertrand de Afoleville. Memoirs by Soulaire. * Louis XVIII. (Stanislaus Xavier de France) second son of the Dauphin, the son of Louis XV., and brother of Louis XVI, born at Versailles, November 17th, 1755. As a boy he is said to have manifested a disposition tinctured with much timidity and reserve, but to have exhibited a far more decided turn for literary pursuits than either his elder or his younger brother (late Charles X.), with whom he was educated ; and he early acquired the character of a good classical scholar. His debut in public life was made soon after the accession of his elder brother to the throne, when he presented the new monarch with a pamphlet of his own writing, entitled " Mes Pensees ; " which, however, appears to have given but little satisfaction to the unfortunate prince to whom it was addressed, and who is reported, at a subsequent interview, to have requested the royal author to " keep henceforward his thoughts to himself." On the breaking out of the revolution, the Count de Provence, as he was then styled, fled from Paris to Coblentz, on the 20th June, 1791, and then took a principal share in the organization of the sjstem of emigration. The progress of the republican arms afterwards compelled him to abandon this asylum for Turin, where he was received by his father-in-law, the King of Sardinia ; but subsequently again removed to Verona, under the name of the Count de Lille, a title which he retained till his accession to the French throne. In 1796 he joined the army of the Prince de Conde, then at Reigal, and two years afterwards was formally acknowledged King of France by the Emperor Paul of Russia, at whose invitation he took up his residence for awhile, in the * ducal castle ofMittau inCourland. The versatility of his new ally, however, soon put an end to his continu- ance in this abode. He received peremptory orders to quit the Russian territories in a week, and took refuge at Warsaw, whence the King of Prussia, on his refusing to renounce his throne in favour of Buonaparte, compelled him to retire, as a last resource, to England. Here he was hospitably received ; and Hartwell, a seat belonging to the Marquis of Buckingham, assigned for his residence, where he remained till the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, drew him from his retreat to reascend the throne of his ancestors. From this he was again driven by the return of Buonaparte from Elba, and he retired into the Netherlands, till the battle of Waterloo, by completely breaking the power of his opponent, restored him to his crown. He survived this second elevation nine years, dying in his sixty-ninth year, on the 16th of September, 1824. For a considerable time previously to his decease, a dry erysipelas in his legs had deprived him of the power of walking, while his attachments to the pleasures of the table assisted a natural tendency to corpulency, and aided materially to produce the cedematous state, which terminating in a paral}sis of the lower ex- tremities, was the more immediate cause of his dissolution. As the restored monarch of Fiance, Louis XVIII. acted with great temper and policy ; at least on his second return to his capital, after the battle of Waterloo, when it required no mean degree of skill to render the intrusion of the foreign armies, which made him King of France, palatable to the people over whom he was called to reign. He soon also adopted the ancient maxims of bis family, in regard to neighbours, as was evinced by the manner in which the invasion of Spain was prepared for, under the pretext of a sanitary cordon. Besides the pamphlet already mentioned, Louis XVIII. was the author of " Le Marriage Secret," a comedy in three acts, in which he is reported to have been assisted by his secretary Ducis, the imitator of Shakspeare. This piece, which is not devoid of merit, was brought out under the name of •• Desfaucheraire." Two operas also were the offspring of his pen, " Panurge," and the " Caravane du Caire," to which Gretry composed the music. His other writings are, an account of his journey, or rather flight to Coblentz, which M. de Talleyrand is said to have characterized as the »* Journey of Harlequin, who is always afraid and always hungry ;" and a few political articles, exhibiting no great force or talent, in the " Journal de Paris," during the year 1814. — Ann. Hio 9 . N DO ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY, LUBECK. (City of) burnt to ashes. 1209; again, 1276. Beverley, Yorkshire, was thus privileged in the LUCCA, its republic founded, 300; purchased its time of the Saxons ; St. Burien's, in Cornwall, also independency of the emperor for 10,000 crowns. | by Athelstan, S35; Westminster, by Edward the f UCERA, Italy, a city of the Daunians in great Confessor; and St. Martin's-l -Grand, London, repute, 320 B.C. ; sacked, 603 ; restored to the 1529 ; abolished for great crimes, 1534 ; totally, 1624. Christians, and the cathedral built, 1300 ; pluu- LUDGERSHA LL Castle, Wilts, built before 1199. dered by banditti, 1590. , LUD1 ROMA NI instituted about 616. Seculares LUCERN, a herb first discovered, says Pliny, by j (The) first celebrated at Rome, 456; revived by Darius, in the Media, and encouraged by him in ; Augustus 17 years B.C. ; Florales instituted, 140, Greece. It was raised with success in the j B.C.; they were held every 110 years, and the Venetian state, 1550; found its way into Ger- j tenth and last was held 04; Apollinares fixed, 208 many, 1578 ; and soon after to England. | B.C. LUCIUS, the first Christian king of Britain. He LUDLOW Castle, Salop, built soon after the reigned seventy-seven years, and died between 156 : conquest and 189; founded the first Christian church in !* LUDLOW (Edmund), born, 1602. London, St. Peter's, Cornhill, which was made LUL WORTH Castle, Dorset, built, 1610. the see of an archbishop, till removed to Canter- LUNGS (Vesicles of the) discovered by Malpighi, bury, in 1795 ; sanctuaries, or places privileged for j 1681. the safety of offenders were common in heroic j LUPERCALIA (The festival of), instituted in times, as early as the siege of Troy. According to Arcadia, 1326 B.C. ; was continued in February, Servius, they were first established at Athens, but till the reign of Pope Gelasius, who abolished it others say, Cadmus first established them on the i about 480. The rites of this festival were ex- building of Thebes, then introduced into Rome I pressive of an early state of society, before the by Romulus its founder, and reformed by Tiberius invention of arts and agriculture. Caesar; in England were first granted by King f LUTHER (Martin), the reformer, born at Eisleben Lucius to our churches and precincts. St. John of | in Germany, November 10th, 1484. * Edmund Ludlow was the eldest son of Sir Henry Ludlow, knight, and born about 1602, at Maiden Bradley, in the county of Wilts. Sir Henry Ludlow, who was chosen knight of the shire for Wiltshire, in the long parliament, having joined the opposing party, his son, who warmly adopted the same principles, entered into a military association, formed among the students of the law, with most of whom he sub- sequently entered the army in the lifeguards of the Earl of Essex. He served at Edge-hill, raised a troop of horse, and being made governor of Wardour-castle, held it for ten months against the king's party, until battered to ruins, when he was made prisoner, but soon afterwards exchanged. He was also present at the second battle of Newbury, and many other warm actions. When the famous self-denying ordinance took place, he remained out of any ostensible situation, until chosen member for Wiltshire, in the place of his father. At this time the machinations of Cromwell becoming visible, he was opposed by Ludlow with firmness and openness. W"ith a view of establishing a republic, his favourite form of government, he however joined the army against the parliament, when the latter voted the king's concessions a basis for treat}', and was also one of the unhappy Charles's judges. With a view of removing him, Cromwell caused him to be nominated general of horse in Ireland, where he joined the army under Ireton, and acted with great vigour and ability. When Cromwell was declared protector, Ludlow used all his influence with the army against him, on which account he was recalled, and was put under arrest at Beaumaris. Although he refused to enter into any engagement not to act against the government, he was at length allowed to come to. London, where in a conversation with Cromwell himself, he openly avowed the republican principles upon which he acted, and refusing all security of engagement for submission, he retired into Essex, where he remained until the death of the Protector. When Richard Cromwell succeeded, he joined the army party at Wallingford-house, and was instrumental in the restoration of the long parliament, in which he took his seat. Too honest for the views of the army faction, the}' contrived to send him again to Ireland, as commander-in-chief, where his efforts in favour of the parliament were thwarted by the council of officers at Dublin, who at length accused him of high treason, and he was compelled to return to London. The restoration was now rapidly approaching, and finding the republicans unable to resist it, he quitted the country, and proceeded to Geneva, whence he afterwards with many more fugitives of the party, took refuge at Lausanne, where Lisle was assassinated by some English royalists. Similar attempts were made on the lives of Ludlow and others; but his caution, and the vigilance of the magistracy of Berne, protected him, and he passed the remainder of his life at Veva}', with the exception of a brief visit to England after the revolution, from which he was driven b}' a motion in parliament for his apprehension, by Sir Edward Seymour, the leader of the Tory party. He closed his life in exile in 1693, being then in his seventy-third year. A monument is erected to his memory by his widow, who was a faithful and courageous partaker of all his vicissitudes, in the principal church of Vevay. — Ludlow's Mem. Biog. Brit. t Martin Luther, the famous ecclesiastical reformer, was the son of a German miner. He was educated at the university of Erfurt, and was intended for the legal profession, when a melancholy accident which he witnessed, gave him a distaste for the world, and induced him to enter into a convent of Augustine friars. Here he was at first distinguished by his zeal for the established faith ; and he is said to have declared that he would have brought the first faggot to burn Erasmus, who had written against the mass, ecclesiastical celibacy, and the invocation of saints. Though numerous independent circumstances concurred to the production of that great event, termed the reformation, yet the personal character of Luther had no slight influence. He was of a bold and impetuous temper, possessed an ardent imagination, natural eloquence, s ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. : J LYCURGUS born, 926 ; established his body of laws in Lacedemon, 884; died in Crete, 827 B.C. LYDIA, an ancient kingdom, under a long dynasty of kings, the last of whom was the rich Croesus, who was conquered by Cyrus, 514. It continued part of the Persian empire, until that was con- quered by Alexander, and about 283 it became part of the new kingdom of Pergamos, till Attalus bequeathed It to the Romans, 133 B.C. It was at. last taken from the eastern empire by the Turki, 1326. LYME Castle, Kent, built long before 1379. LYME REGIS, Dorsetshire, chartered by Edward I. * LYNDHURST (Lord), an eminent statesman and lawyer of the present day. LYONS, France, founded by Lucius Plancus, 43 B.C. command of language, an unwearied pen ; and, to crown all, an obstinacy of disposition, which completely set opposition at defiance. Thus qualified for a polemic, accident soon called him forth to the field of con- troversy. Leo X., finding the papal treasury exhausted by the magnificent projects of his predecessors and his own profusion, found it necessary to raise money by the sale of indulgences ; and Albert, archbishop of Mentz and Magdebourg, farmed the produce of this ecclesiastical tax in Saxony. The Augustine friars had usually been employed in the office of publishing and distributing these licenses and exemptions from spiritual censures and inflictions, and they derived both honour and profit from the trust ; but Albert now gave the com- mission to the Dominicans, who appear to have executed it with extreme indiscretion, and by their scandalous lives and practices exposed the indulgences to contempt. Luther, as an Augustine friar, resented the affront put upon his order, and availing himself of the imprudence of his rivals, began to preach against their abuses in the sale of the indulgences, whence he proceeded to declaim against the practice of granting them, and to dispute the authority whence they originated. These sentiments he supported in a thesis which he published at Wittemberg ; and this production was publicly burnt at Frankfort, by John Tetzel, a Dominican friar, who was the principal agent of archbishop Albert. Luther at first treated the pope himself with respect, and while he maintained his opinions, he affected submission to the authority of the church. Leo summoned the contumacious friar to answer for his conduct at Rome, but he wisely refused to put himself so much in the power of his adversaries, and insisted on having his cause tried in Germany, where he was strongly pro- tected by the elector of Saxony and other princes. The pope at length sent Cardinal Cajetan to settle the controversy, before whom Luther made his appearance to defend himself at Augsburgh. Finding that he could obtain no terms but on entire submission to the authority of his judge, he withdrew from the place, under apprehension of danger, and a decree being issued against him, he appealed from the pope to a general council. In the mean time repeated conferences took place between the partizans of papac}', and Luther and his disciples, which served to exasperate both parties, and which necessarilly proved advantageous to the advocates for innovation. The tenets of the reformer became widely diffused, and he proceeded to greater lengths in his opposition to the Romish church. In 1519, occurred a memorable dispute at Leipsic, between Luther and Eckius a learned Catholic divine; after which the former took the decisive step of abolishing an established usage of the papists, by no longer withholding the sacramental cup from the laity. The pope then issued a bull of excommunication against Luther, as a confirmed heretic; and he displayed his contempt for the holy see, by burning the instrument of denunciation, in the presence of the assembled students and professors of Wittemberg. At the beginning of 1521, Luther showed his courage by making his appearance at the diet of Worms, whither he had been summoned to attend, under the protection of the imperial safe conduct, the violation of which his friends apprehended, and dissuaded him from trusting to it. He was, however, allowed to depart in safety; but as he was returning home, he was surrounded by a body of horsemen, and conveyed to the castle of Wartenberg. This was a friendly stratagem of the elector of Saxony, adopted as a precaution against the threatened vengeance of the hierarchy. Luther remained in his retreat nine months, employing his pen in the defence of his principles, and in strengthening the faith of his followers. Here it was that he wrote an answer to the treatise which our Henry VIII. had published against him, in which he treated the king with as little ceremony as any of his other antagonists. In 1524, Luther cast aside his monastic habit, and the next year he wedded Catharine Bora or De Bohren, a nun, who had escaped from her convent, and relinquished her vows. In 1529, the Emperor Charles V. assembled a diet at Spires, to concert measures against the advocates for the new opinions, and some severe resolutions being passed against them, a protest was signed by many of the persons present at the assembly, whence they acquired the distinctive appellation of Protestants. The schism in the church was now become incurable; and from this period Luther could contemplate with satis- faction the important and apparently durable effect of his extraordinary exertions, of the efficacy of which he could originally have entertained but a faint conception. The remainder of his life was chiefly spent in exhorting universities, and princes, and states, to uphold the reformation of religion, and in pub- lishing from time to time such writings as might aid and encourage them in the arduous undertaking. He died at Eisleben, February 18th, 1546, and was interred in the cathedral of Wittemberg, with a more extra- ordinary degree of pomp and magnificence than was ever displayed at the obsequies of any other private individual. — Robertson's Hist, of Charles V. Ai/cin's G. Biog. • JohnSingleton Copley, now Lord Lyndhurst, is the son of Mr. Copley, a native of North America, who, at the close of the war between England and that country, came over and settled in London as an historical and portrait painter, and acquired both fame and profit by several works of superior merit. His largest, and upon the whole his best performance, was the well-known picture of the Death of the Earl of Chatham, f2 Alphabetical chronology. LYON'S-INN, London/established 1420. LYRE, a strung instrument, said to be invented by Mercury, about 2001; first made of a tortoise shell, hence its name Testudo ; improved by Terpander, 673 B.C. ' V LYSONS (Samuel), an eminent writer on British topography and antiquities. He was born in 1763» at Rodmarton in Gloucestershire, of which pariah his father was minister. LYTTELTON (George, Lord), the historian, born, 1709; died, 1773; his brother, the Bishop of Car- lisle, the antiquary, died, 1768. in which he succeeded in grouping together a greater number of noble likenesses than were ever before presented in any British painting. He lived to witness the first efforts of his son at the bar, and died at an advanced age, in the year 1815. Our present subject, Mr. Copley, finished his education at Cambridge, where he became a fellow of Trinity-college, which, however, as he did not choose to enter into hoTy orders, he retained but seven years. On leaving the University he entered the Temple, and passed with credit through the studies and forms preparatory to his appearance at the bar. He was called to " the degree of the coif," or in other words, he was made sergeant-at-law, in the Trinity term of 1813. Five years after he was appointed to the office of chief justice of Chester. On the first day of Hilary term, 1819 he took his seat within the bar as one of his majesty's Serjeants. The first occasion on which Mr. Copley particularly distinguished himself, and attracted public notice, was on the trial of .Watson, Preston, &c, for high treason. Sir Charles Wetherel pleaded the cause of Watson, and Mr. Copley so ably and earnestly seconded his efforts, that for weeks after the trial the names of Wetherel and Copley were triumphantly placarded by the mob, and enthusiastically toasted in every Radical company. Before this opportunity of showing the strength and extent of his professional talents, Mr. Copley was little known beyond the few courts in which he practised, and as little encouraged among the numerous junior counsel by which they were attended. A writer in a Sheffield journal remarks that, not ten years ago, Mr. Copley received a guinea fee from a professional gentleman of that town for his opinion on an inferior case. But after the trial of Watson had given him such deserved celebrity, briefs began to pour in upon him from numerous quarters ; and it was deemed expedient that he should appear as early as possible as the organ and advocate of govern- ment, in the prosecution of some of the worst of the nnmberless violaters of the peace at that period. Ac- cordingly, he attended the special commission at Derby, for the trial of Brandreth and his companions ; in which, however, nothing occurred to distinguish him from either his colleagues or competitors. In the year 1S19, Mr. Copley was appointed solicitor general, in time to involve him officially in the proceedings against the queen, and acquitted himself quite as well as, in such circumstances, could be expected. The strong tide of professional honour, on which Mr. Copley was now embarked, carried him forward with increased rapidity, till he reached the highest honours of his profession. Hewas created attorney-general in 1824, when he was re-elected for Ashburton, which he had for some time represented in parliament. At the general election of 1826, he sought the suffrages of the university in which he had completed his education, and, after an arduous struggle, was returned with Lord Palmerston for that enviable representation. In a few months the unexpected and lamented death of Lord Gifford made way for his 'advancement to the master- ship of the rolls, when he was re-elected for the university. His continuance in these high stations was, however, more transient than in those which preceded them. It had been generally understood that, when- ever the decease or retirement of Lord Eldon took place, neither of which could be at a great distance, Lord Gilford's elevation to the woolsack was certain ; and when the latter died, Sir John Copley's appoint- ment to succeed him in the custody of the rolls of Chancery, was hailed as an intimation that he would suc- ceed Lord Eldon in the Chancery itself. This event took place, somewhat earlier indeed than the public anticipated, and under rather different circumstances than Lord Eldon's known attachment to office allowed them to expect. Sir John Singleton Copley was raised to the dignity of the chancellorship and a peerage, Baron Lyndhurst, of Lyndhurst, April 24th, 1827 ; but the prospect of permanency and prosperity which I were indicated by his friends from this elevation, proved fallacious. On the secession of the Tory ministry, in 1830, his lordship resigned the seals, and was succeeded by Lord Brougham and Vaux. With 'an im- posing countenance, and a manly majestic form, Lord Lyndhurst possessed at the bar that insinuating tact, and put forth those wily and winning arts, which seldom failed to parry, and often confounded the greater violence and force of his competitors. Not that he was deficient in sternness or in strength : whenever he chose he would return blow for blow, and has sometimes cast down the fiercest enemy, by a burst of eloquence and a frown of indignation. But he much more often prevailed by superior urbanity, and deceived by an im- posing and captivating smile ; and the ease, with which the transition from one to the other was made, fre- quently astonished his audience, while it always secured his purpose. As a pleader, he appeared perhaps to the greatest advantage in his occasional conflicts with Serjeant, now Baron Vaughan. * Lord George Lyttelton, an elegant writer and historian, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Lyttelton, Bart., of Hagley in Worcestershire. He received his classical education at Eton, whence he was removed to Christchurch-college, Oxon. In his nineteenth year he set out upon a tour to the Continent, and on his return, in 1730, was chosen member of parliament for Okehampton. Although his father was then a lord of the Admiralty under the administration of Sir