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A 
 
 'tllSTORY 
 
 OF TUV, 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 FOR 
 
 SCHOOLS a:^d academies. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSEPH T. DERRY, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN ACADEMY OF RICHMOND COUNTY, 
 AUGUSTA, GEORGIA. 
 
 WITH ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 .^**^^^*^i^^. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 18 7 5. 
 
 y 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^si 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washinjrton. 
 
PEEFAOE. 
 
 This work is designed as an introductory history. The plan 
 of alternate questions and answers has been adopted, because 
 considered the best arrangement for those pupils who are not 
 sufl&ciently advanced to judge for themselves in all instances as 
 to what is the correct answer to a question placed at the foot of 
 the page. I have myself often felt the need of a work of this 
 kind in my own school, and it is this need which has prompted 
 me to prepare this history. Great pains have been taken to state 
 accurately all the leading events in the history of our country. 
 The authorities consulted in the preparation of this work are 
 Stephens's " History of the United States," " Memoirs of the 
 War in the Southern Department of the United States," by 
 General Henry Lee, Holmes's " History of the United States," 
 John Esten Cooke's " Life of R. E. Lee," McCabe's " Life of 
 Lee," General Joseph E. Johnston's " Narrative of Military 
 Operations,'" Greeley's " American Conflict," Draper's " History 
 of the Civil War," and Swinton's " Decisive Battles of the War." 
 
 J. T. DERRY. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH 
 AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 CHAPTER I. PAGE 
 
 Discovery of America 11 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 About the Indians 15 
 
 CHAPTERIIL 
 Settlement of Virginia 17 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Virginia. — Continued . . .21 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Settlement of New York by the Dutch. — It becomes a British Colony . 25 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Colony of Massachusetts 27 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Progress of Events in Virginia. — Wars with the Indians . . .31 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Settlement of New Hampshire and Connecticut 33 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Settlement of Rhode Island 35 
 
 1* 5 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. PAGE 
 
 The New England Confederation 38 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Settlement of Maryland 40 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Settlement of New Jersey and Delaware 43 
 
 CHAPTER XII I. 
 Settlement of Pennsylvania 47 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Settlement of North Carolina . 49 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Settlement of South Carolina 52 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Affairs in Virginia and New York 55 I 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Affairs in New England from 1675 to 1754 59 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Affairs in South Carolina 6^ 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 Settlement of Georgia .66 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 The French and Indian War of 1754 71 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 French and Indian "War. — Continued 74 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 French and Indian "War. — Concluded 78 
 
 Gknkral Review 80 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 :PJLI^T SZECOlsTID. 
 
 FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR TO THE 
 BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Difficulties between the Colonies and the Mother-Country . . .84 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Commencement of the War of the Revolution 88 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 War of the Revolution (continued). — Declaration of Independence . 94 
 
 CHAPTER lY. 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued 98 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued 103 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued 107 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued 112 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued 116 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 War of the Revolution (concluded). — Surrender of Cornwallis, and Peace 
 
 with England 120 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 The Formation of the Federal Constitution. — The Election of Washington 
 
 as President 124 
 
 General Review l-^O 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 FROM THE ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON TO THE YEAR 1872. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Washington's Administration 139 
 
 CHAPTERII. 
 Administration of John Adams ...*.... 147 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Administration of Thomas Jefferson 150 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Administration of James Madison 155 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Madison's Second Term. — War with Great Britain 158 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Administration of James Madison (continued). — War with Great Britain 
 
 (continued) 161 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Madison's Administration (concluded). — End of the War with Great 
 
 Britain 165 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Administration of James Monroe ITO 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Administration of John Quincy Adams 175 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Administration of Andrew Jackson 178 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Administration of Martin Van Buren 184 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Administrations of Harrison and Tyler 188 
 
 CHAPTER XII I. 
 Administration of James K. Polk. — War with Mexico .... 194 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Administrations of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore . . . 203 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Administration of Franklin Pierce 207 
 
 General Review 209 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Administration of James Buchanan 223 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Administration of Abraham Lincoln. — First Year of the War between the 
 
 States 231 
 
 CHAPTER II L 
 Second Year of the War between the States ... . . 243 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Third Year of the War between the States 265 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Fourth Year of the War between the States 285 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 End of the War between the States. — Death of President Lincoln. — 
 
 Administration of Andrew Johnson 312 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Administration of President Grant 327 
 
 General Review 329 
 
 Concluding Remarks 351 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE CLOSE OF THE 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Discovery of America. 
 
 Q. Of wliat two great divisions does the American Continent 
 consist ? 
 
 A. Nortli America and South America. 
 
 Q. What is it sometimes called ? 
 
 A. The Western Continent. 
 
 Q. Had the people of Europe any knowledge of America pre- 
 vious to the year of our Lord 1492 ? 
 
 A. They had not. 
 
 Q. By whom was it discovered ? 
 
 A. By Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy. 
 
 Q. What had some Icelanders and Norwegians done towards 
 the close of the tenth century ? 
 
 A. They had discovered Greenland and the neighboring coasts 
 of North America. 
 
 Q. How far south do some suppose that they made discoveries? 
 
 A. As far south as Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Q. What name did these Norwegians and Icelanders give to the 
 country which they visited ? 
 
 A. The name of Vinland. 
 
 11 
 
12 inSTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the discoveries of these Northmen ? 
 
 A. But very few people ever heard of them, and they were 
 soon entirely forgotten. 
 
 Q. Had even the learned men of Europe any knowledge of 
 this Hemisphere before its discovery by Columbus ? 
 
 A. They had not. 
 
 Q. To what conclusion had Columbus, as well as other learned 
 men of Europe, arrived ? 
 
 A. That the earth was round, and that India could be reached 
 by sailing due west. 
 
 Q. What had, at this period, become a favorite project of 
 Europeans ? 
 
 A. To discover a direct passage to India by sea. 
 
 Q. Did Columbus set out with a view of discovering a new 
 continent, or of finding a direct route to India ? 
 
 A. His purpose was to find a direct route to India. 
 
 Q. To what Grovernment did he first apply for aid in the prose- 
 cution of his enterprise? 
 
 A. To the Government of Genoa, his native city. 
 
 Q. Did he obtain the assistance which he desired ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. To whom did he next apply ? 
 
 A. To John II., King of Portugal. 
 
 Q. Did he meet with any better success in this application ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. To whom did he send his brother to "solicit aid ? 
 
 A. To Henry YII., King of England. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. He was again disappointed. 
 
 Q. To whom did he next apply ? 
 
 A. To Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain. 
 
 Q. What success attended this latter application ? 
 
 A. He was furnished with three vessels, which were supplied 
 with provisions for twelve months, and were manned by ninety 
 mariners. 
 
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 13 
 
 Q. What was the whole cost of the expedition ? 
 A About twenty thousand dollars. 
 
 Q. What were the names of the three vessels that were fur- 
 nished to Columbus ? 
 
 A. Santa Maria, Pinta, and Nina. ^ 
 
 Q. In which one did Columbus sail ? 
 
 A. In the Santa Maria, which was the largest. 
 
 Q. From what place did Columbus sail ? 
 
 A. From Palos, a port in Spain. 
 
 Q. When did he set sail ? 
 
 A On Friday, the 3d of August, 1492. 
 
 Q What land did they reach on the Gth of August.^ 
 
 A. The Canary Islands, where they were detained several weeks 
 on account of injuries received by the Pinta. 
 
 Q. When did the fleet of Columbus leave the Canaries f 
 A. On the (3th of September. 
 
 THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 Q. How long were they on the voyage? 
 A. More than a month. 
 O When was land discovered ? 
 
 2 
 
U HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. On the morning of the 12th of October, 1492. 
 
 Q. AVhat did the land prove to be ? 
 
 A. One of the Bahama Islands, called by the natives Gu-an-a- 
 han-i. 
 
 Q. What name did Columbus give it ? 
 
 .1. San Salvador, which means Holy Saviour. 
 
 Q. AVhat other land did Columbus discover ? 
 
 A. The island of Cuba, which he thought was Japan, and the 
 island of Hayti, which he named Hispaniola, or Little Spain. : 
 
 Q. How was Columbus received on his return to Spain ? ! 
 
 A. With the greatest honors. I 
 
 Q. What did Columbus discover on a second voyage ? 
 
 A. Dominica, Porto Rico, Jamaica, and other islands. | 
 
 Q. Where did he arrive on his third voyage ? ! 
 
 A. At the island of Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco , 
 River. ! 
 
 Q. What did the size of this river indicate ? 
 
 A. That he had reached a continent. 
 
 Q. What was this continent supposed to be ? 
 
 A. Asia. 
 
 Q. Did Columbus ever know that he had discovered a new 
 world ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. What happened to him in the year 1500 ? 
 
 A. He was arrested under a charge of treason, and sent home 
 in chains. 
 
 Q. Was he guilty ? 
 
 A. He was not, and was accordingly set at liberty. 
 
 Q. Where and when did he die ? 
 
 A. At Val-la-do-lid, in Spain, on the 20th of May, 1506, and 
 in the seventy-first year of his age. 
 
 Q. After whom was America called ? 
 
 A. After Americus Vespucius, another navigator, who visited 
 America after its discovery by Columbus, and in 1499 published a 
 map of the coast and a description of the lands which he had visited. 
 
ABOUT THE INDIANS. 15 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 About the Indians. 
 
 Q. What name was given by Columbus to the inhabitants of 
 the islands which he visited ? 
 A. The name of Indians. 
 
 Q. Why did he call them Indians ? 
 
 A. Because he supposed that these islands were parts of India. 
 For this reason the islands were called West Indies, and their in- 
 habitants Indians. 
 
 Q. What is known of the origin of the Indians ? 
 
 A. Nothing with certainty. 
 
 Q. Where were the most civilized Indian nations found ? 
 
 A. In Mexico, in Central America, and in the countries of Peru 
 and Chili, in South America. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Indians who lived in the present 
 limits of the United States ? 
 
 A. They were savages. 
 
 Q. What was their chief employment? 
 
 A. Hunting and fishing. 
 
 Q. Did they pay any attention to agriculture? 
 
 A. They paid some slight attention to agriculture. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Indian's knowledge of the useful 
 arts ? 
 
 A. His knowledge of the useful arts was small. He was igno- 
 rant of the plow, the harrow, and the spade, and had no acquaintance 
 with iron. 
 
 Q. What were his weapons of war ? 
 
 A. The bow and arrow, and the tomahawk, which was made of 
 stone. 
 
 Q. What is the complexion of the Indians ? 
 
16 HISTOnV OF THE VMTKD STATEIS. 
 
 A. A reddish-brown or copper color. 
 
 Q. What is their character ? 
 
 A. They are blood-thirsty and revengeful. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Indian women ? 
 
 A. The Indian women were treated like slaves, and made to 
 perform all the labors of the tent, the field, and the journey. 
 
 Q. Did the Indians have a correct knowledge of the true God ? 
 
 A. The Indians adored many divinities, but had an indistinct 
 idea of a Supreme God, whom they called the Great Spirit. 
 
 Q. How did they regard death ? 
 
 A. They regarded death as simply a migration to the happy 
 hunting-grounds. 
 
 Q. Did they have any knowledge of letters and the art of 
 writing ? 
 
 A. Letters and the art of writing were unknown to them, but 
 they used pictorial emblems to convey information. 
 
 Q. What is said of their difficulties with the whites ? 
 
 A. Their quarrels with the whites sometimes originated from 
 mere caprice, but were often provoked by injustice. 
 
 Q. How did they take revenge ? 
 
 A. By an indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and children. 
 
 Q. Was their hostility able to prevent the settlement of the 
 country by the whites ? 
 
 A. In spite of all their hostility the settlements of the whites 
 steadily increased, and the Indian tribes were gradually pushed 
 back beyond the Mississippi River. 
 
 Q. W^hat will probably be their destiny? 
 
 vl. In the course of a few generations the Indians will probably 
 become extinct. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 17 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Settlement of Virgmia. 
 
 SEAL OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Q. How many years was it after the discovery of America by 
 Columbus before the English succeeded in making their first per- 
 manent settlement on the continent ? 
 
 A. One hundred and fifteen years. 
 
 Q. What European nations made settlements in America pre- 
 vious to the English ? 
 
 A. The Spaniards, the Portuguese, and the French. 
 
 Q. What portions of America were settled by the Spaniards ? 
 
 A. Mexico, Florida, Central America, and the greater part of 
 South America. 
 
 Q. What portion of America was colonized by the Portuguese ? 
 
 A. That part of South America which now constitutes the Em- 
 pire of Brazil 
 
 Q. What can you say of French settlements ? 
 
 A. The French commenced a settlement in Nova Scotia two 
 years before the first permanent English settlement, and several 
 years afterwards established colonies in Canada, and also in Louisi- 
 ana, where they built the city of New Orleans. 
 
 Q. On what ground did Great Britain claim the exclusive right 
 to plant colonies in North America ? 
 
 2* 
 
18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Oa the ground of having first discovered this part of the 
 continent. 
 
 Q. Was England's claim of priority of discovery well founded ? 
 
 A. It was : for in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in the service 
 of Henry VII., King of England, discovered the mainland of 
 North America. 
 
 Q. How long was this before Columbus landed on the mainland 
 of South America ? 
 
 A, Fourteen months. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the first attempts of the English to 
 found colonies ? 
 
 A. The first attempts of the English to plant colonies in North 
 America failed. 
 
 Q. When and where was the first permanent English settlement 
 established ? 
 
 A. In the year 1607, at Jamestown, on James River, in the 
 present State of Virginia. 
 
 Q. After whom was the James River called ? 
 
 A. After James I., King of England. 
 
 Q. What name was given to the Colony ? 
 
 A. It was called Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin 
 Queen, during whose reign the charter had been granted for colo- 
 nizing all the country between the parallels of 33° and 45° north 
 latitude, on the coast of North America. 
 
 Q. What was the number of settlers ? 
 
 A. The number of settlers was at first only one hundred and 
 five persons. Ten of them were laborers, and they were all un- 
 married men. 
 
 Q. Who were the officers of the Colony ? 
 
 A. The officers consisted of seven members of Council. They 
 were Bartholomew Gosnold. Captain John Smith, Edward Wing- 
 field, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliff", John Martin, and 
 George Kendall. 
 
 Q. AVho was made President or Governor of the Colony ? 
 
 A. Edward Win^field. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 11) 
 
 Q. What of the season after their arrival ? 
 
 A. It proved very unhealthy, and nearly half their number 
 died before winter. 
 
 Q. What member of Council was among those that died ? 
 
 A. Bartholomew Grosnold, one of the ablest members of the 
 Council. 
 
 Q. What is said of the native inhabitants, or Indians ? 
 
 A. The Indians were numerous in the neighborhood of James- 
 town, and were sometimes hostile. 
 
 Q. What of Captain Newport ? 
 
 A. Captain Newport, the commander of the vessels in which 
 the settlers had come over, after staying a short while, sailed for 
 England. 
 
 Q. How did he leave the Colony ? 
 
 A. He left them in a very destitute condition. 
 
 Q. What added to the misfortunes of the settlers ? 
 
 A. In addition to their other misfortunes they quarreled among 
 themselves. They excluded Captain Smith from the Council ; 
 deposed Mr. Wingfield, and put Mr. Ratclift" in his place. 
 
 Q. As their condition continued to grow worse, what did they 
 finally do? 
 
 A. They gave the management of affairs to Captain Smith, 
 who by his skill and courage soon restored order and placed the 
 Colony on "the road to prosperity. 
 
 Q. What can you say of Captain Smith ? 
 
 A. He was a man who had met with many adventures. He 
 had served in the armies of Holland and Austria, had been a 
 prisoner among the Turks, and had traveled through most of the 
 principal countries of Europe. After all his travels he returned 
 to England, his native country, just in time to join the companies 
 which were forming for the settlement of Virginia. 
 
 Q. What was one of his first steps after taking charge of the 
 affairs of the Colony ? 
 
 A. He made treaties with the Indians, and that quieted the 
 fears of the settlers. 
 
20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. As soon as tlic Colony became tranquil, wliat did he deter- 
 mine to do ? 
 
 A. He determined to set out on a voyage of discovery. 
 
 Q. Up what river did he go ? 
 
 A. With a party of men he went up the Chickahominy River. 
 
 Q. Of what river is the Chickahominy a branch ? 
 
 ^4. It is a branch of the James. 
 
 Q. What happened when they had proceeded about thirty miles 
 above the junction of these two rivers? 
 
 A. They were attacked by Indians; Smith's companions were 
 slain, and he was himself made a prisoner. 
 
 Q. To whom did the Indians carry him ? 
 
 A. To Powhatan, their King. 
 
 Q. What did Powhatan determine to do with him ? 
 
 A. He determined to put him to death. 
 
 Q. What was then done with Smith ? 
 
 A. His arms were tied behind his back, his head was placed 
 upon a log, and Powhatan seized his club, with the intention of 
 killing the prisoner himself. 
 
 Q. What happened just as he was about to strike the fatal blow ? 
 
 A. Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, a girl of about 
 twelve years, sprang forward, and, throwing her arms around the 
 prisoner's neck, begged her father to spare his life. 
 
 Q. What did Powhatan do ? 
 
 A. His daughter's tears and entreaties moved him to compas- 
 sion, and he spared the prisoner's life. 
 
 Q. What else did Powhatan do ? 
 
 A. He made a treaty with Smith, by which he promised to 
 be a friend to the English, and permitted Smith to return to his 
 friends at Jamestown. 
 
 Q. How long had Smith been absent ? 
 
 A. He had been absent about seven weeks. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after this ? 
 
 A. Powhatan again became angry with the whites, and laid a 
 plot to destroy them. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 21 
 
 Q. Who informed Captain Smith of his design ? 
 A. Pocahontas informed Captain Smith of the plot, and the 
 Colony was saved. 
 
 Q. What was done through the influence of Captain Smith ? 
 A. Peace was once more made. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Virginia. — Continued. 
 
 Q. What happened in the year 1609 ? 
 
 A. Smith was seriously wounded by the explosion of a bag of 
 powder, and was compelled to return to England for his health. 
 
 Q. Did he ever go back to Jamestown ? 
 
 A. He never returned to Jamestown. 
 
 Q. What did he do in the year 1614? 
 
 A. He sailed in the year 1614 for the coasts north of Virginia. 
 
 Q. What can you say of his voyage ? 
 
 A. His voyage was prosperous, and he explored and made a 
 map of the coast from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod. 
 
 Q. What name did he give to the country thus explored by 
 him ? 
 
 A. He called it New England, by which name it has been called 
 ever since. 
 
 Q. When did Captain Smith die ? 
 
 A. In the year 1631, in London, at the age of fifty-two. 
 
 Q. What happened in the year 1608 ? 
 
 A. In the latter part of 1608 two hundred immigrants came 
 over to Virginia. 
 
 Q. What was the population of the Colony at the time of 
 Smith's departure from Jamestown ? 
 
 A. About five hundred. 
 
 Q. What happened after Smith's departure ? 
 
22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. After the departure of Smith the Indians became hostile. 
 They attacked the settlers and compelled them all to seek refuge 
 in Jamestown. 
 
 Q. What other troubles had they ? 
 
 A. Provisions became scarce, and many died for want of food. 
 
 Q. To what number were the settlers reduced ? 
 
 A. The total number of settlers was now reduced to about 
 sixty. 
 
 Q. What did they now determine to do ? 
 
 A. They determined to abandon the settlement. 
 
 Q. W^hat happened at this juncture ? 
 
 A. A vessel with crew and passengers, who had wintered in the 
 West Indies, arrived at Jamestown. 
 
 Q. Did they now give up the intention to abandon Jamestown ? 
 
 ^1. They did not, but had actually set sail, when the arrival of 
 Lord Delaware with a supply of provisions and with more immi- 
 grants caused them to change their purpose and return to James- 
 town. 
 
 Q. Who now became Governor of the Colony ? 
 
 A. Lord Delaware now became Governor. 
 
 Q. What is said of his administration ? 
 
 A. Under his administration the Colony became prosperous. 
 
 Q. What became of Lord Delaware ? 
 
 A. His health gave way, and he went back to England. He 
 died at sea, when returning to Virginia, in the year 1617, near the 
 bay which now bears his name. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Lord Delaware as Governor ? 
 
 A. Soon after Lord Delaware's return to England, Sir Thomas 
 Dale was appointed Governor. 
 
 Q. When was this? 
 
 A. In May, 1011. 
 
 Q. Who came out as Governor in September of the same year ? 
 
 A. Sir Thomas Gates, who brought over six ships, three hundred 
 immigrants, and a large amount of provisions. 
 
 Q. What else did Sir Thomas Gates bring over ? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 23 
 
 A. He brought over a number of cows, goats, and swine, which 
 were the first introduced into the New World. 
 
 Q. What happened in the year 1G13? 
 
 A. Pocahontas, who had been such a great friend of the whites, 
 was stolen by a party of white men, led by Captain Argall, and a 
 large sum was demanded for her ransom. 
 
 Q. What did Powhatan do ? 
 
 A. He refused to pay the ransom, and began to get ready for 
 war. 
 
 Q, How was the war prevented ? 
 
 A. A young Englishman, named Rolfe, fell in love with Poca- 
 hontas, and proposed to marry her. Powhatan consented. She 
 embraced the Christian religion, was baptized, and soon afterwards 
 was married. 
 
 Q. What became of Pocahontas ? 
 
 A. She accompanied her husband on a visit to England, where 
 she died at the age of twenty-two, leaving one son, named Thomas. 
 
 Q. What was done by the same Captain Argall who captured 
 Pocahontas ? 
 
 A. He destroyed the French settlements in Nova Scotia, and 
 asserted the English claim. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Sir Thomas Gates in 1614? 
 
 A. He was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale, who continued in 
 office for two years. 
 
 Q. What plant began to be cultivated in Virginia in the year 
 1G14? 
 
 A. Tobacco, a plant unknown to Europeans until Columbus met 
 with it among the natives of Cuba. 
 
 Q. Who opposed its use ? 
 
 A. King James of England; but, notwithstanding his opposi- 
 tion, it soon became a regular article of commerce. 
 
 Q. Whence did this plant derive its name ? 
 
 A. From the island of Tobago, one of the West Indies. 
 Q. Who became Governor of Virginia in 1616 ? 
 
 A. Mr. George Yeardley. 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. How long did he continue in office ? 
 
 A. He continued in office about one year. 
 
 Q. Who was his successor ? 
 
 A. He was succeeded by Captain Argall, whose rule was so 
 oppressive that the colonists requested his removal. 
 
 Q. Who now became Governor ? 
 
 A. Yeardley was again sent out as Governor, and under his rule 
 the Colony advanced rapidly. 
 
 Q. When and where did the first Colonial Assembly or Legis- 
 lature meet ? 
 
 A. On the 19th of June, 1619, at Jamestown. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this Assembly ? 
 
 A. It was the first legislative body consisting of deputies elected 
 by the people that ever assembled in this country. 
 
 Q. When was negro slavery introduced into Virginia? 
 
 A. In the year 1620. 
 
 Q. By whom ? 
 
 A. By some Dutch traders, who brought twenty negroes to 
 Jamestown and sold them to the colonists. 
 
 Q. What was the population of Virginia by the close of the 
 year 1620 ? 
 
 A. Upwards of two thousand. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 25 
 
 CHAPTEK V. 
 
 Settlement of New York hy the Dutch. — It becomes a British 
 
 Colony. 
 
 SEAL OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Q. When was the island of Manhattan, on which the city of 
 New York now stands, first discovered ? 
 
 A. In the year 1G09. 
 
 Q. By whom ? 
 
 A. By Henry Hudson, an Enghshman, who was in the service 
 of the Dutch East India Company. 
 
 Q. What river did he ascend ? 
 
 A. He ascended the Hudson Biver, which derived its name 
 from him. 
 
 Q. In consequence of his discoveries, what did the Dutch do ? 
 
 A. They laid claim to the country, and in the year IGIO erected 
 a fort near where the city of Albany now stands. 
 
 Q. AVhere else did they commence a settlement ? 
 
 A. On the island of Manhattan. 
 
 Q. What name did they give to this settlement? 
 
 A. They called it New Amsterdam. 
 
 Q. What name did they give to the country which they claimed ? 
 
 A. They named it New Netherlands. 
 
26 HISTORY OF THE UMTLD STATES. 
 
 Q. Who also laid claim to this region ? 
 
 A. The English. 
 
 Q. On what ground ? 
 
 A. They claimed it on the ground of the discovery of North 
 ximerica by Cabot, and for the reason also that Hudson was him- 
 si'lf an Englishman. 
 
 Q. Whom did the English send against the Dutch in 1613? 
 
 A. Captain Argall, who subdued New Amsterdam, and made 
 the Dutch Governor promise to pay tribute. 
 
 Q. Did the Governor keep his promise ? 
 
 A. He did not, but in lGl-4 threw off the English yoke and 
 refused to pay tribute. 
 
 Q. For how many years did the Colony remain undisturbed by 
 the English ? 
 
 A. The English did not molest the Dutch again for fifty 
 years. 
 
 Q. What is said of the progress of the Dutch? 
 
 A. Their progress was not rapid, but their settlements were 
 gradually extended from the Connecticut River to the Delaware. 
 
 Q. With whom did they have frequent disputes? 
 
 A. They had frequent disputes with their English neighbors, 
 but sometimes received assistance from them in their contests with 
 the Indians. 
 
 Q. Against what did they have to contend on the Delaware? 
 
 A. They were obliged to contend against the claims of both the 
 Swedes and the English. 
 
 Q. What was done in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch 
 Governor ? 
 
 A. He subdued the Swedish settlers on the Delaware, and took 
 possession of their settlefnents. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1664? 
 
 A. In 1664 New Amsterdam was seized by Colonel Nicholas 
 f )r the Duke of York. 
 
 Q. Did the ijihabitants make any resistance? 
 
 A. They did not make any resistance. 
 
THE COLONV OF MASSACHUSETTS. 27 
 
 Q. Who now took possession of the Dutch Province of New 
 Netherlands ? 
 
 A. The EngHsh, who gave to the country the name of New 
 York, which name they also gave to New Amsterdam. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Tlie Colony of Massachusetts. 
 
 LANDING OF THE PILGRLMS. 
 
 Q. When was the first permanent Colony planted in Massa- 
 chusetts ? 
 
 A. In the year 1620, at Plymouth. 
 
 Q. By whom was this settlement made ? 
 
 A. By a religious sect called Puritans. 
 
 Q. Why was this name given to them ? 
 
 A. On account of their rigid observance of the forms of their 
 religion. 
 
 Q. By what other name are they known ? 
 
 A. By the name of Pilgrims. 
 
 Q. Why were they called Pilgrims ? 
 
28 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Because of the fcict that they had been so often obliged to 
 change their homes. 
 
 Q. What caused them to frequently change their place of 
 abode ? 
 
 A. Eeligious persecution. 
 
 Q. What did they seek in x\merica ? 
 
 A. They sought freedom to worship God according to the dic- 
 tates of their own conscience. 
 
 Q. When did they set sail from England ? 
 
 A. In July, 1G20, in two vessels, the Speedwell and the May- 
 flower. 
 
 Q. What were they obliged to do ? 
 
 A. It was found that the Speedwell was not seaworthy, and 
 they were obliged to put back for repairs. 
 
 Q. When did they sail again ? 
 
 A. On the 5th of August, but were compelled to put back the 
 second time. 
 
 Q. Where did they abandon the Speedwell ? 
 
 A. At Portsmouth. 
 
 Q. When did the Mayflower finally set sail from Plymouth ? 
 
 A. On the 6th of September, with one hundred and one per- 
 sons on board. 
 
 Q. How long was the voyage ? 
 
 A. Sixty days. 
 
 Q. Where did they first come in sight of land ? 
 
 A. Ofl" Cape Cod, and on the lo'th of November they cast 
 anchor. 
 
 Q. What kind of government did they adopt ? 
 A.. They adopted a purely democratic form of government, 
 which was drawn up in writing and agreed to before landing. 
 Q. Who was chosen Governor ? 
 A. Mr. John Carver. 
 Q. How were several days spent ? 
 A. In searching for a suitable place to land. 
 Q. When did they land ? 
 
THE COLON V OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29 
 
 A. Oil the 22d of December, 1620. 
 
 Q. By what name did they call the place where they established 
 their settlement ? 
 
 A. They called it Plymouth, after the place from which they 
 sailed in England. 
 
 Q. Were the Puritans industrious ? 
 
 A. They were industrious and spent no time in idleness ; they 
 immediately went to work felling trees, and on the third day 
 began to build. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the winter ? 
 
 A. The winter was very severe, and their sufferings were 
 great. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the Colony by the 1st of April, 
 1621? 
 
 A. All but forty-six of those who had landed were dead. 
 Among the dead were Governor Carver, his wife and son. 
 
 Q. With whom was a treaty of friendship made a short time 
 before the death of Governor Carver ? 
 
 A. A treaty was made with Massasoit, an Indian chief. 
 
 Q. Of what tribe was Massasoit chief? 
 
 A. He was chief of the Wampanoags. 
 
 Q. What did Massasoit teach the settlers ? 
 
 A. He taught them how to cultivate maize, or Indian corn. 
 
 Q. Who was chosen Governor after the death of Carver ? 
 
 A. William Bradford. 
 
 Q. How long was he Governor? 
 
 A. Nearly forty years in all. 
 
 Q. What happened in November, 1621 ? 
 
 A. A ship arrived with thirty-five immigrants. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1623 ? 
 
 A. The Pilgrims became involved in an Indian war. 
 
 Q. What plot was laid by the Indians ? 
 
 A. The Indians formed a plot to exterminate the English. 
 
 Q. Who revealed the plot to the English ? 
 
 ^4. Massasoit, the friendly chief. 
 
 3* 
 
30 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What did the information, communicated by him, enable 
 the English to do ? 
 
 A. It enabled them to defeat the Indians. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1624? 
 
 A. Other immigrants arrived, bringing with them cattle, swine, 
 poultry, clothing, and provisions. 
 
 Q. What is said of the progress of Plymouth Colony ? 
 
 ^1. The progress of the Colony was slow. At the end of ten 
 years the number of the settlers was only three hundred. 
 
 Q. Who made a settlement at Salem in 1628? 
 
 A. John Endicott, with about one hundred colonists. 
 
 Q. When was a charter granted for the Colony of Massa- 
 chusetts ? 
 
 A. In the year 1629. 
 
 Q. How many settlers soon after embarked for the new Colony? 
 
 A. About three hundred. 
 
 Q. Who was elected the first Governor of Massachusetts ? 
 
 A. John Winthrop. 
 
 Q. Where were new settlements made ? 
 
 A. At Charlestown, Dorchester, Watertown, Lynn, Roxbury, 
 and Boston. 
 
 Q. What was the government at first? 
 
 A. It was at first a pure democracy. 
 
 Q. Did the Colony at Plymouth have any political connection 
 with the other settlements in Massachusetts? 
 
 A. It had no political connection with the other settlements of 
 Massachusetts for several years. 
 
 SKAL OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
PROGRESS OF EVENTS IN VIRGINIA. 31 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Progress of Events in Virginia. — Wars with the Indians. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Yeardley as Governor of Virginia in 1621 ? 
 
 A. Sir Francis Wyatt. 
 
 Q. How many settlements were there in Virginia at this time? 
 
 A. There were about eighty settlements, and the population 
 of the Colony was not less than three thousand. 
 
 Q. What of the Colony at this time ? 
 
 A. The Colony was in a very flourishing condition. 
 
 Q. What terrible and unexpected calamity suddenly befell the 
 settlers of Virginia ? 
 
 A. The Indians treacherously fell upon the whites, and slew 
 three hundred of them in a single hour. 
 
 Q. What was the design of the Indians ? 
 
 A. They intended to exterminate the Colony. 
 
 Q. What prevented the plot of the Indians from being entirely 
 successful ? 
 
 A. The plot was revealed to the English by a converted Indian, 
 and so a majority of the settlers were enabled to find refuge in 
 Jamestown. 
 
 Q. What followed ? 
 
 A. The whites lost all confidence in the Indians, and waged 
 a war of extermination against them. 
 
 Q. When did Sir George Yeardley become Governor again ? 
 
 A. In 1626. 
 
 Q. What happened the following year ? 
 
 A. Sir George Yeardley died, and the Council elected Francis 
 West, Governor in his place. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded West ? 
 
 A. Sir John Harvey. 
 
32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Whea was Sir William Berkeley appointed Governor? 
 
 A. In 1642. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1G44? 
 
 A. The Indians again attacked the frontier settlements, and 
 killed about three hundred of the inhabitants. 
 
 Q. What followed this massacre ? 
 
 A. A war, which lasted about two years, by which the power 
 of the Indians was completely broken. 
 
 Q. What were the Indians compelled to do ? 
 
 A. They were compelled to make a treaty, by which they gave 
 up their lands, and retired farther into the wilderness. 
 
 Q. What was the state of the Colony after the restoration of | 
 peace ? I 
 
 A. The Colony prospered greatly ; its trade increased, and more 
 than thirty ships found employment in exporting its products. 
 
 Q. What was the population of Virginia in 1648 ? 
 
 A. It was twenty thousand. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 33 
 
 CHAPTER yill. 
 
 Settlement of New Hampsliire and Connecticut. 
 
 SEAL OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Q. When were the first permanent settlements made in New 
 Hampshire ? 
 
 A. In November, 1629. 
 
 Q. Where were these settlements ? 
 
 ^'1. One of them was near the site of Portsmouth, and the other 
 at the present town of Dover. 
 
 Q. What happened in the winter of 1635—36 ? 
 
 A. Captain John Mason, the founder of New Hampshire, died, 
 and for many years afterwards the Colony was neglected. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1638? 
 
 A. A new settlement was made at Exeter, by John Wheelwright 
 and some followers, who came from Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. What other settlement was made in 1640 ? 
 
 A. A settlement was made at Hampton. 
 
 Q. When was the first settlement made in Connecticut ? 
 
 A. In 1633, near Hartford. 
 
 Q. By whom was this settlement made ? 
 
 A. By the Butch. 
 
 Q. What did the Butch do in 1634? 
 
 A. In 1634 the Butch yielded their claim. 
 
 B* 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was done by John Winthrop in 1635 ? 
 A. He erected a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut, and 
 called it Saybrook. 
 
 SEAL OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Q. How many emigrants from Massachusetts came into Con- 
 necticut in 1G36? 
 
 A. About one hundred. 
 
 Q. Where did they settle ? 
 
 A. Some settled at Hartford, some founded Springfield, and 
 others formed a settlement at Wethersfield. 
 
 Q. When and by whom was the city of New Haven founded ? 
 
 A. In 1638, by Theophilus Eaton, who was elected Governor. 
 
 Q. How long did he hold this office ? 
 
 A. For more than twenty years. 
 
 Q. How many separate political communities were there at this 
 time in the territory now known as the State of Connecticut? 
 
 A. There were three : Saybrook, the Connecticut Colony, and 
 the Colony of New Haven. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 35 
 
 ciiaptp:r IX. 
 
 Settlement of Rliode Island. 
 
 SEAL OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Q. When and by whom was the Colony of Rhode Island 
 founded ? 
 
 A. In lGo(j, by Roger Williams. 
 
 Q. Who was Roger Williams ? 
 
 A. He was a native of Wales, and a minister of the Baptist 
 denomination. 
 
 Q. Where did he settle when he first came to America ? 
 
 A. At Salem, in Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. Why did he leave Massachusetts ? 
 
 A. Because he was persecuted on account of his religious opin- 
 ions. 
 
 Q. By whom was he persecuted ? 
 
 A. He was persecuted by the Puritans, the very people who had 
 themselves left England that they might enjoy religious liberty. 
 
 Q. For how many weeks did Roger Williams roam about seek- 
 ing for a suitable place to found a settlement ? 
 
 A. He wandered about for fourteen weeks. 
 
 Q. Who at times gave him shelter and protection ? 
 
 A. The Indians. 
 
 Q. How did it happen that he was on friendly terms with them ? 
 
36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Because lie had taken particular pains to become acquainted 
 with the language, customs, and manners of the Indians, so that 
 he might be the better able to preach to them the gospel of Christ. 
 
 Q. "Where did Williams at last find a place which he thought 
 would suit ? 
 
 A. On the Pawtucket River, which is now called the Seekonk. 
 
 Q. From whom did he obtain permission to occupy the laud 
 which he desired to settle ? 
 
 A. From Ousamequin, an Indian chief, in whose territory the 
 place lay. 
 
 Q. What did Williams then do ? 
 
 A. He built him a house with his own hands. 
 
 Q. By whom was he now joined ? 
 
 A. By a few friends. 
 
 Q. What did Governor Winslow, of the Plymouth Colony, do 
 when he heard of Williams's settlement ? 
 
 A. He admonished Williams to leave. 
 
 Q. Did Williams and his friends heed this admonition ? 
 
 A. They did, and set out again in search of a resting-place. 
 
 Q. Where did they again begin a settlement ? 
 
 A. Near the mouth of the Moshassuck River. 
 
 Q. Were they again disturbed ? 
 
 A. They were not molested again. 
 
 Q. What name did Roger Williams give to his settlement ? 
 
 A. He called it Providence, in gratitude for God's merciful 
 providence to him in his distress. 
 
 Q. In whose territory was this place ? 
 
 A. It was in the territory of Canonicus, the chief of the Nar- 
 raganset Indians. 
 
 Q. For what consideration did Canonicus grant Williams the 
 land for his settlement ? 
 
 A. In consideration of kindness and good will alone. 
 
 Q. What was Williams's design in establishing this settlement ? 
 
 A. His design was to establish a colony where every man might 
 worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 37 
 
 Q. When did his wife and children join him ? 
 
 A. In the summer of 1636. 
 
 Q. By whom was the population of the settlement soon in- 
 creased ? 
 
 A. By emigrants from Massachusetts and from England. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1638 ? 
 
 A. Some persons who had been banished from Massachusetts 
 on account of their religious opinions formed a new settlement at 
 New Port, on the island of Bhode Island. 
 
 Q. Through whose influence did they obtain permission from 
 the Indians to settle there ? 
 
 A. Through the influence of Roger Williams. 
 
 Q. In 1663 what did Williams succeed in obtaining from Charles 
 II., King of England? 
 
 A. He succeeded in obtaining a charter for the government of 
 these two settlements. 
 
 Q. What title was given to the Colony by the charter ? 
 
 A. The title of " The English Colony of Rhode Island and 
 Providence Plantations in New England." 
 
 Q. For how long a time did this charter remain the foundation 
 of the government of the people of Rhode Island ? 
 
 A. For nearly two hundred years. 
 
38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The New England Confederation. 
 
 Q. AVhat war broke out in 1637? 
 
 ^1. A war with the Pequods, a very powerful tribe of Indians. 
 
 Q. Who projected this war? 
 
 A. Cassacus, the leading chief of the Pequods. 
 
 Q. What was the intention of Cassacus ? 
 
 A. His intention was to exterminate all the English settlements. 
 
 Q. Through whose influence did the English secure the friend- 
 ship of the Mohegan and Narragauset chiefs? 
 
 A. Through the influence of Roger Williams. 
 
 Q. What Colonies undertook the war against the Pequods ? 
 
 A. The Colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. Who took command of the united forces of Connecticut and 
 Massachusetts ? 
 
 A. Captain Mason, an officer of the Connecticut troops. 
 
 Q. Where did the Pequods assemble their forces ? 
 
 A. In their strongest fort, on the Mystic River. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle that was fought here on 
 the 20th of May, 1637? 
 
 A. The Pequods were utterly defeated, their fort was destroyed, 
 and their wigwams burned. 
 
 Q. AVhat was the loss of the Indians ? 
 
 A. Seven hundred of them were killed, and two hundred were 
 captured. Most of the captured were women and children. 
 
 Q. What was done with the captives ? 
 
 A. They were reduced to slavery. 
 
 Q. What became of Cassacus ? 
 
 ^4. He fled to tlic Mohawks, and was afterwards assassinated, 
 either by them or some of his own men. 
 
THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION. 39 
 
 Q. What vessel was built at Marblehead, in Massachusetts, in 
 163G? 
 
 A. The first American slave-ship, which was called the Desire. 
 
 Q. When was the first cargo of African slaves brought into 
 Massachusetts ? 
 
 A. In May, 1638, by the Desire. 
 
 Q. What institution of learning was founded at Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts, in 1638? 
 
 A. A college, which now bears the name of Harvard University. 
 
 Q. What was done in 1643 ? 
 
 A. A Confederation was formed between the Colonies of Massa-r 
 chusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. 
 
 Q. Why was the Colony of Rhode Island excluded from this 
 union ? 
 
 A. On account of its religion. 
 
 Q. What title was assumed for the Confederation ? 
 
 A. The title of the Confederation was " The United Colonies 
 of New England.." 
 
 Q. When were the Colonies of New Haven and Connecticut 
 united under the general name of Connecticut ? 
 
 A. In the year 1662. 
 
 Q. What was the entire population of the New England Con- 
 federation at this time ? 
 
 A. It was something more than one hundred thousand. 
 
40 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Settlement of Maryland. 
 
 SEAL OF MARYLAND. 
 
 Q. When were trading-posts first established in the country now 
 known as Maryland? 
 
 A. In 1621, by Virginia settlers. 
 
 Q. Who endeavored to monopolize this trade ? 
 
 A. William Clayborne, the agent of a company formed in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Q. Who visited Virginia in 1628 with the design of establish- 
 ing a colony somewhere within its limits ? 
 
 A. Sir George Calvert, whose title was Lord Baltimore. 
 
 Q. Why did he not settle in Virginia ? 
 
 A. Because the government of Virginia was intolerant towards 
 the religion of the Roman Catholic Church, of which he was a 
 member. 
 
 Q. What did he do in 1629? 
 
 A. In 1629 he explored the country lying on the Chesapeake 
 Bay. 
 
 Q. What did he do afterwards ? 
 
 A. He went to England and applied for a charter, which was 
 finally obtained. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 41 
 
 Q. What prevented the execution of his purpose ? 
 
 A. His death. 
 
 Q. Who carried out the purpose for which he obtained the 
 charter ? 
 
 A. His son and heir, Cecil Calvert, whose title was also Lord 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Q. What is said of this charter ? 
 
 A. It was the most liberal of all the original grants by the 
 Crown to the founders of settlements in America. 
 
 Q. What rights did it secure to the colonists ? 
 
 A. It secured to them all the essential rights of self-government, 
 and contained a guaranty against taxation by England. 
 
 Q. What was one of the leading objects of Lord Baltimore in 
 establishing this Colony ? 
 
 A. It was to furnish an asylum for the persecuted of all Chris- 
 tian churches. 
 
 Q. What was the Colony called ? 
 
 A. It was called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife 
 of Charles I., King of England. 
 
 Q. Who came over from England in November, 1633? 
 
 A. Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, with about two hun- 
 dred immigrants. 
 
 Q. Who were these immigrants ? 
 
 A. They were mostly Roman Catholic gentlemen with their 
 servants. 
 
 Q. What name was given to the town which they built? 
 
 A. St. Mary's. 
 
 Q. What course was pursued towards the natives ? 
 
 A. The settlers pursued a kind and liberal course towards the 
 natives. 
 
 Q. With what did Calvert supply the natives ? 
 
 A. He supplied them with hoes, axes, clothes, and knives. 
 
 Q. Who raised a rebelHon in 1635? 
 
 A. William Clayborne, whose license to trade with the Indians 
 had been made void by Lord Baltimore's charter. 
 
42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this rebellion ? 
 
 A. It was suppressed ; Clayborne's men were taken prisoners, 
 but he himself escaped to Virginia. 
 
 Q. What did Clay borne do in 1642 ? 
 
 A. He returned to Maryland and instigated the Indians to 
 hostilities ; but this trouble was soon suppressed. 
 
 Q. What did Clay borne do in IGIo? 
 
 A. He raised another rebellion, which kept the Colony in a 
 state of confusion for three years. 
 
 Q. What was the Governor of Maryland obliged to do ? 
 
 A. He was obliged to take refuge in Virginia. 
 
 Q. What became of the public records ? 
 
 A. They were either lost or destroyed. 
 
 Q. When was the lawful government restored ? 
 
 A. In the year 1646. 
 
 Q. What did the government do upon its restoration ? 
 
 A. It passed an act of amnesty and pardoned all offenders. 
 
 Q. When was the rightful government of Maryland again over- 
 thrown ? 
 
 A. In 1652. 
 
 Q. When was it again fully restored ? 
 
 A. In 1660. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 43 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Settlement of New Jersey and Delaware. 
 
 SEAL OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Q. Who made the first settlements in New Jersey ? 
 
 A. The Danes, m 1622. 
 
 Q. Where did they make settlements ? 
 
 A. Along the Delaware River, and also at Bergen. 
 
 Q. What did the Dutch do in 1623 ? 
 
 A. They built a fort on the east side of the Delaware, to which 
 they gave the name of Nassau. 
 
 Q. When did the English make an attempt at colonization ? 
 
 A. In 1640. 
 
 Q. By whom were they opposed ? 
 
 A. By the Swedes and Dutch. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. The English settlement was broken up. 
 
 Q. AVhat did Charles II., King of England, do in 1664? 
 
 A. He acquired the Dutch Colony of New Netherlands, and 
 made a grant of it to his brother, the Duke of York. 
 
 Q. What territory was embraced in this grant? 
 
 A. The whole territory lying between the Connecticut River 
 and the Delaware. 
 
44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What grant was made by the Duke of York to Lord Berke- 
 ley aud Sir George Carteret? 
 
 A. A grant of the territory which now constitutes the State of 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Q. Why was it called New Jersey ? 
 
 A. It was called New Jersey as a compliment to Sir George 
 Carteret, who had bravely defended the island of Jersey during 
 the Civil War in England. 
 
 Q. Where had settlements already been made ? 
 
 A. At Elizabeth and one or two other places, under licenses 
 from the Governor of New York. 
 
 Q. Who was the first Governor of New Jersey ? 
 
 A. Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George Carteret. 
 
 Q. By whom was he succeeded in 1G72 ? 
 
 A. By a son of Sir George Carteret. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1673? 
 
 A. The Dutch recovered New York and New Jersey, but soon 
 afterwards restored them to the English. 
 
 Q. What did the Duke of York then do ? 
 
 A. He had both Provinces of New York and New Jersey united 
 into one. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed Governor? 
 
 A. Sir Edmund Andros. 
 
 Q. What of Sir Edmund Andros ? 
 
 A. He was a tyrant, and was detested by the people. 
 
 Q. What did Lord Berkeley do in 1674? 
 
 A. He sold his share of New Jersey to Edward Byllinge, an 
 English Quaker. 
 
 Q. To whom did Byllinge transfer his claim ? 
 
 A. To William Penn, and New Jersey was divided between 
 Penn and Carteret, Penn taking West Jersey, and Carteret East 
 Jersey. 
 
 Q. Who settled Burlington, in West Jersey, in 1677? 
 
 A. Four hundred Quakers. 
 
 Q. When were East and West Jersey reunited? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. 45 
 
 A. In the year 1702, and New Jersey was placed under one 
 government with New York. 
 
 Q. When did New Jersey become a separate Colony again ? 
 
 A. In 1738. 
 Q. Who was the first Governor under this arrangement? 
 
 A. Lewis Morris. 
 
 Q. What college was founded in 1746 ? 
 
 A. The College at Princeton, which was under the control of 
 the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 SEAL OF DELAWARE. 
 
 Q. From what did Delaware derive its name ? 
 
 A. From the river and bay which form its eastern boundary. 
 
 Q. From whom did the river and bay derive their name ? 
 
 A. From Lord Delaware, one of the early Governors of Virginia. 
 
 Q. Who made the first attempt to settle this section of country ? 
 
 A. The Dutch, in 1632, near where Lewistown now stands. 
 
 Q. What became of this settlement ? 
 
 A. A quarrel arose between the settlers and the Indians, and 
 the little Colony was utterly exterminated. 
 
 Q. When and by whom was the first permanent European set- 
 tlement made in Delaware ? 
 
 A. In 1638, by the Swedes and Finns. 
 
 Q. Where was this settlement made? 
 
 A. Near the present city of Wilmington. 
 
 Q. What name did they give to their settlement? 
 
 A. They called it Christiana, in honor of the infant Queen of 
 Sweden. 
 
1 
 
 46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was the Colony itself called ? 
 
 A. It was called New Sweden. 
 
 Q. When did the new Colony fall under the dominion of the 
 Dutch? 
 
 A. In 1G55. 
 
 Q. When did the English take possession of it ? 
 
 A. In 1664, when they also took possession of the Colony of 
 New Netherlands. 
 
 Q. To whom was New Sweden transferred in 1682 ? 
 
 A. To William Penn. 
 
 Q. What name was now given to it ? 
 
 A. The name of " The Lower Counties of Delaware." 
 
 Q. Until what year did these Swedish settlements remain a 
 part of Pennsylvania ? 
 
 A. Until the year 1690. 
 
 Q. What did the deputies to the Legislative Assembly of Penn- 
 sylvania from these " Lower Counties" then do ? 
 
 A. They formed a separate Legislature for themselves, and 
 Delaware became a separate Colony. 
 
 Q. Did William Penn approve of this separation? 
 
 A. He did. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 47 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Settlement of Pennsylvauia. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Q. By whom were the first European settlements made in 
 what is now the State of Pennsylvania ? 
 
 A. By the Swedes, soon after their arrival on the Delaware, in 
 1638. 
 
 Q. In what part of Pennsylvania were these Swedish settle- 
 ments ? 
 
 A. Along the Upper Delaware. 
 
 Q. Under whose dominion did they fall in 1655 ? 
 
 A. Under the dominion of the Dutch. 
 
 Q. Who took possession of them in 1664? 
 
 A. The English Duke of York. 
 
 Q. To whom did Charles II., King of England, afterwards 
 grant all that section of country now known as Pennsylvania ? 
 
 A. He granted it to William Penn. 
 
 Q. What name did Penn propose for the country ? 
 
 A. He proposed to call it Sylvan ia, which means " Woodland." 
 
 Q, But what did the King call it ? 
 
 A. He called it Pennsylvania, which means " Penn's Wood- 
 land." 
 
48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. To what sect of Christians did William Penn belong ? 
 
 A. To a sect styled by themselves Friends, but called by the 
 world Quakers. 
 
 Q. Why did Penn wish to settle in America ? 
 
 A. That he and his brethren might be free from the annoyances 
 to which they were subject in England. 
 
 Q. When did the first immigrants arrive? 
 
 A. In May, 1681. 
 
 Q. When did Penn himself come over ? 
 
 A. In 1682. 
 
 Q. With whom did he make treaties of friendship and good 
 will? 
 
 A. With the various tribes of Indians in the neighborhood. 
 
 Q. How did Penn promise to treat the Indians ? 
 
 A. He promised to treat them kindly. 
 
 Q. Did he keep this promise ? 
 
 A. He did ; and it is said that no Quaker was ever killed by an 
 Indian. 
 
 Q. Where did Penn begin to build a city ? 
 
 A. On a tract of land lying between the Schuylkill and Dela- 
 ware Rivers. 
 
 Q. By what name was the city called ? 
 
 A. It was called Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the growth of the city ? 
 
 A. It grew very rapidly : in three years it had more than six 
 hundred houses, and the Colony had a population of eight or nine 
 thousand. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 49 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Settlement of North Carolina. 
 
 SEAL OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Q. When was the coast of the Carolinas first explored by the 
 French? 
 
 A. In 1563. 
 
 Q. Why did they call the country Carolina ? 
 
 A. They called it Carolina in honor of Charles IX., King of 
 France. 
 
 Q. Is there much resemblance between the names Charles and 
 Carolina? 
 
 A. There is very little resemblance between them ; but the Latin 
 name for Charles is Carolus, and it is from Carolus that Carolina 
 is derived. 
 
 Q. What became of the French settlements ? 
 
 A. They were all soon abandoned. 
 
 Q. When did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt a settlement near the 
 mouth of the Roanoke River, in North Carolina ? 
 
 A. In 1585. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this settlement ? 
 
 A. It was the first attempt by the English to settle within the 
 present limits of the United States. 
 
 5 
 
50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. How did the attempt result ? 
 
 A. It resulted in a complete failure. It was many years before 
 another attempt was made to colonize this region. 
 
 Q. What happened between the years 1640 and 164.3? 
 
 A. Numbers of persons from Virginia settled that portion of 
 North Carolina lying next to Virginia. 
 
 Q. Who claimed jurisdiction over the settlements ? 
 
 A. Governor Berkeley, of Virginia. 
 
 Q. What name did he give to the Colony ? 
 
 A. He called it Albemarle, in honor of the Duke of Albemarle. 
 
 Q. Whom did he appoint as Grovernor ? 
 
 A. William Drummond. 
 
 Q. To whom was the whole country between the thirtieth and 
 thirty-sixth degrees of north latitude conveyed by Charles II., 
 King of England, in 1663? 
 
 A. To eight noblemen, who were joint proprietors, with full 
 power to settle and govern. 
 
 Q. What was done under this charter in the year 1665? 
 
 A. A Colony was planted near the mouth of the Cape Fear 
 River, to which the name of Clarendon was given. 
 
 Q. Who was made Governor of the Colony ? 
 
 A. Sir John Yeamans. 
 
 Q. How many separate Colonies were thus established in the 
 limits of North Carolina? 
 
 A. Two : Albemarle and Clarendon, each having its own Gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 Q. What did this arrangement occasion ? 
 
 A. It occasioned considerable trouble. 
 
 Q. When were the Colonies of Albemarle and Clarendon 
 united under one government? 
 
 ^1. In the year 1670. 
 
 Q. What was the Colony now called ? 
 
 A. It was called North Carolina. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the progress of the Colony between the 
 years 1670 and 1695? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 51 
 
 A. Its progress was slow, owing to bad government and frequent 
 revolts. 
 
 Q. Who became Governor in 1695 ? 
 
 A. John Archdale, a Quaker. 
 
 Q. What did he succeed in doing ? 
 
 A. He succeeded in restoring comparative quiet. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1705 ? 
 
 A. Thomas Carey was appointed Governor, but soon after 
 Edward Hyde was appointed in his place, whereupon Carey incited 
 a rebellion. 
 
 Q. When was the rebellion suppressed ? 
 
 A. In the year 1711. 
 
 Q. What happened in the year 1712? 
 
 A. The Tuscarora and Coree Indians formed a conspiracy to 
 destroy the whites. 
 
 SETTLERS FLEEING FROM THE INDIANS. 
 
 Q. Give some account of this conspiracy. 
 
 A. The savages took the settlerfe by surprise, and killed a grcnt 
 number of men, women, and children. 
 Q. Who checked the savages ? 
 A. The militia of the country assembled, and held them in 
 
52 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 check until tliey could get assistance from South Carolina, when 
 the savages were completely defeated. 
 
 Q. What was the population of North Carolina in 1717 ? 
 
 A. It was a little over two thousand. 
 
 Q. What at length caused a rapid increase of the population ? 
 
 A. The beauty of the country and the richness of the soil be- 
 came known, and emigrants from other countries rapidly poured 
 into North Carolina. 
 
 Q. What was the population of North Carolina in 1775 ? 
 
 A. One hundred and eighty-one thousand. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Settlement of South Carolina. 
 
 SEAL OF South Carolina. 
 
 Q. When and where was the first English settlement made in 
 South Carolina? 
 
 A. In 1670, at Port Royal. 
 
 Q. To what place did they remove next year ? 
 
 A. They removed to the western bank of the Ashley River and 
 commenced building a town. 
 
 Q. Why did they abandon tliis latter place ? 
 
 A. Because the site was not well chosen, inasmuch as large 
 vessels could not approach the town. 
 
 Q. To what place did they then remove ? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 53 
 
 A. To Oyster Point, formed by the junction of the Cooper and 
 Ashley Rivers, and here they laid the foundations of the present 
 city of Charleston. 
 
 Q. In what year was this ? 
 
 A. In 1680. 
 
 Q. Who was the first Governor of South Carolina ? 
 
 A. William Sayle, who came over with the settlers to Port 
 Royal in 1670 ; but he died soon after his arrival. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded him ? 
 
 A. Joseph West. 
 
 Q. By whom was negro slavery introduced into South Carolina? 
 
 A. By Sir John Yeamans, who came from Barbadoes with fifty 
 families and nearly two hundred slaves. 
 
 Q. When was this? 
 
 A. In 1671. 
 
 Q. What else can you say of Sir John Yeamans ? 
 
 A. Soon after his arrival he succeeded Joseph West, and con- 
 tinued to act as Governor until 167-4. 
 
 Q. Who then became Governor ? 
 
 A. Joseph West again became Governor, which office he held 
 for eight years. It was during his administration that the city 
 of Charleston was commenced (in 1680). 
 
 Q. How many Governors were there over South Carolina from 
 1682 to 1686? 
 
 A. There were in that time no less than five Governors. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1686? 
 
 A. The Spaniards laid waste the settlements of Port Royal. 
 
 Q. Who was the Governor of South Carolina ? 
 
 A. Joseph Morton. 
 
 Q. What did Morton determine to do ? 
 
 A. He determined to attack the Spanish settlement of St. 
 Augustine, in Florida. 
 
 Q. How was he prevented from carrying out his plans? 
 
 A. By the Proprietors, who under the grant from Charles II. 
 had control of both North and South Carolina. 
 
54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. How were large accessions made to the strength of the 
 Colony in 1 080 ? 
 
 A. Large numbers of Protestant refugees from France settled 
 in South Carolina. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the government of South Carolina 
 from 1G8G to 1G95? 
 
 A. It was subject to frequent change, and for a part of the time 
 the Colony was in a very disturbed state. 
 
 Q. Who became Governor in 1695? 
 
 A. John Archdale, a Quaker, who was Governor of North 
 Carolina at the same time. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded John Archdale in 1696? 
 
 A. Joseph Blake. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1702 ? 
 
 A. War broke out between England and Spain, which also in- 
 volved the Carolinians in war with the Spaniards of Florida. 
 
 Q. Who was Governor of South Carolina at this time? 
 
 A. James Moore was the Governor. 
 
 Q. What did Governor Moore do ? 
 
 A. He fitted out an expedition of twelve hundred colonists and 
 friendly Indians, and sailed against St. Augustine. 
 
 Q. What success did he meet with ? 
 
 A. He was unable to take the fort at St. Augustine, and was 
 obliged to raise the siege. 
 
 Q. What did Governor Moore do soon afterwards ? 
 
 A. He made an expedition against the Appalachee Indians 
 across the Savannah River, burned their towns and villages, killed 
 several hundred of them, and obliged the others to submit to the 
 English Government. 
 
 Q. In what war did South Carolina become involved in 
 1712? 
 
 A. In a war with the Tuscarora and Coree Indians, who had 
 made an attack upon the settlers of North Carolina. 
 
 Q. Who was at that time Governor of South Carolina ? 
 
 A. Charles Craven. 
 
AFFAIRS IN VIRGINIA. 55 
 
 Q. How many men did he send to the assistance of the North 
 Carolinians ? 
 
 A. He sent six hundred militia, under the command of Colonel 
 Barnwell. 
 
 Q. By whom were they assisted ? 
 
 A. By nearly four hundred friendly Indians. 
 
 Q. With what success did Barnwell meet ? 
 
 A. He defeated the savages with great slaughter. 
 
 Q. Bid the Tuscaroras ever renew the war ? 
 
 A. They did, but were terribly defeated by Colonel eJames 
 Moore. 
 
 Q. What did the Tuscaroras do after this last defeat ? 
 
 A. They abandoned their country and moved northward. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Affairs m Virginia and New York. 
 
 Q. AVho emigrated to Virginia in 1673? 
 
 A. Nathaniel Bacon, an intelligent and ambitious young lawyer. 
 
 Q. What happened two years after his arrival ? 
 
 A. A war broke out with the Susquehanna Indians. 
 
 Q. Were the people satisfied with the way in which Sir William 
 Berkeley, the Governor, carried on the war ? 
 
 A. They were not. 
 
 Q. What did they accordingly do ? 
 
 A. They elected Bacon general, whereupon he applied to 
 Governor Berkeley for a commission. 
 
 Q. When the Governor refused the commission, what did 
 Bacon and his followers do ? 
 
 A. They raised a rebellion, during the course of which James- 
 town was burned and many depredations committed. 
 
56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What ended tlie rebelliuii ? 
 
 A. Bacon died, and his followers submitted to the authority of 
 the Governor. 
 
 Q. What important event happened in Virginia during the 
 reign of William and Mary in England ? 
 
 A. The founding of a college under the patronage of the King 
 and Queen. 
 
 Q. What name was given to the college ? 
 
 A. It was styled the College of William and Mary. 
 
 Q. What was done under the leadership of Governor Spotts- 
 wood in 1714? 
 
 A. The mountains were crossed, and the beautiful valleys be- 
 yond them were made known. 
 
 Q. With what did Governor Spottswood present each of his 
 companions on their return from this expedition? 
 
 A. He presented each of them with a golden horseshoe as a 
 memento of the expedition. 
 
 Q. What important treaty was made in the Colony of New 
 York in 1684? 
 
 A. A treaty was made with a powerful Indian Confederacy, 
 known as the Five Nations. 
 
 Q. Who entered into this treaty with the Indians ? 
 
 A. Colonel Dongan, Governor of New York, and Lord Effing- 
 ham, Governor of Virginia. 
 
 Q. What did this treaty embrace ? 
 
 A. All the English settlements, and all the Indian tribes in 
 alliance with them. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this treaty ? 
 
 A. It was long and faithfully kept, and was of great advantage 
 to the English settlers. 
 
 Q. What did De la Barre, French Governor of Canada, do in 
 1684? 
 
 A. He invaded the territory of the Five Nations with an arni^ 
 of seventeen hundred men. 
 
 Q. Did he meet with any success ? 
 
AFFAIRS IN NEW YORK. 57 
 
 A. No ; his expedition was a complete failure. 
 
 Q. Who led a still larger army against the Indian Confederacy ? 
 
 A. De Nouville, his successor. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this expedition ? 
 
 A. De Nouville fell into an ambuscade, and was defeated with 
 heavy loss. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of these wars ? 
 
 A. They embittered the Indians against the French, and 
 strengthened their attachment to the English. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded De Nouville as Governor of Canada ? 
 
 A. Count Frontenac, a skillful officer. 
 
 Q. What policy did he pursue towards the Five Nations ? 
 
 A. He endeavored to gain their good will ; and, though he could 
 not persuade them to break their treaty with the English, he did 
 persuade them to remain neutral in the war between the French 
 and English. 
 
 Q. What was done on the 19th of January, 1690? 
 
 A. A party of about two hundred French and some Cayuga 
 Indians set out to make an attack on the English settlements in 
 the Colony of New York. 
 
 Q. Describe the attack on Schenectady. 
 
 A. On the night of the 8th of February the French and Indians 
 attacked the village \ sixty persons were massacred ; twenty-seven 
 were captured ; others escaped and made their way to Albany, 
 while many perished on the way. 
 
 Q. What was then done by a party of young men and Mohawk 
 Indians ? 
 
 A. They set out from Albany in pursuit of the enemy, of 
 whom they succeeded in killing and capturing twenty-five. 
 
 Q. Where was an army raised for the purpose of avenging 
 these and other barbarities? 
 
 A. An army was raised in New York and Connecticut. 
 
 Q. Against what two important places were expeditious 
 sent ? 
 
 A. An army under the command of General Winthrop was sent 
 c* 
 
58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 against Montreal, while another force, commanded by Sir William 
 Phipps, moved against Quebec. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. Both expeditions resulted in failure. 
 
 Q. Who inflicted considerable damage on the French in 1691 ? 
 
 A. Major Schuyler, at the head of a large body of Colonial and 
 Indian forces. 
 
 Q. When did hostilities cease ? 
 
 A. Not until the year 1697, when a peace was concluded at 
 Ryswick, in Holland, between the French and English. This also 
 ended the war in America. 
 
 Q. When was the war between England and France resumed ? 
 
 A. In 1702, during the reign of Queen Anne in England. 
 
 Q. How long did this war last ? 
 
 A. About eleven years, during all which time New York and 
 the New England Colonies bore their full share not only in re- 
 pelling the attacks of the French, but also in making attacks 
 themselves. 
 
 Q. When was peace again made ? 
 
 A. In 1713. 
 
 Q. How long did the peace last? 
 
 A. Until 1744, when war again broke out betw^een France and 
 England. 
 
 Q. How did New York suffer during this war ?• 
 
 A. New York suifered gFeatly'from frequent incursions of the 
 French and their Indian allies. 
 
 Q. Did the treaty of peace in 1748 put an end to these depre- 
 dations ? 
 
 A. It did not. There was no real security in the border settle- 
 ments of New York until after the termination of the French 
 dominion in Canada. 
 
 Q. What was the population of the Colony of New York at 
 the commencement of the French and Indian War of 1754? 
 
 A. It did not exceed one hundred thousand. 
 
AFFAIRS IN NEW ENGLAND. 59 
 
 CHAPTER XVIL 
 
 Affairs in New England from 1G75 to 175-4. 
 
