\ 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO 
 
 .^a^tZ", 7-i^^--' 
 
 i't-4 
 
 AURY'S 
 
 Revised Manual of Geography. 
 
 SPECIAL GEOGRAPHY 
 
 OF 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 University Publishing Company, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
MAURY'S GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 By M. F. MAURY, LL.D. 
 
 
 Elementary Geography, $0.54 I0.33 
 
 A revision and abridgment of " First Lessons " and "World We Live In." The subject is presented 
 in the most pleasing and methodical manner, in accordance with those modes of instruction that are now 
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 other, and all are so adjusted as to produce lasting and correct impressions upon the learner. 
 
 Revised Manual of Geography, 1.28 .75 
 
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 GRATIFYING REPORTS 
 
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 experience of those who use these progressive books. The following expressions of opinion are of recent date, and are given 
 as specimens : 
 
 Maukv's Geog.:— Can say after 30 years experience, I have never taught a book j wish to begin the study over again. Miss J. A. Eastman, IVeiicsicy CoL, Mass. 
 which pleased me better. V/.Y.Slatoh, City Sitfi't, Atiaitia^ Ga. , . . Have I , . . Maury's Geog's. are now used in our schools, giving eminent satisfaction, 
 been using Maury's P. G. a number of years. The work really fascinating. Prof. 
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 Maury's R. M. after careful examination of all the standard geographies. Prof. 
 W. F. RoCHELEAU. State Normal School, Raiidolph, Vt. ... I regard the 
 series as superior to all others. O. N. Hollingswokth, State Szt/>^t 0/ Texas. . . . 
 In descriptive text and illustration, I consider Maury's the best book we have. Miss 
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 The text a desirable blending of physical and political features. A book surpass- 
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 evidently been taken to have everything absolutely correct, and we think teachers 
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 him by sure methods to the end sought. Illinois School Journau 
 
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 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY, 19 Murray Street, New York. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CxIEOLIXA. 
 
 A SUPPLEMENT TO 
 
 MAURY'S MANUAL OF GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Situation, Size, and Population.— Soutli Carolina, often 
 called the " Palmetto State," * is one of the South Atlantic States. 
 It lies between the parallels of 32" 4' and 35° 12' north latitude, and 
 the meridians of 1° 30' and 6° 54' west from Washington. 
 
 In size South Carolina is one 
 of the smaller States of the 
 Union. Its greatest length 
 from southeast to northwest is 
 about 250 miles ; its greatest 
 width is about 200 miles. The 
 area, according to the last cen- 
 sus, is 30,570square miles. The 
 shape of the State is triangular : 
 the apex of the triangle resting 
 upon tlie summit of the Blue 
 Ridge, and its base forming 
 the coast-line. 
 
 The population of the State 
 in 1880 was 995,577. Of this 
 number 391,105 were white, 
 004,332 colored. A few In- 
 dians still remain in the 
 State. 
 
 Coast. — The coast-line of 
 South Carolina is broken by 
 numerous inlets and shallow 
 sounds and bays. The most 
 important of these are Winyaw 
 Bay or Georgetown Entrance, 
 Charleston Harbor, Edisto In- 
 let, St. Helena Sound, and 
 Port Eoyal Sound. 
 
 Sea Islands. — South of Winyaw Bay the entire shore is bor- 
 dered by a chain of low, fiat, and verdant islands, called Sea Islands. 
 They are famed for their long-staple cotton. The principal of 
 them are Hilton Head, Port Royal, St. Helena, Edisto, Johns and 
 James. 
 
 The Sea Islands are separated from the mainland and from 
 one another by numerous salt-water rivers and creeks, sounds, 
 bays, and inlets. These form a safe passage for river craft for a 
 great part of the way from the mouth of the Savannah to Winyaw 
 Bay. 
 
 Surface. — Tlie surface of the State is popularly considered as 
 comprising two grand divisions, known as the up-rountnj and 
 
 the low-covntry. It will, however, be more convenient for our pur- 
 poses, and more in harmony with our general treatment of the 
 physical features of the Atlantic Slope, to regard it as consisting 
 of tiiree divisions ; the Low-Countky, the Upland Country 
 or Piedmont Region, and the Ridge or Alpine Region, 
 
 1. The Low-Country, comprising the Coast Region, the Lower 
 Pine Belt and the larger part of the Upper Pine Belt, extends in- 
 land from the sea about 100 miles. It is in general a level and sandy 
 region, covered mainly with forests of long-leaf pine, and inter- 
 sected by rice swamps and marshes. (See Physical Map, on 
 page 5. 
 
 The surface rises gradually from the marshy lauds of the 
 coast to an elevation of about 250 feet. This height is attained 
 at the foot of the sand-hills which border this section on the 
 
 west. 
 
 The Low-Country is trav- 
 ersed by numerous streams, 
 which furnish an inland navi- 
 gation of 2,400 miles. 
 
 E.\ ISI..\NDS. 
 
 ■y^:\^-^^-^7 
 
 ♦ This name i:* derived from the palmetto, which throws along the coast. It appears as an 
 embii-ni on tile shield of the State, and was selected because of the conspicuous semce which 
 the palmetto rendered the Slate on the :J8th of .June, 1776. iSimms' History of S. C, p. 207.) 
 
 The counties embraced in this divi- 
 sion .ire Beaufort, Colleton, Charles- 
 ton, Heikeley, Georgetown, Horry, 
 Million, Williamsburgh, Clarendon. 
 Orangeburgh, Hampton, Barnwell, 
 Sumter, Darlington, Marlborough, 
 and portions of Aiken, Lexington, 
 Richland, Kershaw, and Chesterfield. 
 
 2. Ttie Upland Country 
 or Piedmont Region. — The 
 
 line of separation between the 
 Low-Country and the Ujiland 
 Country is marked by a belt of sand-hills. (See Physical Map, 
 p. 5. ) Being overgrown with pines, they are ajipropriately called 
 the " Pine Barrens." These stretch across the State nearly par- 
 allel to the coast, from Hamburgh, on the Savannah, to the 
 northeast corner of Marlborough County. 
 
 The Upland Country extends northward and westward from 
 the sand-hills to the foot of the mountains, as the term Piedmont 
 (foot of mountains) would imply. It has an average width of 
 about 80 miles, and embraces about one-half of the State. It 
 varies in elevation from 300 to 800 feet among the sand-hills to 
 nearly 1,000 feet on the northern border. 
 
 The surface of the country is rolling and beautifully diversified 
 with hills and valleys. It possesses numerous streams and water- 
 falls. 
 