Robert Walpole, in every important debate his own name appeared in the minority, and he zealously concurred in the measures of the opposition, led by Pitt and Pulteney. When Frederick, Prince of Wales, formed a separate court in 1737, he was appointed his secretary, and is supposed to have stimulated the prince to the patronage of Mallet, Thomson, and other ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 93 MACCABEES (Government of Judea under (he), which continued 12G years, 1G3 B.C.; book of, contains the history of forty years, to 131 B.C. MACEDON (Kingdom of), began under Caranus, b 14 ; ended by the defeat of Perseus, by P. yEmiiius; and became a Roman province, 168 B.C. • MACKLIN (Charles), an actor and dramatist of some celebrity for talent, and more for longevity : born In the county of Wcstmcath in 1690. Ireland, t MACLAURIN (Colin), a celebrated mathema- tician and philosopher, born near Iuvurary, in Sew land, 1(08. MACMAIIONE (Lord), hanged for conspiring the massacre In Ireland, IC41 t M AC PHERSON( James), a distinguished Scottish writer, bom at Inverness, in Scotland, 1738. men of letters. In 1741, he married Lucy, the daughter of Hugh Fortescue ; the lady on whose death, in child-bed, after living some years in great harmony, he wrote a monody, which was much admired. On the expulsion of Walpole, he was appointed one of the lords of the treasury ; but although he spoke with elegance and fluency, his oratory wanted force, and he never attained the rank of a political leader. In early life he had imbibed sceptical opinions ; but being subsequently led into a conviction of the divine origin of Christianity, he composed his well-known " Dissertation on the Conversion of St. Paul," first printed in 1747. About this time he lost his first wife, and in 1749 married a lady of family, from whom, in consequence of domestic strife, after a few years' residence together, he separated by muiual consent. In 1751 , he succeeded his father in his title and ample estate, and by his elegance and taste rendered Hagley one of the most delightful residences in the kingdom. He successively enjoyed the posts of cofferer of the household and chancellor of the exchequer, which latter office, requiring talents of a very different kind, he resigned in less than a year to Mr. Legge. At the dissolution of this ministry he went out of employment, but was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Lyttleton, of Frankley, in the county of Worcester. From this time he lived chiefly in literary retirement, and being easily imposed upon by the appearance of religious zeal unfortunately became the dupe of Bower, the author of the lives of the popes, and other impostors In 1760 he published his " Dialogues of the Dead," which, although deficient in vivacity and discrimination, were very well received. The latter years of his life were chiefly occupied in his "History of Henry II.," which is an able and perspicuous work, and the result of very assiduous research ; but its prolixity has materially impeded its popularity. This amiable nobleman died in August, 1771, in the sixty- fourth year of his age, leaving one son and a daughter, the former of whom succeeded him in his titles, and unfortunately, with great talents, became conspicuous for a conduct the exact reverse of that of his father. —Johnson's Lives of the Poets. Anderson's Brit. Poets. * Charles Macklin, whose real namet was M'Laughlin, was employed at Trinity-college, Dublin, as a badgeman, until his twenty-first year, when he came to England, and joined a company of strolling comedians, but was induced to return to his situation in Trinity-college. In 1716 he again repaired to England, and appeared as an actor in the theatre Lincoln's-inn fields. It was net, however, until 1741 that he established his fame as an actor, by his admirable performance of Shylock, that being indeed the only character in which he stood pre-eminent. He continued on the stage until 1789, which long interval was marked by the usual vicissitudes of a theatrical life, rendered still greater by the spirit and strong temper of the individual. By his firmness and resolution in supporting the rights of his theatrical brethren, they were long relieved from a species of capricious oppression, to which the profession of an actor is peculiarly open, from party oppo- sition or private enmity. During the last years of his life, his understanding became impaired, and in this state he died, July 11th, 1797, at the great age of 107. Macklin appears to much advantage in his "Man of the World," a comedy, which discovers a keen and pervading knowledge of life and manners, and exposes meanness, sycophancy, and political servility with considerable skill. His " Love a-la-mode" also possesses kindred, but more farcical merit. While his memory remained, Macklin was a most entertaining companion, although dictatorial, and very irascible. He is however said to have been, in his best days, a tender husband, a good father, and a steady friend.— Biog.Dram. + Colin Maclaurin studied at Glasgow, where he took the degree of M.A., at the age of fifteen, and defended a thesis "On the Power of Gravitath n." A controversy, in which he engaged with Bishop Berkeley, led to the publication of Maclaurin's great work, his " Treatise on Fluxions," printed at Edinburgh, 1742, 2 vols. 4to. On the invasion of Scotland in 1745, Mr. Maclaurin was very active in promoting the fortification of Edinburgh against the adherents of the house of Stuart; and on their taking possession o! the city, he fled to York, where he was hospitably received and entertained by Archbishop Herring. On the march of the invaders to England, he returned home, and died soon after, June 14th, 1746. He was the author of a " Treatise on Algebra;" an " Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries ;" " Papers in theTransact ons of the Royal Society ;" and other ■works. — Martin's Biug. Phiios. Hulton'sMat. Diet. Chalmers' Biog. Diet. X James Macpherscn was distinguished in literary history for his translations or imitations of Gaelic poems, said to have been composed in the third century ; he studied at Aberdeen and Edinburgh. In 1758 he published an original poem, entitled " The Highlander;" and this was followed two years after by M Fragments of Ancient Poetry, collected in the Highlands of Scotland, and translated from the Gaelic or !M ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. i == ~ = I MADAGASCAR, first seen by the Portuguese,! MAGIC Lantern, first constructed by Roger Bacon, 1606 MADEIRA (Islands of), discovered by the Por- tuguese, 1418. I MADRAS peopled, and Fort St. George built by the English, 1620. i MADRID built 936 years B.C. ; made the seat of the Spanish government, 1516. MAGDALEN College, Cambridge, founded by the Duke of Buckingham, 1516. (16 fellows). • MADDEN D.D., (Samuel), an Irish clergyman, descended from a French family, was born in 1687. MAGDALEN College, Oxford, founded by the Bishop of Winton, 1549. (40 fellows). 1260, others say by Kireher, 1665 MAGISTRATES of England were elected by the people, under the Saxon government, as were originally their kings. MAGNA CHARTA, (a body of laws, the great : barrier of English liberty) granted by King John to England, June 19th, 1215 ; to Ireland, November 12th, 1216. MAGNIFYING Glasses, round, invented by Roger Bacon, 1252. t MAHOMET was bom at Mecca, in 4rabia, in ! 595. MAHOMETANISM was first embraced by the Sa- ' racens, who revolted from the emperor Heraclius. j Erse language." The curiosity of the public waa excited by these pieces, and a subscription was raised to enable Macpherson to visit the Highlands, and collect additional specimens of national poetry. He produced, as the fruit of his researches, " Fingal, an ancient Epic Poem, translated from the Gaelic," 1762, 4to. ; "Temora," and other poems, 1763, 4to. ; and some smaller compositions, all professedly translated from originals by Ossian, the son of Fingal, a Gaelic prince of the third century, and his contemporaries. It would be impossible, within the limits of this article, to give even an outline of the warm and angry con- troversy concerning the authenticity of these productions, which long agitated the republic of letters, and has hardly yet subsided. From the evidence of the contending parties it may be concluded, that Mac- pherson's prose epics were founded on traditional narratives current among the Highlanders ; but the date of the oldest of their lays is comparatively modern ; and it is now difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain the precise extent of his obligations to the Gaelic bards of former ages. Mr. Macpherson went to Florida in 1764, as secretary to Governor Johnstone ; and he subsequently obtained, at home, the lucrative appoint- ment of agent to the Nabob of Arcot, in consequence of which he had a seat in the House of Commons from 1780 to 1790. He died near Inverness, in February, 1796, and was interred in Westminster Abbey.— Alton's Gen. Biog. * Samuel Madden, D.D., received his education at Trinity-college, Dublin, and afterwards became a liberal benefactor to that society, by instituting, in 1731, prizes for such of the students as more especially distinguished themselves in the college examinations. The year following he published the first volume of a work calculated to excite considerable attention, under the title of " Memoirs of the Twentieth Century ; or Original Letters of State under George the Sixth.'' This singular book was originally intended to occupy six octavo volumes, and extraordinary dispatch was used in striking off a 1000 copies of it; but the rapidity with which it was bought up by the author, equalled the diligence used in bringing it out. Nearly 900 of the impressions being recalled and destroyed within a week after its first issuing from the press. His other productions are. "Boulter's Monument," a poem of considerable length, printed in 1744; and a tragedy founded on the history of Themistocles. Dr. Madden, of whom the English lexicographer, Johnson, speaks in terms of the highest commendation, was farther beneficial to his country, and to the cause of science in general, by first establishing, in 1740, a society at Dublin for the encouragement of the arts; the plan of which has since been followed up and enlarged upon with great success in the British metropolis. For the furtherance of this praiseworthy object, he himself liberally contributed a £100 a year from his own private resources which were large, independently of the rectory of Drummully, and other valuable church preferment. His death took place on the last day of the year 1765.— NichoVs Lit.Anec. t Mahomet, or Mohammed was of the tribe of Koreish, and family of Hashem, illustrious among their countrymen, as guardians of the famous temple of the Caaba. Being left an orphan in his second year, he was chiefly brought up by his uncle, Abu Taleb ; and, in his twenty-fifth year, being recommended to Cadigha, a rich widow, as her factor, conducted himself so much to her satisfaction, that she made him her husband. It was in 809, and in the fortieth year of his age, that he opened the pretended mission ; and his first convert was his wife, to whom he communicated an interview with the angel Gabriel, declaring him the prophet of God. His proselytes, in the first instance, were few, but they included his faithful servant Seid, the ardent and courageous Ali, and the respectable Abubeker. All these were privately instructed in the tenets of Islamism, the fundamental doctrine of which was, " There is but one God, and Mahomet is bis Prophet." Its precepts were pretended to be successive communications of the Divine will, by the means of Gabriel ; and of these, collected and written by his disciples, were composed the celebrated "Koran," or "Book." In the fourth year of his mission, assembling his kindred of the race of Hash a m, at a banquet, he openly announced to them his prophetic errand, and asked who would be his vizier. No answer was returned, until the young Ali, with all the fire of enthusiasm, accepted the office. He made, however, but little farther progress in the first instance, and was even protected, with some difficult, against his enemies by the influence of his uncle. In the tenth year of his mission, he lost both Abu Taleb and his faithful wife Cadigha, which so exposed him to the enmity of the Koreishites, thai he fuucd it ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 95 MAIL COACHES first established, 1784. MAIL (Exeter) coach attacked by a lioness that had eseaped from a caravan, 1816. MA I MING and wounding made capital, 1670. M^LAM discovered and brought into practice a lotatory steam •engine, 1820. MALTA taken by the English after a two years' siege, 1800. MALTA powder magazine blown up with 370 bar- i rels of gunpowder, many houses destroyed, and nearly 1,000 persons lulled, 1806. MAMMOTH'S bones found by Captain Vetch, on the west bank of the Medway, near Rochester. MAMMOTH skeleton discovered on the borders of the frozen ocean, 1799. MAMMOTH (A complete skeleton of) found in the river Lena, in Siberia, 1810. MAN (A) under sentence of death pardoned on condition of his permitting his leg to be cut off, and a new styptic tried upon it ; bu%he died before a trial could be made, 1763. MANBY (Captain) made a successful trial of a small mortar, to communicate with shipvwecked vessels, and save the crew by a line, 1809. MANHEIM (Kotzebue, the popular dramatist, as- sassinated at), by Sandt, a student of Wurtzberg, , 1819. MANCHESTER navigation opened, June 17th, 1761. MANCHESTER, the greatest flood ever known there, 1767. MANCHESTER (Disturbances at),1819 ; eight men, two women, and one child were killed, and 600 wounded. MANICHEANS, a sect in Persia, who believe two deities, one good, and one bad ; arose under Manes, 275. MANILLA, an island in the East Indies, taken by the English from the Spaniards, July 27th, 1757 ; again October 6th, 1762. * MANLEY (De la Riviere), a celebrated female writer, died, 1724. MANNO, (T.,) burnt in Smithfield for heresy, 1512. necessary to make a temporary retreat, and seek the protection of another uncle at Tayif. The contagious nature of enthusiasm was strikingly exemplified, by his success in gaining proselytes among the numerous pilgrims to the Caaba. About this time, his pretended journey to heaven, on his beast Al-borak, under the protection of the angel Gabriel, is dated. This excursion, although but obscurely hinted at in the Koran, is admitted by all orthodox believers, who, however, are not quite agreed as to whether it was corporeal, or merely spiritual. The twelfth year of his mission was signalised by the conversion of the inhabitants of Medina, which so exasperated his enemies at Mecca, that his assassination was determined upon. Aware of his danger, he fled, and with some difficulty reached Medina, an event which, under the name of the Hegira, or Flight, has been rendered memorable as the era whence the Mahometans commenced the reckoning of their lunar year ; it corresponds with the 16th of June, 622. He was received with all pos- sible respect at Medina, and soon after married Ayesha, the daughter of Abubeker, the first and most favoured of his several wives, after the death of Cadigha. His followers now rapidly increased, and feeling his strength, he openly declared his resolution to destroy idolatry, and propagate his religion by the sword. In the seventh year of the Hegira, he summoned the surrounding sovereigns, including Heraclius, the Grecian emperor, to embrace the new revelation. The same year was signalized by an agreement, with some cir- cumstances of humiliation on his own part, with the people of Mecca, which led to a solemn personal pilgrimage there, the fruit of which was the conversion of the subsequently noted Moslem leaders, Caled, Amru, and Othman. An imprudent breach of the truce by the Koreish, soon after led to the absolute con- quest of Mecca, and the idols of the Caaba were destroyed; but the sacred black stone was politically retained, having been rendered a renewed object of veneration by the prophet's holy touch. In the tenth year of the Hegira, he performed a valedictory pilgrimage to Mecca, on which occasion he was accompanied with ninety thousand fellow-pilgrims, and the ceremonial which he observed at the sacred city has served as a model to the pilgrimages of succeeding ages. Mahomet did not long survive his return to Medina ; his health had been gradually declining, in consequence of poison administered to him by a Jewess, in his favourite dish, a shoulder of mutton, with a view of trying his prophetic character; but a fever proved the immediate cause of his death. He expired in the arms of his favourite Ayesha, in the eleventh year of the Hegira (June 632), at the age of sixty-three ; and at the trying moment seemed to display a real faith in his mission, and to be comforted by the consciousness of great benefits conferred on mankind. His moral character may be estimated by the preceding sketch, brief as it necessarily is, and from the fact, that the assassination of a rival prophet in Yemen, was one of his last actions.— Prideaux's Life of Mahomet, (rib- bon. Mod. Univ. Hist. • De la Riviere Manley was the daughter of Sir Roger Manley, governor of Guernsey, a gentleman who suffered much for his adherence to Charles I., and who wrote Latin commentaries on the civil war, and published a " History of the late Wars in Denmark." His daughter received an education suitable to her birth ; but her parents dying early, she was left in the care of a male cousin, who baselj seduced her, by means of a fictitious marriage, and subsequently deserted her. She afterwards acquired the no- way respect- able protection of the Duchess «f Cleveland ; and when that resource was withdrawn, wrote a tragedy, en- titled " TheRoyal Mistress." The success of this production brought around her the men of wit and pleasure of the day, and she commenced the unhappy life of a woman of intrigue. At her leisure hours she composed her four volumes of " The New Atalantis ; " in which, under feigned names, and with much warmth and freedom, she relates the amours and adventures, real and supposed, of many distinguished persons of the day, and more especially among the connexions of the favourers of the revolution of 1688. A warrant being granted by the secretary of state to sieze the printer and publisher of this work, which was deemed a libel, she honourably stepped forward, and acknowledged herself the authoress. She was in the first instance committed to the custody of a messenger, but was afterwards admitted to bail. At length after repeated 9f the Ukraine, he became tired of his dependence on the emperor, and entered into a secret league with- Jharles XII. His scheme being prematurely discovered, and his capital, Batourin, having been taken by- he Russians, hj was obliged to flee and join the Swedish king, who was advancing towards the Ukraine villi his arm) The battle of Pultowa was the result of his counsels, and after that 'disastrous engage-* ient, h<* to^K refuge at Bender, and died there in 170$.— JJiog. Univ. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 103 MEAL-TUB plot, (so called from the place where Bome papers concerning it were found) 1679. It was a sham plot to accuse Oates* of perjury and sodomy, and to charge some great men with con- spiring against the life of the king. Dangerfield was the principal actor ; but it came to nothing. MEAT ordered to be sold by weight, 1532. MEDIA, a province of the Assyrian empire, till 821 ; revolted 711 ; the first king of the Medes was Ar- baces, 875 ; became independent, and conquered Persia; but Cyrus having vanquished Darius, the Mede, 53f> before Christ, it was from this time united with the Persian empire, and shared its fate. MEDITERRANEAN, violent gales in the, by which thirty-two vessels were destroyed, 1821. MEGARENSIAN war, 579 before Christ. MELANCHOLY accident happenel at the Hay- market Theatre ; in descending into the pit, fifteen persons were killed through pressure, 17'J4. MELCOMB REGIS, Dorsetshire, chartered by James I. MELKOUNT ABBEY. Ireland, founded, by 0' Car- rol, prince of Orgial, 1112. MELONS, cucumbers, and many other like pro- ductions, were in the time of Edward III., and after- wards dropped, till the reign of Henry VIII. ; for during the wars between York and" Lancaster, nothing of this kind could be attended to. t MELVIL, Sir James, born 1530. MELVILLE transport, wrecked near Kinsale Bay, and every person perished, 1816. MELROSS ABBEY, Scotland, founded 1106. MEMORY, the art of assisting it, by getting by heart, invented by Simonides, at Athens, 503 before Christ. MEMPHIS, the ancient, is supposed to be the village of Giza, facing Cairo in Egypt; was taken by Cambyses, son of Cyrus the Great, and King of Persia. He is supposed to have been the Ahasuerus of Scripture. I MENAGE, (Gilles) born, August 15, 1613. * Titus Oates. This infamous character was born about 1619. He was the son of a Baptist preacher, and educated at Merchant Tailors' school, whence he removed to Cambridge, and afterwards took orders. In 1677 he turned Roman Catholic, and was admitted into the society of Jesuits; but subsequently declared himself a Protestant, and in conjunction with one Dr. Tongue, gave information of a pretended Popish plot, for the destruction of the Protestant religion; and falsely accused the Catholic lords Petre, Powis, Ballasis, Arundel of Wardour, and other persons of quality, several of whom, including Lord Stafford, were exe- cuted, of being concerned in the conspiracy. Such was the heated credulity of the times, this versatile and unworthy character was rewarded with a pension of £1200 per annum, and lodged for safety at the palace of Whitehall. On the accession of James II., however, he was thrown i to prison, and indicted for perjury, and being convicted, was sentenced to stand in the pillory five times a-year during his life, and to be whipped from Aldgate to Newgate, and thence to Tyburn, the last part of which sentence was executed with extraordinary severity. Though the whipping was so harshly inflicted, he was enabled, by the care of his friends, to recover; and at the Revolution, the current of popular prejudice again setting in hiq favour, he was rewarded with a pension of £1010 per annum. In 169S he sought to be restored to the congregation of baptists, to which he had primitively belong' d; but in the course of a few months was excluded as a hypocrite and disorderly person. He died in 1705. Hume says, that this execrable tool of faction, had, in early life, been "chaplain on board the fleet, from which he was dismissed for unnatural practices, and it was then that he became a convert to the Catholic religion, as he boasted, with a view to obtain the secrets of its adherents. On all side*, the infamy of his character is allowed, and the credit given to a miscreant so utterly unworthy of confidence, to the destruction of several persons of respect- ability, and even consequence, affords a memorable demonstration of the opposing bigotry which predomi- nated in that most disgraceful period of English history.