 Q. When did King Philip's war begin ? 
 
 A. In June, 1675. 
 
 Q. Who was King Philip? 
 
 A. He was the son and successor of Massasoit, who had been 
 such a friend to the English. 
 
 Q. Did Philip share the friendly feelings of his father ? 
 
 A. He did not, and secretly matured a phin by which he hoped 
 to exterminate all the New England settlements. 
 
 Q. How did the war begin ? 
 
 A. By an attack upon Swanzey, in Plymouth. 
 
 Q. How long did King Philip's war last? 
 
 A. It lasted until August, 1676, or a little more than one 
 year. 
 
 Q. How was it terminated ? 
 
 A. By the defeat and death of Philip. 
 
 Q. Wliat damage had been done to the colonists ? 
 
 A. Six hundred of the inhabitants had been killed, twelve or 
 thirteen towns had been destroyed, a heavy debt had been con- 
 tracted, and their wealth had been greatly diminished. 
 
 Q. What tribes of Indians besides the Wampanoags had been 
 drawn into the war? 
 
 A. The Nimpucks and Narragansets. 
 
 Q. Who was the chief of the Narragansets? 
 
 A. Canonchet. 
 
 Q. Describe the attack on his camp. 
 
 A. About one thousand men surprised the camp of Canonchet, 
 and captured it after a desperate fight. One thousand Indians 
 
oO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 were slain ; six hundred wigwams (or huts) were burnt, and many 
 of the savages perished in the flames. 
 
 Q. What became of Canonchet himself? 
 
 A. He was taken prisoner and put to death, because he refused 
 to make peace. 
 
 Q. Did the Indian tribes who were engaged in this war ever 
 renew hostilities ? 
 
 A. They did not, for they were almost exterminated. 
 
 Q. What became of King Philip's family ? 
 
 A. His wife and son were captured. 
 
 Q. What was done with his son ? 
 
 A. The son of Philip, who was only nine years old, was taken 
 to Boston, where he was condemned by the authorities to be sold 
 as a slave in Bermuda. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this transaction ? 
 
 A. It was an act of great barbarity, and was an exhibition of 
 the grossest ingratitude ; foi though Philip had done the colonists 
 much harm, yet Massasoit, the grandfather of the boy, had be- 
 friended and sheltered the settlers at Plymouth when they were 
 few and feeble. 
 
 Q. How long after this war did New England enjoy repose? 
 
 A. Until the breaking out of war between England and Prance 
 in 1688. 
 
 Q. What was this war called ? 
 
 A. It was called King William's war, because it occurred during 
 his reign. 
 
 Q. Of what country was William king ? 
 
 A. He was King of England. 
 
 Q. How did the war commence in America? 
 
 A. By an attack on Schenectady, in New York, in February, 
 1690. This has been described in a previous chapter. 
 
 Q. What town in New Hampshire was attacked by the French 
 and Indians? 
 
 A. Salmon Falls. Thirty of the inhabitants were killed, and 
 fifty-four were carried into captivity. 
 
AFFAIRS IN NEW ENGLAND. 61 
 
 Q. What did the Colonies do ? 
 
 A. They unitedly resolved to carry the war into the enemy's 
 country. 
 
 Q. Against what place was an expedition sent ? 
 
 A. Against Port Koyal, in Acadia, as Nova Scotia was then 
 called. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. They captured Port Royal and subdued all Acadia. 
 
 Q. What was the result of an expedition against Quebec ? 
 
 A. It failed, as has already been mentioned in a previous 
 chapter. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1696 ? 
 
 A. Port Royal was recovered by the French, and soon afterwards 
 all Acadia fell again under their power. 
 
 Q. What brought a brief repose to the Colonies ? 
 
 A. The peace of Ryswick, concluded in 1697, between France 
 and England. 
 
 Q. How many years did the peace continue? 
 
 A. Only five years, 
 
 Q. Mention some of the principal events of this war. 
 
 A. In 1707 another attempt was made upon Port Royal, which 
 failed ; the next year Haverhill, in New England, was burned by 
 the Indians ; more than one hundred persons lost their lives, and 
 many were carried into captivity. The same year an expedition 
 against Quebec failed, but one soon after undertaken against Port 
 Royal succeeded. 
 
 Q. After this last capture of Port Royal, to what was its name 
 changed ? 
 
 A. It was changed to Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne, who 
 was now on the throne of England. 
 
 Q. What expedition was undertaken in 1711 in consequence 
 of the success of the attempt upon Port Royal ? 
 
 A. A grand land and naval expedition was undertaken against 
 Quebec and Montreal. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 6 
 
62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. The fleet was scattered in a storm in St. Lawrence Bay, and 
 one thousand men were lost. This disaster caused the failure of 
 the expedition, for the land forces could do nothing without the 
 aid of the fleet. 
 
 Q. What put an end to this war ? 
 
 A. The peace of Utrecht, concluded in 1713. 
 
 Q. For how long a time did the Colonies of New England con- 
 tinue to enjoy undisturbed repose? 
 
 A. For about thirty-one years. 
 
 Q. When did war again break out between France and England ? 
 
 A. In 1744. 
 
 Q. What did the French do soon after the commencement of 
 hostilities ? 
 
 A. They made a descent upon Nova Scotia, and met with some 
 important successes, but failed in an attack upon Annapolis. 
 
 Q. Against what place did the New England Colonies send a 
 strong force ? 
 
 A. Against Louisbourg, on the island of Cape Breton, which 
 surrendered to them after a siege of seven weeks. 
 
 Q. How did the French attempt to retaliate ? 
 
 A. A powerful fleet sailed from France, having on board an 
 army of four thousand men, with the intention of invading New 
 England. 
 
 Q. What became of this expedition ? 
 
 A. A violent storm destroyed a large portion of the fleet, and 
 finally they were obliged to make the best of their way back to 
 France. 
 
 Q. Where and when was a treaty of peace signed between 
 England and France ? 
 
 A. At Aix-la-Chapelle, in Germany, in October, 1748. 
 
 Q. Had the New England Confederation, which was formed in 
 1648, continued to exist all this time ? 
 
 A. It had not, for King Charles II. had, in 1G84, annulled the 
 charters of all the New England Colonies, and of course the Con- 
 federation ceased to exist at the same time. 
 
AFFAIRS IN NEW ENGLAND. 63 
 
 Q. Which one of the New England Colonies preserved its 
 charter ? 
 
 A. Connecticut. 
 
 Q. How was the charter of Connecticut saved? 
 
 A. When Sir Edmund Andros, who had been appointed by the 
 King Captain-Grencral of all New England, demanded the charter 
 of Connecticut, some one of the patriots carried it away secretly 
 and hid it in the hollow of an oak, and this saved it from de- 
 struction. 
 
 Q. When were their charters restored to the New England 
 Colonies ? 
 
 A. In 1689, by King William. 
 
 Q. When was a new charter granted to the Colonies of Massa- 
 chusetts and Plymouth ? 
 
 A. In 1691. By the charter the two Colonies became one, 
 under the name of Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. What large district of country was at the same time annexed 
 to Massachusetts? 
 
 A. That territory which now constitutes the State of Maine. 
 
 Q. Was the New England Confederation revived after this ? 
 
 A. It was not, although the New England Colonies uniformly 
 acted in concert during all the wars with the French, which we 
 have described. 
 
64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Affairs in South Carolina. 
 
 Q. When did a war begin between the South Carolinians and 
 the Yemassees? 
 
 A. In April, 1715. 
 
 Q. How did tlie war commence ? 
 
 A. The Yemassees made an attack upon Pocotaligo, in South 
 Carolina, and killed ninety persons. They also killed many people 
 in the country, and carried others into captivity. 
 
 Q. What fears were entertained ? 
 
 A. It was feared that even Charleston might be attacked by 
 them. 
 
 Q. What did the Grovernor do ? 
 
 A. He ordered out every man under arms, and even armed some 
 of the most trusty of the slaves. 
 
 Q. What did the Governor himself do ? 
 
 A. He marched against the Indians at the head of two hun- 
 dred and forty men. 
 
 Q. Where did he encounter the enemy? 
 
 A. On the Combahee River he encountered five hundred Indian 
 warriors, whom he defeated with great loss. 
 
 Q. What did Colonel Mackey do ? 
 
 A. He captured an Indian town, and also a fort, and inflicted 
 much damage on the enemy. 
 
 Q. What success did the Indians meet with in other quarters? 
 
 A. They defeated Captain Thomas Barker, who, at the head of 
 ninety men, was led into an ambush, where he and several of his 
 men were slain. 
 
 Q. What other success did the Indians have ? 
 
 A. They made an attack on a force of seventy white men and 
 
AFFAIRS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 65 
 
 forty negroes, who had thrown up a breastwork and resolved to 
 defend themselves. At first the Indians were repulsed, but they 
 at last succeeded in surprising the garrison, and put most of them 
 to death. 
 
 Q. Who shortly afterwards met and defeated the Indians ? 
 
 A. Captain Chicken, at the head of the Goose Creek militia. 
 
 Q. What did Captain Chicken prove himself to be ? 
 
 A. He proved himself to be true game. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the Colony at this time ? 
 
 A. The whole country was deserted to within twenty miles of 
 Charleston. 
 
 Q. What was the number of the enemy ? 
 
 A. The enemy numbered from eight to ten thousand warriors. 
 
 Q. How many men was South Carolina able to put in the field ? 
 
 A. Only about twelve hundred men capable of bearing arms. 
 
 Q. What did Governor Craven do in this emergency ? 
 
 A. He sent an agent to New England to purchase arms, and 
 applied to Virginia for aid. At the same time he invaded the 
 enemy's country. 
 
 Q. Who were chosen to lead the Carolina troops ? 
 
 A. Lieutenant-General James Moore, and Colonels John Barn- 
 well and Alexander Mackey. 
 
 Q. What success attended the efforts of the Carolinians ? 
 
 A. The Yemassees were driven beyond the Savannah River. 
 
 Q. Where did these Indians now take up their residence ? 
 
 A. In Florida. 
 
 Q. Did the Indians ever again attempt to renew the war ? 
 
 A. They did not. Carolina now enjoyed a long interval of 
 repose. 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Settlement of Georgia. 
 
 SEAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Q. By whom was the Colony of Georgia founded ? 
 
 A. By James Edward Oglethorpe. 
 
 Q. When was a charter for establishing this Colony obtained 
 from the King? 
 
 A. In June, 1732. 
 
 Q. After whom was the Colony named ? 
 
 A. After George II., King of England. 
 
 Q. What was the extent of Georgia ? 
 
 A. It extended from the Savannah River to the Mississippi, 
 and embraced not only the present State of Georgia, but also 
 nearly all of that territory wliich now constitutes the States of 
 Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 Q. What was the object of Oglethorpe in founding this Colony? 
 
 A. His object was to provide a home for the poor of Great 
 Britain, and also to furnish a place of refuge for the Salzburgers 
 and other persecuted Protestants on the Continent of Europe. 
 
 Q. How many persons accompanied Oglethorpe to Georgia? 
 
 A. One hundred and sixteen. 
 
 Q. AVhen did they set sail from England ? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 67 
 
 A. In November, 1732. 
 
 Q. When did they arrive in the harbor of Charleston ? 
 
 A. In January, 1733, after a voyage of nearly two months. 
 
 Q. Who was Governor of South Carolina at this time ? 
 
 A. Robert Johnson. 
 
 Q. How did he and the Carolinians receive Oglethorpe and his 
 party? 
 
 A. With the greatest generosity. 
 
 Q. With what did the Carolinians furnish them ? 
 
 A. With provisions and stock, and also with vessels to convey 
 additional supplies to the Savannah River. 
 
 Q. What else did the Carolinians do for the new settlers ? 
 
 A. They sent along a company of soldiers to protect them 
 against the Indians until they could build houses and fortifications. 
 
 Q. After leaving Charleston, where did Oglethorpe and his fol- 
 lowers go? 
 
 A. To Beaufort, South Carolina. Here Oglethorpe left the 
 party and ascended the Savannah River until he came to Yama- 
 craw Blufi". This spot he selected for his settlement. 
 
 Q. When did the new settlers arrive at the Bluff? 
 
 A. On the 1st of February, and the first house was commenced 
 on the 9th. 
 
 Q. What did Oglethorpe call his town ? 
 
 A. He called it Savannah, from the name of the river on the 
 banks of which it was situated. 
 
 Q. Who immediately sought an alliance with Oglethorpe? 
 
 A. Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraws, a tribe of Indians who 
 lived near by. 
 
 Q. With what other Indians did Oglethorpe make treaties ? 
 
 A. With the Creeks, with the Muscogees, and even with the 
 Cherokees of the mountains and the Choctaws on the borders of 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Q. How was the Colony strengthened in March, 1734? 
 
 A. By the arrival of seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germany. 
 
 Q. Who were these Salzburgers ? 
 
68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. They were German Protestants, who had been driven from 
 their homes by the most terrible persecutions. 
 
 Q. Where did the Salzburgers settle ? 
 
 A. At a place which they named Ebenezer, in a portion of 
 Georgia now known as Effingham County. 
 
 Q. What settlements were made in other portions of Georgia ? 
 
 A. A company of Scotch Highlanders was located at Darien, a 
 company of immigrants was settled at Frederica, on St. Simon's 
 Island, and trading-posts were established at Augusta. 
 
 Q. How many immigrants came over to Georgia in February, 
 1736? 
 
 A. Two hundred and twenty-seven. 
 
 Q. Who accompanied them ? 
 
 A. John and Charles Wesley, who Cc^me over to preach the 
 gospel to the Indians, and also to the settlers 
 
 Q. What other celebrated minister of the gospel came to 
 Georgia in 1738? 
 
 A. Rev. George Whitefield, who resided in the Colony several 
 years. 
 
 Q. What institution was established by Whitefield during his 
 stay in Georgia ? 
 
 A. The Orphan House at Bethesda, a few miles from Savannah. 
 
 Q. What nation claimed the territory of Georgia as her own, 
 and regarded its colonization by the English as an intrusion upon 
 her rights ? 
 
 A. Spain. 
 
 Q. What did the Spaniards resolve to do ? 
 
 A. They resolved to expel the English from Georgia. 
 
 Q. In anticipation of a war with Spain, what did Oglethorpe 
 do in 1737? 
 
 A. He went to England, where he raised a regiment of six 
 hundred men for the defense of the Colony. 
 
 Q. What office was now conferred upon Oglethorpe ? 
 
 A. He was made commander-in-chief of all the militia forces 
 of Georgia and South Carolina. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 69 
 
 Q. When did the war break out between Enghmd and Spain ? 
 
 A. In 1739. 
 
 Q. What did Oglethorpe do soon after war was declared ? 
 
 A. He invaded Florida, at that time a Spanish province, at the 
 head of two thousand men, some being Carolinians, some friendly 
 Indians, and some from his own regiment. 
 
 Q. Did this expedition meet with success? 
 
 A. It did not. 
 
 Q. What did the Spaniards do in 1742 ? 
 
 A. They invaded Georgia with a land and naval force of 
 three thousand men. 
 
 Q. In this emergency, what was Oglethorpe obliged to do ? 
 
 A. He was obliged to rely upon his own resources, for the 
 Carolinians would give him no assistance. 
 
 Q. What force had Oglethorpe with which to meet the in- 
 vaders ? 
 
 A. Only about seven or eight hundred men. 
 
 Q. Did any general engagement occur between the two armies ? 
 
 A. No general engagement occurred between the two armies, 
 but a Spanish force of three hundred was attacked by a small body 
 of English troops and routed, with a loss of two hundred men. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the invasion ? 
 
 A. The Spaniards, being deceived by the movements and strata- 
 gems of Oglethorpe, concluded that he had a large army, and 
 retreated. 
 
 Q. Did the Spaniards ever make another attempt to conquer 
 Georgia ? 
 
 A. They did not. 
 
 Q. When did Oglethorpe leave Georgia and return to England? 
 
 A. In 1743. 
 
 Q. What change was made in the government of the Colony 
 after the departure of Oglethorpe ? 
 
 A. A civil government was substituted for the military govern- 
 ment which had previously prevailed. 
 
 Q. When was slavery introduced into Georgia ? 
 
70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. In 1747. Before that time slavery had been prohibited, 
 but the laws against the introduction of negroes were repealed in 
 that year. 
 
 Q. What danger threatened the Colony in the latter part of 
 1747 ? 
 
 A. A man named Bosomworth and his wife Mary (who was 
 an Indian squaw and claimed to be Queen of the Creeks) marched 
 at the head of an Indian force upon Savannah. 
 
 Q. What did they demand? 
 
 A. They demanded a large tract of land to which Mary laid 
 claim as of right belonging to her. 
 
 Q. What did they threaten to do unless their demands were 
 complied with ? 
 
 A. They threatened to exterminate the colonists. 
 
 Q. Were their demands complied with ? 
 
 A. They were not ; and the Indians were deprived of their 
 leaders and forced into submission. 
 
 Q. When did the Trustees, to whom the charter for the estab- 
 lishment of the Colony of Georgia had been granted, surrender 
 their rights under it to the Crown ? 
 
 A. In 1752. 
 
 Q. Who became Governor of Georgia in 1754 ? 
 
 A. Captain John Keynolds, of the Boyal Navy. 
 
 Q. On whom was the government of the Colony now conferred? 
 
 A. On a Legislature, in conjunction with the Governor and his 
 Council. 
 
 Q. By whom were the Governor and Council appointed ? 
 
 A. By the King of England. 
 
 Q. Of what did the Legislature consist? 
 
 A. It consisted of delegates elected by the people. 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OF 1754. 71 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Tlic French and Indian War q/*1754. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of the French and Indian War of 
 1754? 
 
 A. The rival claims of the French and English in America. 
 
 Q. What was the design of the French ? 
 
 A. Their design was to confine the English to the country east 
 of the Alleghany Mountains. 
 
 Q. In order to effect this purpose, what did the French do ? 
 
 A. They began the erection of a chain of forts from Nova 
 Scotia, along the Lakes and down the Mississippi, to the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Q. What was the first act of hostility ? 
 
 A. While the agents of a company styled the Ohio Company 
 were surveying some lands which had been granted by the British 
 Government in 1749, they were seized by a party of French and 
 Indians and carried as prisoners to a French fort. 
 
 Q. How did some Indians who were friendly to the English 
 resent this treatment of their allies ? 
 
 A. They seized several French traders and sent them to Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Q. What did the French do soon afterwards? 
 
 A. They began to build forts south of Lake Erie, of which the 
 Ohio Company seriously complained. 
 
 Q. This territory was within the original charter limits of what 
 Colony? 
 
 A. Of the Colony of Virginia. 
 
 Q- AVho remonstrated with the French commander ? 
 
 A. Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia. 
 
72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Who was the bearer of a letter from the Governor of Vir- 
 ginia to the French commandant ? 
 
 A. George Washington, who was then only twenty-two years 
 old. 
 
 Q. What rank had Washington at this time ? 
 
 ^1. He at this time held the rank of major. 
 
 Q. What answer did the French commander return to the 
 Governor of Virginia? 
 
 A. He answered that he was acting under instructions from the 
 Governor of Canada, whom alone he was bound to obey. 
 
 Q. W^hat did Governor Dinwiddie now do ? 
 
 A. He prepared to oppose the French. 
 
 Q. Where did a party of thirty men sent out by the Ohio 
 Company prepare to erect a fort? 
 
 A. At the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela Eivers, 
 where Pittsburg now stands. 
 
 Q. AVhat did the French do ? 
 
 A. They drove away the English, completed the fort them- 
 selves, and called it Fort Du Quesne. 
 
 Q. What happened to a party of French who endeavored to 
 intercept the advance of Washington? 
 
 A. They were surprised, and nearly all were either killed or 
 captured. 
 
 Q. What did Washington erect at the place where the French 
 were defeated ? 
 
 A. He erected a fort, which he called Fort Necessity. 
 
 Q. By whom was he here joined ? 
 
 A. By additional troops from New York and Carolina. 
 
 Q. To what did his whole force amount ? 
 
 A. To about four hundred men. 
 
 Q. By whom was he soon afterwards attacked ? 
 
 A. By about fifteen hundred French and Indians. 
 
 Q. What was he obliged to do ? . . 
 
 A. He was obliged to capitulate. 
 
 Q. On what condition did he surrender? 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OF 1754. 73 
 
 A. On condition of being permitted to return with his men to 
 Virginia. 
 
 Q. When did this capitulation take place? 
 
 A. July 4, 1754. 
 
 Q. When the British Government perceived that war with 
 France was inevitable, what did it advise the Colonies to do? 
 
 A. It advised them to form a union for the purpose of pro- 
 viding for the general defense. 
 
 Q. Where was a Congress of the Colonies held ? 
 
 A. At Albany, New York. 
 
 Q. What Colonies were represented in this Congress ? 
 
 A. The Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode 
 Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. 
 
 Q. By whom was the plan of union drawn ? 
 
 A. By Benjamin Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania. 
 
 Q. When did the Congress adopt the plan of union? 
 
 A. On the 4th day of July, 1754. 
 
 Q. Was this proposed plan of union ever carried out? 
 
 A. No ; it was rejected both by the Colonial Assemblies and by 
 the British Government. 
 
 Q. Why was it rejected by the Colonial Assemblies? 
 
 A. Because they thought too much power was given to the 
 President-General of the Confederation. 
 
 Q. Why was it rejected by the British Government? 
 
 A. Because it was thought too much power was assumed on the 
 part of the respective Colonial Governments. 
 
 Q. How was it determined to carry on the war? 
 
 A. With British troops, aided by such forces as the Colonies 
 might separately furnish. 
 
74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 French and Indian War. — Continued. 
 
 Q. Who arrived from Ireland with two British regiments early 
 in 1755? 
 
 A. General Braddock, commander-in-chief of all the forces in 
 America. 
 
 GENERAL BRADDOCK. 
 
 Q. How many expeditions were agreed upon between Braddock 
 and the Colonial Governors ? 
 
 A. Three: one against Fort Du Quesne, one against Niagara, 
 and one against Crown Point, on Lake Cham plain. 
 
 Q. By whom was the expedition against Fort Du Quesne led ? 
 
 A. By Braddock. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this expedition ? 
 
 A. Braddock fell into an ambush ; he was slain, and his army 
 defeated with terrible slaughter. 
 
 Q. Who covered the retreat, and saved the army from destruc- 
 "tion? 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OF 1754. 75 
 
 A. Colonel George Washington, with a body of Virginia troops. 
 
 Q. Did Sir William Johnson, who commanded the expedition 
 against Crown Point, meet with any better success ? 
 
 A. He did ; about forty-five miles north of Albany he met the 
 enemy and utterly defeated them. 
 
 Q. Why did Johnson deem it best not to attack Crown Point ? 
 
 A. Because he heard that the French had strengthened the 
 fort very much, and that they had also taken and fortified Ticoii- 
 deroga. 
 
 Q. What did he do, however ? 
 
 A. He built a fort near the scene of his victory, which he called 
 Fort William Henry. 
 
 Q. What did he do later in the season ? 
 
 A. He left garrisons at Forts William Henry and Edwards, and 
 retired to Albany. 
 
 Q. What did the expedition against Niagara accomplish ? 
 
 A. It accomplished nothing, except the erection of two forts 
 on the east side of the river, in which garrisons were left. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed commander of all the forces in America 
 in 1756? 
 
 A. Lord Loudon. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed to command until his arrival from Eng- 
 land? 
 
 A. General Abercrombie. 
 
 Q. Had war been formally declared up to this time ? 
 
 A. It had not. 
 
 Q. When was it formally declared ? 
 
 A. In May, 1756. 
 
 Q. What was done in August by the French commander, the 
 Marquis Montcalm ? 
 
 A. He crossed Lake Ontario with about six thousand French 
 and Indians, and besieged Fort Ontario, on the Oswego Eiver. 
 
 Q. What did the garrison do ? 
 
 A. They retired to an old fort on the west side of the river. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the garrison ? 
 
76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. They numbered about fourteen hundred men. 
 
 Q. What were they finally compelled to do ? 
 
 A. They were compelled to surrender. 
 
 Q. Who marched against and defeated the Indians on the 
 Alleghany River, in the same month ? 
 
 A. Colonel John Armstrong, at the head of three hundred men. 
 
 Q. During the campaign of 1757, what force was sent against 
 Louisbourg ? 
 
 A. A force of ten thousand men, under Lord Loudon. 
 
 Q. Was the expedition successful ? 
 
 A. Nothing was accomplished, and the expedition was aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Q. What success did the French meet with ? 
 
 A. The Marquis Montcalm, with about ten thousand French 
 and Indians, captured Fort William Henry and its garrison of 
 twenty-five hundred men. 
 
 Q. W^hat was done by the Indians after the surrender of the 
 English ? 
 
 A. They fell upon the English and massacred the greater part 
 of them. 
 
 Q. Who became Prime Minister of England in July, 1757 ? 
 
 A. William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham. 
 
 Q. What can you say of his administration ? 
 
 A. Under his lead affairs soon wore a brighter aspect. 
 
 Q. How many men were promised for the war from Eng- 
 land? 
 
 A. Twelve thousand men. 
 
 Q. How many men were the Colonies required to furnish ? 
 
 A. Twenty thousand. 
 
 Q. When General Abercrombie succeeded Loudon, how many 
 men did he find himself in command of? 
 
 A. He found himself in command of fifty thousand men. 
 
 Q. How many distinct enterprises were embraced in the cam- 
 paign of 1758? 
 
 A. Three : an expedition was sent against Louisbourg, a second 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OF 1754. 77 
 
 against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and a third against Fort 
 Du Quesne. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the expedition against Louisbourg ? 
 
 A. It was a complete success ; Louisbourg was captured, and 
 the British dominion was extended over the islands of Cape Breton 
 and Prince Edward. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the expedition ? 
 
 A. The land forces were commanded by Grenerals Amherst and 
 Wolfe, and the fleet by Admiral Boscawen. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the expedition against Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point. 
 
 A. On the 5th of July, Greneral Abercrombie, with fifteen 
 thousand men, marched to attack Fort Ticonderoga. On the 6th, 
 Montcalm attacked him, but was repulsed. Two days afterwards 
 the English attacked Fort Ticonderoga, but were repulsed, with a 
 loss of two thousand men. 
 
 Q. What fort did the English succeed in taking? 
 
 A. Fort Frontenac. Here they captured a large quantity of 
 stores and ammunition. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the expedition against Fort Du Quesne ? 
 
 A. General Forbes, who left Philadelphia in July with nine 
 thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did the French do on the approach of the English ? 
 
 A. They abandoned the fort. 
 
 Q. Who was the first to reach the fort ? 
 
 A. Colonel Washington, with the Virginians. 
 
 Q. What name was given to the fort by the English ? 
 
 A. They called it- Fort Pitt, in honor of Mr. Pitt, the British 
 Prime Minister. 
 
 Q. What is the place now called ? 
 
 A. It is called Pittsburg, and is now a large and prosperous city 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 7* 
 
78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 French and Indian War. — Concluded. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed to command the English forces in 
 America in 1759 ? 
 
 A. Greneral Amherst. 
 
 Q. What was the plan for the campaign for this year ? 
 
 A. General Wolfe was to attack Quebec ; General Amherst was 
 to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and unite his forces with 
 General Wolfe ; and General Prideaux, with a third army, was to 
 take Niagara, and then march against Montreal. 
 
 Q. By whom was the first advantage gained ? 
 
 A. By General Amherst. 
 
 Q. What forts did he capture ? 
 
 A. Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
 
 Q. Was he able to join General Wolfe before Quebec? 
 
 A. He was not, and therefore went into winter quarters at 
 Crown Point. 
 
 Q. What happened to General Prideaux while besieging 
 Niagara ? 
 
 A. He was accidentally killed. 
 
 Q. Who then took command of his forces ? 
 
 A. Sir William Johnson. 
 
 Q. Who attempted to relieve the place ? • 
 
 A. A body of French and Indians. 
 
 Q. Did they succeed ? 
 
 A. They did not. They were routed with great slaughter, and 
 the fort soon after surrendered to the English. 
 
 Q. What was General Wolfe doing while these events were in 
 progress ? 
 
 A. He was prosecuting the siege of Quebec. 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OF 1754. 79 
 
 Q. How large an army had he ? 
 
 A. He had about ten thousand men. 
 
 Q. How large was the French force ? 
 
 A. Nearly thirteen thousand. 
 
 Q. Where did Wolfe land his men near the last of June ? 
 
 A. On the isle of Orleans, a short distance below Quebec. 
 
 Q. What was the result of an attempt made by Wolfe to storm 
 the French camp between the St. Charles and Montmorency Rivers? 
 
 A. He was repulsed, with a loss of nearly five hundred men. 
 
 Q. What did Wolfe do on the night of the 12th of September? 
 
 A. He effected a landing within less than two miles of the city; 
 his army ascended the steep bluff, and at sunrise was drawn up on 
 the Plains of Abraham. 
 
 Q. What ensued ? 
 
 A. A bloody battle, in which both Wolfe and Montcalm were 
 mortally wounded. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle? 
 
 A. The French were routed and driven into the city. 
 
 Q. Where did General Wolfe die? 
 
 A. He died on the battle-field, just after being informed that 
 the French were fleeing, 
 
 Q. What did he say when he heard of the victory of the Eng- 
 lish? 
 
 A. His reply was, " Then I die contented." 
 
 Q. Where did Montcalm die ? 
 
 A. In Quebec. 
 
 Q. What did he say when informed that he must die ? 
 
 A. " So much the better; for then I shall not live to witness the 
 surrender of Quebec." 
 
 Q. When did the city surrender? 
 
 A. Five days afterwards. 
 
 Q. What did the French attempt in 1760 ? 
 
 A. They attempted to retake Quebec, but failed. 
 
 Q. When did Montreal and all the remaining French posts in 
 Canada surrender to the English ? 
 
80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. In September, 1760. 
 
 Q. What war broke out in the Southern Colonies during the 
 same year ? 
 
 A. A war with the Cherokees. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this war ? 
 
 A. The Cherokees, being defeated in several battles, at last 
 begged for peace, and obtained it. 
 
 Q. When did the French and Indian War end ? 
 
 A. In February, 1763. 
 
 Q. What did France yield to Great Britain ? 
 
 A. All her possessions in North America east of the Mississippi 
 River. 
 
 Q. What nation had joined France in the war against Great 
 Britain ? 
 
 A. Spain. 
 
 Q. What did Spain cede to Great Britain by the treaty made 
 at this time ? 
 
 A. Her possessions of East and West Florida. 
 
 General Review of the Previous Lessons. 
 
 ^The student will remember that on the morning of the 12th 
 of October, 1492, Columbus first landed on the island of Gu-an- 
 a-hau-i, one of the Bahamas. ^On the same voyage he dis- 
 covered Cuba, which he supposed to be Japan, and Hai/ti, which 
 he named Hispaniola. ^On returning to Spain, he was received 
 with the greatest honors by Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and 
 Queen. After this he made other voyages to the New World, 
 established settlements, and built towns and forts. '*0n his second 
 voyage he discovered the islands of Dominica, Porto Rico, and 
 Jamaica. ^ From the fact that he supposed the islands which 
 he had discovered to be parts of India, originated their name 
 of West Indies, and for the same reason the original inhabitants, 
 not only of the islands, but also of the continent, have been styled 
 Indians. 
 
GENERAL REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LESSONS. 81 
 
 1. What important event occurred on the morning of the 12th of October, 
 1492? 2. What other lands did he discover on this voyage? 3. How was he 
 received on his return to Spain ? 4. What did he discover on his second voy- 
 age ? 5. From what did the name of West Indies originate ? 6. Why were 
 the original inhabitants called Indians ? 
 
 7 On his thii'd voyage Columbus discovered the main-land of South 
 Aiuerica, which he supposed to be ^ Asia. ^ Even to the day of his 
 death he did not know that he had discovered a New World. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that Columbus had added a New 
 World to the dominions of Spain, ^^he was in the latter years of 
 his life treated with injustice and cruel neglect. 
 
 In the year 1500, after having spent two years in the govern- 
 ment of the Spanish settlements in the West Indies, he was arrested 
 and sent home in chains. It is true that he was released on reach- 
 ing Spain, by order of the King and Queen, but he was never 
 restored to his former honors and dignities. " He died in obscurity 
 and poverty at Valladolid on the 20th of May, 1506. 
 
 America, which should have been called after Columbus, received 
 its name from ^^ Americus Vespucius, a Florentine navigator, who 
 visited the New World, and in 1499 published a map of the coast, 
 and gave some very interesting descriptions of the lands which he 
 visited. Soon after the discovery of America, "^7ie Spaniards 
 and Portuguese began to make conquests and settlements. 
 
 7. What did Columbus discover on his third voyage ? 8. What did he sup- 
 pose this land to be? 9. Did he ever know that he had discovered a New 
 World? 10. How was Columbus treated in the latter years of his life? 11. 
 How, where, and when did he die? 12. After whom was America called? 
 13, Who began to make settlements and conquests soon after the discovery 
 of America? 
 
 Th^ Spaniards took possession of ^* Mexico, Florida, Central 
 America, and the greater part of South America. The Portu- 
 guese took possession of ^^that extensive country of South America 
 now known as the Empire of Brazil. The French also planted 
 Colonies in ^^ Nova Scotia, Canada, and Louisiana. Great Britain 
 claimed ^"^ the exclusive right to jjlant Colonies in North America, 
 
82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ^^for the reason that John Cahot, a Venetian in the service of 
 Henry VII., King of England, discovered the main-land of North 
 America fourteen months before the main-land of South America 
 was discovered by Columbus. These rival claims of the English, 
 Spaniards, and French led ^^to wars, which were frequently waged 
 with a bitter and unrelenting spirit. 
 
 ^ The first attemptof the English to plant Colonies in North 
 America failed, and it was ^^ not until the year 1607, one hun- 
 dred and fifteen years after the discovery of America by Columbus, 
 that the English succeeded in making their first permanent set- 
 tlement, "^"^ at Jamestown, Virginia. After this '^^ they gradually 
 extended their possessions in North America by settlement and 
 conquest, at times coming into conflict ^*with the French, the 
 Spaniards, and the Dutch. 
 
 14. Of what countries did the Spaniards take possession ? 15. Of what did 
 the Portuguese take possession? 16. Where did the French plant Colonies? 
 17. What did Great Britain claim ? 18. On what grounds ? 19. To what did 
 these rival claims of the English, French, and Spaniards lead? 20. What of 
 the first attemptof the English to plant Colonies in America? 21. When did 
 they make their first permanent settlement? 22. Where? 23. What did they 
 do after this ? 24. With whom did they at times come in conflict ? 
 
 The English Colonies in North America at the breaking out of 
 the great French and Indian War were ^^ New Hampshire, Mas- 
 sachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, and Georgia, '^^ thirteen in all. 
 
 At first New York was colonized ^'% the Dutch, New Jersey 
 "^^ by people from Denmark and Norway, and Delaware "^^by the 
 Stvedes and Finns. These, however, had all ftdlen ^^ into the hands 
 of the English, and at the breaking out of the French and Indian 
 War the large majority of their population was English. These 
 various Colonies of England ^^had increased rapidly in popidation 
 and importance, notwithstanding their wars with the Indians, the 
 French, and the Spaniards. 
 
GENERAL REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LESSONS. 83 
 
 25. Mention the English Colonies in North America at the breaking out of 
 the French and Indian War. 26. How many in all ? 27. By whom was New 
 York first colonized ? 28. By whom was New Jersey ? 29. By whom was 
 Delaware ? oO. Into whose hands had all these fallen ? 31. What can you 
 say of these various Colonies of England? 
 
 Tha result of the French and Indian War (in which the Colonies 
 li.ul taken a most honorable part) was ^"to increase greatly the 
 power of Great Britain in America., and the Colonies, now relieved 
 iVom all fear of French invasion in the north or of Spanish inter- 
 ference in the south, confidently looked forward ^^to a period of 
 long-continued peace and prosperity. 
 
 32. What was the result of the French and Indian War ? 33. To what did 
 the Colonies now look forward? 
 
FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR TO 
 THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Difficulties between the Colonies and the Mother- Country. 
 
 Q. What was the general feeling throughout the Colonies at 
 the close of the French and Indian War? 
 
 A. There was a feeling of devoted attachment towards England, 
 the mother-country. 
 
 Q. What soon brought about a change in their feelings ? 
 
 A. A dispute which arose between the Colonies and the British 
 Parliament about taxes. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of this dispute ? 
 
 A. The Parliament asserted that the Colonies ought to bear 
 their share of the debt contracted in the late war with France, and 
 claimed the right to tax them. This right the Colonies denied. 
 
 Q. Why did the Colonies deny the right of Parliament to tax 
 them ? 
 
 A. Because they had no representation in the British Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 Q. What did they claim? 
 
 A. They claimed that taxation and representation ought to go 
 together, and that it was unjust for a Parliament in which they 
 had no voice to levy a tax upon them. 
 
 Q. What act was passed by Parliament in 1765 ? 
 
 A. An act known as the Stamp Act. 
 84 
 
DIFFICULTIES OF THE COLONIES. 85 
 
 Q. What was the Stamp Act ? 
 
 A. It was an act requiring all contracts, notes, bonds, deeds, 
 writs, and public documents to be on Government stamped paper. 
 
 Q. What did the passage of this act cause ? 
 
 A. It caused great excitement, especially in Virginia and Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 Q. How was this excitement still further increased ? 
 
 A. By the determination of Parliament to send troops to Masf^L- 
 chusetts and other places. 
 
 Q. What was done by the General Court of Massachusetts in 
 June? 
 
 A. A circular was issued urging all the Colonies to send dele- 
 gates to a Convention to be held in New York the next October. 
 
 Q. How many Colonies responded to this call ? 
 
 A. Nine. 
 
 Q. What did this Convention do? 
 
 A. It agreed upon a declaration of principles, and asserted the 
 right of the Colonies to be exempted from all taxes not imposed 
 by their own consent. 
 
 Q. What was done by the merchants of Philadelphia, Boston, 
 New York, and other places ? 
 
 A. They agreed to buy no more goods from Great Britain until 
 the Stamp Act was repealed. 
 
 Q. What was done by the Parliament in March, 1766? 
 
 A. The Stamp Act was repealed, but it was at the same time 
 declared that Parliament had the right to bind the Colonies in all 
 cases whatsoever. 
 
 Q. How was the news of this repeal of the Stamp Act received 
 in America ? 
 
 A. The news of this repeal was received with great rejoicing. 
 
 Q. When was the scheme of taxation revived ? 
 
 A. June 29, 1767. 
 
 Q. What act was passed at this time ? 
 
 A. An act imposing a tax on all glass, paper, painters' colors, 
 and tea imported into the Colonics. 
 
 8 
 
86 HIS TORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Among other acts passed, what one caused the most intense 
 excitement ? 
 
 A. An act forbidding the Legislature of New York from pass- 
 ing any act whatever until supplies should be furnished the royal 
 troops at the expense of the Colony. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 1st of October, 1768 ? 
 
 .1. About seven hundred British troops arrived in Boston, 
 s.nt for the purpose of overawing the citizens. 
 
 Q. What did the British Parliament do in 1769 ? 
 
 A. They approved the employment of force against the Colonies, 
 and requested the King to have the traitors (as they styled the 
 leading patriots) carried to England for trial. 
 
 Q. What did the Colonial Assemblies do ? 
 
 A. They reasserted their rights, and denied the right of the 
 King to take oifenders out of the country for trial. 
 
 Q. What occurred at Boston on the 5th of March, 1770? 
 
 ^4. An affair known as the Boston Massacre. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the Boston Massacre. 
 
 A. A dispute having arisen between some soldiers and citi- 
 zens, the citizens were fired upon ; three were killed and several 
 w^ounded. 
 
 Q. AVhat was done with the soldiers ? 
 
 A. They were tried for murder ; two were convicted of man- 
 slaughter, the rest were acquitted. 
 
 Q. What happened in England on the same day on which the 
 " Boston Massacre" took place? 
 
 A. A bill was passed by Parliament repealing all the duties 
 except that on tea. 
 
 Q. Did this satisfy the Colonies ? 
 
 A. It did not. 
 
 Q. Why? 
 
 A. Because they insisted that there should be no taxation at 
 all without re])rescntation. 
 
 Q. What bill was passed by Parliament in 1773? 
 
 A. An act was passed allowing the East India Company to carry 
 
DIFFICULTIES OF THE COLONIES. 87 
 
 their tea into the Colonies free of all duty except that to be paid in 
 the port of entry. 
 
 Q. Would the Colonies pay this duty ? 
 
 A. They would not pay even this small duty. 
 
 Q. Why would they not pay it ? 
 
 A. They declared that the principle was the same whether the 
 •duty were great or small. 
 
 Q. What was done at New York and Philadelphia ? 
 
 A. The vessels having the tea on board were not allowed to 
 enter. 
 
 Q. What was done with the tea at Charleston, South Carolina? 
 
 A. It was landed and stored away in damp cellars, and there 
 left to rot. 
 
 Q. What was done in Boston ? 
 
 A. A party of men disguised as Mohawk Indians went on 
 board the tea-ships, broke open all the chests, and threw the tea 
 into the sea. 
 
 Q. What was done by Parliament to punish this popular vio- 
 lence ? 
 
 A. The "Boston Port Bill" was passed, closmg the harbor of 
 Boston, and removing the custom-house to Salem. 
 
 Q. What else was done ? 
 
 A. The charter of Massachusetts was revoked, and the Gov- 
 ernor was authorized to send criminals to England, or to an- 
 other Colony, for trial. 
 
 Q. What did the Virginia Legislature do when they heard of 
 this action of Parliament with regard to Massachusetts ? 
 
 A. They protested against it, expressed sympathy for the people 
 of Boston, and appointed the first day of June as a day of "fasting, 
 humiliation, and prayer." 
 
 Q. What did Dunmore, the royal Governor, then do ? 
 
 A. He dissolved the Assembly. 
 
 Q. What did they then do ? 
 
 A. They adjourned to a tavern, and there passed a resolution 
 that " an attack on one Colony was an attack on all." 
 
88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What did they advise ? 
 
 A. They advised that a general Congress of all, the Colonies 
 should be held at Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. When did Congress meet ? 
 
 A. On the 5th of September, 1774. 
 
 Q. How many Colonies were represented ? 
 
 A. Twelve. 
 
 Q. What Colony was not represented ? 
 
 A. Georgia, which Colony was so situated that it could not at 
 that time send delegates. 
 
 Q. What did this Congress do ? 
 
 A. They made a declaration of the rights of the Colonies, drew 
 up a petition to the King, and issued addresses to the British 
 people, to the Colonies, and to the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Q. What did Lord Chatham do early in the year 1775 ? 
 
 A. He introduced a bill in Parliament which he hoped would 
 bring about a reconciliation. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed ? 
 
 A. He did not; for Parliament would listen to nothing but the 
 absolute submission of the Colonies. 
 
 CHAPTEK 11. 
 
 Commencement of the War of the Revohdion. 
 
 Q. How many British troops were assembled in Boston by the 
 1st of April, 1775? 
 
 A. Three thousand. 
 
 Q. Who was in command cf this force ? 
 
 A. General Gage. 
 
 Q. What did General Gage do on the night of the 18th of 
 April ? 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 89 
 
 A. He secretly sent eight hundred men to destroy some military 
 stores that had been collected at Concord by the patriots. 
 
 Q. How far is Concord from Boston ? 
 
 A. Twenty miles. 
 
 Q. By whom were the British troops met at five o'clock on the 
 morning of the 19th? 
 
 A. By about seventy militia, commanded by Captain Parkei-. 
 
 Q. Where were they met ? 
 
 A. At Lexington. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the British force ? 
 
 A. Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn. 
 
 Q. When they met the militia, what did Major Pitcairn do ? 
 
 A. He rode up to them and ordered them to disperse. 
 
 Q. Did they obey him ? 
 
 A. They did not. 
 
 Q. What did he then do ? 
 
 A. He fired his pistol at them and ordered his soldiers to 
 fire. 
 
 Q. What then happened ? 
 
 A. The soldiers fired, several of the militia were killed, and the 
 rest dispersed. 
 
 Q. What did the British troops then do ? 
 
 A. They went on to Concord, and destroyed a part of the stores. 
 But the militia rapidly assembled, and assailed the British as they 
 were returning. 
 
 Q. How many men did the British lose in this affair? 
 
 A. They lost two hundred and seventy-three men, of whom 
 sixty-five were killed. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans in killed and wounded? 
 
 A. Nearly one hundred. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle of Lexington ? 
 
 A. It roused the Colonies ft-om Massachusetts to Georgia. 
 
 Q. What two important posts were seized in May by Connecti- 
 cut and Vermont militia ? 
 
 A. The two forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
 
 8* 
 
90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Americans at the taking of these 
 forts? 
 
 A. Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. 
 
 Q. What fell into the hands of the Americans by these cap- 
 tures ? 
 
 A. One hundred pieces of cannon, and other military stores. 
 
 Q. When did the second Congress of the Colonies assemble at 
 Philadelphia ? 
 
 A. On the 10th of May, 1775, the same day on which Ticon- 
 deroga was taken. 
 
 Q. How many Colonies were represented ? 
 
 A. When the Congress first assembled, there were delegates 
 present from twelve Colonies ; some time afterwards, those from 
 Georgia arrived, and then all the thirteen Colonies were represented. 
 
 Q. What was one of the first things that was done by this 
 Congress ? 
 
 A. One of the first things that this Congress did was to pro- 
 claim their reasons for taking up arms. 
 
 Q. What important measures did they adopt ? 
 
 A. They voted an army of twenty thousand men, and the issue 
 of bills of credit to the amount of three millions of dollars. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the armies of 
 the United Colonies? 
 
 A. George Washingion. 
 
 Q. When was this ? 
 
 A. On the 15th of June. 
 
 Q. In stating their reasons for taking up arms, what did the 
 Congress declare ? 
 
 A. They declared that they had " no wish to separate from their 
 mother-country, but only to maintain their chartered rights." 
 
 Q. While these things were being done by the Congress at 
 Philadelphia, where were important events transpiring ? 
 
 A. At Boston. Here, on the 25th of May, the British troops 
 received reinforcemeiits, commanded by Generals Howe, Clinton, 
 and Burgoyne. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 91 
 
 Q. What was now the total number of the British force in 
 Boston ? 
 
 A. More than ten thousand men. 
 
 Q. What proclamation was issued by General Gage on the 12th 
 of June? 
 
 A. A proclamation declaring those in arms to be rebels and 
 traitors. 
 
 Q. What did he offer? 
 
 A. He offered pardon to all who would lay down their arms, 
 except Samuel Adams and John Hancock. 
 
 Q. In order to prevent the British from advancing into the 
 country, what did the forces of the Colonists determine to do ? 
 
 A. They determined to fortify Bunker Hill, an eminence com- 
 manding the neck of the peninsula of Charlestown. 
 
 Q. What mistake was made ? 
 
 A. The detachment under Colonel Prescott fortified Breed's Hill, 
 an eminence nearer Boston. 
 
 Q. When was this hill fortified ? 
 
 A. On the night of the 16th of June. 
 
 Q. What did General Gage resolve to do ? 
 
 A. He resolved to drive the Americans from this position. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the Americans at this point ? 
 
 A. Their strength was about fifteen hundred men, under the 
 command of General Putnam. 
 
 Q. Who advanced against them ? 
 
 A. General Howe, at the head of about twenty-five hundred 
 British regulars 
 
 Q. As the British advanced, what village did they burn? 
 
 A. They burned Charlestown. 
 
 Q. Describe the attack upon the American works. 
 
 A. The British made two desperate assaults, but were each time 
 ropulsed with terrible slaughter. General Clinton then came over 
 with one thousand fresh troops, and, after a desperate fight, the 
 works were carried. 
 
 Q. What has this battle been called ? 
 
92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. The battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 Q. What was the total loss of the British ? 
 
 A. One thousand and fifty-four. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans ? 
 
 A. About four hundred and fifty, among whom was Gcner;:] 
 Joseph Warren. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of this battle upon the Americans ? 
 
 A. Although they had been finally compelled to retire, they 
 were greatly encouraged, from having withstood so bravely the 
 assaults of British regulars. 
 
 Q. When did Washington arrive at Cambridge and take com- 
 mand of the American army around Boston ? 
 
 A. On the 12th of July, nearly one month after the battle of 
 Bunker Hill. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the American army at this time ? 
 
 A. It numbered about fourteen thousand men. 
 
 Q. What happened in Virginia during the latter part of 1775? 
 
 A. Lord Dunmore, the royal Governor, having been driven from 
 the Colony, raised a regiment of negroes, to whom he offered their 
 freedom, and attacked the Virginians near Norfolk, but was de- 
 feated. 
 
 Q. What did he do some time after this ? 
 
 A. He burned a part of the town. 
 
 Q. What expedition was undertaken in September? 
 
 A. A body of troops from New York and New England, under 
 the command of General Montgomery, invaded Canada. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this expedition. 
 
 A. They captured Fort St. John, in Canada, also Fort Cham- 
 bly, and. one month later, the town of Montreal. 
 
 Q. What place did Montgomery reach by the 1st of December? 
 
 A. He reached Quebec, and there found General Arnold, who, 
 with a body of troops, had marched across Maine, into Canada, and 
 had been in front of Quebec waiting Montgomery's arrival. 
 
 Q. What did Montgomery and Arnold do on the 31st of 
 December ? 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 93 
 
 A. They made an attack on Quebec, but were repulsed, Mont- 
 gomery being killed and Arnold severely wounded. 
 
 Q. What did the Americans do in the spring ? 
 
 A. They abandoned the attempt on Quebec, and retreated from 
 Canada. 
 
 Q. What great success cheered the Americans in March, 1776? 
 
 A. Washington seized and fortified Dorchester Heights, which 
 commanded Boston on the south. Howe, the British general, 
 seeing that he could not dislodge the Americans, evacuated the 
 city. 
 
 Q. To what place did the British fleet convey Howe and his 
 troops ? 
 
 A. To Halifax, in Nova Scotia. 
 
 Q. Where did the next active operations of the British take 
 place ? 
 
 A. Near Charleston, in South Carolina. 
 
 Q. When did the British fleet appear near Charleston? 
 
 A. On the 4th of June. 
 
 Q. Who commanded them ? 
 
 A. Sir Peter Parker commanded the fleet, and General Clinton 
 the land forces. 
 
 Q. When did a battle take place ? 
 
 A. On the 28th of June, when the British attacked Fort 
 Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle ? 
 
 A. The British were repulsed, after a bombardment which lasted 
 ten hours. 
 
 Q. What did they do after this repulse ? 
 
 A. They sailed northward. 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 War of the Revolution (continued). — Declaration of Indeper.dei.cr. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HALL. 
 
 Q. When the people of the- Colonies saw that England was 
 determined to force them to submit, what did they begin to think 
 of? 
 
 A. They began to think of independence. 
 
 Q. What Colony had taken the first step in that direction ? 
 
 A. North Carolina. 
 
 Q. When had the people of a part of North Carolina expressed 
 themselves in favor of independence ? 
 
 A. As early as May, 1775 ; but the other Colonies were not at 
 that time in favor of separation from the mother-country. 
 
 Q. When was the subject brought prominently forward in Con- 
 gress ? 
 
 A. In January, 177G, when Massachusetts instructed her dele- 
 gates in Congress to vote for independence. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 95 
 
 Q. Did the idea of independence now meet with favor ? 
 
 A. It did ; and before the close of June all the Colonies had 
 instructed their delegates in Congress to vote for independence. 
 
 Q. Where and when did Congress declare the thirteen Colonies 
 to be free and independent States ? 
 
 A. In Philadelphia, on the 4th of July, 1776. 
 
 Q. How was the annouricement of this declaration received 
 throughout the Colonies ? 
 
 A. It was received with great rejoicing everywhere. 
 
 Q. When was a plan of Union laid before the Congress ? 
 
 A. On the 12th of July, eight days after the declaration of 
 independence. 
 
 Q. What were the articles of Union styled ? 
 
 A. They were styled " Articles of Confederation, and perpetual 
 Union between the States." 
 
 Q. AVhat was the plan of Union ? 
 
 A. According to the plan of Union, the States conferred cer- 
 tain powers upon the United States in Congress assembled, and 
 reserved others to themselves. 
 
 Q. Were these articles of Union adopted ? 
 
 A. They were finally adopted by all the States. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after the declaration of independence? 
 
 A. Several disasters befell the Americans. 
 
 Q. What was the first of these disasters ? 
 
 A. A battle on Long Island, near Brooklyn, which was fought 
 on the 27th of August. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. The Americans were defeated, with the loss of fifteen hun- 
 dred men, many of whom were prisoners. 
 
 Q. What American generals were captured on this occasion? 
 
 A. Generals Sullivan and Sterling. 
 
 Q. What other disaster soon followed this battle ? 
 
 ^1. Washington was obliged to retreat from New York, which 
 city was occupied by the British. 
 
 Q. When were the Americans again worsted by the British ? 
 
96 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. On the 28th of October, at White Plains. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 17th of November? 
 
 A. Fort Washington, on the Hudson, was captured, together 
 with its garrison of nearly three thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the British in this battle ? 
 
 A. Nearly one thousand in killed and wounded. 
 
 Q. What was Washington now forced to do ? 
 
 A. He was obliged to retreat across New Jersey into l*enu- 
 sylvania. 
 
 I 
 
 WASHINGTOX CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 
 
 Q. What can you say about this retreat ? 
 
 A. In this retreat the American army suffered terribly. Many 
 of the soldiers were poorly clad and barefoot, and the frozen 
 ground was tracked with their blood. 
 
 Q. What effect had this disaster upon the Americans ? 
 
 A. The Americans felt gloomy and disheartened ; desertions 
 in the army were frequent, and Washington's force was reduced 
 to about three thousand men. 
 
 Q. What American general was taken prisoner about this tinie? 
 
 A. General Charles Lee. 
 
 Q. Who took coniujiind of Lee's forces? 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLVTION. 
 
 97 
 
 A. General Sullivan, who had been exchanged. 
 
 Q. What was Washington's force after being reinforced by 
 Sullivan's command ? 
 
 A. It was about five thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did Washington do on Christmas night? 
 
 A. He crossed the Delaware for the purpose of surprising i 
 body of Hessians who were encamped at Trenton. 
 
 Q. Who were the Hessians ? 
 
 A. They were German soldiers hired by George III., King of 
 England, to assist in conquering the Americans. 
 
 BATTLE OF TRENTON. 
 
 Q. Did Washington succeed in this attempt? 
 
 A. He was completely successful. The enemy were defeated; 
 Colonel Rahl, their commander was slain, and one thousand Hes- 
 sians were made prisoners of war. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this victory ? 
 
 A. It revived the hopes and courage of the Americans. 
 
 Q. What other important success was achieved by Washington 
 soon after ? 
 
 E 9 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. On the 3d of Januury, 1777, he attacked the British at 
 Princeton, and gained a complete victory. 
 
 Q. What was the British loss in this battle ? 
 
 A. Their loss was about four hundred, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans ? 
 
 ^1. About one hundred, among them General Mercer. 
 
 Q. What did Washington do after these victories ? 
 
 A. He continued to send out expeditions, until he recovered the 
 greater part of New Jersey from the British. 
 
 CIIAPTEB IV. 
 
 War of the Revolution. — Conthmed. 
 
 Q. What happened in April, 1777 ? 
 
 A. General Tryon, with a large British force, made a raid into 
 Connecticut, burned the town of Danbury, destroyed the supplies 
 collected there, and committed many depredations. 
 
 Q. What happened on their return ? 
 
 A. They were attacked by the militia, and lost nearly three 
 hundred men. 
 
 Q. What successes had the Americans soon after this ? 
 
 A. They destroyed twelve British vessels at Sag Harbor, on 
 Long Island, and at Newport, Bhode Island, Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Barton captured General Prescott, who was afterwards exchanged 
 for General Charles Lee. 
 
 Q. What distinguished foreigners came over to America to aid 
 the colonists during this year? 
 
 A. The Marquis de la Fayette and the Baron de Kalb, from 
 France, and Count Pulaski, a Polish nobleman. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 99 
 
 Q, What other distinguished Pole had come, to America the 
 previous autumn ? 
 
 A. Thaddeus Kosciusko. 
 
 Q. What flag was adopted by the Congress during the summer 
 of 1777 ? 
 
 A. A flag having thirteen alternate stripes of red and white, and 
 having thirteen white stars on a blue field, each star representing 
 a sovereign, independent State. 
 
 Q. What was the leading feature of the British campaign of 
 1777? 
 
 A. x\n invasion from Canada, supported by a movement up the 
 Hudson from New York. 
 
 Q. Who had charge of, the movement from Canada? 
 
 A. Sir John Burgoyne. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the co-operating force which was expected 
 to move up the Hudson from New York ? 
 
 A. Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 Q. Describe the march of Burgoyne's army. 
 
 A. Burgoyne, with a force of ten thousand men, advanced, 
 forcing the Americans, under Generals Schuyler and St. Clair, to 
 retire before him. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Fort Edward 
 were captured, and the Americans were forced back to the Mohawk 
 River. 
 
 Q. When did Burgoyne's real diflBculties begin ? 
 
 A, After passing Lake Champlain. 
 
 Q. What was his chief difiiculty ? 
 
 A. His supplies failed him. 
 
 Q. What effort was made by Burgoyne to procure supplies ? 
 
 A. He sent Colonel Baum with a force of Hessians to seize the 
 America!! supplies at Bennington, in Vermont. 
 
 Q. Who met Colonel Baum and defeated him ? 
 
 A. General Stark, with a body of Vermont militia, or Gvcvu 
 Mountain Boys, as they were called. 
 
 Q. What effect had this defeat upon Burgoyne ? 
 
 A. It delayed him nearly a month. 
 
100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What else added to the embarrassment of Burgoyne ? 
 
 A. The defeat of St. Leger, who, with a force of British and 
 Indians, was besieging Fort Schuyler (now Borne, in the State of 
 New York). 
 
 Q. Give some account of the siege of Fort Schuyler. 
 
 A. While the British were besieging the fort. General Herkimer, 
 at the head of a body of militia, was defeated and slain ; but on 
 the approach of General Arnold the British were deserted by their 
 Indian allies, and the whole British force was compelled to re- 
 treat. 
 
 Q. To what number was Burgoyne's force now reduced ? 
 
 A. To about six thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the American army ? 
 
 A. The troops were in excellent spirits, and reinforcements were 
 constantly arriving. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Americans ? 
 
 A. General Gates, and he was assisted by Arnold, Lincoln-, and 
 Morgan. 
 
 Q. When did a general engagement occur between the two 
 armies ? 
 
 A. On the 19th of September, at Stillwater. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. Neither army gained the victory. 
 
 Q. What happened nearly three weeks later ? 
 
 A. Another battle occurred at the same place, in which the 
 British were defeated with great loss. 
 
 Q. What able general did the British lose? 
 
 A. General Frazer. 
 
 Q. What did Burgoyne now attempt? 
 
 A. He tried to retreat to Fort Edward. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. What was he compelled to do ? 
 
 A. He was obliged to surrender his army to the Americans, at 
 Saratoga. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 101 
 
 Q. When did this event take place ? 
 
 A. On the 17th of* October, 1777. 
 
 Q. By what was this great victory soon followed ? 
 
 A. By the recapture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and 
 the reoccupation of Ticouderoga, and of all the other posts on the 
 northern frontier that had been abandoned by the Americans. 
 
 Q. How had Clinton succeeded in his march up the Hudson to 
 assist Burgoyne ? 
 
 A. At first he met with great success ; but after the surrender 
 of Burgoyne he was obliged to retreat to New York. 
 
 Q. While these operations were going on in the State of New 
 York, what was done by Sir William Howe? 
 
 A. He sailed from New York for the purpose of attacking 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. In what month was this ? 
 
 A. In the month of July. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the British army ? 
 
 A. It numbered more than sixteen thousand men. 
 
 Q. At what point did the British forces disembark ? 
 
 A. At the head of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Q. When Washington found that the British general was 
 moving upon Philadelphia from the south, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He hastened to meet the enemy. 
 
 Q. How large was the American ibrce ? 
 
 A. It numbered little more than half that of the enemy. 
 
 Q. When did the two armies meet? 
 
 A. On the 11th of September, 1777. 
 
 Q. Where did they meet ? 
 
 A. At Chadd's Ford, on the Brandywine Creek. 
 
 Q. What occurred ? 
 
 A. A desperate battle. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. After making a gallant resistance, the Americans were com- 
 pelled to give way before the superior numbers of the British. 
 
 Q. What city fell into the hands of the British ? 
 
 9^^ 
 
102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. To what place did Congress retire ? 
 
 A. To York, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Q. What did Washington do on the 4th of October? 
 
 A. He made an attack on the British at Germantown, but, after 
 a severe conflict, was repulsed. 
 
 Q. What did the British do soon after ? 
 
 A. They made an attack on a part of Washington's army sta- 
 tioned at Red Bank, but were defeated with great loss. 
 
 Q. What British officer was slain at the battle of Bed Bank ? 
 
 A. General Donop. 
 
 Q. With what success did the British meet soon after this ? 
 
 A. They captured Forts Mifflin and Mercer, but the garrisons 
 
 Q. Where did Washington now take post? 
 
 A. At Whitemarsh. 
 
 Q. What did Howe do early in the month of December ? 
 
 A. He advanced with the design of attacking Washington ; but, 
 finding the Americans strongly posted, the British general retired 
 to Philadelphia without a battle. 
 
 Q. Where did the British army spend the winter ? 
 
 A. In Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. What was their condition ? 
 
 A. They were supplied with everything necessary to their com- 
 fort. 
 
 Q. Where did the American army pass the winter ? 
 
 A. At Valley Forge, sheltered by rude huts. 
 
 Q. What was their condition ? 
 
 A. They were destitute of every comfort, and their sufferings 
 were very great. 
 
 Q. During the gloomy winter at Valley Forge, what efforts were 
 made by some malicious persons ? 
 
 A. Efforts were made to injure Washington in the estimation 
 of the army and the people. 
 
 Q. Did these efforts succeed ? 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. lOo 
 
 A These efforts entirely failed, and met with the contempt 
 which they deserved. 
 
 Q. Who rendered great service to the American army at this 
 time ? 
 
 A. Baron Steuben, a Prussian officer, who had distinguished 
 himself in the Wars of Frederick the Great. 
 
 Q. What great services did he render ? 
 
 A. He assisted Washington to reorganize the army, and intro- 
 duced a uniform system of drill and tactics. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued. 
 
 Q. AVhat was the condition of Washington's army as the spring 
 drew near? 
 
 A. The condition of the army was much improved. 
 
 Q. What reinforcement had Washington received during the 
 winter ? 
 
 A. He had been reinforced by four thousand troops of the 
 victorious army which had captured Burgoyne. 
 
 Q. What was he now able to do ? 
 
 A. He was able to take the field with forces about equal to those 
 of his adversary. 
 
 Q. What good results had followed the capture of Burgoyne's 
 army? 
 
 A. This important victory had greatly encouraged the Ameri- 
 cans, and had enabled Washington to receive reinforcements from 
 the army which had been operating against Burgoyne. 
 
 Q. What was another important result of the victory over Bur- 
 goyne ? 
 
 A. The French Government acknowledged the independence of 
 
104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the thirteen United States, and made a treaty of alliance with 
 them. 
 
 Q. What commissioners signed this treaty on the part of the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. 
 
 Q. When was this treaty signed ? 
 
 A. On the 6th day of February, 1778. 
 
 Q. When did Congress ratify i he treaty ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of May following. 
 
 Q. What had been done by the Government of Great Britain 
 soon after receiving the news of the surrender of Burgoyne? 
 
 A. Commissioners had been sent to America to see if the diffi- 
 cidties could not be settled without a separation of the Colonies 
 from the mother-country. 
 
 Q. How were their proposals received ? 
 
 A. The Congress refused to treat unless Great Britain would 
 withdraw her troops and acknowledge the independence of the 
 United States 
 
 Q. What did the French Government now do to assist the 
 Americans ? 
 
 A. The French sent out a fleet under D'Estaing to blockade 
 the British fleet in the Delaware, while Washington intended to 
 operate against the enemy by land. 
 
 Q. Who now commanded the British ? 
 
 A. Sir Henry Clinton was in command, Sir William Howe 
 having resigned. 
 
 Q. What did Sir Henry Clinton do as soon as he took com- 
 mand ? 
 
 A. He prepared to evacuate Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. Why did he take this step ? 
 
 A. He feared lest his army should be in danger of capture if 
 he waited until the French fleet arrived in the Delaware. 
 
 Q. What did the British fleet in the Delaware do ? 
 
 A. It sailed to New York, conveying the greater part of the 
 baggage and stores. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 105 
 
 Q. What did General Clinton himself do ? 
 
 A. He abandoned Philadelphia and retreated across New Jer- 
 sey with his army, numbering twelve thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did Washington now do ? 
 
 A. He started in pursuit with a force about equal in number. 
 
 Q. Where did Washington overtake the retreating enemy? 
 
 A. At Monmouth, in New Jersey. 
 
 Q. When was this? 
 
 A. On the 28th of June, 1778. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth. 
 
 A. General Charles Lee, commanding the van of the American 
 army, was ordered to make an immediate attack. He did so, but, 
 being pressed by the British regulars, ordered a retreat. Washing- 
 ton, however, coming up with the main army, drove the British 
 back. The battle then lasted until night ended the conflict. 
 
 Q. What did Washington intend to do ? 
 
 A. He intended to renew the battle on the next morning. 
 
 Q. Why did he not renew it ? 
 
 A. Because the British retreated during the night. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the British in this battle ? 
 
 A. About five hundred men. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans ? 
 
 A. About two hundred and thirty. 
 
 Q. To what place did the British proceed after the battle of 
 Monmouth ? 
 
 A. They proceeded to Sandy Hook, and from thence sailed to 
 New York. 
 
 Q. Where did Washington take position ? 
 
 A. At White Plains, where he remained with the main body 
 of his army until he went into winter quarters at Middlebrook, in 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Q. What occurred in August ? 
 