 This division comprises the counties of Edgefield, Newberr>-. Fairfield, 
 Lancaster, Chester, Union, Laurens, Abbtnille, Anderson, and portions of 
 Aiken. Kichland. Lexington, Kershaw, Chesterfield, Ocoaee, Pickens, Green- 
 ville, Spartanburgh. and York. 
 
 Cop.vrightcd. 1884, by the University I'liblishing Company. New York. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 3. The Bulge ot Alpine Region is a narrow belt of country 
 on the extreme northwestern border of the State. Its width 
 varies from 8 to 31 miles, and its length is about 114 miles. It 
 embraces a portion of the Blue Ridge, and includes also a num- 
 ber of isolated peaks. 
 
 The principal elevations are the Saluda mountains ; spurs 
 of the Blue Eidge ; King's Mountain, in York County, 1,693 
 feet high ; Paris Mountain, near Greenville, 2,054 feet ; Table 
 Eock, in Pickens County, 3,000 feet ; Caesars Head, in Green- 
 ville County, 3,118 feet; and Mount Pinnacle, near Pickens, the 
 hiyliest point in the Slate, 3,436 feet in height. 
 
 Tlic surface of the country along the foot of the mountains 
 rises in gentle undulations. It is intersected here and there by a 
 number of narrow river valleys. Some of the mountains are 
 exceedingly abrupt. King's Mountain is almost peri^endicular 
 up to the height of 500 feet, and Table Eock and Caesar's Head 
 present magnificent precipices on their northern and southern 
 faces. Table Eock rises for 900 feet almost perpendicularly. 
 
 This section, sometimes called the Alpine Region, abounds in 
 beautiful scenery and m objects of interest to tourists. For this 
 reason it has long been a pleasure resort during summer. The 
 mountains are forest-clad to tlieir summits ; ''clear, swift streams 
 leap here and there in a succession of cascades from crag and 
 cliff, and sparkle along the narrow, fertile valley-e below," making 
 it one of the most picturesque regions in the country. In addi- 
 tion to the points above enumerated, mention should be made of 
 the beautiful Falls of the Saluda, in Greenville County, called 
 " Marie Falls," which have a descent of 400 feet. 
 
 This division comprises portions of the following counties : Oconee, Pick- 
 ens, Greenville, Spartanburgh and York. 
 
 Rivers and Drainage. — South Curolina has numerous riv- 
 ers the most important of which flow fiom the mountains to the 
 sea. They drain and irrigate the State, supjily ample water pow^r, 
 and furnish valualile facilities for the transportation of produce. 
 
 The Great Pedee has its head-waters in the Blue Eidge, in 
 North Carolina, and within the limits of that State is called the 
 Yadkin. It flows in a southeasterly course, receives as its jn-inci- 
 pal tributaries Lynch's River and the Little Pedee, and enters 
 Winyaw Bay. 
 
 The Santee is the largest river of South Carolina. With its 
 tributaries it drains the greater part of the State. It flows south- 
 east and enters the Atlantic through two channels, the Nortli 
 and South Santee. It is formed by the union of the Wateree 
 and Congaree rivers. The Wateree or Catawba rises in the moun- 
 tains of North Carolina. The Congaree is formed by the conflu- 
 ence of the Broad and Saluda at Columbia. 
 
 The Savannah is formed by the confluence of the Tugaloo and 
 Keowee or Seneca. It is a deep, bold stream flowing southeast- 
 erly, and separating South Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 The Edisto drains a large part of the country lying between the Savannah 
 and the Santee. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of South Carolina is mild and genial. 
 Its temperature is like that of Southern France or Northern 
 Spain. Snow rarely falls in the middle and lower portions of 
 the State. It never lies long on the ground. 
 
 On the coast the sea-breezes temper the summer's heat and the 
 winter's cold. Here the fig, the pomegranate, the palmetto and 
 the magnolia flourish. It is no unusual thing to see green j)ease 
 and strawberries grown in the open air and fit for use in March. 
 
 The climate of the hill-countiy, esjjecially among the "Pine 
 Barrens," is peculiarly dry and invigorating. 
 
 The mountain region of the west has a delightful summer cli- 
 mate and a mild and genial winter. 
 
 The annual rainfall of the State is abundant, and quite uni- 
 formly distributed throughout tlie year. In the Low-Country it 
 is about 50 inches ; in the Upland Country 52 inches, while in the 
 mountains it is over 60 inches, making this one of the regions of 
 heaviest rainfall in the United States. 
 
 SoiL — The alluvial soils of the Low-Country are very fertile. 
 They consist for the most part of fine sandy loam, with underly- 
 ing clay, and of the black vegetable mould of the swamps. 
 
 The swamps, when drained, are exceedingly productive. They 
 are of three descriptions, viz., tide swamps, or rice lands; inland 
 swamps, adapted to rice, cotton, and corn ; and the salt marshes 
 along the coast, which are for the most part unreclaimed. 
 
 The Sea Islands have a tine yellow clay underlying the sandy loam of the 
 surface. It is this which i-enders the land peculiarly adapted to the produc- 
 tion of the silky fibre of tlie long staple cotton. 
 
 In the upland and mountain sections the soil is chiefly sandy 
 loam and red clay. It is of excellent quality and very productive. 
 The bottom lands along the creeks and rivers are unsurpassed 
 in fertility. The sandy soil of the " Pine Barrens " is specially 
 adapted to fruits and vegetables. 
 
 Forest Wealth.. — South Carolina has extensive and valuable 
 forests. 
 
 The great forests of long-leaf pine cover about 10,000,000 acres. 
 They are chiefly confined to the Low-Country, but are also found 
 on the eastern border of the Upland Country throughout the 
 sand-hill region. Here, indeed, the trees reach their highest 
 perfection and give their largest yield. The forests supply large 
 
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GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 quantities of piue lumber and naval stores (raw turpentine, rosin, 
 tar, and pitch). 
 
 Raw turpentine is tlie sap of the pine. By distillation it is separated into 
 two portions; the one, a licjuid known as "spirits of turpentine;" the other, 
 the familiar substance called rosin. Tar is formed by slowly burning pine, 
 wood in a pit covered over with turf. When boiled down so as to be thick, this 
 becomes pitch. 
 
 The magnolia, the tulip-tree, the sweet and black gum, the 
 white and red bays, the white and the live oak, the black walnut, 
 elm, hickory, and cypress are the most conspicuous trees of the 
 swamps of this region. The cypress and live oak are especially 
 valuable for timber; the latter for ship-building, the former for 
 shingles and staves. 
 