— Ilujne. Burnet. f Sir James Melvil, a statesman and historian, was born at Hall-hill, in Fifeshire, and at the age of four- teen, he became page to Mary, queen of Scots, then wife to the Dauphin of France. Having continued some time in her service, he passed into that of the Constable Montmorenci, who placed great confidence in him. At the end of nine years, he went upon his travels, and visited the court of the elector palatine, with whom he remained three years, and was employed in various negociations. On the accession of Mary to the throne of Scotland, Melvil followed her, and was made privy councellor and gentleman of the bed- chamber, and continued her confidential servant until her imprisonment in Lochleven-castle. He was sent to the court of Elizabeth, and maintained correspondences in England in favour of Mary's succession to the English crown. On the discovery of her attachment to Bothwell, he remonstrated with her 60 freely, that, in order to avoid the effect of her lover's anger, he absented himself from court. By Mary he was recom- mended to her son, James VI., who, on his accession to the throne of England, wished to have him for one of his ministers ; but Melvil, devoid of ambition, preferred living in retirement at his family seat of Hall- hill, where he remained until his death in 1606. He left an historical work in manuscript, which lay long unknown in the castle of Edinburgh, but which was published in 1683, under the title of " Memoirs of Sir James Melvil, of Hall-hill, containing an impartial Account of the most Remarkable Affairs of State during the last Age, not mentioned by other Historians, more particularly relating to the kingdoms of England and Scotland, under the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, Mary, Queen of Scots, and King James. In all which transactions the Author was personally and publickly •••Tcerned." This work contains many important facts not found elsewhere, and is written with much simplicity. His brother, also in the service of Mary, was most probably the Sir Andrew Melvil who was present at her death. — Metvil's Memoirs. Nicokon's Hist. Libr. Robertson's Hist, of Scotland. X Gilles Menage, a distinguished man of letters, of the seventeenth century, was born at Angers, August 1 \>13. in which city his father was king's advocate. After finishing his early studies with great reputation, ne was admitted an advocate h.mself, and pursued his occupation for some time at Paris ; but disgusted 104 ALPIIABKTICAL CHRONOLOGY. MENAI STRAITS, n ferry boat lost in passing, , several kings of England, and great part of the nobility, 1503; school, London, founded, 1568. MERCHANTS, an attempt was made to exclude them from sitting in the House of Commons, 1711. MERIONETH, Archdeaconry of, erected before 1280. MERIONETHSHIRE, a cottage in, struck by light- ning, two, out of rive of the family, killed, 1819. MERIMOCH River, near Newbury, in New Eng- land, a chain bridge of 214 feet erected over, 1812. MERLIN, the Welsh prophet and poet, lived 477. MERLIN'S Cave in Richmond-gardens made, 1735. nearly sixty persons perished, 1781 MENANDER,* born 312 before Christ. MENDICANT FRIARS, all the orders of, reduced to four, tv~. Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and the Hermits of St. Augustin, 1272. MENNONITES, who taught that Christ did not partake of the nature of his mother, arose under Menno, 1645. MERCATOR'S charts invented, 1556. MERCER'S CHAPEL, London, built 1187. MERCERON (Mr.) a magistrate of Middlesex, sentenced to fine and imprisonment for appro- \ MERMAID (species of the seal kind) caught in the priating parish money, and licensing publicans, not | Indian seas, and deposited in the Museum of Sur- legally qualified, 1818. geon'sHall. MERCHANT adventurers were first established Burgundy, for the discovery of unknown parts, 1296 ; the company was afterwards translated into England, and confirmed by Edward III. and suc- ceeding kings: incorporated 1564. MERCHANT Taylors' Company, first called so by Henry VII., who was of that company, as were MEROVINGIANS, the first race of the French kings, so called, in honour of Merovee. King of F.ance, a great warrior, who succeeded Clodion, 441. MERRY ANDREW, the character of, arose from Andrew Borde,| a droll physician, who used to at- tend markets, and harangue the people, 1547. with that profession, he adopted the ecclesiastical character, so far as to be able to hold some benefices, without cure of souls. From this time he dedicated himself solely to literary pursuits ; and being received into the house of Cardinal de Retz, he soon made himself known by his wit and erudition. He subse- quently took apartments in the cloister of Notre Dame, and held weekly assemblies of the learned, where a prodigious memory rendered his conversation entertaining, although pedantic. He was, however, over- bearing and opinionative, and passed all his life in the midst of petty hostilities. His character of Abbe did not render him averse to be thought a man of gallantry ; and he was a professed admirer of the cele- brated Mesdames La Fayette and Sevigne, although little to the injury of their reputation. Being in easy circumstances, he was enabled to cultivate letters in the manner most agreeable to himself, and to print some of his works at his own expense. He precluded himself from being chosen of the French Academy, by a witty satire, entitled, " Requete des Dictionnaires," directed against the Dictionary of the Academy. He died in Paris, at the age of seventy-nine. His principal works are " Dictionnaire Etymologique, ou Origines de la langue Francoise;" "Origines de la langue Italienne;" " Miscellanese," a collection of pieces in prose and verse ; an edition of " Diogenes Laertius," with valuable notes and corrections ; " Re- marques sur la langue Francoise;" " Anti-Baillet," a satirical critique on that author; "Histoire de Sable;" "Historia MulierumPhilosophorum;" satirical pieces against Montmaur, the Greek professor; 1 " Poesies Latines, Italiennes, Grecques, et Francoises." After his death, a "Menagiana " was compiled,- from notes of his conversation, anecdotes, remarks, &c, which is one of the most lively works of the kind, and has been several times reprinted. — Bayle. Moreri, JNouv. Diet. Hist. * Menander, one of the most celebrated of the Greek comic poets, was born at Athens. His master, in philosophy, was Theophrastus, and he is represented as possessing every point of a dramatic writer ; elegance of language, force and delicacy of sentiment, and genuine humour. His attachment to the fair sex, and especially his mistress, Glycera, was vehement in the extreme ; and his address and manners were correspondently soft and luxurious. He composed 108 comedies, of which eight only gained the prize ; and he may be esteemed as the first, if not the principal author, of the new Grecian comedy ; which, if it possessed less wit and fire, was superior to the old in delicacy, regularity, and decorum. A few fragments only remain of the numerous pieces of Menander, from whom, however, Terence is supposed to have copied all his pieces, except the " Phormio " and " Hecyra ;" and consequently that author may enable us to form, a tolerably correct notion of the merits of his original. The admiration of this dramatist, expressed by Quintilian, is very great. He refers his orator to Menander, for copiousness of invention, elegance of expres- sion, and a general fine feeling of nature ; nor is Ovid, in more than one passage, much less complimentary. He was equally esteemed in his life-time ; even, according to Pliny, he refused express invitations from the Kings of Macedonia and Egypt. He was drowned in the harbour of the Peraeus, BC. 298, having, accord- ing to some accounts, thrown himself into the water, out of mortification at the prize having been unjustly awarded to his rival, Philemon. This catastrophe took place in his fiftieth year. The fragments and sen- tences of Menander were first collected by Morelle, Paris, 1553 ; but the best edition is that of Le Clerc, Amsterdam, 1702; to which, however, should be added the Emendations of Dr. Bentley, printed in 1713, under the name of " Philolentherus Lipsiensis.''— Vosii Poet. Grcec. t Andrew Borde was a physician and miscellaneous writer of very eccentric character. He was born at Pevensey, in Sussex, and educated at Oxford. He left the university without a degree, and entered a Car- thusian convent near London. After returning to Oxford he " travelled," as he himself says, " through, and round about Christendom, and out of Christendom into some parts of Africa." In 1542 he resided at Montpellier, where he graduated in physic. He afterwards came home, and obtained a doctor's degree at Oxford, and settled at his native place ; thence he removed to Winchester, and finally to London, where ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 105 MKRTIIYR TYDVIL, In Glamorganshire, serious I veazi, 1H71 ; destroyed by an carthqimke. 1603, disturbances at, by Workmen, on reduction off attain. Feb. 1783; suffered by a plague, 1713. wages. 1S16. I MESSINA, in Italy, nearly destroyed by an carth- MRRTON Priory, (Augustines) Surrey, founded! quake. 1784. 1414. METAPONTUM, Italy, was in its meridian, 30C MERTON College, Oxford, founded by Merton, I before Christ. Pythagoras died here. Bishop of Rochester, 1274. (Twenty-four fellows.) METEOR appeared, and was observed in several MESS A LI A NS, the sect of, arose, 363. parts of England, about nine at night; it illumi- MESSENIAN war with the Lacedemonians, the nated the whole atmosphere. 1784. first, 743, lasted nineteen years; second, 685, ! METEOR appeared, 1800. about one- fourth of the lasted fourteen years ; it ended in the conquest of] diameter of the moon; it passed horizontally with the Messenians, who, rather than submit to the ! great velocity. Lacedemonian yoke, flew to Sicily; the third began METEOROLOGICAL Society, formed at the public 400 before Christ j meeting at the London Coffee House, 1823. MESSINA in Sicily, built by the Mes?enians who METHOD of striking whales by harpoons discharged settled there, 667 ; took by the Syracusans, 425 be- from swivel guns, invented 1772. fore Christ ; torn by the factions of Merli and Mai- * METHODISM took its rise, 1734. he is said to have become a fellow of the college of physicians, and physician to Henry VIII. But notwithi standing these honours, he died in the Fleet Prison, in 1539. Bale and other Protestant writers, not only abuse Borde as a quack or mountebank, but also accuse him of grossly immoral conduct ; for which charge there appears to be no just foundation, and it may be ascribed to that spirit of religious animosity by which bilious Bale, as Fuller quaintly styles him, was too often actuated. Among the works of this writer are " A Book of the Introduction of Knowledge, the wh3'ch doth teach a Man to speak Part of all Manner of Language," Lond. 1542, 4to; "The Breviary of Health ;" "The Merry Tales of the Mad- men of Gotham;" and "A right pleasant and merry History of the Mylner of Abington, with his Wife and his fair Daughter, and of two poor Scholars of Cambridge." The first of these publications contains thirty-nine chapters, to which are prefixed wood-engravings, representing the inhabitants of different countries. Before that which treats of the English is a figure of a man naked, having a bundle of cloth under his arm, and a pair of shears in his hand. Below are some verses beginning thus— *• lam an Englishman, and naked I stand here, Musing in my mind what rayment I shall wear." The wit of this satirical censure is neither very clever nor very appropriate : and it is moreover said to have been borrowed from an old Venetian caricature of a Frenchman. — Aikin's G. liiog. Memoirs qf Medicine* Berkenhout's Biog Liter. * John Wesley, the son of an English clergyman, was born at Epworth, June 17, 1703. He received his school education at the Charter-house, whence he was removed to Christ-church college, Oxford. After taking his first degree, he was, in 1724, elected fellow of Lincoln-college ; and in 1726 he graduated M. A. About this time he was distinguished for his classical attainments, skill in dialectics, and no inconsiderable share of talent in poetry. Soon after he was elected fellow, he was appointed Greek lecturer, and took pupils ; and in 1725 he was ordained by Bishop Potter. For some time after his residence at Oxford he was only distinguished as a grave, sedate young man, but after awhile the perusal of some devotional tracts, and more especially Law's "Serious Call," induced him to consecrate himself more entirely to what he deemed the essentials of a holy life. In 1729, he associated with some friends of similar disposition, who met and read together the classics on week-days, and divinity on Sundays, but shortly after their meetings became exclusively religious. This society, consisting of fifteen members, who, by the strictness of their manners and deportment, were variously designated by the gayer students, but more especially obtained the name of Methodists, which appellation they themselves sanctioned and retained. His father wished him to make interest for the next presentation of his living of Epworth, but he was too much attached to Oxford, and the manner in which he was engaged, to listen to his advice. A mission to Georgia had soon after greater attractions, and in 1735 he accepted the invitation of Dr. Burton, one of the trustees for that newly-founded colony, to go over and preach to the Indians. He accordingly embarked the same year in the company of his brother Charles, two other missionaries, and several German Moravians. The disturbed state of the colony prevented all preaching to the Indians, and although the colonists of Savannah were at first attentive to the ministry of Mr. Wesley, his notions were too exclusively high church for his hearers. He refused the Lord's supper to dissenters, unless they would be rebaptized, insisted upon im- mersion in the rite of baptism, and by a variety of ascetical practices, excited an unfavourable opinion of his judgment. What most injured his reputation, however, was his conduct towards a young lady, whom it was expected he would marry, and whom he refused to admit to communion after her marriage with another person, without deigning to assign any reason. Legal proceedings were in consequence commenced against him, previous to the conclusion of which, after a consultation with his friends, he became con- vinced that " God called him to return to England ;" on which he gave public notice of his intention to depart, " shook off the dust from his feet," and left Georgia after an abode of a year and nine months. On his arrival from America, he discovered that he, who had been voyaging to convert others, had never been converted himself, and he felt, as he observed, " a want of the victorious faith of more experienced Chris- P — * ■ ■ ' ■ 106 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. (inns." This conviction appears to have been strengthened by a German Moravian missionary, with whom ne much communed, until at length he taught himself to expect a sudden conversion, which, by his own account occurred on the 24th of May, 1738, at a quarter before nine in the evening, while a person in a societj m Aldersgate-street was reading Luther's preface to the " Epistle to the Romans." The innate rationality of his character would not, however, leave him quietly to the influence of enthusiasm ; and to strengthen his faith and quiet some occasional misgivings, he went over to Germany, and proceeded to Hernhuth, the head-quarters of the united brethren, most likely with the additional view of becoming acquainted with the discipline and organization of the Moravians. He returned in September, 1738, when he commenced the systematic labours which have made him the founder of the great religious body of Me- thodists. He began to exhort and to preach, often three or four times a day, at the prisons and other places in the metropolis, and made frequent excursions into the country, where his followers became rapidly very numerous. His discourses were often attended with the demonstration of the effect produced on the hearers, such as swoonings, outcries, convulsions, and similar results of violent internal emotions and excitement. He soon after accepted the invitation of Whitfield, who had some time before commenced the practice of field-preaching, to join him at Bristol ; and in May 1739, the first stone of a Methodist meeting was laid in that city. Some difficulties, which arose as to the liability of the feoffees, nominated in the first instance, to the expenses of erection, by inducing Mr. Wesley to take it all into his own hands, laid the foundation of the unlimited power which he obtained over his followers, and which the present managing body of ministers has inherited from him. Whatever chapels were subsequently built by the connexion, were all either vested in him or in trustees, bound to give admission to the pulpit as he should direct. It is thought that his original plan was to form a union of clergymen, in order to further his scheme of conversion by their joint efforts; but the dislike of ministers of the establishment to join in it, reduced him to the necessity of appointing lay preachers, and employing them as itinerants among the different societies of the persuasion. At the same time he assumed, as his inalienable right, the power of nominating those preachers, and thus, as the societies increased, his authority received indefinite augmentation. The opinions of Wesley being derived from the Arminian theology, differed materially from those of Whitfield on the points of unconditional election, irresistible grace, and final perseverance ; in consequence of which a coldness grew up between them, and a lasting separation between the societies over which they presided. Nothing so much favoured the progress of Wesleyan Methodism as the strict and orderly discipline esta- blished by the founder, commencing from the small division of classes, and ending in the annual conferences of the numerous preachers. The whole was very wisely calculated to bind the society to each other, and to the great source of authority, in the first instance, Wesley exclusively, and since his death a sort of presbytery v termed the Conference, as arising out of the annual assemblies originally so denominated. The 'iociety in its infant state had to contend with much popular hatred, sometimes fomented by persons in the upper ranks of society; but all this has gradually subsided. At the same time, as the followers of both Whitfield and Wesley were in the first instance, chiefly among the uneducated classes, they were little susceptible of being affected by the ridicule heaped upon the occasional displays of enthusiasm and fana- tici l .-« by tneiit leaders. In 1749 Wesley married a widow of good fortune, which was, however, all settled upon herself; and, as his friends foresaw, the union was an unhappy one, and terminated in a final separation, sn 1781. On the breaking out of the American disputes, he wrote a pamphlet on the side of government, entitled, " A Calm Address to the American Colonies," which produced a considerable effect, at least upon his own followers. When the contest terminated in separation, he took a step which appeared a renunciation of the principles of the episcopal church, by ordaining preachers for America, by imposition of hands, and consecrating a bishop for the Methodist episcopal church. By this step he deeply offended many of the society, and especially his brother Charles ; and it is asserted that he himself repented it, as likely to further that separation from the church, which after his death virtually took place. The approach of old age did not in the least abate the zeal and diligence of this extraordinary person, who was almost perpetually travelling, and whose religious services, setting aside his literary and controversial labours, were almost beyond calculation. Besides his numerous exhortations, he generally preached two sermons every day, and not unfrequently four or five, all which he was enabled to effect by very early rising, and the strictest punctuality. His labours were continued to within a week of his death, which took place, March 2, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. John Wesley had a countenance wherein mildness and gravity were very pleasingly blended, and which, in old age, appeared extremely venerable. In manners he was social, polite, and conversible, without any of the gloom and austerity that might have been expected. In the pulpit he was fluent, clear, and argumentative ; often amusing, but never aiming at or reaching, like Whitfield, the eloquence of passion. His style in writing was of a similar description, and he seldom appeared heated, even in controvers}'. His great mental characteristics were energy, and love of power, which he would never share with any one ; like many correspondent characters in the Catholic world, who could not have effected what they accomplished upon any other principle. In a similar manner he mixed up no small portion of human policy in his religious system ; in all which respects he has been closely followed by the governing juntos of ministers who have succeeded him, a tenacity which has produced one separation, and from appearances may eventually lead to more. That, independently Of these alloys of human weakness, his objects and purposes were to benefit the best interests of mankind, it ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 107 would be uncandid to disptue ; and he will ever be deemed a memorable person, even by those who feel but little interest in the fortunes of the fabric of which he has apparently laid so durable a foundation. The works of John Wesley, on various subjects of divinity, ecclesiastical history, sermons, biography, &c, amounted even in 1774, to thirty -two vols. 8vo. George Whitefield, founder of theCalvanistic Methodists, was born at Gloucester, where his parents kept the Bell-inn, Dec. 16, 1714. He was the youngest of six sons and a daughter, and his father dying in his infancy, the care of his education devolved upon his mother. He was sent to a grammar-school at Gloucester, where he distinguished himself by a ready memory, and elocution, which enabled him to figure highly at the annual visitations of the corporation. Being destined to assist his mother in the business of the inn, he was taken early from school, and for some time officiated in a blue apron, as drawer. At the age of eighteen, however, he embraced an offer of being entered as servitor at Pembroke-college, Oxford, where he became acquainted with the Wesleys, and joined the small society which procured them the name of Methodists. Here, in addition to the religious preaching, reading, and visits to gaols, and to the poor, he began to exhibit many of the symptoms which, under the Roman Catholic system, usually precede a vocation for the cloister. He describes himslf as lying wholo days, and even weeks, on the ground, in silent or vocal prayer, choosing the worst sort of food, and dress- ing in a patched gown and dirty shoes, to acquire a habit "of humility. Hearing of his devotional tenden- cies, Dr. Benson, Bishop of Gloucester, made him an offer of ordination at the early age of twenty-one, which he accepted, and was ordained a deacon in 1736. Such was his strain of preaching, that at his first sermon at Gloucester, a complaint was made to the bishop, that he had driven fifteen people mad, on which the prelate observed, that he hoped the madness would not be forgotten before the next Sunday. The week following he returned to Oxford, where he graduated B.A., and soon after was invited to London, to officiate at the chapel of