 A. An attack was planned upon the British garrison at New- 
 port, in Rhode Island. The attack was to be made both by sea 
 and by land. 
 
106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Who was to make the attack by sea? 
 
 A. D'Estaing, with the French fleet. 
 
 Q. Who had command of the movement by land ? 
 
 A. General Sullivan, assisted by Generals Greene and La Fayette. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the American army operating 
 against Newport ? 
 
 A. The army numbered ten thousand men. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after operations commenced? 
 
 A. A British fleet approached. 
 
 Q. What did D'Estaing do ? 
 
 ^1. He sailed out to meet them ; but a severe storm arose, and 
 separated the combatants. 
 
 Q. What did the French fleet do soon afterwards ? 
 
 A. It went to Boston for repairs. 
 
 Q. What did Sullivan do? 
 
 A. He raised the siege and retired. 
 
 Q. What occurred near Quaker Hill ? 
 
 A. The British attacked Sullivan, but were repulsed. 
 
 Q. What happened in July in the Valley of Wyoming, in 
 Pennsylvania? 
 
 A. A party of Tories and Indians, led by Colonel John Butler, 
 came into the Valley of Wyoming, defeated the small force opposed 
 to them, captured Fort Wyoming, slaughtered the garrison after 
 its surrender, and massacred men, women, and children. 
 
 Q. Where did a like scene occur in November ? 
 
 A. In Cherry Valley, New York. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Indians and Tories in the attack on 
 the people of Cherry Valley ? 
 
 A. Brant, a noted Mohawk chief. 
 
 Q. Who were the Tories ? 
 
 A. They were Americans who sided with the British. 
 
 Q. What did Sir Henry Clinton do in November, 1778 ? 
 
 A. He sent two thousand men under Lieutenant-Colonel Camp- 
 bell, and a fleet under Admiral Hyde Parker, against Savannah, in 
 Georgia. 
 
WAR OF THE HE VOLUTION. 107 
 
 Q. By whom was Savannah defended ? 
 
 A. By nine hundred American troops, commanded by General 
 Robert Howe. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 29th of December ? 
 
 A. The British occupied Savannah, after defeating the Ameri- 
 cans. 
 
 Q. What did the American forces do after their defeat? 
 
 A. They crossed the Savannah River into South Carolina. 
 
 Q. What happened in consequence of the capture of Savannah? 
 
 A. The lower part of Georgia was overrun by the British and 
 Tories. 
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 War of the Revolution. — Continved. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the British force in the South 
 in the beginning of the year 1779 ? 
 
 A. About three thousand effective men. 
 
 Q. Who commanded them ? 
 
 A. General Prevost. 
 
 Q. Who had been sent to take command of the American army 
 in this quarter? 
 
 A. General Lincoln, a brave officer, who had won distinction in 
 the Northern campaigns. 
 
 Q. What is said of the army under Lincoln's command ? 
 
 A. It was inferior in number to the British, and consisted 
 almost entirely of militia. 
 
 Q. While Lincoln was reorganizing his army and endeavoring 
 to get them ready for an active campaign, what did General Pre- 
 vost do ? 
 
 A. He sent Colonel Campbell against x\ugusta. which town he 
 occupied on the 1st of February, 1779. 
 
108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What other expedition was sent out by the British general? 
 
 A. A body of reguhirs was sent to take possession of Port 
 Royal Island, but they were defeated by General Moultrie, with 
 considerable loss. 
 
 Q. What other defeat did a body of British and Tories meet 
 with on the 14th of February ? 
 
 A. They experienced a severe defeat at Kettle Creek, some 
 distance above Augusta. 
 
 Q. Describe the battle of Kettle Creek. 
 
 A. Colonel Boyd, who commanded a large body of Tories, was 
 on his way to unite his forces with the main British army, when 
 he was attacked by Colonels Pickens and Clarke, at the head of 
 some Carolina and Georgia militia, and totally defeated. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans in this battle ? 
 
 A. Their loss was thirty-two killed and wounded. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the British ? 
 
 A. About one hundred and fifty. Colonel Boyd himself being 
 mortally wounded. 
 
 Q. What did the British General Prevost do soon after this 
 battle? 
 
 A. He withdrew Colonel Campbell and the British troops from 
 Augusta. 
 
 Q. To what point did the British retreat ? 
 
 A. To Hudson's Ferry, about fifty miles above Savannah. 
 
 Q. Encouraged by these successes, what did General Lincoln 
 do? 
 
 A. He sent General Ashe, with nearly four thousand men, to 
 take position at Brier Creek near where it empties into the Savan- 
 nah River. 
 
 Q. What happened on the Bd of March ? 
 
 A. General Ashe was surprised and defeated by General Pre- 
 vost. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans in this battle ? 
 
 A. About three hundred and forty killed, wounded, and pris- 
 oners. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 109 
 
 Q. What was the result of the defeat of the American at Brier 
 Creek? 
 
 A. The plans of Lincoln were frustrated, and the conquest of 
 that portion of Georgia below Augusta was made complete for the 
 time. 
 
 Q. Did Greneral Lincoln now abandon the idea of driving the 
 British out of Georgia? 
 
 A. He did not, but made every effort to repair the disaster of 
 Brier Creek. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of his army by the middle of April ? 
 
 A. By the middle of April his army numbered five thousand 
 men, 
 
 Q. What did he do on the 23d of April? 
 
 A. He set out at the head of four thousand men, intending to 
 enter Georgia at Augusta, and left one thousand men, under Gen- 
 eral Moultrie, to watch the movements of the British. 
 
 Q. What did General Prevost do as soon as he loarned of the 
 advance of Lincoln into Georgia? 
 
 A. He advanced upon Charleston, Soutli Carolina, by rapid 
 marches, forcing Moultrie to retreat before him. 
 
 Q. What was Lincoln now compelled to do ? 
 
 A. He was compelled to abandon his enterprise and hasten to 
 the defense of Charleston. 
 
 Q. What did Prevost do on Lincoln's approach ? 
 
 A. He gave up his attempt on Charleston and retired. 
 
 Q. What was the result of an attack made on a British force 
 at Stone Ferry, on the 20th of June, by a body of Carolina 
 militia? 
 
 A. The Carolinians were repulsed with considerable loss. 
 
 Q. What did the British do shortly afterwards? 
 
 A. They established a post at Beaufort, in South Carolina, but 
 the main body of their army returned to Savannah. 
 
 Q. How did the British forces at the North squander their 
 resources during this year? 
 
 A. In marauding expeditions. 
 
 .10 
 
110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was done in February by General Tryon, the last 
 royal Governor of Connecticut ? 
 
 A. He destroyed the salt-works at Horse Neck, in Connecticut, 
 and plundered the town. 
 
 Q. What remarkable feat was performed by General Putnam at 
 this place? 
 
 A. He made his escape from the British by riding dowii a steep 
 precipice, called the Stone Steps, over which the British dared not 
 follow him. 
 
 Q. What did Tryon do in July? 
 
 A. He burned East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, plundered 
 New Haven, and ravaged the coasts of Connecticut in every direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Q. What did General Clinton attempt in May and June? 
 
 A. He attempted to get control of the Hudson. 
 
 Q. With what success did he meet ? 
 
 A. He captured Stony Point on the olst of May, and Ver- 
 planck's Point on the 1st of June. 
 
 Q. When was Stony Point recaptured by the Americans ? 
 
 A. About midnight on the 15th of July. 
 
 Q. Viho commanded the Americans on this occasion ? 
 
 A. General Anthony W^ayne. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans in this battle ? 
 
 A. Nearly one hundred men. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the British ? 
 
 A. Six hundred killed, wounded, and prisoners. 
 
 Q. What other important success had the Americans on the 
 19th of July. 
 
 A. A body of Americans commanded by Major Henry Lee 
 surprised a British garrison at Paulus Hook, killing thirty and 
 capturing one hundred and sixty. 
 
 Q. When and where was a great victory gained over the Indian 
 allies of the British ? 
 
 A. In the latter part of August, at Elmira, in the State of New 
 York. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. HI 
 
 Q. 'Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. General Sullivan, at the head of five thousand men, attacked 
 the Indians under Brant, Johnson, and Butler, and completely 
 routed them. 
 
 Q. How did General Sullivan follow up his victory ? 
 
 A. He laid waste the Indian country as far as the Genesee 
 Biver, which empties into Lake Ontario. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of these defeats upon the Indians ? 
 
 A. They gave up all thoughts of further war. 
 
 Q. When did Count D'Estaing appear near Savannah with a 
 French fleet? 
 
 A. On the 9th of September. 
 
 Q. What did he and the American General Lincoln now do? 
 
 A. They united their forces and laid siege to Savannah. 
 
 Q. What did the two commanders at last determine to do? 
 
 A. They determined to make an attempt to carry the town by 
 assault. 
 
 Q. When was the assault made ? 
 
 A. On the 9th of October, 1779. 
 
 Q. With what result? 
 
 A. The combined French and American armies were repulsed, 
 with the loss of nearly one thousand men. Among these were the 
 noble Count Pulaski and the gallant Sergeant Jasper. 
 
 Q. While the American and French forces were in front of 
 Savannah, what exploit was performed by Colonel John White of 
 the Georgia line? 
 
 A. By a skillful stratagem, he, with but a few followers, captured 
 five British vessels, one hundred and thirty stand of arms, and one 
 hundred and eleven British soldiers. 
 
 Q. What was done by the allied forces after their repulse 
 before Savannah ? 
 
 A. They raised the siege ; the French fleet sailed to the West 
 Indies, and General Lincoln returned with his army to Charleston. 
 
 Q. What celebrated naval combat occurred off" the coast of 
 Scotland in September ? 
 
112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. A combat occurred between the British war-ship Serapis and 
 the American ship of war Bon-homme Richard. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. The Serapis was obliged to surrender. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the American vessel? 
 
 A. Commodore Paul Jones. 
 
 Q. What nation joined the enemies of England during this 
 year? 
 • A. Spain. 
 
 CHAPTER VI I. 
 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued. 
 
 Q. What resolution did Sir Henry Clinton take as soon as 
 he heard that D'Estaing had left the American coast ? 
 
 A. He resolved to conquer South Carolina. 
 
 Q. When did he land on John's Island, near Charleston ? 
 
 A. On the 11th of February, 1780. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of South Carolina at this time ? 
 
 A. The State w^as poorly provided with the means of defense ; 
 the Tories and Indians harassed the inhabitants of the border 
 counties ; and the army under Lincoln was too small to offer an 
 effective resistance. 
 
 Q. What did Lincoln first propose to do when he heard of the 
 advance of the British upon Charleston? 
 
 A. His first impulse was to abandon the city. 
 
 Q. Why did he not do so ? 
 
 A. He was urged by the inhabitants to remain, and he did so, 
 trusting to the arrival of reinforcements which had been promised 
 him. 
 
 Q. Did the reinforcements arrive ? 
 
 A. They did not, and Lincoln was hemmed in and besieged by 
 Clinton. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 113 
 
 Q. How long did the siege last ? 
 
 A. The siege lasted about eight weeks. 
 
 Q. What happened on the I4th of April ? 
 
 A. A force which had been assembled at Monk's Corner, under 
 General Huger, for the relief of the city, was surprised and de- 
 feated. 
 
 Q. What was Greneral Lincoln finally compelled to do ? 
 
 A. He was forced to surrender Charleston, and with it his army, 
 numbering nearly two thousand regular troops and between two 
 and three thousand militia. 
 
 Q. What did Clinton do after the capture of Charleston ? 
 
 A. He sent out detachments of troops, who occupied Camden 
 and Ninety-Six, in South CaroHna, and Augusta, in Georgia. 
 
 Q. What else was done by Clinton ? 
 
 A. A truce was proclaimed, and pardon offered to all who would 
 take British protection. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the truce and the offer of pardon ? 
 
 A. Great numbers accepted the terms, and Clinton, thinking his 
 conquest complete, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis in 
 command. 
 
 Q. Did the British act in good faith to the inhabitants ? 
 
 A. They did not. 
 
 Q. What was the result of their harsh treatment of the people? 
 
 A. The people were soon roused to resistance, and rallied to the 
 standards of Sumter, Marion, and Pickens, of South Carolina, 
 and Clarke, of Georgia. 
 
 Q. What did the Americans do under the lead of these men? 
 
 A. They carried on an active partisan warfare, and never relaxed 
 their efforts until the British were driven completely out of Georgia 
 and South Carolina. 
 
 Q. Did they meet with immediate success? 
 
 A. They did not, and at times were on the verge of ruin. 
 
 Q. By what were the struggling patriots encouraged in July ? 
 
 A. By the news that Gates, the victor of Saratoga, was ad- 
 vancing with an army to their assistance. 
 
 10* 
 
114 HISTOliV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. When Cornwallis, the British general, heard of the advance 
 of Gates, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He hastened up from Charleston to unite his forces with 
 Lord Rawdon, who was at Camden. 
 
 Q. When and where did a battle occur between Gates and 
 Cornwallis ? 
 
 A. On the 15th of August, 1780, at Camden. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle ? 
 
 A. The Americans were totally defeated, with the loss of nearly 
 one thousand men killed, wounded, and prisoners, besides all their 
 artillery, ammunition, and supplies. 
 
 Q. What distinguished officer was slain on the American side ? 
 
 A. The brave Baron de Kalb. 
 
 Q. What was the British loss in this battle ? 
 
 A. It was something over three hundred. 
 
 Q. What other misfortune happened soon after this ? 
 
 A. The Americans under Sumter were defeated by the British 
 under Tarleton, at Fishing Creek. 
 
 Q. What detachments did Cornwallis send out after his victory 
 at Camden ? 
 
 A. He sent Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton to operate east of the 
 Catawba, and Lieutenant-Colonel Ferguson to assemble the Tories 
 among the mountains of North and South Carolina. 
 
 Q. While Ferguson was on his way, what happened at 
 Augusta ? 
 
 A. Colonel Elijah Clarke, with seven hundred men, laid siege 
 to Augusta, and was about to capture the British garrison, when, 
 a fresh body of the enemy coming up, Clarke was obliged to retire. 
 
 Q. When Ferguson heard of the retreat of Clarke, what did 
 he do? 
 
 A. He advanced to intercept Clarke. 
 
 Q. What caused him to change his purpose ? 
 
 A. He heard that a large body of militia from North and South 
 Carolina and Georgia was advancing against him. 
 
 Q. What did he then do ? 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 115 
 
 A. He selected a strong position at King's Mountain, and 
 awaited the attack of the Americans. 
 
 Q. When did the Americans attack his position on King's 
 Mountain ? 
 
 A. On the 9th of October. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this battle ? 
 
 A. The British were defeated, with a loss of three hundred 
 killed and wounded, and eight hundred prisoners, besides fifteen 
 hundred stand of arms. 
 
 Q. What became of Ferguson ? 
 
 A. He was killed in the battle. 
 
 Q. What effect had this battle upon the plans of Cornwallis ? 
 
 A. It frustrated his plans, and he fell back from Charlotte, in 
 North Carolina, to Winnsborough, in South Carolina. 
 
 Q. With what success did General Sumter meet in Novem- 
 ber ? 
 
 A. He defeated the British, under Major Wemys, at Fishdam 
 Ferry, and Colonel Tarleton at Blackstocks. 
 
 Q. What other Carolina general distinguished himself at this 
 time by keeping the British forces in check and by cutting ofi" 
 straggling parties of the enemy ? 
 
 A. General Francis Marion. 
 
 Q. What disgraceful plot was discovered in September of the 
 year in which the foregoing events occurred ? 
 
 A. It was discovered that General Benedict Arnold, a man who 
 had up to that time been considered one of the bravest of American 
 officers, had formed a plan to betray West Point, in New York, 
 into the hands of the British. 
 
 Q, How was the plot discovered ? 
 
 A. Major Andre, a British officer, who had been consulting 
 with Arnold about the surrender of West Point, was captured by 
 three New York militia-men, and in his boots were found papers 
 containing proofs of Arnold's treachery. 
 
 Q. What did Arnold do when he heard that his treason had 
 been discovered ? - 
 
116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He fled to the city of New York, to Sir Henry Clinton, who 
 had him appointed a general in the British army. 
 
 Q. What became of Major Andre? 
 
 A. He was hung as a spy. 
 
 Q. What nation was added to the enemies of England in 
 December, 1780 ? 
 
 A. Holland. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 War of the Revolution. — Continued. 
 
 Q. After the defeat of Gates at Camden, whom did Congress 
 appoint to take command of the Southern army? 
 
 A. General Nathaniel Greene. 
 
 Q. When did General Greene take command? 
 
 A. Decembers, 1780. 
 
 Q. Where was the Southern army then stationed ? 
 
 A. At Charlotte, North Carolina. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of Greene's army ? 
 
 A. About two thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did Greene do soon after taking command ? 
 
 A. He advanced into South Carolina, and took post at Cheraw, 
 while he sent General Morgan in the direction of Ninety-Six. 
 
 Q. Whom did Cornwallis send against Morgan? 
 
 A. Colonel Tarleton. 
 
 Q. Where did a battle take place between the forces of Morgan 
 and Tarleton ? 
 
 ^. At a place called the Cowpens. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. The Americans were completely victorious. 
 
 Q. What w^as the British loss ? 
 
 A. Three hundred killed and wounded, five hundred prisoners, 
 and a large quantity of ammunition and stores. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 117 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Americans? 
 
 A. About seventy men, of whom only twelve were killed. 
 
 Q. Describe the movements of the two armies after the defeat 
 of the British at the Cowpens. 
 
 A. Cornwallis advanced against the Americans with a large 
 force. Grreene and Morgan reunited their forces, and, as they 
 were not strong enough to encounter the army of Cornwallis, they 
 retreated into North Carolina, and from thence into Virginia. 
 
 Q. x\fter Greene had received reinforcements, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He advanced again into North Carolina. 
 
 Q. Where did Greene encounter Cornwallis ? 
 
 A. At Guilford Court-House, on the 15th of March, 1781. 
 
 Q. How did the battle terminate ? 
 
 A. Cornwallis held his ground, and Greene was obliged to retire 
 after a hotly-contested fight. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies ? 
 
 A. The American loss was not quite four hundred, while the 
 British, though victorious, lost over five hundred. 
 
 Q. Was the British commander able to profit by his victory ? 
 
 A. He was not. 
 
 Q. Why not? 
 
 A. Because he was in a hostile country, and had lost a great 
 many men in battle, and many from sickness, while the American 
 army was growing stronger every day. 
 
 Q. In view of these facts, what course did Cornwallis pursue ? 
 
 A. Three days after the battle he retreated towards Wilmington. 
 
 Q. When Greene heard of the retreat of Cornwallis, what did 
 he do? 
 
 A. He pursued as far as Deep River, and then discontinued the 
 pursuit and marched into South Carolina. 
 
 Q. When and where did a battle occur between the army of 
 Greene and the British under Lord Rawdon ? 
 
 A. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, on the 25th of April. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. At first it seemed that the Americans would gain the vie- 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tory ; but some of the American troops, misunderstanding the order 
 of their officer, became confused, and Greene was finally compelled 
 to yield the field to his enemy. 
 
 Q. Was Lord Rawdon able to derive any benefit from his vic- 
 tory ? 
 
 A. He was not, and was soon after obliged to retreat, as Corn- 
 wallis had done after the victory at Guilford. 
 
 Q. What caused Lord Rawdon to retreat ? 
 
 A. The British forts Watson, Mott, Granby, and Orangeburg 
 were captured by General Marion with the Carolina militia, assisted 
 by Colonel Lee with a body of troops from Greene's army. 
 
 Q. Why did Rawdon retreat upon hearing this news ? 
 
 A. Because his own position was no longer safe. 
 
 Q. To what place did he retire ? 
 
 A. He retired to Monk's Corner, near Charleston, where he 
 waited for reinforcements. 
 
 Q. What course did Greene now pursue ? 
 
 A. He advanced upon Ninety-Six with his main army, and sent 
 Colonel Lee with his legion to operate against Augusta. 
 
 Q. When Lee reached Augusta, with whom did he form a 
 junction ? 
 
 A. With General Pickens and Colonel Clarke, who, with the 
 Carolina and Georgia militia, had already commenced a siege of 
 the place. 
 
 Q. When did the British garrison at Augusta surrender to the 
 united forces of Lee, Pickens, and Clarke ? 
 
 A. On the 5th of June, 1781. 
 
 Q. Were the Americans as successful at Ninety-Six ? 
 
 A. They were not. 
 
 Q. Why did they not succeed ? 
 
 A. Because Rawdon, having received reinforcements, advanced 
 to the relief of the besieged, and the Americans, after fiiiling in an 
 assault, retired. 
 
 Q. What did Rawdon do a few days after this ? 
 
 A. On account of the exposed position of Ninety-Six, he 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 119 
 
 ordered Colonel Cruger to abandon the post and retire south- 
 ward. 
 
 Q. What good results followed the capture of Augusta and the 
 abandonment of Ninety-Six ? 
 
 A. All the upper portions of Georgia and of South Carolina 
 were recovered from the British. 
 
 Q. AVhen did Greene resume operations against the British ? 
 
 A. Early in September. 
 
 Q. When and where did he encounter the British ? 
 
 A. On the 8th of September, at Eutaw Springs, in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the British in this battle ? 
 
 A. Colonel Stewart, who had been left in command by Lord 
 Rawdon. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the battle of Eutaw Springs ? 
 
 A. Both parties claimed the victory. 
 
 Q. On what ground did the Americans claim the victory? 
 
 A. Because they had driven the British from the battle-field 
 back to their camp. 
 
 Q. Why did the British claim the victory ? 
 
 A. Because the Americans were repulsed from the British camp, 
 and retired to the place where the battle first commenced. 
 
 Q. Who really had the advantage ? 
 
 A. The Americans ; for the British retreated during the night 
 of the 9th, leaving their severely wounded in the hands of the 
 Americans ; and in consequence of this battle the British entirely 
 abandoned all the up-country. 
 
120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 War of the Revolution (concluded). — Surrender of Cornwallis, and 
 Peace with England.. 
 
 Q. After Greene returned into South Carolina, what did 
 Cornwallis determine to do ? 
 
 A. He determined to march northward, with the purpose of 
 conquering Virginia. 
 
 Q. When did he set out from Wilmington ? 
 
 A. On the 25th of April, 1781. 
 
 Q. When did he reach Petersburg, in Virginia ? 
 
 A. About the last of May. 
 
 Q. How was the strength of his army increased when he 
 reached Petersburg? 
 
 ^. By a British force which he found stationed there. 
 
 Q. By whom had the coasts of Virginia been ravaged previous 
 to the arrival of Cornwallis ? 
 
 A. By the traitor Arnold, in January, and by the British Gen- 
 eral Phillips, in March. 
 
 Q. By whom had their depredations been checked ? 
 
 A. By the Americans, commanded by La Fayette ; but this 
 force was too weak to oppose the enemy after the arrival of Corn- 
 wallis. 
 
 Q. What was done by Cornwallis after his junction with the 
 British force at Petersburg ? 
 
 A. He sent out detachments which overran the country and 
 destroyed much property. 
 
 Q. What was done by one of these detachments ? 
 
 A. One of these detachments penetrated as far as Charlottes- 
 ville, captured several members of the Virginia Legislature, and 
 came near capturing the Governor, Thomas Jefferson. 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 121 
 
 Q. What order did Cornwallis receive in June from Sir Henry 
 Clinton ? 
 
 A. He received orders to take post near the sea, so that he 
 might, if necessary, send assistance to New York. 
 
 Q. To what place did Cornwallis proceed ? 
 
 A. He proceeded to Yorktown, and began to fortify the place. 
 
 Q. Who held Gloucester Point, on the opposite side of the 
 river ? 
 
 A. Colonel Tarleton, with a small body of British troops. 
 
 Q. Wliat had Washington intended to do ? 
 
 A. He had intended, in concert with the French fleet, to attack 
 Sir Henry Clinton in New York. 
 
 Q. When did Washington abandon the idea of attacking New 
 York ? 
 
 A. In August. 
 
 Q. Why did he determine not to attack New York ? 
 
 A. Because he thought that his chances for success would be 
 better if he attacked Cornwallis. 
 
 Q. Was Clinton aware of Washington's intention? 
 
 A. He was not, and continued to think that New York would 
 be the point of attack until Washington had actually crossed the 
 Delaware. 
 
 Q. When Sir Henry Clinton discovered that Washington in- 
 tended to attack Cornwallis, what did he do? 
 
 A. He immediately sent an expedition against Connecticut, 
 thinking by this to recall Washington from his expedition against 
 Cornwallis. 
 
 Q. Who had command of the expedition against Connecticut ? 
 
 A. Arnold, the traitor, 
 
 Q. What town was plundered and burned by this expedition ? 
 
 A. The town of New London. 
 
 Q. What forts fell into the hands of the British ? 
 
 A. Fort Trumbull, which was abandoned on their approach, 
 and Fort Griswold, which was carried by storm. 
 
 Q. What outrage was perpetrated at Fort Griswold ? 
 
 F 11 
 
122" . HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 
 
 A. The greater part of the American garrison was put to the 
 sword. 
 
 Q. Did Washington pay any attention to the invasion of Con- 
 necticut ? 
 
 A. He did not, but continued his march towards Yorktown. 
 
 Q. When did Washington, at the head of the combined French 
 und American armies, appear before Yorktown ? 
 
 A. On the 80th of September. 
 
 Q. In what position was the army of Cornwallis now placed ? 
 
 A. It was entirely hemmed in on land by the French and 
 Americans, and a French fleet blockaded the James and York 
 Rivers, and thus prevented the escape of Cornwallis by sea. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the allied French and American 
 armies ? 
 
 A. The allied armies numbered more than sixteen thousand 
 men, of whom seven thousand were French. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the British army? 
 
 A. It numbered about eight thousand men. 
 
 Q. Give a short account of the progress of the siege. 
 
 A. On the evening of the 9th of October Washington opened 
 his batteries on the British fortifications, on the 14th two redoubts 
 were carried by assault, and on the IGth nearly a hundred pieces 
 of artillery opened on their woiks. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this terrible fire of artillery ? 
 
 A. The walls were beaten down, and nearly every cannon on the 
 British fortifications was silenced. 
 
 Q. What attempt did Cornwallis make on the night of the IGth ? 
 
 A. He attempted to cross the York River with all his force, cut 
 his way through the small force on the opposite side, and thus 
 make his escape. 
 
 Q. Did he meet with any success ? 
 
 A. His plan totally failed. 
 
 Q. What was Cornwallis now obliged to do ? 
 
 A. He was o])liged to surrender his entire army. 
 
 Q. When did this take place ? 
 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 123 
 
 A. On the 19th of October, 1781. 
 
 Q. What did the army of Coruvvallis number on the day of its 
 surrender? 
 
 A. It numbered seven thousand and fifteen. 
 
 Q. To whom was the British shipping in the harbor surren- 
 dered ? 
 
 A. To the French naval commander, the Count de Grasse. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this great victory ? 
 
 A. The British power in America was completely broken. 
 
 Q. To what places were the British troops principally confined 
 after this ? 
 
 A. To the cities of New York, Charleston, and Savannah. 
 
 Q. What was the effect in England when news was received of 
 the surrender of Cornwallis ? 
 
 A. The party opposed to the war immediately gained the as- 
 cendency. 
 
 Q. AVho was appointed to command in America ? 
 
 A. Sir Guy Carleton. 
 
 Q. What instructions had he ? 
 
 A. He was instructed not to renew hostilities. 
 
 Q. What was now done ? 
 
 A. Negotiations for peace were entered into. 
 
 Q. How many commissioners were appointed to conduct the 
 negotiations ? 
 
 A. Five on the part of the United States, and five on the part 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 Q. Who were the five commissioners appointed on the part of 
 the United States ? 
 
 A. John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jef- 
 ferson, and Henry Laurens. Jefferson, however, did not serve. 
 
 Q. Where did the commissioners meet ? 
 
 A. At Paris. 
 
 Q. When was a provisional treaty of peace signed ? 
 
 A. On the 30th of November, 1782. 
 
 Q. When was a final treaty signed? 
 
12-1: HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 A. On the 3d of September, 1783. 
 
 Q. Give some of the words of the first article of the treaty. 
 
 A. " His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, 
 viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and 
 Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sovereign, and independ- 
 ent States." 
 
 Q. With what other powers did England make peace at the 
 same time ? 
 
 A. With France, Spain, and Holland. 
 
 Q. What country did England cede to Spain at this time ? 
 
 A. Her possessions in East and West Florida. 
 
 Q. What was the last post evacuated by the British? 
 
 A. The city of New York. 
 
 Q. On what day did the evacuation of New York take place ? 
 
 A. On the 25th of November, 17S3. 
 
 Q. When had the British posts in the South been abandoned ? 
 
 A. In the previous year. 
 
 CHAPTEPv X. 
 
 The Formation of the Federal Constitvtion. — The Election of 
 Washington as President. 
 
 Q. What was the feeling of the American people at the 
 achievement of the independence of the States? 
 
 A. There was throughout the whole country a feeling of un- 
 bounded joy and enthusiasm. 
 
 Q. Did they, however, realize at once all the blessings which 
 they had hoped would follow the achievement of their independ- 
 ence? 
 
THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 125 
 
 A. They did not ; for new troubles arose, wliicli disturbed the 
 minds of the wisest and best statesmen of that day. 
 
 Q. What were some of the causes of these troubles? 
 
 A. The state of the army, and the destitute condition of the 
 treasury and of the country at large. 
 
 Q. What efforts did Congress make ? 
 
 A. Congress made every effort to provide for the pressing wants 
 of both the men and the officers of the army. 
 
 Q. Until what time was the army kept together ? 
 
 A. Until after the British evacuated New York City, which was 
 on the 25th of November, 1783. 
 
 Q. When did Washington take leave of his officers ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of December. 
 
 Q. What did Washington do on the 23d of December ? 
 
 A. He resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the 
 armies of the United States. 
 
 Q. Where did this take place ? 
 
 A. At Annapolis, Maryland, where Congress was in session. 
 
 Q. What was a great source of trouble, which was severely felt 
 everywhere ? 
 
 A. The great public debt which had been contracted during the 
 war. 
 
 Q. To whom was this debt due ? 
 
 A. Some of it was due to citizens of the United States, and a 
 large amount was due to Holland and France. 
 
 Q. What was required in order to meet the interest on this 
 debt? 
 
 A. Heavy taxation was required. 
 
 Q. Upon whom did this bear most heavily ? 
 
 A. Upon the laboring classes. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this heavy taxation in Massa- 
 chusetts ? 
 
 A. It caused a rebelKon, styled Shays's Rebellion, from the name 
 of the leader in it. 
 
 Q. How was this rebellion suppressed ? 
 
126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 A. By the firmness of Governor Bowdoin and the activity of 
 General Lincoln. 
 
 Q. Was any one punished for participation in this rebellion 7 
 
 A. No one was punished. 
 
 Q. What did the Legislature of Virginia do in 1786 ? 
 
 A. It recommended a Convention of the States to regulate 
 commerce. 
 
 Q. How many States responded to this call ? 
 
 A. Only five. 
 
 Q. Which were they ? 
 
 A. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Q. Where did the Convention meet? 
 
 A. At Annapolis, in Maryland. 
 
 Q. When did they meet? 
 
 A. On the 11th of September, 1786. 
 
 Q. What was done by this Convention ? 
 
 A. Nothing, except to recommend a general Convention of all 
 the States to assemble at Philadelphia in May, 1787. 
 
 Q. Why did they desire this Convention to be held ? 
 
 A. Because they saw that the Articles of Confederation did not 
 answer the purpose for which they were intended. 
 
 Q. What did Congress do on the 21st of February, 1787? 
 
 A. Congress recommended the assembling of the proposed Con- 
 vention. 
 
 Q. Did the States respond to this call ? 
 
 A. All the States responded except Rhode Island. 
 
 Q. When did the general Convention for a revision of the 
 Articles of Union assemble ? 
 
 A. On the 14th of May, 1787. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this Convent 
 
 ion 
 
 A. It consisted of some of the ablest statesmen that ever 
 assembled in America. 
 
 Q. Who was elected President of the Convention ? 
 A. George Washington. 
 
THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 12' 
 
 WASHIXGTOX. 
 
 Q. What was the great evil under the Articles of Confederation? 
 
 A. Many of the laws of the 
 Union applied only to States, and 
 
 did not act directly upon the ,^ -' ^' 
 
 people. 
 
 Q. When the Congress enacted 
 that certain amounts of money 
 should be raised by the States 
 respectively, on what did the col- 
 lection of the amounts depend ? 
 
 A. It depended upon the sub- 
 sequent action of the State Legis- 
 latures. 
 
 Q. Who suggested a remedy 
 for this evil ? 
 
 A. Thomas Jefferson, who was 
 at that time Minister to France, 
 proposed a remedy for this evil, in a letter to Mr. Madison. 
 
 Q. Into how many departments did he propose that the powers 
 conferred upon the Federal Government should be divided ? 
 
 A. Into three : Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. 
 
 Q. What else did he propose ? 
 
 A. That the laws of the Union should, within certain prescribed 
 limits, act directly upon individuals. 
 
 Q. Was Jefferson's advice with reference to this division of 
 Federal powers adopted ? 
 
 A. It was. 
 
 Q. How long was this Convention in session ? 
 
 A. Four months, during which time several plans were discussed. 
 
 Q. W^hat was the result of the four months' work of the Con- 
 vention ? 
 
 A. The result was the formation of the present Constitution of 
 the United States. 
 
 Q. According to the Constitution thus formed, what is the 
 Executive of the United States styled ? 
 
128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He is styled President. 
 
 Q. Of what does the Congress consist ? 
 
 A. It consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of 
 Kepresentatives. 
 
 Q. How are Representatives apportioned among the several 
 States? 
 
 A. According to the population of the several States. 
 
 Q. By whom are the Representatives elected ? 
 
 ^4. By the people directly. 
 
 Q. How many Senators has each State? 
 
 A. Each State has two Senators. 
 
 Q. How are Senators elected ? 
 
 A. By the State Legislatures. 
 
 Q. If a bill is proposed in either house of Congress, what is 
 necessary before it can become a law ? 
 
 A. It must be passed by a majority of both the Senate and 
 the House of Representatives, and receive the sanction of the 
 President. 
 
 Q. If the President vetoes or refuses to approve the bill, what 
 is necessary before it can become a law ? 
 
 A. It must be passed again by a two-thirds majority of both 
 houses. 
 
 Q. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? 
 
 A. In one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the 
 Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 
 
 Q. What powers were delegated by the States to the Federal 
 Government ? 
 
 A. Such powers as would give to the Federal Government the 
 right to control in matters pertaining to the general interests of all 
 the States. 
 
 Q. What did the States reserve to themselves ? 
 
 A. They reserved to themselves the right to manage their 
 domestic affairs in their own way, with the proviso that no law of 
 a State should be in conflict with the Constitution of the United 
 States. 
 
THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 129 
 
 Q. Under the Articles of Confederation, what was necessary 
 before any amendment could be adopted ? 
 
 A. It was necessary to obtain the consent of all the States. 
 
 Q. Is this the case under the Constitution ? 
 
 A. It is not. 
 
 Q. How may an amendment to the Constitution be adopted? 
 
 A. By the consent of three-fourths of the States. 
 
 Q. With what proviso was this change made ? 
 
 A. With the proviso that no amendment should ever be made 
 which would deprive any State of its equal suffrage in the 
 Senate. 
 
 Q. As the Constitution was different in some important respects 
 from the Articles of Confederation, what was further agreed upon 
 by the Convention ? 
 
 A. It was agreed that when nine of the thirteen States should 
 ratify the Constitution it should be established between those nine 
 States. 
 
 Q. What was this equivalent to ? 
 
 A. This was equivalent to breaking up the old Union and 
 forming a new one. 
 
 Q. When the Constitution was submitted to the several States, 
 did it receive their immediate approval ? 
 
 A. It did not, but it met with much opposition in several of 
 them. 
 
 Q. When was it ratified by most of the States ? 
 
 A. Before the close of the year 1788. 
 
 Q. What two States refused to ratify ? 
 
 A. North Carolina and Rhode Island. 
 
 Q. With what provision did Virginia ratify the Constitution ? 
 
 A. With the provision that she should be permitted to withdraw 
 from the Union whenever the powers of the Federal Government 
 should be used for oppression. 
 
 Q. According to the terms of the plan proposed, when was the 
 new government to go into operation? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1789. 
 
130 HIsrORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Who was elected first President of the United States under 
 the government thus formed ? 
 
 A. George Washington, of Virginia. 
 
 Q. Who was elected Vice-President? 
 
 A. John Adams, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. Upon what did the United States now enter ? 
 
 A. Upon a more prosperous and brilliant career. 
 
 Q. When was Washington inaugurated as President of the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. On the 30th of April, 1789. 
 
 Q. Where? 
 
 A. In the city of New York. 
 
 Q. How long did the first session of Congress under the new 
 organization continue? 
 
 A. Nearly six months. 
 
 Q. Early in 1790, at the second session of the new Congress, 
 what gratifying fact did Washington announce ? 
 
 A. That North Carolina had acceded to the Constitution of 
 1787, and was once more a member of the American Union. 
 
 Q. When did he have the pleasure of announcing the like 
 accession of the State of Rhode Island? 
 
 A. On the 1st of June of the same year. 
 
 GENEKAL REVIEW. 
 
 We will now briefly review the history of the United States 
 from the close of the French and Indian War to the establishment 
 of their independence and the formation of the Federal Constitu- 
 tion. Soon after the close of the French and Indian War the 
 Colonies found ^that their hopes of franquilUty were not to he 
 realized. ^ The determination of the Parliament of Great Britain 
 to tax the Colonies caused the greatest discontent and excitement 
 among all classes of the people. The Americans claimed ^that 
 taxation and representation ought to go together, and that ^it was 
 unjust for a Parliament, in which they were not represented, to 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 131 
 
 lay taxes upon them. ^ The detenniiiatloii of the Parliament to 
 'persevere in their scheme of taxation, and the determination of the 
 people of the Colonies not to submit to^ such taxation, finally led to 
 open war. ^ On the Idth of April, 1775, a little more than twelve 
 years after the close of the French and Indian War, occurred the 
 battle of Lexington, in Massachusetts, which was the beginning of 
 the long and bloody struggle for independence. ^ When the Colo- 
 7iies first took up arms they had no thought of independence, but 
 when the war had continued for many months and it became 
 evident that the Government of Great Britain was determined to 
 persevere in its course of oppression, ^the wish to obtain a redress 
 of grievances was converted into a desire for independence. 
 
 1. What did the Colonies soon after the close of the French and Indian 
 War find out? 2. What caused great discontent ? 3. What did the Ameri- 
 cans claim? 4. What did they think was unjust? 5. What finally led to 
 open war? 6. When did the battle of Lexington occur ? 7. Did the Colonies 
 aim at independence when they first took up arms? 8, What change took 
 place in their feelings when it became evident that Great Britain was deter- 
 mined to persevere in her course of oppression ? 
 
 Moreover, they were encouraged to take this step ^by the bril- 
 liant successes which they had obtained over the British troops 
 during the first months of the war. ^^ The battle of Lexington 
 had roused the people, from Massachusetts to Georgia ; the battle 
 of Bunker Hill, "though not an American victory , nevertheless had 
 impressed the Colonies with the belief that the British troops were 
 not invincible ; the capture of the British forts along Lake Cham- 
 plain, and the complete success of Washington's efforts to drive 
 the British from Boston, ^'^ encouraged the Americans in the belief 
 that they could by proper efforts obtain their independence. In 
 June, 1776, while the representatives of the Colonies in Congress 
 assembled were preparing to publish to the country and the world 
 the celebrated declaration of independence, ^^a British fleet com- 
 manded by Admiral Sir Peter Parher, and a land force com- 
 manded by Sir Henry Clinton, were repulsed in an attempt to 
 
132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 capture Fort Moultrie., icIllcIi defended the entrance to the harbor 
 of Charleston, in South Carolina. 
 
 9. By what were they encouraged to take this step ? 10. What can you say 
 of the battle of Lexington? 11. What of the battle of Bunker Hill? 12. 
 What effect had the capture of the British forts along Lake Champlain, and 
 the success of Washington at Boston, upon the minds of the people? 13. 
 What happened in June, 1776? 
 
 ^* On the 4:th of Jul?/, 1776, the Congress which was in session 
 at Philadelphia declared the thirteen United Colonies to be free, 
 sovereign, and independent States. The hall in which Congress was 
 then assembled has ever since been known as ^^Independence Hall. 
 
 The announcement of this declaration was received everywhere 
 throughout the Colonies ^^with every demonstration of Joy. 
 
 ^"^ Eight days after the adoption of this declaration, a plan of 
 Union was proposed, embraced ^^in the Articles of Confederation. 
 This plan was accepted by most of the States '^^ as early as 1777 ; 
 but it was not until near the close of the war, '^^ in 1781, that Mary- 
 land gave her full assent to it. Soon after the declaration of 
 independence, disasters fell thick and fast upon the American 
 arms. ^^ Washington was defeated on Long Island and, compelled 
 to abandon New York ; Fort Washington, loith its garrison, icas 
 captured by the British; and the American army under Washington 
 was obliged '^'^to retreat across New Jersey, closely pressed by the 
 mctorious enemy. 
 
 14. When did Congress declare the thirteen United Colonies to be free, 
 sovereign, and independent States? 15. What has the hall in which Con- 
 gress was then assembled been called ever since ? 16. How was the announce- 
 ment of the declaration of independence received throughout the Colonies ? 
 17. When was a plan of Union proposed? 18. In what was this plan em- 
 braced? 19. When was this accepted by most of the States? 20. When did 
 Maryland give her full assent to it? 21. What disasters befell the American 
 arras soon after the declaration of independence ? 22. What was the Amer- 
 ican army under Washington obliged to do ? 
 
 At length "^^the American army readied the Delaware River, 
 and crossed over into Pennsylvania. While the whole country 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 133 
 
 was filled with gloom by these sad reverses, Washington revived 
 the drooping hopes of the people '^^ hy his two hrilliant victories at 
 Trenton and Princeton. Soon after '^^Jie recovered the greater 
 part of Neio Jersey from the British. 
 
 During the fall of 1777 "^^tlte Americans were defeated on the 
 Brandywine and at Germantown, Philadelphia fell into the hands 
 of the enemy, and during the winter which followed ^Uhe Amer- 
 ican army suffered great hardships in the camp at Valley Forge; 
 but all these reverses were more than counterbalanced "^^hy the 
 great success at Saratoga on the 17th of October, 1777, where 
 General Gates, with an army of thirteen thousand men, captured 
 "^^ nearly six thousand of the best troops of England, commanded by 
 General Burgoyne. This great success secured for the Americans 
 ^fhe alliance of France. In consequence of the sailing of a 
 French fleet for the American coast, ^^ Philadelphia ivas abandoned 
 by the enemy, and the British troops were ordered to concentrate 
 ^'^at New York. On their retreat through New Jersey ^^the 
 British were assailed at Monmouth by the Americans, commanded 
 by Washington. In this battle ^^ the forces of the ignited States 
 gained the advantage. At the close of the year 1778 the British 
 found themselves no nearer conquering their revolted Colonies than 
 when they first began the attempt. The only success which they 
 had obtained during the year was ^^ the capture of Savannah, in 
 Georgia. 
 
 23. What river did the American army reach, and into what State did they 
 retreat ? 24. How did Washington revive the drooping hopes of the people ? 
 25. What happened goon after? 26. What happened during the fall of 1777? 
 27. What during the winter which followed ? 28. By what were these reverses 
 more than counterbalanced ? 29. How many British soldiers surrendered on 
 this occasion? 30. What did this success secure for the Americans? 31. 
 What happened in consequence of the sailing of a French fleet for the Amer- 
 ican coast? 32. Where were the British troops ordered to concentrate? 33. 
 What happened on their retreat through New Jersey ? 34. Who had the 
 advantage in this battle ? 35. What was the only success obtained by the 
 British during the year 1778? 
 
 During the year 1779 the British ^^ continued active operations 
 
134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 hotli in the North and in the South. In February ^Uhe Amer- 
 icans gained a victory at Kettle Creek, in Georgia, but in March 
 ^^they were defeated hy tlie British at Brier Creek. In May, 
 ^^ General Clinton, in command of a British force, captured Stony 
 Point, on the Hudson, in New York, and on the 1st of June 
 *^he captured Verplanck's Point. ^^ In the middle of July the 
 Americans, tinder General Wayne, recaptured Stony Point, gain- 
 ing a brilliant victory ; and a few days afterwards *-a British gar- 
 rison at Paulus Hook, New Jersey, was captured hy the Americans, 
 led hy Major Henry Lee. 
 
 36. What did the British do during the year 1779? 37. What happened in 
 February ? 38. What happened in March ? 39. What success did the British 
 obtain in May? 40. What in June? 41. What victory did the Americans 
 obtain in July? 42. What happened a few days afterwards? 
 
 In September and October of this year *^a comhined French 
 and American army, commanded hy General Lincoln, laid siege 
 to Savarmali, Georgia. The siege was terminated ^^hy an as- 
 sault, in which the French and Americans tvere repulsed tcith 
 terrible loss. During the year 1779 ^^ Spain also declared war 
 against England. 
 
 ^^ The year 1780 was a, gloomy one for the Amei'icans. In 
 May, ^"^ Charleston, in South Carolina, was captured, together 
 with an American army commanded hy General Lincoln; in 
 August occurred *^ the disastrous hattle of Camden, in South Caro- 
 lina, hy which another American army was almost destroyed; and 
 in September, ^^ General Arnold, who had formerly been ^^one of 
 the most zealous defenders of American liberty, was detected in 
 a disgraceful plot to betray West Point, in New York, into the 
 hands of the British. The discovery of ^' the treason of Arnold 
 filed the Americans with gloom; for ^- they felt that they knew 
 not ichom to trust, ivhen such a man as Arnold had heen could 
 jirore to he a traitor to his country. 
 
 The disasters of this year were somewhat relieved ^^hy the 
 important victory at Kings Mountain, and hy a few hrilliant sue- 
 
GENERAL REVIEW 135 
 
 cesses ohtained in tlie Curolinas and in Georgia hy sucli leaders 
 as Marion, Sumter, and Clarke. On the 20ili of December of 
 this year England declared war against ^^ Holland, because ^^/Ae 
 Hollanders liad given protection to American privateers, and lead 
 actually begun to negotiate a treaty with Congress. 
 
 43. What happened in September and October of this year? 44. How was 
 the siege terminated? 45. What nation declared war against England in 
 1779? 46. What can you say of the year 1780? 47. What happened in May ? 
 48. What in August? 49. Who was discovered in September in a disgraceful 
 plot to betray West Point, in New York, into the hands of the British? 60. 
 What had Arnold formerly been? 51. What effect had the treason of Arnold 
 upon the Americans ? 52. Why ? 53. By what were the disasters of this 
 year somewhat relieved ? 54. With what other power did England become 
 involved in war in December, 1780 ? 55. Why did England declare war 
 against Holland ? 
 
 Although in the beginning of 1781 the prospect was gloomy for 
 the Americans, yet before the close of the year the independence 
 of the States was secured. With the exception of the predatory 
 excursions of the traitor Arnold and the British general Phillips 
 in the North, active operations were for the most part confined to 
 ^the Carolinas and Georgia. Early in the campaign the Ameri- 
 cans were cheered by ^"^ the important victory at the Cowpens; then 
 followed '"^the retreat of General Greene through North Carolina, 
 followed ^^hy his return into that State and his battle icith Lord 
 Cornwallis at Guilford Court- House. In this battle ^the British 
 had the advantage, but they were unable to profit by it. 
 
 In a few days after the fight, «i Cormcallis retreated, pursued by 
 Greene. Cornwallis retired ^^to Wilmington, while ^^ Greene, at 
 the head of the American army, advanced into South Carolina. 
 At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, ^the American general loas at- 
 tacked by Lord Rawdon, and, after a desperate resistance, teas 
 forced to retire. As at Guilford, so in this instance ^^the British 
 commander was unable to improve his victory. In fifteen days 
 after this battle ^^Lord Rawdon retired beyond the Santee. He 
 was impelled to this step ^"^by the skillful movements of General 
 
136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Greene, who, sending out detachments from his army to co-operate 
 with General Marion and the Car'oUna militia, had captured ®^ Fort 
 Watsou and was closely besieging Forts Mott, Graiiby, and Orange- 
 burg, which were finally captured. In June another detachment 
 from Greene's army, commanded by Colonel Henry Lee, co-oper- 
 atin"" with the Carolina and Georgia militia under Pickens and 
 Clarke, ^^ captured the British garrison at Augusta, which ''^ freed 
 the upper portion of Georgia from the presence of the enemy. In 
 the same month the British post at Ninety-Six was assaulted, but 
 ^^ the Americans were repulsed. Soon after, however, '^ the British 
 abandoned the post, on account of its isolated condition. 
 
 56. During the year 1781, to what jiortion of the country were active opera- 
 tions for the most part confined? 57. What victory did the Americans gain 
 early in the campaign ? 58. What happened soon after ? 69. By what was 
 Greene's retreat followed? 60. What can you say of this hattle? 61. What 
 happened a few days after the fight ? 62. To what place did Cornwallis retire ? 
 63. What did Greene do ? 64. What happened at Hobkirk's Hill, near 
 Camden ? 65. Was the British commander able to profit by his victory ? 
 66. What did Lord Bawdon do in fifteen days after this battle? 67. By 
 what was he impelled to this stop ? 68. What forts were captured by the 
 Americans ? 69. What did the Americans, commanded by Pickens, Lee, and 
 Clarke, do in June? 70. What was the result of this victory? 71. What 
 was the result of the assault on the British post at Ninety-Six ? 72. What 
 happened soon after ? 
 
 In September, 1781, ^^ Greene, by his important victory at Entaw 
 Springs, rescued the States of Carolina and Georgia from the 
 grasp of the enemy, and confined the British troops to ''Uhe cities 
 of Charleston and Savannah. Lord Cornwallis, in the mean while, 
 ''^had marched into Virginia, where he did much damage both to 
 public and to private property. In June he took post '^^a,t York- 
 tmm. In the last of September, Washington, at the head of the 
 combined French and United States forces, amounting to more 
 than sixteen thousand men, assisted by a French fleet which 
 blockaded the James and York Rivers, " besieged Cornwallis in 
 his fortifications at Yorhtown. '^^ On the l^th of October, Corn- 
 wallis surrendered his army, comprising '^a little more than seven 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 137 
 
 thousand of the best troops m the British army. The news of this 
 glorious victory was received ^^ with great rejoicing throughout the 
 United States, for the people everywhere felt that peace was at 
 hand. 
 
 The British Grovernment, after this crushing defeat, ^^ gave up all 
 hope of conquering America. ^" Four commissioners on the part 
 of the United States and ^'^Jive on the part oC Great Britain met 
 at ^ Paris, and ^^on the 30th of Novemher, 1782, signed a pro- 
 visional treaty of peace. ^^ On the ?>d of September, 1783, at 
 Paris, the final treaty of peace was signed. 
 
 73. What happened in September, 1781? 74. To what were the British 
 forces henceforth confined? 75. While these things were occurring, what had 
 Lord Cornwallis done? 76. Where did he take post in June? 77. What did 
 the combined French and United States forces, assisted by the French fleet, do 
 in September ? 78. When did Cornwallis surrender his army ? 79. What did 
 this army comprise ? 80. How was the news of this great victory received ? 
 81. What of the British Government after this defeat? 82. How many com- 
 missioners were appointed on the part of the United States to negotiate a 
 treaty of peace ? 83. How many on the part of Great Britain ? 84. Where 
 did they meet? 85. When was a provisional treaty of peace signed? 86. 
 When and where was the final treaty of peace signed ? 
 
 Soon after the close of the war it became evident ^''that the 
 Union could not he preserved unless the Articles of Confederation 
 could he amended in some way. The first effort to secure a Con- 
 vention of the States failed, only ^/o?/r responding. ^^ The second 
 effort was more successful; and on the ^14:th of May, 1787, the 
 Convention assembled ^^in Philadelphia, which formed ^''the Con- 
 stitution of the United States. In this Convention ^^ all the States 
 were represented except Rhode Island. ^* On the 30^A of April, 
 1789, the new government went into operation, and ^^ George 
 Washington was inaugurated as President of the United States. 
 
 Two of the States, ^ North Carolina and Rhode Island, re- 
 fused to ratify, so that at first the Union under the new Consti- 
 tution embraced but eleven States. But ^'^ at the close o/ 1789 
 North Carolina ratified the Constitution and came into the Union, 
 
 12* 
 
138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and ^^ui the early part o/1790 Ehode Island also acceded to the 
 new Constitution and resumed her place as a member of the 
 Federal Union. On this occasion ^^ Washington congratulated the 
 Congress, then in session, on the happy event icliich " united under 
 the General Government all the States which icere originally con- 
 federated.^^ 
 
 ^^ The United States now entered upon a long career of pros- 
 perity. 
 
 87. What became evident soon after the close of the war ? 88. How many 
 States responded to the first call for a Convention ? 89. What can you say 
 of the second effort? 90. When did the Convention assemble? 91. Where? 
 92. What was formed by this Convention ? 93. What States were represented 
 in this Convention? 94. When did the new government go into operation? 
 95. Who was inaugurated. as President of the United States ? 96. What two 
 States refused to ratify? 97. When did North Carolina ratify the Constitu- 
 tion ? 98. When did Rhode Island ratify ? 99, What did Washington do when 
 he announced to Congress the ratification of the Constitution by Rhode Island ? 
 100. Upon what did the United States now enter ? 
 
jpj^iRT tje3:x:rid. 
 
 FROM THE ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON TO THE YEAR 
 
 1872. 
 
 CAI'ITOL AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 WasMngtons Administration. 
 
 Q. How long did the first session of the First Congress under 
 the new Constitution continue ? 
 
 A. Nearly six months. 
 
 Q. What were among the first things that engaged the attention 
 of Congress? 
 
 A. Certain amendments to the Constitution, which had been 
 insisted on by most of the States at the time of its ratification. 
 
 Q. How many amendments were proposed to the States by this 
 Congress and soon after adopted by the States ? 
 
 A. Ten. 
 
 Q. What was organized by the Congress? 
 
 A. The Federal Judiciary. 
 
 Q. What subordinate executive ofiices were established ? 
 
 139 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. The offices of Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury. 
 Secretary of War, and Attorney-General. 
 
 Q. Who was nominated by AVashington and confirmed by the 
 Senate as Secretary of State ? 
 
 A. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 
 
 Q. Who was in like manner appointed Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury? 
 
 A. Colonel Alexander Hamilton, of New York. ^ 
 
 Q. Who was made Secretary of War ? 
 
 A. General Henry Knox, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed Attorney-General ? 
 
 A. Edmund Randolph, of Virginia. 
 
 Q. What did these four officers constitute ? 
 
 A. They constituted the President's Cabinet. 
 
 Q. What happened at the second session of this First Congress, 
 in February, 1790, which excited the alarm of all true friends of 
 the federal system ? 
 
 A. A petition was sent to Congress urging the federal autbori- 
 ties to adopt measures looking to the ultimate abolition of African 
 slavery throughout the Union. 
 
 Q. By whom was this petition headed? 
 
 A. By Dr. Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Q, Why were the friends of the federal system alarmed at this 
 movement ? 
 
 A . Because it called for the exercise of powers not delegated by 
 the States to the General Government. 
 
 Q. How was the question settled for the time? 
 
 A. By the passage of a resolution that Congress had no au- 
 thority to interfere in the emancipation of slaves. 
 
 Q. What act was passed at this session of Congress ? 
 
 A. An act was passed changing the seat of the Federal Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Q. At what place was the seat of government to be located for 
 ten years after 1790 ? 
 
 A. At Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 141 
 
 Q. After the first Monday in December, 1800, where was the 
 seat of government to be permanently established ? 
 
 A. Within a district of territory not exceeding ten miles square, 
 situated on the eastern bank of the Potomac. 
 
 Q. What name was given to the territory which was ceded for 
 this purpose? 
 
 A. The District of Columbia. 
 
 Q. What name was given to the seat of government itself? 
 
 A. It was named Washington. 
 
 Q. What occurred during the year 1790 ? 
 
 A. Indian troubles began to manifest themselves among the 
 Creeks in Georgia, and also among the tribes west of the Ohio. 
 
 Q. How was the difficulty with the Creeks settled ? 
 
 A. The chiefs of the Creeks were induced to visit New York, 
 where a treaty was made with them by Washington. 
 
 Q. Were the troubles in the North w^estern Teri-itory as amicably 
 settled ? 
 
 A. They were not ; but the depredations of the Indians con- 
 tinued. 
 
 Q. What is meant by the Northwestern Territory ? 
 
 A, That portion of the country lying between the Ohio River 
 and the Mississippi, which latter river at that time constituted the 
 western boundary of the United States. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this Territory ? 
 
 A. Several of the States had claims to it ; though by far the 
 larger portion was within the limits of Virginia. 
 
 Q. To what had the conflicting claims of the different States 
 to this Territory led? 
 
 A. To serious embarrassment. 
 
 Q. How was the difficulty met by the States having claims to 
 this Territoiy? 
 
 A. Soon after the close of the war for independence they made 
 a cession of these lands to the control of the General Government. 
 
 Q. With w^hat stipulation did Virginia couple the surrender of 
 her claims ? 
 
143 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. That there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servi- 
 tude in the said Territory, except as a punishment for crime. 
 
 Q. What more can you say of this Territory ? 
 
 ^1. It was rapidly filling up with settlers. 
 
 Q. How were these settlers annoyed ? 
 
 A. By the frequent incursions of the Indians. 
 
 Q. To what did the depredations of the Indians finally lead ? 
 
 A. To open war. 
 
 Q. Who was sent against the Indians in 1790 ? 
 
 A. General Harmer, with about fifteen hundred men 
 
 Q. What of his expedition ? 
 
 A. He burned several Indian towns ; but in October he was 
 defeated in two battles, and was then removed from command. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed to succeed him ? 
 
 A. General St. Clair. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed any better ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 4th of November, 1791 ? 
 
 A. His army was surprised and routed with great slaughter. 
 
 Q. What State had been admitted into the Union during Feb- 
 ruary of this same year ? 
 
 A. Vermont. 
 
 SEAL OF VERMOXT. 
 
 Q. By w^hat two States had Vermont been claimed ? 
 A. By New Hampshire and New York. 
 Q. How was this difference of claim settled ? 
 A. Both States relinquished all claim to Vermont, and it was 
 made a separate State. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 U3 
 
 Q. What act was passed by Congress in October, 1791 ? 
 A. An act providing for the organization and discipline of the 
 militia of the several States. 
 
 Q. What act was passed at the same session which caused great 
 discontent among certain classes ? 
 
 A. An act imposing an excise on distilled spirits. 
 
 Where did the people openly resist the collection of this tax? 
 In the western part of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wliat did Congress do in May, 1792? 
 
 A. 
 Q. 
 
 A. The Congress passed an act authorizing the President to call 
 out the militia. 
 
 Q. When peaceful measures failed to produce the desired result, 
 what did Washington do ? 
 
 A. He called out fifteen thousand of the militia, and placed 
 them under the command of General Henry Lee. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of this display of force ? 
 
 A. The insurgents dispersed, and the " Whisky Insurrection," 
 as it was called, was at an end. 
 
 Q. What new State was admitted into the Union on the 2d of 
 June, 1792? 
 
 A. Kentucky. 
 
 SEAL OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 Q. Of what State had Kentucky been originally a part ? 
 
 A. Of Virginia. 
 
 Q. Was Kentucky embraced in the Northwestern Territory ? 
 
 A. It was not. 
 
 Q. Was African slavery allowed in Kentucky ? 
 
 A, It was. 
 
144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What took place in the fall of 1792 ? 
 
 A. Another Presidential election took place. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. Washington was unanimously re-elected. 
 
 Q. Who was elected Vice-President? 
 
 A. John Adams was again elected Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What had an important bearing on the politics of the United 
 States at this time ? 
 
 A. The French Revolution, and the wars growing out of it. 
 
 Q. What was the feeling of a large majority of the people of 
 the United States ? 
 
 A. It was one of sympathy for the French. 
 
 Q. What did this sympathy produce ? 
 
 A. It produced a strong desire to assist France in the conflict. 
 
 Q. What was the policy of Washington ? 
 
 A. His policy was to remain neutral. 
 
 Q. Who arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, in April, 170.']? 
 
 A. Genet, Minister of the French Republic to the United States. 
 
 Q. What did Genet endeavor to do ? 
 
 A. He endeavored to excite the people to hostile acts against 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Q. In consequence of the conduct of Genet, what did Wash- 
 ington do ? 
 
 A. He demanded his recall. 
 
 Q. Was Washington's demand complied with ? 
 
 A. It was. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed to succeed Genet ? 
 
 A. Fauchet. 
 
 Q. What happened in the fall of 1793 ? 
 
 A. General Wayne moved against the Indians of the Northwest, 
 and, advancing as far as the scene of St. Clair's defeat, built Fort 
 Recovery, where he passed the winter. 
 
 Q. What did he do during the next spring and summer? 
 
 A. He advanced farther into the interior, and built Fort Defi- 
 ance. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 145 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 20th of August ? 
 
 ^1. He fought a battle with the Indians, and totally defeated 
 them. 
 
 Q. What did he then do ? 
 
 A. He laid waste their country, and compelled them to make 
 peace. 
 
 Q. What did Washington do in 1794? 
 
 ^4. He sent John Jay as a special envoy to England. 
 
 Q. Why did he do this ? 
 
 A. For the reason that the feeling in the United States was 
 very bitter against England because British troops continued to 
 hold the forts on Lake Erie and vicinity, and American merchant 
 vessels on their way to French ports were seized and their seamen 
 violently taken from them. 
 
 Q. What was the result of Mr. Jay's mission ? 
 
 A. A treaty was made, by which war was averted and the 
 honor of the United States was maintained. 
 
 Q. With what other power was a treaty concluded ? 
 
 A. With Spain. 
 
 Q. What boundaries were definitively settled by the treaty? 
 
 A. The boundaries between Louisiana and Florida and the 
 United States. 
 
 Q. What was granted by Spain ? 
 
 A. The right to navigate the Mississippi, and the privilege of 
 using New Orleans as a place of deposit for ten years. 
 
 Q. With what other power was a treaty made about this time? 
 
 A. With Algiers, a Barbary power on the northern coast of 
 Africa. 
 
 Q. What was accomplished by this treaty ? 
 
 A. The release of captive citizens of the United States who 
 were held by that country. 
 
 Q. Who came to the United States as French Minister in Jan- 
 uary, 1795 ? 
 
 A. M. Adet. 
 
 Q. How did Adet behave ? 
 G 13 
 
14G 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He behaved worse than Genet had done, and accused the 
 federal administration of acting in bad faith towards their former 
 allies, the French. 
 
 Q. Did his efforts avail anything ? 
 
 A. They did not ; because the people had the utmost confidence 
 in Washington. 
 
 Q. What State was admitted into the Union on the 1st of June, 
 1790? 
 
 A. The State of Tennessee. 
 
 o^-»^A> 
 
 0/i^'mc^^^^<^ 
 
 SEAL OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Q. Of what had Tennessee originally formed a part 
 
 A. Of North Carolina. 
 
 Q. What happened in the fall of 1796? 
 
 A. Another Presidential election. 
 
 Q. What did the people desire ? 
 
 A. That Washington should consent to be President for a third 
 
 term ; but he refused. 
 
 Q. Who was elected President ? 
 
 A. John Adams, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. Who was elected Vice-President? 
 
 A. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 
 
 Q. How long had Washington been President ? 
 Eight years. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 147 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Administration of John Adams. 
 
 Q. When was John Adams inaugurated as President of tlic 
 United States? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1797. 
 
 Q. Where did the inauguration take place? 
 
 A. At Philadelphia. 
 
 Q. What first occupied the attention of the new adminis- 
 tration ? 
 
 A. The difficulties existing between France and the United 
 States. 
 
 Q. What was done by the administration for the purpose of 
 bringing about a friendly settlement of these difficulties ? 
 
 A. Three special envoys were sent to France. 
 
 Q. Who were these envoys ? 
 
 A. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, Elbridge 
 Gerry, of Massachusetts, and John Marshall, of Virginia. 
 
 Q How were they treated in France? 
 
 A. The French Minister of Foreign Affairs refused to receive 
 them in their official capacity. 
 
 Q. On what condition did the French Minister offer to recog- 
 nize them in their public capacity ? 
 
 A. On condition of the previous payment of a large sum of 
 money. 
 
 Q. What answer did JVIr. Pinckney give to this proposition ? 
 
 A. He declared that he was willing to give "millions for do 
 fense, but not one cent for tribute." 
 
 Q. What happened soon after ? 
 
 A. The envoys were ordered by tlie French Government to 
 leave France. 
 
U8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. How long did the session of Congress, whieli began on the 
 13th of December, continue ? 
 
 A. More than eight months. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the acts passed at this session of Congress. 
 
 A. Acts were passed for the protection of navigation, for the 
 defense of the sea-coast, and for increasing the land and naval forces, 
 and also what are known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Alien and Sedition Acts ? 
 
 A. They created great discontent and indignation. 
 
 Q. By the Alien Act, what was the President authorized to do ? 
 
 A. He was authorized to order any foreigner, whom he might 
 believe to be dangerous to .the United States, to depart from the 
 country under a heavy penalty for refusing to obey the order. 
 