 The cabbage palmetto (a va- 
 riety of palm) and the olive, 
 fig, and orange are found along 
 the coast. Spanish moss, 
 which grows mostly on oak 
 trees, as an air-plant, is char- 
 acteristic of this region. It 
 is used for stuffing mattresses 
 and cushions. 
 
 In the Upland section and on 
 the slopes of the mountains the 
 short-leaf pine, many varieties 
 of oak and hickory, the black 
 walnut, ash, poplar, beech, and 
 birch, the sycamore, tulip-tree, 
 sugar-maple, the chestnut, the 
 mountain laurel, the white 
 pine, and hemlock abound. 
 
 The forest products of the Uplands 
 and the mountains are shingles, tan- 
 bark, hard woods and timber for 
 building purposes. Medicinal plants, 
 especially ginseng and snake-root 
 are found in great abundance. 
 
 RICE CULTCRE 
 
 Animals and Birds. — 
 
 The forests abound in deer, particularly in the low-country. The 
 black bear is occasionally met with in the mountains. The wild- 
 cat, fox, raccoon, opossum, mink, rabbit, and squirrels are nu- 
 merous. 
 
 In the bays along the coast a great variety of aquatic birds are 
 found, and throughout the State partridges, doves, wild turkeys, 
 and other game birds are abundant. South Carolina is noted for 
 its birds of fine plumage. 
 
 Fish.— Tlie tidal waters of the State teem with shad, black- 
 flsh, bass, whiting, sheep's-head, sturgeon, mullet, menhaden, 
 turtle, terrapin, oysters, and shrimps. 
 
 The shrimp fisheries are noted. They are so extensive as nearly to equal 
 those of all the other States combined. 
 
 The State Pish Commissioners have supplied thousands of shad, 
 salmon, bass, and cai-p for stocking the waters of the State. 
 
 Minerals. — Very valuable and extensive deposits of marl and 
 phosphate of lime are found in the Low-Country. (See map, next 
 page.) Both arc rich fertilizers. Buhr-stone, of which mill-stones 
 are made, abounds in this section. 
 
 The phosphate rock is found imbedded in the ground or lying on the bottom 
 of the Ashley, Cooper, and other rivers, in loose masses. These are obtained, 
 for the most part, by dredging. The rock is also dug from the river 
 banks. To prepare it for use as a fertilizer, it is baked thoroughly dry, and 
 then ground to powder. 
 
 Several thousand hands are constantly employed in mining and preparing 
 the rock. 
 
 The Upland Country contains far greater variety of mineral 
 wealth than the Low-Country. 
 
 Gold occurs in Spartanbnrgh, Union and York, and Oconee, 
 Pickens, Greenville, Lancaster, Chesterfield, Abbeville, and Edge- 
 field Counties. The mines of the first three counties are still 
 profitably worked. 
 
 Iron ores (chiefly magnetic) 
 are found in inexhaustible 
 quantities in Spartanburgh, 
 York, Anderson, and Orange- 
 burgh Counties. Bog iron oc- 
 curs in nearly every county in 
 the State. 
 
 Granite of the finest quality 
 and other building stones 
 abound in various parts of this 
 region. Eich deposits of kao- 
 .^,;: lin (tlie clay of which porcelain 
 ware is made) appear in Aiken 
 County, and are profitably worked. 
 
 Copper is found in the gold veins of Green- 
 ville, Union, Lancaster, Chesterfield, Anderson, 
 and Edgefield Counties ; silver in Oconee and 
 Abbeville Counties, and lead in Spartanburgh, 
 Lancaster, Abbeville, and Edgefield. 
 
 Soapstone, mica, marble, corundum, man- 
 ganese, and graphite, barytes, bismuth, asbestos, 
 beryl, and zircon are met with in various por- 
 tions of the Upland Country. 
 
 Agricultural Products. — Tlie soil and 
 climate of South Carolina are well adapted to 
 agriculture ; and this is the leading occupa- 
 tion of the people. The chief crops are cotton, rice, and corn. 
 Nearly one-half of all the rice grown in the United States is pro- 
 duced in this State. 
 
 In the Low-Country cotton and rice are the leading produc- 
 tions. 
 
 On the islands fringing the coast is grown the celebrated Sea Island cotton, 
 the finest in the world. It is distinguished for its long silky fibre, and is used 
 in the manufacture of lace and other fine fabrics, and even in the adulter- 
 ation of silk. It is sold for four or five times the ordinary value of other 
 cotton. 
 
 The rice of South Carolina is regarded as the best in the markets of the 
 world. This State was the first (o introduce the culture of rice. 
 
 The history of its introduction is of interest. In 1G93 a vessel from Mada- 
 piscar entered Charleston harbor in distress. The captain pre.sente<I a small 
 bag of seed rice to the Governor of the Province. This seed was planted in 
 the Governor's garden, and when the little crop of rice matured, it was dis- 
 tributed among his friends. Thus began the cultivation of this great staple 
 product. 
 
 In addition to cotton and rice, corn, oats, rye, sweet potatoes, 
 and pease are raised in great abundance in this section. Numer- 
 ous " truck farms " in the vicinity of Charleston supply the 
 Northern markets in winter and early spring with immense quan- 
 tities of strawberries, melons and vegetables. 
 
Geological Features, — In a manual of Geography we do not usually 
 look for geologicalilescriptioiis. Still a brief account of the more prominent 
 geological features of the State may be of interest. The Physical Map above, 
 with its accompanying geological profile section and key, will aid us in gain- 
 ing some general ideas on this subject. 
 
 First of all. fringing the ocean, are the Sea Islands. These consist of sand 
 and other materials washed up by the sea. They may be regarded as en- 
 croachments of the land upon the water. They are of great interest, for 
 they exhibit to us the process by whicli has been formed all that portion of 
 the State which lies between the sea and the sand-hills. No doubt in for- 
 mer ages the lands now a little inland, and encircled by the numerous creeks 
 which intersect the shore, were themselves sea islands. 
 
 Looking at the geological profile section, which extends from the coast to 
 tlie mountains, we see that marl deposits are found in the Lowland. These 
 prevail to such an extent as to have been designated the "Great Carolina JIarl 
 Bed." 
 
 Here and there in different river beds occurs the phosphate rock which, 
 as a fertilizer, has proved so valuable an article of commerce. Along with 
 the masses of the phosphate rock are found the remains of the mastodon, the 
 elephant, the tapir, and deer, and, more singular yet, those of our domestic 
 animals, the horse, the cow, and the hog. 
 