the Tower. He preached also at various other places, and for some time sup- plied a curacy at Dummer, in Hampshire. The account sent him by the Wesleys of their progress in Georgia, at length excited in him a desire to assist in their pious labours, and embarked at the close of 1737, he arrived at Savannah in the following May, where he was received with great cordiality, and acquired considerable influence. Observing the deplorable want of education in the colony, he projected an orphan-house, for which he determined to raise contributions in England, where he arrived in the be- ginning of 1739. Although discountenanced by many of the clergy, Bishop Benson did not scruple to confer on him priest's orders, and on repairing to London, the churches in which he preached were incapa- ble of holding the crowds who assembled to hear him. He now adopted the design of preaching in the open air, which he seems first to have practised at Kingswood, near Bristol among the colliers. His ardent and emphatic mode of address attracted several thousands of these people, as auditors, on whom his dis- courses produced a surprising effect, and whose vicious manners and habits he visibly improved. He afterwards preached in the open air in Bristol, and in Moorfields, Kennington, and other places in the neighbourhood of London, to vast assemblages of people, who came from all parts to hear him. In August 1739, he again embarked for America, and made a tour through several of the provinces, where he preached to immense audiences, with an effect which is portrayed in a very forcible manner in the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. He arrived at Savannah, in January, 1740, where he laid the foundation of the Orphan- house, and after making another extensive tour, returned to England, where he arrived in March the follow- ing year. During the absence his cause had been declining at home, and the differences between him and Wesley, on the doctrines of election and reprobation, lost him many followers. His circumstances were also embarrassed by his engagements for the Orphan-house ; but his zeal and intrepidity gradually overcame all difficulties, and produced the two tabernacles in Moorfields and in Tottenham-court-road. After visiting many parts of England, Scotland, and Wales, where, like Wesley, he married a widow, in 1744, he again returned to America, and remained there nearly four years, not returning until July, 1748. He was soon after introduced to the noble convert to methodism, the Countess of Huntingdon, who made him one of her chaplains, a circumstance which led to his preaching before the lords Chesterfield and Bolingbroke, who we're desirous to hear a preacher of whose eloquence so much was everywhere said. A visit to In-land, and two more voyages to America followed, and for several years his labours were unremitting. At length, on his seventh voyage to America, he was carried off by an asthma, at Newbury-poit, in New England, September 30, 1770, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. The person of Whitefield was tall and well-propor- tioned, and his features good, with the exception of a cast in one of his eyes. That he possessed a high degree of natural eloquence is indisputable, and if in the pulpit he occasionally intermixed buffoonery, it was not the less effective on that account. His learning and literary talents were mean, and he was a writer only for his own followers. That he had much enthusiasm and fanaticism in his composition is evident from his journal and letters ; and to what degree they were accompanied by the usual alloy of craft and artifice it is difficult to determine, especially as he possessed both warm friends and bitter enemies to misrepresent on each side of the question. He was clearly below Wesley, as to general intellect, and length of view; and while the one has proved himself a Protestant Loyola, the other did littlt* to perpe- tuate his own name, although the junction of his chapels with Lady Huntingdon's connexion has produced a religious party of considerable strength, which may be denominated, a scion of the low church »f Engla Whitefield's works, practical and controversial, have been published in six vols. 8vo.— Life by Gillies. Ann. Reg. 108 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. METHUSELAH, ttie longest liver, died a little before the flood, in 1656 of the world, aged 969. •METTINGHAM college and castle, Suffolk, built, 1335. METZ stage coach stopt by ruffians, who murdered the coachman, postillion, six passengers, and a child, 1763. MEUX and Co.'s large vat, in St. Giles' brewhonsev burst, demolishing two houses. Three thousand five hundred barrels of beer were lost, and. several persons killed, 1814. In this vat, George IV. (when Prince Regent) dined ; on which occasion Mr. Meux was knighted. tMEXICO conquered by Cortes, 1521. * The ruins of this castle and college are two miles east from Bungay. It was built in the sixth year of Richard II. The yearly value of the college was £202 7s. by a d., and it is now (1836) worth £4047 9*. 2d. It was granted, in the thirty-third year of Henry VIII. , to Thomas Denny. The castle, now in ruins, appears to have been of great extent and strength, and within the walls of which, a modern farm-house has been erected. t Montezuma, was Emperor of Mexico, at the time of the Spanish invasion. In 1519, when Cortes- arrived on the coast of. Mexico, and expressed his intention of visiting the emperor in his capital, Monte- zuma sent him a rich present, but forbade his farther advance. Cortes, however, heeded not this prohibi- tion, and the emperor, intimidated, began vainly to negociate for the departure of the Spaniards. His despotic government having procured him many enemies, wh<3 willingly joined Cortes, and assisted him in his progress to Mexico, he was obliged to consent to the advance of the Spaniards, to whom he assigned quarters in the town of Cholula, where he plotted their destruction. His plot being discovered, a massacre of the Cholulans followed, and Cortes proceeded to the gates of the capital, before Montezuma was determined how to receive him. His timidity prevailed, and meeting him in great state, he con- ducted the Spanish leader with much respect to the quarters allotted to him. The mask, however, was soon romoved, and coming to open contention, Cortes seized Montezuma in the heart of his capital, and kept him as a hostage at the Spanish quarters. He was at first treated with respect, which was soon changed to insult, that was carried so far, that fetters were put on his legs, on which he burst into loud lamentations, which were changed to expressions of joy on their being taken off again. He was at length obliged to acknowledge his vassalage to the king of Spain, but he could not be brought to change his reli- gion, although in the custody of the Spaniards. He was constantly planning how to deliver himself and his countrymen, and when Cortes, with great part of his forces, was obliged to march out to oppose Narvaez, the Mexicans rose up, and furiously attacked the Spaniards who remained. The return of their commander alone saved the latter from destruction ; and hostilities were still going forward, when Montezuma was induced to advance to the battlements of the Spanish fortress in his royal robes, and attempt to pacify his subjects. His pusillanimous address only excited indignation against himself, and being struck on the temple with a stone, he fell to the ground. Every attention was paid to him by Cortes, from motives of policy, but rejecting all nourishment, he tore off his baddages, and soon after expired, spurning every attempt at conversion. This event took place in the summer of 1520. He left two sons and three daughters, who were converted to the Catholic faith. Charles V. gave a grant of lands, and the title of count of Montezuma to one of the sons, who was the founder of a noble family in Spain. A terrible and bloody contest ensued previously to the capture of the city of Mexico by Cortes, August 13, 1521. Above 100,000 Mexicans are said to have been killed during the seige, and more than half that number perished by famine. The loss on the side of the Spaniards is stated to have amounted to no more than a hundred men ; but they were assisted by numerous bodies of the Tlascalans, many of whom must have been slain. Velasquez, who commanded in Cuba, hearing of the success which had attended the arms of Cortes, considered him as the rival of his fame and power, and sent a fleet against him, which did not materially impede his victorious career. In 1531 he had completed the conquest of the Mexican terri- tories, in the course of which undertaking, he committed ard authorized numberless acts of cruel barba- rity and oppression, which have left an indelible stigma on his fame. He appears naturally to have been a man of a disposition rather mild and humane than merciless and sanguinary ; and yet the prejudices cf the age, and the barbarous dictates of a superstitious priesthood, to which he submitted with all the tranquillity of a deluded conscience, and all the reluctance of a pood heart, led him to deeds that make humanity shudder. Cortes was rewarded for his services by the king of Spain with the title of marquis, and a grant of territorial property. Returning to Spain, he was treated, by his sovereign Charles V., with jess consideration than he expected. On his appearance one day at court, he pressed somewhat rudely through the tinsel crowd to approach the emperor, who observing the little regard he showed for cere- mony, exclaimed aloud: "Who is that person V — "Tell his majesty," said Cortes, "it is one who has conquered for him more kingdoms than his ancestors left him provinces." Cortes died in Spain, in 1554. aged sixty-nine. The Viscount de Flavigny, publishe ! at Paris, in 1778, a work entitled, " Correspondence de Fernand Cortes avec l'Empereur Charles Quint, sur la Conquete de Mexique, traduite de l'Espagnole, ; ' i2mo. The letters, all written by Cortes, are three in number, and they were first published in Spanish by the Archbishop of Toledo, who had held the see of Mexico. They are extremely curious and interesting, being calculated to illustrate the character of the writer, as well as the transactions in which he was engaged.— Cdlvigero's Hist, of Mexico. Robertson's Hist, of America. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 109 MICHAEL, St. Mount, monastery, Cornwall, built, 1030. MICROSCOPES first used in Germany, 1621 ; solar ditto, 1710. MIDDLESEX-HOSPITAL enlarged, 1834. MILE, the length of it first determined, 1593, to con- sist of 5280 feet, or 1760 yards ; so that a square mile contains 640 square acres. MILITARY Academy, Wolwich, established, 1741. MILITIA, the present act passed 1757 ; altered 1764, 1781 ; permanent local militia established, 1808. MILNER (Isaac), Divine and Mathematician, died 1820 MILTON (John), born 1608, died blind, 1674. MINE-*, royal, established, 1565. MINOTATjR, of seventy-four guns, wrecked on the Haaks bank, and 480 of the crew drowned, D-'cember 22, 1810. MINSTER at York, much injured by fire, inten- tionally caused by Martin, a lunatic, February 2, 1829 ; re-opened, after complete restoration, May 6, 1832. MINT (New), erected, 1813. MIRABAUD, the French statesman died, 1791 . MIRRORS invented by Praxiteles, 228 years before Christ. YHTCHELSTOWN, at a barn near, at which a number with my sister Margaret. This man told me and my sister that we must accompany him to the forest of J Dolbach, about a quarter of a league from our abode, as some one wished to speak to me there. He would I neither mention to us his name, nor the reason of his invitation. 1 'was at first unwilling to go there, but this man at last persuaded me. My sister was my companion. When I reached the forest, I met a hand- ; some young man, who proposed to me to leave my parents and follow him. Nothwithstanding his fine I promises, I refused his suit ; but he threatened to kill me ; and thus was I constrained to accompany this ! stranger. It was not till long after, and when I was far from my parents, that I learned his name. He was the famous Schinderhannes." The chief gained considerable sums by levying a kind of black mail around the villages, and granting passports to merchants, Jews, and countrymen. He was, moreover, guilty of an act of glaring audacity, which is worth mentioning. With Pick and Dalleimer, he had posted himself en a rock near the castle of Bockelheim, where he was waiting for Jews returning from the fair of Kreutznach. Forty-five of them approached, and five peasants ; but the robbers were not intimidated by numbers. The spot which they had selected for the robbery was a hollow in the road. Schinderhannes hid himself behind a rock, while his companions planted themselves in the opening of the pass. The Jews were sud- denly called on to stand — the robbers issued from their concealment, and wounding two of their victims who attempted an escape, demanded their money from the party. But they were poor, and had only a few kreutzers. Being satisfied with this, the captain ordered all to take off their shoes and stockings and place them in a heap. He then desired each to take his own. The consequence was, that a quarrel took place among the Jews : they who had surrendered their lives to the banditti, fought with determined fury about their shoes and stockings. Schinderhannes, to show his contempt for the party, gave his carbine to one of their body to hold, while he gathered from the ground the watches that he had taken from the Israelites. His next conspicuous exploit was at Hottenbach, where a Jew, named Wolff, had been pointed out by others of his order as able and fit to come within the robber's black mail system. He sent the Jew an order for some handkerchiefs, tobacco, and money ; but not being attended to, he knocked at Wolff's door very late one night, and requested the inmates to bring him forth some brandy. The Jew at first refused ; but taking alarm, he opened his door, and the robbers rushed in and struck him to the ground. His wife was equally ill-treated ; and even an infant in a cradle was not spared. While this violence was being perpetrated in Wolff's house, cne of the bandits forced the door of a neighbour named Marx, and compelled him to surrender his money and valuables. The band then brought Wolff, his father-in-law, and Marx, into a cellar, and after making them distribute wine to the party, they desired them to remain quiet for a quarter of an hour, not to speak to any one on the subject of the robbery, and to send fifteen louis by a certain day to a particular spot. Schinderhannes gained so much by this expedition, that he lived for I some time at his ease. After tarrying on the other side of the Rhine, he became as active as ever. Accom- panied by his wife, he concerted with some members of the JRiederlander band to make a trial on the I maitre deposte, at Wurges. This was successful. He made arrangements for regular tribute from the Jews of Hundsbal, and various other places. In some villages the local authorities allowed his proceedings l in silence. He resolved on robbing Jacques Bor, of Marxheim, in 1801. A confederate resident in this J place told him that the bailly (rent-meister) wished to seehim, and that he must be disguised as a travelling j wine-seller, lest his family should suspect the truth. Schinderhannes went to Marxheim ; the bailly j entertained him well, and proposed that he should rob Brr, against whom he had a deep grudge. The I robbers took their station at a windmill near the village, and sent word to the bailly that B6'r should be I attacked in the night. His messenger brought back a present ol wine, and a request that some of tha : boot/ should be left in a particular place. At night the robbers, about ten or twelve in number, pro- 124 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. ceeded to Marxheim, and met the watch, consisting of six men, who demanded where they were going in such number. " To rob a Jew," was the captain's unhesitating reply. They thundered at Bor's door, and told him Hannes wished to see him. He recognising the robbers' voices, endeavoured to parley ; then begged them to desist : but the delay making them savago, the Jew thought of retiring with his wife and children to the upper part of the house. The captain perceived him, forced the shutters, entered with one of his band, and followed Bor to his garret. There they beat him unmercifully, and left them lifeless ; then, after collecting all the valuables from the shop into the riz de chausse, they forced the first-floor door, where Madame Bor, who was in the room with her children, opened a chest of drawers, whence they abstracted thirty louis, and many articles in gold and silver. Altogether they collected a rich booty. While they were engaged in the robbery, the corneur (watchman) passed by the door, entered into con- versation with the robbers, and went on without molesting them. Schinderhannes proceeded to the right bank of the Rhine, to sell the stolen merchandise. Many robberies were committed at this time— the robbers got money so fast, and in such plenty, that they gave themselves up to the grossest debauchery This was not done in the dark forest or the gloomy cavern — but in the open face of day, in the midst of populous villages and towns, where they had not the slightest apprehension in showing themselves. Schinderhannes had a narrow escape after a robbery at Ullmet. With six of his band he entered the house of a Jew, Herz, and collected an amazing booty : Herz and his wife were most cruelly treated. The alarm was sounded in the village ; the inhabitants assembled and pursued the robbers, who were fortunate enough to reach the Schonwald. The captain's escape was more narrow on another occasion. With one comrade* he joined Miiller, and five others of the Niederlander land, and entered the house of a Jew at Bayerthal, in* the palatinate. They cruelly treated the Jew, his wife, and servants ; ransacked his storehouse ; and were returning well satisfied with their acquisitions, when daylight set in, and they divided into two parties. Near Hansen he with his party saw a crowd of peasants, in great hubbub and alarm. Supposing they were in search of him and his comrades, they fled, and were pursued by the countrymen, who gained rapidly upon them. Two of the Belgians hid themselves in some bushes, but were discovered and taken. Schin- derhannes and his comrade, Blum, reached a wood, and climbed a tree ; the thick foliage of which suffi- ciently screened them. The countrymen threaded the wood in vain, and gave up the search in despair. At night the chief reached Wooghausen, where he met Miiller, Julie Blasius, and others : they were in the loft of a small cabaret. Presently, the place was surrounded by some French and palatine chasseurs, who examined the house. Miiller was caught by the side of Schinderhannes, but he lay concealed in some hay and escaped : Miiller was released by the bailly of the village. Blum was caught and delivered over to the civil authorities ; and the bandit chief proceeded by the Neckar to the Black Forest. He was not long | before he returned to his old haunts and avocations. Robberies continued to be nightly committed, with \ stubborn audacity and needless cruelty. On one occasion they were plundering the mill of Kratzmann of Kratzmuhle, near Marxheim. They had seized the miller by the throat, flung him to the ground, and | tied him hand and foot, when they pulled his sick infirm mother-in-law from her bed, and applied burning j amadou between her toes. They afterwards burned her chemise on her person with a candle, and held the i candle under her arms. Schinderhannes at length took compassion on the expiring old woman, and dashed ' some water over her oody. After eighteen months of preliminary investigations, the robbers and their ! accomplices were arraigned; they were sixty-seven in number. The respective cases were minutely | heard. Of the prisoners, twenty were found guilty of the crimes imputed to them ; and Schinderhannes, | Schmidt, Porn, Klein, Welsch, Schulz, and Miiller the elder, were condemned to death as assassins ; six j to twenty-four years in the bagnes ; three to twenty-two (of these, old Buckler was one) ; one to fourteen years ; two to ten years ; two to eight years ; one to six 3'ears ; one to two years' imprisonment. Julie Blasius was acquitted of participation in the crimes of her husband, but found guilty of vagabondage, and of having received things from Buckler which she knew to have been acquired by robbery. She was con- demned to two years' imprisonment. Bossmann and Charles Gabel were to have five months' imprison- ment ; the women, Schulz and Reinhard, were to be banished the republic. Those who were condemned to irons were for six hours to be exhibited on a scaffold, according to law : all others were to be discharged. Schinderhannes during his trial had preserved a light and gay demeanour; he was not touched on hearing his own sentence, but gave utterance to an emotion of joy on hearing the mild fate of Julie Blasius. On leaving the court, the robber said to the assembled multitude, " Regardez-moi, bien ; car aujourd'hui et demain c'est pour la derniere fois." His guard wished to hurry him ; but he exclaimed, "He, quoi! le bourreau est-il done si impatient!" The judgment of the criminal tribunal was without appeal; and execution was ordered for the morrow, the 21st of November, 1803. The chief seemed resigned, and received the sacrament. The prisoners were taken in five carts to the scaffold, which was erected where once stood the chateau of La Favorite. On his way, he saw an old acquaintance, to whom he said " Bon soir!" sending, at the same time, his last adieu to Julie. He then turned to the minister of religion, and said, " I will now explain to you how I came to follow so sad a life." He continued his account till they reached the scaffold, which he mounted with rapid steps. He examined the guillotine, and inquired if the blow were precise and sure, as it was reported to be \ The officials told him it was. He wished to prepare himself for the fatal stroke, but was advised to submit to the usual routine. Then looking around on the multitude, he said, "J'ai merite la mort; mais dix de mes camarades meurent innocens. Voila mes ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 12.-) SCOTLAND received the Christian faith, 203; its regalia and crown taken and brought to England, with the coronation chair, now in Westminster Abbey, 1296; the kingdoms of England and Scot- land united under the title of Great Britain, in SCOT (Reginald), eminent English writer, died 1599. •SCOTT (Sir Walter), author of Waverley and many other excellent novels, born 1771 ; died, September 21. 