 Q. What was the Sedition Act ? 
 
 A. It was an act making it a crime, with a heavy penalty, to 
 write, print, or utter anything scandalous against the Congress or 
 President of the United States. 
 
 Q. What was done with reference to France? 
 
 A. All treaties with France were declared to be abrogated, and all 
 commercial intercourse with that country was declared suspended. 
 
 Q. What was done in anticipation of a war with France ? 
 
 A. George Washington was again appointed commander-in-chief 
 
 Q. Was actual war ever declared by either France or the United 
 States ? 
 
 A. It was not, 
 
 Q. What did happen, however? 
 
 A. Several engagements took place between their ships of war. 
 
 Q. What occurred in April, 1798 ? 
 
 A. Decatur, in command of the Delaware, captured a French 
 privateer. 
 
 Q. What was done with this vessel ? 
 
 A. It was added to the United States navy and called the 
 Retaliation ; but it was soon afterwards retaken by the French. 
 
 Q. What was done by Commodore Truxton on the 9th of 
 February, 1799 ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 149 
 
 A. lu command of the United States frigate Constellation, he 
 captured the French frigate L'Insurgente. 
 
 Q. What other French vessel did he encounter on the 1st of 
 February, 1800 ? 
 
 A. He encountered the French frigate La Vengeance and silenced 
 its batteries; but the frigate succeeded in making its escape. 
 
 Q. How many French merchant vessels became the prizes of 
 American privateers before the war ended ? 
 
 A. Fifty. 
 
 Q. When was the war closed ? 
 
 A. In October, 1801. 
 
 Q. How was it closed ? 
 
 A. By a treaty with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become 
 First Consul. 
 
 Q. Before the conclusion of peace, what sad event occurred ? 
 
 A. George Washington died, at Mount Vernon. 
 
 Q. When did this happen ? 
 
 A. On the 14th of December, 1799. 
 
 Q. What did General Henry Lee say of Washington in the 
 eulogy which he pronounced upon his character ? 
 
 A. He said of him that he was " first in war, first in peace, 
 and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 
 
 Q. What is Washington often styled ? 
 
 A. The Father of his Country. 
 
 Q. When did another Presidential election take place? 
 
 A. In the fall of 1800. 
 
 Q. Into what two parties had the people of the United States 
 become divided ? 
 
 A. Into Federalists and Republicans, or Democrats. 
 
 Q. Who was the leader of the Federalists ? 
 
 A. John Adams, the President. 
 
 Q. Who was the leader of the Republicans, or Democrats ? 
 
 A. Thomas Jeiferson, the Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election of 1800 ? 
 
 A. Thomas Jefferson and ~ Aaron Burr, the candidates of the 
 
 13* 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Republican party for President and Vice-President, received an 
 equal number of votes, and, as the Constitution then stood, the 
 election devolved upon the House of Representatives. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election in the House ? 
 
 A. Jefferson was elected President, and Burr Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Admin istraf ion of Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 Q. AVhen was Mr. Jefferson inaugurated? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1801. 
 
 Q. Where did the inaugural ceremonies take place? 
 
 A. In the city of Washington, at the new Capitol. 
 
 Q. What was one of the first objects that attracted the attention 
 of Mr. Jefferson ? 
 
 A. The securing from Spain for the people of the United States 
 of the free navigation of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Q. What information did he receive in 1802 ? 
 
 A. He was informed that Spain had by a secret treaty, in 1800, 
 ceded Louisiana to France. 
 
 Q. Upon receiving this information, what did Mr. Jefferson do? 
 
 A. He sent Mr. Monroe as a special minister to France to treat 
 upon the subject. 
 
 Q. With whom was Mr. Monroe to act in concert? 
 
 A. With Mr. Livingston, the United States Resident Minister 
 at Paris. 
 
 Q. What did they find that Bonaparte was willing to do ? 
 
 A. They found Bonaparte willing to treat not only for the free 
 navigation of the Mississippi, but also for the cession of the entire 
 Louisiana Territory. 
 
 Q. What treaty was made on the 80th of April, 1803? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. 151 
 
 A. A treaty by whicli Fraucc ceded to the United States the 
 Louisiana Territory for the sum of fifteen million dollars. 
 
 Q. What did this Territory embrace? 
 
 A. The vast region lying between the Mississippi Eiver and 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Q. What else can you say of this region ? 
 
 A. Several of the most flourishing States of the Union were 
 formed out of this Territory. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the treaty by which this extensive 
 purchase was secured ? 
 
 A. It added greatly to the popularity of Jefferson's administra- 
 tion. 
 
 Q. What was done by the State of Georgia in 1803? 
 
 A. In 1803 Georgia ceded to the control of the General Gov- 
 ernment nearly one hundred thousand square miles of territory 
 between the Chattahoochee and Mississippi Rivers. 
 
 Q. What two States were many years afterwards formed out of 
 this territory ? 
 
 A. The States of Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 Q. What State was admitted into the Union on the 19th of 
 February, 1803? 
 
 A. The State of Ohio. 
 
 SEAL OP OHIO. 
 
 Q. In what war did the United States become involved in 1803? 
 A. In a war with the Barbary Powers. 
 Q. Where are the Barbary Powers ? 
 
 A. In the northern part of Afiica, along the shores of the 
 Mediterranean Sea. 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of this war ? 
 
 A. The depredations committed on American commerce. 
 Q. Who was sent to the Mediterranean in command of an 
 American squadron ? 
 
 A. Commodore Preble. 
 
 Q. What was done by Commodore Preble ? 
 
 A. He brought the Emperor of Morocco to terms, and begj.ii 
 to act against Tripoli. 
 
 Q. What happened while the American squadron was near 
 Tripoli ? 
 
 A. The Philadelphia, commanded by Captain Bainbridge, got 
 aground in the harbor and was captured by the Tripolitans, but 
 was retaken and destroyed by Lieutenant Decatur. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Commodore Preble in command of the 
 American squadron ? 
 
 A. Commodore Barron. 
 
 Q. With what success did he meet ? 
 
 A. In concert with Captain Eaton, who commanded a land 
 force, he captured Derne, and soon after compelled the Bashaw to 
 make peace. 
 
 Q. What was secured by the treaty ? 
 
 A. The safety of American commerce, and the restoration to 
 liberty of several American citizens who had been held as slaves 
 by the Tripolitan pirates. 
 
 Q. When was this treaty signed? 
 
 A, On the 4th of June, 1805. 
 
 Q. While these events were transpiring, what had occurred ? 
 
 A. Another Presidential election. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Thomas Jefferson was elected President, and George Clinton, 
 of New York, was chosen Vice-Pi-esident. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1804, which caused Colonel Burr, at tli, 1 
 time Vice-President, to lose the popularity and influence he li;;d 
 formerly enjoyed ? 
 
 A. He killed Colonel Hamilton in a duel, and the circumstances 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. 153 
 
 under which this duel wiis fought were such as to bring great 
 odium upon Colonel Burr. 
 
 Q. Was he ever again honored by the people with any oflSce of 
 profit or trust ? 
 
 A. He was not. 
 
 Q. What else can you say of Colonel Burr ? 
 
 A. He subsequently was engaged in planning a military 
 expedition of some sort, and, as his designs were suspected of 
 being against the peace of the United States, he was tried for 
 treason. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the trial ? 
 
 A. He was acquitted ; but he was fiom that time a ruined man. 
 
 Q. When was Mr. Jeiferson inaugurated as President for a 
 second time ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1805. 
 
 Q. What soon demanded the attention of the President? 
 
 A. The injuries to American commerce growing out of the 
 war between England and France. 
 
 Q. How did this war affect American commerce ? 
 
 A. The English Government -issued " Orders in Council" 
 authorizing the seizure of vessels bound for any French port, 
 while the Government of France issued " Decrees" confiscating all 
 ships with their cargoes that should trade at British ports. 
 
 Q. What happened in June, 1807, which greatly aroused the 
 feelings of the Americans against England ? 
 
 A. The British ship of war Leopard, without provocation, fired 
 into the American frigate Chesapeake, killing three of her men 
 and wounding eighteen more. 
 
 Q. What allayed the indignation of the Americans and pre- 
 vented an immediate declaration of war ? 
 
 A. The British Government disavowed the act of the ofiicer 
 commanding the Leopard. 
 
 Q. For what is the year 1807 especially remarkable? 
 
 A. For the first successful application of steam to the propulsion 
 of vessels. 
 
154 HISTORY OF THE IWITKD STATES. 
 
 Q. Who was the author of this important improvement ? 
 
 A. Robert Fuhon, of New York. 
 
 Q. What act was passed by Congress in December, 1807? 
 
 A. An act prohibiting all American trading-vessels from leaving 
 their ports. 
 
 Q. What was this act called ? 
 
 A. It was called the Embargo Act. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of this act in the New England States? 
 
 A. It caused great dissatisfaction in the New England States. 
 
 Q. What information did Jefferson receive towards the close of 
 his second term ? 
 
 A. He received information (which he believed reliable) that 
 some of the New England States would withdraw from the Union 
 unless the embargo should be repealed. 
 
 Q. What did Mr. Jefferson do with the view of promoting 
 harmony between the States ? 
 
 A. He recommended the repeal of the Embargo Act. 
 
 Q. Was his recommendation carried out by Congress ? 
 
 A. It was. 
 
 Q. When did another Presidential election take place ? 
 
 A. In November, 1808. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Federal party? 
 
 A. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney for President, and Kufus 
 King for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Republican, or Democratic 
 party ? 
 
 A. James Madison, of Virginia, for President, and George 
 Clinton, of New York, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Madison was elected President, and Clinton Vice-President. 
 
ADMIMSTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. 155 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Administration of James Madison. 
 
 Q. When did the inauguration of James Madison take place ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1809. 
 
 Q. What act was passed in the place of the Embargo Act just 
 before Mr. Jefferson's retirement ? 
 
 A. The Non-Intercourse Act. 
 
 Q. What was this act ? 
 
 A. It was an act declaring that United States shipping should 
 bo free to trade with all countries except England and France. 
 
 Q. When was this prohibition to cease ? 
 
 A. It was to cease as to England whenever the British Govern- 
 ment should repeal the " Orders in Council." and in the case of 
 France whenever the " Decrees" should be repealed. 
 
 Q. What assurance did Mr. Erskine (the British Minister at 
 Washington) give to Mr. Madison soon after he became President? 
 
 A. Mr. Erskine gave assurance that the " Orders in Council" 
 would be annulled. 
 
 Q. What proclamation was thereupon issued by the President? 
 
 A. He issued a proclamation suspending the Non-Intercourse 
 Act so far as it related to England. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after ? 
 
 A. The British Government informed President Madison that 
 Mr. Erskine had acted without authority. 
 
 Q. What was then done by the President ? 
 
 A. The Non-Intercourse Act was again declared to be in force. 
 
 Q. What information did the United States Minister at Paris 
 receive in 1810? 
 
 A. That the " Decrees" of the French Government would cease 
 to have effect after the 1st of November of that year. 
 
15G • inSTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was done in consequence of this action on the part 
 of the French Grovernment? 
 
 A. The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed so far as France was 
 concerned, but continued as to Grreat Britain. 
 
 Q. Why was the act continued as to Great Britain ? 
 
 A. Because that Government would not revoke the " Orders i.i 
 Council." 
 
 Q. What happened on the IGth of May, 1811, which greatly 
 increased the bitterness of feeling between the United States and 
 England ? 
 
 A. An engagement occurred between the American frigate 
 President and the British sloop of war Little Belt. 
 
 Q. Relate the circumstances of this engagement. 
 
 A. Commodore Rogers, commanding the United States vessel, 
 late in the evening met a vessel, which he hailed, but was answered 
 by a shot which struck his mainmast. He answered this with 
 several broadsides from his own deck, which soon disabled his 
 adversary. 
 
 Q. When he hailed again, what answer did he receive? 
 
 A. He was informed that it was the British sloop of war Little 
 Belt. 
 
 Q. What damage had the Little Belt received in this en- 
 counter ? 
 
 A. She had been terribly injured, and had lost thirty-two men 
 in killed and wounded. 
 
 Q. How was the feeling of hostility against England increased ? 
 
 A. By Indian depredations in the Northwest, which were at- 
 tributed to the instigations of British agents. 
 • Q. Who was sent against the Indians of the Northwest? 
 
 A. General WilHam Henry Harrison, Governor of tlie Territory 
 of Indiana. 
 
 Q. Where and when did he have a battle with the Indians ? 
 
 A. At Tippecanoe, in Indiana, on the 7th of November, 1811. 
 Q. What was the result of the battle? 
 
 A. The Indians were defeated with terrible slaughter. 
 
ADMIMSTKATION OF JAMES MADISON. 
 
 157 
 
 Q. What was done by Congress in anticipation of a war with 
 Great Britain? 
 
 A. Congress voted to increase the regular army to thirty-five 
 thousand men, and to give the President authority to accept the 
 services of fifty thousand volunteers. 
 
 Q. What else did Congress provide for ? 
 
 A. For 'a large increase of the navy. 
 
 Q. What did Congress do to meet the expenses of these meas- 
 ures ? 
 
 .4. Congress authorized a loan of eleven millions of dollars. 
 
 Q. What new State was admitted into the Union on the 8th of 
 April, 1812 ? 
 
 ^1. The State of Louisiana, which was formed out of a part of 
 the territory purchased from France. 
 
 SEAL OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 Q. What distinguished man died on the 20th of April ? 
 
 A. George Clinton, the Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 Q. Who became Vice-President in his place ? 
 
 A. William H. Crawford, of Georgia. 
 
 Q. What was done by the United States Government on the 
 18th of June, 1812? 
 
 A. War was declared against England, on account of the con- 
 tinued depredations on American commerce. 
 
 Q. What occurred a few months after the declaration of war ? 
 
 A. Another Presidential election 
 
 Q. W^ho were the candidates of the administration party? 
 
 A. Mr. Madison for President, and Mr. Gerry for Vice-President. 
 
158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the anti-administration party ? 
 
 A. De Witt Clinton, of New York, ibr President, and Jared 
 Tngersoll, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Mr. Madison was elected President, and Mr. Gerry Vice- 
 President. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Madison s Second Term. — War with Great Britain. 
 
 Q. When was Madison inaugurated President for a second time ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1818. 
 
 Q. How long had the war with Great Britain been going on at 
 the time of Madison's second inauguration ? 
 
 A. About eight months. 
 
 Q. What was the population -of the United States when this 
 second war with England commenced ? 
 
 A. It was upwards of seven millions, or more than double the 
 population of the States at the commencement of the Revolution. 
 
 Q. What did the people of the United States think? 
 
 A. They thought it would be an easy matter to bring England 
 to terms by invading Canada. 
 
 Q. Did they expect to accomplish much by the navy ? 
 
 A. They did not. 
 
 Q. Why? 
 
 A. Because they knew that the navy of England was far more 
 powerful. 
 
 Q. AVho was appointed commander-in-chief of the American 
 armies ? 
 
 A. General Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. What was especially intrusted to General Dearborn ? 
 
 A. The conduct of the operations between Lake Erie and Lake 
 Champlain. 
 
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 159 
 
 Q. What general had charge under him of the Niagara frontier ? 
 
 A. General Stephen Van Rensselaer. 
 
 Q. Who was to conduct the war in the Northwest? 
 
 A. General William Hull, at that time Governor of Michigan. 
 Q. What can you say of Hull's campaign ? 
 
 A. In July, 1812, he left Detroit with about twenty-five hun- 
 dred men to invade Canada, but, on being met by General Brock 
 at the head of an inferior force of British and Indians, he retreated 
 to Detrx>it, where he made a disgraceful surrender on the IGth of 
 August. 
 
 Q. What was done with General Hull on account of this sur- 
 render ? 
 
 A. He was court-martialed and sentenced to be shot. 
 
 Q. Why was not the sentence carried out ? 
 
 A. The President pardoned him on account of former gallant 
 services during the war of the Revolution. 
 
 Q. What was the result of Hull's surrender ? 
 • A. The whole Northwest was exposed to the invasion of the 
 British and the depredations of the Indians. 
 
 Q. How many volunteers tended their services to the Govern- 
 ment? 
 
 A. Not less than ten thousand. 
 
 Q. Under whose command were these volunteers placed? 
 
 A. Under the command of General William Henry Harrison, 
 who succeeded Hull. 
 
 Q. What was done in October by General Van Rensselaer ? 
 
 A. He sent about one thousand men across the Niagara River, 
 to attack the British post at Queenstown, in Canada. 
 
 Q. Who led the troops to the assault ? 
 
 A. Colonels Christie and Scott. 
 
 Q. With what success did they meet ? 
 
 A. They captured the fort, and General Brock, coming up with a 
 British reinforcement of six hundred men, was slain in an attempt 
 to retake the post, and his men were repulsed with terrible slaughter. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after ? 
 
160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Anotlier British reinforcement came up, and, after a bloody 
 engagement, succeeded in recapturing tlie fort. 
 
 Q. What was General Van Rensselaer doing meanwhile? 
 
 A. He was on the other bank of the river, endeavoring to per- 
 suade the American militia to cross over to the assistance of their 
 comrades. 
 
 Q. Upon what ground did they refuse ? 
 
 ^4. On the ground that the Government had no right to send 
 them across the frontier. 
 
 Q. What party in the United States defended their conduct ? 
 
 A. The Federalists, who were opposed to the war. 
 
 Q. What did General Van Rensselaer do ? 
 
 A. He resigned in disgust. 
 
 Q. Was he deserving of blame ? 
 
 A. He was not. 
 
 Q. Who deserved the blame ? 
 
 A. The militia, who acted in such a cowardly manner, and the 
 Federalists, who encouraged them in such conduct.- 
 
 Q. How were American disasters on land compensated ? 
 
 A. By victories on the sea. 
 
 Q. What great naval victory was obtained by the Americans 
 on the 19th of August, 1812? 
 
 A. The American frigate Constitution, commanded by Captain 
 Isaac Hull, captured the British frigate Guerriere, after a desperate 
 engagement. 
 
 Q. AVhat other naval victory did the Americans gain about the 
 same time ? 
 
 A. Captain Porter, in command of the United States frigate 
 Essex, captured the British sloop of war Alert. 
 
 Q. What victory was gained on the 18th of October? 
 
 A. Captain Jones, commanding the Wasp, captured the British 
 sloop of war Frolic. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 25th of October ? 
 
 ^1. The frigate United States captured the British frigate 
 Macedonian. 
 
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 IGl 
 
 Q. Who commanded the American vessel in this engagement? 
 
 A. Captain Decatur, who had distinguislied himself in the war 
 with Tripoli. 
 
 Q. What other great success 
 had the Americans on the 29th 
 of October ? 
 
 A. The frigate Constitution 
 captured the British frigate 
 Java. 
 
 Q. In addition to these vic- 
 tories, what was accomplished 
 by x\merican privateers ? 
 
 A. They succeeded in distress- 
 ing the enemy's commerce, cap- 
 turing about five hundred British 
 merchantmen, and taking three thousand prisoners. 
 
 CAPTAIN DECATUR. 
 
 CHAPTEB VI. 
 
 Admmistratio7i of James Madison (contimied). — War with Great 
 Britain {continued) . 
 
 Q. What was the first important event of the campaign of 
 1813? 
 
 A. The massacre at the river Raisin, which occurred on the 
 22d of January. 
 
 Q. Grive an account of it. 
 
 A. General Winchester was compelled to surrender a force of 
 several hundred Americans to Colonel Proctor, who commanded a 
 large body of British and Indians. After the surrender the 
 Indians massacred the greater portion of their captives. 
 
 Q. What was the second important event of this year ? 
 
 A. The battle of York, or Toronto, in Upper Canada. 
 
 14«- 
 
102 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this battle ? 
 
 A. The Americans were victorious, but their commander, Gen- 
 eral Pike, was killed. 
 
 Q. What occurred in May ? 
 
 A. Greneral Proctor, with a considerable body of British and 
 Indians, besieged Fort Meigs ; but it was successfully defended by 
 Greneral Harrison. 
 
 Q. What other fort was attacked by Proctor during the same 
 month ? 
 
 A. Fort Sandusky. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. It was successfully defended by Major Croghan. 
 
 Q. What battle occurred on the 29th of May ? 
 
 A. The battle of Sackett's Harbor, in which the British General 
 PrcYost was defeated. 
 
 Q. What British fort was captured on the same day ? 
 
 A. Fort George. 
 
 Q. What great naval battle was won by the Americans on the 
 10th of September? 
 
 A. The battle of Lake Erie. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the American fleet on this occasion ? 
 
 A. Commodore Perry. 
 
 Q. What report of his victory did Perry make to General Har- 
 rison ? 
 
 A. " We have met the enemy, and they are ours ! — two ships, 
 two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop." 
 
 Q. What did this victory enable General Harrison to do? 
 
 A. It enabled him to cross the lake into Canada. 
 
 Q. When and where did he encounter the enemy ? 
 
 A. On the 5th of October, at the river Thames. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this battle ? 
 
 A. Harrison gained a complete victory, and Tecumseh, the cele- 
 brated Indian ally of the British, was killed. 
 
 Q. While these events were going on in the North, what had 
 happened in Georgia and Alabama ? 
 
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 163 
 
 A. The Creek Indians had taken ujd arms. 
 
 Q. What did the Indians do on the 30th of August ? 
 
 A. They surprised Fort Mimms, on the Chattahoochee River, 
 and massacred nearly three hundred men, women, and children. 
 
 Q. Who were called out to op])ose them ? 
 
 A. The militia of Georgia and Tennessee. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Georgia troops ? 
 
 A. General John Floyd. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Tennessee troops? 
 
 A. General Coffee. 
 
 Q. Who had command of the whole ? 
 
 A. Major-General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. 
 
 Q. What two battles did the Georgians under Floyd fight with 
 the Indians ? 
 
 A. The battles of Callibee and Autossee. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. The Indians were defeated, and their town of Autossee was 
 burned. 
 
 Q. What victory was gained by the Tennessee troops under 
 General Coffee on the 3d of November ? 
 
 A. The battle of Tallushatchee. 
 
 Q. What important victory was gained by General Jackson on 
 the 8th of November ? 
 
 A. The important victory at Talladega. 
 
 Q. What battle was fought soon after ? 
 
 A. The battle of Emucksfair, in which the Americans were again 
 victorious. 
 
 Q. Where were the Indians at last completely overthrown ? 
 
 A. At Tohopeka. or the '' Horse-shoe Bend," on the Tallapoasa 
 River. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after ? 
 
 A. A treaty of peace was made with the Indians. 
 
 Q. What can you say of operations on the sea during the year 
 1813? 
 
 A. The British and Americans each Grained victories on the ocean. 
 
1G4 HISTORY OF THE Um'IED STATES. 
 
 Q. What victories were gained by the British ? 
 
 A. The British frigate Shannon captured the American frigate 
 Chesapeake, and the British brig Pelican captured the American 
 brig Argus. 
 
 Q. How many of the enemy's merchant-ships had been captured 
 by the Argus before her own capture by the Pelican ? 
 
 A. More than twenty. 
 
 Q. What were the principal American victories gained on the 
 sea during the same year ? 
 
 A. The capture of the British brig Peacock by the American 
 sloop Hornet, and the capture of the British brig Boxer by the 
 American brig Enterprise. 
 
 Q. What American vessel was very successful during this year 
 in capturing British merchantmen ? 
 
 A. The frigate Essex, commanded by Commodore Porter. 
 
 Q. What was done during the same summer by British fleets 
 in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays ? 
 
 A. They destroyed all the merchant-vessels within their reach, 
 and did great damage to many towns on the coast. 
 
 Q. What towns were burned by them ? 
 
 A. Frenchtown, Greorgetown, Havre de Grace, and Frederick- 
 town. 
 
 Q. What was the result of an attack made upon Norfolk, Vir- 
 ginia ? 
 
 A. The British were repulsed with heavy loss. 
 
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 1G5 
 
 CHAPTER VI L 
 
 Madison s Admiimtration (concluded^. — End of the War with 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Q. What was the first important event of the year 1814? 
 
 A. The advance of the Americans, under General Wilkinson, 
 into Canada. 
 
 Q. What was the termination of this advance ? 
 
 A. Wilkinson was defeated at La Cole Mill, on the 31st of 
 March, with heavy loss. 
 
 Q. What important battle was fought on the 5th of July ? 
 
 A. The battle of Chippewa, in Canada, in which the Americans 
 were victorious. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Americans in this battle ? 
 
 A. General Brown. 
 
 Q. When did the battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane, take 
 place ? 
 
 A. On the 25th of July. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. The British were worsted. 
 
 Q. What American officer dis- 
 tinguished himself greatly on this 
 occasion ? 
 
 A. General Scott. 
 
 Q. What other victory was 
 gained by the Americans on the 
 15th of August ? 
 
 A. The British General Drum- 
 mond attacked Fort Erie, and was repulsed with great loss. 
 
 Q. What was the most important battle and the greatest vic- 
 tory won by the Americans during the year 1814? 
 
 GKXERAL SCOTT. 
 
iijQ HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 
 
 A. The battle of Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain. 
 
 Q. AVhen was the battle fought ? 
 
 A. On the 11th of September. 
 
 Q. What kind of a battle was this ? 
 
 A. It was a joint land and naval action. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the American army at Plattsburg ? 
 
 A. General Macomb. 
 
 Q. Who was the British commander ? 
 
 A. General Prevost. 
 
 Q. What did the British army number? 
 
 A. It numbered fourteen thousand. 
 
 Q. Was the American army as large ? 
 
 jt. It was much smaller. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the British fleet on the lake ? 
 
 A. Commodore Downie. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the American fleet? 
 
 A. Commodore McDonough. 
 
 Q. Give some account of the battle. 
 
 A. The battle ended in the surrender of the British fleet and 
 the retreat of the British army. The British Commodore Downie 
 was killed in the fight. 
 
 Q. What disaster happened to the Americans in August ? 
 
 A. A British fleet under Admirals Cockburn and Cochrane 
 ascended the Chesapeake, and a land force under General Boss 
 captured Washington City and burned the Government buildings. 
 
 Q. What was the result of an attack made soon after on Balti- 
 more ? 
 
 A. The British were repulsed, General Boss being killed. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the operations of the respective navies 
 of the United States and England during the year 1814? 
 
 A. The United States lost two war-ships, while England lost 
 five. 
 
 Q. During the summer and fall of 1814, what portion of the 
 Union became very much dissatisfied with the management of the 
 war ? 
 
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 167 
 
 A. The New England States. 
 
 Q. What was done in December, 1814? 
 
 A. A Convention was held at Hartford, Connecticut, consisting 
 of delegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, 
 A''ermont, and Connecticut. 
 
 VIE^\ OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Q. What were the designs of the leaders of this Convention ? 
 
 A. Their real designs have never been cleaily ascertained. 
 
 Q. Of what were they accused ? 
 
 A. They were accused of a design to withdraw their States from 
 the Union. 
 
 Q. What removed the grievances of which the New England 
 States complained ? 
 
 A. The cessation of hostilities. 
 
 Q. When and where was a treaty of peace signed ? 
 
 A. On the 24th of December, 1814, at Ghent, in Belgium or 
 Flanders. 
 
 Q. What great battle was fought before the news of peace 
 reached America ? 
 
 xi. The battle of New Orleans, on the 8th of January, 1815. 
 
168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this battle ? 
 
 A. It was the most splendid victory won by the armies of the 
 United States during the war. 
 
 BATTLC OF NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 Q. Give an account of it. 
 
 A. A British army of twelve thousand men, led by Greneral 
 Packenham, attacked a force of hardly half as many Americans, 
 commanded by General Andrew Jackson. The Americans were 
 protected by fortifications, and the British were repulsed, with the 
 loss of twenty-five hundred men, killed, wounded, and captured, 
 General Packenham being among the killed. The American loss 
 was only seven killed and six wounded. 
 
 Q. What news was received a few days after the battle? 
 
 A. That peace had been made fifteen days before the battle. 
 
 Q. How was the news of peace received ? 
 
 A. With great joy throughout the whole country. 
 
 Q. Against what power was war next declared? 
 
 A. Against Algiers, in the northern part of Africa. 
 
 Q. Why was this war declared ? 
 
 A. Because the Algerines had violated the treaty of 1795. 
 
 Q. Who was sent against Algiers ? 
 
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 16.9 
 
 A. Commodore Decatur, in command of three frigates and 
 seven smaller vessels. 
 
 Q. With what success did he meet ? 
 
 A. He captured two Algerine ships of war, and compelled the 
 Dey, or ruler, of Algiers to make a peace highly advantageous to 
 the United States. 
 
 Q. What other African powers were next visited ? 
 
 A. Tunis and Tripoli, because they had also been violating the 
 rio-hts of American citizens. 
 
 o 
 
 Q. What was his success against these powers ? 
 A. They also were speedily brought to terms. 
 Q. What act was passed on the 19th of April, 1816 
 A. An act for the admission of Indiana into the Union as a 
 State. 
 
 SEAL OF INDIANA. 
 
 Q. When did another Presidential election take place ? 
 
 A. In the fall of 1816. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Republican, or Democratic 
 party ? 
 
 A. James Monroe, of Virginia, for President, and Daniel D. 
 Tompkins, of New York, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Federal party ? 
 
 A. Rufus King, of New York, for President, and John How- 
 ard, of Maryland, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Monroe was elected President, and Tompkins Vice-President. 
 
 H 15 
 
170 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 Adminisfrdtion of James Monroe. 
 
 Q. When was James Monroe inaugurated? 
 
 .i. On the 4tli of March, 1817. 
 
 Q. What can you say of his inauguration address ? 
 
 A. It gave general satisfaction to all parties. 
 
 Q. What has Monroe's administration been called ? 
 
 A. It has been called ''the era of good feeling." 
 
 Q. Why was it so called ? 
 
 A. Because old party lines were nearly extinct. 
 
 Q. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union as a State? 
 
 A. On the 10th day of December, 1817. 
 
 SEAL OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Q. What war broke out in 1818? 
 
 A. A war with the Seminole Indians. 
 
 Q. Who was sent against them ? 
 
 A. General Andrew Jackson, at the head of about one thousand 
 men. 
 
 Q. Who were suspected by Jackson of giving help to the 
 Indians? 
 
 A. The Spanish authorities in Florida. 
 
 Q. What did he accordingly do ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. IJl 
 
 A. He invaded Florida, seize'd St. Mark's and Pensacola, and 
 sent the Spaniish governor and his troops to Havana, in Cuba. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this conduct of Jackson ? 
 
 A. It was made a subject of inquiry in both houses of Con- 
 gress ; but upon investigation his course was approved by hirgc 
 majorities in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. 
 
 Q. What was done by the Spanish Minister at Washington ? 
 
 A. He protested against these proceedings. 
 
 Q. Why was not the matter pressed ? 
 
 A. Because negotiations were at that time pending for the 
 cession of Florida to the United States. 
 
 Q. When was Illinois admitted into the Union as a separate 
 State ? 
 
 A. On the 3d of December, 1818. 
 
 SEAL OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Q. What memorable event occurred in the year 1819? 
 
 A. The passage of the first steamship across the Atlantic. 
 
 Q. What was the name of this steamship ? 
 
 A. It was called the Savannah, and was owned in Savannah, 
 Georgia, though built in the city of New York. 
 
 Q. When did the Savannah set sail ? 
 
 A. In May, 1819, bound from Savannah, Georgia, to Liverpool, 
 England. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the voyage ? 
 
 A. The steamer made a successful voyage to Liverpool, and 
 afterwards to St. Petersburg, in Russia, and was everywhere an 
 object of great curiosity. 
 
172 
 
 HISTORY OF. THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What new State was admitted into the Union on the 14th 
 of December, 1819 ? 
 
 A. The State of Alabama. 
 
 SKAL OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Q. What was the most important measure of Monroe's admin- 
 istration ? 
 
 A. The " Missouri Compromise of 1820." 
 
 Q. Was Missouri admitted under this act, as has been generally 
 supposed ? 
 
 A. It was not. 
 
 Q. What State was admitted under the Missouri Compromise ? 
 
 A. The State of Maine. 
 
 SEAL OF MAINE. 
 
 Q. When? 
 
 A. On the 15th of March, 1820. 
 Q. AVhat question began now to agitate the country ? 
 A. The question as to whether the Federal Government had 
 any right to interfere with negro slavery in the Territories. 
 Q. Had this question agitated the country before ? 
 A. It had not. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. 
 
 173 
 
 Q. What was the effect of its introduction into the halls of 
 Congress ? 
 
 A. The whole country was agitated, and the friends of the 
 Constitution and the Union became everywhere alarmed. 
 
 Q. What caused the agitation of the slavery question in Con- 
 gress ? 
 
 A. The application of Missouri, in February, 1819, for admis- 
 sion into the Union as a State. 
 
 SEAL OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Q. Who opposed its admission ? 
 
 A. A large number of the members of Congress from the non- 
 slaveholding States. 
 
 Q. On what ground did they oppose its admission? 
 
 A. Because the constitution of Missouri recognized property 
 in slaves. 
 
 Q. Had not other States been admitted whose constitutions 
 recognized property in slaves? 
 
 A. They had ; but there was a strong party in the North who 
 were in favor of admitting no more States whose constitutions 
 recognized slavery. 
 
 Q. How was the dispute settled for the time ? 
 
 A. By an agreement that slavery should be excluded from all 
 the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of thirty-six 
 degrees and thirty minutes. 
 
 Q. When was Missouri at last admitted ? 
 
 A. On the 10th day of August, 1821, after much opposition. 
 
 Q. In the mean while, what had occurred ? 
 
 A. Another Presidential election. 
 
 15* 
 
174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was the resuh ? 
 
 A. Mr. Monroe was unanimously re-elected, and Mr. Tompkins 
 was re-elected Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What proclamation was issued by the President on the 22d 
 of February, 1821 ? 
 
 A. A proclamation announcing the cession to the United States 
 by Spain of East and West Florida, and of all claims of Spain to 
 territory on the Pacific coast north of forty-two degrees of north 
 latitude. 
 
 Q. What did this cession include ? 
 
 A. All the Spanish claims to any portion of Oregon. 
 
 Q. What did the United States pay for this cession ? 
 
 A. Five millions of dollars. 
 
 Q. By what was the year 1824 signalized ? 
 
 A. By the visit of La Fayette to the United States. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this visit ? 
 
 A. He traveled through all the States, and was everywhere 
 received with every demonstration of esteem and affection. 
 
 Q. How did Congress express the gratitude of the country to 
 La Fayette for his great services during the war for independence ? 
 
 A. By voting him two hundred thousand dollars and twenty- 
 three thousand acres of land in Florida. 
 
 Q. How old was La Fayette at the time of his visit to the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. He was nearly seventy years old. 
 
 Q. When did another Presidential election take place ? 
 
 A. In the fall of 1824. 
 
 Q. How many persons were voted for for President ? 
 
 A. Four. 
 
 Q. Who were they ? 
 
 A. William H. Crawford, of Georgia, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, 
 Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, and John Quincy Adams, of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. As none of the candidates received a majority of all the votes 
 cast in the Electoral Colleges, upon whom did the election devolve? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCV ADAMS. 175 
 
 A. Upon the House of Representatives. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election in the House ? 
 
 ^1. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was elected Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Q. Who was elected Vice-President ? 
 
 A. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, who had received a 
 majority of all the votes cast in the Electoral Colleges.) 
 
 Q. Was he elected by the House of Representatives ? 
 
 A. He was not ; for, having been elected by the people, there 
 was no need for the House to vote for Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Adm/inistration of Jolin Quiiicy Adams. 
 
 Q. When was John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the 
 United States, inaugurated? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1825. 
 
 Q. Whose son was he? 
 
 A. He was the son of John Adams, the second President. 
 
 Q. What question produced considerable agitation in the 
 country soon aftet Mr. Adams's accession to ofl&ce ? 
 
 A. A controversy between the Federal Government and the 
 State of Georgia. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of this controversy ? 
 
 A. A treaty that was made with the Creek Indians. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this treaty. 
 
 A. On the 12th of February, 1825, Duncan G. Campbell and 
 James Meriwether, United States Commissioners, made a treaty 
 with the principal Creek chiefs, by which the Indian title to a 
 large extent of territory within the limits of Georgia was extin- 
 e;uished. 
 
176 HISTORF OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. When had this treaty been ratified by the Senate of the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. Just before the close of Mr. Monroe's administration. 
 
 Q. Was not this treaty in accordance with the agreement be- 
 tween the Federal Government and Georgia in 1802, when Georgia 
 ceded to the Federal Government the Territories of Alabama and 
 Mississippi? 
 
 A. It was. 
 
 Q. Who opposed the treaty ? 
 
 A. A few factious chiefs of the tribe, instigated by certain white 
 men. 
 
 Q. What crime was committed by them ? 
 
 A. They assassinated Mackintosh, the principal chief, who had 
 signed the treaty. 
 
 Q. What did they then do ? 
 
 A. They called upon the Federal Government to repudiate the 
 treaty. 
 
 Q. Did the Federal Government comply with their request? 
 
 A. It did; and made a new treaty with the Indians on the 24:th 
 of January, 1826. 
 
 Q. What happened in the mean time ? 
 
 A. George M. Troup, Governor of Georgia, proceeded to take 
 possession of the territory ceded by the first treaty. 
 
 Q. What did the Federal authorities do ? 
 
 A. They threatened to arrest the commissioners of Governor 
 Troup, who were surveying the territory granted under the first, 
 or old treaty. 
 
 Q. What did Governor Troup do ? 
 
 A. He declared that if the Georgiaris could get their rights in 
 no other way they would oppose force to force. 
 
 Q. What did the Federal Government then do ? 
 
 A. It made no effort to interfere with Governor Troup, and the 
 lands were surveyed and occupied under the old treaty. 
 
 Q. Who were right in this controversy ? 
 
 A. The authorities of Georgia. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCV ADAMS. I77 
 
 Q. For what was the 4th of July, 1826, memorable? 
 
 A. For the fact of its being the fiftieth anniversary of the 
 independence of the United States. 
 
 Q. What two illustrious men died on this day ? 
 
 A. John Adams, of Massachusetts, and Thomas Jefferson, of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Q. What measure of Congress enacted during Mr. Adams's 
 administration was violently opposed in the South ? 
 
 A. The protective tariff of 1828. 
 
 Q. What was the protective tariff? 
 
 A. It was an act layiiig a tax on foreign goods imported into 
 the United States, so that American manufactures might be able 
 to compete with the manufactures of Europe. 
 
 Q. Why did the Southern statesmen oppose the protective 
 tariff? 
 
 A. Because they considered it unconstitutional, as well as unjust 
 and damaging to the agricultural interests of the South. 
 
 Q. What occurred during the excitement caused by the passage 
 of the tariff act ? 
 
 A. The Presidential election of 1828. 
 
 Q. Whom did the friends of the administration nominate? 
 
 A. They nominated Mr. Adams for President, and Richard 
 Rush for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were nominated by the opponents of the administra- 
 tion? 
 
 A. Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, for President, and John C. 
 Calhoun, of South Carolina, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What can you say of Mr. Adnms? 
 
 A. He was a man of great intellect and unblemished character, 
 but was not popular as President. 
 
 Q. How had he offended the South ? 
 
 A. By favoring a high tariff. 
 
 Q. In what way had he offended the New England States ? 
 
 A. By asserting that in 1803 and 1804 the New England 
 States had favored a dissolution of the Union, and by further de- 
 
178 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 daring that the Hartford Convention of 1814 had entertained the 
 same design. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the Presidential election ? 
 
 A. Andrew Jackson was elected President, and John C. Cal- 
 houn Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Administration of Andrew Jackson. 
 
 Q. When was Andrew Jackson inaugurated ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1829. 
 
 Q. What was the first important measure of the new adminis- 
 tration ? 
 
 A. The removal of the Indian tribes that lived east of the 
 Mississippi to a portion of country lying west of that river. 
 
 Q. Why were these tribes removed west of the Mississippi ? 
 
 A. So that they might no longer be a source of trouble to the 
 whites, who had now occupied the greater part of the territory 
 east of the Mississippi. 
 
 Q. When was an act passed carrying into effect this policy of 
 removal ? 
 
 A. On the 31st of May, 1830. 
 
 Q. What distinguished man died on the 4th of July, 1831 ? 
 
 A. Ex-President James Monroe. 
 
 Q. What act of Jackson's rendered him unpopular with some 
 who had previously been his friends ? 
 
 A. His vetoing the bill for the re-charter of the Bank of the 
 United States. 
 
 Q. What war broke out in the year 1832 ? 
 
 A. A war with the Winnebagoes and several other Northwestern 
 tribes of Indians. 
 
ADMIMSTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 179 
 
 Q. Who commanded the United States forces that were sent 
 against them ? 
 
 A. General Scott. 
 
 Q. Did the war last long ? 
 
 A. It did not ; for it was soon terminated by the capture of 
 Black Hawk, the chief, and several other chiefs of less note. 
 
 Q. When did another Presidential election occur ? 
 
 A. In the fall of 1832. 
 
 Q. Into what had the original Democratic, or Republican party 
 been divided? 
 
 A. Into two parties: one of which was styled Democratic, and 
 the other National Kepublican. 
 
 Q. What was the chief point of difference between these parties ? 
 
 A. The National Republican favored the policy of internal im- 
 provements by the Government, and the re-chartering of the United 
 States Bank, both of which the Democratic party opposed. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the National Republicans ? 
 
 A. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, for President, and John Sergeant, 
 of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party ? 
 
 A. iVndrew Jackson for President, and Martin Van Buren, of 
 New York, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Jackson and Van Buren were elected by large majorities. 
 
 Q. What had happened in the mean while ? 
 
 A. A sovereign Convention of the people of South Carolina 
 had assembled and adopted what was known as the " Nullification 
 Ordinance." 
 
 Q. What were the leading features of this ordinance ? 
 
 A. 1st. A declaration that the Tariff" Act of 1832 was uncon- 
 stitutional, and therefore null and void. 2d. A provision for testing 
 its constitutionality before the courts of the State. 3d. A declara- 
 tion that, if the measures thus adopted were resisted by the Fed- 
 eral authorities, the State of South Carolina would withdraw from 
 the Union. 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. When was this measure to take effect ? 
 
 A. Oil the 12th of February, 1833, if the protective policy 
 should not be abandoned by Congress before that time. 
 
 Q. At the session of Congress in December, 1832, what did the 
 President recommend ? 
 
 A. He recommended a reduction of the tariiF. 
 
 Q. By what was this followed a few days after ? 
 
 ^. By a proclamation against Nullification. 
 
 Q. In this proclamation, what did he urge the people of South 
 Carolina ? 
 
 A. He urged them not to persist in the enforcement of their 
 ordinance, as it would bring on a conflict between the Federal 
 Government and the State of South Carolina. 
 
 Q. How did many regard this proclamation ? 
 
 A. As amounting to a denial of the right of any State to secede 
 from the Union for any cause whatever. 
 
 Q. What did the President afterwards maintain ? 
 
 A. That an erroneous construction had been placed upon the 
 proclamation. 
 
 Q. To what did he declare his adherence ? 
 
 A. To the views of Mr. Jefferson as set forth in the Virginia 
 and Kentucky resolutions of 1798 and 1799. 
 
 Q. Soon after this proclamation was issued, what was done by 
 Mr. Verplanck, an administration member of Congress from New 
 York ? 
 
 A. He introduced a bill for the further reduction of the tariff". 
 
 Q. What was done by the Legislature of Virginia ? 
 
 A. Benjamin Watkins Leigh was sent as a Peace Commissioner 
 to South Carolina. 
 
 Q. For what purpose was he sent ? 
 
 A. To urge the authorities of South Carolina to suspend the 
 execution of the Ordinance of Nullification at least until the 4th 
 of March. 
 
 Q. Did South Carolina accede to this request? 
 
 A. She did. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 181 
 
 Q. By whom was a compromise introduced into Congress which 
 was satisfactory to all parties ? 
 
 A. By Henry Clay, of Kentucky. 
 
 Q. When did the compromise receive the approval of the Presi- 
 dent and become a law ? 
 
 A. On the 2d of March, 1833. 
 
 Q. What was then done in South Carolina ? 
 
 A. The Convention of South Carolina re-assembled, and repealed 
 the Ordinance of Nullification. 
 
 Q. What did President Jackson do in the spring of 1 833 ? 
 
 A. He made a tour through New York and the New England 
 States. 
 
 Q. How was he everywhere received ? 
 
 A. He was received with every demonstration of esteem and 
 honor. 
 
 ' Q. What did the President do soon after his return to Washing- 
 ton ? 
 
 A. He ordered all the deposits of public money to be removed 
 froui the banks of the United States and to be placed in certain 
 State banks. 
 
 Q. What was done by William J. Duane, the Secretary of the 
 Treasury ? 
 
 A. He refused to obey the order of the President. 
 
 Q. Who was then appointed Secretary in his place ? 
 
 A. Roger B. Taney. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this action of the President ? 
 
 A. It produced great excitement throughout the country. 
 
 Q. What three distinguished Senators opposed the President? 
 
 A. Calhoun, of South Carolina, Clay, of Kentucky, and Web- 
 ster, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. What two distinguished Senators sided with the President? 
 
 A. Benton, of Missouri, and Forsyth, of Georgia. 
 
 Q. What name was now assumed by all the opponents of the 
 President's policy? 
 
 A. They assumed the party name of Whig. 
 
 16 
 
182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What resolution was passed by the Senate ? 
 
 A. A resolution censuring the President and declaring his con- 
 duct unconstitutional. 
 
 Q. How did the President reply to this resolution of censure ? 
 
 A. By a paper known as the " Protest." 
 
 Q. What was the final result of the contest between President 
 Jackson and the Senate ? 
 
 A. It resulted in the complete triumph of the President. 
 
 Q. What finally became of the resolution of censure ? 
 
 A. It was expunged from the journal of the Senate, that body 
 having ordered that black lines should be drawn around it. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the night of the 16th of December, 
 1835? 
 
 A. A great fire in the city of New York. 
 
 Q. How much property was destroyed? 
 
 A. Over seventeen million dollars' worth of property. 
 
 Q. What war broke out on the 28th of the same month ? 
 
 A. A war with the remaining Seminole Indians in Florida, who 
 refused to go West. 
 
 Q. How did the war commence ? 
 
 A. By the murder of Hon. Wiley Thompson, United States 
 Agent to the tribe, and by the massacre of Major Dade and his 
 command of one hundred men. 
 
 Q. What happened next day ? 
 
 A. An indecisive battle was fought between the Americans 
 under General Clinch and the Indians under Osceola. 
 
 Q. What did the Indians then do? 
 
 A. They ravaged all the country south of St. Augustine. 
 
 Q. When did G-eneral Scott assume the command? 
 
 A. On the 7th of February, 1836. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 29th of February ? 
 
 A. General Gaines, while hastening to the relief of General 
 Clinch, who was besieged in Fort Drane, was attacked by the 
 Indians, but repulsed them. 
 
 Q. What was General Scott soon obliii;ed to do ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 183 
 
 A. He was obliged to proceed against the Creeks in Georgia 
 and Alabama, who had commenced hostilities by teri-ible massacres 
 on the Chattahoochee. 
 
 Q. When were the Creeks brought to terms? 
 
 A. During the summer of 1836. 
 
 Q. What was then done with them ? 
 
 A. They were removed west of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Q. How long did the war against the Seminoles last ? 
 
 A. It lasted until 1842, during the administration of President 
 Tyler. 
 
 , Q. Mention some of the important events which tended to 
 bring the Indians to terms. 
 
 A. One thing which tended to subdue the Seminoles was the 
 capture of their chief, Osceola, by General Jessup, who held the 
 chief a prisoner in Fort Moultrie, Charleston, South Carolina, 
 where he died ; another was the great victory gained over them 
 by Colonel Taylor. 
 
 Q. Where did Taylor gain the victory ? 
 
 A. At the head of Lake Okeechobee. 
 
 Q. What was finally done with the Seminoles? 
 
 A. They were removed beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 SEAL OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 Q. What two States were admitted into the Union on the 15th 
 of June, 1836? 
 
 A. The States of Arkansas and Michigan. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party during 
 the Presidential election of 1836 ? 
 
184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. The candidates of the Democratic party were Martin Van 
 Buren, of New York, for President, and Kichard M. Johnson, of 
 Kentucky, for Vice-President. 
 
 SEAL OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 Q, What can you say of the vote of the Whig, or opposition 
 party ? 
 
 A. It was divided between several candidates. 
 
 Q. Who were elected ? 
 
 A. Martin Van Buren was elected President, and Richard M. 
 Johnson Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Admuiistration of Mart'ui Van Buren. 
 
 Q. When was Martin Van Buren inaugurated ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1837. 
 
 Q. What occurred soon after he became President ? 
 
 A. A great commercial crisis. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of this ? 
 
 A. It was occasioned by reckless speculation, and by the expan- 
 sion of the paper currency beyond all the legitimate wants of the 
 country. 
 
 Q. What measure did the President adopt so as to give relief 
 to the merchants and bankers ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN. 185 
 
 A. He suspended suits on bonds whicli had been given for the 
 collection of duties. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after ? 
 
 A. All tlie banks in New York City suspended specie payments. 
 
 Q. By what was this suspension soon followed ? 
 
 A. By a like suspension of nearly all the banks in all the 
 States. 
 
 Q. What did Mr. Van Buren do in order to provide for meet- 
 ing demands on the Treasury ? 
 
 A. He called an extra session of Congress. 
 
 Q. What act was passed by Congress to meet the exigencies of 
 the Treasury and to provide for the relief of the people ? 
 
 A. An act was passed authorizing the issue of Treasury notes 
 to the amount of ten millions of dollars. 
 
 Q. How was the policy of the administration, at this time 
 adopted for the collection and transmission of the public funds, 
 known ? 
 
 A. It was known as the " Sub-Treasury System." 
 
 Q. How was it all done ? 
 
 A. It was all done by and through the officers of the Govern- 
 ment, without the agency of any banking institution. 
 
 Q. Who led the opposition to the financial policy of the admin- 
 istration ? 
 
 A. Clay, of Kentucky, and Webster, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Q. Who defended it ? 
 
 A. Calhoun, of South Carolina, Benton, of Missouri, and Silas 
 Wright, of New York. 
 
 Q. What other subject greatly agitated the country at this time? 
 
 A. The subject of the abolition of negro slavery in the District 
 of Columbia. 
 
 Q. Who led the agitation of the slavery question in the Dis- 
 trict ? 
 
 A. Ex-President John Quincy Adams, a member of the House 
 of Representatives. 
 
 Q. What did Mr. Calhoun do on the 28th of December, 1837? 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE UJSITED STATES 
 
 A. He introduced into the Senate a series of resolutions upon 
 the nature and character of the Federal Government. 
 
 Q. What was the general purport of these resolutions ? 
 
 A. That the Federal Government was created by the States 
 with a view to their increased security against all dangers, domestic 
 as well as foreign ; that the citizens of one State had no right to 
 interfere with the domestic institutions of another State ; and that 
 the Federal Government had no right to interfere with slavery 
 either in the States or Territories of the Union. 
 
 Q. What was the fate of these resolutions ? 
 
 A. They were adopted by the Senate by a very large majority. 
 
 Q. What liberal donation was made to the United States in 
 September, 1838? 
 
 A. A donation amounting to nearly six hundred thousand dol- 
 lars. 
 
 Q. By whom was this donation made ? 
 
 A. By James Smithson, an Englishman. 
 
 Q. To what purpose were these funds appropriated ? 
 
 A. To the endowment of the Institute in Washington City 
 known as the Smithsonian Institute. 
 
 Q. When was the agitation of the slavery question renewed by 
 the Abolitionists ? 
 
 A. It was renewed in the House of Representatives in Decem- 
 ber, 1838. 
 
 Q. Who introduced a series of resolutions on this subject ? 
 
 A. Mr. Atherton, of New Hampshire. 
 
 Q. What was the purport of these resolutions? 
 
 A. That under the Constitution of the United States Congress 
 had no authority to interfere with slavery in the several States of 
 the Confederacy ; that Congress had no right to do indirectly what 
 it could not do directly, nnd therefore should not interfere with 
 slavery either in the District of Columbia or in the Territories. 
 
 Q. What was done -syith these resolutions ? 
 
 A. They were adopted by an overwhelming majority. 
 
 Q. What did most of the public men of the country now think ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN. 187 
 
 A. They thought that this exciting agitation would now be 
 abandoned. 
 
 Q. Was the agitation abandoned ? 
 
 A. It was not. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Abohtion party ? 
 
 A. They cared nothing for Constitutional restraints. 
 
 Q. What did the chief of their leaders proclaim the Constitu- 
 tion to be ? 
 
 A. " A covenant with death and an agreement with hell." 
 
 Q. When did another Presidential election take place ? 
 
 A. In the fall of 1840. 
 
 Q. What were the principal issues in this contest? 
 
 A. The Sub-Treasury System, extravagant appropriations, and 
 all the leading measures of the administration. 
 
 Q. Were either of the great parties of the country at this time 
 connected with the Anti-slavery or Abolition agitators ? 
 
 A. They were not. 
 
 Q. How did the mass of the American people at this time 
 regard the Abolition agitators ? 
 
 A. They regarded them as men who were disloyal to the Con- 
 stitution, and as the foes of the Federal Union. 
 
 Q. Who were the nominees of the Whig party in 1840 ? 
 
 A. William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, was their candidate for 
 President, and John Tyler, of Virginia, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party ? 
 
 A. Martin Van Buren was their candidate for President ; but 
 they could not agree upon a candidate for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. William Henry Harrison was elected President, and John 
 Tyler Vice-President. 
 
188 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 VVULW IMl'UOVKMENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Administration of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. 
 
 Q. When was William Henry Harrison inaugurated ? 
 
 A. On the 4tli of March, 1841. 
 
 Q. How long was he President ? 
 
 A. Only one month , he died on the 4th of April, exactly one 
 month from the day of his inauguration. 
 
 Q. How did the news of his death affect the country? 
 
 A. The whole country was filled with sorrow at the news of his 
 death. 
 
 Q. Who now became President? 
 
 A. John Tyler, the Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What occurred soon after the accession of Tyler ? 
 
 A. A serious split in the Whig party. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of this ? 
 
 A. A bill was passed by the Whig Congress establishing the 
 Fiscal Bank of the United States, which President Tyler vetoed. 
 
 0^ 
 
 t^ 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN TYLER. 189 
 
 Q. What bill was passed soon after ? 
 
 A. Another bill of like character, under the title of the " Fiscal 
 Corporation of the United States." 
 
 Q. What became of this bill ? 
 
 4. It was also vetoed by the President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the quarrel between Tyler and the 
 majority of his party in Congress? 
 
 A. It resulted in the division of the Whig party, and all the 
 members of the Cabinet resigned, except Mr. Webster, who was 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 Q. What can you say of those who were appointed to the 
 Cabinet in place of those who had resigned ? 
 
 A. They were Whigs of the strict-construction school, who 
 sided with the President. 
 
 Q. On what other question did the President differ with the 
 majority of his party ? 
 
 A. On the tariff question. He vetoed two tariff bills, but 
 approved a third, which was more in accordance with his own 
 views. 
 
 Q. What important treaty was made with Great Britain in 
 1842 ? 
 
 A. A treaty which settled definitely the northeastern boundary 
 between the United States and the neighboring British Posses- 
 sions. 
 
 Q. Who negotiated this treaty on the part of the United 
 States ? 
 
 A. Daniel Webster, the Secretary of State. 
 
 Q. Who on the part of Great Britain ? 
 
 A. Lord Ashburton. 
 
 Q. What occurred in the State of Rhode Island during this 
 year? 
 
 . An insurrection broke out, known since as Dorr's Rebellion. 
 
 Q. What can you say of this insurrection? 
 I. It was subdued with the loss of but one man. 
 
 Q. What became of Dorr ? 
 
190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He was convicted of treason and sentenced to be imprisoned 
 for life, but was pardoned in less than one year. 
 
 Q. What was the cause of this insurrection ? 
 
 A. The dissatisfaction of some of the people of Rhode Island 
 with the State Constitution. 
 
 Q. How was the dissatisfaction appeased ? 
 
 A. By the adoption of a new Constitution in 1843. 
 
 Q. With what was the close of Mr. Tyler's term occupied? 
 
 A. With negotiations for the annexation of Texas. 
 
 Q. By whom had Texas been claimed in 1818? 
 
 A. It had been claimed by the United States as a part of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Q. When did the United States renounce their claim to Texas? 
 I. At the time of the cession of Florida by Spain. 
 
 Q. Who obtained permission of Spain to establish a colony of 
 emigrants from the United States in the limits of what is now 
 known as the State of Texas ? 
 
 A. Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut. 
 
 Q. When did he obtain this grant ? 
 
 A. In 1820. 
 
 Q. At his death who succeeded to his rights under this grant? 
 
 A. His son, Stephen F. Austin. 
 
 Q. Of what city was he the founder ? 
 
 A. He was the founder of the city of Austin. 
 
 Q. What did Austin soon after do ? 
 
 A. He returned to the United States for more emigrants. 
 
 Q. While he was absent, what happened ? 
 
 A. Mexico and other Spanish provinces became independent of 
 Spain. 
 
 Q. AVhat was Austin now obliged to do ? 
 
 A. He was obliged to visit the city of Mexico and obtain a 
 confirmation of the grant made to his father. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed in this ? 
 
 A. He did. 
 
 Q. What did the Congress of Mexico decree in 1824? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN TYLER. 191 
 
 A. That Texas should, when it had a sufficient population, 
 become a State of the Mexican republic. 
 
 Q. What now happened ? 
 
 A. Emigrants from the United States, as well as from other 
 countries, went to Texas in large numbers. 
 
 Q. What happened in 1832, soon after the accession of Santa 
 Anna to the Presidency of the Mexican republic? 
 
 A. The people of Texas demanded admission as a separate 
 State into the Mexican Union, and sent Austin as their agent to 
 the Mexican Congress. 
 
 Q. In the mean time, what had Santa Anna done ? 
 
 ^4. He had overthrown the Mexican Constitution and made 
 himself dictator. 
 
 Q. What did the people of Texas then do ? 
 
 A. They insisted on their rights under the Mexican Constitu- 
 tion, and raised forces to resist the usurpations of Santa Anna. 
 
 Q. What then happened ? 
 
 A. The Mexican General Cos marched against the Texans; but 
 was defeated by them at Gonzales, and shortly after at Goliad, in 
 the month of October, 1835. 
 
 Q. Who was general of the Texan forces at this time ? 
 
 A. Austin. 
 
 Q. What happened in the latter part of 1835? 
 
 A. x-Vustin resigned his position, and General Sam Houston was 
 appointed commander of the Texan forces. 
 
 Q. What victory was gained by the Texans in December, 1835? 
 
 A. They captured General Cos and his army, numbering over 
 one thousand men, in the town of Bexar, after six days' siege. 
 
 Q. What did Santa Anna then do ? 
 
 A. He marched against the Texans at the head of more than 
 seven thousand men. 
 
 Q. What fort did he capture ? 
 
 A. He captured Fort Alamo, defended by one hundred and 
 forty Texans, after a bombardment which lasted eleven days, but 
 with a Mexican loss of sixteen hundred men. 
 
192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was done with the garrison after the surrender ? 
 
 A. They were put to the sword. 
 
 Q. Where was a battle fought towards the last of March ? 
 
 A. At Goliad, where Colonel Fannin, a Georgian, finding him- 
 self about to be overpowered, determined to surrender if he could 
 obtain honorable terms. 
 
 Q. What agreement did Santa Anna make with him ? 
 
 A. That he and his men should give up their arms and then be 
 permitted to return to the United States. 
 
 Q. Of what act of treachery was Santa Anna guilty? 
 
 A. As soon as the surrender was complete, he caused the whole 
 force, consisting of more than three hundred men, to be massacred. 
 
 Q. Where was Santa Anna finally overthrown ? 
 
 A. At San Jacinto, on the 21st of April, 1836. His army 
 was completely defeated, more than half of the Mexicans being 
 killed, wounded, and captured, and Santa Anna himself being taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 Q. What treaty was now entered into? 
 
 A. A treaty between Santa Anna and General Houston, by 
 which the Mexican forces were withdrawn from the soil of Texas. 
 
 Q. By what nations was the independence of Texas now ac- 
 knowledged ? 
 
 A. By France, Great Britain, and the United States. 
 
 Q. What did the people of Texas do in 1837 ? 
 
 A. They sought to be admitted as a State 'into the American 
 Union. 
 
 Q. Were they received at this time ? 
 1. They were not. 
 
 Q. When did Mr. Tyler negotiate a treaty for its annexation ? 
 
 A. On the 12th of April, 1844. 
 
 Q. What became of this treaty ? 
 
 A. It was rejected by the Senate. 
 
 Q. When did another Presidential election come oflP? 
 
 A. In the fall of 1844. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Whigs ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN TVLER. 
 
 193 
 
 A. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, for President, and Theodore Fre- 
 linghuysen, formerly of New Jersey, but then of New York, for 
 Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party ? 
 
 A. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, for President, and George M. 
 Dallas, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. 
 
 '^ 
 
 SEAL OF IOWA. 
 
 Q. What was the most prominent feature of this contest ? 
 A. The annexation of Texas, which the Democrats favored and 
 the Whigs opposed. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. James K. Polk was elected President, and George M. Dallas 
 • Vice-President. 
 
 SEAL OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Q. When was a joint resolution providing for the annexation of 
 Texas adopted by Congress and approved by President Tyler? 
 
 A. On the 1st of March, 1845, a few days before the expiration 
 of President Tyler's term. 
 
 Q. What two new States were admitted into the Union on the 
 3d of March, 1845 ? 
 
 A. The States of Towa and Florida. 
 I 17 
 
194 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Administration of James K. Folk. — War with Mexico. 
 
 STORMING OP MONTEREY, MKXICO. 
 
 Q. When was James K. Polk inaugurated as President of the 
 United States? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1845. 
 
 Q. What did the President say in his inaugural about the late 
 action of Congress in relation to Texas ? 
 
 A. He expressed his approval of the action of Congress on the 
 Texas question. 
 
 Q. What did he say of the title of the United States to the 
 whole of Oregon ? 
 
 A. He asserted that it was clear and indisputable, and expressed 
 a determination to maintain such title by force, if necessary. 
 
 Q. What was done by General Almonte, the Mexican Minister 
 at Washington, soon after Mr. Polk's accession to office? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK. 
 
 195 
 
 A. He demanded his passports and left the country. 
 
 Q. Why did he do this ? 
 
 A. Because Mexico had never recognized the independence of 
 Texas. 
 
 Q. Had Mexico any just claim to Texas ? 
 
 A. Mexico had no just claim to Texas. 
 
 Q. Why not? 
 
 A. Because ever since the battle of San Jacinto, which was 
 fought in April, 1836, no Mexican army had been in Texas, and 
 the Texans had for nearly nine years maintained an independent 
 government, free from interference on the part of Mexico. 
 
 Q. When did Texas agree to the terms of annexation and enter 
 the American Union? 
 
 A. On the 4th of July, 1845. 
 
 SEAL OP TEXAS. 
 
 Q. How many Presidents had Texas during her career as an 
 independent republic ? 
 
 A. During her career as an independent nation there were four 
 Presidents of Texas. 
 
 Q. What were their names? 
 
 A. David G. Burnett, fleneral Sam Houston, General Mirabeau 
 B. Lamar, and Anson Jones. 
 
 Q. What was the population of Texas at the time of its admis- 
 sion into the American Union ? 
 
 A. Texas had at that time about two hundred thousand in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Q. What is the size of Texas? 
 
196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. It contains about two hundred and thirty-seven thousand 
 square miles. 
 
 Q. What did President Polk do as soon as Texas was admitted 
 into the Union? 
 
 A. He sent General Zachary Taylor with an army of about five 
 thousand men to defend the frontiers of Texas. 
 
 Q. What did General Taylor do early in August ? 
 
 ^4. He took position at Corpus Christi, near the mouth of the 
 Nueces River. 
 
 Q. W^hat distinguished man died while these events were oc- 
 curring ? 
 
 A. Ex-President Andrew Jackson. 
 
 Q. When did he die? 
 
 .4. On the 8th of June, 1845. 
 
 Q. What was among the first acts of the Congress which 
 assembled in December, 1845? 
 
 A. The recognition of Texas as a State of the Federal Union. 
 
 Q. AVhat were the leading measures of Congress during this 
 session ? 
 
 A. The repeal of the Whig Tariff of 1842, and the enactment 
 of another based upon the principles of free trade; the re-enact- 
 ment of the Sub-Treasury System ; the establishment of the 
 Smithsonian Institute out of the funds becjueathcd for that pur- 
 pose in 1837 ; and a resolution for terminating the joint occupa- 
 tion of Oregon under the treaty at that time existing with Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Q. What bills were vetoed by the President ? 
 
 A. Internal Improvement bills, and a bill to pay United States 
 citizens for French depredations on their commerce. 
 
 Q. While Congress was still in session, what were occurring on 
 the frontiers of Texas 
 
 A. Military events of great importance. 
 
 Q. What was the first movement of the military ? 
 
 A. General Taylor advanced to the Eio Grande. 
 
 Q. When was this ? 
 
WAR WITH MEXICO. 197 
 
 A. On the 13th of January, 1846. 
 
 Q. When did he reach the east bank of the Rio Grande ? 
 
 A. On the 28th of March. 
 
 Q. What did he immediately do? 
 
 A. He erected a fortress, called Fort Brown, opposite the Mexi- 
 can city of Matamoras. 
 
 Q. What did General Ampudia, the Mexican commander, do 
 on the 26th of April ? 
 
 A. He gave notice to General Taylor that he considered hos- 
 tilities commenced. 
 
 Q. What happened on the same day ? 
 
 A. Sixty-three men, under the command of Captain Thornton, 
 were attacked on the American side of the Rio Grande, and all 
 were either killed or captured. 
 