 Besides these, the remains of marine animals occur in vast quantities. 
 Sharks' teeth 3 to 4 inches long are dug up, suggesting that the sharks which 
 
 sported in the coast-waters of Carolina in ancient times must have been from 
 60 to 80 feet in length. 
 
 The rocks of the Lowland then contain the remains of recent animals, i. e., 
 animals similar to those now existing. Hence some of them are said to be 
 Eocene ; some Pliocene. Eocene is from the Greek eos (morning) and cenos 
 (recent). The Eocene period means therefore the age when there was a dawn- 
 ing or beginning of the appearance of recent forms of life. Pliocene is from 
 p/euin (more) and cenus (recent); so that the Pliocene period is the age after 
 the Eocene, when there were more recent forms of life than had before ap- 
 peared. 
 
 Entering the Upland region we first encounter the sand-bills, which may 
 be regarded as a memorial of work done by the waves of long past ages. 
 At their base the ocean once rolled. 
 
 An interesting geological fact connected witti this region is tlic occurrence here of a 
 curious rock, whicli is sawed into blocks and fashioned with an axe. It is used for build- 
 ing chimneys, and is very durable. 
 
 Westward of the sand-hills are the older portions of the State. The 
 rocks of tlie Uplands are so ancient that few or no traces of animal or 
 vegetable life are discovered in them. They are such as granite and gneiss, 
 and in ancient geological periods they have been partially or wholly melted 
 by the internal fires of the earth, and have subsequently solidified. These 
 rocks are called Archean, i. e., ancient. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The fertile lands of the Upland Country produce abundant 
 crops of cotton, and here more than half of the entire yield of 
 the State is raised. Corn, oats, rye, barley, sorghum, millet 
 and tobacco, Irish and sweet potatoes, together with a variety of 
 fruits, are successfully cultivated. The peaches and melons are 
 particularly noted. 
 
 Tea, which is the great agricultural staple of China, can be grown in the 
 valley of the Santee and of the Podee, and on the hill-sides of the Upland 
 Country. 
 
 The Alpine Region is naturally adapted to the growth of corn 
 and the small grains. It is also a fine grass and fruit growing 
 country. The use of jjhosphate fertilizers renders it suitable for 
 the growth of cotton also, and this staple is raised in every town- 
 ship in this region, except one. 
 
 FARM PRODUCTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1883. 
 
 Butter 3,196,851 lbs. 
 
 Wool 272,758 " 
 
 Horses G0,b60 
 
 Mules 67.005 
 
 Milch cows 139,881 
 
 Cattle 22.3,828 
 
 Sheep 118,889 
 
 Hogs 628,198 
 
 Cotton 620,970 bales. 
 
 Rice 64,681,577 lbs. 
 
 Corn 17,013,735 bushels. 
 
 Oats 7,929,970 
 
 Wheat 1,934,970 
 
 Irish potatoes 387,190 " 
 
 Sweet potatoes 3,844,871 
 
 Cane sugar 229 lihds. 
 
 Molasses 814.362 l':i1~ 
 
 Manufactures. — The 
 
 advantages of the State for 
 manufacturing purpose.^ 
 iue unsurpassed. Numer- 
 ous rivers, among which 
 may be especially men- 
 tioned the Broad, the C;i- 
 tawba,the Saluda, and their 
 tributaries, descending 
 through the "Up-country" 
 furnish unlimited water- 
 power. Railroads and wa- 
 ter-courses afford to tht 
 manufacturer amiilc mean;' 
 of transportation. But 
 above all. South Carolina, 
 like other cotton-growing 
 States, offers to the cotton 
 spinner that the raw ma- 
 terial the great advantage 
 is to be obtained at Iii.s 
 very door. 
 
 The development of the 
 manufacturing interests of 
 South Carolina during the 
 last decade is very remark- 
 able. 
 
 The leading manufac- 
 tures are cotton goods, 
 flour, fertilizers, lumber, 
 and naval stores Other 
 important products are 
 cotton-seed oil, paper, ma- 
 chinery, carriages and wagons, boots and shoes. 
 
 The seed of the cotton plant yields an edible oil, which is extensively used 
 in place of olive oil and lard. That which remains, after the oil is expressed, 
 is called cotton-seed cake or meal, and is used in fattening cattle and fertil- 
 izing the land. 
 
 Noted for their manufacturing industries are the counties of 
 Aiken, Greenville, Spartanburgh, Richland, York, Abbeville, 
 Anderson, and Sumter, all of which contain cotton factories. 
 
 The leading manufacturing centres are the cities of Charleston, 
 Columbia, Greenville, Beaufort, and Georgetown. 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1883. 
 
 Value of Number of Hands 
 Products. employed. 
 
 Cotton manufactures $8,147,126 4,467 
 
 Flour and grist mill products 3,779,470 1,052 
 
 Cotton gins 3,228,062 3,000 
 
 Fertilizers 2,691,053 9,1150 
 
 Lumber 2,031,607 1,468 
 
 Tar and turpentine 1,893,206 4,619 
 
 Bagging 400,000 225 
 
 Foundrj' and niacliine-shop products 289,502 314 
 
 Paper, printing, and publishing 332,520 352 
 
 Cottou-seed oil 193,200 50 
 
 Boots and shoes 175,000 102 
 
 All other industries 2,857.981 3,356 
 
 The yield from manufactures, agriculture and mining reported for 1883, exceeded the in- 
 come of the State in 1860 iivliich was the most prosperous year before the late war,) by the 
 sum of twenty-two million dollars. 
 
 Commercial Advantages.— The outletsfor both foreign and 
 domestic commerce possessed by South Carolina are ample. She 
 has three of the best harbors on the Southern sea-coast, Charleston, 
 Port Roj-al, and Georgetown. The rivers and creeks traversing 
 
 the Low- Country furnish 
 2,400 miles of inland steam- 
 boat navigation, and rail- 
 roads connect her cotton 
 and rice fields with every 
 part of the country. 
 
 Among the navigable streams 
 are the Savannah, 158 miles to 
 Hamburg ; the Santee, to the 
 junction of the Coiigaree and 
 Watercc; the Wateree to Cam- 
 den; theCongaree to Columbia ; 
 the Great Pedee to Cheraw, 
 over 100 miles; the Little Pedee 
 to Lumberton, North Carolina ; 
 the Black about 60 miles; 
 Lynch's 80 miles; the Wacca- 
 inaw to Conway ; the Ashley 
 24 miles, and the Cooper 34 
 miles. 
 