1832. SCRIPTURES ordered to be read in Monasteries in Britain, 746. dernieres paroles !" The twenty criminals were executed in twenty-six minutes. The sight of the coffins, which were ranged along the scaffold, and of the fatal instrument, shook the courage of the stoutest of its destined victims. Schinderhannes alone laid down his head with calmness. His death was the harbinger of peace and security to the provinces of the Rhine. * Sir Walter Scott was born at Edinburgh on the 15th of August, 1771. His father, Mr. Walter-Scott, < was a respectable writer to the signet, a branch of the law profession in Scotland, corresponding to that of attorney or solicitor in the English courts. The house occupied by the family, at the period of the poet : s birth and for some time afterwards, stood at the head of the College Wynd, a narrow alley leading from the Cowgate to the northern gate of the College, and now considered one of the meanest lanes of the Old Town. At that time, however, the College Wynd was inhabited by several families of respectability ; and, among others, by that of Mr. Keith, grandfather to the present Sir Alexander Keith, likewise a writer to the Signet, who, agreeably to the ancient Edinburgh fashion, occupied the two lower flats of the same house of which the upper stories, accessible by another entrance, belonged to the family of the poet. This mansion was eventually pulled down to make way for the new college. The father of Sir Walter Scott was not a man of shining talents, but was much esteemed as a steady and expert man of business, and as a person of great benevolence and integrity. He held for many years the honourable office of Elder in the parish church of Old Grayfriars, of which Dr. Robertson, the historian, and Dr. Erskine, an eminent presby- ' terian divine, then had the collegiate pastoral charge. His professional career was prosperous, and he 6eems to have early attained ease, if not affluence of worldly circumstances. The wife of this worthy man, and mother of the poet, appears from all accounts to have been a more remarkable person. She was a daughter of Dr. John Rutherford, Professor of the practice of Physic in the University of Edinburgh, and sister of Dr. Daniel Rutherford, Professor of Botany in the same institution, both men of considerable scientific reputation, and living in habits of familiar intercourse with the first literary society which Scotland in their day produced. Besides the advantage of such connexions, and of an excellent education, • Mrs. Scott possessed superior natural talents, had a good taste for poetry, and great conversational powers. | She is said to have been well acquainted in her youth with Allan Ramsay, Beattie, Blacklock, and other j Scottish authors of the last century ; and independently of the influence which her own talents and acquirements may have given her in training the opening mind of her distinguished son, it is obvious that he must have been greatly indebted to her for his introduction, in early life, into the select literary and intellectual society of which she and her near relations were ornaments. Sir Walter was the third child of a family of six sons and one daughter, all of whom he survived. From an early period of his infancy until the age of sixteen, he was afflicted with frequent ill health ; and either from the effects of a sickly constitution, or, as some accounts say, from an accident occasioned by the carelessness of a nurse, his right foot was injured and rendered lame for life. The delicacy of his health induced his parents to consent to his residence, during a considerable part of his early boyhood, at Sandy Know, the house of his paternal grand- ' father, a respectable farmer in Roxburghshire. This farm-house occupies an elevated situation near the old border fortlet, called Smailholm-tower, and overlooks a large portion of the vale of the Tweed and the adjacent country, the Arcadia of Scotland, and the very cradle of Scottish romance and.song. Southward, : on the Northumbrian marches, rise, dark and massive, the Cheviot mountains, with the field of Flodden on their eastern skirts ; while on the west, within a few miles' distance, appears the legendary three-peaked Eildon, looking down on the monastic ruins of Melrose and Dryburgh, on the Rhymer's Tower, and luntly Bank, and Leader Haughs, and Cowdenknows, and on the storied streams of Teviot and Ettrick, and Yarrow and Gala-water, issuing to the Tweed from their pastoral glens. " The whole land," to use the poetical language of Allan Cunningham, " is alive with song and story : almost every stone that stands above the ground is the record of some skirmish or single combat ; and every stream, although its waters be bo inconsiderable as scarcely to moisten the pasture through which they run, is renowned in song and in ballad. ' I can stand,' said Sir Walter, one day, 'on the Eildon Hill, and point out forty-three places, famous in war and verse.' " Such was the country that opened, from the thatched farm-house at Smail- holm-tower, to the eyes and the imagination of the future minstrel ; and the impressions that were then indelibly stamped on his infant mind by the pastoral scenery and legendary lore of the " land of his sires," are beautifully described in the introduction to the third canto of " Marmion." While his poetical educa- tion (if we may so term it) was thus prosperously though unconsciously proceeding, his progress in school instruction is understood to have been considerably delayed or interrupted by his absence in the country and his irregular health. Mr. Cunningham mentions that he was taught the rudiments of knowledge by his mother. Mr. Chambers states that he received some part of his early education at a school kept by a Mr. Leeshman, in Bristo-strcet, Edinburgh ; other accour*" say that he attended a school at Musselburgh ; L 126 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. and the present writer happens to know that he resided some time at Kelso, in his early days, in the house of a relative, but whether or not he attended any school there, he cannot say. These minute details, though all highly interesting in reference to a man so distinguished, must necessarily be left to be accurately sifted out by more competent biographers. It is sufficient for our present purpose, to mention that he entered the class of Mr. Luke Frazer, in the High School of Edinburgh, in October, 1779, when he bad completed his eighth year ; and two years subsequently he was transferred to the class of the Rector, Dr. Adam, an amiable man and an excellent teacher, whose memory Sir Walter ever held in high regard. It would appear from all accounts that have yet reached the public, that his progress in the classics was at this period by no means extraordinary. It is even affirmed that he was remarkable for incorrectness in his exercises ; and it appears, at least, pretty well ascertained, that he left no distinct impression of superior talent or acuteness, either on his teachers or his fellow-pupils. He is better remembered for having been "a remarkably active and dauntless boy, full of all manner of fun, and ready for all manner of mischief;" and so far from being timid or quiet on account of his lameness, that very defect (as he has himself remarked to be usually the case in similar circumstances with boys of enterprising disposition) prompted him to take the lead among all the stirring boys in the street where he lived, or the school which he attended. He left the High School in 1783, ranking only eleventh in the Rector's class. However idle or backward, however, the schoolboy Scott might be in regard to classical attainments, he had, it seems, even then acquired a high character as a romancer. Of this curious fact he gives the following account in the general introduc- tion to the new edition of the " Waverley Novels :"— " I must refer to a very early period of my life, were I to point out my first achievements as a tale-teller ; but I believe some of my old school-fellows can stiil bear witness that I had a distinguished character for that talent, at a time when the applause of my com- panions was my recompense for the disgraces and punishments which the future romance-writer incurred for being idle himself, and keeping others idle, during hours that should have been employed on our tasks. The chief enjoyment of my holidays was to escape with a chosen friend, who had the same taste with myself, and alternately to recite to each other such wild adventures as we were able to devise. We told, each in turn, interminable tales of knight-errantry, and battles, and enchantments, which were continued from one day to another, as opportunity offered, without our ever thinking of bringing them to a conclusion. As we observed a strict secrecy on the subject of this intercourse, it acquired all the character of a con- cealed pleasure ; and we used to select for the scenes of our indulgence, long walks through the solitary and romantic environs of Arthur's Seat, Salisbury Craigs, Braid Hills, and similar places in the vicinity of Edinburgh; and the recollection of those holidays still forms an oasis in the pilgrimage which I have to look back upon." He entered the University of Edinburgh in October, 1783, at the age of twelve years ; but he appears (as far as can be ascertained from the matriculation records) to have attended only the Greek and Humanity (or Latin) classes for two seasons, and that of Logic one season. If he entered any other classes, it seems probable that his irregular health had interrupted his attendance. The consequence was that he had little opportunity, even if he had had the ambition, to distinguish himself at college; and he thus entered the world with a very desultory, and, as far as regards the classics, apparently a rather defective education. Nor was his course of private reading (it could scarcely be called stud}) much cal- culated to remedy that disadvantage. Having thus passed through a somewhat sickly and solitary infancy, which threw him much into the society of his elder relatives, and a somewhat idle boyhood, in which the recurrence of ill health cast him upon the resources of romance reading and romance dreaming, the con- stitution of the imaginative youth, about his sixteenth year, experienced a decisive improvement. His lameness, indeed, remained so far, that he was obliged to use a staff to assist his foot in walking ; but in other respects he became remarkably robust, and able to endure great fatigue, whether bodily or mental. ! He now applied himself with vigour to the study of law ; and besides attending the usual classes in the university necessary to fit him for the bar, he performed the ordinary duties of an attorney's apprentice under his father, in order to acquire a more thorough technical knowledge of his profession. He exhibited, however, no ambition to distinguish himself at any of the debating societies at which the academical youth of Edinburgh, and more especially the candidates for forensic honours, are wont to train their unfledged powers of eloquence or argumentation. " He was never heard of," says a Scottish biographer, "at any of those clubs , and so far as he was known at all, it was only as a rather abstracted young man, very much 0ven to reading, but not the kind of reading with which other persons of his age are conversant. " On the 10th of July, 1792, about three months before he had completed his twenty-first year, he passed Advocate at the Scottish bar, after the usual examinations. Mr. Chambers, whose respectable biographical sketch we have already quoted, in reference to this period of his professional career, makes the following state- ment : — " The young barrister was enabled by the affluence of his father, to begin life in an elegant house in the most fashionable part of the town ; but it was not his lot to acquire either wealth or distinction at the bar. He had, perhaps, some little employment at the provincial sittings of the criminal court, and occasionally acted in unimportant causes as a junior counsel ; but he neither obtained, nor seemed qualified to obtain, a sufficient .share of general business to insure an independency. The truth is, his mind was not yet emancipated from that enthusiastic pursuit of knowledge which had distinguished his youth. His necessities, with only himself to provide for, and a sure retreat behind him in the comfortable circum- stances of his native home, were not so great as to make an exclusive application to his profession impera- ALPHABETICAL CHnONOLOG 127 tive ; and h« therefore seemed destined to join what a sarcastic barrister has termed, " the ranks of th« gentlemen who are not anxious for business." Although he could speak readily and fluently at the bar, his intellect was not at all of a forensic cast. He appeared to be too much of the abstract and unworldly Bcholar to assume readily the habits of an adroit pleader ; and evem although he had been perfectly com- petent to the duties, it is a question if his external aspect and general reputation would have permitted the generality of agents to intrust them to his hands. Throughout all the earlier years of his life, as a barrister, he was constantly studying either one branch of knowledge or another. Unlike most of the young men of his order, he was little tempted from study into composition. Sir Walter was by no means a precocious author, either in verse or prose. He had reached his 25th year before he had given any indications of the peculiar talents which were destined to render him the most popular and voluminous writer of his age. The circumstances which awakened his dormant powers, and altered the whole complexion of his future life, have been detailed by himself in a very interesting manner, in the biographical introductions prefixed to the later editions of his works. After mentioning the remarkably low ebb to which the art of poetry had Allien during the last ten years of the eighteenth century, he describes the effects produced by the introduction of some translations of the German ballad school, especially of Burger's " Leonore," and the extraordinary excitement produced by the German poetry on his own mind. Having recently made him- ' self master of the German language, he was led to form an acquaintance with Mr. Lewis, the author of j " The Monk," who chanced, about that period, to visit Edinburgh ; and " out of this acquaintance," says i Scott, " consequences arose which altered almost all the Scottish ballad-maker's future prospects in life." j In early youth he had been an eager student of ballad poetry, both printed and oral, but he had never dreamt, he says, of attempting that style of writing himself. "I had," he observes, "indeed, tried the ! metrical translations which were occasionally recommended to us at the High School. I got credit for attempting to do what was enjoined, but very little for the mode in which the task was performed ; and I used to feel not a little mortified when my verses were placed in contrast with others of admitted merit." The result of this resolution was the translation of several ballads from Burger; and finding these very favourably received by the friends to whom he showed them in MS. he was induced to try their effect on the public by publishing annonymously the translation of " Leonora,'' with that of " The Wild Huntsman," in a thin quarto. " The fate of this my first publication,'' he remarks, "was by no means flattering. I distributed so many copies among my friends, as materially to interfere with the sale ; and the number of translations which appeared in England about the same time, including that of Mr. Taylor, to which I had J been so much indebted, and which was published in the ' Monthly Magazine,' were sufficient so exclude a j provincial writer from competition. * * * In a word, my adventure proved a dead loss ; and a great part j of the edition was condemned to the service of the trunk-maker." By the time that Scott had attained j his thirty-second year, he was in a situation to take this step without imprudence. His success as a barrister was not such as to hold out any very flattering prospects of his attaining either wealth or J distinction by his profession ; at least not with such divided affection as he was inclined to bestow upon j it. " My profession and I," he says, "came to stand nearly upon the footing which honest Slender consoled | himself with having established with Mrs. Anne Page ' There was no great love between us at the [ beginning, and it pleased Heaven to decrease it on farther acquaintance !' I became sensible that the time was come when I must either buckle myself resolutely to • the toil by day, the lamp by night,' renouncing all the Dalilahs of my imagination, or bid adieu to the profession of the law, and hold another course." His appointment as Sheriff, however, with some fortune left him by his father, secured him a moderate competency; and his marriage, which took place in 1797, is understood to have augmented his family resources by an annuity, which Mrs. Scott possessed, of £400. ; so that when he made up his mind to abandon his professional practice, he must have attained an income of at least £700. or £300. a year. The lady' he married was a Miss Carpenter, a native, we believe, of the city of Lyons, but of English parentage, with whom he had become acquainted at the watering-place of Gilsland, in Cumberland. She is said to have possessed in youth great personal attractions. After his marriage he spent several summers in a delightful retreat at Lasswade,' on the banks of the Esk, about five miles from Edinburgh. Here he continued the prosecution of his favourite studies, and commenced the work which first established his name in literature — "The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border." The materials of this work were collected during various excursions, or raids, as Sir Walter was wont to call them, through the most remote recesses of the border glens, made by the poetical compiler in person, assisted by one or two other enthusiasts in ballad lore. Pre-eminent among his coadjutors in this undertaking, was Dr. John Leyden, an enthusiastic borderer and ballad-monger like himself, and to whom he has gratefully acknowledged his obligations both in verse and prose. " The Lay of the Last Minstrel," appeared in 1S05. The structure of the verse was suggested, as the author states, by the " Christabel " of Coleridge, a part of which had been repeated to him, about the }-ear 1800, by Sir John Stoddart. The originality, wildness, poetical beauty, and descriptive power of Scott's border romance produced an effect on the public mind, only to be equalled, perhaps, by some of the earlier woris of Byron. In the spring of 1800, Sir Walter obtained an appointment, which, he says, comp'etely met his moderate wishes as to pre- ferment. This was the office of a principal clerk of Session, of which tlie duties are by no means heavy, though personal attendance during the sitting of the courts is required. Mr. Pitt, under whose adminis- lis ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. tration the appointment had been granted, having died before it was officially completed, the succeeding Whig ministry had the satisfaction of confirming it, accompanied by very complimentary expressions from Mr. Fox. to the nominee on the occasion. The emoluments of this office were about £1200. a year ; but Scott received no part of the salary till the decease of his predecessor in 1812, the appointment being a reversionary one. From the appearance of the " Lay of the Last Minstrel " the history of Sir Walter Scott is, with the exception ot a few important incidents, little else than the history of his numerous pub- lications. To criticise, or even to enumerate with precision, the whole of that voluminous and splendid array, forms no part of the object of the present article ; but we must briefly notice the appearance of the principal works. " Marmion " appeared in 1808, and, though pretty sharply criticised by some of the reviewers, was received by the public with a degree of favour, if possible, even surpassing that experienced bj' the "Lay." This was succeeded in 1810 by "The Lady of the Lake;" in 1811 appeared "Don Roderick ;" in 1813, " Rokeby ;" and in 1814, " The Lord of the Isles." " The Bridal of Triermain," and " Harold the Dauntless," appeared anonymously, the former in 1813, and the latter in 1817. While the Court of Session was sitting, Scott lived in Edinburgh, in a good substantial house in North Castle-street. During the vacations he resided in the country, and appeared to enter with ardour i«"-t.o the ordinary occu- pations and amusements of country gentlemen. After he was appointed Sheriff of Selkirk, he hired for his summer residence the house and farm of Ashiesteil, in a romantic situation on the banks of the Tweed ; and here many of his poetical works were written. But with the increase of his resources grew the desire to possess landed property of his own, where he might indulge his tastes for building, planting, and gardening. Commencing with moderation, he purchased a small farm of about one hundred acres, lying on the south bank of the Tweed, three miles about Melrose, and in the very centre of that romantic and legendary country which his first great poem has made familiar to every reader. This spot, then called Cartly Hole, had a northern exposure, and at that time a somewhat bleak and uninviting aspect ; the only habitable house upon it was a small and inconvenient farm-house. Such was the nucleus of the mansion and estate of Abbotsford. By degrees, as his resources increased, he added farm after farm to his domain, and reared his chateau, turret after turret, till he had completed what a French tourist not inaptly terms " a romance in stone and lime ;" clothing meanwhile the hills behind, and embowering the lawns before, with flourishing woods of his own planting. The embellishment of his house and grounds, and the enlarge- ment of his landed property, became, after the establishment of his literary reputation, the objects, apparently, of Scott's most engrossing interest ; and whatever may be the intrinsic value of the estate as a heritage to his posterity, he has at least succeeded in creating a scene altogether of no ordinary attractions, and worthy of being for ever associated with his distinguished name. The appearance of the prose romance of " Waverley,'' in 1814, forms an epoch in modern literature as well as in the life of Scott. The circumstances which led him to attempt this new style of composition, and induced him for so long a period carefully to conceal his authorship, are detailed in a very interesting manner in his introduction to the new edition of this extraordinary series of tales. We cannot do more than merely refer to his own narrative. But we may remark in passing, that however well the secret was kept, and however vehement and ludicrous the controversies to which it gave rise, it was in reality no secret at all to any one (to any Scotchman, at least, of literary sagacity) who was acquainted with Sir Walter's other works, or with his trains of thought and modes of expression. Among the literary men of Edinburgh, assuredly there was scarcely e^en the shadow of a doubt from the beginning. The writer of this sketch remembers well a con- versation he had with Sir Walter, after the publication of " Guy Mannering," about the gypsy heroine, Jean Gordon, subsequently avowed to have been the prototype of Meg Merrilies. After relating the story (now well known) of Jean Gordon and the Goodman of Lochside, — " I have a great notion," added Scott, with impenetrable command of countenance, though he saw that his auditor could not repress a smile, " I have a great notion that * the author of Waverley ' had Jean Gordon in his eye when he drew the character of Meg Merrilies." And his visitor concurred in the opinion as gravely as he could ; having at the same time no more doubt as to the authorship than he has now. In the spring of the ensuing year (1820) he was created a baronet of the United Kingdom, by George IV., as a testimony of personal favour and