 Q. What did General Taylor do when he ascertained that the 
 Mexicans were moving against Point Isabel for the purpose of 
 cutting off his supplies ? 
 
 A. He left a small garrison at Fort Brown and marched with 
 his main army to the relief of Point Isabel. 
 
 Q. After leaving a garrison at Point Isabel, what did Taylor do? 
 
 A. He set out on his return to Fort Brown. 
 
 Q. When was this? 
 
 A. On the 7th of May, 1846. 
 
 Q. W^hat occurred on the next day about noon ? 
 
 A. He encountered the Mexican army, numbering about six 
 thousand men, at a place called Palo Alto, and defeated them. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the next day? 
 
 A. The Mexican army, being reinforced, and now numbering 
 about eight thousand men, again opposed Taylor's march, at Resaca 
 de la Palma, but were again defeated, with terrible loss. 
 
 Q. What did the American army number in these two battles ? 
 
 A. It numbered only about twenty-three hundred men. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Mexicans in these battles ? 
 
 A. General Arista. 
 
 Q. What were the comparative losses of the two armies ? 
 
 17* 
 
198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. The Mexicans lost in the two engagements more than twelve 
 hundred men, while the American loss did not exceed two hun-, 
 dred killed and wounded. 
 
 Q. While these battles were beiug fought, what occurred at 
 Fort Brown ? 
 
 A. The Mexicans assailed the fort, but were repulsed ; though 
 the American commander. Major Brown, was killed. 
 
 Q. What effect had the news of these victories in the United 
 States ? 
 
 A. The news of these victories produced great excitement and 
 enthusiasm throughout the United States. 
 
 Q, What was done by the President on the 11th of May, 
 1846? 
 
 A. President Polk sent in a message to Congress declaring that 
 Mexico " had invaded our territory and shed the blood of our 
 fellow-citizens on our own soil." 
 
 Q. What did Congress then declare ? 
 
 A. That war existed "by the act of Mexico." 
 
 Q. What did Congress authorize the President to do ? 
 
 A. To accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers. 
 
 Q. How was the President's call for volunteers answered? 
 
 A. More than three hundred thousand men offered their 
 services. 
 
 Q. How was Greneral Taylor's force considerably increased ? 
 
 A. By large numbers of volunteers. 
 
 Q. What did Greneral Taylor do a few days after his victories 
 at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma ? 
 
 A. He crossed the Rio Gran de and took possession of Mata- 
 moras. 
 
 Q. When did he begin his march into the interior ? 
 
 A. In the latter part of August. 
 
 Q. Before what place did he appear on the 19th of September ? 
 
 A. Before Monterey, the capital of New Leon. 
 
 Q. How was the city garrisoned ? 
 
 A. By ten thousand Mexicans, commanded by General Ampudia. 
 
WAR WITH MEXICO. 199 
 
 Q. What was General Taylor's force ? 
 
 A. About six thousand five hundred men. 
 
 Q. When did Taylor begin the attack ? 
 
 A. On the 21st of September. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 24th? 
 
 A. Monterey was surrendered to the Americans, and a truce 
 was agreed upon between the two generals. 
 
 Q. When was Taylor ordered by President Polk to resume 
 hostilities ? 
 
 A. On the 13th of October. 
 
 Q. What had been accomplished in the mean time by General 
 Kearney with another American force ? 
 
 A. General Kearney had in the mean time conquered the whole 
 of New Mexico. 
 
 Q. What did he do on the 25th of November ? 
 
 A. He set out for California at the head of four hundred 
 dragoons. 
 
 Q. What did he learn on the way ? 
 
 A. That California had already been taken possession of by 
 United States forces. 
 
 Q. When had this taken place ? 
 
 A. During the preceding summer. 
 
 Q. How had California been conquered ? 
 
 A. By a land-force commanded by Colonel Fremont, assisted 
 by a naval force under the command of Commodore Sloat and 
 Commodore Stockton. 
 
 Q. What was accomplished by Colonel Doniphan, another 
 American officer ? 
 
 A. With only nine hundred men, he marched a thousand miles 
 through the enemy's country, gaining on the way two victories 
 over superior forces, and finally captured Chihuahua, a city of 
 forty thousand inhabitants. 
 
 Q. What great battle was fought on the 22d and 23d of 
 February, 1847? 
 
 A. The battle of Buena Vista. 
 
200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. General Taylor, at the head of about five thousand men, 
 defeated a Mexican army of twenty thousand men commanded by 
 Santa Anna, their commander-in-chief. 
 
 Q. What more can you say of the battle of Buena Vista ? 
 
 A. This battle so weakened the Mexicans that they made no 
 further efibrts to molest General Taylor, and were compelled to 
 abandon the northern provinces of Mexico to the Americans. 
 
 Q. To what did the Americans now turn their whole attention ? 
 
 A. To the capture of Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico. 
 
 Q. To whom was this enterprise intrusted? 
 
 A. To Major-General Winfield Scott. 
 
 Q. What was done on the 9th of March, 1847 ? 
 
 A. General Scott landed twelve thousand men without opposi- 
 tion a short distance south of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Q. What now took place ? 
 
 A. The Americans besieged the city until the 27th, when it 
 was surrendered. 
 
 Q. What castle was surrendered at the same time with the city ? 
 
 A. The castle of San Juan de Ulloa. 
 
 Q. What battle was fought on the 18th of April ? 
 
 A. The battle of Cerro Gordo. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the two armies ? 
 
 A. The American army numbered nine thousand men, while 
 that of the Mexicans, led by Santa Anna, numbered fifteen thou- 
 sand and occupied a position strongly fortified. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle ? 
 
 A. After a bloody fight the Americans captured the heights of 
 Cerro Gordo and drove the Mexicans completely from the field, 
 capturing three thousand prisoners, forty-three cannon, and five 
 thousand stand of arms. 
 
 Q. Of what city did the Americans take possession on the 15th 
 of ]\Iay ? 
 
 A. On the 15th of May the American advance, under General 
 Worth, occupied the city of Puebla. 
 
WAR WITH MEXICO. ' 201 
 
 Q. How long did Gi-eneral Scott remain at Puebla ? 
 
 A. He remained there until the 7th of August, waiting for 
 reinforcements. 
 
 Q. With how large a force did he set out for the city of Mexico ? 
 
 A. With an army of eleven thousand men. 
 
 Q. What battles occurred on the 20th of August ? 
 
 A. The battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 Q. What was the result of these battles ? 
 
 A. The Americans completely defeated an army of thirty thou- 
 sand Mexicans occupying an intrenched position. 
 
 Q. What was done the day following these battles ? 
 
 A. Proposals for peace were made, and an armistice was granted. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the negotiations for peace ? 
 
 A. The negotiations failed, and hostilities were resumed. 
 
 Q. W^hat battle was fought on the 8th of September ? 
 
 A. The battle of Molino del Rey. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. General Worth, with less than four thousand Americans, 
 after a desperate battle captured the Mexix^an fortifications, though 
 defended by an army of fourteen thousand men. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after this battle ? 
 
 A. The Americans captured the castle of Chapultepec and the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 Q. When did the American anny enter the city of Mexico ? 
 
 A. On the morning of the 14th of September. 
 
 Q. By what were these important victories of the Americans 
 soon followed? 
 
 A. By a treaty of peace. 
 
 Q. When was this treaty ratified by the United States Senate ? 
 
 A. On the 10th of March, 1848. 
 
 Q. When was it ratified by the Mexican Congress ? 
 
 A. On the 30th of May of the same year. 
 
 Q. When was peace proclaimed ? 
 
 A, On the 4th of July, 1848. 
 
 Q. What did the United States acquire by this treaty ? 
 I* 
 
202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. By this treaty the United States acquired the extensive 
 Territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Upper California. 
 
 Q. What did the United States pay Mexico for these vast 
 Territories ? 
 
 ^1, Fifteen millions of dollars. 
 
 Q. By what was the Union now agitated ? 
 
 A. By angry disputes respecting the territory lately acquired 
 from Mexico. 
 
 Q. What was the occasion of these disputes ? 
 
 A. Some of the Northei'n members of Congress desired to ex- 
 clude slavery from this territory, while the Southern members 
 claimed that this was a question over which Congress had no 
 control. 
 
 Q. What State was admitted into the Union on the 29th of 
 May, 1848? 
 
 A. The State of Wisconsin. 
 
 SEAL OF AVISCOXSI.V, 
 
 Q. What was discovered soon after the acquisition of California 
 by the United States ? 
 
 A. It was discovered that California contained the richest gold- 
 mines in the world. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this discovery ? 
 
 A. People from all parts of the world flocked to California in 
 great numbers, and the population of the Territory soon numbered 
 more than one hundred thousand, 
 
 Q. What occurred in the fall of 1848? 
 
 A. Another Presidential election. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF TAYLOR. 203 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party ? 
 
 A. Geueral Lewis Cass, of Michigan, for President, and Gen- 
 eral William 0. Butler, of Kentucky, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Whig party ? 
 
 A. General Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, for President, and 
 Millard Fillmore, of New York, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What other party nominated candidates ? 
 
 ^1. The Free-Soil party, which was composed of all those who 
 were opposed to allowing slaves to be carried into the Territories 
 of the Union. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of this party ? 
 
 A. Martin Van Buren, of New York, for President, and Charles 
 Francis Adams, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the elect i(jij ? 
 
 A. Taylor and Fillmore, the candidates of the Whig party, 
 were elected. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Administrations of Zachary Taylor and Mdlard FUlmore. 
 
 Q. When was General Taylor inaugurated as President of the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. On Monday, the 5th of March, 1849. 
 
 Q. What can you say of his inaugural address ? 
 
 A. It was conciliatory, and gave satisfaction to the true friends 
 of the Union and the Constitution. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Congress which assembled on the 
 5th of December, 1849? 
 
 A. Its session was much longer than any that had been held up 
 to that time. 
 
 Q. When did the session of this Congress commence and end? 
 
 A. The session commenced on the 5th of December, 1849, and 
 ended on the oOth of September, 1850. 
 
204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. By what was this session of Congress characterized ? 
 
 A. By many angry discussions, which greatly alarmed the friends 
 of the Union. 
 
 Q. What were the subjects of public excitement? 
 
 A. The admission of California as a State, the formation of 
 Territorial governments for Utah and New Mexico, the settlement 
 of the boundary between. New Mexico and Texas, slavery in the 
 District of Columbia, and the non-rendition of fugitives from 
 service. 
 
 Q. What gave special prominence to the slavery question ? 
 
 A. The admission of California as a State, and the formation 
 of Territorial governments for Utah and New Mexico. 
 
 Q. Upon what principle were all the Southern members of 
 Congress willing to settle the dispute about slavery ? 
 
 A. On the principle of a division of the public domain between 
 the North and the South. 
 
 Q. Did the Northern members of Congress consent to accept 
 the offer of the Southern members thus to settle the slavery 
 question ? 
 
 A. They did not. 
 
 Q. Upon what did the Southern members then insist? 
 
 A. Upon the establishment of the principle of non-interference 
 by Congress with slavery, either in the Territories or on the ad- 
 mission of States into the Union. 
 
 Q. What else did the Southerners desire ? 
 
 A. They desired the passage of a law providing some efficient 
 mode for the reclamation and rendition of fugitive slaves from one 
 State to another ; but this was bitterly opposed by many Northern 
 members. 
 
 Q. What great Southern statesman died while these exciting 
 debates were at their height ? 
 
 A. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, on the 31st of March, 
 1850. 
 
 Q. What event occurred on the Dth of July, 1850, which filled 
 the whole country with sorrow ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF FILLMORE. 
 
 205 
 
 A. President Taylor died, after a few days of illness. 
 
 Q. Who now became President? 
 
 A. Mr. Fillmore, tlie Vice-President, now became President. 
 
 Q. What can you say of Mr. Fillmore ? 
 
 A. He gave his cordial sympathy to the efforts of Clay and 
 Webster to bring about a satisfactory adjustment of the questions 
 in dispute between the North and the South. 
 
 Q. When and how were these exciting questions settled ? 
 
 A. They were settled in the latter part of the summer of 1850, 
 by what were known as '• the Compromise Measures of 1850." 
 
 0. What principle was established by these measures ? 
 
 A. The principle of the non-interference of Congress with 
 slavery in the Territories or in the States. 
 
 Q. What State was admitted into the Union under this adjust- 
 ment ? 
 
 A. The State of California. 
 
 SEAL OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Q. When was this ? 
 
 A. On the 9th of September, 1850. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the peaceful adjustment of all the 
 exciting questions which had disturbed the country ? 
 
 A. It gave great satisfaction to a large majority of the people 
 of the United States. 
 
 Q. What can you say of Mr. Clay, the originator of the " Com- 
 promise Measures" ? 
 
 A. He now had the confidence and love of men of all parties. 
 
 Q. Did he ever after take an active part in public affairs ? 
 
 18 
 
206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 A. He did not, but from this time gradually failed in health. 
 
 Q. When did he die ? 
 
 A. On the 29th of June, 1852. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party in the 
 Presidential election which occurred in the fall of 1852 ? 
 
 A. General Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, for President, 
 and William R. King, of Alabama, for Yice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Whig party ? 
 
 A. General Winfield Scott, of Virginia, for President, and 
 William A. Graham, of North CaroHna, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What did the Whig and Democratic parties pledge them- 
 selves to do ? 
 
 A. To stand by the " Compromise Measures" of 1850. 
 
 Q. What was done by the anti-slavery agitators, or Free-soil 
 party ? 
 
 A. They nominated for the Presidency John P. Hale, of New 
 Hampshire, and for the Vice-Presidency, George W. Julian, of 
 Indiana. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Pierce and King, the Democratic candidates, were elected 
 by an overwhelming majority. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Free-soil ticket? 
 
 ^4. It received no electoral vote, and polled of individual votes 
 only a little more than half of what it had polled in 1848. 
 
 Q. By what was the whole country again thrown into mourn- 
 ing? 
 
 A. By the announcement of the death of Daniel Webster, of 
 Massachusetts, which event occurred on the 2od of October, 
 1852. 
 
 Q. What three great men had died during the administrations 
 of Taylor and Fillmore ? 
 
 A. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster, who were regarded as the three 
 greatest statesmen of their day. 
 
 Q. What have they often been called ? 
 
 A. "The Immortal Trio." 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. 20^ 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Adiiiinisfrafion of Frcuiklui Pierce. 
 
 Q. When was Franklin Pierce, tlie fourteenth President of 
 the United States, inaugurated? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1853. 
 
 Q. What was among the first things that occupied the attention 
 of the new administration ? 
 
 A. A dispute between the United States and Mexico on a ques- 
 tion of boundary. 
 
 Q. How was this dispute settled? 
 
 A. It was settled by negotiation. 
 
 Q. What Territory was acquired by the treaty which was made? 
 
 A. The Territory now known as Arizona. 
 
 Q. How much did the United States pay for Arizona ? 
 
 A. Ten millions of dollars. 
 
 Q. When was the slavery agitation renewed in Congress ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of January, 1854, when the bill known as the 
 Kansas and Nebraska Bill was introduced by Mr. Douglas, of 
 Illinois. 
 
 Q. What did the Kansas and Nebraska Bill provide for? 
 
 A. It provided for the formation of Territorial governments for 
 Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 Q. What did it seek to carry out? 
 
 A. The policy agreeed upon by the Compromise of 1850. 
 
 Q. Did the Kansas and Nebraska Bill become a law ? 
 
 A. After a protracted and bitter debate, it passed the Senate by 
 a majority of nearly two to one, and the House by a majority of 
 thirteen, after which it received the sanction of the President and 
 became a law. 
 
 Q. What plan was now adopted by the abolition agitators ? 
 
208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Emigrant Aid Societies were formed by them in the North- 
 ern States, and the emigrants sent out by these societies were 
 suppUed by them with arms. 
 
 Q. What was the object of these societies? 
 
 A. Their object was not so much to colonize the Territories as 
 to stir up strife. 
 
 Q. What soon ensued ? 
 
 A Difficukies between settlers from the North and from the 
 South, which were known as the " Kansas War." 
 
 Q. How did the administration finally succeed in restoring the 
 peace ? 
 
 A. By a faithful maintenance of the laws. 
 
 Q. What new party was formed about this time ? 
 
 A. The American party, or, as it was generally styled, the 
 Know-Nothing party. 
 
 Q. What was its distinctive feature ? 
 
 A. Opposition to the election to office of Roman Catholics or 
 men of forei"n birth. 
 
 Q. What other new party was formed in 1856 ? 
 
 A. On the 17th of June all the elements of the Anti-Slavery 
 party met in Convention at Philadelphia and organized under the 
 name of Republicans. 
 
 Q. Whom did they put forward as candidates ? 
 
 A. John C. Fremont, of California, for President, and William 
 L. Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What did the Republican party hold to be the duty of 
 Congress ? 
 
 A. They held it to be the duty of Congress to prohibit slavery 
 in the Territories. 
 
 Q. Where was the Convention of the American party held ? 
 
 A. At Philadelphia also. 
 
 Q. Whom did they nominate for President and Vice-President? 
 
 A. They nominated Millard Fillmore, of New York, for Presi- 
 dent, and Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What were the principles of this party ? 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 209 
 
 A. They opposed alien suffrage ; but in regard to the slavery 
 question they pledged themselves to stand by the Compromise 
 Measures of 1850. 
 
 Q. Who were put in nomination by the Democratic party ? 
 
 A. The Convention of the Democratic party met at Cincinnati, 
 and nominated for the Presidency James Buchanan, of Penn- 
 sylvania, and for the Vice-Presidency, John C. Breckinridge, of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Q. What did the Democratic party pledge themselves to do ? 
 
 A. They pledged themselves to stand by the Compromise of 
 1850. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Mr. Buchanan was elected President, and Mr. Breckinridge 
 Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the vote by States ? 
 
 A. Nineteen States voted the Democratic ticket, eleven voted 
 the Republican, while the American party carried but one State. 
 
 GENERAL EEVIEW. 
 
 I. Soon after the establishment of the Government of the United 
 States under the Federal Constitution, ^several amendments to that 
 mstrument were projwsecl hy Congress^ and adopted hy the States. 
 At the second session of the First Congress an act was passed de- 
 claring that after "^the year 1790 the seat of government should be 
 at Philadelphia until ^the year 1800, when it should be permanently 
 located within a district of territory not exceeding ten miles square, 
 situated on the eastern bank of the Potomac. The name given to 
 this territory was the District of Columbia, while the seat of gov- 
 ernment was called Washington, in honor of the President. In 
 the year 1790 troubles arose with the Creek Indians of Georgia, 
 and also among the tribes west of the Ohio. The troubles with 
 
 18* 
 
210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the Creeks were settled ^hy a treaty., but the Western tribes re- 
 mained hostile. General Harmer was sent against these Western 
 tribes, but ^was defeated in two battles and relieved of his com- 
 mand. His successor, General St. Clair, ^ was also disastrously de- 
 feated. In 1794, ''General Wayne marched against these Indians, 
 totally defeated them, and laid waste their country, after which 
 they were glad to make peace on any terms. In 1792 occurred 
 ^the Whishy Insurrection in Pennsylvania, which was subdued 
 without bloodshed. 
 
 I. — 1. What happened soon after the establishment of the Government under 
 the Constitution ? 2. When was the seat of government removed to Philadel- 
 phia? 3. When to Washington? 4. How were the troubles with the Creek 
 Indians of Georgia settled? 5. What was the result of General Harmer's 
 expedition against the tribes of the Northwest? 6. What of General St. 
 Clair ? 7, Who totally defeated the Indians and made them sue for peace ? 
 8. What occurred in 1792? 
 
 II. In 1792, Washington was elected President for a second 
 term, with John Adams for Vice-President. During his second 
 term Washington was much annoyed ^by the conduct of Genet 
 and Adet, Ministers to the United States from the French Republic. 
 During this term treaties were made ^ with England., Spain, and 
 Algiers, settling questions in dispute between those countries and 
 the United States. By the treaty with Spain ^ the United States 
 secured for a period of ten years the free navigation of the Missis- 
 sippi, which river at that time belonged to Spain. 
 
 In 1796, since Washington refused to be a candidate for a third 
 term, ^John Adams, of Massachusetts, was elected President, while 
 ^Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was elected Vice-President. Dur- 
 ing Washington's administration the States of ^ Vermont, Kentucky, 
 and Tennessee were organized and admitted into the Union. Dur- 
 ing Mr. Adams's administration serious troubles occurred between 
 the United States and France, and, in anticipation of war, "^ Wash- 
 ington was appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces. 
 Though ^loar iras never declared between the two nations, yet 
 ^several engagements occurred between their ships of war, in which 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 211 
 
 ^^tlie Americans had decidedly the advantage. The troubles with 
 France were ended in 1801, "6^ a treaty made luith Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, who had then become First Consul of the French Re- 
 public. Before the conclusion of this treaty the whole country 
 was filled with sorrow ^''"hi/ the death of George Washington, the 
 illustrious Father of his countrt/. 
 
 II. — 1. By what was Washington much annoyed during his second term? 
 2. With what nations were treaties made ? ,*>. What was secured by the treaty 
 with Spain? 4. Who was elected President in 1796? 5. Who Vice-Presi- 
 dent? 6. What new States were admitted during Washington's administra- 
 tion ? 7. In anticipation of waY with France, who was appointed to command 
 the American armies ? 8. Was war ever declared against France ? 9. Yet 
 what occurred? 10. Who had the advantage? 11. How were the troubles 
 with France ended? 12. By what was the whole country filled with sorrow? 
 
 III. ^The Alien and Sedition Acts made Mr. Adams's admin- 
 istration very unpopular, and in 1800 ^he icas defeated for the 
 Presidency hy Mr. Jefferson, of Virginia. At the same time 
 ^ Aaron Burr., of New York, was elected Vice-President. The 
 most important event of Mr. JciFerson's administration was ^the 
 purchase from France of the Louisiana Territory, onhracing the 
 vast region lying hetiveen the Mississippi River and the Rochy 
 Mountains, out of which several of the most flourishing States of 
 the Union have since been formed. In 1803, Georgia ceded to 
 the control of the Greneral Government ^nearly one hundred thou- 
 sand square miles of territory, out of lohich the States of Alabama 
 and Mississippi were afterwards formed. In 1803 the United 
 States became involved in war with Tripoli, but ^the Tripolitans 
 were soon defeated and hrought to terms. In 1804, Mr. Jefferson 
 was re-elected President. ''George Clinton, of New York, was 
 elected Vice-President. Colonel Burr, who was Vice-President 
 during Mr. Jeff'erson's first term, had brought great odium upon 
 himself ^hy the duel in lohich he hilled Colonel Alexander Hamil- 
 ton. Never afterwards was he trusted and honored by the people. 
 ^The injuries to American commerce caused hy the British " Orders 
 in Couna'V^ and the '■'■French Decrees" demanded the attention of 
 
212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson soon after his second inauguration. The feehng of 
 hostihty to England was increased in June, 1807, ^°% the unpro- 
 voked attack upon the American frigate Chesapeake hy the British 
 ship of war Leopard. In December, 1807, Congress passed "an 
 Embargo Act, but ^'^on account of its wipopidarity in the New 
 England States the act was soon repealed. It was in 1807 that 
 ^^Rohert Fulton, of New York, invented the steamboat. 
 
 III. — 1. What made Mr, Adams's administration unpopular ? 2. What 
 happened in 1800? 3. Who was elected Vice-Pi*esident at the same time? 
 
 4. What was the most important event of Mr. Jefferson's administration ? 
 
 5. What territory was ceded to the control of the General Government by 
 Georgia in 1803 ? 6. What was the result of a war with Tripoli ? 7. Who 
 was elected Vice-President on the ticket with Mr. Jefferson in 1804? 8. How 
 had Burr brought great odium upon himself? 9. What soon demanded the 
 attention of Mr. Jefferson ? 10. How was the feeling of hostility to England 
 increased? 11. What act was passed in 1807? 12. Why was it repealed? 
 13. What important invention in 1807 ? 
 
 TV. In November, 1808, ^ James Madison, of Virginia, was 
 elected President, and "^ George Clinton, of New lo?-A;, Vice-Presi- 
 dent. During Mr. Jefferson's administration ^Ohio, the first State 
 formed out of the Korthwestern Territory (the greater part of 
 which vast region had been ceded to the General Grovernment by 
 Virginia soon after the Revolution), was admitted into the Union. 
 Early in Madison's administration *« Non- Intercourse Act teas 
 passed, forbidding United States vessels from trading icith either 
 England or France so long as either of these nations should con- 
 tinue in the course which they irere pursuing with regard to neutral 
 vessels. This act was discontinued with regard to France ^ ichen the 
 ^^ French Decrees' were repealed. The course of England towards 
 the United States ^continued to be overbearing and insolent, the 
 British Government asserting the right to search American vessels 
 upon the high seas. On the 16th of May, 1811, 'a combat 
 occurred beticeen the American frigate President and the British 
 sloop of war Little Belt, in w^hieh the British vessel was worsted. 
 Tlie feeling of hostility to England was increased ^by Indian depre- 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 213 
 
 dations in the Norfhwesf, which were attributed to the instigatioa 
 of British agents. " General William Henry Harrison was sent 
 against the Indians, and totally defeated them at Tippecanoe, in 
 Indiana. On the 8th of April, 1812, the State of ^^ Louisiana^ 
 which was formed out of a part of the territory 'purchased from 
 France, ivas admitted into the Union. On the 20th of April, 
 ^^ George Clinton, the Vice- F resident, died, and was succeeded ^'^by 
 William H. Crawford, of Georgia. 
 
 IV.— 1. AVho was elected President in 1808? 2. Who Vice-President? 3. 
 Which was the first State formed out of the Northwestern Territory? 4. 
 What act was passed early in Madison's administration ? 5. When was this 
 act discontinued with regard to France ? 6. What of the course of England 
 towards the United States? 7. What occurred on the 16th of May, 1811? 
 8. How was the hostility to England increased ? 9. Who defeated the Indians 
 at Tippecanoe? 10. What happened on the 8th of April, 1812? 11. What 
 happened on the 20th of April ? 12. By whom was Clinton succeeded ? 
 
 V. The English Government continuing its insolent course 
 towards the United States, war was declared by Congress ^on the 
 ISth of June, 1812. In the fall of the same year "^Madison ivas 
 7'e-elected Fresident, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, ivas 
 elected Vice- Fresident. During the first campaign of the war with 
 England ^the land-forces of the Americans suffered some disastr'ous 
 defeats. ^General Hull surrendered Detroit with its garrison on 
 the 16th of August, and another American array was defeated and 
 compelled to surrender ^at Queenstown, in Canada. As an offset 
 to these disasters, ^the Americans defeated the British at Ogdens- 
 hurg, captured a small force of the enemy at the Indian village of 
 St. Regis, and successfully defended Fort Wayne against all their 
 assaults. On the ocean the Americans gained the most brilliant 
 triumphs. Their vessels captured "^the British ivar-vessels Guer- 
 riere, Alert, Frolic, Macedonian, and, Java, while their privateers 
 also ^ inflicted great damage upon British commerce a7id captured 
 three thousand prisoners. 
 
 V. — 1. When did Congress declare war against England? 2. What hap- 
 pened in the fall of the same year? 3. AVhat of the first campaign? 
 
214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 4. What happened on the 16th of August? 6. Where was another American 
 army compelled to surrender ? 6. Mention some oifsets to these disasters. 
 7. What British vessels were captured ? 8. What did American privateers 
 do? 
 
 VI. The campaign of 1813 began ^with a disaster to the Amer- 
 icans at the River Raisin, but they were victorious ^at York, itt 
 
 Upper Canada, and at Fort Meigs, and at Fort Sandusky. The 
 Americans also gained an important success at Sackett's Harbor, 
 and ^on Lake Erie Commodore Perry gained a complete naval 
 victory, which was followed * hy General Harrisons hrilUant tri- 
 umph at the River Thames, in Canada. Meanwhile, the Creek 
 Indians in Georgia and Alabama had taken up arms, and had ^sur- 
 prised Fort Mimms, on the Chattahoochee River, where they mas- 
 sacred nearly three hundred men, women, and children. The 
 militia of Georgia and Tennessee were called out, and the Indians 
 were defeated by the Georgians under General Floyd ^at Callebee 
 and Aiitossee, and by the Tennesseeans, under General Coffee, ''at 
 
 Tallushatchee. After this, General Jackson, in command of the 
 Georgians and Tennesseeans, defeated the savages at ^ Talladega, 
 Emuckfau, and Tohopeka, after which the Indians sued for peace. 
 On the ocean ^the British and Americans hoth gained important 
 successes. The Americans lost the Chesapeake and the Argus, 
 but captured the Peacock and the Boxer. The American frigate 
 Essex inflicted considerable damage on British commerce during 
 the year, but at the same time British fleets in the Delaware and 
 Chesapeake destroyed many American merchant- vessels, and burned 
 ^^Frenchfoivn, Georgetown, Havre de Grace, and Fredericktown, 
 but were repulsed in an attack on Norfolk, in Virginia. 
 
 VI, — 1. How did the campaign of 1813 begin? 2. Where were the Amer- 
 icans victorious? 3. Where did Perry gain an important naval victory? 4. 
 By what was this followed ? 5. What did the Creek Indians in Georgia and 
 Alabama do? 6. Where did the Georgians defeat the Indians? 7. Where 
 did the Tennesseeans defeat them ? 8. What victories were gained over 
 the Indians by General .Jackson? 9. What happened on the ocean? 10. 
 What towns were burned by the British ? 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 215 
 
 VII. The first important event of 1814 was ^the defeat of 
 the Americans at La Cole Mill, in Canada ; but they were suc- 
 cessful "^at Chipjjewa, Lundys Lane, and Fort Erie. But the 
 greatest victory gained by the Americans during 1814 was ^the 
 battle of Flattshurg, on Lake Champlain, in which General Ma- 
 comb defeated the British army, while Commodore McDonough 
 defeated the British fleet. Before this battle was fought, a British 
 fleet ascended the Chesapeake, and a land-force under General 
 Boss ^captured Washington City and burned the Government bidld- 
 ings. Soon after this ^ the British were defeated in an attack upon 
 Baltimore, General Ross being among the killed. During this 
 year ^the United States lost two war-shijjs, and England lost five. 
 During the summer and fall of 1814 the New England States be- 
 came dissatisfied with the management of the war, and a Conven- 
 tion of delegates from these States assembled "^ at Hartford, in 
 Connecticut. The leaders in this movement have been accused 
 ^of an intention to wAthdraw their States from the Union. Their 
 grievances were removed, however, ^J>y the cessation of hostilities. 
 A treaty of peace between England and the United States was 
 signed ^^at Client, in Belgium, on the 2-ith of Decernber. On the 
 8th of January, fii'teen days after the signing of this treaty, but 
 before the news had reached America, was fought ^^ the great battle 
 of New Orleans, the most brilliant American victory of the war. 
 Soon after the peace with England, an American fleet was sent, 
 under Commodore Decatur, ^'^to chastise the Barbary powers, on the 
 northern coast of Africa, for their violation of the treaty of 1795. 
 ^^The Barbary States icere soon bioiight to terms. During Madi- 
 son's administration two new States, ^^Louisiana and Indiana, were 
 admitted into the Union. In the fall of 1816, ^^ James Monroe, 
 of Virginia, ivas elected President, and Daniel D. Tompkins, of 
 ' NeiD York, Vice-President. Mr. Monroe's administration continued 
 ^^ eight years, he and Mr. Tompkins being re-elected in 1820. 
 
 VII. — 1. What was the first important event of 1814? 2. "Where were 
 the Americans successful ? 8. What was the greatest victory gained bv the 
 Americans in 1814? 4. What did a British force under General Ross do? 
 
216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 5. What happened soon after this ? 6. What was the result of operations on 
 the sea during the year ? 7. Where did a Convention of delegates from the 
 New England States assemble in the fall of 1814? 8. Of what have the 
 leaders in this movement been accused ? 9. How were their grievances re- 
 moved? 10. Where and when was a treaty of peace signed? 11. What 
 battle was fought before the news of peace reached America ? 12. For what 
 purpose was an American fleet sent to the northern coast of Africa? 13. 
 What was the result ? 14. What two States were admitted into the Union 
 during Mr. Madison's administration ? 15. What happened in the fall of 
 1816? 16. How long did Mr. Monroe's administration continue ? 
 
 VIII. During his first term ^Florida was ceded to the United 
 States, together with all Spanish claims to any portion of Oregon. 
 '^Iii 1819 the steamer Savannah sailed across the Atlantic from 
 Savannah to Liverpool, thus demonstrating that steamers could be 
 safely used for ocean navigation. In 1820 the Union began to be 
 agitated for the first time by the question as to ^2vhether the Fed- 
 eral Government had any right to interfere with slavery in the Ter- 
 ritories. The question was settled for the time ^hy the Ifissouri 
 Compromise, which was in efi^ect a division of the national domain 
 between the Northern and the Southern States. In 1824, ^La Fay- 
 ette visited the United States, and was everywhere received with 
 demonstrations of love and esteem. During Mr. Monroe's first term 
 four new States were admitted into the Union, namely, ^ Mississip2)i, 
 Illinois, Alabama, and Maine. During his second term ''Missouri 
 was admitted. In the election of 1824 there were ^four candidates 
 for President, and there was no election by the people. ^John C. 
 OdJioun, of South Carolina,, was elected Vice-President, and, the 
 election of President devolving upon ^^ the House of Representa- 
 tives, ^^John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was chosen. The 
 chief events of Mr. Adams's administration were ^'^the controversy 
 between the Federal Government and the State of Georgia (in which 
 the Georgians finally carried their point) and the Tariff Act of 
 1828, which was violently opposed in the South. Although Mr. 
 Adams was a man of irreproachable character, he was not popular, 
 and was defeated in the election of 1828 by ^^Andreiv Jackson, of 
 Tennessee. ^^John C. Calhoun was a^i-ain elected Vice-President. 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 217 
 
 Vlir. — 1. What important event happened during Mr. Monroe's first terna ? 
 2. When did the first steamer sail across the Atlantic? 3. What question 
 began to agitate the Union in 1820 ? 4. How was the question settled for the 
 time ? ,5. Who visited the United States in 1824? 6. What four new States 
 were admitted into the Union during Mr. Monroe's first term ? 7. What one 
 during his second term? 8. How many candidates were there for President 
 in 1824? 9. Who was chosen Vice-President? 10. Upon whom did the 
 election of President devolve? 11. Who was chosen? 12. What were the 
 chief events of Mr. Adams's administration? 13. Wlio was elected President 
 in 1828 ? 14. Who was elected Vice- President ? 
 
 IX. The first important measure of Jackson's administration 
 was ^the removal of the Indian tribes that lived east of the 3Iissis- 
 sippi River to a portion of country lying west of that river. This 
 act, though condemned by many, was undoubtedly a wise measure. 
 Jackson's "^veto of the bill far the re-charter of the United States 
 Bank rendered him unpopular with many of his former supporters. 
 A war which broke out in 1832 with the Winnebagoes and other 
 Northwestern Indians was soon terminated ^by tlie capture of Black 
 Hawk and other chiefs. In 1832, ^Jackson was re-elected Presi- 
 dent, and Martin Van Buren, of New York., teas elected Vice- 
 President. In the early part of Jackson's second term occurred 
 a controversy between South Carolina and the Federal Govern- 
 ment, which grew out of the opposition of the Carolinians to the 
 Tariff Act of 1832. The difficulty was settled ^by a compromise. 
 During Jackson's second term he met with violent opposition from 
 Congress ^em account of certain acts of his icith reference to the 
 United States Bank; but Jackson finally triumphed over all op- 
 position. In 1835 a war broke out with the Seminole Indians, 
 in Florida, which lasted until 184:2, when it was brought to a close 
 "^ by the c<(pture of Osceola, the Seminole chief, and the defeat of 
 the savages by Colonel Zachary Taylor. Other important events 
 of Jackson's administration were ^tlie admission of Arkansas 
 and of Michigan into the Union. In 183G, ^Martin Van Buren, 
 of New York, teas elected President, and Richard 31. Johnson, of 
 Ke ntucky. Vice- Preside nt. 
 
 IX. — 1. What was the first important measure of Jackson's administra- 
 K 19 
 
218 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tion? 2. What rendered Jackson unpopular with many of his former sup- 
 porters ? 3. How was a war with the Winnebago Indians terminated ? 4. 
 What happened in 1832 ? 5. How was a controversy between the Federal 
 Government and South Carolina settled ? 6. Why did Jackson meet with 
 violent opposition from Congress? 7. How was a war with the Seminole 
 Indians brought to a close? 8. What were other important events of Jack- 
 son's administration ? 9. What was the result of the election of 1836 ? 
 
 X. Soon after the inauguration of the new President occurred 
 ^ a great comvtnerclal crisis, loliich occasioned great distress through- 
 out the country. The country was also agitated "^by the sidgect of 
 the aholition of slavery in the District of Columbia, but the agita- 
 tion was for the time quieted, to the great satisfaction of all friends 
 of the Union. Mr. Van Buren's administration was not popular, 
 and at the election of 18-AO ^ William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, and 
 John Tyler, of Virginia, the candidates of the Whig party, were 
 elected President and Vice-President. Harrison was inaugui'ated 
 on the 4th of March, 1841, and *Ae died on the 4cth of ApiH,just 
 one moiitli from the day of his inauguration. He was succeeded 
 ^by Mr. Tyler, the Vice-President, who made himself unpopular 
 with the Whi^^s ^by vetoing several of their party measures. In 
 1842 a treaty was made with Great Britain, ^se^^^/y/^ definitively the 
 northeaster-n boundary between the United States and the neighbor- 
 ing British possessions. During this year occurred ^the celebrated 
 ^'•Dorr Rebellion,^'' in Rhode Island, which was subdued with the 
 loss of one man. The close of Tyler's administration was occupied 
 ^ with negotiations for the annexation of Texas, which had become 
 independent of Mexico and desired to be admitted into the Amer- 
 ican Union as a State. The most prominent question in the Presi- 
 dential election of 1844 was ^°Me annexation cf Texas, which the 
 Democrats favored and the Whigs opposed. The election resulted 
 ^^ in the choice of the Democratic candidates, who were James K. 
 Polk, of Tennessee, for President, and George M. Dallas, of Penn- 
 sylvania, for Vice-President. 
 
 X. — 1. What occurred soon after the inauguration of the new President? 
 2. By what was the countr}' agitated ? 3. What was the result of the election 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 219 
 
 of 1840? 4. What happened just one month from the day of Harrison's 
 inauguration!' 5. By whom was lie succeeded ? 6. How did Mr. Tyler make 
 himself unpopular with the Whigs? 7. What treaty was made with Great 
 Britain in 1842? 8. What occurred during this year? 9. How was the 
 close of Tyler's administration occupied? 10. What was the most prominent 
 question in the Presidential election of 1844? 11. How did the election 
 result? 
 
 XI. On the 1st of March, 1845, a few days before the expira- 
 tion of Mr. Tyler's term, ^ a joint resolution was adapted hy the 
 Congress and approved hy the President providing for the annex- 
 ation of Texas. On the 3d of March, one day before the inaugu- 
 ration of the new President, "^lowa and Florida were admitted 
 into the Union as States. On the 4th of July, 1845, ^ Texas 
 agreed to the terms of annexation and entered the American 
 Union as a State. Out of this annexation grew *the Mexican 
 war; for Mexico, although unable to conquer Texas, was unwilling 
 for that country to be annexed to the United States. The first 
 battles of the Mexican war were the battles of ^ Palo Alto and 
 Resaca de la Pii/mrt, fought on the 8th and 9th of May, 184(), 
 in both of which ^the Americans, under General Taylor, vere 
 victorious. During the same' year '^Monterey was captured hy 
 General Taylor, New Mexico teas conquered hy General Kearney, 
 and California hy a land-force under Colonel Fremont, assisted 
 hy a naval force under Commodores Sloat and Stockton. Colonel 
 Doniphan, another American officer, ^captured Chihuahua, a 
 wealthy city of forty thousand inhahitants. On the 22d and 23d 
 of February, 1847, Greneral Taylor, with about five thousand men, 
 won the great battle of ^ Buena Vista, over a Mexican army of 
 twenty thousand men, commanded by General Santa Anna. On 
 the 27th of March, 1847, General Scott, with an army of twelve 
 thousand Americans, captured the city of ^" Vera Cruz, and then 
 ^^ advanced into the interior, lohere on the ISth of April he gained 
 the great victory of Cerro Gordo, dud on the 15th of May occupied 
 the city of Puehla. After being reinforced he marched against 
 ^"^the city of Mexico, which he captured on the 14th of Septem- 
 ber, after gaining important victories at ^^ Contreras, Churuhusco, 
 
2:^0 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Molino del Rey., and CJiapidtcpec. The capture of tlie city of 
 Mexico was soou followed ^^hi/ a treaty of peace, which was rati- 
 fied by the United States Senate ou the 10th of March, 1848, 
 and by the Mexican Congress on the 30th of May. By this treaty 
 the United States acquired ^undisputed claim to the State of 
 Texas, besides the extensive Territories of New Mexico and Upper 
 California, for all of which were paid ^^ fifteen millions of dollars. 
 During the first year of the Mexican war a treaty was made 
 with Grreat Britain ^^ settling the boundary between Oregon and 
 the British possessions. Immediately after the Mexican war the 
 Union was agitated ^^by angry disputes about the territory lately 
 acquired, some of the Northern members of Congress desiring to 
 exclude slavery from this territory, which the Southern members 
 opposed, insisting that it was a question over which Congress had 
 no control. In the midst of this agitation ^^ Wisconsin was ad- 
 mitted as a State. Extensive gold-mines having been discovered 
 '®m the newly -acquired Teri-itory of California, '^^ people from 
 all parts of the world floclied there in great ^lumbers, and the 
 jwpulation soon numbered more than one hundred thousand. 
 
 XI.— 1. What happened on the 1st of March, 1845? 2. What States were 
 admitted into the Union on the 3d of March ? 3. What happened on the 4th 
 of July, 1845? 4. 'What grew out of this annexation? 5. What were the 
 first battles of the Mexican war? 6. What was the result of these battles? 
 7. Mention other American successes during the same year. 8. What did 
 Colonel Doniphan do ? 9. AVhere did the Americans win a great victory on 
 the 22d and 23d of February? 10. What city did General Scott capture on 
 the 27th of March, 1847? 11. What did he then do? 12. What city did he 
 capture on the 14th of September? 13. What victories did he gain before 
 capturing the city ? 14. By what was the capture of Mexico soon followed? 
 15. What did the United States acquire by this treaty ? 16. What was paid 
 for all this territory? 17. What treaty was made with Great Britain during 
 the first year of the Mexican war? 18. By what was the Union agitated 
 immediately after the Mexican war? 19. What State was admitted about 
 this time? 2fl. Where were extensive gold-mines discovered ? 21. What was 
 the result of this discovery ? 
 
 XII. In the Presidential election of 1848 ^General Zachary 
 Taylor, of Louisiana, was elected President, and Millard Fillmore, 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 221 
 
 of New York, Vice-President. These were the candidates ^o/ ^Ae 
 Whig party. When Congress assembled in December, ^(^ A e slavery 
 agitation ivas renewed. On the 31st of March, 1850, in the 
 midst of the exciting times which ensued, the great Southern 
 statesman, *John C. Calhoun., of South Carolina^ died, and on the 
 9th of July the country was shocked ^hy the death of General 
 Taylor. ^ Mr. Fillmore now became President. He gave a cor- 
 dial support "^ to the efforts of Clay and Webster to bring about 
 a satisfactory adjustment of the dispute between the North and 
 the South, wliich was at length accomplished in the latter part 
 of the summer ^by the ^^ Compromise Measures q/lSSO." Under 
 this adjustment, which established ^the principle of the non-in- 
 terference of Congress with slavery in the Territories or the States, 
 ^'^ California was admitted into the Union. On the 29th of June, 
 1852, the Union was filled with sorrow by the death of ^^ Henry 
 Clay, the great Kentucky statesman, and on the 23d of October 
 of the same year the death of ^^ Daniel Web.ster, of Massachu- 
 setts, the last of the " Immortal Trio," spread gloom through every 
 State and section. The election held in the fall of 1852 resulted 
 ^^ in the choice of the Democratic candidates, icho were Franlclin 
 Pierce, of New Hampshire, for President, and William R. King, 
 of Alabama, for Vice-President. 
 
 XII.— 1. What was the result of the Presidential election of 1848? 2. Of 
 which party were these the candidates ? 3. What happened when Congress 
 assembled in December? 4. What great Southern statesman died on the 
 31st of March, 1850 ? 5. By what was the country shocked on the 9th of 
 July ? 6. Who now became President ? 7. To what did he give a cordial 
 support? 8. How was this at length accomplished ? 9. What did this adjust- 
 ment establish? 10. What State was admitted into the Union under this 
 adjustment? 11. What great statesman died on the 29th of June, 1862? 12, 
 What one on the 23d of October? 13. How did the Presidential election of 
 1852 result? 
 
 XIII. In the first part of the new administration ^Arizona 
 j was purchased from Mexico for the sum of ten million dollars. 
 ^ On the 4th of January, 1854, when the " Kansas and A^ebraska 
 
 19^ 
 
222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Bill' ivas introduced hy Mr. Douglas, of Illinois, tlic slavery agi- 
 tation was renewed in Congress. The bill ^ was finally passed , and 
 received the sanction of the President.. Then followed *difficidties 
 between Northern and Southern settlers in Kansas, which were 
 with diflSculty suppressed by the President. About this time ^the 
 American, or Know-Nothing party was formed, whose distinctive 
 feature was ^opposition to the election to office of Roman Cath- 
 olics and men of foreign birth. On the 17th of June, 1856, ''all 
 the elements of the Anti-slavery party met in Convention in Phila- 
 delphia, and, organized under the name of Repiddicans. They 
 put forward as candidates ^ John C. Fremont, of Calif ornia, for 
 President, and William L. Dayton, of New Jersey, foi' Vice- 
 President. The nominees of the American party were ^Millard 
 Fillmore, of New Yorh, for President, and Andrciv J. Donelson, 
 of Tennessee, for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated for 
 the ^^ Presidency James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, and for the 
 Vice- Presidency, John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. The elec 
 tion resulted ^^in the choice of the Democratic candidates. 
 
 XIII. — 1. What happened in the first part of the new administration ? 2. 
 When was the slavery agitation renewed in Congress ? 3. What became of 
 the Kansas and Nebraska Bill ? 4. What then followed ? 5. What new party 
 was formed about this time ? 6. What was the distinctive feature of this 
 party? 7. What happened on the 17th of June, 1856? 8. Whom did they 
 put forward as candidates ? 9. Who were the nominees of the American 
 party? 10. Whom did the Democratic party nominate ? 11. How did the 
 election result ? 
 
i^^i^T :F'o■a■:E^Ts:. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Ad^ninistratioii of James Buchanan. 
 
 Q. When was James Buchanan, the fifteenth President, in- 
 augurated ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1857. 
 
 Q. What first engaged the attention of the new administration ? 
 
 A. The state of affairs in Utah and Kansas. 
 
 Q. What was the source of trouble in Utah ? 
 - A. The Mormons, a sect of rehgionists who tolerated a plurality 
 of wives. 
 
 Q. What can you say of these people ? 
 
 A. They had been driven from Illinois, and had settled in the 
 valley of the Great Salt Lake some years before the acquisition of 
 Utah by the United States. 
 
 Q. What had Mr. Fillmore done on the organization of a gov- 
 ernment for the Territory of Utah ? 
 
 A. He had appointed Brigham Young, the leader of this sect, 
 Governor of the Territory. 
 
 Q. What intelligence was received at Washington about the 
 time of the accession of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency? 
 
 A. Intelligence was received of serious diflSculties between the 
 Governor, Brigham Young, and certain subordinate ofl&cers of the 
 Federal Government. 
 
 Q. What were the Mormons supposed to be doing ? 
 
 A. They were supposed to be preparing to resist the execution 
 of the laws of the United States in the Territory. 
 
 Q. Who was sent into the Territory ? 
 
 223 
 
224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Colonel Albert Sydney Johnston, with a sufficient force to 
 execute the laws. 
 
 Q. When did the expedition set out ? 
 
 A. Early in the summer of 1857. 
 
 Q. When was the " Mormon War'' (as it was called) brought 
 to a close ? 
 
 A. In the summer of 1858. 
 
 Q. What decision was rendered by the Supreme Court of the 
 United States soon after Mr. Buchanan's inauguration ? 
 
 A. The Court decided that Congress had no power to prohibit 
 slavery in any of the Territories of the Union. 
 
 Q. Did this decision of the Supreme Court quiet the slavery 
 agitation ? 
 
 A. It did not : it only tended to rouse the abolition agitators 
 still more. 
 
 Q. What did the abolition agitators now do ? 
 
 A. They made every effort to bring on a conflict of arms in 
 Kansas; and by their influence the Legislatures of several North- 
 ern States passed laws which practically nullified the laws of Con- 
 gress as to the rendition of fugitive slaves. 
 
 Q. Who was sent to Kansas as a special agent for the purpose 
 of bringing about a better state of feeling in the Territory ? 
 
 A. Mr. Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. What did the Free-soil party in Kansas do ? 
 
 A. They refused to take part in the formation of a Constitution 
 under the act of Congress, and would not vote on its ratification 
 when it was submitted to all the legal voters of the Territory for 
 their adoption or rejection. 
 
 Q. What was the result of their refusal to take any part in 
 forming a Constitution, or in the subsequent election for its ratifi- 
 cation or rejection ? 
 
 A. The result was the formation and ratification of a Constitu- 
 tion tolerating slavery. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 225 
 
 Q. What wtis this Constitution called ? 
 
 A. The Lecompton Constitution, 
 
 Q. When Kansas applied for admission into the Union under 
 the Lecompton Constitution, what took place in Congress ? 
 
 A. A bitter and exciting debate. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 23d of March, 1858 ? 
 
 ^1. A bill to admit the State under the Lecompton Constitution 
 passed the Senate by a majority of eight. 
 
 Q. What was done with the bill in the House ?" 
 
 A. A substitute was adopted in place of the Senate bill. 
 
 Q. When both Houses adhered to their previous votes, what 
 was done ? 
 
 A. A Committee of Conference was finally raised. 
 
 Q. What was done by (his Committee ? 
 
 A. They reported a new bill for the admission of Kansas, under 
 conditional terms as to boundary and public domain " first to be 
 approved by them. 
 
 Q. What took place during the debates on the admission of 
 Kansas ? 
 
 A. A split in the Democratic party, which was destined to bring 
 disaster and great suffering upon the whole country. 
 
 Q. When was Minnesota admitted into the Union as a State ? 
 
 A. On the 11th of iMay, 1858. 
 
 SKAL OF MIXXESOTA. 
 
 Q. For what is the 16th day of August, 1858, notable? 
 A. For the completion of the Ocean Telegraph between Great 
 Britain and the United States. 
 
226 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. For what else is this same month notable? 
 
 A. For the appearance of a large and magnificent comet. 
 
 Q. When was Oregon admitted into the Union as a State? 
 
 A. On the 14th of February, 1859. 
 
 SEAL OF OREGON. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 17th of October, 1859? 
 
 A. The celebrated John Brown raid. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this. 
 
 A. John Brown, a notorious Kansas ruffian, urged on by abo- 
 lition agitators and furnished by them with money, raised arms 
 and men, and seized the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferr^^ 
 in Virginia. 
 
 Q. What was his purpose ? 
 
 A. His purpose was to incite the negro slaves in Virginia and 
 throughout the South to rise against their masters. 
 
 Q. Had he succeeded, what would have been the result ? 
 
 A. The whole country would have been deluged in blood, and 
 mourning would have filled the land. 
 
 Q. Did he meet with any encouragement from the negroes ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. What became of him ? 
 
 A. His forces were scattered by the United States marines led 
 by Colonel Robert E. Lee, and he himself was captured, tj-ied 
 under the laws of Virginia, and met upon the gallows the fate 
 he richly merited. 
 
 Q. What greatly increased the indignation of the people of the 
 Southern States? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 227 
 
 A. The fact that the official authorities of those Northern States 
 that were under the control of the Kepublican party applauded 
 the outrageous conduct of John Brown. 
 
 Q. How did the people of the Southern States feel about the 
 sympathy shown by many members of the Republican party ? 
 
 A. They felt that if the liepublican party should succeed in the 
 next Presidential election there would be no security for the liber- 
 ties and institutions of the Southern States. 
 
 Q. What other evil consequence followed the John Brown 
 raid and the sympathy shown for John Brown in so many por- 
 tions of the North ? 
 
 A. Many Southerners who had heretofore been devoted friends 
 of the Union now became convinced that in the event of the suc- 
 cess of the Republican party the only couise left to the Southern 
 States would be to withdraw from the Union. 
 
 Q. When the Presidential election of 1860 took place, what 
 was the state of affairs ? 
 
 A. The conservative elements of the country, instead of being 
 united, were divided among themselves, while the Republicans, 
 embracing in their ranks not -only Free-soilers, but also the most 
 fanatical abolitionists, were united and enthusiastic. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Republican party ? 
 
 A. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, for President, and Hannibal 
 Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were nominated by one wing of the Democratic party? 
 
 A. Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for President, and Herschel 
 V. Johnson, of Georgia, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were nominated by another wing of the same party? 
 
 A. John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for President, and 
 Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was done by that portion of the conservatives known 
 as the American party ? 
 
 A. They nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, for President, and 
 Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
228 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 A. Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, the Republican 
 candidates, were elected. 
 
 Q. What was done in South 
 Carolina as soon as the result of 
 the election became known ? 
 
 A. A Sovereign Convention of 
 the people was called, and an ordi- 
 nance of secession was passed 0:1 
 the 20th of December, 1860. 
 
 Q. What was one of the reasons 
 assigned for passing the ordinance 
 of secession ? 
 
 A. One of the reasons was, that 
 most of the Northern States had 
 failed to fulfill their constitutional 
 obligations in the rendition of fugitives from service. 
 
 Q. Wliat was another reason which had great weight with the 
 Southern people ? 
 
 A. That Iowa and Ohio had refused to surrender fugitives from 
 justice charged with murder and with attempting to incite servile 
 insurrection at the time of the John Brown raid. 
 Q. What was the chief reason ? 
 
 A. The danger to the rights of the States that was to be dreaded 
 from the avowed principles of the Republican party. 
 
 Q. What six Southern States followed the example of South 
 CaroHna in passing an ordinance of secession ? 
 
 A. Mississippi, on the 9th of January, 18G1 ; Florida, on the 
 10th; Alabama, on the 11th; Georgia, on the 19th; Louisiana, 
 on the 26th ; and Texas, on the 1st of February. 
 
 Q. Where and when did all these States that had thus passed 
 ordinances of secession meet by delegates ? 
 
 A. At Montgomery, in Alabama, on the 4th of February, 1861. 
 Q. What did they do ? 
 
 A. They organized a new Union and formed a new Constitution, 
 ujidcr the name of "The Confederate States of America." 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 
 
 229 
 
 Q. What can jou say of the new Constitution ? 
 
 A. It was modeled after that of the United States. 
 
 Q. What was first instituted ? 
 
 A. A provisional government for one year, with JeiFerson Davis, 
 of Mississippi, for President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of 
 Georgia, for Viee-Prosident. 
 
 JEFFERSON DAVIS. 
 
 ALEXANDER II. STEPHENS. 
 
 Q. When was the Constitution for the permanent government 
 to take effect ? 
 
 A. On the 22d of February, 1862. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 29th of January, 1861? 
 
 A. The State of Kansas was admitted by the Congress of the 
 United States into the Federal Union. 
 
 SKAI, OF KANSAS. 
 
 Q. By what State were especial efforts made to luring about a 
 reconciliation between the Northern and Southern States ? 
 
 20 
 
230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. By Virginia. 
 
 Q. What was done at the instance of Virginia ? 
 
 A. An informal Peace Congress of all the States was called to 
 meet in Washington. 
 
 Q. How many States were represented in the Peace Congress? 
 
 A. Twenty: thirteen Northern, and seven Southern. 
 
 Q. Who presided over the Peace Congress ? 
 
 A. Ex-President John Tyler, of Virginia. 
 
 Q. Was anything accomplished by this Peace Congress ? 
 
 A. Nothing. 
 
 Q. What was done by the Confederate Government at Mont- 
 gomery ? 
 
 A. Three Commissioners were sent to Washington to treat with 
 the Federal authorities for a peaceful adjustment of all matters 
 pertaining to the common property and the public debt. 
 
 Q. How did President Buchanan receive them ? 
 
 A. He received them as private gentlemen, but refused to ac- 
 knowledge them in their official capacity. 
 
 Q. What had the seceded States already done ? 
 
 A. They had already taken possession of all the Federal forts 
 and arsenals within their limits, except Fort Sumter, in Charleston 
 Harbor, Fort Pickens, at Pensacola, and the forts near Key West, 
 Florida. 
 
 Q. Did President Buchanan make any attempt to retake these 
 forts ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. To what position did he hold ? 
 
 A. He held that a State could not rightfully secede, but he 
 also believed that Congress had no power under the Constitution 
 to resort to coercive measures against the regularly constituted 
 authorities of a State. 
 
 Q. In this condition of affairs, what happened? 
 
 A. Mr. Buchanan's term of office expired, and he retired to his 
 home near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 
 
rAJi BETWEEN THE STATES. 231 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Administration of Abraham Lincoln. — First Year of the ^Yar 
 between the States. 
 
 Q. When was Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of 
 the United States, inaugurated ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1861. 
 
 Q. What did he declare in his inaugural to be his purpose ? 
 
 A. He declared that it was his purpose to collect the public 
 revenues at the ports of the seceded States, and also to recover all 
 the forts, arsenals, and other public property before held by the 
 Federal authorities. 
 
 Q. What was done by the Confederate Commissioners on the 
 12th of March? 
 
 A. They addressed a note to Mr. Seward, the Secretary of 
 State, declaring that the people of the Confederate States earnestly 
 desired a peaceable solution of all questions at issue between them 
 and the Government of the United States. 
 
 Q. What else did they declare? 
 
 A. That it was neither their interest nor their wish to make 
 any demand not founded in strictest justice, or to do any act that 
 would injure their late confederates. 
 
 Q. How did Mr. Seward reply to the Commissioners ? 
 
 A. He replied to them verbally and informally through Justice 
 John A. Campbell, of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 Q. Who was Justice John A. Campbell ? 
 
 A. He was a citizen of Alabama, and on terms of personal 
 friendship with the Commissioners, and was exceedingly desirous 
 of effecting a reconciliation. 
 
 Q. What were the names of the Confederate Commissioners? 
 
232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. John Forsyth, of Alabama, Martin J. Crawford, of Georgia, 
 and Andrew B. lloman, of Louisiana. 
 
 Q. What was the reply of Mr. Seward to the Commissioners 
 made through Justice Campbell ? 
 
 A. That he was in favor of peace, and that Fort Sumter, in 
 Charleston harbor, would be evacuated in less than ten days, even 
 before a letter could go from Washington to Montgomery. 
 
 Q. What assurance did he give them in regard to Fort Pickens, 
 near Pensacola, Florida? 
 
 A . That notice would be given of any design to alter the status 
 there. 
 
 Q. In the moan time, what were going on in the navy-yard at 
 New York? 
 
 A. Active preparations for war were going on. 
 
 Q. What was done early in April ? 
 
 A. A squadron of seven ships, carrying two hundred and eighty- 
 five guns and two thousand four hundred men, was fitted out at 
 New York and Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 Q. When the Commissioners heard of this, what did they 
 fear? 
 
 A. They feared that this armament was designed for the relief 
 of Fort Sumter. 
 
 Q. When Justice Campbell, at their request, addressed a letter 
 to Mr. Seward desiring information on this point, what was his 
 reply ? 
 
 A. " Faith as to Sumter fully kept ; wait and see." 
 
 Q. Was faith as to Sumter fully kept? 
 
 A. It was not, for the fleet was at this very time on its way to 
 reinforce the fort. 
 
 Q. What did Judge Campbell do soon after this ? 
 
 A. Believing in the justice of the Southern cause, he resigned 
 his seat on the Supreme Court Bench. 
 
 Q. By whom was Fort Sumter commanded ? 
 
 A. By Major Robert Anderson, of the United States army, 
 with less than a hundred men. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 233 
 
 Q. Who was in command of the Confederate forces in Charles- 
 ton harbor? 
 
 A. General Gustave T. Beauregard. 
 
 Q. What did his force number? 
 
 A. About six thousand men. 
 
 Q. Though faith as to Sumter was not full?/ kept by Mr. 
 Seward, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He gave notice on the 8th of April, not to the Commis- 
 sioners, but to Governor Pickens, of South Carolina, that a fleet 
 was on its way to reinforce the fort. 
 
 Q. What demand did Beauregard now make of Major Ander- 
 son? 
 
 A. He demanded the evacuation of the fort. 
 
 Q. Did Major Anderson comply with his request ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. What was done on the morning of the 12th of April, 1861 ? 
 
 A. The Confederates opened fire on the fort, and on the morning 
 of the 13th, after a terrific bombardment, the fort was surrendered. 
 
 Q. What was the loss on both sides ? 
 
 A. Strange to say, no life was lost on either side during all this 
 bombardment 
 
 Q. What was the result in the North of the news of the fall 
 of Fort Sumter ? 
 
 A. The news of the fall of Fort Sumter produced the wildest 
 excitement throughout the North. 
 
 Q. What did Mr. Lincoln do on the 15th of April ? 
 
 A. He issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand 
 troops, and convening Congress to meet in extra session on the 
 4th of July. 
 
 Q. How was Mr. Lincoln's call for troops met by the Confed- 
 erate Government at Montgomery ? 
 
 A. By a call for volunteers to repel aggressions. 
 
 Q. What was the eiFect of Mr. Lincoln's call for troops in 
 the border States of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennes- 
 see, Kentucky. Arkansas, and Missouri ? 
 
 20^ 
 
234 IIISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. It excited alarm and indignation. 
 
 Q. What four of these border States held Conventions and 
 withdrew from the Union ? 
 
 A. Virginia, on the 17th of April, Arkansas, on the 6th of 
 May, North Carolina, on the 20th of May, and Tennessee, on the 
 8th of June. 
 
 Q. What did they then do ? 
 
 A. They joined the new Confederation. 
 
 Q. What response was given to Mr. Lincoln's call for troops in 
 the Northern States ? 
 
 A. The Northern States responded promptly to the call. 
 
 Q. What happened in Baltimore as some of the Northern 
 troops passed through the city ? 
 
 A. A bloody riot occurred between the troops and citizens, in 
 which several lives were lost. 
 
 Q. When was this ? 
 
 A. On the 19th of April. 
 
 Q. When was the seat of government of the Confederate States 
 transferred from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond^ Virginia? 
 
 A. On the 21st of May, soon after Virginia had joined the 
 Confederate States. 
 
 Q. What name is frequently applied to all those who sided with 
 the Government of the United States during the war between the 
 Northern and Southern States? 
 
 A. The name of Federals. 
 
 Q. By what name were those known who sided with the Con- 
 federate Grovernment ? 
 
 A . By the name of Confederates. 
 
 Q. When the United States Senators and Representatives 
 assembled in Congress in July, what did they do ? 
 
 A. They provided for raising an army of five hundred thousand 
 men and the fitting out of a formidable navy. 
 
 Q. What did they declare with regard to the prosecution of the 
 war? 
 
 A. They declared that they prosecuted the war not for any 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 235 
 
 purpose of conquest, nor with any design of interfering with the 
 estabHshed institutions of the Southern States. 
 
 Q. For what purpose did they assert that they were prosecuting 
 the war ?" 
 
 A. Only for the purpose of maintaining the supremacy of the 
 Constitution and of preserving the Union, with all the dignity, 
 equality, and rights of the several States unimpaired. 
 
 Q. When did the Federal forces begin the invasion of Virginia? 
 
 A. Towards the last of May. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the movements of the Federal troops. 
 
 A. On the 24th of May a New York regiment, led by Colonel 
 Ellsworth, took possession of Alexandria, Virginia. On entering 
 the place, Ellsworth was slain by a Mr. J. W. Jackson, who was 
 also himself immediately killed. Grafton, in Northwest Virginia, 
 was occupied by a Federal force on the 29th of May, and on the 
 3d of June a small Confederate force was dispersed at Philippi 
 by a much larger Federal force. 
 
 Q. Where did the first engagement of any note take place ? 
 
 A. Near Fortress Monroe, in Southeastern Virginia, at Big 
 Bethel Church, on the 10th of June. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this conflict ? 
 
 A. The Confederates, under Colonel D. H. Hill, defeated the 
 Federals, led by General Benjamin F. Butler. 
 
 Q. What disaster befell the Confederates in Northwestern Vir- 
 ginia on the lltli of July ? 
 
 A. A Confederate force of nine hundred men was captured at 
 Rich Mountain by the Federals, led by General McClellan. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 14th of July ? 
 
 A. The Confederate General Garnett, at the head of about two 
 thousand men, while retreating from Laurel Hill, was defeated at 
 Carrick's Ford by a Federal army of nearly eight thousand men. 
 Garnett was killed and his men were scattered. 
 