 The great exports of the 
 State are cotton, rice, lum- 
 
 ^1 INNING tOTTOV 
 
 uhr uboie indine itpifMnii. iiu Si>jn- bcr, naval storcs, and fer 
 
 tilizers. 
 
 inr/ loom ot one oj Ihe largest cotton 
 milh ill the ^tate ) 
 
 PRIN(IP\L RVILRGADS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 1883. 
 
 OINNINO COTTON. 
 
 "Name*- 
 
 \-lu Mile and Spartanburg 
 
 A^bli \ Ri\er 
 
 Atlanta and Charlotte Air 
 Lme 
 
 Augusta and Knowille 
 
 Barnwc 
 Rhu Ridge 
 
 < eiilral Railroid of South Carolina 
 thille^ton md 8i\ann'»h 
 Chailoite Columbia and \ugu^ta 
 C!n raw and C heater 
 Cheriw and Darlington 
 
 Cheraw and Salisbury 
 
 Chester and Lenoir 
 
 Columbia and Greenville 
 
 Between M 
 
 h A'heville. N.C.. and Spartanburgh, S.C. [in S.C, 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. and Atlanta, Ga. [in S. C.l... 
 Augusta. Ga., and Knoxville, Tenn. [In S. 0.]. 
 
 Georgetown and Lanes. 
 
 Laurens 
 
 Northwestern 
 
 Port Royal and Augusta 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Spartanburgh, Union and Columbia. 
 Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta. 
 
 Baniwell and Blackville. 
 
 Btltoii and Walballa 
 
 Lanes and Sumter . . . 
 
 Chirleston, S. C, and Savannah, Ga. [in S. C] 
 C harlotte, N. C, and Augusta, Ga. [in S. C.) . . 
 
 Cheraw and Cliester 
 
 Cheraw and Darlington 
 
 Cheraw, S. C and Salisbury, N. C. [in S. C] . 
 Chester, S. C, and Lenoir, N. C. [in S. C] .... 
 
 ( Columbia and Greenville... 142 I 
 
 1 Hodges and Abbeville 7f 
 
 Cieorgetown and Lanes 
 
 Helena and Laurens 
 
 Charleston and Florence 
 
 Port Royal, s. C. and Augusta, Ga. [in S. C ]. 
 
 I Charleston and Auo:usta. . . 1.37 j 
 
 - Branchville and Cmumbia. 68 v 
 
 f Kingsville and Camden. . . :J8 ) 
 
 Spnitatibnri:h and Alston 
 
 Wilmington, N. C, and Columbia [fnS.C.j... 
 
 ilee. 
 23 
 
 124 
 
 51 
 9 
 42 
 40 
 96 
 175 
 29 
 40 
 9 
 37 
 
 149 
 
 36 
 30 
 102 
 
 108 
 
 68 
 124 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Chnrletitou, the "Palmetto City," is the principal seaport 
 and the metropolis of the State. It is situated 7 miles from the 
 ocean, ou a tongue of land between the Ashley and Cooper rivers. 
 Here the rivers unite and form a safe and spacious harbor, :J miles 
 wide and 6 miles long. 
 
 The city is well laid out, and many of its broad streets are 
 ornamented with beautiful shade trees and gardens tilled with 
 tropical plants. 
 
 A delightful seaside promenade called the "Battery " commands 
 a fine view of the bay, with its shipping, forts, and islands. 
 
 Charleston is the 
 leading rice market, 
 
 and the fifth cotton -^?- 
 
 port in the United 
 States. It has a 
 large and growing 
 trade in flour, bacon, 
 and grain, which 
 come from St. Louis, 
 Chicago, and other 
 cities of the North- 
 west. It has exten- 
 sive mills for remov- 
 ing the husk from 
 rice and preparing 
 the grain for mar- 
 ket, and factories for 
 grinding the phos- 
 phate rock obtained 
 in the vicinity. It 
 is also engaged in 
 the manufacture of 
 lumber, turpentine, 
 carriages and wag- 
 ons, flour, cotton goods, clothing and bags, sashes, doors, and 
 blinds, locomotives and other machinery. 
 
 The chief articles of export are cotton, rice, lumber, fertilizers, 
 naval stores, vegetables, and fruits. 
 
 Three important railroads centre here, and afford rapid com- 
 munication with all parts of the State. Kegular lines of steam- 
 ers ply between this port and New York, Philadelphia, Balti- 
 more, Femandina and .Jacksonville. 
 
 The city is noted for its institutions of learning and its ex- 
 cellent public and private schools. It is the seat of the College 
 of Charleston (the oldest in the State), the Medical College of 
 South Carolina, the South Carolina Military Academy, and a 
 Normal School for the preparation of teachers. 
 
 Tlif College of Charleston possesses the finest Museum of Natural History 
 in the South. 
 
 Charleston has an enviable reputatiou for the establishment 
 and generous maintenance of j)ublic charities. The first religious 
 charitable society organized in America was founded here. 
 
 Theprinci]ial jmlilio buildings of the city are the Or])han Home, 
 New Custom-IIouse, County Court-ITouse, City Ilall, Medical 
 College, Academy of Music, the Arsenal (now used as a school), 
 and the Market. 
 
 Charleston was settled lAout 1680 l>y a company of English colonists. It 
 was one of the first places to Jeclare it.self in .sym])athy with the efforts 
 
 BATTKUV, tlIAl!Lt;sTON. 
 
 of the colonists in the Revolution. During the war it was assaulted on 
 three occasions. Only after a most determined and heroic defence did it 
 surrender to an overwhelming force of British troops. It occupied a lead- 
 ing position in the Nullification movement of 1832, and in 1861 it was the 
 first Southern city which took decisive steps in the Secession struggle. 
 Population, 49,984. 
 
 Colutnbia, the capital of South Carolina and the second city 
 in the State, is finely situated on the east bank of the Congaree at 
 the confluence of the Broad and Saluda rivers, and at the head of 
 steamboat navigation. It is built upon a plain elevated 200 feet 
 above the river. 
 
 The city is about two miles square, and is regularly laid out in 
 
 wide streets, most 
 
 of which are adorn- 
 
 / ■ ^ — ','. ^^ ^''''^ handsome 
 
 i shade trees. It is 
 
 famed for the beauty 
 of its public and 
 private grounds. 
 Sydney Park covers 
 nearly twenty acres, 
 and furnishes de- 
 lightful public 
 promenades. 
 