friendship. On the King's visit to Scotland, in 1822, Sir Walter was invited to superintend the* arrangements for his Majesty's reception; and he performed that delicate and difficult task with admirable address and propriety, and gave, by his animating influence, something of a high and chivalrous character to what would probaly have otherwise appeared a formal as well as a frivolous piece of pageantry. " The author of Waverly " was still continuing to issue the apparently inexhaustible " coinage of his brain," at the rate of from three to eight volumes a year, exclusive of as much additional poetry and prose " by Sir Walter Scott" as would have built up a goodly reputation for any ordinary author, when, in January 1826, the house of Constable and Co. became bankrupt. It then became known, to the extreme surprise and universal regret of the public, that their great literary benefactor and favourite was involved by the failure to an extent which appeared utterly ruinous. By bill transactions with Messrs. Constable and Co., and by other means not yet very distinctly detailed, he had become responsible for debts to the enormous amount of £120,000., of which not above one-half were actually incurred on his own account. How a man of Sir Walter's characteristic prudence and knowledge of business should have been so incautious as to entangle himself in such transactions is most surprising, and scarcely well accounted for by any explanation that has ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 121) SEA at Teignmouth, and other places on (lie coast of Devonshire, rose and fell to the height of two feet, several times in the space of ten minutes, August 10, 1802. By a singular convulsion of the sea in the port of Plymouth, the shipping and craft were left dry and floated again several times in the space of twelve hours, June 1, 1811. SEA, embankment of, upon Cartmen Sands, Lanca- shire, by which 0000 acres of marsh lands were obtained, 1809. Embankment of, at Tre-Madoc, Carnarvonshire, completed, 1811. Byan incursion of, during a hurricane, a house at Kingsgate, near Margate, called the Admiral Digby'sHead, was carried awa}-, except one wing, October 13, 1816. SEALING Charters and Deeds first used in England 1065. SEALS not much in use with the Saxons, but they signed parchments with the cross, impressions of j lead being affixed. There was a f-eal of King: Edward's at Westminster, about 1188. Coats of Arms were nut introduced into seals till 1216. Great seal of England first used to crown grants, &c. 1050; stolen in 1781. SEAMEN'S V.'r.ges were advanced by Government, April 26, 1797. The Pursur's deduction of one- eighth of provisions taken oflf. SECRETARIES of State first appointed in Eng- land, Lord Cromwell was so made by Cardinal Wolsey, 1529. yet appeared of these concerns. He encountered adversity with dignified and manly intrepidity. On meeting the creditors, he refused to accept of any compromise, and declared his determination, if life was spared him, to pay off" every shilling. He insured his life in their favour for £22,000. ; surrendered all his available property in trust ; sold his town house and furniture, and removed to a humbler dwelling ; and then set himself calmly down to the stupendous task of reducing this load cf debt. The only indulgence he asked for was time ; and, to the honour of the parties concerned, time was liberally and kindly given him. A month or two after the crash of Constable's house, Lady Scott died— domestic affliction thus following fast on worldly calamity. The divulgement of the Waverley secret became, by the exposure of Constable's concerns, indispensable, and took place at an anniversary dinner of the Edinburgh Theatrical Fund Asso- ciation in February, 1827. The original MSS. of these works falling into the possession of the creditors, were afterwards sold in London by public auction. For five years after his pecuniary misfortunes, namely, from January, 1826, to the spring of 1831, Sir Walter continued his indefatigable labours, and in that period, besides some eight or ten new works of fiction, produced the " Life of Napoleon," in nine volumes; a " History of Scotland," in two volumes ; " Tales of a Grandfather," in nine small volumes ; " Letters on Demonology;" " Malagrowther's Letters," and a variety of smaller productions. The profits of these works, and of the new edition of the " Waverley Novels," which was commenced in 1829, were so con- siderable, that towards the end of the year 1830, £54,000. of debt had been paid off; all of which, except six or seven thousand, had been produced by his own literary labours. The prodigious labour which these numerous and voluminous works necessarily required, was too much, however, for even the most ready intellect and robust frame. The springs of life, so long overtasked, began to give way. During the ensuing winter symptoms of gradual paralysis (a disease of which his father, it seems, had also died, but at an advanced age) began to be manifested. His lameness became more distressing, and his utterance began to be obviously affected. Yet even in this afflicting and ominous condition he continued to work with undimi- nished diligence. During the summer of 1831 he grew gradually worse. His medical attendants strictly forbade mental exertion ; yet he could not be restrained altogether from composition. In the autumn a visit to Italy was recommended ; and a passage to Malta in a ship of war was readily obtained for him. He was with difficulty prevailed on to leave Scotland ; but yielded at length to the entreaties of his friends, and sailed in October, accompanied by his eldest son and his unmarried daughter. His health seemed improved by the voyage ; but after visiting Naples and Rome, at both of which cities he was received with almost regal honours, his desire to return to his native land became irrepressible, and he hurried homeward with a rapidity which, in his state of health, was highly injurious, and doubtless accelerated the catastrophe which, perhaps, no degree of skill or caution could have long delayed. He experienced a futher severe attack of his disorder in passing down the Rhine, and reached London in nearly the last stage of physical and mental prostration. Medical aid could only, it was found, for a short period protract dissolution ; and to gratify his most ardent dying wish, he was conveyed by the steam packet to Leith, and on the 11th of July, 1832, reached once more his favourite house at Abbotsford, but in such a pitiable condition, that he no longer recognised his dearest and nearest relations. After lingering in this deplorable state till, in the progress of this melancholy malady— this living death— mortification had been some time proceeding in different parts of the mortal frame— he expired without a struggle on the 21st of September, 1&32. The funeral was attended chiefly by the personal friends and relatives of the deceased, and by the gentlemen of his acquaintance in the vicinity ; but the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns and villages evinced their respect for his memory by spontaneously suspending all business and generally assuming the emblems of mourning, while the funeral train were proceeding to deposit the body in its last narrow dwelling. He was interred in his family burial aisle amidst the ruins of Dryburgh Abbey, a spot of great picturesque beauty, lying on Tweed Side about half way between Smailholm, the scene of his simple infancy, and Abbotsford, the stately home of his latter years. Sir Walter Scott has left a family of two sons and two daughters. The eldest son, the present Sir Walter, is a Major in the 16th Hussars; Charles, the younger, is an Attache to the Neapolitan Legation. The elder daughter was married in 1820 to Mr. J. G. Lockhart, editor of the Quarterly Review ; the younger, Miss Ann Scott, remains still unmarried. I'M) ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY, SEDAN CHAIRS were introduced into England, 1734. SEDGljMOOR, in Somersetshire, Battle of, August 6, 1685, in the reign of Charles II. SELBY and LEEDS Railway, opened September 22. 1S34. SENEGAL taken by the English, May 1, 1758 ; again, 1779; again, July 13, 1809. SEPTUAGINT said to have been found in a cask, 217. SERINGAPATAM, capital of the Mvsore, taken by the English under General Harris, May 6, 1799. SERVETUS, burnt at Geneva, October 27, 1553. SEVERUS, died 211 ; aged 58. SEVERUS' WALL built in the north of England, 203. SEVIGNE (Marchioness de) born 1G26 ; died 1696. SEVILLE University founded, 1517. SEXTANT invented by Tycho Brahe, at Augs- burgh, in 1550. SHAKSPEARE, born 1564; died April 3, 1616. SHARK caught in the nets of the fishermen at Broad-stairs, measuring in length 31 feet, in girth 17^ feet, and weighing six tons, June 6, 1813. SHARP, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, born 1618; shot in his coach, May 3, 1679. SHAVING of priests first introduced, 169. SHEERNESS blown up by the Dutch fleet, 1667. SHEEP from England first permitted to be sent to Spain, which has since injured our manufacture ' 1467. From the wool grower to the consumer, s piece of cloth passes through 100 different hands. SHELLEY, the poet, born 1792; drowned 1822. SHENSTONE (William), English poet and mis- cellaneous writer, died 1763. SHERIDAN (Richard Brinsley), public funeral of Julv 13, 1816. SHERIFFS first appointed, 1079; first in London, 1189. SHERIFFS of London, fifty appointed in one day thirty-five of whom paid their fines, July 2, 1734. SHERLOCK (Dr. Thomas), Bishop of Ljndon, died 1761. SHETLAND ISLANDS, nineteen fishing boats foundered in a storm off, and 111 persons drowned, October, 1832. SHILLINGS first coined in England, 1505. SHIP. The first seen in Greece arrived at Rhodes from Egypt, 1485 B. C. The first double-decked one built in England was of 1000 tons burden, by order of Henry VII., 1509 ; it was called the Grea't Harry, and cost £14,000. ; before this, twenty-four gun ships were the largest in our navy, and these had no port-holes, the guns being on the upper decks only. Port-holes and other improvements were invented by Dechaiges, a French builder, at Brest, in the reign of Louis XII., 1500. There were not above four merchant ships of 120 tons burden before 1551. SHOEING of horses first introduced, 481. SHOES of the present fashion first worn in England, 1633 ; but the buckle was not introduced till 1670. SHOREHAM Suspension Bridge, opened, May 2, 1833. SHORE (Jane), mistress of E 1 ward IV., did penance, 1483 ; her husband executed for coining, 1496. SHOVEL (SirCloudslev), lost on the rocks of Scilly, October 22, 1707, aged 56. SHREWSBURY, Battle of, July 22, 1403, in the reign of Henry IV. SICILY first peopled from Italy, 1262 B. C ; sepa- rated from the kingdom of Naples, 1805. The government restored to Ferdinand 1814. SIDDONS (Mrs.) the greatest tragic actress ever seen in England, born 1755; died, June 7, 1831. SIDNEY (Algernon) beheaded, December 7, 1683. SIDNEY (Sir Philip) born 1554; killed in battle, September 22, 1536. SIGNALS at sea first devised by James II., 1665. SILK, wrought, brought from Persia to Greece, 325 B. C. From India, 274 A. D. Known at Rome in the time Tiberius, when a law passed in the senate, prohibiting the use of plate of massive gold, and also forbidding men to debase themselves by wearing silk, fit only for women. Heliogabuhw first wore a garment of all silk, 220. Silk-worms were brought to Europe 300 years later. Silk at first of the same value with gold, weight for weight, and thought to grow, like cotton, on trees, 220. The Emperor Aurelian, who died in 275, denied his empress a robe of silk, because too dear. Silk introduced into Europe by some monks, 551. Some monks who had been in India, in 555, brought from thence silk-worms' eggs to Constan- tinople, where raw silk was in time produced in abundance, and worked up into manufactures at Athens, Thebes, Corinth, &c. &c. Silk manu- factured in England, 1604. First silk manufactured in France, 1521. First worn by the English clergy, 1534. SILVER first coined at Rome, 269 B. C. SILVER MINES first discovered in Germany, 950; first discovered at Brittany, in France, November, 1730 , in Devonshire, 294; at Potosi, 1545 ; at Cusco, 1712; on the Cornish side of the river Tamer, 1811. SILVER PENNY the largest coin in England, 1302. SIMONIDES, the poet, flourished 503 B. C. SIMPSON (Thomas), English mathematician, died 1761. SINGING in churches established, 67. SION College, London-wall, founded, 1623. SIERRA LEONE coast discovered, 1460. SLAVE Trade from Congo aud Angola, begun by the Portuguese in 1482. Begun with England, 1563, in South America, 1550. Abolished by the Quakers, 1784. By the French Convention, 1794. By the British Parliament, 1807. By the Prince of the United Netherlands, 1814. In France, by Buonaparte, March 29, 1815. SLOANE (Sir Hans), born 1660; died, January II, 1752. SMALL-POX Hospital, Coldbath-fields, instituted, September 26, 1746. SMIRKE (Richard), died at Brampton, July, 1S15. SMOLLETT (Dr. Tobias), the historian, died, Sep- tember 17, 1771. SNEYD (Nathaniel), an Irish gentleman of rank and fortune, shot in the streets at noon by Mason, a lunatic, July 31, 1833. SNOW for eleven days, 1762 ; remarkably deep in 1731 and 1736 ; 7000 Swedes perished in a storm of snow upon the mountains of Rudel and Tydel, in their march to attack Dronthiem, in 1719. Great fall of snow in every part of England in January, 1814. Considerable fall of snow in the counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, by which much damage was done to the gardens, September, 2, 1816 SNYDERS (Francis), painter, born at Antwerp, 1579. SOAP first made in London and Bristol, 1524. SOCIETY ISLES, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered, 1765. SOCRATES put to death, 401, B. C, aged 70. SODOM burnt 1897 B. C, 65th of Lot's age. SOLAN DER (Dr.) naturalist, died May 13, 1782. SOLON, the lawgiver, born 549, B. C. SOLWAY MOSS, bordering on Scotland, ten miles from Carlisle, began to swell, owing to heavy rains, and upwards of 400 acres of it rose to such a height above the level of the ground, that at last it rolled forward like a torrent, and continued its course above a mile, sweeping along with it houses, trees, and every thing in its way ; it then divided into islands of different extent from one to ten feet dei-p, upon which were found hares, wild- fowl, &c. It has covered near 600 acres at Netherby, to which it removed, and destroyed about thirty small villages ; it continued in motion from Saturday to Wednesday, December 31, 1771. SOMERSET HOUSE, Strand, London, built, 1549 ; pulled down, 1776, and began to be rebuilt in its present state, same year. SOMERVILLE (William) English poet, died 1743. SOPHOCLES died 406 B. C, aged 90. SOUTHAMPTON, new pier at, opened, July 8, 1833. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLUCJY. 131 EOUTHCOTT (Joanna), pretended prophetess, who had manv followers, died December 27, 1814. SOUTH Sea Scheme in England vanished, 1720, after being the ruin of several hundred families. BOUTMWARK annexed to London, 1560, SOUTHWARK-BR1DGE, lust stone laid, Mav 23, 1816, opened March 21, 1819. SOUTI1WARK Fair restrained in 1743; abolished, 1762. SOWING corn, &c, the art of, taught by Ceres, 1409 B. C. SPA FIELDS, from 20,000 to 30,000 persons assem- bled in, to vote an address to the Prince Regent, from the distressed manufacturers, tradesmen, &c, November 15, 1816. Second meeting, December 2, following, which terminated in a very alarming riot ; the shops of several gunsmiths having been plundered of arms by the mob. SPAIN conquered by the Romans, 216 B C. The Moors kept possession after the Romans till 1093. Kingdom of Spain founded by the union of the two crowns of Castile and Arragon, the Queen of Castile having martied the King of Arragon, 1479, who assumed the title of Catholic Majesty. The kingdom seized by Buonaparte, and given to his brother Joseph, 1808. The theatre of war, from that period to the expulsion of the French, in 1814, when Ferdinand, who had been held captive in Fiance, was restored. SPAIN (New) discovered, 1518. SPEAKER of the House of Commons first chosen, 1340. SPEED (John) the- historian, died July, 1629, aged 76. SPENCER, the poet, born 1510, died 1598. SPINELLO (Gasp.), a Florentine, flourished 1330, died, aged 77 SPOON ER (Mr.), at Tamworth, Warwickshire, died aged 57, who weighed forty stone, nine pounds, and measured four feet three inches across the shoulders, April 30, 1775, SPONSORS lust instituted 130. STA EL (Madame de) died June, 1817, in the 53d year of her age. ST. ALBANS, Battle of, May 22. 1455, in the reign of Henry VI. ; again on Shrove Tuesday, 1461, in the reig'a of Edward IV. STAMP Office established 1161. STAMPS on newspapers be07. The first prince that shook off the yoke of Rome was Henry VIII., who settled the supremacy upon himself, 1533. SURINAM surrendered by the English to Holland, 1667; taken by the En'glish, August 20, 1799; again, M;iv5, 1801. SURNAMES introduced into England by the Nor- mans, and adopted by the nobility, 1200. SURPLICES first used in churches, 130. SURREY Canal Dock opened at Rothenthe. 1807. SURREY Institution commenced, 1808. SURVEY of England made, at first by order of Alfred. 900; by William the Conqueror. 1080; by Charles II., 1668. SUSSEX Kingdom, founded by Alia, a Saxon, 419. SWEARING on the Gospel first used, 528. SWEARING, the vice of, introduced, 1072. SWEATING Sickness, that carried off great num- bers, first observed in England, in 1481 ; again, 1483; in September, 1485; again, 1506; again, so that in some towns half the people died, in others one-third, 1517; again, 1528, 1529, 1548, 1551. SWEDENBORG (Emanuel), born at Stockholm, January 29, 1689; died in London, March 29, 1772. SWEDE'NBORGIANS' sect began, 1780. SWEDEN, kingdom of, began, 481 ; united to the crown of Denmark and Norway, in 1394 , Gustavus Vasa expelled the Danes, in 1525, until which time the crown was elective; Christianity intro- duced there, 829 ; no nobility there before 1500 ; nobility massacred, Nov. 8, 1510; Lutheranism established there by Gustavus Vasa, about 1525; popery abolished and the crown declared here- ditary, 1544 ; John Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, was chosen crown prince, August 21, 1810. Norway ceded to it by treaty, January 14, 1814. Charles XIV., the reigning monarch, began to reign, February 5, 1818. SWIFT (Dean "of St. Patrick's), died, October, 1745; a^ed78. SWITZERLAND, inhabited formerly by the Hel- vettii who were subdued by Ca?sar 57 years B. C. ; it remained subject to the Romans till again con- quered by the Alemans from Germany, 395 ; these were driven out by Clovis I. of France, 496; be- came part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 838 ; Swiss soldiers first in the pay of Fiance, 14S0 ; Swiss Cantons formed, 1307, six of the Cantons are Pro- testant and the rest Roman Catholic; joined the confederacy against Buonaparte, May 20, 1815. SWORD of State carried at an English king's coro- nation by a king of Scotland, 1194. TACITUS lived in 70 TALMA (Francis Joseph), theGarrick of the French stage, born 1763 ; died 1826. TALMUD made 117 B.C. TAMERLANE, conqueror of Asia, born 1336, died 1405. TAPESTRY invented by Sir Francis Crane, K'19, for the encouragement of which King James I. gave 2,000/. to build a house at Mortlake, in Surrey, 1619. TAR, mineral, discovered at Col eb rook-dale, Shrop- shire, 1779; and in Scotland, October 10, 1792. TASSO (Orlando), musician, died 1594. TASSO (Torquato), born 1514. TAVERNS restrained by an act of Edward VI ,1532, to 40 in London, 8 in Vork, 4 in Norwich, 3 in Westminster, 6 in Bristol, 3 in Lincoln, 4 in Hull, 3 in Shrewsbury, 4 in Exeter. 3 in Salisbury, 4 in Gloucester, 4 in Chester, 3 in Hereford, 3 in Wor- cester, 3 in Southampton, 4 in Canterbury, 3 in Ipswich, 3 in Winchester, 3 in Oxford, 4 in Cam- bridge, 3 in Colchester, 4 in Newcastle-on-Tyne. TEA-DEALERS obliged to have sign boards painted, 1779. TEA destroyed at Boston by the inhabitants, 1773, in abhorrence of English taxes ; for which they were severely punished by the English parliament in April, 1774. TEA first brought into Europe by the Dutch East India Company, early in 1691; tea, coffee, and cho- colate, first mentioned in the statute books, 1660 ; a quantity of tea brought from Holland by Lord Arlington and Lord Ossory, 1699 ; the Americana refused to receive it with a duty, 1773. TELEGRAPHS invented, 1687 ; put into practice by the French in 1794 ; by the English, January 28, 1796. TELESCOPES invented by J. Jansen, a spectacle maker at Middleburgh, 1590 ; first reflecting one, made on the principles of Sir Isaac Newton, 1692. TELL (William), shot Grisler, the Austrian gover- nor, 1317. TEMPLE-BAR, act passed for pulling down the houses without, June, 1795. TENIERS, painter, of Antwerp, born 1582 ; died 1649. TERENCE died 159 B. C. TERMS of law begun, 1079. TERTULLIAN, a father of the church, died 96 ; aged 85. TEST ACT passed, 1673; repealed, 1830. TEWKESBURY, Battle of, May 4, 1471. THAMES TUNNEL gave way, June 12, 1828. THAMES was so low between the Tower and the Bridge that women and children waded over it, owing to so great an ebb in the ocean, that laid the sands bare several miles from the shore, which continued a whole day, 1214 ; rose so high at Westminster, that the lawyers were brought out of the hall in boats, 1235; and 1703; again 1736; Palace Yard and Westminster Hall deluged by it, October 21, 1812. THEATRE, that of Bacchus at Athens, the first ever erected, built by Philos, 420 B. C ; the ruins still exist. The first ro}'al licence for one in Eng- land was in 1574, to James Burbage and four others, servants to th j Earl of Leicester, to act plays at the Globe, Bankside, or in any part of England ; but long before their time miracles were represented in the open fields, where the devil appeared in person on the stage, shearing the bristles of hogs; hence the old proverb, "Great cry and little wool." THEATRE (the Brunswick) fell and killed Mr. Maurice, one of the proprietors, and nine other persons, February 28, 1828. THEBES, built by Cadmus, 493 B. C. THERMOMETERS first invented by Drebel, a Dutchman, 1620; improved by Reaumer, I7li0; and by Fahrenheit. 1749. THESPIS, the poet, flourished about 539 B. C. THISTLEWOOD, Watson, Preston, and Hooper, tried for high-treason and acquitted, June 9th, 1817. THOMSON (James), poet, died, August 27, 1718 : aged 46. THORNHILL-LEES, Yorkshire, seveial persons apprehended at, for treasonable practices, b\ means of a spy of the name of Oliver, June 6, 1817 THORNHILL (Sir James), died 1732; aged 57. THREAD first made at Paisley, in Scotland, ii 1722. -*THURLOW (Lord), died, September 12, 1806; aeed 71. TIDES, the first theory of, by Kepler, 1596. T1LLOTSON 'Archbishop of Canterbury), die. 1694 ; aged 63. * Lord Thurlnw.— Mr. Butler has given a very striking account of the eloquence of Lord Thurlow am, his manner in debate : we transcribe his own words. " At times Lord Thurlow was superlatively great It was the good fortune of the reminiscent to hear his celebrated reply to the Duke of Grafton during th< Inquiry into Lord Sandwich's administration of Greenwich Hospital. His grace's action and delivery. 134 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. TIME first computed from the Christian Bera, 516; in historv, 784: in Spain, 1258; in Arragon and Castile. 