 Q. To what place did the Confederates retreat? 
 
 A. To Monterey, a village in the mountains of Virginia, where 
 they were reinforced by General Henry R. Jackson, of Georgia. 
 
23G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What did the Confederates afterwards do ? 
 
 A. They advanced again, and fortified a position at the foot of 
 Alleghany Mountains, near the Greenbrier Kiver. 
 
 Q. What was done by the Federal forces? 
 
 A. They seized and fortified the gaps of Cheat Mountain. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 17th of July, three days after the 
 defeat of Garnett at Carrick's Ford ? 
 
 A. The Confederate General Wise defeated a Federal force at 
 Scary Creek, in Western Virginia. 
 
 Q. In the mean time, what was being done in Eastern Virginia, 
 in the neighborhood of Washington City ? 
 
 A. Both the Federals and the Confederates were making every 
 effort to collect large armies. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 18th of July? 
 
 A. The advance of the Federal army, led by General Tyler, 
 was repulsed by the Confederate advance, commanded by General 
 Longstreet. 
 
 Q. What occurred three days later, on the 21st of July ? 
 
 A. The first great battle of the war, near Manassas Junction. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. The Confederate army of about thirty thousand, commanded 
 by Generals Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston, routed the Fed- 
 eral army of nearly sixty thousand men, led by General Irwin 
 McDowell. The Federal troops did not cease their retreat until 
 they were safe within their fortifications at Washington. 
 
 Q. AVhat were the losses on both sides in this battle ? 
 
 A. The Confederate loss was nearly three thousand killed and 
 wounded, while the Federal army lost nearly five thousand men 
 killed, wounded, and prisoners, twenty-eight cannon, ten battle- 
 flags, five thousand muskets, and five hundred thousand car- 
 tridges. 
 
 Q. What occurred a few days after the battle of Manassas ? 
 
 A. General Scott resigned his position as commander-in-chief of 
 the Federal army, and his place was filled by General George B. 
 McClellan. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 237 
 
 'y, 
 
 BATTLE OF MANASSAS. 
 
 Q. What engagement occurred in Western Virginia on the 26th 
 of August ? 
 
 A. The Confederates, under General John B. Floyd, surprised 
 and routed a Federal force commanded by Colonel Tyler, inflicting 
 on them a loss of two hundred men, and losing none themselves. 
 
 Q. With what success did the Federals meet on the coast of 
 North Carolina on the 29th of August ? 
 
 A. A Federal land and naval force captured the forts on Hat- 
 teras Inlet, with sixty-five cannon, and six hundred and fifteen 
 prisoners. 
 
 Q. Where and when was another battle fought in Western 
 Virginia ? 
 
 A. At Carnifex Ferry, on the Gauley River, on the 10th of 
 September. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
238 lUSTORy OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 A. General Floyd, with about two thousand Confederates, held 
 his ground from three o'clock in the afternoon until night against 
 ten thousand Federals, commanded by General Rosecrans. Floyd's 
 position was a strong one, and his men were well protected. 
 During the night Floyd retired to a stronger position, 
 
 Q. What was the loss on both sides ? 
 
 A. The Federal loss was about two hundred, while Floyd had 
 but one man killed. 
 
 Q. Who soon after came up with reinforcements ? 
 
 A. General Robert E. Lee, who had been operating in the 
 vicinity of Cheat Mountain. 
 
 Q. After General Lee's forces had left the vicinity of Cheat 
 Mountain, what was done by the Federal General Reynolds ? 
 
 A. He came down from his fortified camp on Cheat Mountain 
 and attacked a smaller Confederate force, under General H. R. 
 Jackson, at the Greenbrier River, but met with a bloody repulse, 
 and fell back to his fortifications. 
 
 Q. When was this ? 
 
 A. On the 8th of October. 
 
 Q. What great victory was gained by the Confederates on the 
 2d of October ? 
 
 A. The battle at Leesburg, on the Potomac, where the Con- 
 federates under General Nathan G. Evans utterly defeated the 
 Federals undar Colonel Baker, and drove them into the river. 
 
 Q. With what success did the Federals meet on the 7th of 
 November ? 
 
 A. A Federal fleet took possession of the forts at Port Royal, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Q. What victory was gained by the Confederates on the 12th 
 of December? 
 
 A. Colonel Edward Johnson, commanding Virginia and Georgia 
 troops, inflicted a disastrous repulse on the Federal General Milroy, 
 at Alleghany Summit, in Western Virginia. 
 
 Q. Where did a Federal brigade of the Army of the Potomac 
 gain a slight advantage on the 20th of December ? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 
 
 239 
 
 
 
 BATTLE OF LEESBURG. 
 
 A. At Dranesville. 
 
 Q. While the opposing; armies were thus active in Virginia, 
 what was going on in the West ? 
 
 A. Active operations were likewise going on in the West. 
 
 Q. What had Governor Jackson and the State authorities of 
 Missouri attempted to do at the beginning of the war? 
 
 A. They had attempted to maintain a neutral position between 
 the parties at war. 
 
 Q. How had this been prevented ? 
 
 A. By Captain Lyon, the Federal officer in command at St. 
 Louis, who on the 25th of April seized the State arsenal, and on 
 the 10th of May routed the State militia. 
 
 Q. To what rank was Captain Lyon appointed soon after this ? 
 
 -.4. To the rank of briiradier-crencral. 
 
2-40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What now occurred in Missouri ? 
 
 A. Civil war, in which some of the Missourians sided with the 
 United States Grovernment and some with the Government of the 
 Confederate States. 
 
 Q. When Grovernor Jackson found that he was obHged to take 
 sides with one party or the other, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He sided with the Confederates. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 5th of July ? 
 
 A. Greneral Sterling Price, in command of Missouri troops, and 
 General McCulloch, in command of a Confederate force from Texas 
 and Arkansas, defeated a Federal force at Carthage. 
 
 Q. When did they gain a much more decided victory ? 
 
 A., On the 1 0th of August, at Oak Hill. In this battle General 
 Lyon was killed. 
 
 Q. What great victory was gained by General Price on the 
 20th of September? 
 
 A. He captured Lexington, Missouri, with more than three 
 thousand prisoners. 
 
 Q. What victory was gained by the Confederates in Missouri 
 on the 7th of November, the same day on which the Federal fleet 
 captured Port Royal, South Carolina ? 
 
 A. The victory at Belmont, won by the Confederates under 
 General Pillow over the Federals under General Grant. 
 
 Q. While these stirring events were going on in Missouri, what 
 had the Governor and State authorities of Kentucky done ? 
 
 A. They had attempted, as those of Missouri had done, to hold 
 a position of armed neutrality between the States at war, but the 
 attempt had failed in this case as it had done in the other. 
 
 Q. What was done in Kentucky during the fall ? 
 
 A. A portion of the people of the State organized a provisional 
 government and attempted to ally the State with the Confederate 
 cause. 
 
 Q. Did they succeed ? 
 
 A. They did not; for the regular State Legislature and the vast 
 majority of the people of the State sided with the United States. 
 
WAIi BETWEEN THE STATES 
 
 241 
 
 BOMBARDMENT OP PORT ROYAL. 
 
 Q. Did Missouri ever join the Southern Confederacy ? 
 
 A. The people of Missouri were divided, like those of Kentucky, 
 most of the citizens of the southern part of the State taking sides 
 with the Confederate States, but a very large majority of the people 
 of the whole State taking part with the Government of the United 
 States. 
 
 Q. What election was held throughout the Confederate States 
 on the 6th of November ? 
 
 A. An election for President and Yice-President, under their 
 Constitution, for a permanent government. 
 
 Q. Who were elected ? 
 
 A. Jefi'erson Davis, of Mississippi, and Alexander H. Stephens, 
 of Georgia, were unanimously elected President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Q. Who was sent out in November by the Richmond Govern- 
 L 21 
 
242 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 
 
 ment to take charge of the Confederate forces on the coast of 
 Georgia and South CaroUna ? 
 
 A. General liobert E. Lee, of Virginia. 
 
 Q. What event occurred about 
 this time at sea which came near 
 involving the Federal Government 
 in a war with Great Britain? 
 
 A. The seizure of the Confed- 
 erate ambassadors Slidell and Ma- 
 son, who were on board the British 
 steam -packet Trent, by Captain 
 Wilkes, commanding the United 
 States steam-frigate San Jacinto. 
 
 Q. How was the matter finally 
 disposed of? 
 
 A. The" Federal Government dis- 
 avowed the act of Captain Wilkes, 
 and restored the ambassadors to a British vessel. 
 
 Q. W^hat can you say of Confederate naval operations during the 
 first year of the war ? 
 
 A. The Federals having possession of the entire common navy, 
 the Confederates had to resort at first to the enlistment of private 
 armed ships. 
 
 Q. What was accomplished by Confederate privateers? 
 A. Several small vessels ran the blockade and got out to sea, 
 and in less than a month more than twenty j)rizes were taken and 
 run into Southern ports. 
 
 Q. What two steamers were fitted out by the Confederate Gov- 
 ernment? 
 
 A. The Sumter and the Nashville, under the command of reg- 
 ular ofiicers who had resigned their position in the Federal navy. 
 Q. Who commanded the Sumter? 
 A. Raphael Semmes, of Alabama. 
 Q. Who commanded the Nashville? 
 A. Captain Robert B. Pegram, of Virginia. 
 
U'AJi BETWEEN THE STATES. 243 
 
 Q. What was accomplished during the year by the small Con- 
 federate navy ? 
 
 A. Merchandise to the value of many millions was captured, 
 and the foreign trade of the Northern States was greatly crippled. 
 
 Q. When the year 1861 came to a close, who had the advantage? 
 
 A. The advantage was greatly on the side of the Confederate 
 States, both in the number of victories achieved and in the number 
 of prisoners captured. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Second Tctu- of the Wcw Let ween the States. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the respective armies of- the Con- 
 federate States and the Uaited States at the beginning of the 
 year 1862? 
 
 A. The Confederates had in the field about three hundred 
 thousand men, while the Federals had not less than eight hundred 
 thousand. 
 
 Q. Where was the first movement of troops made in January, 
 1862? 
 
 ^1. In Virginia, by the Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson. 
 
 Q. By what name is General Jackson familiarly known ? 
 
 A. By the name of Stonewall Jackson. 
 
 Q. How did he get this name ? 
 
 A. From the firmness with which his brigade withstood the 
 charge of the overwhelming numbers of the Federals at the great 
 battle of Manassas. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the expedition which he led in the first 
 part of January, 1862. 
 
 A. On the 1st of January, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson 
 
244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 set out from Winchester with a little more than ten thousand men, 
 drove the Federals out of Bath and liomney, destroyed a con- 
 siderable portion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and made 
 some important captures, after which he returned to Winchester. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the sufferings of the soldiers on this 
 march ? 
 
 A. The sufferings of the soldiers were exceedingly severe. 
 
 Q. What battle occurred on the 19th of January? 
 
 A. The battle of Fishing Creek, in Kentucky. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. The Federals, under the command of General G. H. Thomas, 
 gained a complete victory over the Confederates, commanded by 
 General Felix K. Zollicoffer. General Zollicoffer was killed early 
 in the action. 
 
 Q. What other success had the Federals on the 6th of Feb- 
 ruary ? 
 
 A. They captured Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, and a 
 small Confederate garrison. The fort surrendered to Commodore 
 Foote. 
 
 Q. AVhat still more important victory was gained by the Fed- 
 erals on the 1 6th of February ? 
 
 A. General Grant, with an army of thirty thousand men, after 
 a bloody battle, which continued three days, in the midst of snow 
 and ice, captured Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, and 
 its garrison of nine thousand men, about two thousand having 
 been killed and wounded, and two thousand having escaped. 
 Q. What other results followed this battle ? 
 
 ^1. General Albert Sydney Johnston, who had for months, with 
 a small army, hold his ground in Kentucky in the face of over- 
 whelming forces of the Federals, was obliged to retreat from Ken- 
 tucky, and even to abandon Nashville, in Tennessee, and retire to 
 the borders of Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 Q. Where were the Confederate forces now concentrated ? 
 
 A. The Confederate forces, under Albert Sydney Johnston and 
 Beauregard, were concentrated at Corinth, Mississippi. 
 
WAR B ETWEE y THE STATES. 
 
 245 
 
 Q. What of the Confederate forces west of the Mississippi? 
 
 A. They could not be brought over, because they were them- 
 selves hard pressed by the Federals. 
 
 Q. Who were in command of the Confederate forces west of 
 the Mississippi ? 
 
 A. Generals Price and McCulloch. 
 
 Q. What battle was fought on the 7th of March? 
 
 .1. The bloody battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Eidge, in which for 
 two days the Confederates, numbering twenty thousand, held their 
 ground against the Federal army, numbering twenty-five thousand 
 and led by General Curtis. 
 
 CATTLE OF PEA RIDGE. 
 
 Q. On whose side was the final advantage in this battle ? 
 A. The advantage was finally on the side of the Federals, and 
 the Confederates retired during the night. 
 
 Q. What gallant Confederate general was killed in this battle ? 
 21^ 
 
24G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Greneral MeCullocli. 
 
 Q. With what success had the Federals met, one month before 
 this, on the coast of North CaroHna ? 
 
 A. General Burnside, assisted by a fleet, had captured Roanoke 
 Island. 
 
 Q. Where did the Confederates gain a victory on the 21st of 
 March ? 
 
 A. At Valverde, in the Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 Q. What great battles were fought on the Gth and 7th of April ? 
 
 A. The battles of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the first day's battle. 
 
 A. The Confederates, under the lead of Albert Sydney Johnston 
 and Beauregard, utterly defeated the Federals, under General Grant, 
 capturing between five and six thousand prisoners, an immense 
 amount of army stores, and thirty-six cannon. 
 
 Q. AVhat great Confederate general was killed in this battle ? 
 
 A. General Albert Sydney Johnston. 
 
 Q. What happened during the night of the Gth ? 
 
 A. General Buell came to Grant's assistance with about thirty 
 thousand fresh troops, making the strength of the Federals nearly 
 double that of the Confederates. 
 
 Q. Describe the battle which occurred on the 7th. 
 
 A. The Federal force, now numbering nearly seventy thousand 
 men, advanced against the Confederates, who on the first day had 
 numbered barely forty thousand. The Confederates, under Gen- 
 eral Beauregard, held their ground successfully against overwhelm- 
 ing forces from sunrise until afternoon, and then retired, unpursued, 
 in perfect order, to their intrenchments at Corinth, carrying with 
 them most of the spoil of the enemy's camp captured on the day 
 before. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of botli armies in these two engage- 
 ments ? 
 
 A. The losses of the Confederates were over ten thousand in 
 killed, wounded, and missing, while those of the Federals were more 
 than fifteen thousand. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 247 
 
 Q. Witli what success did the Federals meet on the Atlautic 
 coast during the month of April ? 
 
 A. They captured Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, Georgia, on the 
 11th of April, and Fort Macon, on the North Carolina coast, on 
 the 25th. 
 
 Q. What Confederate fortifications in the Mississippi River were 
 captu;-ed by the Federals on the 8th of April ? 
 
 A. The forts on Island No. 10 were captured by the Federal 
 gunboats and the forces of General Pope. The Confederates here 
 lost six hundred men and seventy cannon. 
 
 Q. What still more important success had the Federals on the 
 25th of April ? 
 
 A. Admiral Farragut, after an unsuccessful bombardment of the 
 forts which guarded the ascent of the Mississippi, boldly ran past 
 their guns, and appeared before the city of New Orleans, which 
 surrendered. General Butler then brought up his land-forces and 
 took possession. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 29th of May ? 
 
 A. General Beauregard, feeling unable, with his force of only 
 thirty thousand men, to resist the immense army of the Federal 
 General Halleck, numbering more than one hundred thousand, 
 withdrew from Corinth, and fell back to Tupelo, Mississippi. 
 
 Q. What was done in consequence of this retreat ? 
 1. Fort Pillow was abandoned on the 4th of June, and Mem- 
 phis fell into the hands of the Federals, after the destruction of a 
 small Confederate flotilla which defended the city. 
 
 Q. What change was soon after made in the command of the 
 Confederate army in Mississippi ? 
 
 A. General Beauregard's health f\iiling him, he was succeeded 
 by General Braxton Bragg 
 
 Q. While all these important events were occurring in the West 
 and along the coasts, what was being done in Virginia? 
 
 A. The Federal forces, under the command of General George 
 B. McClellan, were making efforts to capture Richmond, the cap- 
 ital of the Confederate States. 
 
248 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was the number of the Federal forces which now 
 advanced from different directions into Virginia ? 
 
 A. Nearly two hundred thousand in all. 
 
 Q. What was the number of the Confederates in Virginia at 
 this time ? 
 
 A. Not much, if any, over sixty thousand altogether in evei-y 
 part of Virginia. 
 
 Q. When McClellan moved towards Manassas with the army 
 under his immediate command, which numbered one hundred and 
 twenty thousand men, what did General Joseph E. Johnston do ? 
 
 A. Since his own army did not number more than thirty thou- 
 sand men, he retired behind the river Rapidan. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 8th of March, just at the time that 
 McClellan was beginning to advance with his immense army? 
 
 A. A Confederate iron-clad vessel, named the Virginia, fell upon 
 the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads, near Norfolk, destroyed the 
 United States war-vessels Cumberland and Congress, and put the 
 Federal fleet to flight. 
 
 Q. What happened on the next day ? 
 
 A. An iron-plated, turreted vessel called the Monitor, which 
 had just arrived from New York, attacked the Virginia, and so 
 damaged her that she was obliged to return to her moorings. 
 
 Q. What did McClellan do after the retreat of Johnston from 
 Manassas ? 
 
 A. He changed his plan, and conveyed his troops by transports 
 down the Chesapeake Bay to Fortress Monroe, intending to advance 
 upon Richmond by the way of the Peninsula. 
 
 Q. What part of A^irginia is called the Peninsula ? 
 
 A. That part of the State lying between the York and James 
 Rivers. 
 
 Q. By whom was the Peninsula at that time defended ? 
 
 A. By General John B. Magruder, with a Confederate force not 
 exceeding eleven thousand men. 
 
 Q. When General Johnston became aware of McClellan's do- 
 sign, what .did he do ? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 249 
 
 MOMTOR A\D VIRGINIA. 
 
 A. He concentrated all his available forces at Yorktown. 
 
 Q. What did the Confederates succeed in doing ? 
 
 A. They succeeded, with a vastly inferior force, in so delaying 
 McClellan's advance that he did not appear before Yorktown until 
 early in May. 
 
 Q. AVhat occurred as Johnston retired up the Peninsula towards 
 Richmond ? 
 
 A. Several encounters between the Confederate rear-guard and 
 the Federal advance. 
 
 Q. What was the most important of these encounters? 
 
 A. The battle of Williamsburg, on the 5th of May. 
 
 Q. How did this battle result? 
 
 A. Greatly to the advantage of the Confederates. 
 
 Q. What did Johnston continue to do? 
 
250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He continued to retire towards Richmond, and ordered the 
 Confederate troops at Norfolk to evacuate that city and unite with 
 his army in defense of Richmond. Norfolk was accordingly aban- 
 doned on the 11th of May. 
 
 Q. What battle was fought on the 15th of May? 
 
 .1. The Federal iron-clad gunboats, led by the monitors Galena 
 and x\roostook, made a formidable bombardment of the Confed- 
 erate works at Drewry's Bluff, which defended Richmond against 
 approach by the waters of James River. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the conflict? 
 
 A. The Federal fleet was completely repulsed. 
 
 Q. What great battle was fought on the 31 st of May? 
 
 A. The battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, in which the Con- 
 federates made the attack. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. The left wing of the Federal army was defeated with great 
 slau<>-hter, but their right wing held its ground. The Confederates 
 captured ten cannon, six thousand muskets, and a quantity of 
 tents and camp-equipage. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Federals in this battle ? 
 
 A. They lost nearly seven thousand men in killed, wounded, 
 and prisoners. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Confederates ? 
 
 A. The Confederate loss was four thousand men, killed, wounded, 
 and missing. General Johnston was himself so severely wounded 
 that he was obliged to retire from active service for several months. 
 
 Q. While these events were going on in the neighborhood of 
 Richmond, what important campaign was being conducted in the 
 Valley of the Shenandoah ? 
 
 A. The brilliant campaign of the great Confederate commander 
 Stonewall Jackson, who had been left with a small force to watch 
 the movements of the Federals in that direction. 
 
 Q. What was the design of the Federals when McClellan 
 landed on the Peninsula and commenced his advance upon Rich- 
 mond? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 251 
 
 STONEWALL JACKSON. 
 
 A. Their plan of operations was, that while McClellan with one 
 hundred and twenty thousand men moved upon Richmond from 
 the south and east, Fremont should 
 come down from the northwest, 
 Banks from the Valley, and Mc- 
 Dowell from Fredericksburg, thus 
 increasing the army of McClellan 
 by more than sixty thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was Johnston's design 
 in leaving Jackson in the Valley? 
 
 A. Jackson was left in the Valley 
 with the hope that he might be able 
 to impede the progress of the Fed- 
 erals, and at the same time keep 
 them alarmed for the safety of 
 Washington. 
 
 Q. What was Jackson's first move ? 
 
 A. Feeling the necessity of making some diversion in favor of 
 Johnston, with less than four thousand men he vigorously attacked 
 the Federal army of eleven thousand, commanded by Generals 
 Shields and Banks, at Kernstown, near Winchester. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this battle ? 
 
 A. Jackson was repulsed, but retired from the field in perfect 
 order, having succeeded in retaining the army of General Banks 
 in the Valley, — the object for which he fought the battle. 
 
 Q. When did this battle occur ? 
 
 A. On the 23d of March, just after McClellan had made his 
 landing on the Peninsula. 
 
 Q. After the main body of the Confederate army had been con- 
 centrated near Richmond, what did General Johnston do ? 
 
 A. He sent General Ewell with a division of troops to reinforce 
 Jiickson in the Valley. 
 
 Q. What did Jackson then do? 
 
 A. He moved rapidly up the Valley, and fell upon the advance 
 of Fremont's army at the village of McDowell, on the 8th of 
 
252 IIISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 May, completely defeated them, and drove tliem beyoud the 
 mountains. 
 
 Q. What did Jackson then do ? 
 
 A. He marched down the Valley, crushed the left wing of 
 Banks's army at Front Iloyal on the 23d of May, forced Banks 
 out of Winchester on the 25th of May, and drove him across the 
 Potomac, capturing nearly four thousand prisoners and many 
 cannon. 
 
 Q. What important result followed these splendid victories ? 
 
 A. General McDowell, instead of marching to the assistance 
 of McClellan, sent General Shields against Jackson. 
 
 Q. How was Jackson's army now endangered ? 
 
 A. By the converging armies of Fremont and Shields, who 
 expected to surround and capture his entire force. 
 
 Q. Did they succeed ? 
 
 A. They did not. 
 
 Q. Describe Jackson's movements. 
 
 A. He skillfully passed between these converging armies be- 
 fore they could unite, his rear-guard under Ewell repulsed Fre- 
 mont at Cross Keys on the 8th of June, and on the next morning 
 Jackson with his whole force attacked and routed Shields at 
 Port Kepublic, pursuing him ten miles and taking eight of his 
 cannon. 
 
 (>. How large was the Confederate force under Jackson's com- 
 mand which had accomplished these wonderful results ? 
 
 A. It numbered not more than fifteen thousand. 
 
 Q. How many miles had this army marched ? 
 
 A. Over four hundred in all. 
 
 Q. What was the force of the Federals which had thus been 
 defeated by Jackson and prevented from making the desired con- 
 centration around Bichmond ? 
 
 A. The Federal forces thus outgeneraled and checked by 
 Jackson amounted to four separate armies, which, had they been 
 united, would have outnumbered his own force almost four to one. 
 
 Q. What did Jackson now do ? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 253 
 
 A. He prepared to co-operate with tlie main Confederate army 
 in driving McClellau's army down the Peninsula and raising the 
 siege of Richmond. 
 
 Q. Who was now in command of the Confederate army in 
 front of Riclimond ? 
 
 A. General Robert E. Lee, who had taken command when 
 General Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines. 
 
 Q. What did Lee do for the purpose of leading the Federals to 
 believe that Jackson intended to move upon Winchester, and from 
 thence upon Washington ? 
 
 A. He sent to Jackson, in the Valley, the divisions of Generals 
 Whiting and Lawton. 
 
 Q. What did Jackson then do ? 
 
 A. While the Federal generals in the Valley were expecting an 
 attack, Jackson quietly slipped away, and on the evening of the 
 26th of June appeared on the rear of the right flank of McClel- 
 lan's array, while Lee with the main Confederate army was ready 
 to fall upon the Federal front. 
 
 Q. What now occurred ? 
 
 A. A series of bloody battles, continuing during six days. 
 
 Q. Mention these battles in their order. 
 
 A. Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam Creek on the 26th of June, 
 Gaines's Mills, or Cold Harbor, on the 27th, Savage Station on the 
 29tli, Frazer's Farm and White Oak Swamp on the 30th, and 
 Malvern Hill on the 1st of July. 
 
 Q. What was the result of these conflicts? 
 
 A. The result was a complete Confederate triumph. 
 
 Q. What was the loss on each side ? 
 
 A. The loss on each side was about twenty thousand in killed 
 and wounded ; but the Confederates captured more than ten thou- 
 sand prisoners, fifty-two cannon, thirty thousand stand of small 
 arms, and an immense amount of army stores. 
 
 Q. To what place did the Federal army retreat ? 
 
 A. To Harrison's Landing, on the James River, where they 
 found refuge under the protecfion of their gunboats. 
 
254 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. How far had they been driven in the series of battles which 
 we ha.ve mentioned? 
 
 A. They had been driven a distance of thirty miles. 
 
 Q. What was the comparative strength of the two armies when 
 the battles around Richmond commenced ? 
 
 A. The Confederates numbered something more than seventy 
 thousand, while the Federals numbered more than one hundred 
 and ten thousand. 
 
 Q. What was now done by President Lincoln ? 
 
 A. He called for three hundred thousand more men. 
 
 Q. While these great victories were being won by the Confed- 
 erates in Virginia in rapid succession, what occurred near Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina? 
 
 A. The Federal Greneral H. G. Wright led a force of six thou- 
 sand men against a small Confederate force near the village of 
 Secession ville, on James Island, but was repulsed with terrible 
 slaughter. 
 
 Q. After McClellan's disastrous repulse from before Richmond, 
 what was done by the Federal authorities at Washington ? 
 
 A. The armies that had been defeated by Greneral Jackson in 
 the Valley were united with McDowell's forces, and placed under 
 the command of Major-Greneral John Pope. 
 
 Q. What was McClellan ordered to do ? 
 
 A. He was ordered to send his forces around by Aquia Creek, 
 to unite with the forces under General Pope. 
 
 Q. What was General Pope's plan? 
 
 A. His plan was to move upon Richmond from the north. 
 
 Q. When General Lee heard of these movements, what did he 
 do? 
 
 A. He sent Stonewall Jackson to watch the movements of the 
 now Federal commander. 
 
 Q. When did Jackson encounter the advance of Pope's army, 
 led by General Banks ? 
 
 A. On the 0th of August, at Cedar Run. 
 
 (\ What then occurred? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 255 
 
 A. Another desperate battle, in which Jackson was again vic- 
 torious. 
 
 Q. What did Lee now do ? 
 
 A. He moved to tlie northward with the whole Confederate army, 
 and united his forces with Jackson's, who had already got into the 
 rear of the Federals and had been fighting against great odds. 
 
 Q. What now occurred ? 
 
 A. Another great battle was fought on the plains of Manassas, 
 where the first great battle of the war had been fought the year 
 before. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this battle ? 
 
 A. General Pope, the Federal commander, was completely de- 
 feated, and driven to his fortifications near W^ashington. 
 
 Q. What was'the loss of the Confederates in this battle? 
 
 A. Their total loss was seven thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was the Federal loss ? 
 
 A. The Federal loss was not less than thirty thousand men, 
 including eight generals and nine thousand prisoners, besides thirty 
 cannon and thirty thousand stand of small arms. 
 
 Q. What was now done by the 
 Federal Government? 
 
 A. McClellan was again put in 
 command of all the Federal forces 
 in and around Washington. 
 
 Q. What did Lee do soon after 
 his great victory at the second battle 
 of Manassas? 
 
 A. He crossed the Potomac into 
 Maryland, and advanced as far as 
 Frederick. 
 
 Q. As it wns necessary to open 
 the line of communication through 
 the Valley, what did Lee do? 
 
 A. He detached Jackson's corps against Harper's Ferry, which 
 was held by about twelve thousand Federal troops. 
 
 GENERAL M CLELLAN. 
 
250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What did McClellan do when he ascertained the movements 
 of the Confederates? 
 
 A. He hastened with his whole army to the rehef of Harper's 
 Ferry. . 
 
 Q. What did Lee now find it necessary to do ? 
 
 A. He found it necessary to defend the passage through the 
 South Mountains, in order to insure the safety of the Confederate 
 troops besieging Harper's Ferry. 
 
 Q. Who was sent to oppose the passage of the Federals at 
 Boonsboro' Gi-ap, in the South Mountain ? 
 
 A. General D; H. Hill, and Longstreet was afterwards sent to 
 support him. 
 
 Q. What conflict now took place ? 
 
 A. McClellan's army made desperate efforts to break through the 
 Gap, but the Confederates repulsed every attempt, until darkness 
 closed the fight. 
 
 Q. When was this ? 
 
 A. This was on the 14th of September. 
 
 Q. What had happened meanwhile at Crampton's Gap ? 
 
 A. General Howell Cobb, with a small Confederate force, held 
 his ground for five hours against overwhelming numbers of the 
 Federals, but finally was forced to yield the unequal contest and 
 withdraw. 
 
 Q. What did Lee now do ? 
 
 A. Having gained the necessary time for his Harper's Ferry 
 operations, he began to concentrate his army near the village of 
 Sharpsburg. 
 
 Q. What happened on the morning of the 15th of September? 
 
 A. Harper's Ferry was surrendered to General Jackson, with 
 its garrison of nearly twelve thousand men, besides seventy-three 
 cannon and thirteen thousand stand of small arms. 
 
 Q. What great battle occurred on the 17th of September? 
 
 A. The battle of Sharpsburg, or, as it is sometimes called, 
 Antietam. 
 
 Q. Describe this battle. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 257 
 
 A. Lee with less than forty thousand Confederates held his 
 ground against nearly ninety thousand Federals, led by General 
 McClellan, repulsing every assault with the most consummate 
 skill. 
 
 Q. What was done during the ISth ? 
 
 A. The two armies remained facing each other, but neither 
 renewed the battle. 
 
 Q. What did Lee do during the night of the 18th ? 
 
 A. Having ascertained that McClellan was being heavily rein- 
 forced, he retired across the Potomac into Virginia. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in this battle ? 
 
 A. The Federal loss was twelve thousand men, that of the Con- 
 federates ten thousand. 
 
 Q. What did McClellan do on the night of the 19th? 
 
 A. He sent forward Porter's corps of fresh troops across the 
 Potomac in pursuit of Lee. 
 
 Q. W^hat did Lee do when he heard of this ? 
 
 A. He ordered General A. P. Hill with his division to drive 
 Porter's force into the river. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 . A. On the morning of the 20th, Hill's division attacked Por- 
 ter's troops near Shcphcrdstown, and drove the Federals into the 
 Potomac with terrible slaughter. 
 
 Q. Was any other attempt made to molest Lee's army ? 
 
 A. No other attempt was made to follow Lee. 
 
 Q. Where did the Confederate army go into camp to recuperate 
 and rest ? 
 
 A. Near Winchester, Virginia. 
 
 Q. Where did the Federal army remain ? 
 
 A. On the north of the Potomac, not feeling able at this time 
 to renew the campaign against Lee. 
 
 Q. What had the Confederate army accomplished since the 25th 
 of June ? 
 
 A. It had marched over three hundred miles on half-rations 
 and poorly clad, had vanquished three powerful armies in twelve 
 
258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 battles and numerous skirmishes, had inflicted on the Federals a loss 
 of nearly seventy-six thousand men, and had captured one hundred 
 and fifty -five cannon and nearly seventy thousand stand of small 
 arms, besides military stores to the amount of millions of dollars. 
 
 Q. While Lee's army was resting near Winchester, what great 
 feat was accomplished by General Stuart, the Confederate cavalry 
 leader ? 
 
 A. On the 9th of October, General Stuart set out with about 
 eighteen hundred cavalry, crossed the Potomac above Williamsport, 
 pushed on to Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania, where he destroyed 
 a large amount of supplies, and, passing entirely around McClellan's 
 army, recrossed into Virginia below Harper's Ferry. 
 
 Q. While the Confederates were thus gaining great victories in 
 Virginia, what attempt was made by their armies in the West? 
 
 A. They attempted to recover Tennessee and Kentucky. 
 
 Q. To accomplish this purpose, what was first done ? 
 
 A. Colonel Morgan with a cavalry force made an incursion into 
 Kentucky, for the purpose of operating on the communications of 
 the Federal army in Northern Mississippi, while Colonel Forrest 
 with his cavalry operated upon the communications of the Federal 
 army in Tennessee. 
 
 Q. Describe Morgan's operations. 
 
 A. He moved into Kentucky, captured Lebanon and Cynthiana, 
 with twelve hundred prisoners, re-entered Tennessee, and captured 
 Clarksville, with a large amount of military stores. 
 
 Q. Give an account of Forrest's movements. 
 
 A. Early in July he crossed the Tennessee at Chattanooga, 
 captured McMinnville, and surprised and captured the garrison of 
 Murfreesboro', consisting of nearly two thousand men, including 
 Generals Duffield and Crittenden. 
 
 Q. By what were these cavalry movements soon followed ? 
 
 A. By the advance of the main Confederate army of fifty thou- 
 sand men, under General Bragg, northward from Chattanooga, and 
 of General Kirby Smith's division of seven thousand men from 
 Knoxville into Kentucky. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 259 
 
 Q. What victory was gained by Kirby Smith on the 30th of 
 August, the same day that Lee gained his great victory at the 
 second battle of Manassas ? 
 
 A. The victory at Richmond, Kentucky, on which occasion 
 Smith attacked about ten thousand Federal troops commanded by 
 Generals Nelson and Manson, and completely routed them. 
 
 Q. What was the Federal loss in this battle? 
 
 A. Their loss was one thousand men killed and wounded and 
 five thousand taken prisoners, besides nine cannon and ten thousand 
 stand of small arms. 
 
 Q. What did Smith now do ? 
 
 A. He entered Lexington, Kentucky, and, moving northward, 
 alarmed the Federals for the safety of Cincinnati. 
 
 Q. When did General Bragg enter Kentucky ? 
 
 A. On the 5th of September. 
 
 Q. What place did he capture on the 17th ? 
 
 A. Munfordsville, with its garrison of four thousand men, sev- 
 eral cannon, and about four thousand stand of small arms. 
 
 Q. What did Bragg now do ? 
 
 A. Ho moved forward and entered Frankfort, the capital of 
 Kentucky, where he inaugurated a Provisional Governor. 
 
 Q. What happened a few days after this ? 
 
 A. General Buell, who had been obliged to retreat from Ten- 
 nessee to Louisville, Kentucky, had now i-eceived heavy reinforce- 
 ments, and began to advance upon Bragg. 
 
 Q. What assistance had Bragg expected to receive ? 
 
 A. He had expected General Van Dorn to defeat the Federals 
 in Mississippi and advance into Kentucky. 
 
 Q. Did he receive the expected assistance ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. Why? 
 
 A. Because Van Born failed to carry out his part of the pro- 
 posed plan. 
 
 Q. What battle took place in Northern Mississippi on the 19th 
 of September, two days after Bragg's success at Munfordsville? 
 
260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. The battle of luka, in which Greneral Price repulsed the 
 attack of a much larger Federal force, led by General Rosecrans, 
 capturing some of their cannon, but on the approach of fresh 
 Federal troops was obliged to retreat, abandoning the captured 
 guns. 
 
 Q. What battle was fought by Generals Van Dorn and Price on 
 the 4th of October ? 
 
 A. With a force of nearly thirty thousand men they attacked 
 the Federals under Rosecrans, numbering twenty thousand, in their 
 strongly-fortified position at Corinth, but were repulsed with the 
 loss of about five thousand men, 
 
 Q. When Bragg found that he could not receive the hoped-for 
 assistance from Van Dorn, what did he do? 
 
 A. He prepared to retire from Kentucky into Tennessee. 
 
 Q. As Buell advanced upon him very rapidly, what did he find 
 it necessary to do ? 
 
 A. To fight a battle to cover his retreat and to enable him to 
 secure the rich spoils which he had captured in Kentucky. 
 
 Q. Describe the battle. 
 
 A. Bragg's army, though greatly outnumbered, not only repulsed 
 the Federals, but forced them back about two miles, capturing fif- 
 teen cannon, and inflicting on the Federals a loss of four thousand 
 men, while the loss of the Confederates was only twenty-five hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Q. What did this battle accomplish ? 
 
 A. It secured Bragg's retreat from Kentucky without molesta- 
 tion by the Federals, and enabled him to carry away with him the 
 great supplies of every description which he hud captured and 
 which his army so much needed. 
 
 Q. Had Bragg's Kentucky campaign been a success? 
 
 A. Only partially so. 
 
 Q. Tn what had he failed ? 
 
 A. He had failed to recover Kentucky, and to force all the Fed- 
 eral armies back to the Ohio River. 
 
 Q. Tn what had he succeeded ? 
 
W/iR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 2(11 
 
 A. He had succeeded in forcing back General Buell, who had 
 been threatening Chattanooga, in Tennessee, and even Atlanta, in 
 Greorgia; he had recovered a large 
 part of Middle Tennessee, and by 
 getting possession of Cumberland 
 Gap he had secured the possession 
 of East Tennessee. 
 
 Q. AVhen did the Federal army 
 again cross the Potomac into Vir- 
 ginia ? 
 
 A. On the 2d of November. 
 
 Q. Who now succeeded .General 
 McClellan in command of the Fed- 
 eral army of the Potomac ? 
 
 A. General Ambrose E. Burnside. 
 
 Q. What did this new general 
 
 GENERAL BRAGG. 
 
 do? 
 
 A. He commenced a march upon Richmond by the way of 
 Fredericksburg. 
 
 Q. What did he hope to do ? 
 
 A. He hoped to reach Fredericksburg before Lee's army could 
 get there, but when he reached there he found Lee ready to 
 oppose his advance. 
 
 Q. What battle took place between these two armies on the 
 13th of December? 
 
 A. 
 
 The battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. The Federal army, numbering one hundred and twenty thou- 
 sand men, assaulted Lee's army of fifty thousand, but met with a 
 terrible repulse, losing more than thirteen thousand men, while the 
 Confederate loss was about four thousand. 
 
 Q. What did this victory secure to the Confederate army of 
 Virginia? 
 
 A. It secured to them a period of rest from the attacks of the 
 Federals. 
 
262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What attempt was made by the Federals along the Atlantic 
 coast, between the cities of Charleston and Savannah, during the 
 mouth of October? 
 
 A. They made an attempt to seize the Charleston and Savannah 
 Railroad, but were defeated with considerable loss at Pocotaligo, 
 on the 22d of October. 
 
 Q. Wliat did the Federals attempt in Mississippi ? 
 
 A. They attempted to capture Vicksburg. 
 
 Q. What was their plan? 
 
 A. Grenoral Grant was to move down to Jackson and then 
 advance upon Vicksburg, while Sherman should move upon the 
 city by way of the Yazoo River, assisted by Commodore Porter's 
 gunboats. 
 
 Q. How was Grrant prevented from performing his part of the 
 programme ? 
 
 A. General Van Dorn, commanding a force of Confederate 
 cavalry, captured Holly Springs and destroyed Grant's depot of 
 supplies, and thus forced Grant to retreat. 
 
 Q. How many prisoners were captured by Van Dorn at Holly 
 Springs ? 
 
 A. Nearly two thousand. 
 
 Q. Where did Sherman encounter the Confederates ? 
 
 A. He encountered the Confederates, under Pemberton, at 
 Chickasaw Bayou, to the north of Vicksburg, on the 29th of 
 December. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle which now took place? 
 
 A. The Federals were repulsed, with the loss of two thousand 
 men, while the total Confederate loss was only two hundred and 
 seven. 
 
 Q. Where was the last battle of the year 1862 fought? 
 
 A. Near Murfreesboro', Tennessee, from which place the battle 
 takes its name, although it is also called the battle of Stone 
 River. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. The Confederate army, under General Bragg, numbering 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 263 
 
 thirty-five thousand men, on the 31st of December, attacked the 
 Federal army of forty -seven thousand men, under General Rose- 
 crans, and drove back their right wing in utter confusion, capturing 
 four thousand prisoners and thirty-one cannon, but failed to carry 
 the position occupied by the left wing of the Federal army. 
 
 Q. When was the battle renewed ? 
 
 A. On the 2d of January there was an engagement between 
 portions of the two armies, in which neither party gained any 
 decisive advantage. 
 
 Q. \Yhat information did General Bragg receive on the 3d of 
 January ? 
 
 A. He received information from General Wheeler, in command 
 bf the cavalry, that the Federals were being reinforced from Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 Q. What did he deem it best to do ? 
 
 A. To move his army back in the direction of Tullahoma and 
 Shelbyville, which he did, carrying off all the spoil which he had 
 captured. 
 
 Q. When Rosecrans set out from Nashville, what had he ex- 
 pected to do? 
 
 A. He had expected to crush Bragg's army and then march 
 unopposed to Chattanooga. 
 
 Q. How had Bragg foiled him ? 
 
 A. He had with a smaller army attacked him, and so crippled 
 his army that it was unable to renew the campaign for months. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in the battle of 
 Murfreesboro' ? 
 
 A. The Federal army lost more than fourteen thousand men, 
 while the loss of the Confederates was fully ten thousand. 
 
 Q. What success had the Confederates on the sea during the 
 summer and fall of this year? 
 
 A. Their navy, particularly the two new war- vessels, the Florida 
 and the Alabama, did immense damage to the Federal commerce. 
 
 Q. What had been the general result of the military operations 
 of 1862? 
 
264 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. In the beginning of the year the prospect had been gloomy 
 for the Confederates ; the Federals had overrun and occupied large 
 portions of their territory ; but the year closed with the Southern 
 troops triumphant on almost every field, and with the Federals 
 completely defeated in most places and checked in others. 
 
 SEAL, OF WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Q. What important political event happened at the close of this 
 year? 
 
 A. Forty-eight counties of Western and Northern Virginia, the 
 people of which sided with the Federals and had formed a provis- 
 ional government for those counties, were admitted into the Federal 
 Union as a separate State on the 31st of December. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE .STATES. 265 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Third Year of the IFar between the States. 
 
 Q. What proclamation was issued by President Lincoln on the 
 1st of January, 18G3 ? 
 
 A. He issued a proclamation emancipating the slaves in all the 
 States that had seceded from the Union. 
 
 Q. Was this measure in accordance with the Constitution, 
 which the Northern States were professing to maintain ? 
 
 A. It was not. 
 
 Q. On what plea was it justified ? 
 
 A. On the plea of military necessity. 
 
 Q. What did Mr. Lincoln expect to accomplish by this procla- 
 mation ? 
 
 A. He expected to weaken the power of the Confederate (or 
 Southern) States, by holding out to the negroes the promise of 
 freedom, and thus causing them to become the enemies of tl^^ir 
 masters. 
 
 Q. How many slaves were there in the limits of the Confederate 
 States? 
 
 A. There were about three millions. 
 
 Q. What was the white population of the Confederate States ? 
 
 A. There were- not more than five million white inhabitants in 
 the Confederate States. 
 
 Q. What was the population of the States which remained in 
 the Union and were now engaged in the war against the Southern 
 States ? 
 
 A. Their population was twenty-three millions, of whom more 
 than twenty-two millions were whites. 
 
 Q. What advantage did this great preponderance of population 
 give to the Northern States? 
 
 M 23 
 
266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. It enabled them to put into the field armies vastly larger 
 than those that could be mustered by the Southern States. 
 
 Q. What other great advantage had those States which adhered 
 to the Federal Government ? 
 
 A. They had possession of the whole navy, which had been the 
 common property of all the States before the secession of the 
 Southern States. 
 
 Q. What did this enable them to do ? 
 
 A. It enabled them to blockade the ports of the Confederate 
 States, while their own ports were open and free to the commerce 
 of the world. 
 
 Q. What was the comparative size of the armies at the begin- 
 ning of the year 1863 ? 
 
 A. The Federal armies were larger than tliey were the previous 
 yeai", while the Confederate armies were smaller. 
 
 Q. How did the Federals recruit their armies ? 
 
 A. They not only kept up the strength of their armies by en- 
 listing great numbers in the Northern States, but they also received 
 thousands of recruits from Europe. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the Confederate States? 
 
 A. Their ports were blockaded, so that they could get neither 
 troops nor supplies from abroad, and were obliged to depend upon 
 their own limited resources. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the prospects of the Confederate 
 States at the beginning of the year I860? 
 
 A. Their prospects were encouraging. 
 
 Q. Had the relative strength of the Federal and Confederate 
 armies remained the same as during the summer and fall of 1862, 
 what would the year 1863 have probably secured ? 
 
 A. It would probably have secured the triumph of the Southern 
 cause. 
 
 Q. With what brilliant success did the Confederates meet on 
 the 1st of January, 1863? 
 
 A. General John B. Magruder, by a night-attack on the Fed- 
 eral fleet and garrison, recaptured Galveston, Texas, destroyed the 
 
WAB BETWEEN THE STATES. 267 
 
 Federal ship Westfield, captured another vessel, the Harriet Lane, 
 drove off the rest of the Federal fleet, and raised the blockade on 
 that part of the coast. 
 
 Q. What victory was gained by the Federals on the 11th of 
 January ? 
 
 A. General John A. McClernand, with about thirty thousand 
 men, assisted by Admiral Porter's fleet, captured Arkansas Post, on 
 the Arkansas River, and its garrison of five thousand men, besides 
 seventeen cannon, three thousand stand of small arms, and a great 
 quantity of munitions and commissary stores. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the gallantry of the Confederates in 
 this battle? 
 
 A. The Confederate force of five thousand (of whom two thou- 
 sand were sick or disabled) resisted the overwhelming numbers 
 of the Federals for five hours, and inflicted on them a loss of 
 neat-ly one thousand men before they succeeded in entering the 
 fort. 
 
 Q. Who was the Confederate commander in this battle ? 
 
 A. General T. J. Churchill. 
 
 Q. What else can you say of this battle ? 
 
 A. It was a complete victory for the Federals, and yet a battle 
 of which the Confederate commander and his brave soldiers had 
 every reason to be proud. 
 
 Q. What naval victory was gained on the sea by the Confed- 
 erates near Galveston, Texas, on the afternoon of the 11th of 
 January ? 
 
 A. The Confederate war-steamer Alabama, commanded by Com- 
 modore Semmes, attacked and captured the Federal war-steamer 
 Hatteras and her crew of one hundred and eighteen men. 
 
 Q. What happened in ten minutes after the captured crew of 
 the Hatteras had been transferred to the deck of the Alabama ? 
 
 A. The Hatteras, which had been greatly injured in the fight, 
 went down, and was thus lost to her captors. 
 
 Q. What other brilliant success was gained by the Confederates 
 at Sabine Pass, on the 21st of January ? 
 
2G8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Major 0. M. Watkins, with two Confederate gunboats, 
 chased out to sea and captured a Federal gunboat and a schooner, 
 with thirteen cannon, one hundi-ed and twenty-nine prisoners, and 
 one million dollars' worth of stores. 
 
 Q. Where did the Confederates gain an important naval victory 
 on the 31sfc of January ? 
 
 A. In the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this Confederate naval victory. 
 
 A. The Confederate naval force in the harbor of Charleston 
 attacked the Federal blockading fleet, and dispersed and drove out 
 of sight for the time the entire Federal fleet. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Confederate naval force in this battle? 
 
 A. Captain D. N. Ingraham. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 27th of February, near Savannah, 
 Georgia ? 
 
 A. Four Federal iron-clad gunboats, under Commander Worden, 
 attacked the Confederate steamer Nashville, that had "ot aground 
 near Fort McAllister, and succeeded in setting her on fire and 
 destroying her. 
 
 Q. What occurred on March 3d ? 
 
 A. Five Federal iron-clad gunboats and three mortar-schooners, 
 commanded by Commodore Dupont, attacked Fort McAllister, but 
 were repulsed. 
 
 Q. What brilliant victory was gained by the Confederates in 
 Middle Tennessee on the 5th of March ? 
 
 A. General Van Dorn, with a large cavalry force, attacked the 
 Federals under Colonel Coburn, at Spring Hill, and captured the 
 whole force of thirteen hundred men, seven hundred having been 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 Q. Where did the Federal fleet meet with another repulse on 
 the 6th of April ? 
 
 A. In Charleston harbor. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. The Federal fleet, consisting of nine iron-clads and five other 
 gunboats, commanded by Commodore Dupont, assailed Fort Sum- 
 
\^AR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 269 
 
 ter, but were repulsed, after having sevei-al of their vessels damaged 
 and one of them (the Keokukj sunk. 
 
 Q. What other brilliant victory was gained near Rome, Georgia, 
 about the last of April ? 
 
 A. Colonel Streight, who, at the head of nearly two thousand 
 Federal cavalry, had been sent on a raid to destroy the machine- 
 shops of Rome and Atlanta, was defeated by General Forrest, and 
 compelled to surrender his entire command. 
 
 Q. While all these important events which have been mentioned 
 were occurring in the West and on the Atlantic coast, what were 
 the Federals doing in Virginia ? 
 
 A. They were preparing to make another advance against Lee's 
 army. 
 
 Q. Who was now in command of the Federal army in Vir- 
 ginia? 
 
 A. General Joseph Hooker. 
 
 Q. How large was the army with which General Hooker now ad- 
 vanced against the Confederates ? 
 
 A. It numbered one hundred and 
 thirty-two thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did Lee's army number 
 at this time ? 
 
 A. It numbered only forty-seven 
 thousand men, Longstreet being 
 absent with the greater part of his 
 corps in Southeastern Virginia. 
 
 Q. When did Hooker's army 
 cross the Rappahannock ? 
 
 A. On the 29th and ?>Oth of 
 April. 
 
 Q. What boast was made by 
 General Hooker? 
 
 A. That Lee would be obliged either to fly or fight a battle, in 
 which his army would certainly be destroyed. 
 
 Q. Instead of retreating, what did General Lee do? 
 23* 
 
 GENERAL HOOKER. 
 
270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He advanced boldly with his comparatively small army to 
 attack the Federals. 
 
 Q. When did the fighting between the two armies commence ? 
 
 A. On the afternoon of the 2d of May, when Stonewall Jack- 
 son attacked and routed the right wing of the Federal army in 
 the Wilderness. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 3d of May ? 
 
 A. On the 3d of May Hooker's main force was attacked and 
 driven back at Chancellorsville. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 4th ? 
 
 ^4. The Federal General Sedgwick, who was advancing to attack 
 Lee's army in the rear, was overwhelmed at Salem Church and 
 driven back in confusion. 
 
 Q. What did General Hooker do on the night of the 5th of 
 May ? 
 
 A. He retreated across the Rappahannock, leaving behind seven- 
 teen thousand men, killed, wounded, and prisoners, fourteen can- 
 non, and thirty thousand stand of small arms. 
 
 Q. What was the Confederate loss in these battles ? 
 
 A. Their loss was ten thousand men. 
 
 Q. What great Confederate general was mortally wounded dur- 
 ing this terrible conflict? 
 
 A. The illustrious Stonewall Jackson, who received his death- 
 wound on the evening of the 2d of May. 
 
 Q. What is this terrible three days' conflict called? 
 
 A. It is called the battle of Chancellorsville. 
 
 Q. How long did both armies remain quiet after this battle ? 
 
 A. Until near the middle of June. 
 
 Q. In the mean while, what efforts were being made by the 
 Federals along the Mississippi River ? 
 
 A. They were making vigorous eflbrts to capture Vicksburg and 
 Port Hudson, which commanded the navigation of the Mississippi. 
 
 Q. By whom was the Federal army operating against Vicks- 
 burg commanded ? 
 
 A. By General Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 571 
 
 Q. What did General Grant do during the months of February 
 and March ? 
 
 A. He made many at- 
 tempts to approach Vicks- 
 burg, — first by Williams's 
 Canal, next by Lake Prov- 
 idence, then by Yazoo 
 Pass, then by Steele's 
 Bayou, then by Milli- 
 ken's Bend and New Car- 
 thage Cut-ofF. 
 
 Q. What was the re- 
 sult of these attempts ? 
 
 A. He failed in them 
 all. 
 
 Q. Did his failures dis- 
 courage him ? 
 
 A. They did not: he 
 was only the more deter- 
 mined to succeed. 
 
 Q. After meeting with so many failures, what bold plan did he 
 finally adopt? 
 
 A. He adopted the plan of sending his army down the west 
 bank of the Mississippi to Grand Gulf, and running his transports 
 past the Vicksburg batteries down to the same point. 
 
 Q. What was his design in doing this ? 
 
 A. His intention was to cross the Mississippi at Grand Gulf, and, 
 marching up from that point, attack Vicksburg in the rear. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed in this ? 
 
 A. He did. 
 
 Q. What now happened ? 
 
 A. General Grant now began his march upon Vicksburg, de- 
 feating the forces of Pemberton at Raymond on the 12th of May; 
 at Baker's Creek, or Champion Hill, on the l(5th of May; and at 
 the Big Black on the 17th of May. 
 
 NAVIGATIOX IN THE MISSISSIPPI BAYOUS. 
 
272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What did Pemberton do after these defeats ? 
 
 A. He retired into Vicksburg, where he was closely besieged 
 by the Federal army. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Confederates in these battles? 
 
 A. Their loss was about six thousand men in killed, wounded, 
 and prisoners, besides thirty-three cannon and a large number of 
 small arms. 
 
 Q. How large was the army of Pemberton that was now be- 
 sieged in Vicksburg? 
 
 A. It numbered nearly thirty thousand men, of whom at least 
 one-third were sick and disabled. 
 
 Q. What was the number of the Federal troops that were now 
 besieging Vicksburg ? 
 
 A. The entire Federal force, both on land and water, engaged 
 in the siege of Vicksburg, numbered more than one hundred and 
 forty thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was done on the 19th of May? 
 
 A. The Federals assaulted the Confederates in the fortifications, 
 but were repulsed. 
 
 Q. When was a more general and determined assault made ? 
 
 J. On the 22d of May. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this assault? 
 
 A. The Federals were again repulsed, with terrible slaughter. 
 
 Q. What was their loss in these two assaults ? 
 
 A. About four thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did Grant now determine to do ? 
 
 A. He determined to keep Pemberton's army hemmed in in 
 Vicksburoj by his superior forces until the Confederates should be 
 starved into a surrender. 
 
 Q. What had the Federal General Banks done in the mean 
 while ? 
 
 A. He had moved up from New Orleans with about fifteen 
 thousand men, and was closely besieging Port Hudson. 
 
 Q. By how large a force was Port Hudson defended ? 
 
 A. By six thousand Confederates, under General Gardner. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 273 
 
 :\\ 
 
 
 
 VIEW OF NEW ORLEANS — LAKE POiNTCUARTRAIN IN THE DISTANCE. 
 
 Q. What did General Banks do on the 27th of May ? 
 
 A. He assaulted the Confederate position with all his force. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. He met with a disastrous repulse, losing two thousand of 
 his men, while the Confederates did not lose three hundred in all. 
 
 Q. When did General Banks again attempt to carry the Con- 
 federate works ? 
 
 A. On the 10th and 14th of June. 
 
 Q. With what result? 
 
 A. He was repulsed each time. 
 
 Q. What brilliant victory was gained by the Confederate Gen- 
 eral Dick Taylor on the 22d of June ? 
 
 A. He captured Brashear City, Louisiana, with one thousand 
 prisoners, a strong fort, ten large cannon, and supplies valued at 
 nearly six million dollars. 
 
 Q. What efforts were now made by the Confederate Govern- 
 ment? 
 
 A. Efforts were made to assemble an army for the relief of 
 Vicksburg, by sending a large portion of General Bragg's army to 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Q. Under whose command was this army ? 
 
274 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. It was commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of this transfer of troops from Tennes- 
 see to Mississippi ? 
 
 A. The effect was that Bragg' s position in Tennessee was weak- 
 ened, while the force sent to Mississippi was not strong enough 
 to accomplish the purpose for which it- was designed. 
 
 Q. While the Federal armies were thus besieging Vicksburg 
 and Port Hudson, on the Mississippi, what was the Confederate 
 army under Lee doing in Virginia? 
 
 A. It was preparing for an invasion of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Q. What was the design of the Confederate Government in 
 invading Pennsylvania ? 
 
 A. The design of the Confederate Government was to free 
 Virginia of the presence of hostile troops, and to break up the 
 entire Federal plan of campaign for the summer, both in the East 
 ,and in the West. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the army with which Lee set out for 
 the invasion of Pennsylvania ? 
 
 A. It numbered eighty thousand men. 
 
 Q. When did General Lee commence the movement which was 
 designed to flank General Hooker's army out of its position ? 
 
 A. On the 3d of June. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 9th of June, after the Federals had 
 discovered that Lee's army was making a movement of some sort? 
 
 A. A large force of Federal cavalry under Generals Gregg and 
 Buford, strongly supported by infantry, crossed the Rappahannock 
 and attacked General Stuart at Fleetwood, near Brandy Station. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. After a severe engagement, lasting from early in the morning 
 until late in the afternoon, the Federals were driven back across 
 the river, losing heavily in killed and wounded, and leaving four 
 hundred prisoners and three cannon in the hands of the Confed- 
 erates. 
 
 Q. AVhat two victories were gained by the Confederates on the 
 14th of June? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 275 
 
 A. On the 14th of June, General Early, of E well's corps, 
 stormed and carried the Federal works at Winchester, while Gen- 
 eral Rodes on the same day captured Martiusburg. 
 
 Q. What were the fruits of these two victories ? 
 
 A. More than four thousand prisoners, twenty-nine cannon, two 
 hundred and seventy wagons and ambulances, with four hundred 
 horses, besides a large amount of military stores, feh into the hands 
 of the Confederates. 
 
 Q. When did General Ewell, with the advance of Lee's army, 
 cross the Potomac ? 
 
 A. On the 23d of June. 
 
 Q. When did the Confederate army enter Chambersburg, Penn- 
 sylvania ? 
 
 A. On the 27th of June. 
 
 Q. How far into Pennsylvania did portions of the Confederate 
 army penetrate ? 
 
 A. Some divisions of the Confederate army advanced to York 
 and Carlisle, which they entered, and were advancing on Harrisburg, 
 when they received orders to join the main army, near Gettysburg. 
 
 Q. AVhat had General Hooker's army been compelled to do by 
 these movements of Lee ? 
 
 A. It had been compelled to retire from Virginia and hasten to 
 the defense of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Q. What did General Hooker do soon after the return of the 
 Federal army to Maryland ? 
 
 A. He requested to be relieved of the command of the Federal 
 army. 
 
 Q. Who was appointed in his place ? 
 
 A. General George G. Meade. 
 
 Q. How large was the army under Meade which was now moving 
 forward to oppose the advance of Lee ? 
 
 A. It numbered one hundred thousand men, having been 
 heavily reinforced since leaving Virginia. 
 
 Q. Where did the opposing armies encounter each other ? 
 
 A. At Gettysburg. 
 
276 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What now ensued ? 
 
 A. Three desperate battles, all known by the general name of 
 the battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 Q. On what day was the first* of these battles fought? 
 
 A. On the 1st of July. 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 A. The Confederates, under Gen- 
 erals Hill and Ewell, attacked the 
 Federals, led by Generals Reynolds 
 and Howard, and drove them through 
 Gettysburg, inflicting upon them the 
 loss of five thousand in killed and 
 wounded, besides capturing five thou- 
 sand prisoners and sixteen cannon. 
 
 Q. What happened during the 
 night of the 1st? 
 
 GENERAL MEADE. ^ m "n 1 1 
 
 A. The h ederal army was concen- 
 trated on a high range of hills south and east of the town, and 
 opposite the position which the Confederates had so gallantly 
 carried on the afternoon of the 1st. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 2d of July ? 
 
 A. Another desperate battle, in which the corps of General 
 Longstreet, on the right of Lee's army, succeeded in piercing the 
 Federal lines and retaining its position within them, while General 
 Ewell also succeeded in carrying some of the strong positions 
 which he assailed. 
 
 Q. What had the Confederates now reason to hope ? 
 
 A. That on the next day they should gain the crowning victory 
 of the campaign. 
 
 Q. How was the morning of the 3d of July spent? 
 
 A. It was spent by the Confederates in preparing for a grand 
 assault, and by the Federals in strengthening their position. 
 
 Q. When did the final battle around Gettysburg commence? 
 
 A. On the afternoon of the 3d of July. 
 
 Q. What was the result? 
 
WAR BET [VEEN THE STATES. 277 
 
 A. The Confederates succeeded in entering the advanced works 
 of the Federals and getting possession of some of their batteries, 
 but, after a gallant struggle, were forced to fall back, with severe 
 loss, to the position from which they had made the assault. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the two armies at the close of 
 this battle ? 
 
 A. The Confederate army had suffered too severely to renew 
 the attack, but was well able to meet any attack that might be 
 made ; while the Federal army, which had but barely held its 
 own, was not able to assault Lea's position. 
 
 Q. Why could not Lee remain longer in Pennsylvania ? 
 
 A. Because he could not procure supplies, and there was danger 
 that a force might be sent which would interrupt his communica- 
 tions, or perhaps cut his army off from the fords of the Potomac. 
 
 Q. How long did Lee remain at Grettysburg after the battle of 
 the 3d? 
 
 A. He remained until the night of the 4th, waiting to see if 
 the Federals would attack his position, and feeling perfectly able 
 to repulse any assault. 
 
 Q. As the Federals did not attack, how did the Confederates 
 employ their time during the -ith ? 
 
 A. They busied themselves in burying their dead and in moving 
 such of their wounded as were in a condition to be moved. 
 
 Q. When did the Confederate army begin to retire from Grettys- 
 burg ? 
 
 A. On the night of the 4th ; but the rear of the column did 
 not leave its position near Grettysburg until after daylight on 
 the 5th. 
 
 Q. Did the Federal army interrupt the Confederates as they 
 retired from Gettysburg? 
 
 A. It did not. 
 
 Q. What happened at Williamsport on the Gth of July ? 
 
 A. The Confederate wagon and ambulance train, which had 
 been sent to Williamsport ahead of the army, under the escort of 
 General Tmboden, was attacked by Federal cavalry. 
 
 24 
 
278 HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the fight which occurred ? 
 
 A. The Federals were repulsed, and soon after were themselves 
 attacked by General Stuart and pursued for several miles. 
 
 Q. When the main Confederate army reached the Potomac, on 
 the 7th of July, and found the river so much swollen by the rains 
 that the trains with the wounded and prisoners could not be got 
 across, what did Lee do ? 
 
 A. He took up a position covering the Potomac from Williams- 
 poit to Falling Waters, where he waited for the subsiding of the 
 river and the construction of bridges. 
 
 Q. When General Meade with his army appeared before Lee's 
 position, on the 12th of July, what did he do? 
 
 A. Instead of attacking the Confederates, he commenced forti- 
 fying his own lines, as if dreading an attack from them. 
 
 Q. When did Lee's army retire across the river into Virginia ? 
 
 A. On the night of the 13th. 
 
 Q. Were they molested by the Federals ? 
 
 A. They were not. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the Confederates in the Pennsyl- 
 
 vania 
 
 campaign 
 
 A. Their losses were about eighteen thousand in killed and 
 wounded, and about ten thousand unwounded prisoners, the greater 
 part of this loss being inflicted upon them in the battles around 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Federals ? 
 
 A. Their losses during the campaign were about equal to those 
 of the Confederates, amounting to more than twenty-three thou- 
 sand at Gettysburg, and being more than five thousand at Win- 
 chester and Martinsburg. 
 
 Q. Of this number how many were unwounded prisoners? 
 
 A. Of this number there were ten thousand unwounded pris- 
 oners, nearly six thousand being captured at Gettysburg and more 
 than four thousand at Winchester and Martinsburg. 
 
 Q. What were the respective losses of the Federals and Con- 
 federates in artillery during this campaign ? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 279 
 
 A. The Federals lost three cannon at Fleetwood, twenty-nine 
 at Winchester and Martinsburg, and sixteen in the first battle at 
 Gettysburg, while the Confederates lost but three cannon in the 
 ■whole campaign. 
 
 Q. What more can you say of this campaign ? 
 
 A. Until the 3d of July the advantage was decidedly on the 
 side of the Confederates ; but their repulse on the afternoon of 
 the 3d forced them to abandon the invasion of Pennsylvania and 
 return to their former position on the Rappahannock, in Virginia. 
 
 Q. Why should this one repulse bring the invasion of Penn- 
 sylvania to an end ? 
 
 A. Because the Federal army was being largely reinforced, while 
 the Confederates had no reserved troops with which they could 
 reinforce Lee. 
 
 Q. In the mean while, what great disaster befell the Confederate 
 arms in the West ? 
 
 A. Vicksburg, after a long and gallant defense, was surrendered 
 to General Grant on the 4th of July, with two hundred cannon 
 and twenty-seven thousand prisoners. 
 