 Among the im- 
 portant public 
 buildings are the 
 Capitol, built of 
 granite quarried in 
 the vicinity, the 
 United States 
 Court-House, City 
 Hall, Agricultural 
 Hall, the Insane 
 Asylum, the State 
 University, and the 
 Presbyterian Tlieological Seminary. 
 
 Columbia is the great railroad centre of the State and one of its 
 most flourishing commercial cities. It has am])k' water-])owc'r 
 from the falls of the Congaree, and possesses varied and rai)i(lly 
 growing manufacturing industries. 
 
 The city is noted for its many educational advantages. It is 
 the seat of the State University and the Presbyterian Theological 
 Seminary, and its public and jjrivate schools rauk among the best 
 in the State. Population, 10,036. 
 
 Green rille, the capital of Greenville County, is the third jjoint 
 in the State in i)opulation and advancement. It is on the Keedy 
 River, at the junction of the Columl)ia and Greenville Railroad 
 with the Atlanta and Charlotte Air-Line. It has a large trade 
 and important manufactures. Among the latter are those of cot- 
 ton, lumber, flour, and cotton-seed oil, carritiges and wagons, 
 boots and shoes, terra-cotta, furniture, and nuichinery. 
 
 The town is the highest in South Carolina. It is noted for the 
 salubrity of its climate and the beauty of its situation. It has 
 long been a favorite summer resort. 
 
 Greenville is the seat of a Military Academy and two Baptist 
 educational institutions. These are Furman L^niversity and a 
 Female College. It has a system of public schools. Population 
 in 188.3, 8,.3.55. 
 
 Beaufort (Bu'-fort), a port of entry and capital of Beaufort County, is 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 finely situated on a high bluff overlooking the deep and wide waters of Port 
 Royal River. It is about 16 miles from the sea. Its harbor is accessible to 
 vessels of moderate draught. 
 
 The soft and delightful climate of Beaufort has made it a favorite winter 
 resort. It is a beautiful old town, handsomely laid out with wide streets and 
 pleasant promenades. It has extensive mills for the preparation of phos- 
 phate, rock as a fertilizer, and carries on an active coasting trade. The 
 chief exports are cotton, rice, lumber, and phosphate of lime. 
 
 Steamers ply regularly between this port and Charleston, while the Port 
 Royal Railroad connects it with the interior of the State. The school privi- 
 leges are good. Population, 2,549, 
 
 Spat'tanbiirffh^ the county seat of Spartanburgh County, is on the At- 
 lanta and Richmond Air-Line Railroad. Two other railroads centre here — 
 the Spartanburgh, Union and Columbia and the Spartanburgh and Asheville. 
 
 The town is beautifully situated in a high and rolling country at the foot 
 of the mountains, and is a favorite summer resort. It has excellent water- 
 power, is engaged to some extent in manufacturing, and carries on an active 
 trade with the surrounding country. 
 
 Spartanburgh is the seat of \^'offord College, an institution of high char- 
 acter under the control of the Methodist denomination. The private and 
 public schools are excellent. Population, 3,253. 
 
 GeorffetoivUf a port of entry and capital of Georgetown County, is 
 situated at the head of Winyaw Bay, about fourteen miles from the sea. 
 
 The surrounding country is a great rice and turpentine region, and George- 
 town has a large trade in tliese jjroducts. Its principal manufactures are tur- 
 pentine, rice, and pine lumber ; and these are also the chief articles of export. 
 The Georgetown and Lanes Railroad terminates here, and steamboats ply 
 regularly to Charleston and Cheniw, while small sailing vessels afford com- 
 munication with tlie towns on the coast. The place is well provided with 
 public and private schools. Population, 3,557. 
 
 Aiken 9 the capital of Aiken County, on the South Carolina Railroad, is a 
 famous winter resort for invalids. It is pleasantly situated in the sand-hill 
 and " Pine Barren" region, 600 feet above the level of the sea, and sur- 
 rounded with magnificent pine forests. The air of this region is remarkably 
 dry and pure. The winter climate is mild and equable. 
 
 Besides the public schools, Aiken has several private schools, a Lyceum Hall, 
 and a reading-room. The population during the summer is about 2,500 ; dur- 
 ing the winter from 5,000 to 0,000. 
 
 Among the principal towns are : 
 
 Newberry, county seat of Newberry County, 
 on the Columbia and Greenville Rail- 
 road, situated in the midst of a rich 
 farming district. It is an active ship- 
 ping point for the products of this 
 region, and an important cotton mar- 
 ket. Its t:"ade and manufiictures are 
 thriving. The town has good private 
 and public schools, and is the seat of 
 Newberry College (Lutheran), and 
 Newberry Female Academy. Present 
 population, about 3,000. 
 
 Orangeburgh, county seat of Orangeburgh 
 County, situated on the North Edisto 
 River and on the Charleston and Co- 
 lumbia Railroad. It isa thriving busi- 
 ness and manufacturing centre, and 
 an important market for cotton, rice, 
 turpentine, and lumber. The town has 
 excellent schouls, and is the seal of 
 the Stale Agricultural College and of 
 Claflin University for colored pupils. 
 Population, 2,140. 
 
 Florence, in Darlington Count}', at the junc- 
 tion of the Wilmington, Columbia and 
 Augusta, and the Northeastern and 
 Cheraw and Darlington Railroads, an 
 important railroad centre and a rapidly 
 growing town. It has considerable 
 manufacturing and a large tmde in 
 cotton and other products of this 
 region. The school privileges are 
 good. Present population, nearly 3.000. 
 
 Camden, capital of Kershaw County, the 
 oldest inland town in the State, hav- 
 
 ing been settled by the Quakers in 
 1750. It is on the Wateree River and 
 pos&es;res excellent water-power. It is 
 at the head of steamboat navigation, 
 and on the Camden branch of the 
 South Carolina Railroad. This place 
 is an important depot and shipping 
 point for cotton and navul stores, the 
 products of the surrounding country. 
 It has good schools. A battle was 
 fought here between General Gates 
 and Lord Cornwallis in 1780, and an- 
 other between General Green and Lord 
 Rawdon in 1781. Population, 1,780. 
 
 Somter. county seat of Sumter County, at 
 the junction of the Wilmington, Co- 
 lumbia and Augusta Railroad and 
 the Central Railroad. It has an active 
 trade, and contains a cotton factory 
 and a machine shop. It has excellent 
 educational advantages in its public 
 schools and academies. Population. 
 2,011. 
 