13S3 : in Portugal, 141,5. TINTERN ABBEY, Monmouthshire, built, 1131. TINTORETTO, an Italian painter, born 1512; died 1594. TITHES first collected in England, 750. TITIAN, a Venetian painter, born 1477 ; died 1576. TITLES, first creation to, by patents, 1344. Titles royal : — The following is the succession in which the royal titles swelled in England— Henry IV. had the title of '' Grace " conferred on him ; Henry VI., that of "Excellent Grace;" Edward IV., that of "High and Mighty Prince;" Henry VII., "Highness;" Henry VlIL, " Majesty " (and was the first and last that was styled "Dread Sove- reign ") ; and James I., that of "Sacred" or " Most Excellent Majesty." That of " Majesty " was first given to Louis XL, of France ; before, it was the title only of emperors ; the kings of Arra- gon. Castile, and Portugal, had the title only of " Highness;" those of England, "YourGrace;" those of France, " Your Despotism." TOBACCO allowed to be cultivated in Ireland, 1779; prohibited, 1832; and the crops paid for and destroyed bv government, 1833. TOMBS of the kings of France, in the Abbey of St. Denis, were ordered to be destroyed by authority, October 14, 1793. TOOKE (John Home), born 1736; died, March 18, 1S12. TORRE DEL GRECO, near Naples, was nearly destroyed by the lava of Mount Vesuvius, June 30, 1794. TORRIJOS (General), shot in the market-place at Malaga, December 10, 1831. ♦TOURNAMENTS began in 170; instituted by Henry, Emperor of Germany, 919. TOWER of London built, 1078; walled in, 1099. TOWERS, high, first erected to churches in 1000. when he addressed the house, were singularly dignified and graceful : but his matter was not equal to his manner. He reproached Lord Thurlow with his plebeian extraction, and his recent admission into the peerage ; particular circumstances caused Lord Thurlow's reply to make a deep impression on the remi- niscent. His lordship had spoken too often, and began to be heard with a civil but visible impatience. Under these circumstances he was attacked in the manner we have mentioned. He rose from the wool- sack, and advanced slowly to the place from which the Chancellor generally addresses the hous<_; then fixing on the duke the look of Jove when he grasps the thunder, ' I am amazed,' he said in a level tone of voice, ' I am amazed at his grace's speech. The noble duke cannot look before him, behind him, or on either side of him, without seeing some noble peer who owes his seat in this house to his successful exertions in the profession to which I belong. Does he not feel that it is as honourable to owe it to these as to being the accident of an accident ? To all these noble lords the language of the noble duke is applicable and as insulting as it is to myself. But I do not fear to meet it single and alone. No one venerates the peerage more than I do ;— but, my lords, I must say that the peerage solicited me, not I the peerage ;— nay, more, I can say, and will say, that as a peer of Parliament, as speaker of this right honourable house, as keeper of the great seal, as guardian of his Majesty's conscience, as Lord High Chancellor of England, nay, even in that character alone in which the noble duke would think it an affront to be considered — as a man, I am at this moment as respectable — I beg leave to add, I am at this time as much respected— as the proudest peer I now look down upon.' This speech had its due effect both within and without the ' House.' It invested him, in public opinion, with a character of independence and honour; and this, although he was ever on the unpopular side in politics, rendered him popular with the people. Of his legal talents we need not speak ; they have always been the subject of panegyric. It has been said by those who dislike excellence in any one, that Lord Thurlow was much indebted to a Mr. Hargrave for the learning with which his judgments were so especially distinguished, and that that gentleman received a handsome remuneration for those services which rendered his lordship so popular with the people. That this remark is invidious no unprejudiced person will doubt for a moment. * Tournaments and justs, though often confounded with each other, differed materially. The tourna- ment was a conflict with many knights divided into parties, and engaged at the same time. The just was a separate trial of skill, when only one man was opposed to another ; the latter was frequently included in the former, but not without many exceptions, for the just, according to the laws of chivalry, might be made exclusive of the tournament. In the romantic ages, both these diversions were held in the highest esteem, being sanctioned by the countenance and example of the nobility, and prohibited to all below the rank of esquire; but at the same time the justs were considered as less honourable than the tournaments, for the knight who had paid his fees and been admitted to the latter had a right to engage in the former without any further demand, but he who had paid the lees for justing only, was by no means exempted from the fees belonging to the tournament. It is an opinion, generally received, that the tournament originated from a childish pastime practised by the Roman youths called the Troy Game, said to have been so named because it was derived from the Trojans, and first brought into Italy by Ascanius, the son of Eneas. But it is impossible to ascertain the precise period when tournaments first made their appear- ance, nor is it less difficult to determine by whom they were invented. The French and the Germans, however, both claim the honour : most of the German writers make the Emperor Henry I. the institutor of these pastimes, but others attribute their origin to another Henry at least a century after the former; the French, on their side, quote an ancient history which asserts that Geofry, Lord of Previlli in Anjou, who was slain at Gaunt, was the inventor of the tournament. It seems to be certain that tournaments were held in France and Normandy before the Conquest, and according to our own writers they were not permitted to be practised in our own country for sixty \ ears posterior to that event. The manner o. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLCGY. 135 TRAFALGAR, Hurtle .if. Lord Nelson killed in t e action. October 21 , 1805. TRAGEDY, the first acted at Athens, on a waggon, by Thespis, 5S5 B. C. TRAJAN'S pillar erected in Rome, 114. TRANSPORTATION of felons introduced, 1590. TRIBUTE of wolves' head paid in England, 971 ; paid by the English to the Danes in one year, 48,000/., 997. TRICHINOPOLI, in the East Indies, blown up by the magazine of gunpowder taking fire, 300 of the inhabitants lost their lives; 340,000 ball cartridges were destroyed, and the whole foundation shaken, 1773. TRINCOMALE, in Ceylon, taken by the English, 1782 ; and again, 1795. TRINITY House founded by Sir Thomas Spest, 1512 ; incorporated, 1685. TROY built, 1480 ; the kingdom began, 1446 B. C. TROY, destruction of, June 11, 1184 B. C. TULIPS first brought into England, 1578. ♦TURENNE (Marshal), born 1611; died 1675. TURKEYS came into England, 1523. The first in France, 1570. performing the tournament as then used, says Lombarde, " not being at the tilt, as I think, but at random and in the open field, was accounted so dangerous to the persons having to do therein, that sundry Pope9 forbad it by decree. And the kings of this realm, before King Stephen, would not suffer it to be frequented within their land, so that such as for exercise of this feat of arms were desirous to prove themselves, were driven to pass over the seas and to perform it in some indifferent place in a foreign country." This author's statement of the fact is perfectly correct. In the troublesome time of King Stephen the rigour of the laws was much relaxed, and tournaments, among other species of splendid dissipation, were permitted to be exercised. They were again, however, suppressed by Henry II., but his son, Richard I., having, as it is said, observed that the French practising frequently in the tournament were more expert in the use of their arms than the English, permitted his own knights to establish the like martial sports in his domi- nions. But at the same time he imposed a tax according to their quality upon such as engaged in them An earl was subjected to the fine of twenty marks for his privilege of entering the field as a combatant ; a baron ten ; a knight having a landed estate four ; and a knight, without such a possession, two. But all foreigners were particularly excluded. How long these imposts continued to be collected does not ap- pear, but tournaments were occasionally exhibited with the utmost display of magnificence in the suc- ceeding reigns, being not only sanctioned by royal authority, but frequently instituted at the jtoyal command, until the conclusion of the sixteenth century. From that period they declined rapidly, and nft> years afterwards were entirely out of practice. * Marshal Turenne was one of the most renowned generals of modern times. Henri de la Tour d'Au- vergne, Viscount Turenne, was the second son or me Duke de Bouillon, Prince of Sedan, in Champagne, where he was born in 1611. His mother was Elizabeth of Nassau, daughter of William, Prince of Orange, commonly called William the First, the illustrious founder of the Dutch republic. His father having died. Turenne was sent by his mother, at the early age of thirteen, to the Netherlands, to be trained to the art of war under his uncle, Prince Maurice, who, since the assassination of William in 1584, had presided over the affairs of that country. The young recruit was placed at first in the ranks, and served for a yeai ! as a common soldier, taking his share in all the labours and hardships of his comrades, before he was raised | to a post of command. In 1630 he returned to France, and was immediately invested with the command I of a regiment. In 1634, having made a brilliant display of his skill and courage at the siege of the fortress | of La Motte in Lorraine, he was raised to the rank of Marechal de Camp. The next year he was sent U. 1 Germany to take part in the war against the Emperor. From this date till his death, he was almost con- stantly engaged in active service; and for the next forty years no military name in France, or in Europe, was more renowned than that of Turenne. But we cannot here follow him through his successive cam- paigns. He was made a Marshal of France in 1G42, at the early age of twenty-seven, and Marshal -General of the French armies, on the marriage of Louis XIV. in 1660. The chief scenes of his exploits were Holland and Flanders, Italy, and different parts of Germany. He also took a leading part in the civil dissensions which distracted his native country during the minority of Louis XIV., espousing in the first instance the cause of the Fronde, or combination of malcontent nobility, but afterwards taking the side of the court, and fighting as valiantly against his late associates. The career of Turenne was closed by one of the accidents of war which may befall the highest or the humblest soldier. As he was reconnoitring the position of the Austrian General Montecuculi, near Saltzbach, he was struck by a cannon ball, and fell dead from his horse, on the 27th of July, 1675. Turenne had married in 1653 the daughter of the Duke de la Force, who died however in 1666, without leaving children. This lady was a person of great piety, and strongly attached to the Protestant faith, of which her ancestors had been among the first and most strenuous defenders. While she lived, Turenne, a. Protestant also by education and by descent, both on his father's and mother's side, resisted all the solicitations of the court to change his religion. Not long after the death of his wife, however, after professing to have studied the points in dispute between the two churches, he publicly declared himself a Catholic. In sagacity, steady perseverance, self-reliance, and many of the other qualities which go to form an able commander of an army, Marshal Turenne has scarcely :>een surpassed ; and he was also brave as his sword, and so wholly devoted in heart to his profession, that :ie thought as little of its toils as of its dangers, and was at all times ready to share both with the meanest ui the camp. Hence he was the idol of his men as weh as their pride ; they not only admired, and followed 136 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. TURNPIKES first legally erected in England, 1663. TYCI10 BRAHE, astronomer, of Denmark, born 1646; died 1601. TYPES of wood, for printing, used, 1470. ULYSSES flourished, 1149 13. C. UNCTION, extreme, practised in the first century; in common use, 550. UNITARIAN sect besan, 1553. USURY forbidden by Parliament, 1341. In 1260, two shillings per week for the loan of twenty shillings, which was restrained by an act, 1275, aeainst the Jews. UTRECHT, University of, founded (in Holland), 1636. VACCINE Inoculation introduced, 1799, by Dr. Jenner, who received 10,000/., for the discovery from Parliament, 1802; a national institution for the promotion of, established, 1809. VANBURGH (Sir John), died, March 16, 1726. VANDEVELDE (Adrian), painter, born 1639; died 1672. VANDYCK (Sir Antony), painter, born at Antwerp, 1599; died 1641. VARNA, Battle of, between the Russians and Turks, 1828. VAUXHALL Bridge, first stone of, laid, May 9, 1811 ; opened July 25, 1817. VENICE. — The islands on which the city stands becan to be inhabited by Italians about 421. VENTILATORS invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, 1 740. VERNET, painter, died 17G0; aged 91. VERNON, the largest British frigate ever built, registered 2032 tons, launched at Woolwich, May 1 1 832. VERONESE (Paul), an Italian painter, born 1532; died 1583. VERSAILLES Palace, France, began, 1687; finished, 1708. VESTA, a new planet, discovered by Dr. Olbers, at Bremen, March 29, 1S07. VESUVIUS, Mount, threw out such a quantity of flame and smoke that the air was darkened, and the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were over- whelmed by the burning lava, A. D. 79. VIENNA, Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia made their solemn entry into, September 25, 1814. Other sovereigns arrived at, to form a congress, September 26. Discussions by their ministers commenced, November 1, 1814. VIENNA was very obscure till 1151 ; besieged and taken by the King of Hungary, 1490 ; besieged and taken by Solyman the Magnificent, with an army of 300,000 men, 1529. VINCE (Rev. S.), English astronomer, died 1821. VIOLINS invented, about 1477, and introduced here by Charles II. VIRGIL, born at Andes, near Mantua, in 63; died at Brandusium, in Italy, 18 B. C. VIRGIL (Polydore). died 1553 ; aged 80. VIRGINIUS slew his daughter, that she might not fall a sacrifice to the lust of Appius Claudius, 446 B. C. VITRUVIUS, the architect, flourished. 135 B. C. VOLCANIC Island formed in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Sicily, September, 1831. VOLCANO, in the Isle of Ferro, broke out Sep-, (.ember 13, 1777, which threw out an immense [ quantity of red water, that discoloured the sea J for several leagues, a new voicanc. appt- one of the Azore islands, May 1, 1808. Volcano ol Albay, in Manilla, burst forth February 1, 1S14 ; the eruption lasted ten days; five populous towns and the greater part of Albay were destroyed, 1200 persons killed and many more dreadfully burnt. VOLNEY (Count de), writer, born 1757 ; died 1820. VOLTAIRE, died 1778; aged 85. VULGATE edition of the Bible discovered, 218. WAITHMAN (William,, alderman and represen- tative of the Citv of London, a column erected to his memory at the foot of Ludgate Hill, 1833. WAKEFIELD (Edward Gibbon), convicted of ille- gally carrying off Miss Turner, March 23, 1827. WALCHEREN, the Island of, taken by the English, August, 1809; evacuated by them the following December. WALES first inhabited by Britons, on their being expelled England by the Saxons, ('85 ; divided into North Wales, South Wales, and Powis Land, 970 ; conquered and divided, by William I , among the conquerors, 1091 ; the last king died, 1137: the sovereign from that time was a prince only. WALES had its prince defeated and murdered, and the principality annexed to England, 1286; in- vaded by the French, February 22, 1797. WALES, Prince of, committed to prison for assault- ing a Judge on the Bench, 1412. WALKER (Adam), philosophical lecturer, died 1821 ; aged 90. WALLACE (Sir William), eminent Scotch general, killed, 1304. WALLER (Edmund), born, March 3, 1605. WALPOLE (Sir Robert), Earl of Orford, born 1674 ; committed to the Tower, 1712; took his seat in the House of Peers, February 11, 1741 ; died 1745. WALSINGHAM (Lord), house of, Harley Street, London, burnt, April 27, 1831, when hi-; lordship perished, and his lady died of the injuries she sustained. WALTHAM Abbey, 1062; cross built, 1292. WALWORTH, Lord Mayor of London, knocked down Wat Tyler with the city mace, 1381. WARBECK (Perkin), executed, November, 1429. WASHINGTON City, in America, founded, 1791. WASHINGTON (General), died, December 15, 1799 ; aged 69. WATCHES invented at Nuremburg, in Germany, 1477 ; first used in astronomical observations, 1500 The Emperor, Charles V., was the first who had any thing that might be called a watch, though some call it a small table clock, 1530. Watches first brought to England from Germany, 1577. Spring pocket ones invented by Hooke, 1658. WATER first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21st of Henry III., 1237. It took near fifty years to complete it ; the whole being finished and Cheap- side conduit erected only in 1235. The New River brought to London from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, at an immense expense by Sir Hugh Middleton, in 1614. The New River Company incorporated, 1620. So late as Queen Anne's time there were water carriers at Aldgate Pump as now at Edin- burgh. WATERLOO, man of war, 120 guns, launched at Chatham, June 18, 1833. vith alacrity to the field, the consummate captain and hero of a hundred victories, but they loved the nan. This military spirit was the soul of Turenne's character and the source both of its bright and of its arker points. Indeed, bred as he was to the trade of arms almost from his childhood, and living in an ge of such incessant warfare, it was hardly possible that he should have been anything more than a mere oldier. His name will be eternally disgraced by the ravages which he caused to be committed in the smpaign of 1674, in the Palatinate, or the dominions of the Elector of Palatine. At the same time it nould be borne in mind that war was the spirit of his age ; and it would be unjust to pronounce upon the ?aracter of an individual, who certainly possessed many high qualities, by subjecting him to the standard y which we have learnt to estimate the pretensions of mere warriors. ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 137 WATER Mills, for grinding corn, were invented by Belisarius, while besieged in Rome by the Goths. The ancients parched their con. and pounded it in mortars. WATSON (James), tried for assaulting a patrole ■with a sword on the night succeeding the Spa- fields riot, and acquitted, June 16, 1817. WATSON (Richard), Bishop of Llandaff, died, July 4, 1816. WATT (James), celebrated engineer, born 1736; died 1819. WATTS (Dr. Isaac), born 1673; died 1748. WEBER (Carl Maria Von), musician, born 1786; died 1826. WEDGE WOOD (Josiah), the celebrated potter, died Januarys, 1795. WEIGHTS and Measures invented, 869 B C. ; fixed to a standard in England, 1257 ; regulated, 1492. ♦ WELLINGTON (Duke of), born 1769; fought a duel with Lord Winchelsea, March 21, 1829; made Chancellor of Oxford, 1834. WEMYSS (Earl of), packet from Leith to London wrecked, and 10 passengers lost, off the coast of Norfolk. September ], 1833. fWESLEY (Rev. John), died, March 28, 1791 ; aged 88. * The Duke of Wellington is the fourth son of the Earl of Mornington, at whose house, still existing in Grafton Street, Dublin, now occupied by the Royal Irish Academy, Arthur Wellesley was born on the 1st of May, 1769— the same year in which Napoleon Buonaparte was born. The life of the Duke of Wel- lington is one of the most singular on record, there is, we believe, no other instance of so large an exempli- fication of the caprice of fortune in the inundation of any individual with a similar ocean of gifts; we must content ourselves with a running recapitulation of the leading points alone which have characterised his grace's career. The Hon. Arthur Wellesley received his education at Eton, and his brilliant military edu- cation at Angers, in France ; entered the army in 1787, as an ensign of the 41st foot, and exchanged into the cavalry in 1792. His first action was at Antwerp, under the Duke of York. He rose rapidly to the rank of colonel, and commanded a regiment (the 33rd) under General Harris in the Indian war, and established his fame at the siege of Seringapatam, of which he was appointed commandant. He returned to England having fully established a high military reputation in 1805. On the 28th of July commenced the first action in which Wellington and Napoleon were confronted, and which terminated in the victory of Tala- vera; the forces of the French amounting to 40,000, and that of the British army to only 18,300. This victory raised Wellington to the peerage, and obtained for him a pension of 2,0C0Z. per annum. Badajos, Cuidad Rodrigo (one of the most brilliant of Wellington's victories), Salamanca, Vittoria, and St. Sebas- tian, followed in rapid succession to complete the diadem of the Peninsular conquests. In June, 1814, Wellington on his return to England took his seat in the House of Lords as Duke of Wellington, his income being then raised to 17,000Z. per annum. His stay in this country was short, for on the following August he again left England to attend the Congress at Vienna. Buonaparte having escaped from Elba, the campaign was renewed, and terminated in the victories of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. Of the political career of the Duke of Wellington we forbear to speak, except to remark that his greatest oppo- nents in politics have universally allowed, that his sincerity and honesty has shone even in his supposed errors. t John Wesley, the celebrated founder of the more numerous division of the English Methodists, was the second son of the Rev. Samuel Wesley, Rector of Epworth, in Lincolnshire, where he was born in the year 1703. Although his father was a man of considerable literary attainments, being known to the public as the author of various works in verse, it was to his mother, a woman of a much more zealous and active character than her husband, that Wesley was chiefly indebted for his early education, and probably also for the seeds of many of his distinguishing mental habits. After receiving a very systematic elementary tuition from his mother, John Wesley was sent to the Charter-house, from whence he removed at the usual time to Christ Church College, Oxford. Here he distinguished himself greatly by his diligence and success as a student, showing from the first, in the distribution of his time, the same punctual and persevering regard to method by means of which he mainly achieved all the greater objects of his life. The reading of some religious works, and especially of " Law's Serious Call," awakened in him a strong spirit of religious fervour , and he formed that association with a number of his college acquaintances of similar views and feelings, to which, from the punctilious regularity of the members in