 Q. What other disaster befell the Confederates on the 9th of 
 July? 
 
 A. Port Hudson, which had been bravely defended to the last, 
 was compelled to surrender to General Banks, with seventy-three 
 cannon and six thousand prisoners. 
 
 Q. What important victory was gained by the Confederates on 
 the 18th of July? 
 
 A, The battle of Fort Wagner, on Morris Island, near Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina, in which the Federal forces, led by General 
 Strong, were defeated, with a loss of fifteen hundred men, while 
 the Confederate loss was less than one hundred. 
 
 Q. What great cavalry raid was conducted by General John H. 
 Morgan during the month of July ? 
 
 A. He moved with about two thousand men across the south- 
 ern portions of Indiana and Ohio, doing great damage to the Fed- 
 erals and causing great consternation ; but his command was at 
 
280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 last attacked by superior numbers and the greater portion of it 
 captured, Morgan himself being among the prisoners, but he 
 afterwards escaped. 
 
 Q. Turning to Middle Tennessee, what do we find to be the 
 state of afiiiirs at this time ? 
 
 A. We find that General Bragg, whose army had been very 
 much weakened by the transfer of troops to Mississippi, was obliged 
 to fall back before the advance of the powerful army of Rosecrans. 
 
 Q. What was the state of affairs at the same time in East 
 Tennessee ? 
 
 A. The small Confederate force in that region was compelled 
 to retire before the advance of General Burnside's army. 
 
 Q. Before Bragg could be reinforcetl, ill what condition did he 
 find himself? 
 
 A. He found that he must either abandon Chattanooga to the 
 Federals or run the risk of having his army hemmed in and be- 
 sieged, as Pemberton's had been at Vicksburg. 
 
 Q. What did he determine to do ? 
 
 A. He determined to abandon Chattanooga, and avoid every 
 risk of endangering the safety of his army. 
 
 Q. Soon after retiring from Chattanooga, how was Bragg's 
 army strengthened ? 
 
 A. By five brigades from Lee's army, under the command of 
 General Longstreet, one of the ablest of Lee's generals. 
 
 Q. What did Bragg now do ? 
 
 A. He no longer retired before the Federals, but moved forward 
 to attack them. 
 
 Q. What was the comparative strength of the two armies ? 
 
 A. The Federal army numbered fifty-five thousand men, and 
 the Confederate army nearly fifty thousand. 
 
 Q. Where did these two armies encounter each other? 
 
 A. At Chickamauga Creek, on the extreme northern border of 
 Georgia. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle which occurred ? 
 
 A. It resulted in one of the most brilliant Confederate victories 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 281 
 
 of the war, the Federals being routed, with the loss of twenty 
 thousand men (^of whom eight thousand were prisoners), besides 
 fifty-one cannon and fifteen thousand small arms. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Confederates? 
 
 A. About fifteen thousand men, killed and wounded. 
 
 Q. To what place did the Federal army retreat ? 
 
 A. To Chattanooga, on the Tennessee River. 
 
 Q, What did the Confederate army now do ? 
 
 A. It followed and prepared to besiege the Federal army in 
 Chattanooga. 
 
 Q. Where had the Confederates gained a brilliant success 
 twelve days before the battle of Chickamauga ? 
 
 A. At Sabine Pass, on the coast of Texas, where a small Con- 
 federate fort manned by two hundred and fifty men, under the 
 command of Captain Odium, repulsed a Federal force consisting 
 of an army of four thousand men and a fleet of four gunboats. 
 
 Q. How did it happen that so small a force of Confederates 
 repulsed so large a Federal force ? 
 
 A. It happened through the bad management of the Federal 
 commander. General Franklin, who failed to co-operate with the 
 fleet, and thus prevented his four thousand men from being of 
 any more service than if they had been a thousand miles away. 
 
 Q. What was the Federal loss in this aff"air ? 
 
 A. The Federals lost two gunboats, which were captured by 
 the Confederates, together with fifteen heavy rifled cannon, besides 
 fifty killed and wounded and two hundred prisoners. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Confederates ? 
 
 A. They did not lose a single man. 
 
 Q. While General Bragg, after the battle of Chickamauga, was 
 keeping the Federal army hemmed in in Chattanooga, what was 
 General Longstreet ordered to do ? 
 
 A. He was ordered to move with his corps against General 
 Burnside, in East Tennessee. 
 
 Q. Describe the movements of Longstreet. 
 
 A. He advanced to the northward, defeating a Federal force 
 
 24* 
 
282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 under Colonel Wolibid, at Philadelphia Station, on the 20th of 
 October, capturing about seven hundred prisoners and six cannon, 
 and on the Gth of November defeated the main army under Burn- 
 side, forcing them back to their fortifications at Knoxville, which 
 place he invested on the 17th. 
 
 Q. In the mean while, what was General Bragg doing near 
 Chattanooga ? 
 
 A. He was keeping the Federal army, now under General 
 Thomas, closely confined to their works, and was busy cutting off 
 their supplies. 
 
 Q. How was the Federal army reinforced in October ? 
 
 A. By the two corps of Hooker and Howard, sent from Meade's 
 army in Virginia. 
 
 Q. How were the Federals still further reinforced in November? 
 
 A. By General Sherman's army from Mississippi. 
 
 Q. Who now took command of the Federal armies around 
 Chattanooga ? 
 
 A. General Grant. 
 
 Q. What did the Federal army now number? 
 
 A. Not less than eighty -five thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did the Confederate army now number? 
 
 A. It numbered but little over thirty thousand men, being 
 weakened by its losses at the Chickamauga, and by the detach- 
 ment of General Longstreet with several thousand troops against 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Q. When did the fighting between these two armies commence ? 
 
 A. On the 24th of November, when Hooker's corps canied the 
 works on Lookout Mountain, which, through bad management, 
 were defended by only one small brigade. 
 
 Q. What battle occurred on the 25th ? 
 
 A. The battle of Missionary Eidge. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 ^. The left wing of the Confederates, which was the weakest 
 portion of the army, was routed and driven from the field, but the 
 right, consisting of Hardee's corps, held its ground firmly, and, after 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 283 
 
 the left had given way, retired in perfect order, and by its firm 
 bearing saved the Confederate army from destruction. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Confederates in this disastrous 
 defeat ? 
 
 A. Their loss was nine thousand men (of whom six thousand 
 were prisoners) and forty cannon. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Federals ? 
 
 A. The Federal army lost nearly seven thousand men. 
 
 Q. Who was sent in pursuit of the retreating Confederates ? • 
 
 A. General Hooker. 
 
 Q. Where was the pursuit checked ? 
 
 A. At a gap in Taylor's Ridge, near the little village of Ring- 
 gold. 
 
 Q. How was the pursuit checked ? 
 
 A. Greneral Cleburne, commanding a division in Hardee's corps, 
 halted his troops along the ridge, and repulsed every attempt of 
 Hooker's troops to drive him from the position, inflicting on the 
 Federals a loss of about one thousand men, of whom two hun- 
 dred and fifty were prisoners. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Confederates in this battle at 
 Ringgold ? 
 
 A. Less than two hundred men. 
 
 Q. What did General Grant now do ? 
 
 A. He drew back his forces to Chattanooga, and sent General 
 Sherman to relieve Burnside, who was hard pressed by Longstreet 
 at Knoxville. 
 
 Q. When Longstreet heard of Sherman's approach, what did 
 he do? 
 
 A. He attempted to carry the works at Knoxville by assault, 
 but failed, with a loss of eight hundred men. 
 
 Q. What did he then do ? 
 
 A. He retired towards Virginia, but defeated a Federal force 
 that attempted to pursue him. 
 
 Q. Were the armies in Virginia idle while these events were 
 going on in the West ? 
 
284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. They were not. 
 
 Q. What did Lee do early in October ? 
 
 A. He set out from his camp on the Rappahannock, with the 
 intention of placing his army on the line of Meade's communi- 
 cations. 
 
 Q. What did Lee's movements cause Meade to do ? 
 
 A. These movements caused Meade to retreat rapidly. 
 
 Q. How far did Meade retreat ? 
 
 A. He retreated as far as Centreville, near Washington. 
 
 Q. What did Lee then do ? 
 
 ^4. He returned to his former position on the Rappahannock, 
 after destroying the railroad which Meade had used for the trans- 
 portation of his supplies, and having inflicted on the Federals a 
 loss of three thousand men (most of them prisoners), while his 
 own loss was not half so many. 
 
 Q. After Meade returned to his former position on the north 
 bank of the Rappahannock, what brilliant success was obtained 
 by General Russell, commanding a division in Meade's army? 
 . ^. He captured some Confederate works at Rappahannock 
 Station, on the north side of the river, taking four cannon and 
 sixteen hundred prisoners. 
 
 Q. What did General Meade do in the latter part of November? 
 
 A. He crossed the Rapidan, and moved forward with the in- 
 tention of surprising Lee, hoping thus to defeat his army and 
 then advance on Richmond. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed ? 
 
 A. He did not ; for Lee was ready and waiting for him at Mine 
 Run, and on the night of December 1 the Federal army retired 
 to its position on the north of the Rapidan. 
 
 Q. On which side was the advantage at the close of 18Co? 
 
 A. The Federals had the advantage ; for, though sometimes 
 disastrously defeated, they had gained important victories, had 
 recovered control of the Mississippi River, and had overrun the 
 State of Tennessee. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 285 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Fourth Year of the War hetween the States. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the Federal and Confederate 
 armies at the beginning of 18G4? 
 
 A. The Federal armies numbered not less than one million men, 
 while the Confederate armies numbered not more than two hundred 
 and fifty thousand. 
 
 Q. When did active military operations begin ? 
 
 A. In the month of February. 
 
 Q. How were they commenced ? 
 
 A. They were commenced by the invasion of Florida by an 
 army of six thousand Federals under General Seymour. 
 
 Q. Where was the invasion checked ? 
 
 A. At Olustee, or Ocean Pond, by a force of five thousand 
 Confederates under Generals Colquitt and Finnegan. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle of Olustee ? 
 
 A. The Confederates gained a brilliant victory, inflicting upon 
 the Federals a loss of at least two thousand men, while their 
 own was about nine hundred, and capturing five cannon and three 
 thousand small arms. 
 
 Q. What were the Federals compelled to do after this defeat ? 
 
 A. They were compelled to give up the invasion of Florida. 
 
 Q. Where did the Confederates gain another brilliant victory 
 on the 22d of February? 
 
 A. At Okalona, in Mississippi, where the Confederate cavalry 
 under General Forrest utterly defeated a large force of Federal 
 cavalry commanded by General Grierson, capturing many prisoners 
 and ten cannon, and driving the Federals in complete rout back 
 to Memphis. 
 
 Q. What important result followed this victory ? 
 
28G 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. General Sherman, who, with fifty thousand men, had set out 
 from Vicksburg with the design of assailing Mobile in the rear, 
 and had advanced as far as Meridian, was forced to abandon his 
 expedition and return to Vicksburg. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 25th of February, at Rocky Face 
 Eidge, to the north of Dalton, Georgia ? 
 
 A. Four divisions of the Federal army encountered two divisions 
 
 of the Confederate army, but were repulsed with considerable loss. 
 
 Q. Who was in command of the Confederate army at Dalton ? 
 
 A. General Joseph E. Johnston, who had taken command one 
 
 month after Bragg's defeat at Missionary Ridge. 
 
 Q. Where did the Confederates 
 gain still greater successes ? 
 
 A. On the west of the Missis- 
 sippi River, in Louisiana and Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 Q. What plan was adopted by 
 the Federals in the campaign on 
 the west of the Mississippi ? 
 
 A. General Banks, with about 
 forty thousand men, was to advance 
 northward from New Orleans, Loui- 
 siana, while General Steele was to 
 move down from Little Rock, Ar- 
 kansas, with more than seven thou- 
 sand men. 
 Q. What did they hope to accomplish ? 
 
 A. They expected to drive the Confederates entirely out of 
 Louisiana and Arkansas, and then complete their overthrow in 
 Texas. 
 
 Q. How was the Federal invasion arrested ? 
 A. The Confederate army under General Dick Taylor attacked 
 the Federals at Mansfield on the 8th of April, and again at 
 Pleasant Hill on the 9th, forcing General Banks to abandon 
 the expedition and return to New Orleans. 
 
 JOE JOHNSTON. 
 
WAR BETWEEN TEE STATES. 287 
 
 Q. When Greneral Steele heard of the defeat of Banks, what 
 did he do? 
 
 A. He immediately retreated, and was closely pursued by Gen- 
 eral Kirby Smith. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the Federals in this campaign ? 
 
 A. Their losses were fourteen thousand men (of whom nearly 
 six thousand were prisoners), thirty-five cannon, eleven hundred 
 wagons, one gunboat, and three transports. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the Confederates ? 
 
 A. Less than five thousand in killed, wounded, and missing. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the Confederate army opposed to 
 Banks and Steele ? 
 
 A. Less than twenty-five thousand men. 
 
 Q. What victory 'did the Confederates gain in Tennessee on the 
 12th of April? 
 
 A. General Forrest captured Fort Pillow by assault. 
 
 Q. What brilliant victory was gained by the Confederates on 
 the North Carolina coast on the 20th of April ? 
 
 A. General Hoke, with about six thousand men, assisted by the 
 iron-clad gunboat Albemnrle, attacked Plymouth, and, after a des- 
 perate assault, succeeded in carrying the Federal works, capturing 
 the garrison of nearly three thousand men, including General Wes- 
 sells, the commander of the post, besides twenty-five cannon and a 
 large supply of valuable stores. 
 
 Q. While these important events were going on, what cele- 
 brated cavalry raids occurred ? 
 
 A. The raids of Kilpatrick and Dahlgren, in Virginia. 
 
 Q. What was the object of these raids? 
 
 A. Their object was to surprise Richmond, enter the city, then 
 release the Federal prisoners, and leave them to burn the city and 
 kill the Confederate President and Cabinet. 
 
 Q. With what success did they meet? 
 
 A. They completely failed, and Dahlgren was killed. 
 
 Q. What plan was now ad(^pted by the Federals for the summer 
 of 1864? 
 
288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Two grand campaigns were planned: one against Riclimond, 
 in Virginia, the other against Atlanta, in Georgia. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Federal army in Virginia ? 
 
 A. General Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 Q. Who commanded the Federal forces around Chattanooga ? 
 
 A. General William T. Sherman. 
 
 Q. When did the campaign in Virginia begin ? 
 
 A. On the 3d of May, when the army of Grant, numbering 
 one hundred and forty thousand men, began to cross the Rapidan. 
 
 Q. What was Grant's plan ? 
 
 A. His own army was to advance from the north upon Rich- 
 mond ; Generals Crook and Sigel were to capture Staunton and 
 Lynchburg and operate upon the rear of the Confederates ; while 
 General Butler, with thirty thousand men, was to move up the 
 James River, take Petersburg, and approach Richmond from the 
 south. 
 
 Q. What did General Lee do when he ascertained that Grant 
 had crossed the Rapidan? 
 
 A. He moved forward to meet him with all the troops at his 
 disposal, numbering not more than fifty-two thousand men. 
 
 Q. Where did the two armies meet ? 
 
 A. In the Wilderness, near the scene of Hooker's disastrous 
 defeat in 1863. 
 
 Q. AVhat now occurred ? 
 
 A. A terrible battle, which lasted during the 5th and 6th of 
 May, and in which the Confederates had decidedly the advantage, 
 the Federals being repulsed at every point. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in this battle ? 
 
 A. The loss of the Confederate army was nearly eight thousand 
 men, while that of the Federals was fully twenty thousand, of 
 whom six thousand were prisoners. 
 
 Q. What did Grant now attempt to do ? 
 
 A. He attempted by a flank march to Lee's right, made on the 
 night of the 7th of Mny, to seize Spottsylvania Court-House and 
 get between the Confederate army and Richmond. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 289 
 
 Q. What did Lee do on the same night ? 
 
 A. Thinking that Grant would make this very move, General 
 Lee, on the same night, sent General Stuart to delay the Federal 
 movement in that direction until he could meet the P^ederal army 
 with all his force, and again bar the way to Richmond. 
 
 Q. When Grant reached Spottsylvania Court-House, what did 
 he find? 
 
 A. He found that, instead of surprising Lee, he had himself 
 been foiled by the skill with which the great Confederate leader 
 had penetrated his designs. 
 
 Q. What now occurred ? 
 
 A. Several days of skirmishing and desperate fighting. 
 
 Q. When did the great battle of Spottsylvania Court-House 
 take place ? 
 
 A. On the 12th of May. 
 
 Q. How did this battle commence ? 
 
 A. At early dawn General Hancock, leading some of the best 
 troops in Grant's army, surprised and captured an exposed part 
 of the Confederate works, capturing about three thousand men and 
 thirty cannon, and was on 'the point of breaking through Lee's 
 lines, when General Gordon with two brigades rushed forward 
 and checked the advancing Federals. 
 
 Q. What now ensued ? 
 
 A. A desperate battle, which finally resulted in the complete 
 repulse of the Federals, though Hancock succeeded in carrying off 
 with him eighteen of the cannon which he had captured in the 
 first part of the battle. 
 
 Q. What did Grant do after this repulse ? 
 
 A. He remained quiet for several days, waiting for reinforce- 
 ments. 
 
 Q. What was the result of a movement made by General Lee^ 
 on the 19th of May, to turn the right flank of the Federal army? 
 
 A. It resulted in the discovery that the Federal army was 
 moving. 
 
 Q. What did Lee now suspect? 
 
290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. That General Grant was making an attempt to seize upon 
 Hanover Junction, on the North Anna River, which would have 
 enabled him to invest Richmond from the north and northwest. 
 
 Q. Were Lee's suspicions correct ? 
 
 A. They were 
 
 Q. Did Grant succeed in his plan ? 
 
 A. He did not ; for Lee reached the position first. 
 
 Q. Did Grant again attempt to carry Lee's position ? 
 
 A. He did not. 
 
 Q. What did he do ? 
 
 A. He made another night march, for the purpose of getting 
 between Lee's army and Richmond. 
 
 Q. Being foiled in this, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He made still another attempt, and again found the Con- 
 federate army drawn up, at Cold Harbor, to dispute his advance. 
 
 Q. During the movements from Spottsylvania Court-House to 
 Cold Harbor, what distinguished Confederate general was killed? 
 
 A. General Stuart, the commander of Lee's cavalry. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Stuart in command of the cavalry ? 
 
 A. General Wade Hampton, of South Carolina. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 3d of June ? 
 
 A. General Grant's army assaulted Lee's position at Cold Har- 
 bor, but, after an action which lasted less than half an hour, he 
 was repulsed with the loss of more than ten thousand men, while 
 Lee's loss was not much over one thousand. 
 
 Q. What had the campaign of one month from the Rapidan to 
 Cold Harbor cost the Federals ? 
 
 A. It had cost them sixty thousand men, being more than Lee 
 had in his whole army. 
 
 Q. What had been the loss of the Confederates during the same 
 time ? 
 
 A. The Confederate losses during the same time were eighteen 
 thousand men. 
 
 Q. Had the other Federal generals who were to co-operate with 
 Grant succeeded any better? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 291 
 
 A. They had not ; for Butler was defeated by Beauregard, and 
 Crook and Sigel by Breckinridge. 
 
 Q. When had Butler commenced his movement? 
 
 A. On the 0th of May, while Grant and Lee were fighting in 
 the Wilderness. 
 
 Q. How was Butler checked ? 
 
 A. Beauregard hastened up from Charleston with all the forces 
 at his command, and reached Petersburg about the time that Butler 
 landed at Bermuda Hundreds, between Petersburg and Richmond. 
 
 Q. What victory was gained by General Beauregard on the 
 IGthof May? 
 
 A, The battle of Drewry's Bluff, in which Beauregard, with 
 fifteen thousand men, totally defeated Butler's army of thirty 
 thousand, driving the Federals back to Bermuda Hundreds, with 
 the loss to them of five thousand men, and shutting them up 
 within their fortifications, thus preventing them from being of any 
 assistance to Grant. 
 
 Q. How was the conjoint movement of Crook and Sigel 
 arrested ? 
 
 A. It was arrested by General Breckinridge, who met Sigel at 
 New Market on the 15th of May, and, with a greatly inferior 
 force, assisted by the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute, 
 completely routed the Federals. 
 
 Q. After Grant's repulse at Cold Harbor on the 3d of June, 
 what did he find it necessary to do ? 
 
 A. To give up his attempt upon Richmond from the north, and 
 to cross the James River and seize upon Petersburg before Lee 
 should be aware of his purpose. 
 
 Q. How was it that Grant was able to keep the field after his 
 terrible losses and defeats? 
 
 A. He was reinforced by fresh troops after each defeat, and his 
 army was as large as when the campaign commenced. 
 
 Q. Had Lee been reinforced ? 
 
 A. He had received nine thousand fresh troops; but these were 
 not enough to supply his losses. 
 
292 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. While G-rant was preparing to cross the Jaiftes, what was 
 General Sheridan ordered to do ? 
 
 A. He was ordered with his cavalry to seize Gordonsville and 
 Charlotteville, destroy the railroads at these places, and unite with 
 General Hunter in a movement from the Valley. 
 
 Q. How was Sheridan checked ? 
 
 A. General Wade Hampton, with a much smaller force, met him 
 at Trevillian's Station on the 12th of June, and routed his com- 
 mand. 
 
 Q. ^Yho was sent by Lee to oppose Hunter ? 
 
 A. General Early, who drove Hunter from before Lynchburg 
 on the 18th of June, and followed him so closely that his retreat 
 became a disorderly flight. 
 
 Q. Was General. Grant successful in his attempt to seize upon 
 Petersburg ? 
 
 A. He was not ; for, although his advance force reached Peters- 
 burg before Lee, they were held in check by some local troops, and 
 when Grant's main army arrived, Lee's army again stood before 
 him to dispute his progress. 
 
 Q. What now occurred ? 
 
 A. On the 17th and 18th of June, Grant assaulted Lee's lines, 
 but was repulsed with the loss of more than ten thousand men, 
 while the Confederate loss was small. 
 
 Q. What other disaster did the Federals sustain about this 
 same time ? 
 
 A. A force of eight thousand cavalry, under Generals Wilson 
 and Kautz, which was sent to destroy the Confederate communi- 
 cations with the South and West, was totally defeated, losing many 
 in killed and wounded, more than one thousand men captured, 
 thirteen cannon, and thirty wagons. 
 
 Q. How were the remainder of June and the greater part of 
 July spent by the Confederate and Federal armies around Peters- 
 burg ? 
 
 A. The two armies busied themselves in strengthening their 
 respective positions. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 293 
 
 Q. While these stirring events were occurring in Virginia, what 
 was the state ot* affairs in Northwestern Georgia ? 
 
 A. A vigorous campaign was being conducted by Sherman and 
 Johnston. 
 
 Q. When did the campaign in Georgia commence ? 
 
 A. On the 4th of May, when General Sherman advanced from 
 Chattanooga against the Confederate position at Dalton. 
 
 Q. How large was the army with which Sherman advanced ? 
 
 A. It numbered about one hundred thousand men. 
 
 Q. How large was the Confederate army under Johnston ? 
 
 A. It numbered when the campaign commenced not more than 
 forty-three thousand men. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 8th and 9th of May ? 
 
 A. General Sherman with his 
 main army advanced close to the 
 Confederate works, and assaults 
 wore made by some of his divi- 
 sions, which were all repulsed with 
 severe loss to the Federals. 
 
 Q. While Sherman was in front 
 of Dalton with his main force, what 
 was done by General McPherson ? 
 
 A. He moved with a large force 
 to Resaca, in the rear of the Con- 
 federate position at Dalton, but was 
 held in check by two brigades until 
 three Confederate divisions came 
 up, when McPherson withdrew to Snake Creek Gap and fortified. 
 
 Q. What did Sherman now do ? 
 
 A. He moved with his army through Snake Creek Gap, with 
 the intention of seizing upon Resaca. 
 
 Q. What was Johnston obliged to do in consequence of this 
 movement of Sherman ? 
 
 A. He was obliged to abandon Dalton and concentrate his army 
 at Resaca. 
 
 25* 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
294 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Q. What occurred at Resaca on the 14th and 15th of May? 
 
 A. Heavy fighting between portions of the two armies, which 
 was in the main to the advantage of the Confederates, the Federals 
 losing five thousand men, while the Confederate loss was not more 
 than half so many. 
 
 Q. What was Sherman enabled to do by reason of his superi- 
 ority of numbers ? 
 
 A. He was enabled to engage the Confederate army with a force 
 larger than their own, and at the same time send a large force to 
 threaten their communications. 
 
 Q. Since Johnston discovered, on the afternoon of the 15th, 
 that Sherman was executing a move of this sort, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He drew his army that night across the Oostenaula. 
 
 Q. What was Sherman's plan throughout the whole of this 
 campaign ? 
 
 A. His plan was to bring the Confederates to battle on such 
 terms as would insure their decisive defeat, and then move forward 
 and seize Atlanta. 
 
 Q. What was Johnston's plan ? 
 
 A. His plan was to avoid a general engagement, unless the advan- 
 tage of position should be on the side of the Confederates, and at 
 the same time to delay the march of Sherman as much as possible. 
 
 Q. If no opportunity presented itself of defeating Shennan 
 decisively, what did Johnston intend to do ? 
 
 A. He intended to fall back to his lines near Atlanta, where his 
 position would be as strong as Lee's before Richmond and Peters- 
 burg, and there, with the advantage on his side, he expected to 
 utterly defeat the Federal army. 
 
 Q. Where did Johnston next take up a position ? 
 
 A. Near Cassville, where he hoped to have a favorable oppor- 
 tunity of fighting a battle. 
 
 Q. Being disappointed in this, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He crossed the Etowah on the morning of the 20th, and 
 placed his troops along the southern bank of that stream, where 
 they rested for three days. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 295 
 
 Q. What brilliant exploit was performed on the 24th by Major- 
 Geueral Wheeler, in command of Johnston's cavalry ? 
 
 A. He defeated a Federal force, guarding a supply-train, near 
 Cassville, brought off seventy loaded wagons, three hundred horses 
 and mules, one hundred and eighty-two prisoners, and burned a 
 much greater number of wagons with their loads than were brought 
 away. 
 
 Q. When it was ascertained that the Federals had crossed the 
 Etowah far to the Confederate left, and were moving in the direc- 
 tion of Dallas, what did Johnston do ? 
 
 A. He marched promptly to meet the movements of the Fed- 
 erals, and took up a position extending from Dallas to the railroad. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the afternoon of the 25th of May ? 
 
 A. Greneral Hooker's corps of the Federal army attacked 
 Stewart's division of Hood's corps, opposite to New Hope Church. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the engagement which now occurred ? 
 
 A. Aft^r a severe struggle of two hours, the Federals were 
 repulsed with the loss of fully two thousand men, while the Con- 
 federate loss was not more than four hundred. 
 
 Q. When did another fierce engagement occur ? 
 
 A. On the afternoon of the 27th the Fourth Corps of the 
 Federal army attacked General Cleburne's division, near. Little 
 Pumpkin-Vine Creek. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this attack ? 
 
 A. The Federals were repulsed, with the loss of three thousand 
 men, while the loss of the Confederates was only four hundred and 
 fifty. 
 
 Q. What happened on the morning of the 28th ? 
 
 A. While Major-General Bate was reconnoitring the Federal 
 position at Dallas, two of his brigades, through mistake, made an 
 assault, but were repulsed with the loss of three hundred men, 
 while the loss of the Federals was trifling. 
 
 Q. What was now the state of affkirs for several weeks ? 
 
 A. The Federal army kept shifting its position, first in one 
 direction, then in another, in the eflbrt to turn the flanks of the 
 
296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Confederates, each of which movements was skillfully met by 
 General Johnston. 
 
 Q. By what were all these movements attended ? 
 
 A. By constant daily skirmishing, and often the roar of mus- 
 ketry on the skirmish-line could scarcely be distinguished from the 
 sound of a general engagement. 
 
 Q. What celebrated Confederate general was killed on the morn- 
 ing of the 14th ? 
 
 A. General Leonidas Polk. 
 
 Q. How long did this state of affairs continue before General 
 Sherman attempted a general assault ? 
 
 A. Until the 27th of June. 
 
 Q. What battle was fought on that day ? 
 
 A. The battle of Kenesaw Mountain, in which, after a furious 
 cannonade, the Federal army made a general assault upon the 
 Confederate position. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle ? 
 
 A. The Federals were repulsed, with a loss of nearly five thou- 
 sand men, while the loss of the Confederates was only five hundred 
 and twenty-two. 
 
 Q. Since the beginning of the campaign, how had both armies 
 been strengthened ? 
 
 A. By large bodies of fresh troops ; but the reinforcements 
 received by Sherman were far more numerous than those received 
 by Johnston. 
 
 Q. While the Federal and Confederate armies were engaged in 
 the constant fighting which finally culminated in the assault on 
 Kenesaw Mountain, what great victory was gained by General 
 Forrest in Mississippi ? 
 
 A. The battle of Guntown, in which, with a force of six thou- 
 sand men, Forrest surprised and completely routed a Federal army 
 of twelve thousand, commanded by General Sturgis, inflicting on 
 them a loss of five thousand in killed, wounded, and prisoners, all 
 their artillery (twenty cannon), and their entire train of wagons. 
 
 Q. When did this occur ? 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 297 
 
 A. On tlie lOth of June. 
 
 Q. What information did General Jolinston receive on the 2d 
 of July, five days after the battle of Kenesaw Mountain ? 
 
 A. He received information that Sherman was moving his army 
 into a position which would place him nearer to Atlanta than the 
 Confederate army would be if it remained at Kenesaw. 
 
 Q. Since Atlanta was the most important place to be defended, 
 what did Johnston do ? 
 
 A. He retired to the new line near the Chattahoochee, and after- 
 wards crossed that river and stationed his army in the neighborhood 
 of Atlanta. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the campaign from the time that Sher- 
 man began his advance until the Confederates retired across the 
 Chattahoochee ? 
 
 A. It had been conducted with great skill by both General 
 Johnston and General Sherman, each of these officers having 
 made the best use of the means at his command. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the two armies ? 
 
 A. They had exhibited the greatest courage and fortitude, hav- 
 ing been engaged with each other, either in battle or skirmishing, 
 almost daily for two months. 
 
 Q. After the Confederates had retired across the Chattahoochee, 
 what did each commander do ? 
 
 A. General Sherman gave his army several days of rest, and 
 General Johnston also remained quiet, his army not being large 
 enough to warrant him in assuming the offensive. 
 
 Q. In the mean while, what had happened in Virginia ? 
 
 A. General Lee, feeling strong enough to hold his lines at 
 Kiclimond and Petersburg, sent Generals Early and Breckinridge 
 through the Valley to threaten Washington and Baltimore. 
 
 Q. Give an account of General Early's movements. 
 
 A. He moved rapidly down the Valley with about thirteen 
 thousand men, entered Maryland, and created the greatest alarm 
 throughout the North for the safety of Washington and Baltimore. 
 
 Q. W^here did he fight a battle with the Federals ? 
 
298 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. At Monocacy Bridge, on the 9tli of July, where Gordon's 
 division charged and routed the Federals under General Lew 
 Wallace. 
 
 Q. What did Early then do ? 
 
 A. He moved rapidly upon Washington, hoping to reach the 
 city and capture it before the garrison could be reinforced. 
 
 Q. Did he succeed ? 
 
 A. He did not ; he was just one day too late. 
 
 Q. How had Washington been saved from capture? 
 
 A. By the arrival of two full corps from Grant's army. 
 
 Q. When General Early became aware of this, what did he do? 
 
 A. He retired into Virginia, and camped near Winchester. 
 
 Q. What did Grant now do ? 
 
 A. Supposing that Early was returning to Richmond, General 
 Grant ordered the two corps that had saved Washington City back 
 to Petersburg, intending to strike Lee a blow before Early could 
 arrive. 
 
 Q. As soon as these troops retired, what did General Early do? 
 
 A. Instead of retiring to llichmond, he advanced to Martins- 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 299 
 
 burg, attacked the Federals under General Crook, routed them, and 
 drove them across the Potomac, with the loss of twelve hundred 
 men, including General Mulligan, who was killed. 
 
 Q. What expedition was now sent out by General Early? 
 
 A. A cavalry expedition under General McCausland, which 
 routed a small Federal force at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, and, 
 having captured the town of Chambersburg, in the same State, 
 burned the greater part of it (July 30). 
 
 Q. How did the Confederates justify the burning of this town? 
 
 A. They burned it in retaliation for the burning of a portion 
 of Lexington, in Virginia, and for the many depredations and 
 outrages of General Hunter and other Federal officers in the 
 Valley. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of these movements of the Confederates 
 in Pennsylvania? 
 
 A. The greatest alarm was excited in Pennsylvania, and the 
 two Federal corps that had started for Petersburg were again 
 sent back after Early. 
 
 Q. In the mean while, what disastrous defeat did General Grant 
 suffer at Petersburg ? 
 
 A. On the 30th of July a fort on the Confederate front was 
 mined and blown up, but when the Federal troops rushed forward 
 to the assault they were met by such a terrible fire that they were 
 driven back into the hollow where the fort had stood, and in a few 
 minutes they suffered a loss of more than four thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was the Confederate loss in this affair ? 
 
 A. Only about three hundred. 
 
 Q. Meanwhile, what was going on in Georgia? 
 
 A. A desperate struggle for the possession of Atlanta. 
 
 Q. When were active operations resumed in Georgia? 
 
 A. On the 16th of July, when General Sherman, having crossed 
 the Chattahoochee, began to advance towards Atlanta. 
 
 Q. What was the plan adapted by General Johnston for the 
 defense of Atlanta? 
 
 A. Plis plan was to hold the fortifications of Atlanta with the 
 
300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Greorgia State troops, while with his whole army he fell upon the 
 flank and rear of the Federals. 
 
 Q. What happened while he was making his preparations to 
 carry out this plan ? 
 
 A. He was superseded by General John B. Hood, a brave and 
 gallant officer, but one who lacked the military experience and 
 skill of G-eneral Johnston. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the army turned over to General 
 Hood by General Johnston ? 
 
 A. It numbered fifty-one thousand men, its losses in the cam- 
 paign being more than counterbalanced by the reinforcements 
 received. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of this army while under General 
 Johnston's command? 
 
 A. About ten thousand in killed and wounded, and four thou- 
 sand from all other causes. 
 
 Q. What had been the loss of the Federals during the same 
 time ? 
 
 A. More than thirty thousand men in all. 
 
 Q. How had Sherman's losses been repaired ? 
 
 A. By heavy reinforcements, so that his army was about as 
 strong as when the campaign commenced at Dalton. 
 
 Q. What happened on the afternoon of July 20 ? 
 
 A. General Hood attacked the Federals on Peach-Tree Creek, 
 and at first drove them back, but was at last obliged to abandon 
 the attack, with the loss of about three thousand men, while the 
 Federal loss was seventeen hundred. 
 
 Q. When did another great battle occur between these armies ? 
 
 A. On the 22d of July. 
 
 Q. How was this battle brought on ? 
 
 A. By a movement of the Federal army to flank the right of 
 the Confederate position around Atlanta. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 
 A. General Hood, leaving a force to hold Atlanta, marched with 
 his main army around to Decatur, and fell upon the Federal left 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 301 
 
 and rear, driving tliem from their works, and capturing twenty- 
 two cannon, eighteen stands of colors, and fifteen liundred pris- 
 oners ; but Sherman, bringing forward fresh troops, checked the 
 Confederates in their victorious career, recovering nine of his 
 captured guns. 
 
 Q. What more can you say of this battle? 
 
 A. Both armies claimed the victory: the Federals, because they 
 had at last succeeded in checking the Confederate advance, and the 
 Confederates, because they had driven the Federals from some of 
 their works and carried off as trophies thirteen cannon and eighteen 
 standards. 
 
 Q. What was one of the results of this battle which caused the 
 Confederates to claim the victory ? 
 
 A. The Federals made no more attempts to flank Atlanta on 
 the east, and it was several days before they began to try on the 
 other side of the city. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in this battle ? 
 
 A. The loss of the Federal army was about four thousand men, 
 while the Confederates, being the assailants, lost something over 
 five thousand. 
 
 Q. What two brave and distinguished generals were killed in 
 this battle ? 
 
 A. Major-General William H. T. Walker, of the Confederate 
 army, and Major-General James B. McPherson, of the Federal 
 army. 
 
 Q. Before attempting to flank Atlanta on the west side, what 
 did General Sherman do ? 
 
 A. He sent out two cavalry columns, one five thousand strong, 
 under General Stoneman, and the other four thousand strong, 
 under General McCook, with orders to meet at Lovejoy's Station, 
 on the Macon Road, and destroy the Confederate communications. 
 
 Q. What was the fate of McCook's column ? 
 
 A. McCook was attacked at Newnan, Georgia, and defeated, with 
 a loss of six hundred men. 
 
 Q. Describe General Stonenian's movements. 
 
302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Stoneman moved down the Macon Road, and at last appeared 
 before Macon, where he encountered Major-General Cobb, with a 
 force consisting of militia and mechanics from the Government 
 workshops, numbering in all not more than eighteen hundred men. 
 
 Q. What now ensued ? 
 
 A. A battle, which lasted for several hours, at the end of which 
 time Stoneman's large force was defeated and driven from the field. 
 
 Q. What became of Stoneman and his force? 
 
 A. He was pursued by General Iverson and captured, with more 
 than one thousand of his men. 
 
 Q. What had been the result of the cavalry expedition from 
 which Sherman expected so much ? 
 
 A. Two Federal cavalry divisions, numbering in all nine thou- 
 sand men, had been completely defeated, with the loss of more than 
 three thousand killed, wounded, and captured. 
 
 Q. What did this defeat of the Federal cavalry enable General 
 Wheeler, the Confederate cavalry general, to do ? 
 
 A. It enabled him to make a successful raid to the rear of the 
 Federal army, which he did, tearing up the road at Calhoun and 
 capturing nine hundred beef cattle. 
 
 Q. When did Sherman begin his attempt to flank Atlanta on 
 the west? 
 
 A. On the 27th of July. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 28th of July ? 
 
 A. General Hood attacked the right of the Federal army, but 
 was repulsed, with a loss of fifteen hundred men, while the loss of 
 the Federals was only six hundred. 
 
 Q. When did another engagement occur on the west of Atlanta ? 
 
 A. On the 5th of August, near Iltoy Creek, when General 
 Schofield's corps of the Federal army assaulted a portion of the 
 Confederate line held by General Bate. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. The Federals were repulsed, with a loss of four hundred 
 killed and wounded, besides many prisoners and arms, and several 
 stands of colors. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 303 
 
 Q. What was now the state of affairs around Atlanta for several 
 weeks ? 
 
 ^l. There was constant skirmishing between the two armies, but 
 no pitched battle. 
 
 Q. What important victories were gained by the Federals in 
 Mobile Bay during the month of August ? 
 
 A. Admiral Farragut, with a fleet of twenty-eight ships, assailed 
 the forts and four vessels which defended Mobile Bay, capturing 
 the Confederate iron-clad Tennessee on the 5th of August (on 
 which day Fort Powell was blown up by its garrison), taking 
 possession of Fort Gaines on the 7th, and on the 2od capturing 
 Fort Morgan, with its garrison of fourteen hundred men, taking 
 in all these forts one hundred and four cannon. 
 
 Q. What was the result of these Federal victories ? 
 
 A. The Confederates could no longer use Mobile as a port, 
 though they still held the city. 
 
 Q. Turning now to Virginia, what do we find to be the state 
 of affairs ? 
 
 A. We find the Federal and Confederate armies watching each 
 other, and engaged in constant skirmishing along the whole line, 
 from Petersburg to the vicinity of Richmond. 
 
 Q. What occurred between the 13th and 20th of August? 
 
 A. General Hancock made several attempts on the Confederate 
 works north of the James, but was at last obliged to abandon the 
 attempt, having lost fifteen hundred men, while the Confederate 
 loss was less than five hundred. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 19th and 20th of August? 
 
 A. General Mahone made assaults upon the Federals under 
 General Warren, who had seized the Weldon Railroad, and though 
 he did not succeed in dislodging them from the railroad, he did 
 succeed in forcing the Federals from their advanced position near 
 Petersburg. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in this engage- 
 ment? 
 
 A. The loss of the Federal army was forty-five hundred men, 
 
304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of whom twenty-five hundred were prisoners, including General 
 Hays, while the Confederate loss was not half so many. 
 
 Q, When did the battle of Ream's Station occur ? 
 
 ^1. On the 25th of xiugust. 
 
 Q. With what result ? 
 
 A. General A. P. Hill attacked the Federals under General 
 Hancock and utterly defeated them. 
 
 Q. What was the loss in both armies in this battle ? 
 
 A. The Federals lost twenty-five hundred men in killed, wounded, 
 and prisoners, besides nine cannon and three thousand small arms, 
 while the Confederate loss was seven hundred and twenty in killed, 
 wounded, and missing. 
 
 Q. What movement was commenced by General Sherman near 
 Atlanta, on the same day on which the Confederates won the 
 battle of Ream's Station, in Virginia? 
 
 A. He commenced a movement which ended in placing his 
 army along the line of the Macon Road, near Jonesboro'. 
 
 Q. How did General Hood attempt to check this movement? 
 
 A. With the corps of Hardee and S. D. Lee he assaulted the 
 Federal position on the 31st of August, but was at last repulsed, 
 with great loss on both sides. 
 
 Q. What did Hood now do ? 
 
 A. Leaving Hardee's corps to hold the works of Jonesboro', he 
 moved back to Atlanta with the corps of S. D. Lee, and prepared 
 to evacuate the city. 
 
 Q. What happened on the Lst of September, while Hood was 
 at Atlanta with the main army, making his preparations to aban- 
 don the city ? 
 
 A. General Hardee, in command of only one corps, resisted the 
 Federal army of six corps from noon until dark, and although his 
 line was at one time pierced and eight of his cannon captured, he 
 succeeded in holding his position until night ended the contest. 
 
 Q. What did this stand of Hardee at Jonesboro' accomplish ? 
 
 A. It secured the safe withdrawal of the Confederate army 
 from Atlanta. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 305 
 
 Q. What did Hardee do during the niglit ? 
 
 A. He withdrew with his corps to Lovejoy Station, -where he 
 was joined next day by the main army under General Hood, which 
 had retreated from Atlanta on the night of the 1st of September. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 2d of September ? 
 
 A. Sherman advanced to Lovejoy Station, and an assault was 
 made upon the Confederate position, which was repulsed, with great 
 loss to the assailants. 
 
 Q. What did General Sherman now do ? 
 
 A. He determined to give his army rest after their long cam- 
 paign, and accordingly retired to Atlanta. 
 
 Q. What had been the result of Sherman's movements on the 
 Macon Road ? 
 
 A. They had resulted in the capture of Atlanta, which was the 
 first decisive victory gained by the Federal army in the year 18G4, 
 the forts in Mobile having been captured mainly by the navy. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in the battles around 
 Jonesboro' and Lovejoy which had resulted in the fall of Atlanta ? 
 
 A. About thirty-five hundred on the Confederate side, and tw^o 
 thousand on that of the Federals. 
 
 Q. Where did the Federals next meet with important successes ? 
 
 A. In the Valley of Virginia. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the Federal army in the Valley ? 
 
 A. It numbered forty thousand men, of which force ten thou- 
 sand were cavalry, the whole commanded by General Philip Sheri- 
 dan. 
 
 Q. AVhat was the strength of the Confederate army in the 
 Valley? 
 
 A. It numbered about thirteen thousand men, of which two 
 thousand were cavalry, and was commanded by General Jubal 
 A. Early. 
 
 Q. When and where did the first battle occur between Sheridan 
 and Early? 
 
 A. At Winchester, on the 19th of September. 
 
 Q. Give an account of this battle. 
 26* 
 
306 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. General Sheridan attacked the Confederate position in the 
 morning, but the Southern soldiers bravely held their ground 
 against great odds, repulsing assault after assault, until nearly night, 
 when they were driven from the field with the loss of three thou- 
 sand men (two-thirds of whom were prisoners) and five cannon. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Federals in this battle? 
 
 A. Their loss was over three thousand in killed and wounded. 
 
 Q. What battle occurred on the 22d of September ? 
 
 A. The battle of Fisher's Hill. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this battle? 
 
 A. The Confederates were routed, with the loss of one thousand 
 prisoners, besides many killed and wounded, together with sixteen 
 cannon and a large amount of commissary stores. 
 
 Q. What was Gleneral Early now obliged to do ? 
 
 A. He was obliged to abandon the Valley and retire to the 
 mountains. 
 
 Q. What did Greneral Sheridan now do ? 
 
 A. He marched through the Valley, spreading ruin and desola- 
 tion through that beautiful region. 
 
 Q. What bold movement was made by General Early about the 
 middle of October, after his losses had been made up by reinforce- 
 ments ? 
 
 A. He moved again down the Valley, and camped near Fisher's 
 Hill. 
 
 Q. What did Early do on the 19th of October? 
 
 A. Learning that the Federal army was totally ignorant of 
 his being so near, he made an attempt to surprise them in their 
 camp at Cedar Creek. 
 
 Q. Where was General Sheridan at this time ? 
 
 A. He was in Winchester, several miles away. 
 
 Q. Did Early succeed in his efforts to surprise the Federal 
 army ? 
 
 A. He did. 
 
 Q. Give an account of the surprise of the Federal army. 
 
 A. Just at dawn, General Gordon, leading three divisions of 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 307 
 
 GENERAL GORDON. 
 
 Early's army, fell upon the Federal left and rear, while General 
 Kershaw led two divisions against their right and front, completely 
 routing two corps of the Federals, and forcing the third one to 
 abandon the field, capturing fifteen hundred prisoners and twenty- 
 four cannon. 
 
 Q. Did the Confederates improve 
 this victory ? 
 
 A. They did not, although their 
 only hope of decisively defeating 
 Sheridan's vastly superior army was 
 in rapidly following up their success 
 and giving the Federals no chance 
 to rally. 
 
 Q. When the Federals found that 
 they were no longer pursued, what 
 did they do ? 
 
 A. They rallied and reformed 
 their lines, being assisted in this by 
 
 the example of the corps which had retreated in order when the 
 rest of the army was routed. 
 
 Q. How were they encouraged ? 
 
 A. By the arrival of Sheridan at ten o'clock, who immediately 
 took command. 
 
 Q. What resolution did Sheridan now form ? 
 
 A. He determined to retake his captured camp. 
 
 Q. When did he advance for this purpose ? 
 
 A. At three o'clock in the afternoon. 
 
 Q. Was his effort to retake his camp successful ? 
 
 A. It was; for the Confederates were in their turn routed, with 
 the loss of fifteen hundred prisoners and twenty-three cannon, 
 and also the twenty-four guns which they had captured in the 
 morning. 
 
 Q. What was the total loss of the two armies in this double 
 battle ? 
 
 A. Between three and four thousand on each side. 
 
308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What was done by the Coufederate authorities towards the 
 close of the fall ? 
 
 A. The greater part of Early's army was placed under the com- 
 mand of General Gordon and ordered back to Petersburg. 
 
 Q. What attempts were made by General Grant in the latter 
 part of October ? 
 
 A. He made two attempts to push forward his lines, one on the 
 north and the other on the south side of the James. 
 
 Q. What was the result of these efforts? 
 
 A. Both attempts were foiled, the one on the north side of the 
 river being repulsed by General Longstreet, and the one on the 
 south side by General Mahone. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in this attempt of 
 Grant to break through Lee's lines ? 
 
 A. The loss of the Federals was two thousand men, while that 
 of the Confederates was very small. 
 
 Q. What was done by General Price on the west of the Missis- 
 sippi River in the months of September and October ? 
 
 A. He advanced with a small Confederate army into Missouri, 
 and penetrated far into the interior of the State, but on the 23d 
 of October he was attacked by General Rosecrans, defeated with 
 great loss, and driven back into Arkansas. 
 
 Q. What campaign was projected by General Hood in Sep- 
 tember ? 
 
 A. A campaign into Tennessee for the purpose of forcing Gen- 
 eral Sherman to retreat from Georgia. 
 
 Q. When did this campaign commence ? 
 
 A. On the 28th of September, when Hood began to move 
 towards the Chattahoochee. 
 
 Q. Give an account of Hood's movements. 
 
 A. After crossing the Chattahoochee, he sent General French to 
 capture Allatoona, but French was repulsed ; then he moved north- 
 ward to Resaca, destroying the railroad for twenty miles ; then 
 captured Dalton, with its garrison, and destroyed the railroad to 
 Tunnel Hill. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 309 
 
 Q. What did Sherman do in consequence of these movements 
 of Hood? 
 
 A. He left one corps of his army to hold Atlanta, while with 
 the rest he marched to the northward, to bring Hood to battle. 
 
 Q. Since he could not bring Hood to battle, and as the de- 
 parture of the Confederate army from Georgia left no force in that 
 State capable of opposing him, what did Sherman resolve to do ? 
 
 A. He determined to cut loose from his base of supplies at 
 Atlanta and march through Georgia to the sea. 
 
 Q. Before putting this plan in operation, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He sent General Thomas into Tennessee with a force suffi- 
 cient to oppose Hood. 
 
 Q. Since the execution of his plan of marching to the sea 
 would compel him to abandon Atlanta and Northern Georgia to 
 the Confederates, what did he do? 
 
 A. He destroyed the railroad from Dalton to Atlanta, burned 
 the foundries and mills in Rome and other places, and destroyed 
 the city of Atlanta. 
 
 Q. When did he begin his march through Georgia ? 
 
 A. On the 13th of November. 
 
 Q. When did Hood enter the State of Tennessee ? 
 
 A. On the 19th of November. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the army with which he entered 
 Tennessee? 
 
 A. It numbered thirty-five thousand infantry and artillery and 
 ten thousand cavalry. 
 
 Q. Where and when did Hood fight his first battle after enter- 
 ing the State of Tennessee ? 
 
 A. At Franklin, on the 1st of December. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the Federal army at Franklin ? 
 
 A. It numbered about twenty thousand men. 
 
 Q. By whom was it commanded ? 
 
 A. By General Schofield. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle of Franklin ? 
 
 A. After a desperate battle, General Hood succeeded in occu- 
 
310 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 pyiug the Federal works, and General Schofield retreated to 
 Nashville. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the Confederates in this battle ? 
 
 A. Since they assaulted the fortified position of the Federals, 
 they suffered terribly, and lost at least five thousand men, in- 
 cluding the gallant General Cleburne, one of the best officers in 
 Hood's army. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the Federals ? 
 
 A. The Federals lost twenty-three hundred, of whom eleven 
 hundred were prisoners. 
 
 Q. Where did the decisive battle of the Tennessee campaign 
 occur ? 
 
 A. At Nashville, to which place General Hood followed the 
 retreating Federals. 
 
 Q. Who had command of the Federal army at Nashville ? 
 
 A. Major-General George H. Thomas. 
 
 Q. When did General Thomas attack Hood ? 
 
 A. On the 15th -and 16th of December. 
 
 Q. What was the size of the army with which he made the 
 attack ? 
 
 A. It numbered at least sixty thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle ? 
 
 A. Hood's army (which, with its cavalry absent, numbered not 
 more than thirty thousand) was completely routed, with a loss of 
 more than twelve thousand men and fifty-three caimon, besides a 
 vast amount of small arms and military supplies of all kinds. 
 
 Q. How was the pursuit of the scattered remnants checked ? 
 
 A. By the swollen rivers, and by the undaunted courage of the 
 rear-guard, consisting of four thousand infantry, under General 
 Walthall, and a part of Forrest's cavalry, which succeeded in join- 
 ing Hood at Columbia. 
 
 Q. Meanwhile, what was General Sherman doing ? 
 
 A. He was on his march through Georgia with an army of 
 sixty-five thousand men, and, as there was no army in the State to 
 oppose him, he appeared near Savannah on the 10th of December. 
 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 311 
 
 Q. When did he capture Fort McAllister ? 
 
 A. On the 13tli of December. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 20th of December ? 
 
 A. He entered the city of Savannah, which had been abandoned 
 by the Confederates. 
 
 Q. While Sherman was still on his march through Georgia, 
 what battle was fought in South Carolina, on the line of the 
 Charleston and Savannah Railroad ? 
 
 A. The battle of Honey Hill, in which a Federal force, led by 
 General Hatch, was defeated with the loss of seven hundred and 
 fifty men. 
 
 Q. What happened at the entrance of Cape Fear River on the 
 24th and 25th of December ? 
 
 A. An attack was made upon Fort Fisher by a Federal fleet, 
 but the Federals were repulsed. 
 I Q^. What was the condition of affairs at the close of 1864 ? 
 ! A. The year which had opened with such brilliant victories for 
 I the Confederates closed with the Federal arms triumphant in 
 almost every quarter. 
 
 Q. How had it fared with the Confederate cruisers on the 
 ocean? 
 
 A. The Alabama had been sunk by the Kearsarge on the 19th 
 of June, while the Florida had been captured by the Wachusett 
 on the 7 til of October. 
 
 Q. What important political event occurred in the autumn 
 of 1864? 
 
 A. A Presidential election was held in the United States. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Republican party ? 
 
 A. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, was again their candidate for 
 President, and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, who had sided 
 \ with the Federal Government when his State seceded, was their 
 candidate for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic, or Anti-Admin- 
 j istration party ? 
 
 A. General George B. McClellan, of the Federal army, was 
 
312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 their candidate for President, and Honorable George H. Pendle- 
 ton, of Ohio, was their candidate for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A. Lincoln and Johnson were elected by an overwhelming 
 majority. 
 
 Q. What other political event of importance occurred on the 
 31st of October? 
 
 A. The admission of Nevada as a State of the Federal Union. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 End of the War let ween the States. — Death of President Lincoln. 
 — Administration of Andrew Johnson. 
 
 Q. What was the strength of the armies at the beginning of 
 18G5? 
 
 A. The Federal armies numbered one million men, while those 
 of the Confederates numbered only one hundred and fifty thou- 
 sand men. 
 
 Q. What attempt was made early in February ? ' 
 
 A. An attempt was made to end the war by negotiations between 
 President Lincoln and certain Commis.sioners appointed by the 
 Confederate Grovernment. 
 
 Q. Who were the Confederate Commissioners ? 
 
 A. Alexander H. Stephens, the Confederate Vice-President, 
 John A. Campbell, and R. M. T. Hunter. 
 
 Q. Where did Mr. Lincoln meet the Commissioners? 
 
 A. Near Fortress Monroe. 
 
 Q. Was this attempt at negotiation successful ? 
 
 A. It was not; and, accordingly, the war went on. 
 
 Q. Between the time when this conference was first proposed 
 
END OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 313 
 
 } and the time when it was iield, wliat important victory was gained 
 by the Federals ? 
 
 FORTRESS MONROK. 
 
 A. Fort Fisher, at the entrance of the Clipe Fear River, was 
 captured by Greneral Alfred Terry, with its garrison of two thou- 
 sand men, and one hundred and sixty-nine heavy guns, on the 
 15th of January. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 6th of February, three days after 
 the failure of the negotiations ? 
 
 A. Greneral Grrant, in attempting to turn Lee's right, received a 
 bloody check at Hatcher's Ilun, the Federals losing two thousand 
 men, while the Confederate loss was less than half as many. 
 
 Q. When did General Sherman begin to advance from Savau- 
 nah northward through South Carolina ? 
 
 A. Early in February. 
 
 o 27 
 
314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Whom did he send against Augusta ? 
 
 A. General Kilpatrick, with a division of cavah-y. 
 
 Q. By whom was Kilpatrick opposed ? 
 
 A. By General Wheeler, commanding a force of Confederate 
 cavalry. 
 
 Q. Where did a battle occur between these forces ? 
 
 A. Near Aiken, in South Carolina, on the 11th of February. 
 
 Q. What was the result? 
 
 A. The Federals were routed, and thus Augusta was saved from 
 capture. 
 
 Q. What course did Sherman take ? 
 
 A. He advanced with his army of sixty thousand men to Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 Q. When did he take Columbia ? 
 
 A. On the 17th of February. 
 
 Q. Who was in command of the Confederate forces in this 
 quarter ? 
 
 A. General Beauregard. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the force under his command ? 
 
 A. It was too small to attempt anything against Sherman. 
 
 Q. What occurred while the Federals were occupying Co- 
 lumbia? 
 
 A. The city was fired in several places, and more than two- 
 thirds of it burned to the ground. 
 
 Q. In consequence of the capture of Columbia, what was done 
 by General Hardee, the commander of the Confederate forces in 
 Charleston ? 
 
 A. He evacuated Charleston and marched to the northward, to 
 join his forces with those of General Beauregard. 
 
 Q. In this last extremity, who was placed in command of the 
 forces operating against Sherman ? 
 
 A. General Joseph E. Johnston, whose removal from the com- 
 mand of the army of the Tennessee had been followed by so 
 many disasters, was now summoned to make one more effort to 
 restore the falling fortunes of the Confederacy. 
 
END OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 315 
 
 Q. Besides the forces of Beauregard and Hardee, what others 
 were added to Johnston's command ? 
 
 A. The forces of General Bragg, that had been withdrawn from 
 Wihnington. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 8th of March ? 
 
 A. Greneral Bragg, with about eight thousand men, attacked a 
 superior force of the Federals at Kinston, and drove them three 
 miles, inflicting upon them heavy loss in killed and wounded, and 
 capturing fifteen hundred prisoners and three cannon. 
 
 Q. Why was he unable to improve this victory ? 
 
 A. Because a body of Federal troops was soon concentrated in 
 his front too large for his small army to oppose. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the morning of the 10th? 
 
 A. Greneral Wade Ham^^ton surf)rised the camp of the Federal 
 cavalry, General Kilpatrick, and routed the Federals, capturing 
 their camp and artillery, but, upon the arrival of reinforcements, 
 Kilpatrick recovered his camp. 
 
 Q. What was the most important result of this attack upon 
 Kilpatrick's camp ? 
 
 A. General Hampton's command captured five hundred pris- 
 oners, and released one hundred and seventy-three Confederates 
 who were prisoners in the hands of the Federals. 
 
 Q. What battle occurred on the IGth of March? 
 
 A. The battle of Averysboro', fought by General Hardee, 
 against a Federal force three times greater than his own. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this battle ? 
 
 A. General Hardee was flanked(^out of his first position, but 
 immediately took up a new one, from which the Federals found it 
 impossible to dislodge him. 
 
 Q. What did General Hardee do at night on account of in- 
 formation received that the Federals were marching around to his 
 loft? 
 
 A. He retired towards Smithfield. 
 
 Q. What did General Johnston succeed in doing by the 18th 
 of March? 
 
316 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He succeeded in concentrating fifteen thousand men near 
 Bentonville. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the next morning ? 
 
 A. The Confederates attacked the Federals under General Slo- 
 cum, numbering at least thirty-five thousand men. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the battle which occurred? 
 
 A. General Hardee, commanding troops from the army of Ten- 
 nessee, drove the Federal left from their works, capturing three 
 cannon, but General Bragg was held in check by their right. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 20th ? 
 
 A. The whole of Sherman's army, numbering more than seventy 
 thousand men, was united in Johnston's front, and several assaults 
 were made upon the Confederates, but the assailants were repulsed 
 with heavy loss. 
 
 Q. How long did Johnston remain with his small army in front 
 of the Federals ? 
 
 A. Until the night of the 21st, when the Confederate army 
 marched to Smithfield. 
 
 Q. What were the losses of the two armies in the fighting 
 around Bentonville? 
 
 A. The Confederates lost two thousand three hundred in killed, 
 wounded, and missing, while the losses of the Federals were fully 
 three thousand. 
 
 Q. How were the losses of the Confedenites supplied on the 
 21st? 
 
 A. By the arrival of two thousand men from the army of 
 Tennessee, under General Cheatham. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 23d? 
 
 A. General Sherman united his army with that of General 
 Schofield near Goldsboro'. 
 
 Q. What did the united armies of Schofield and Sherman 
 number ? 
 
 A. They numbered nearly one hundred thousand men. 
 
 Q. How did General Sherman spend his time during the next 
 two weeks ? 
 
END OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 317 
 
 A. In collecting supplies and in making preparations to march 
 into Virginia. 
 
 Q. Meanwhile, how was General Johnston's army strengthened? 
 
 A. By the arrival of several thousand more troops from the 
 army of Tennessee. 
 
 Q. What did Johnston's army number by the 10th of April ? 
 
 A. It numbered twenty-five thousand men. 
 
 Q. While Sherman was marching through the Carolinas, what 
 happened in Virginia? 
 
 A. General Sheridan, with a cavalry force of ten thousand 
 men, having captured the most of General Early's command (two 
 thousand in all) at Waynesboro', came down from the Shenandoah 
 Valley, laying waste the country, and joined Grant near Peters- 
 burg on the 26th of March. 
 
 Q. How was Grant's right wing endangered on the 25th of 
 March, just before the arrival of Sheridan ? 
 
 A. By a bold assault on Fort Steadman. 
 
 Q. Describe the assault on Fort Steadman. 
 
 A. General Gordon assaulted and carried the Federal works, 
 capturing nine cannon, eight mortars, and five hundred prisoners, 
 but, not being properly supported, was obliged to withdraw, aban- 
 doning the captured guns, which were, however, disabled. 
 
 Q. What was the Federal loss in this affair? 
 
 A. The Federal loss was twenty-five hundred men. 
 
 Q. What was the loss of the Confederates ? 
 
 A. Their loss was fully three thousand. 
 
 Q. What was now the state of aifairs around Petersburg ? 
 
 A. Lee, with or.ly thirty-three thousand effective soldiers, was 
 now pressed in his trenches, which extended a distance of thirty- 
 five miles, by forces numbering nearly two hundred thousand men. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 31st of March? 
 
 A. General Sheridan, in an attempt to turn the Confederate 
 right, was defeated near Dinwiddle Court-House by General 
 Pickett, with a loss of three thousand men. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the next day ? 
 
 27* 
 
318 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. Greneral Sheridan, at the head of thirty thousand men, fell 
 upon General Pickett's force of less than ten thousand, and, though 
 bravely resisted, finally gained a complete victory, inflicting upon 
 the Confederates a loss of nearly six thousand men. 
 
 Q. What occurred on the 2d of April ? 
 
 A. General Grant, by a concentration of forces, succeeded in 
 making a breach in the Confederate lines of defense near Peters- 
 burg, and forced the Confederates into their inner line of works, 
 close to the city. 
 
 Q. When the Confederates were driven from their outer line, 
 what caused a delay in the movements of the Federals and enabled 
 the Confederates to rally in their last line of works ? 
 
 A. The obstinate defense of Fort Gregg by its garrison of only 
 two hundred and fifty men, who repulsed three assaults made by 
 Gibson's division ; and when at last the fort was captured, all but 
 thirty of its brave defenders were killed or wounded, while five 
 hundred Federals lay stretched upon the ground. 
 
 Q. What was the result when the Federals assaulted the inner 
 line of works near Petersburg ? 
 
 A. They were repulsed with great loss. 
 
 Q. What did this repulse enable Lee to do ? 
 
 A. It enabled him to hold Petersburg until night, when he 
 could withdraw his army without being molested. 
 
 Q. What did Lee do on the night of the 2d ? 
 
 A. He withdrew his army, now numbering only twenty-five thou- 
 sand men, from the lines of Petersburg and Richmond, which he 
 had held so long and skillfully. 
 
 Q. When did the Federals occupy Petersburg and Richmond ? 
 
 A. On the 3d of April. 
 
 Q. In what condition did they find Richmond ? 
 
 A. They found the city in flames, the destruction of the public 
 works having set fire to it, and it was with difficulty that the fire 
 was subdued. 
 
 Q. What was Lee's plan when he left Petersburg and Rich- 
 mond ? 
 
END OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 319 
 
 A. Ho intended to move down into North Carolina and join liis 
 forces to those of General Johnston. 
 
 Q. How were his plans foiled ? 
 
 A. When he reached xinielia Court-House, he found that the 
 supplies for his army which he expected to meet there had been 
 by mistake sent on to Richmond, and the delay which this caused 
 enabled the Federals to head him off. 
 
 Q. In what direction did he now turn ? 
 
 ^4. He moved towards Lynchburg, hard pressed by the pur- 
 suing Federals, and frequently repul.suig attacks upon his flanks 
 and rear. 
 
 Q. When was he at length completely surrounded by the pur- 
 suing hosts ? 
 
 A. On the 9ih of April, near Appomattox Court-House. 
 
 Q. What W.V- tiio condition of his army on that day? 
 
 ^4. The sufferi'',{s of the troops had been so great that only 
 eight thousand of them were able to carry their arms, and they 
 were surrounded by an army of nearly one hundred and eighty 
 thousand men. 
 
 Q. What did Lee now find it necessary to do ? 
 
 A. He found it necessary to surrender. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the terms given by General Grant ? 
 
 A. They were of the most liberal character, and reflected more 
 honor upon him than his victory. 
 
 Q. Give a synopsis of the terms of the surrender. 
 
 A. After stacking their arms and colors, the officers and men, 
 having given an obligation not to take up arms until exchanged, 
 were permitted to return to their homes, safe fi'om any molestation 
 by the Federal authorities, the officers being allowed to retain their 
 side-arms, and officers and men to retain such horses as were their 
 own private property. 
 
 Q. When did President Davis, his Cabinet, and other officials 
 leave Richmond ? 
 
 A. On the night of the 2d of April, when Lee's army aban- 
 doned its lines at Petersburir. 
 
320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. After an interview with Generals Johnston and Beaure- 
 gard at Grreensboro', in North Carolina, what did President Davis 
 authorize General Johnston to do ? 
 