 Chester, county seat of Chester County, in 
 the midst of a productive corn and 
 cotton region. Three railroads centre 
 here : Charlotte and Columbia. Ches- 
 ter and Lenoir, and Chester and Che- 
 raw. It is a leading cotton market and 
 has a thriving trade. It manufactures 
 wagons and carriages, agricultural im- 
 plements, and cotton-seed oil. Ex- 
 cellent public and private schools. 
 Population, 1,899. 
 
 Anderson, capital of Anderson County, on 
 
 the Columbia and Greenville and the 
 Blue Ridge Railroads; a prosperous 
 town, with a large trade in the products 
 of the surrounding country. It has 
 several good public and private schools. 
 Population, 1,850. 
 
 Graniteville, in Aiken County, on the Char- 
 lotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad, 
 a thriving manufacturing town. Its 
 cotton mills produce about 40.C00 
 yards of cloth per day. Excellent 
 schools. Population, 1,669. 
 
 Abbeville, county seat of Abbeville County, 
 on a branch of the Columbia and 
 Greenville Railroad. It is the market 
 for a rich and well-cultivated farming 
 distiict. It has some manufacturing, 
 and several public and private schools. 
 Population, 1,543. 
 
 Winnsborough, county seat of Fairfield 
 County, on the Charlotte, Columbia 
 and Augusta Railroad, a handsome 
 town, and pleasantly situated in a fer- 
 tile region. It is the seat of Mount 
 Zion Institute and is noted for itseduca- 
 tional advantages. Population, 1,500. 
 
 Yorbville. capital of York County, on the 
 Chester and Lenoir Railroad, finely 
 situated ina high and healthful region. 
 It has a thriving trade and several 
 manufacturing establishments. Excel- 
 lent schools. Population, 1,330. 
 
 Union, county seat of L'nion County, on the 
 
 Spartanburgh and L'nion Railroad, in 
 the midst of a fertile farming country. 
 It has good schools. Granite is found 
 here. Population, 1,267. 
 
 Cheraw. in Chesterfield County, on the Great 
 Pedee. at the head of navigation and 
 at the junction of the Cheraw and 
 Darlington and Cheraw and Salisbury 
 Railroads. It has an active trade and 
 
 an abundant water-power. Cheraw \^ 
 one of the oldest towns in the State. 
 It contains several schools and a pub- 
 lic library. Steamboats run regulaily 
 to Georgetown. Population is about 
 1,200. 
 
 Walhalla, ywal-hal'lu), capital of Oconee 
 County, on the Blue Ridge Railroad, 
 delightfully situated near the moun- 
 tains, and a favorite summer resort. 
 It is actively engaged in trade and man- 
 ufactures. The town has several excel- 
 lent public and private schools, and 
 is the seat of Adger College (Presby- 
 terian). Population, 789. 
 
 Piedmont, in Greenville County, a new and 
 flourishing manufacturing tow n on the 
 Saluda River, and on the Columbia 
 and Greenville Railroad. Two large 
 cotton mills are established here. 
 Population, 1.150. 
 
 Port Royal, in Beaufort County, noted as 
 one of the earliest settlements in the 
 State. It has a splendid harbor, and 
 unsurpassed facihties for shipping cot- 
 ton, grain, and merchandise. Steamers 
 ply regularly to New York and Charles- 
 ton. Population, 387. 
 
 Marion, capital of Marion County, on the 
 Wilmington and Columbia Railroad, a 
 handsome town in the midst of a fine 
 farming country. It has good schools. . 
 Population, about 1,500. 
 
 Darlington, county seat of Darlington Coun- 
 ty, on the Cheraw and Darlington Rail- 
 road, a thriving town with good schools 
 and churches. Population, 940. 
 
 Lancaster, county seat of Lancaster County, 
 on the Cheraw and Chester Railroad, 
 the depot for the products of a rich 
 farming district. Population, about 
 800. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of South Carolina 
 was adopted in 1868. 
 
 The Executive Departmen"t consists of a Governor, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, Comptroller-General, Treasurer, Secretary of 
 State, Attorney-General, and a Superintendent of Education. All 
 these are elected by the people to serve two years. 
 
 The Legislative Depart- 
 ment embraces a Senate and 
 House of Eepresentatives, 
 which together are styled 
 "The General Assembly of 
 the State of South Carolina." 
 
 The Senate is composed of 
 35 members elected for four 
 years. Each county elects one 
 senator, except Charleston, 
 which elects two. The House 
 of Representatives consists of 
 124 members elected for two 
 years. 
 
 The General Assembly meets every year on the fourth Tuesday 
 in November. 
 
 The Judicial Departmen"T consists of a Supreme Court, and 
 of Circuit, Probate, and Justices' Courts. The Supreme and Cir- 
 cuit Court judges are elected by the General Assembly ; the 
 former for six years, the latter for four years. The Probate 
 judges for each county are elected by the people, and the Justices 
 of the Peace are appointed by the Governor. 
 
 STATE SEAL, : 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 For inirposes of local government South Carolina is divided 
 into 34 countii's. 
 
 Religion. — C'lmrches of all denoniinatious multiplied and 
 grew in South Carolina during colonial and suhsequent times, as 
 tilt' i)opulalion increased. Ej)isco[)alians, Presbyterians and In- 
 dependents, Baptists and French I'rotestants, established con- 
 gregations in Charleston during the first ten years after its set- 
 tlement in 1G80. Tlie Methodists and Romanists came about 
 100 years later. The Jews were established in 1T5C and the 
 German Lutherans in 1759. Before the late war the religious 
 instruction of the colored people was an object of special care. 
 Auii)le galleries were provided in the church edifices for their 
 accommodation, and white and colored worshipped in common. 
 Among the Methodists the spiritual interests of the colored 
 people were zealously cared for hy a systematic appointment of 
 Missionaries, who regularly catechised and preached on the jjlan- 
 tations and in the towns and cities. This mission system was 
 organized in 1829, with the hearty co-operation of the planters. 
 Bishop Wm. Capers, who first suggested it, prepared books of 
 religious instruction 
 specially for the col- 
 ored people. 
 
 At present there are 
 a few congregations in 
 communion witli the 
 Episcopal Ciiurch, but 
 the gieat mass of the 
 colored people is formed 
 into established con- 
 gregations of Metho- 
 dists, African Metho- 
 dists, Baptists and 
 Presbyterians. 
 
 Education. — The 
 people of South Caro- 
 lina from the earliest 
 period fostered public 
 education. Free 
 Schools trace their 
 origin as far back as 
 1710. In that year the 
 
 Colonial Assembly passed "An act for the founding and erecting 
 of a Free School in Charleston.'' 
 