their devotions and general demeanour, the epithet of " methodists " was given as a name of reproach by the wags of the university. As has hap- pened in other cases, the objects of the intended satire were much too earnest in the views they had adopted to feel or to regard any point of ridicule which it might be supposed to possess, and frankly adopted he nick-name thus bestowed upon them by their opponents, as their proper designation. Among their number, besides Wesley, was the afterwards equally celebrated George Whitfield. We cannot here attempt to pursue minutely the remainder of the course of Wesley's busy life, or to trace the rise of that extensive fabric of ecclesiastical policy of which he was the founder. Suffice it to say, that having com- menced his public labours as a religious teacher in the newly-formed colony of Georgia, in America, in the year 1735, he pursued from this time a course of almost constant journeying, preaching, and writing, till within a week of his death, on the 2nd of March, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. During the greater part of this long period he rarely preached less than twice, and often four or five times a day ; while, besides presiding with the most minute superintendence over all the public affairs of the large and rapidly growing community which acknowledged him as its head, and transacting a great deal of pr : v*te business, T 138 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. ♦WEST (Benjamin), artist, born 1738 ; died 1820. WESTERFIELD Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Warden, 1830. The in- habitants are peaceable, and enjoy a regular domestic government. WEST India Docks completely opened, July 12, 1806. WEST Indies discovered by Columbus, 1492. WESTMINSTER Abbey, built by Ethelbert, of Kent, on the spot where stood the Temple of Apollo, 914; rebuilt, 1065; again rebuilt, 1269: made collegiate, 1560 ; towers built, 1732 ; north porch repaired, 1750. WESTMINSTER (Matthew of), died about 1380. he found time to send to the press a succession of works, which, in the collected edition, amount to be- tween thirty and forty volumes. Mr. Southey, who has made the life of this extraordinary man one of the most interesting books in the language, has given us the following account of the manner in which he con- trived to get through all this occupation. "Leisure and I," said Wesley, "have taken leave of one another. I propose to be busy as long as I live, if my health is so long indulged to me." This resolution was made in the prime of life, and never was resolution more punctually observed. " Lord, let me not live to be useless!" was the prayer which he uttered after seeing one whom he had long known as an active and useful magistrate, reduced by age to be " a picture of human nature in disgrace, feeble in body and mind, slow of speech and understanding." He was favoured with a constitution vigorous beyond that of ordinary men, and with an activity of spirit which is even rarer than his singular felicity of health and strength. Ten thousand cares of various kinds, he said, were no more weight or burthen to his mind than ten thousand hairs were to his head. * * His manner of life was the most favourable that could have been devised for longevity. He rose early, and lay down at night with nothing to keep him waking, or trouble him in sleep. His mind was always in a pleasurable and wholesome state of activity ; he was temperate in his diet, and lived in perpetual locomotion. A frequent change of air is, perhaps, of all things, that which most conduces to joyous health and long life. The time which Mr. Wesley spent in travelling was not lost. " History, poetry, and philosophy," said he, " I commonly read on horseback, having other employment at other times." He used to throw the reins on his horse's neck, and in this way he rode, in the course of his life, above a hundred thousand miles, without any accident of sufficient magnitude to make him sensible of the danger which he incurred. * Benjamin West, whose parents were Quakers, was born at a village called Springfield, in North America, which seems to have been principally a settlement of persons of that communion, in the year 1738. Many interesting anecdotes have been related of the early years of this artist, which show how strong was the natural bent of his genius. He was only entering his seventh year when being left one day to watch the infant of his eldest sister, which was asleep in its cradle, he was detected by his mother, on her return, in an attempt, and by no means an unsuccessful one, to made a drawing with pen and ink of the features of the child. From this time the sketching, in the same simple way, of flowers, birds, and such other objects as struck his fancy, was long his favourite occupation, to which he would willingly have devoted every moment. At length a party of Indians who paid a visit to Springfield enlarged his stock of colours, which had as yet consisted only of black and red ink, by teaching him how to prepare red and yellow ochre ; and he soon after supplied himself with brushes from the tail and back of a cat. It is said that up to this period he had never seen a picture or engraving. He had been practising his art for about a year, when a Mr. Pennington, a merchant from Philadelphia, chanced to come to see his father, and was so much surprised and delighted with the untutored efforts of the boy, that on his return home he sent him a box furnished with colours, oils, and brushes, and also a few prints. We give the remainder of the story from the ' Pursuit of Knowledge :'— " Benjamin was perfectly enraptured. The true nature of the prints he did not suspect at first, the existence of such an art as that of engraving never having entered his imagination. But, of course, he thought them the finest things he had ever seen in his life. During the remainder of the evening he scarcely lifted his eyes from his box and its contents. Sometimes he almost doubted that he was actually master of so precious a treasure, and would take it in his hand merely to be assured that it was real. Even after going to sleep he awoke more than once during the night and anxi- ously put out his hand to the box, which he had placed by his bed-side, half afraid that he might find his riches only a dream. Next morning he rose at break of day, and carrying his colours and canvas to the garret, proceeded to work. Every thing else was now unheeded. Even his attendance at school was given up. As soon as he got out of the sight of his father and mother he stole to his garret, and here passed the hours in a world of his own. At last, after he had been absent from school some days, the master called at his father's house to inquire what had become of him. This led to the discovery of his secret occupation. His mother, proceeding to the garret, found the truant ; but so much was she astonished and delighted by the creation of his pencil, which also met her view when she entered the apartment, that, instead of rebuking him, she could only take him in her arms and kiss him with transports of affection. He had made a new composition of his own out of two of the engravings, which he had coloured from his own feeling of the proper tints ; and so perfect did the performance already appear to his mother, that although half the canvas yet remained uncovered, she would not suffer him to add another touch to what he had done. Mr. Gait, West's biographer, saw the picture in the state it which it had thus been left, sixty-seven years afterwards ; and the artist himself used to acknowledge that in none of his subsequent efforts had he ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 139 WET Docks in Wapping, called the London Docks, the first stone of, laid, June 26, 1802; opened, January 30, 1805. WEYHlLL (air nearly destroyed by fire, October 15,1784. WHALE fishery, the first by the Dutch, 1596 ; by the English at Spitsbergen, 1598. WHALES, 98 driven on the beach at Lewos, in Scotland, April 25, 1832. WHALES, one killed above London Bridge, Sep- tember, 1781 ; one nineteen feet long killed at Execution Dock, August 22, 1796; one of enormous size taken on the coast of the Isle of Wight, of the supposed value of 5001. , September, 1813. WHITEHEAD (Samuel), died by his own hand when in a state of mental derangement, July 6, 1815. WHITE (Gilbert), of Selbourn, Hants, one of the most delightful of writers upon natural history ; to his mind nothing was too mean for the closest in- spection ; the domestic cat itself was an object of considerable interest ; there was not a road-side bank but it furnished him with an agreeable book from which to draw the choicest fruits for re- flection. WHITEHALL, Westminster, built by Cardinal Wolsey, 15.45 ; gateway pulled down and carried to Windsor, 1746. WHITE (Henry Kirke), poet, born 1785; died 1806. WHITFIELD (Rev. George), preached in the fields, 1735 ; excluded the church, May 10, 1739 ; died 1770; aged 56. WHITTINGTON (Sir Richard), thrice Lord Mayor of London, 1377, and two other years. WICKLIFFE opposed the Pope's supremacy, 1377 ; died 1385 ; and forty years alter burnt for being an heretic. WIGHT, Isle of, taken by the French, July 13, 1377. WIGS, full bottom, were first worn by the judges in 1674. WILBERFORCE (W.), the opponent of slave n born 1750; died, July 29, 1833. WILK.ES (John), the patriot, expelled the House of Commons, February, 1769 ; died, December 26, 1797 ; aged 70. WILLIAMS charged with the murders in Ratcliflfe Highway, December 27, 1811. WILLIAMSON and family murdered at Ratcliffe Highway, December 20. 1811. WILSON (Richard), painter, died in May, 1782. WINDMILLS invented, 1299. WINDOWS of glass first used in England, for houses, 1180. WINDSOR Castle built, 1364 ; chapel built, 1473 ; terrace made, 1587. WINE first made in England, 1140 ; in Flanders, 276. WITCHCRAFT was pretty much believed in the sixteenth century; in the reign of Henry VII. a woman was executed for this supposed crime by the sherilf of Devon ; 600 were executed for it in France, 1609. Grandiere, a priest of London, burnt for bewitching a whole convent of nuns, , 1634; twenty women were executea in Bretagne. 1654 ; nine more were burnt in Poland, 1755. WOAD first cultivated in England, 1582 ; the fixing its colour discovered, 1753. WOLFE (General), killed before Quebec, Sep- tember 13, 1759 ; aged 33. WOLSEY, Minister to Henry VIII., 1513; Arch- bishop of York, 1514; Cardinal, 1515: Chancellor December 24, in the same year; Legate, 1518; resigned the seals, October 18, 1529 ; stipped of all his possessions, and died, November, 18, 1530 ; aged 59. WOOD Cuts invented, 1460. WOOD (Rev. Basil), a miscellaneous writer of re- pute, born 1761 ; died 1831 WOOL, 150 hanks in the pound, were spun in 1754, by Mary Powyle, of East Dereton, Norfolk; and this was thought so extraordinary, that an account of it is registered at the Royal Society ; 85,000 yards, or 48 miles. WOOLLEN-CLOTH, manufacturers of, in all civi- lized countries, and in very remote ages, and probably of linen also. Strabo, speaking of Turte- tania, in Lusitania, says, in 34, that cloths were formerly the exports of that country. WOOLWICH Arsenal, stores, &c. burnt, to the value of 200,000/., May 20, 1802. WORDE (Winken de), the printer, died 1534. WORMWOOD, and other plants, used for pre- serving malt liquors, before the use of hops, 1492. WOUVERMANS (Philip), a Dutch painter, bom 1620 : died 1668. WREN (Sir Christopher), died 1725; aged 91. WYAT (SirT.), beheaded, February 23, 1555. WYCHERLY (William), born 1640; died Januarj 1, 1715. WYKEHAM (William of;, eminent English prelate, Bishop of Winchester, died 1404. XENOPHON, died at Corinth, 309 13. C. ; aged 90. YEAR, the solar, found to consist of 365 days f; hours, and 49 minutes, 283 ; introduced by Caesar. 45 B. C. Y~RK, built 1223 B. C. YORK Cathedral built, 628; rebuilt, 1075. YORK (Duke of), had 40,000/. annuity settled oi: him, 1792. YORK Jail was daily throw open for three weeks previous to the 26th of November, 1814 ; there not being a prisoner, either debtor or felon, in it. YOUGHALL, in Ireland, had its barracks blown up by accident, in September, 1793, when the face oi Mr. Armstrong, the quarter-master, was so burnt that the whole of his skin was scorched ; but it was singular that he was much marked with the small-pox before the accident happened, and on getting a new skin, it became perfectly smooth without any remains of the small-pox marks. YOUNG (Dr. Edward), died 1765 ; aged 81. ZACH (Baron de), a celebrated astronomer of Hun- gary, born 1754 ; died 1833. ZEDWITZ, in Germany, the Catholic chapel, th< mansions of three Counts of Zedwitz, the post- office, and 4,000 private dwellings, destroyed bj fire at, December 12, 1814. been able to excel some of the touches of invention in this his first essay." It was many years after this however, before West emerged from the obscurity of his native village. When he was fifteen he was at length taken to Lancaster and Philadelphia, under the patronage of some persons of influence who were anxious to foster his talents. In his eighteenth year he set up as a portrait painter in Philadelphia, and after some time he proceeded, in the same capacity, to New York. Means were then found by his friends- to send him to Italy, where he remained, studying and practising his art, for about three years. Frorr Italy he came to England, reaching London in August, 1763. In this country he spent the remainder o his life, and executed all the works upon which his reputation is founded. Among these are particularly celebrated his 'Death of General Wolfe,' his 'Last Supper,' his 'Christ healing the Sick,' and hi* 1 Death on the Pale Horse.' On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1791, West was chosen to succeed him as President of the Royal Academy ; and to this honourable office he was annually re-elected (will the exception of one year) so long as he lived. He died on the 11th of March. 1820, in the eighty-second year of his age. 140 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. ZENO died 264 B. C. ZEPHANIAH, the prophet, flourished 641 B. C. ZIMMERMAN (J. G.), physician and writer, author of the work on "Solitude," born 1728; died ZODIAC, signs of the, invented by Anaximandei 547 B. C. ZOROASTER flourished 1066. ZUINGLIUS, killed in the Swiss war, 1531 ; aged 44. WILLIAM HENRY COX. % BREAl QUEEN -STREET, LINCOLN'S 'NN 1" IierHundred 1 M 3 \adtm \, Vcnlunii C> HUNDREDS Beadina llmui: f".'/'- 1'iuy Ha,, I, hourii I OSS ton lolll/ll, 111 (harlian Jhralr Sonoma Wargmve Beynhurst Coohliaut Jlrav J{i/>/ili.\ttici\- ICi l.K KXl'l.ANATiO.V County Town READING Market Tbwnj Wantage Vfflagej ,i Hamlets Stivadey Seatficlhrke Canals Turnpike Roads Cro&sJloads Jiail Roads Stations sta Rivers .< Water Courses w-^s, — Woods Ic Plantations <^2JZ> PoUina Places for ike County %*' Boundaries ofBonmghs, Ditto Hundreds Ditto County 1'iauirs attached toTowns denob ■'/.• distance //»>/// London Proposed Pazl RoaAs . Longitude West Drawn ict.ii Wf ! */* Erujravediibr Duo-dales Ki Drmm JbJinanimi In .../■;■/. ,-r . ul and Wales Delineated Dixum bMfUjnavZSL fry .r.AjK-lier.rtiitvnville.I.ciniol Engraved tbv Dugcbfes H EXPI.AJVATION ///)- -/.>• EXETER MiirketVnrris Dam staple 1'itlagesJUunlets &c RocUbtar Seats Woods 3a TlantatCons. l^oUitiff Places HH Boundary ofBonoughs .ZteJ6fc> Divisions £bun£y Jfyiires attached tt> Toims derurte. ■^tt t/ie distance ifrom Xondon . fCprnbe ^ "I Dr.nrn X ■ A'//. /;>. i , : ! /> i . i.7/i iier.Fentom ilUJ* vido, ul .iml Wales Delineated. 3° So' DORSETSHIRE. EXPLANATION Comity Totvn DORCHESTER MafketTowns Bridport jk, Villages JLmilets ice Thomford "** Seats kParlcs ,<^5> Ttanpike Roads -=^-5^= Ov RailRoads "...wim... Woods Sc Plantations _^ Polling Places ^ Boundary ofCowuy ^--._ — Ditto Divisions: ,.■ Ditto Do-roughs — Figures attached to Towns denote the distance thorn, London, 3° ^f Port! 2)iu»iik/linmn;;ibvJLIirha-rait,-nnlbLmi,1im _Enpnj\rdior Bug-dales Ei Drcom, gzEngraved. by J.JrefverTentanyOlo ud and Wales Delineated . Hj»od** — ~- 7../7.W «aae * n.,un,l„r> „f IL.n.u.,), 7>iV.' Jiutulmls 5cr 35 51' Ode j- as CANTERBURY Count/ Tom^i MAIDSTONE Mai hetTowris Grayeseud Tillages Hamlets &c. Erith Seatr & Parks Hi th.na.Lr Ti^bods & Plantation.? <£%$& llivers £• T1ntercoia\res..~y — E XPLAN AT I O N Jicrnpike Roads' G'oss Roads RailRoads Stations STA Polling Places. »i« Boundary of Boroughs ■••• Ditto Lathes ....... Ditto County ■-.-• Figures attached to Hums denote the distance thorn London, EAT HE S Sutton atLfone 1 ^±ylesford. 2 Scnqy 3 SLdugustine 4 ShepwoLv 5 Win* Hastbig! \i Meridian of Greenwich W Drmvii £ Bngraved Ac -I' Irrtirr ■ JVnton »•/;.»• denote tiuir distance /"■/« Loiulm 5 Meridion of Q Greenwich. Drawn £• Engraved In JCJreher.J'entannOn Condon ■ Jiglan d and Wales J) elinrotrti . JO zo =t S3°i o w ^. & <,&J°\ sh-edbch. o bbey*. .AUt^^TT %J£g™^ Jj&sfrtone AA In^o^M^sthd^ye 5y firP^;* s , . **•$£=, 'Bfrcn\^lf\ tliorpetf J), Wolvertjfa* ,'/tiff\<_ \ %. Ba&£r$tgigx* \\ f/ ioq: 2>er^/ irz. 'ilUnoto\ t t 9 35 i Go$V' ic ' c LOl J3ee« tclraxti. 'Dunham, I nd H rU j\ SJasase > *■ tf * [SporR JiJhrp ft P * Oxdnhton. . YxanA ] ^. iibanoVbrd \ ^^p^eratora- /£^ rfc771 l s ycJcivoud cum, fojltori * E XPLANATION ££, NORWICH Ihrnpike Roads MarketTowns Yarmouth. Gross Roads Filiates Samlets Sec Earlham, Rail Roads Canals " Rivers & Watercourses gm Stations *TA Boundary of Boroughs —£*- I Ditto Hundreds | Tolling Places * Ditto CojuxW figures attached to Towns denote the distance iro ml ondon, ZO «to 27 r^=^ .- ^T ,o^ e hunv SCALE v?J_ 22^ iminpham 56 rton, 46 ^Sm^&^^mX&^w^^^^^Myn, rratb^ tor Jr&iru? fpeophar tliesthbrpe^ ffethel+h // ■* Yarm ibvay-h,. \Lagfaley ^ Tfa^W^V'J/rpeKxMaithias ^>jF"V2$£Be c cle s HUNDRED S &<-n\«>, Garhton /% X dAHtirtJtZ 0rf ^?yt ™*#™ft ^^^t£%fgZ* OjE^ldLe^ ,_>/( 114 ' // >' •-.w '-.Vfe? ^i n Aarj'.™. 36 SO Clackclose " Eitisrord ^ o y¥/ ^ Sff'n Grimshoe ina.li South Greenhoe //'V>9 Snuthdon Jirothercross Gallon Launditch Mitford Y^y, Stiroph am Guiltcross Diss Depwada Humbleyard, Forehoe 3 Worrit Given hot' 5 North ErpintjhattL 6 South Erpintjho.ni 1 Tmisiead 8 Happing 9 WestFleqg 10 EastFUyq 11 Wai-rhtini 13 Jilourirltl 13 Met is Is tid 14 LoJtion 15 Earsham 16 ClaveririA 17 18! 19 M 20 28 29 50 31 ft 3 33 I u 1° Greenwich 20 30 40 Dram UXngrcare&bj JCAretefienioruraleSonaon 5? Kbigs Sutton Hund'f. 1 Chippina Warden 2 Greens Norton 3 Cleley 4 Wymerslev 5 Jbweesixr. 6 Spelhoc 1 No bottle tiro re 8 Fawsley. 9 tsuilsboroiulh 10 RothwellHund* 11 Orlmobttry 12 Hamfordshoe „.._ 13 Hiphani Ferrers 14 Htuvloc 15 Corbv 16 Volebrook 17 Wllvbrook 18 Noiis/brd 19 Peterborough Liberty ZO -. Meridian <■/ C) urrenwi. h i .«- Engraved b\ XArdhsr. Penten\ ■, GQ H«S h-axa inmruiiirimiiiir- West 40 from, Oreer A\ i. Jinlmin.itrr USomerton 2Avi/ix/i.tJ.\tliiml aWeUr mnwitoi, 9 Ship ton M.illct l9(hrfumtpton lOfftneauitfon lOMilifrton of Greenwich SO rl' r „t,',:v,ll<- /..••,. 1,-1 Lackford/ Blackbown/ Thingoc ... . Bisbridg& 4 Babergh/ 5 Thedwestry 6 Cosforcb. 7 Stow. 8 HUNDRED S 1 2 Hoxne 3 Thralling Bosmere and/ Qaydorv Soanpford, 13 Colmeis 14 IpswichLiberiy. 15 30 CarVorcL 16 WUforcL. 17 Loes 18 FlomesgaAe/ 19 wLgZd, 21 ^ Mfif* » J Mwtforci 22 Maiuxmgtr* LoMngJand 23 40 50 West r. Thsam .<■/:"> ;.-■....•./ Iv.Ll,,/,.; PontonvOlo JL. ■<.,?,• 37 i 2 "g, JVaUinpton. 3 Hinbrrdge 4 Reioato f> Walton 6 Farnham, Copthome frTffi>vphant 7 Elmbrulge. 8 Godley mm\ i-En/jmi-.-d bv X drrttrK P.-rn- ■■ IBKCBSTEESHilX _« 4 01Z34S618 9lOiles ^ DIVISION'S X The- Hundred J&US& 1 Upton FersTioro Bloclcley W JDroitwichj JTbrtfineZd- Six>jj?%Y%dg& 8 ISddemvb%ster 9 Dudley 10 52 ( Drawn. SrJEnym i.vi* bv J. Archer: Pnittm lillaZcrndcr jpSfildfe } t ) MIX '**- terburr _ iFr^^ik^ifn.ri-dnf^ J r < -7 ^V ..1 JWodT, m. 12 ,• •; \tf,' 13 — 1 t T JUL !K 3> Jfai iil jE NORTH RIDING &c. <* lit Hoods ^ ffamborough Head. lo Milts EXPLANATION Cvby as.' YORK Market-Towns as Picloerin.g' Tillages Hamlet? he. Jhinmanby Seats h Forks Canals Turnpxke/BjoaxLs Cross Ra ads EaiLRoads *«««*««*, Stations *TA Polling Places * Woods & Plantations ^ss» Rivers &> Watercourses _!>. — ■ — Boundary of Boroughs Ditto Wapentakes .-.. Ditto County' & Ridings Figures attacked-to Toyvns denote, the- distance from London, WAPENTAKES Langbarg West Division, 1 Ditto East-It? 3 Whitby Strand- 3 Pickering Lythe- RyedcUe- .\ 5 Birdfordiy 6 Bubrrver 7 Suc7crose- 8 Dickering 9 Holderness 10 BainmnBeacon DivV'ofHh.rtbiU 11 Wilton Ditto D? VZ Ainsn- of York 13 Claro 14 10 54? Meridian nf l~"~rcn a'ich J Dtwrt X- Kngrnved fty J.lr-chrr Pentonr M IP 1 PART OF THE IORTH HIDING &c 54: c EXP LAN ATI ON Market Town*? as KiettlewelL Villages Samlets $ce. Marion -oj Saab? 8c Parks. *dH Canals r. .. Turnpike Roads i==^— -7 Cross Roads r^7r===^= RaURoads wWWHim Stations 5.TA . Rivers icWater Courses -==^— Wooas&Plantations <^^ Polling Places * Boundary ofBoroixglv ..." Ditto Wapentakes "■•'"'■ Ditto Cbicnty HcRidings- — Figures atbtchedto Towns denote the distance. /ronvLondon . WAPENTAKES GiBcng West 1 Ditto East 2 JXLertonsTiire- 3 L angoarglv WestDiv? 4 Birdfordv & 6 7 * 8 HangWest 9 lO 11 12 44 Omim S>JBngrai ad hv J.J r dkm pletorv roughs 46 hrxpt&n, HfenfioTi: t jTHE RIDING. r • EXPLANATION <2*y, a* YORK Market Towns Hornsea Villages, Hamlets &o. BUton Seats SoParks Canals turnpike- Roads (ross Roads. Rail Roads Stations STA Rivers & Water Courses ..... ^ — Woods & Plantations *£***. Potting Places i« Boundary of Boroughs .. JHtto Wapentakes Bitto County A Ridings ....... Figures attachedto Towns denote the distance ironv London . West kBtymvrd \)- if rinflWI PwitWH flit t tllrfll i>r iliili ^r u «3 rntrn JhSnqriivett bv .ljjvhrr,l'rt>t<>:i\ill/-,j.i>n 1 l,>n. SCALE • Me V 9 4 6 8 io Mile{• Boundary of Hoixuitfhs Ditto Hundreds Jh'tto County Figures attached to Towns denote, the distance thorn London Draxm kXngrccvtd t>v JCJtrehar,! ■fO SCALE EXPLANATION County To wn cur..:.. CARDIGAN Market Towns Aberystwyth YEUag es Samlets Jcc. Llandegwy Seats SaParks < Turnpike Roads <==C Cross Roads ^^"^ Rivers 8c Watercourses. j.j^Ss — Woods &> Plantations. ^zss&- Polling Places * Boundary of Boroughs Ditto. Hundreds .t'-..- Ditto. County _. ..... Figures attached, to Towns denote the distance- from, London ^m O N E T H EXPLANATION County Town as DENBIGH Market Towns Llangollen VUlages Mdtnlets Sec Zlandtttio Seats &>ParTcs j&8s> Canals . Turnpike Roads Cross Roads. Rivers &> Watercourses xz> — > Woods &> Plantations. &9 Potting Place* ♦ Bovcndary of Boroughs. # Ditto- County ...». Figures atbajchedsto Towns denote the distance fronvlondon/ 40 52 3° JtJ 16 i3 «© 1 b Ml e> jd I ,«*> /S Draxri HBngravcd bv JArcher.I'enromiUfJ..v-^^ Woods Sc Plantations Turnpike Roads Cross Roads Hail Roads M Rivers r, ncLancL Wales fl&U/uxtted. EXPLANATION County To urn ^MONTGOMERY Marfeet Jbwns Welshpool I 71/aaes Hamlets Ssa Tregynorh Peats & Paries Canals Tiirjipilce Roads G\?ss Roads Rivers & Watercourses oods & Plantations... Polling Places •£ Boundary of Boroughs Ditto Hundreds Ditto County. Figures attached to Tbwns denote, die distance fro m. london^ 56 ■omrcoNEZiSHis] SCALE t i"ii"i'i"i'i \\\n\\\n '"miii;:mi i West ih'in JJ° Greenwich frestfi-om 5° Gremtk JRu graved for PugdalfiS En . 57 *£w,us.; in J..irvk*nr>n:t-iir. W.'ls.ZonJo l& and Wales DeJinextfed, I A i Thrnpihe, Roads Cross Roads. RaHRvads Rivers Jfe TtZUercourses Woods .,n:iw !iVelonJo ^ J ^ V ' * Y * ° ' u ^> s r k? 4e «y \ > «5 o. *+ / ^ ^ ' ^ >' $ \> % <*<3* *«S* **°<* ' ^°' <^ i( \ v # ^\