 A. He authorized him to make such terms as he could with 
 Sherman for a termination of the war. 
 
 Q. When and where did Generals Johnston and Sherman meet 
 s'.nd arrange terms of pacification ? 
 
 A. On the 18th of April, at the house of a Mr. Bennett, near 
 Dunham's Station, in North Carolina. 
 
 Q. Give a S3?nopsis of the terms then agreed upon. 
 
 A. The troops were to march to their respective States and 
 deposit their arms in the State arsenals, each officer and man 
 pledging himself to cease from acts of war and abide the action 
 of State and Federal authority ; the President of the United States 
 to recognize the several State governments on their officers and 
 Legislatures taking the oath of allegiance to the United States, 
 and all persons to be secured in person, property, and political 
 rights. 
 
 Q. What was designed by this agreement ? 
 
 A. It was designed to immediately restore the Union and end 
 the war. 
 
 Q. Why did General Sherman think that these terms would be 
 accepted by the Government of the United States? 
 
 A. On account of the frequent declarations of the Government 
 of the United States that the restoration of the Union was the 
 sole object of the war, and because he believed that the terms 
 agreed with the views expressed by President Lincoln. 
 
 Q. Were these terms accepted by the United States ? 
 
 A. They were not. 
 
 Q. W^hat is probably the reason of their rejection? 
 
 A. The fact that President Lincoln had been assassinated, in 
 consequence of which the people of the North were very much 
 exasperated, and Vice-President Johnson, who now became Presi- 
 dent, was accordingly not inclined to grant such liberal terms. 
 
 Q. When and where was President Lincoln assassinated? 
 
DEATH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 321 
 
 A. On the 14th of April, at Ford's Theatre, in Washington 
 City. 
 I Q. By whom was the horrible crime committed ? 
 
 A. By John Wilkes Booth, an actor of considerable note. 
 Q. What became of Booth ? 
 
 A. He was pursued for several days, finally overtaken, and shot, 
 Q. When General Johnston was informed of the rejection of 
 the terms, what did he do ? 
 
 A. He had another interview with General Sherman, at the 
 same place where the first interview was held. 
 
 Q. For what purpose was this interview held? 
 
 A. For the purpose of arranging terms for the capitulation of 
 all the Confederate troops in Johnstons department. 
 
 Q. What did his department embrace ? 
 
 A. It embraced the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia, and Florida. 
 
 Q. When were the terms of capitulation agreed upon ? 
 
 A. On the 26th of April, 1865. 
 
 Q. What were the terms of the capitulation ? 
 
 A. They were similar to those agreed upon between Loe and 
 Grant. 
 
 Q. In what respect did they diff'er from those accorded to Lee? 
 
 A. Each brigade or separate body of troops was permitted to 
 retain a number of arms e(|ual to one-seventh of its eifective 
 strength, which, when the troops reached the capitals of their 
 States, were to be disposed of as the general commanding the 
 department might direct. 
 
 Q. What important events occurred in Alabama and Georgia 
 between the sui-render of Lee and the final agreement between 
 Sherman and Johnston ? 
 
 A. Mobile yielded to a combined attack by land and water, and 
 General Wilson, with a cavalry expedition from Nashville, captured 
 the cities of Selma, Montgomery, Columbus, and Macon. 
 
 Q. When the pacification agreed upon between Sherman and 
 Johnston was made known, what did General AVilson do? 
 
322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He marched liis command back to Tennessee. 
 
 Q. By what was the capitulation of Johnston followed ? 
 
 A. It was followed by the capitulation of all the Confederate 
 armies. 
 
 Q. By whom was the last surrender made? 
 
 .4. By General E. Kirby Smith, in Texas, on the 26th of May. 
 
 Q. When and where did the last actual collision of hostile forces 
 occur ? 
 
 A. On the 13th of May, at Palmetto Ranch, on the Bio Grande, 
 in Texas. 
 
 C}. Give an account of this affair. 
 
 A. Colonel Barrett, commanding a considerable force of Federal 
 cavalry, was defeated by the Confederate cavalry under General J. 
 E. Slaughter and chased for fifteen miles. 
 
 Q. What happened on the 29th of May ? 
 
 A. Andrew Johnson, who had become President by the death 
 of Mr. Lincoln, issued a proclamation announcing the end of the 
 war, and offering amnesty, on certain conditions, to all who had 
 sided with the Confederacy, with the exception of fourteen desig- 
 nated classes. 
 
 Q. What became of the civil officers of the Confederate States ? 
 
 A. Some of them left the country ; Mr. Davis, the President, 
 was captured and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe ; and Mr. Ste- 
 phens, the Vice-President, w\as imprisoned in Fort Wnrren. 
 
 Q. How long did Mr. Davis and Mr. Stephens remain in con- 
 finement ? 
 
 A. Mr. Stephens was soon released ; but Mr. Davis remained a 
 prisoner for nearly two years, and was then released without a trial. 
 
 Q. What other proclamation was issued by President Johnson 
 on the same day on which he announced the cessation of hostilities? 
 
 A. He issued a proclamation appointing a Provisional Governor 
 of North Carolina, and providing for the assemblage of a conven- 
 tion in that State. 
 
 Q. For what purpose was this convention called ? 
 
 A. For the purpose of forming a new constitution for the State, 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 323 
 
 under which it would be recognized by the President as once more 
 a member of the Federal Union. 
 
 Q. By whom was this convention to be chosen ? 
 
 A. By such persons as were recognized as citizens by the Con- 
 stitution of North Carolina as it existed before the war. 
 
 Q. What was the policy of the President towards the other 
 South 3rn States ? 
 
 A. It was the same as that adopted in the case of North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Q. What terms were required of them ? 
 
 A. They were required to annul their ordinances of secession, 
 renew their obligations to the Federal Union, make new State con- 
 stitutions, and accept and adopt the Thirteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Q. For what did this Thirteenth Amendment provide ? 
 
 A. It provided for the prohibition of slavery forever in all the 
 States of the Union. 
 
 Q. Did the Southern States comply with the required terms ? 
 
 A. They did, and elected Senators and Representatives to the 
 Federal Congress. 
 
 Q. What occurred when the Congress assembled in December, 
 18G5? 
 
 A. The Congress, in which the " Radicals," or most violent wing 
 of the Republican party, had a large majority, refused to admit 
 the Senators and Representatives from the Southern States. 
 
 Q. What condition did they require of the Southern States ? 
 
 A. They required them to ratify still another amendment to 
 the Constitution, known as the Fourteenth Amendment. 
 
 Q. What was the design of the Fourteenth Amendment ? 
 
 A. Its design was to make citizens of the negroes, and at the 
 same time to fix political disabilities on every man in the Southern 
 States who had ever before the war held any office of honor or 
 trust, either State or Federal. 
 
 Q. Since in proposing this amendment they refused the Southern 
 States any voice or hearing, what did the President do ? 
 
324 lIlsrORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. He opposed these measures of Congress and pronounced 
 them unconstitutional. 
 
 Q. To what did this lead ? 
 
 .1. It led to a violent quarrel between the President and Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Q. Of wliat were the Republican members of Congress guilty? 
 
 A. In attempting to compel the Southern States to ratify the 
 Fourteenth Amendment they were guilty of making war upon 
 not only the Constitution, but also the Union, for the preservation 
 of which they had waged a four-years' war, 
 
 Q. When the Southern States refused to ratify the Fourteenth 
 Amendment, as they had a perfect right to do under the Consti- 
 tution, what was done by the Republican majority in Congress ? 
 
 A. They declared that the States of Virginia, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, 
 Louisiana, and Texas were in a state of rebellion, and divided 
 them into five military districts, each governed by an officer of the 
 Federal army. 
 
 Q. Why was not Tennessee included among these States ? 
 
 A. Because Tennessee had been re-admitted to representation 
 just before the close of the war. 
 
 Q. When were these unconstitutional and oppressive measures 
 of Congress adopted ? 
 
 A. In March, 1867, or nearly two years after the close of the 
 war. 
 
 Q. What did President Johnson do? 
 
 A. He vetoed these measures, and also others of a like char- 
 acter. 
 
 Q. How were his vetoes overruled ? 
 
 A. By a two-thirds vote in both Houses of Congress. 
 
 Q. With whom did the President have a quarrel ? 
 
 A. With Mr. Stanton, the Secretary of War, who continued to 
 hold his office in defiance of the order of the President dismissing 
 him therefrom. 
 
 Q. To what did this lead ? 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. :]25 
 
 A. Tliis led to the impeachment of the President by the 
 House on the 22d of February, 1868. 
 
 Q. By whom was the President tried ? 
 
 A. He was tried by the Senate, Chief-Justice Chase presiding. 
 
 Q. When did the Senate come to a decision ? 
 
 A. On the 26th of May. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. The President was acquitted by one vote. 
 
 Q. What was done under the revolutionary reconstruction 
 measures of Congress ? 
 
 A. New conventions were called in the ten Southern States. 
 
 Q. What was the most outrageous feature of these reconstruc- 
 tion measures ? 
 
 A. The disfranchisement of thousands of the white race in 
 each of the ten Southern States, and the conferring of unlimited 
 suffrage on the negro race. 
 
 Q. What was done by the State Governments established under 
 tlie reconstruction measures ? 
 
 A. The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted by them, and thus 
 was obtained the consent of the requisite number of States to 
 make that amendment a part of the Federal Constitution. 
 
 Q. What occurred during the fall of 1868:' 
 
 A. x\nother election for President and Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Republican party ? 
 
 A. General Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, for President, and 
 Schuyler Colfiix, of Indiana, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party ? 
 
 A. Horatio Seymour, of New York, for President, and General 
 Frtincis P. Blair, of Missouri, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What can you say of General Blair ? 
 
 A. He had been one of the most gallant of the Federal gen- 
 erals, but was opposed to the reconstruction measures of Congress, 
 and denounced them as inftmious and revolutionary. 
 
 Q. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 A Grant and Colfax were elected. 
 
 28 
 
326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. Before speaking of Grant's administration, what other events 
 of Johnson's administration deserve special notice? 
 
 A. The admission of Nebraska as a State, the purchase of 
 Alaska from Russia, and a treaty with Denmark for the purchase 
 of the islands of St. Thomas and St. John, 
 
 Q. When was Nebraska admitted as a State ? 
 
 A. On the 1st of March, 1867. 
 
 Q. When was Alaska, or Russian America, purchased? 
 
 A. During the summer of the same year. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the treaty with Denmark for the 
 purchase of the islands of St. Thomas and St. John ? 
 
 A. It was rejected by the Senate. 
 
 Q. What distinguished American died during Mr. Johnson's 
 administration ? 
 
 A. Ex-President Buchanan. 
 
 Q. When did he die ? 
 
 A. On the 1st of June, 1868. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT GRANT. 
 
 327 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Administration of President Grant. 
 
 Q. When was Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President of 
 the United States, inaugurated? 
 
 A. On the 4th of March, 1869. 
 
 Q. How was the beginning of 
 General Grant's administration sig- 
 nahzed ? 
 
 A. By the completion of the 
 Pacific Railroad, connecting St. 
 Louis, in Missouri, with San Fran- 
 cisco, in California. 
 
 Q. What important political 
 event occurred in the year 1870 ? 
 
 A. The restoration of all the 
 Southern States to the Union and 
 to representation in Congress. 
 
 Q. Which was the last of the Southern States restored to 
 representation in Congress ? 
 
 A. Georgia. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the Southern States since the war ? 
 
 A. Some of them are rapidly recovering their former prosperity. 
 
 Q. Which are the most prosperous of the Southern States ? 
 
 A. Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Texas, and North Carolina. 
 
 Q. To what do they owe their prosperity ? 
 
 A. To the fact that the white population in those States is 
 largely in excess of the negro population, and hence their State 
 Governments are entirely in the hands of the whites, the only 
 race that ought ever to bear rule in this country. 
 
 ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
328 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q. What is one of the most important measures of Grant's 
 administration ? 
 
 A. The adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal 
 Constitution, which, like the Fourteenth Amendment, was carried 
 through by force and usurpation. 
 
 Q. What does the Fifteenth Amendment declare ? 
 
 A. It declares that the right of citizens of the United States 
 to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or 
 by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
 servitude. 
 
 Q. What more can you say of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth 
 Amendments ? 
 
 A. They have served to keep alive a bitterness of feeling which 
 but for them would have long since died out. 
 
 Q. What is sincerely to be hoped ? 
 
 A. It is sincerely to be hoped that the people of the North and 
 the South will ere long forget the strife and bitterness of the past, 
 and that they will vie with each other in re-establishing the only 
 true safeguard of American liberty, which is reverence for the 
 Constitution, and for the rights of the States thereunder. 
 
 Q. What event occurred on the 12th of October, 1870, which 
 spread great sorrow throughout the Southern States? 
 
 A. The death of General Robert E. Lee, the illustrious com- 
 mander of the Southern armies in Virginia during the war be- 
 tween the States. 
 
 Q. Where did he reside at the time of his death ? 
 
 A. He resided at Lexington, Virginia, and was President of 
 Washington College, which has since been called the Washington 
 Lee University. 
 
 Q. What can you say of General Lee ? 
 
 A. He was one of the purest and noblest men of this or any 
 age, and is by many regarded as the greatest general that America 
 ever produced. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the news of his death? 
 
 ^1. The news of his death was received with great sorrow, not 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 329 
 
 only in the South, but also in the North, and appropriate honors 
 were paid to his memory in all parts of the country. 
 
 Q. What occurred in the fall of 1872 ? 
 
 A. Another Presidential election. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this election ? 
 
 A. General Grant was re-elected President, and Henry Wilson, 
 of Massachusetts, was chosen Vice-Pi-esident. 
 
 Q. Who were the opponents of Grant and Wilson ? 
 
 A. Horace Greeley, of New York, for President, and B. Gratz 
 Brown, of Missouri, for Vice-President. 
 
 Q. What occurred shortly after the Presidential election? 
 
 A. Horace Greeley, the rival of General Grant for the Presi- 
 dency, died after a brief illness. 
 
 GENERAL REVIEW. 
 
 I. The attention of the new administration was soon called Vo 
 the necessity of enforcing the laws among the 3Iormons in the Ter- 
 ritory of Utah, and ^ Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston was sent into 
 the Territory, who brought the Mormon War (as it was called) to 
 a close in the summer of 1858. During the whole of Buchanan's 
 administration the slavery question was bitterly agitated, and on 
 the application of Kansas for admission into the Union under the 
 Lecompton Constitution, even ^the Democratic party became hope- 
 lessly divided. On the 11th of May, 1858, *3Iimiesota was ad- 
 mitted into the Union. In August of this year was completed 
 ^the ocean telegraph between Great Britain and the United States. 
 In February, 1859, ^ Oregon was admitted as a State. In October 
 of this year occurred ^ the famous John Brown raid. John Brown, 
 who was a notorious Kansas ruffian, being furnished with money 
 and arms by the Abolition agitators, at the head of 'a body of 
 
 28- 
 
330 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 men seized the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and en- 
 deavored to incite the negroes to rise against their masters ; but he 
 met with no encouragement from the slaves, his forces were scat- 
 tered by the United States marines, and ^hc was himself captured^ 
 tried and executed under the laws of Virginia. The sympathy 
 shown for this villain in many parts of the North, and especially 
 the fact that the official authorities of some of those Northern 
 States in which the Republicans had control applauded the con- 
 duct of this murderer, ^greatly emhittered the minds of the South- 
 ern people., and thus materially aided in hringlng on that hloody 
 war ivhich constitutes tlte saddest period of American history^ 
 when the mournful spectacle was presented to the world of " a land 
 rent with civil feuds and drenched in fraternal blood." When the 
 time came to elect a new President in the fall of 18G0, the con- 
 servative elements of the country were hopelessly divided. By 
 one wing of the Democratic party '^^ Stephen A. Douglas, of Illi- 
 nois., was nominated for President., and Herschel Y. Johnson., of 
 Georgia., for Vice-President. The other wing of the party nomi- 
 nated ^^John C. Breckinridge, of Kentuchy, for President, and 
 Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President. The American party 
 nominated ^"John Bell, of Tennessee, for President, and Edward 
 Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. In opposition to all 
 these sundered elements of conservatism the Republicans presented 
 a bold and united front, and put in nomination '^^for the Presi- 
 dency Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, and for the Vice-Presidency, 
 Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. 
 
 I. — 1. To what was the attention of the new Administration soon called? 
 2. Who brought the Mormon War to a close ? 3. What happened upon the 
 application of Kansas for admission under the Lecompton Constitution ? 4. 
 What State was admitted on the 11th of May, 1858 ? 5, What was completed 
 in August of this year? 6. What State was admitted in February, 1859? 
 7. What occurred in October of this year? 8. What became of John Brown? 
 
 9. What is said of the sympathy shown for him in many parts of the North ? 
 
 10. Who were nominated by one wing of the Democratic party in the fall of 
 1860? 11. Who by the other wing of the party? 12. Who by the American 
 party? 18. Who were nominated by the Republicans? 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 331 
 
 11. ^ The candidates of the EejmhUcans were elected. Tlic 
 majority of the people in most of the Southern States now believed 
 ^that the only course left to them teas to ivithdraic from the Fed- 
 eral Union. Their chief reason Ibr this was, Hhc danger to the 
 rights of the States which they feared from the centralizing prin- 
 ciples of the Republican party. Before the time arrived for the 
 retirement of Mr. Buchanan and the inauguration of Mr. Lin- 
 coln, seven States, namely, 'South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, 
 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, lu.d seceded from the 
 Union and formed a government of their own, with the capital at 
 Montgomery, in Alabama. ''Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was 
 elected President, and ^Alexander 11. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice- 
 President, of the new Confederacy. Commissioners from the Con- 
 federate States (as the new government was styled) were sent 
 to Washington 'to treat with the United States authorities for 
 a peaceful separation; but ^they accomplished nothing. The 
 " Peace Congress," which was called at the instigation of Vir- 
 ginia, also 'failed to bring about any good results. In the midst 
 of these events '''Kansas wcis admitted into the Union as a State. 
 In this excited state of affairs '' 3h. LinciAn was inaugurated. 
 
 II _1 Who were elected ? 2. What did the majority of the people in most 
 of the Southern States now believe ? 3. What was their chief reason for this ? 
 4. What States withdrew from the Union before the inauguration of Mr. Lin- 
 coln? 5. Who was elected President of the new Confederacy? 6. AVho 
 Vice-President? 7. For what purpose were Commissioners sent to Washington ? 
 8 With what result? 9. What of the - Peace Congress- ? 10. In the midst 
 of these events, what State was admitted ? IL What happened in this excited 
 state of affairs ? 
 
 Ill As soon as ^it became evident that the Federal authorities 
 were about to reinforce Fort Sumter, Cxcncral Beauregard opened 
 fire on the fort, which, ""on the morning of the l^th oj Aprd, 
 1861, after a gallant defense, was surrendered by Major Robert 
 Anderson, the commander of the Federal garrison. Mr. Lincoln 
 ^immediately called for seventy-fit^e thousand troops, which was 
 met by the Confederate Government at Montgomery 'by a call 
 
332 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 for volunteers to repel aggressions. Mr. Lincoln's call for troops 
 excited great indignation ^ hi the harder Southern States, and 
 four of them passed ordinances of secession. These four were 
 ^ Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. They then 
 joined the Confederacy, and the capital of the Confederate States 
 was transferred ''to Richmond, in Virginia. Thither troops were 
 rapidly forwarded from the South, while the Northern States as 
 rapidly sent troops to Washington. On the 19th of April, 
 ^some Federal troops ji ass ing through Baltimore were attacked hy 
 the citizens, and several lives were lost. Federal troops now began 
 to enter Virginia from several directions, while the Confederate 
 troops were sent forward to oppose them, and the war commenced 
 in earnest. The Federal successes at Grafton and Philippi were 
 counterbalanced ^hy their defeat at Big Bethel, and their victories 
 at Rich Mountain, Laurel Hill, and Carrick's Ford were com- 
 pletely overshadowed ^^by the hrilliant Confederate triumph at 
 Manassas, in which battle thirty thousand Confederates, under 
 Beauregard and Johnston, totally defeated the Federal army of 
 nearly sixty thousand men, led by General McDowell. The most 
 important Federal successes of this year were ^^the capture of 
 the forts at Hatteras Inlet, on the coast of North Carolina, the 
 capture of Port Royal, on the South Carolina coast, and a slight 
 advantage at Dranesville, in Virginia. On the other hand, 
 the Confederates gainod victories ^'^at Canufex, Ferry, at the 
 Greenbrier River, at Leesburg on the Potomac, and at Alleghany 
 Summit. 
 
 III.— 1. Why did Beauregard fire on Fort Sumter ? 2. When did the fort 
 surrender ? 3. What did Mr. Lincoln do ? 4. How was this call met by the 
 Confederate Government? 5. Where did Mr. Lincoln's call excite indigna- 
 tion? 6. Which four passed ordinances of secession and joined the Confed- 
 eracy ? 7. The capital of the Confederacy was moved from Montgomery to 
 what city ? 8. AVhat happened on the^l9th of April ? 9. How were the Fed- 
 eral successes at Grafton and Philippi counterbalanced? 10. How were their 
 victories at Rich Mountain, Laurel Hill, and Carrick's Ford completely over- 
 shadowed? 11. What were the most important Federal successes of this 
 year? 12. Where, on the other hand, did the Confederates gain victories? 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 333 
 
 IV. In the States of Kentucky and Missouri there also oc- 
 curred important events. The people of both of these States ^ were 
 divided in their sentiments, some of them siding with the Federal 
 Government and some with the Confederacy, and some of the 
 bravest soldiers of either army were enlisted from these States. 
 Though both Kentucky and Missouri were claimed by the South- 
 ern Confederacy, "^neither of these States ever actually withdrew 
 from the Union, and the majority of their population remained 
 steadfast in their attachment to the Federal Government. Still, 
 they both furnished ^many soldiers to the Confederacy. The first 
 important conflict in lilissouri took place ^at Carthage, in which 
 ^the Federals were defeated hy General Price, commanding Mis- 
 souri troops, ayid General McCulloch, in command of troops from 
 Arkansas and Texas. Price and McCulloch gained a much more 
 decisive victory at ^ Oak Ildl on the 10th of August, and on the 
 20th of September General Price captured Lexington, Missouri, 
 with more than three thousand Federal pyrisoners. On the 7fh 
 of November, at Belmont, the Confederates, under General Pilloio, 
 gained another victory over the Federals, under General Grant. 
 During the latter part of the year Uhe seizure of the Confederate 
 Commissioners Mason and Slidell (who at the time ivere on 
 hoard the British steamer Trent) hy Captain Wilhes, of the 
 United States steam-frigate San Jacinto, came near involving the 
 Federal Government in a war with Great Britain ; but ^the United 
 States Goveimment disavowed the act of Captain Wilkes, and 
 restored the ambassadors to a British vessel. Thus war with 
 England was prevented. During this first year of the war the 
 Confederate privateers ^inflicted great damage on the Federal com- 
 merce. When the year closed, the advantage was greatly ^^on the 
 side of the Confederate States. 
 
 IV. — 1. What is said of the people of Kentucky and Missouri? 2. Did 
 cither Kentucky or Missouri ever really withdraw from the Union ? 3. What 
 did they both furnish to the Confederacy ? 4. Where did the first important 
 conflict in Missouri occur? 5. With what result? 6. What other victories 
 were gained by the Confederates in Missouri ? 7. What came near involving 
 
334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the United States in a war with Great Britain? 8. How was war averted? 
 
 9. What about the Confederate privateers during the tirst year of the war ? 
 
 10. On whose side was the advantage at the close of the year? 
 
 y. In the beginning of 1SG2 ^the Confederates had in the 
 field about three hundred thousand men, while the Federal forces 
 numbered fully eight hundred thousand. The year began disas- 
 trously for the Confederates, and Stonewall Jackson's successes 
 at Bath and Romney were obscured "^by the defeat of the Southern 
 arms at Fishing Creek, in Kenfuchy, by the loss of Fort Henry, 
 on the Tennessee, and by the crushing defeat at Fort Donelson, by 
 which the Confederates lost more than nine thousand men and 
 ^iccre obliged to abandon Kentuchy and a large part of Tennessee. 
 Again the Confederates were worsted *a/ Elkhorn, or Fea Ridge, 
 in Arkansas, but they gained a victory ^at Valverde, in the Ter- 
 ritory of New Mexico. On the 6th and 7th of April were fought 
 the great battles of ^ Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing. On the first 
 day "^fhe Confederates gained a brilliant victory, but lost their 
 leader, General Albert Sidney Johnston ; on the second day ^the 
 Federals, being largely reinforced, had the advantage, though the 
 Confederates succeeded in carrying off most of the spoils captvred 
 on the C)th. ^ On the llth of April the Federals captured Fort 
 Pulaski, near Savannah, Georgia, and on the \2th of April, Fort 
 Macon, on the coast of North. Carolina. During the same month 
 they cap)tured the forts on Island No. 10, in the Mississippi River, 
 and on the 25th of April they captured Neiv Orleans. On the 
 29th of May, General Beauregard was obliged to retreat from Cor- 
 inth, in consequence of which ^^Fort Pillow and Memphis fell into 
 the hands of the Federals. Beauregard's health failing, he was 
 succeeded by General Bragg. Meanwhile, important events were 
 occurring in Virginia. General McClellan, with an immense army, 
 "?^ja.s advancing upon Richmond by way of the Peninsula, ichile 
 other large Federal armies were preparing to move upon Richmond 
 from the north and west. It was while McClellan was preparing 
 to move his army fi-om the neighborhood of Washington to the 
 Peninsula (that part of Virginia lying between the York and 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 335 
 
 James Rivers) that ^"^ the famous naval battle in Hampton Roads 
 occurred. In this affair ^^the Confederate iron-clad vessel Vir- 
 ginia destroyed the United States vessels Cumherland and Con- 
 gress, and j)ut the Federal Jieet to flight. The next day ^^the FtV- 
 ginia was worsted in a comhat with the Federal iron-clad Monitor. 
 When McClellan's army began its advance up the Peninsula, the 
 Confederates, under General Joe Johnston, retired towards Rich- 
 mond. ^^ Several encounters took place between the Confederate 
 rear-guard and the Federal advance, the most important of 
 which was ^® the battle of Williamsburg, in which the Confederates 
 had the advantage. It being necessary to concentrate as many 
 troops as possible for the defense of Richmond, ^"'Norfolk ivas 
 abandoned. On the 15th of May ^^the Federal iron-clad s attached 
 the Confederate works at Drewrys Bluff, but were repulsed. On 
 the 31st of May occurred the battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, 
 by which ^^ McClellans advance was completely checked. "^ Gen- 
 eral Johnston ivas severely wounded in this battle, and was suc- 
 ceeded by General Robert E. Lee. 
 
 V. — 1. What was the comparative strength of the armies in the beginning 
 of 1862? 2. How were Stonewall Jackson's successes at Bath and Romney 
 obscured? 3. What were the Confederates obliged to do in consequence of 
 these defeats ? 4. Where were the Confederates again worsted ? 5. Where 
 did they gain a victory? 6, What battles were fought on the 6th and 7th of 
 April? 7. What was the result of the first day's battle? 8. What was the 
 result of the second day's battle? 9. What other successes had the Federals 
 in April? 10. What happened in consequence of Beauregard's retreat from 
 Corinth? 11. Meanwhile, what was McClellan doing in Virginia ? 12. What 
 occurred about the time that McClellan began to move his army to the Penin- 
 sula? 13. What was done by the Confederate iron-clad Virginia? 14. What 
 happened next day ? 1.5. What took place while the Confederates were re- 
 tiring towards Richmond? 16. Which was the most important of these con- 
 flicts ? 17. What was done in consequence of the necessity of concentrating 
 troops for the defense of Richmond? 18. What happened on the 15th of 
 May ? 19. What was the result of the battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines ? 
 20. What can you say of General Johnston ? 
 
 VI. Meanwhile, Gleneral Stonewall Jackson ^had kept the Fed- 
 eral armies that were expected to co-operate with McClellan too 
 
336 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 husy to carry out the part that had been assi(j/ned them. His first 
 battle with them was at Kernstown, by which, 'Hliough repulsed^ 
 he succeeded in detaining 3IcDowelVs army near Washington. 
 After this Jackson moved rapidly up the Shenandoah Valley, 
 defeated Milroy ^at the village of McDowell, then marched back 
 down the Valley, * defeated Banks at Front Royal and Winchester, 
 driving him with his forces completely across the Potomac, and, 
 ichen pursued by overwhelming forces under Fremont and Shields, 
 passed skillfully between them, repulsed Fremont at Cross Keys, 
 and routed Shields at Fort Republic, and, before the Federals 
 could recover from their astonishment, ^had disappeared from 
 their front and joined Lees army at Richmond. There now oc- 
 curred a series of bloody battles, continuing during six days, the 
 result of which was ^a complete Confederate triumph, McClellans 
 army being driven a distance of thirty miles. McClcllan having 
 been defeated, the united armies of Fremont and Shields were 
 placed under the command of '^ General Pope, and a new advance 
 upon Richmond from the north w^as commenced. Pope's advance 
 under Banks was met and defeated by Stonewall Jackson ^at 
 Cedar Run, and Lee, ^ no longer fearing McClellans army, moved 
 rapidly northicard, and on the 30th of August totally defeated 
 Popes army at Manassas, and. then crossed the Potomac into 
 Maryland. McClellan's army '^^liad notv been called northicard 
 fjr the defense of Washington, and, all the Federal forces being 
 united, ^'^ largely outnumhered the Confederates. While a portion 
 of Lee's army delayed the advance of McClellan, Jackson cap- 
 tured ^"^ Harper s Ferry, with twelve thousand prisoners. On the 
 17th of September occurred ^^tlie bloody and indecisive battle of 
 Sharpslmrg, or Antietam. On the night of the 18th, the Federals 
 having been reinforced, Lee '^^ retired into Virginia. The Federals 
 attempted to pursue, but were defeated ^^at Shepherdstown. Soon 
 after this, ^^ General Stuart, with eighteen hundred cavalry, made a 
 raid into Pennsylvania, passing entirely around Mc Clellans army. 
 
 VI. — 1. Meanwhile, what had General Stonewall Jackson done? 2. "What 
 of the battle of Kernstown ? 3. Where was Jackson's next victory ? 4. What 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 337 
 
 other victories did he gain ? 6. What had Jackson done before the Federals 
 could recover from their astonishment? 6. What was the result of the six 
 days' battles which now occurred ? 7. What general now made an advance 
 upon Richmond ? 8. Where did Jackson defeat Pope's advance troops under 
 Banks ? 9. What did Lee now do ? 10. What had been done with McClel- 
 lan's army? 11. What of the Federal forces after they were united under 
 McClellan? 12. What place did Jackson capture? 13. What happened on 
 the 17th of September? U. What did Lee do on the night of the 18th ? 15. 
 When the Federals attempted to pursue, where were they defeated ? 16. AVhat 
 did General Stuart do soon after this ? 
 
 yil. AA^liile these events were occurring in Virginia, the armies 
 in the West had not been idle. The way having first been opened 
 ^hy the successful cavalry raids of Generals Morgan and Forrest^ 
 General Bragg, '^icitli fifty thousand Confederates^ set out from 
 Middle Tennessee for Kentucky, flanking Buell's army, and com- 
 pelling the Federals to retreat into Kentucky. ^ General Kirhy 
 Smith, with seven thousand Confederates, also moved into Ken- 
 tucky from East Tennessee. On the 3()th of August he gained a 
 brilliant victory *n/ Richmond, in Kentucky, and on the 17th of 
 September ^ Bragg captnred 3Iunfordsville, with four thousand j^ris- 
 oners. The Confederates then moved forward and entered Frank- 
 fort, where Bragg ^ inaugurated a Provisional Governor. A few days 
 after this, ' Bvell^.heing heavily reinforced, hegan to advance against 
 Bragg, who, ^on account of the defeats of Price and Van Porn 
 at luka and Corinth, was unable to receive the assistance which 
 he had expected, and was obliged ^to retreat. At Perry ville. 
 General Bragg, finding it necessary to fight a battle to secure his 
 retreat and carry off the rich spoils which he had captured in 
 Kentucky, ^^ turned vpon the Federals and defeated them,, after 
 which he retired unmolested into Tennessee. Bragg had failed 
 ^Uo hold Kentucky, hnt had recovered ^^a large part of Middle 
 Tennessee, diudi, ^^hy the capture of Cumberland Gap, had secured 
 to the Confederates the possession of East Tennessee. Early in 
 November the Federal army near Washington again crossed the 
 Potomac into Virginia, and, under General Burnside, began another 
 advance upon Richmond ; but ^^they were disastrously defeated hy 
 p 29 
 
338 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the Confederates^ nnder General Lee, at Fredericksburg, on the 
 Vrtth of December. About two months before tins battle ^^a 
 Federal force was defeated at Pocotaligo, in South Carolina. In 
 Mississippi, ^^the Federals failed in an attempt to capture Vicks- 
 burq, General Grant being compelled to retreat on account of the 
 capture of his supplies at Holly Springs, and General Sherman 
 being disastrously repulsed at Chickasaw Bayou by General Pem- 
 berton. On the 31st of December was fought ^"^ the battle of 
 Marfreesboro\ or Stone River, in which ^^the Confederates had 
 the advantage. Two days later, ^^the battle was renewed, and, 
 though the result was indecisive, the Confederates retired to Tulla- 
 homa. During this year the Confederate cruisers Florida and 
 Alabama ^'^did great damage to the commerce of the Federals. 
 The year 1862, which opened with disasters to the Confederates, 
 closed with their arms triumphant in almost every quarter. To- 
 wards the close of the year the people of forty-eight counties of 
 Virginia formed a separate State government, and they were 
 admitted into the Union, as ^^West Virginia, on the 31st of 
 December. 
 
 YII. — 1. How was the way opened to the Confederates for a march into 
 Kentucky? 2. With how many men did General Bragg march into Ken- 
 tucky ? '3. Who marched into Kentucky from East Tennessee ? 4. Where 
 did Smith gain a victory ? 5. AVhat happened on the 17th of September? 
 6. What did Bragg do at Frankfort? 7. What happened a few days after 
 this ? 8. Why was Bragg unable to receive the expected assistance ? 9. What 
 was Bragg obliged to do? 10. What did Bragg do at Perryville? 11. What 
 had Bragg failed to do? 12. What had he recovered? 13. How had he 
 secured to the Confederates the possession of East Tennessee ? 14. What was 
 the result of an advance of the Federals under Burnside in November? 15. 
 What happened about two months before this battle? 16. What happened 
 in Mississippi? 17. What battle was fought on the 31st of December? 18. 
 Who had the advantage ? 19. What happened two days later ? 20. AVhat 
 did the Confederate cruisers do during this year? 21. What new State was 
 admitted into the Union at the close of this year? 
 
 VIII. On the 1st of January, 18G3, Mr. Lincoln ^issued a 
 jyroclamation emancipating the slaves in all the States that had 
 
'; GENERAL REVIEW. 339 
 
 seceded from the Union. Although this measure was in violation 
 of the Constitution, it was justified "^on the i^lea of inilitary neces- 
 sity. At the beginning of the new year the Federal armies were 
 larger than ever before, while the Confederate armies were smaller. 
 On the 1st of January, 18G3, ^tlie Confederates, under General 
 3Iaf/ruder, captured Galveston, in Texas, but on the 11th of Janu- 
 ary ^ the Federals, under General McClernand, captured Arkansas 
 Post. On the same day ^the Confederate war-steamer Alahama 
 captured the Federal war-steamer Ilatteras near Galveston. On 
 the 21st of January ^two Confederate gunhoats captured a Fed- 
 eral gunhoat and a schooner at Sabine Pass. On the 31st of 
 January ''the small Confederate fleet in Charleston Harhor gained 
 a brilliant victory. A few days before, ^a Federal feet of gun- 
 boats destroyed the Confederate steamer Nashville near Fort 
 McAllister, not far from Savannah, Georgia. On the 3d of 
 March ^the Federal fleet was repulsed in an attach upon Fort 
 McAllister. On the 5th of the same month, General Van Dorn 
 ^'^ gained a brilliant victory at Spring Hill, in Middle Tennessee. 
 On the 6th of April ^^ a powerful Federal fleet was disastrously 
 repulsed in an attack on Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor. 
 About the last of the month, General Forrest ^"^ captured Colonel 
 Streight, with a Federal force of about two thousand men, near 
 Rome, Georgia. About the last of April the Federal army in 
 Virginia, numbering one hundred and thirty-two thousand men 
 and led by General Joseph Hooker, began another advance upon 
 Richmond, but ^^they were encountered by General Lee, vyith only 
 forty-seven thousand men, on the 2d of May, at Chancellor sville, 
 and, after three days fighting, were overwhelmingly defeated ; but 
 the Confederates paid dearly for their triumph in the death of the 
 illustrious ^* Stonewall Jackson. 
 
 VIII.— 1. What did Mr. Lincoln do on the 1st of January, 1863? 2. On 
 what plea was this unconstitutional measure justified ? 3. What happened 
 on the 1st of January, 1863? 4. What happened on the 11th ? 5. What vic- 
 tory had the Confederates on the same day? 6. What happened on the 21?t 
 of January? 7. What on tho 31st? 8. What happened a few days before 
 
340 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 this? 9. What happened on the 3d of March? 10. What did General Van 
 Dorn do on the 5th of the same month? 11. What happened on the 6th of 
 April ? 12. What did General Forrest do about the last of the month ? 13. 
 What was the result of an advance made by the Federal army in Virginia ? 
 14. What great Confederate general was killed in this battle ? 
 
 IX. Meanwhile, Geneml Grant, in Mississippi, ^made six dif- 
 ferent attempts to approach Vickshurg^ hut failed in each. Finally 
 he moved his army down the west bank of the Mississippi to 
 Grand Gulf, ran his transports past the Vicksburg batteries to the 
 same point, and, moving from thence upon the city, ^defeated 
 Pemherton at Raymond, at Baker s Crech, and at the Big Blach. 
 Pemherton was then closely besieged in Vicksburg by Grant, whose 
 army largely outnumbered the Confederates. On the 19tli and on 
 the 22d of May ^ the Federals assaulted the Confederate works, 
 but loere repulsed loith great loss. On the 27th of May, General 
 Banks, who had moved up from New Orleans with a large Federal 
 force and was besieging Port Hudson, * assaulted the Confederate 
 works at that place, but was repulsed. Assaults on the 10th and 
 14th of June ^ met with a similar result. On the 22d of June 
 the Confederates, under General Dick Taylor, gained a brilliant 
 victory ^at Brashear City, in Louisiana. An attempt was made 
 to relieve Vicksburg, ' by sending a part of Bragg' s army under 
 General Joseph E. Johnston to operate in the rear of Grant's 
 army, but the force was too small to accomplish anything. 
 
 IX. — 1, Meanwhile, what did Grant do in Mississippi ? 2. What happened 
 when he advanced upon Vicksburg from Grand Gulf? 3. What happened on 
 the 19th and 22d of May? 4. What did General Banks do at Port Hudson 
 on the 27th of May? 5. What of the assaults on the 10th and 14th of June? 
 0. Where did the Confederates gain a victory on the 22d of June? 7. How 
 was an attempt made to relieve Vicksburg? 
 
 X. Early in June ^the Confederate army in Virginia, under 
 Lee, now numbering eighty thousand men, set out on an invasion 
 of Pennsylvania. ^ At Brandy Station the Federal cavalry were 
 defeated by General Stuart, and ^ at Winchester and Martinsburg 
 the Confederates, under Ewell, gained brilliant victories. Lee 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 341 
 
 crossed the Potomac ^on the 2M of June, and ^oii the 2*1 th 
 he entered Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Some of his advanced 
 divisions penetrated the State as far as Yorlv and Carlisle, and 
 almost to Harrisburg, the capital. ^ At Geffi/shurff, Lee encoun- 
 tered the Federal army, under General Meade, numbering nearly 
 one hundred thousand men. On the 1st of July "^ the advance 
 corps of the two armies encountered each other, and the Confeder- 
 ates were victorious, capturing Getty shurg and driving the Federals 
 to some heights beyond the town. On the 2d ^the Confederates 
 assailed this position, and captured some of the Federal works. 
 On the 3d ^they assailed tJie Federal centre, and, after penetrating 
 their works, were repulsed, and retired to the position from which 
 they had made the attack. After this repulse Lee ^^ returned to 
 Virginia. On the same day that Lee began his retreat from 
 Gettysburg, ^^ Vicksburg surrendered to General Grant, with twenty- 
 seven thousand Confederate prisoners and a vast quantity of can- 
 non. On the 9th of July ^'^the Confederate garrison of six 
 thousand at Port Hudson surrendered to General Banks. On 
 the 18th of July the Federals, under General Strong, were de- 
 feated ^^ in an attack on Fort Wagner, near Charleston, in South 
 Carolina. During this month occurred General Morgan's raid 
 into Ohio, which resulted ^^in his capture and the dispersion of his 
 forces. He afterwards escaped and rejoined the Confederates. 
 Towards the close of the summer, Bragg, whose army had been 
 weakened by the transfer of troops to Mississippi, was compelled 
 ^^to retreat before the advance of General Rosecrans until he had 
 retired from Chattanooga, when, being reinforced by a part of 
 General Longstreet's corps from Lee's army, ^^he turned upon 
 Rosecrans at Chickamauga, in Georgia, and gained, one of the 
 most brilliant victories of the war. He pursued the Federals to 
 Chattanooga, and prepared to besiege them there. A few days 
 before this battle the Confederates gained ^'' a victory at Sabine 
 Pass, on the Texas coast, over vastly superior forces. While 
 Bragg was keeping the Federal army hemmed in at Chattanooga, 
 Long-street ^^ moved with his corps against General Burnside, who 
 
 29* 
 
342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 had captured Cumheiland Gap and KnoxviUe. Longstreet de- 
 feated the Federals ^^on the 20th of October, and again on the Qth 
 of JVovemher, forcing Buruside into his fortifications at Knoxville, 
 which place the Confederates invested '^^on the 17 fh of Novem- 
 ber. The Federal army at Chattanooga, having been reinforced by 
 two corps from Virginia and by Sherman's army from Mississippi, 
 now greatly outnumbered the Confederates under Bragg. On the 
 24th of November, ^^ General Hooker captured the Confederate 
 works on Lookout Mountain, and on the next day General Grant 
 defeated Bragg s army at Missionary Ridge. General Hooker 
 was sent in pursuit of the retreating Confederates, but was repulsed 
 ^"^at Ringgold, in Georgia, hy a Confederate division under General 
 Cleburne, and the pursuit was checked. General Grant now sent 
 "^Sherman to the relief of Knoxville. Longstreet, hearing of his 
 approach, ^* assaulted the Federal position, hut was repnlsed, and 
 retreated towards Virginia. At Strawberry Plains ^^Ae defeated a 
 Federal force which attempted to pursue him. No important 
 events occurred in Virginia until the next spring. At the close of 
 1863 the advantage was undoubtedly on the side of the Federals, 
 though their successes were partially obscured by Confederate 
 victories. 
 
 X. — 1. What happened in Virginia early in June? 2. Where were the 
 Federal cavalry defeated ? 3. Where did the Confederates gain brilliant vic- 
 tories ? 4. When did Lee cross the Potomac ? 5. When did he enter Penn- 
 sylvania? 6. Where did he encounter the Federal army under Meade? 7. 
 What happened on the 1st of July ? 8. What happened on the 2d ? 9. What 
 happened on the' 3d? 10. What did Lee do after this repulse? 11. What 
 happened on the same day that Lee began his retreat from Gettysburg? 12. 
 What happened on the 9th of July ? 13. Where were the Federals disastrously 
 defeated on the 18th of July? 14. In what did Morgan's raid into Ohio re- 
 sult? 15. Towards the close of the summer, what was Bragg obliged to do? 
 16. What did he do after being reinforced by Longstreet? 17. What victory 
 did the Confederates gain a few days before this battle? 18. While Bragg 
 was keeping, the Federal army hemmed in at Chattanooga, what did Long- 
 street do? 19. When did Longstreet defeat the Federals? 20. When did 
 Longstreet invest Knoxville? 21. What happened after the Federal army at 
 Chattanooga had been reinforced ? 22. Where was Hooker repulsed and the 
 pursuit of the Confederates checked ? 23. Whom did Grant send to the 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 843 
 
 relief of Knoxville ? 24, What did Longstreet do on hearing of Sherman's 
 approach ? 25. What happened at Strawberry Plains ? 
 
 XI. At the beginniEg of 1864 ^tlie Federal armies immhered 
 one miUioii men, while the Confederate armies numhered not more 
 than tivo hundred and jifty thousand. Active operations com- 
 menced in February, ^hy the invasion of Florida hy a Federal 
 army, under General Seymour. This army was defeated ^at Olus- 
 tee, or Ocean Pond, hy the Confederates under Generals Colquitt 
 and Finnegan. On the 22d of the same month the Confederate 
 General Forrest gained a victory over General Grierson at Oka- 
 lona, in Mississippi, the most important result of which was that 
 * General Sherman was obliged to abandon his attempt on Mobile 
 and return to Vicksburg. On the 25th of February, at Rocky 
 Face Ridge, near Dalton, Georgia, ^a considerable Federal force 
 attacked the Confederate works, but was repulsed. In the early 
 part of April, ^ General Banks, with a large Federal army, ivas 
 completely defeated in Louisiana by General Dick Taylor, and 
 General Steele was driven back into Arkansas by General Kirby 
 Smith. On the 10th of April, ''Fort Pillow, in Tennessee, was 
 captured by the Confederates under General Forrest, and on the 
 20th, ^General Hoke captured Plymouth, in North Caralina, with 
 its garrison of three thousand Federals. About the same time 
 the Confederates defeated ^ the Federal cavalry raids of Bald gr en 
 and Kilpatrick in Virginia, Dahlgren being killed. Two grand 
 campaigns for the summer were now planned by the Federals, 
 ^^one against Richmond in Virginia, the other against Atlanta, in 
 Georgia. 
 
 XL — 1. What was the comparative size of the armies at the beginning of 
 1864? 2. How did active operations commence? 3. Where was this army 
 defeated? 4. What was the most important result of a victory gained by 
 Forrest over the Federals under Grierson ? 5. What happened on the 25th 
 of February? 6. What happened in the early part of April ? 7. What fort 
 was captured by Forrest on the 10th of April ? 8. What other victory did the 
 Confederates gain on the 20th of April? 9. What cavalry raids did the Con- 
 federates defeat about the same time? 10. What two grand campaigns were 
 now planned by the Federals ? 
 
344 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 XII. On the 3d of May, ^General Grant, with one hundred and 
 forty thousand men, began to cross the Rapidan. ^ General Lee 
 had hut fifty-two thousand men with whom to oppose this vast 
 army, hut he met them holdly and confidently, and inflicted a series 
 of bloody repulses on the Federals ^ in the Wilderness, at Spottsyl- 
 vania Court-House, at the crossing of the North Anna, and finally 
 at Cold Harhor. * The Federals lost in these hattles sixty thousand 
 men, while the Confederates lost hut eighteen thousand ; but the 
 Federal losses were supplied by reinforcements, while Lee had few 
 reinforcements to expect. The generals who were to co-operate 
 with Grant ^succeeded no better than he did ; for Crook and Sigel 
 were routed by Breckinridge, while General Butler, who atteiyipted 
 to capture Petersbu7y. was completely defeated by General Beau- 
 regard, with a force not more than half as numerous. Just before 
 the battle of Cold Harbor the great Confederate cavalry leader 
 ^Stuart was killed. Soon after the battle of Cold Harbor, Gen- 
 eral Sheridan was defeated near Gordonsville by '^ General Wade 
 Hampton, who had succeeded Stuart in command of Lee's cavalry. 
 On the 18th of June, General Hunter was defeated by the Con- 
 federate General Early, ^at Lynchburg. General Grant, having 
 failed in his attempts on Richmond, now attempted ^to surprise 
 Petersburg, but was foiled by Ljcc, who repulsed all his attacks. 
 His cavalry, ^^ while raiding to the rear of Lees army, was also 
 defeated with great loss. 
 
 XIL— 1. What happened on the 3d of May? 2. What of General Lee? 
 3, Where did he inflict bloody repulses on the Federals ? 4. What were the 
 losses in these battles ? 5. What of the generals who were to co-operate with 
 Grant? 6. What great Confederate cavalry leader was killed just before the 
 battle of Cold Harbor? 7. By whom was General Sheridan defeated soon 
 after the battle of Cold Harbor ? 8. Where did General Early defeat General 
 Hunter on the 18th of June? 9. What did Grant now attempt? 10. What 
 of his cavalry ? 
 
 XIII. The campaign in Georgia commenced ^on the 4:th of 
 May. Sherman by his overwhelming numbers '^flanked General 
 Joseph E. Johnston out of Dalton, and also out of other positions 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 345 
 
 where he wished to make a stand, luitil the Confederates had re- 
 tired to the neighborhood of Marietta. During these movements 
 occurred ^the battle of Resaca, in which the Con/edei'ates had the 
 advantage, though Sherman by his superior numbers was able 
 to Jlanh Johnston out of position. The Confederates gained 
 victories *at New Hope Church on the 2^th and 27th of May, 
 but on the 28th ^two brigades of Bates division were repulsed 
 in an assault on some Federal works at Dallas. On the 27th 
 of June occurred ^the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, in which the 
 Federals were repulsed with great loss. A few weeks before this 
 battle, ' General Forrest gained a brilliant victory at Guntown, in 
 Mississippi. On the 2d of July, General Johnston, having ascer- 
 tained that the Federals were about to get between his army and 
 Atlanta, ^ moved back to the Chattahoochee, which river he after- 
 wards crossed. He now prepared to fight a battle in which he hoped 
 to defeat the army of Sherman and end the campaign by one 
 decisive blow. Meanwhile, important events were occurring in 
 Virginia and Maryland. ^ General Early, with about thirteen 
 thousand Corfederates, moved down the Valley, and, entering 
 Maryland, defeated General Wallace at Monocacy, and then 
 advanced upon Washington, which city was saved from capture by 
 the arrival of two corps from Grant's army. General Early after- 
 wards ^^ defeated General Crook at Martinsbnrg, and McCausland 
 ^^ entered Pennsylvania mul captured Carlisle and Chambersburg, 
 which latter town he burned. On the 30th of July occurred 
 ^^the celebrated " Mine Explosion,^' on ivhich occasion Grant's army 
 met with a severe repulse. 
 
 XIII. — 1. When did the campaign in Georgia commence? 2. What did 
 Sherman do by means of his overwhelming numbers? 3. What occurred 
 during these movements? 4. Where did Johnston gain victories ? 5. What 
 happened on the 28th of May ? fi. What occurred on the 27th of June ? 
 7. What happened a few weeks before this battle? 8. What did Johnston 
 do when he ascertained that the Federals were about to get between his 
 army and Atlanta? 9. Meanwhile, what important events occurred in Vir- 
 ginia and Maryland? 10. What did Early afterwards do? 11. What did 
 General McCausland do? 12. What occurred on the 30th of June? 
 
3-iG HISrORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 XIV. All this time, stirring events were occurring in Georgia. 
 General Johnston, in the midst of his preparations for battle, was 
 superseded ^hy General John B. Hood, who on the 20th of July 
 "^attacked Shennan at Peach- Tree Creek and was repidsed. On 
 the 22d ^he again attacked, and gained a partial success. Soon 
 after this *^a cavalry expedition of nine thousand men sent out by 
 General Sherman was defeated, with the loss of three thousand 
 men. On the 28th of July, ^ Hood again assaulted Sherman s 
 lines, hut was repulsed. On the 5th of August the Federals as- 
 saulted the Confederate lines ^at Utoy Creek, near Atlanta, hut 
 were defeated. Between the 5th and 2od of August '^the Federal 
 fleet under Farragut, assisted by a land force, destroyed the small 
 Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay and captured, the forts which de- 
 fended the harbor. The next Federal success was ^the capture of 
 Atlanta, which occurred on the 2d of September, after Hood's 
 failure to defeat Sherman's flanking force at Joneshoro\ In 
 Virginia, ^all of Grant's attempts to break Lee's lines failed, and 
 at Ream's Station General Hancock was defeated by the Confed- 
 erates, under General A. P. Hill. On the 19th of September, 
 ^° General Sheridan, with forty thousand men, defeated the Con- 
 federates, under Early, numbering thirteen thousand, at Winchester, 
 and again, on the ^^22^/ of September, at Fisher's Hill. On the 
 19th of October, at Cedar Creek, ^^ General Early surprised and 
 routed the Federal army during Sheridan's absence, but on the 
 afternoon of the same day the Federals returned under Sheridan 
 and routed the Confederates in turn. 
 
 XIY. — 1, By whom was General Johnston succeeded in the midst of his 
 preparations for a final battle? 2. What did Hood do on the 20th of July? 
 3. What did he do on the 22d ? 4. What happened soon after this ? 5. What 
 happened on the 28th of July? 6. Where were the Federals defeated on 
 the 5th of August? 7. What happened between the 5th and 23d of August? 
 8. What was the next Federal success? 9. What of operations in Virginia? 
 10. What happened on the 19th of September? 11. When did Sheridan again 
 defeat Early ? 12. What happened on the 19th of October, at Cedar Creek ? 
 
 XV. ^ In November, General Hood began his Tennessee cam- 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 347 
 
 paign. On the 1st of November he entered the State of Ten- 
 nessee, and on the 1st of December ^fought the battle of Franklin^ 
 gaining a victory^ hvt at a terrible sacrifice of lives, the brave 
 General Cleburne being among the slain. He then advanced to 
 Nashville, where, on the 15th and IGth of December, ^he was 
 totally overthrown by General Thomas. Since Hood's march into 
 Tennessee had left Georgia unprotected, Sherman, * after burning 
 Atlanta., marched., unopposed, through the State, and on the 20th 
 of December entered Savannah. On the 24th and 25th of Decem- 
 ber a Federal fleet was repulsed ^ in an attack on Fort Fisher, on 
 the North Carolina coast. In the fall of 1864 occurred a Presi- 
 dential election in the United States. ^ Mr. Lincoln was re-elected 
 President, and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, was chosen Vice- 
 President. Their opponents were '^ General George B. McClellan, 
 of the Federal army, for President, and George II. Pendleton, of 
 Ohio, for Vice-President. Another important event of the year 
 was ^the admission of Nevada into the Union as a State. 
 
 XV. — 1. When did General Hood begin his Tennessee campaign ? 2. What 
 did he do on the 1st of December? 3. What happened at Nashville on the 
 15th and 16th of December? 4. Since Georgia had been left unprotected, 
 what did Sherman do ? 5. Where was a Federal fleet repulsed on the 24th 
 and 25th of December? 6. What was the result of the Presidential election 
 held in the United States in the fall of 1864? 7. Who were the opponents of 
 Lincoln and Johnson ? 8. What was another important event of the year 
 1864? 
 
 XVI. At the beginning of 1865 ^fhe Federal forces numbered 
 more than one million men, and the Confederates barely one hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand. On the 15th of January, "^ Fort Fisher 
 was caj)tured by the Federals, under General Terry. ^ An attempt 
 made early in February to end the icar by negotiation failed. On 
 the 6th of February, * Grant received a bloody rejmlse at Hatcher s 
 Run while attempting to turn Lees right. In the first part of the 
 same month, Sherman ^commenced his march through South Caro- 
 lina, with sixty thousand men. On his march through the State 
 he sent a cavalry force under Kilpatrick to capture Graniteville 
 
348 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and Augusta, but ^ Kilpatrick teas defeated hy General Wheeler at 
 Aiken, and the expedition proved a failure. Sherman's advance 
 caused "^ the evacuation of Charleston and Columbia, which latter 
 ^cifi/ teas almost destroyed hy fire during the stay of the Federal 
 troops. When Sherman reached North Carolina, he was confronted 
 ^hy all the troops that could he gathered together to oppose him {less 
 than twenty thousand men), some of them heing from the Army of 
 Tennessee. These were now under the command of ^" General Joseph 
 E. Johnston. A part of these forces, under General Bragg, gained 
 a victory ^^ at Kinston on the Sth of March. On the 16th, ^^ Gen- 
 eral Hardee fought a hloody hut indecisive hattle against a part 
 of Shermans army at Averyshoro\ and on the 19th and 20th 
 "^^tlie whole Confederate force, under Johnston, gained a partial 
 success at Bentonville ; hut they were unable to prevent the advance 
 of Sherman s large army. On the 25th of March, ^* General 
 John B. Gordon, commanding a corps of Lees "army, attacked 
 Grants lines, and captured Fort Steadman, with many prisoners 
 and guns, but, not being pr-operly supported, was obliged to retreat, 
 with great loss. Lee had now ^^only thirty-three thousand men 
 with whom to oppose Grant's army of nearly two hundred thou- 
 sand, which had been strengthened ^^ by the arrival of Sheridan- 
 from the Shenandoah Valley. On the 31st of March, " General 
 Sheridan was defeated at Dinwiddie Court- House hy General 
 Pickett, but on the next day, ^^irith an overwhelming force, he 
 utterly defeated Picket f s small divisi(m. On the 2d of April, 
 Grant succeeded ^^in making a, breach in Lees lines at Peter'shnrg, 
 and Lee on that night ^^ abandoned that city and Richmond, to 
 save his army of only ticenfyfive thousand men from capture. 
 Grant ^^ pursued, and on the Qth of Ajrril, with one hundred and 
 eighty thousand men, succeeded in surrounding Lee's army (of 
 which ^'^only eight thousand men were. able to bear arms) at Appo- 
 mattox Court-House. Lee was now obliged ^^ to surrender. Tlie 
 terms accorded him '^*were liberal and generous. A further prose- 
 cution of the war on the part of the Confederates was hopeless. 
 '^^ Terms of pacification were arranged between Generals Sherman 
 
GENERAL REVIEW. 349 
 
 and Johnston; but '^President Lincoln had heen asmssinafed a 
 few days he/ore^ and the people of the North were not disp>osed to 
 grant such favor ahle terms as those agreed upon hetweoi Sherman 
 and Johnston. On the 26th of April, "■^^ General Johnston sur- 
 rendered all the troops in Ms department. This was followed '^^hy 
 the surrender of all the Confederate arinies. On the 29th of May, 
 Andrew Johnson, who on the death of Mr. Lincoln became Presi- 
 dent, "^^ issued a proclamation announcing the end of the war, and 
 offering amnesty to all who had sided with the Confederacy, except 
 certain classes. Some of the civil officers of the Confederacy fled 
 the country. ^^ President Davis was captured and imjyrisoned 
 in Fortress 3Ionroe, hut after about two years urns released. Vice- 
 President Stephens ^^was confined at Fort Warren, near Boston, 
 hut was soon released. 
 
 XVI. — 1. State the comparative strength of the armies at the beginning 
 of 18(55. 2. What happened on the 15th of January? 3. What of an at- 
 tempt made in February to end the war by negotiation? 4. What happened 
 on the 6th of February ? 5. What did Sherman do in the tirst part of the 
 same month ? 6. What was the fate of a cavalry expedition sent by General 
 Sherman against Graniteville and Augusta? 7. What did Sherman's advance 
 cause? 8. What happened to the city of Columbia during the stay of the 
 Federal troops ? 9. By what was Sherman confronted when he reached North 
 Carolina? 10. Who commanded these? 11. Where did General Bragg gain 
 a victory? 12. What happened on the 16th of March ? 1.3. What happened 
 on the 19th and 20th ? 14. What happened on the 25th of March,' near Peters- 
 burg ? 15. How many men had Lee with whom to oppose Grant's army 
 of nearly two hundred thousand? 16. How had Grant been strengthened? 
 17. What happened on the 31st of March? 18. What happened next day? 
 19. What did Grant succeed in doing on the 2d of April? 20. What did Lee 
 do on that night? 21. What did Grant do? 22. How many of Lee's men 
 were able to bear arms at this time? 23. What was Lee now obliged to do? 
 24. What of the terms accorded him ? . 25. What were now arranged between 
 Generals Sherman and Johnston ? 26. Why were these terms rejected by 
 the United States Government? 27. What happened on the 26th of April? 
 28. By what was this followed? 29. What did Andrew Johnson, the new 
 President, do on the 29th of May? 30. What can you say of President 
 Davis? 31. What of Vice-President Stephens? 
 
 XVII. The most important event during Johnson's adniinis- 
 
 80 
 
350 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tration was ^ the reconstruction of the Southern States. On this 
 question there arose ^ a violent quarrel between the President and 
 the ^^ Radicals' in Congress. ^ Tlie " Radicals" carried their point, 
 and passed the infamous '■'■Reconstruction Measures,^' which have 
 done more to keep up the bitterness between the two great sections of 
 our country than the four years of civil war. By these measures 
 * unlimited suffrage was conferred upon the negroes, and thousands 
 of the while race were disfranchised, and ^the Federal Government, 
 by usurping powers lohich did not belong to it, forced the Southern 
 States to ratify the Fourteenth Ainendment to the Constitution. 
 In the fall of 1868 occurred a Presidential election. ^ General 
 Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, 
 the candidates of the Republican party, were elected to the offices 
 of President and Vice-President over their Democratic competitors, 
 ''Horatio Seymour, of New York, and General Francis P. Blair, 
 of Missouri. Other important measures of Johnson's administra- 
 tion were ^the admission of Nebraska as a, State, and the purchase 
 of Alaska. In the fall of 1870 ^all the Southern States were 
 restored to their positions in the Federal Union. The last so 
 restored was ^° Georgia. One of the most important events of 
 Grant's first term was "^Ae adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment 
 to the Constitution, which, like the Fourteenth, was carried through 
 by usurpation and force, and not by the free ivill of the States. 
 On the 12th of October, 1870, ^''Robert E. Lee, the illustrious 
 leader of the Southern armies, died at Lexington, in Virginia. 
 He was at^the time of his death ^^ President of Washington Col- 
 lege, which^ has since been named the Washington Lee Univer- 
 sity. No purer or nobler patriot ever lived. In the fall of 1872, 
 ^* General Grant ivas re-elected President, with Henry Wilson, of 
 Massachusetts, for Vice-President. Soon after this occurred ^^^Ae 
 death of Horace Greeley, a celebrated journalist of New York, and 
 the candidate of the Democrats and Liberal Republicans for the 
 office of President in the election of 1872. 
 
 XVII. — 1. What was the most important event during Johnson's adminis- 
 tration? 2. On this question what arose? 3. With what result? 4. What 
 
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 351 
 
 was done by these measures ? 5. How was the Fourteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution ratified ? 6. What was the result of the Presidential election of 
 1868? 7. Who were the Democratic candidates? 8. What were other im- 
 portant measures of Johnston's administration ? 9. What happened in the fall 
 of 1870 ? 10, Which was the last of the seceded States restored to the Union ? 
 11. AVhat was one of the most important events of Grant's first term? 12. 
 What happened on the 12th of October, 1870 ? 13. What was he at the time 
 of his death? W. What was the result of the Presidential election of 1872. 
 15. What occurred soon after the election ? 
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 We have now followed the history of the United States from 
 the first settlements to the present time. We have seen the feeble 
 Colonies grow strong enough to shake ofi" the yoke of the mother- 
 country and form for themselves a Federal Union of co-equal 
 sovereign States. Under the Union thus formed, the States grew 
 rapidly in population, power, and importance, and, whether in peace 
 or war they commanded the admiration of friends and foes. The 
 extent of their territory was greatly enlarged, and many new 
 States were added to the Union. In 1860 the population, which 
 at the close of the War of Independence numbered only three 
 millions, had increased to upwards of thirty miUions, and in the 
 vast region which at the beginning of the present century was a 
 wilderness, inhabited only by savage tribes, were great and flourish- 
 ing States. The States were united under a Constitution, which 
 secured to each perfect control over its own affairs, while to the 
 Federal Government was assigned its proper sphere, in which it 
 was supreme, but outside of which it had no power. When the 
 Presidential election of 1860 resulted in bringing into power a 
 sectional party, whose principles were dangerous to the rights of. 
 the States, most of the Southern States withdrew from the Union 
 and formed a Confederacy of their own. The majority of the 
 
352 
 
 CONCL UDING REM A RKS. 
 
 people of the North denied the right of a State to withdraw from 
 the Union, and made war upon the seceded States to compel their 
 return. The people of the North regarded the Union as the 
 greatest of blessings, and their soldiers fought bravely for its 
 preservation. The people of the South believed that the preserva- 
 tion of the rights of the States was more important than the 
 Union, and that without the preservation of those rights there was 
 no security for Constitutional liberty, and the soldiers of the South- 
 ern Confederacy fought with heroic valor for State Rights. The 
 soldier of the North and the soldier of the South were alike 
 patriots, fighting each for what he deemed the righteous cause. If 
 the Northerner who fought for the Union need feel no shame for 
 the part which he acted, neither is there any need for the South- 
 erner to blush for having espoused the cause of State sovereignty. 
 It is gratifying to know that the bitterness engendered by the 
 war between the States is gradually passing away. The Southern 
 people have ever loved the Union as it was, when first formed by 
 the patriots of the Revolution ; and when the Government shall pass 
 out of the hands of those who have disregarded the Constitution 
 and the rights of the States thereunder, then the bitterness of the 
 past will be remembered no more, and the men of the North and 
 of the South will be brethren again. Every patriot should pray 
 that God may speed that happy time. 
 
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