 A system of free schools was inaugurated as early as 1811. The 
 General Assembly of the State in that year passed an act to estab- 
 lish a free school in each district and parish. Elementary in- 
 struction was to be imparted to all pujtils free of charge, preference 
 being given to poor orphans and the children of indigent parents. 
 
 Public Schools. — The present public school system was es- 
 tablished in 1868. It provides free instruction to pupils in pri- 
 mary and intermediate grades. The management of the public 
 schools is under the direction of the State Board of Examiners. 
 This consists of the State Su[)erintendent of Education and four 
 other persons appointed by the Governor. In each county a 
 school commissioner is elected by the people for two years. 
 
 The schools are su])]iorted entirely by taxation ; the constitu- 
 tion expressly providing tliat a tax shall be raised forthis purpose. 
 The school fund amounts to about $500,000 annually. 
 
 The number of schools in 1882 was 3, 183; number of pupils en- 
 
 ST.VTE HOUSE. COLUMBIA, fl. C. 
 
 rolled, white, 115,899 ; colored, 80,575 — total, 145, 914 ; the aver- 
 age attendance of pupils, white, 47,400 ; colored, 54,350 — total, 
 101,816 ; number of teachers employed, white, 2,120 ; colored, 
 1,287— total, 3,413. 
 
 In connection with the subject of education, it is noteworthy that from 1751 
 to 1800 there were I(;unde;l by private loiUribution or bequest iu various 
 parts of the Stale no less than Itj schools to furnish gratuitous instruction. 
 One of these was the first manual labor school ever established in the coun- 
 try. Since the war charitable societies at the North have aided the freedinen 
 in establishing schools and building churches, the white citizens of the State 
 contributing liberally to the same purpose. The school fund, raised by tax- 
 ation, has been divided in equal proportions between the white and colored 
 people. 
 
 Higher Education. — Throughout the history of the State, 
 dating from colonial times, attention has been paid to the sub- 
 ject of higher education. South Carolina College (now the 
 South Carolina University) was established in 1801. It com- 
 prises two departments : the South Carolina College for white 
 students at Columbia, and the Clafiin University for colored, at 
 Orangeburgh. It is supported by the State and is in a flourishing 
 
 condition. 
 
 The State Military 
 Academy of Charleston 
 is conducted on the plan 
 of the National Acad- 
 emy at West Point. 
 
 Tuition is merely nomi- 
 nal at the University, and 
 two 8tate beneficiaries are 
 appointed to the Military 
 Academy from each county. 
 After graduating, the Ijene- 
 ficiaries are pledged to give 
 two years' instruction in 
 the free public schools of 
 the State. 
 
 In addition to the 
 University and the Mil- 
 itary Academy there 
 are other institutions 
 of learning which are 
 not controlled by the 
 State. Every county, 
 
 moreover, is provided with one or more preparatory schools and 
 
 academies. 
 Two normal Institutes, one for white, the other for colored 
 
 teachers, are held. 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 
 
 South Carolina UnivcrMty Columbia. 
 
 College of Charliston Charleston. 
 
 Wofford College Spartanlmrgb. 
 
 Fiirnian Tnivcrsity Greenville. 
 
 Erskinc College D"* ^'^st- 
 
 Newbcrr)' College Kewbeny. 
 
 Adger College Walhalla. 
 
 l^shvterian Thoolosical Seminary Colombia. 
 
 ir » ii ( hLi»ni n iii i i ii iiw>>«i|i»<ifci6«iiiiMiM)h ■•^^i&mmHi^ 
 
 Medical rdlege of South Carolina Charleston. 
 
 Claflin University Orangelmrgh. 
 
 Allen University Columbia. 
 
 Institution for the Deaf, Humb, and Blind Cedar Springe. 
 
 MILITARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 South Carolina Military .\cademy Cliarleston. 
 
 King's Mountain Military Aeaderay Yorkvillc. 
 
 Military Acaileniy Anderson. 
 
 Military Academy Greenville. 
 
 Military Academy Darlington. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — An attempt at settlement in South 
 Carolina was made in 1562 by John Ribault {re-bo'), with a party 
 of French Huguenots. They landed on an island in the harbor 
 of Port Eoyal, and called it Carolina in honor of Charles IX., the 
 reigning king of France. Kibault returned to France soon after, 
 and the settlement was abandoned. 
 
 In 16G3 Charles II., King of England, granted a charter to sev- 
 eral noblemen, who were known as ' ' The Lords Proprietors," con- 
 veying to them all the lands lying between the Atlantic and 
 Pacific Oceans, and the parallels of 31° and 36° north latitude. 
 
 The first permanent settlement was made by Colonel Sayle and 
 his companions in Api-il, 1670, on the west bank of Ashley river, 
 opposite and above the site of the present city of Charleston. 
 
 The jn'ovince soon began to attract emigrants from all parts of 
 Europe. Want of internal harmony, however, checked its pros- 
 perity. Difficulty arose in collecting quit-rents due to the Lords 
 Proprietors, and this led to frequent disturbances and partial in- 
 surrections. 
 
 Dissatisfaction with the rule of the Lords Proprietors grew and 
 grew, until it culminated in the calling of a convention, at which 
 the colonists formally announced their intention to throw off the 
 government of the Lords Proprietors and place themselves 
 directly under that of the Crown. 
 
 In 1729 the province was divided into North and South Caro- 
 lina. Subsequent to this a fresh tide of immigration set in both 
 from other American settlements and from various countries of 
 Europe. 
 
 The cultivation of rice, corn, wheat, hemp, flax, tobacco, and indigo was 
 carried on with marked success, and tlie population steadily increased, until, 
 when the War of Independence began, there were 180,000 people in the prov- 
 
 When the British Government attempted to enforce its oppres- 
 sive system of taxation. South Carolina sympathized with her 
 sister colonies in the determination to resist. A Provincial Con- 
 gress was called in 1774, and delegates were appointed to the Con- 
 tinental Congress which met in Philadelphia. In 1775 the 
 Royal Governor, Lord Campbell, fled from the province, and a 
 Provincial Council assumed control. 
 
 A provisional State Constitution was adopted March 20, 1776, 
 and John Rutledge was chosen the first Governor of the new 
 State with the title of President. South Carolina was the first 
 of the colonies that formed an independent constitution. 
 
 During the Revolution the territory of the State was the scene 
 of many a severe struggle. Her partisan heroes made the names 
 of places all over the State distinguished by their deeds of valor. 
 Battles were fought at Charleston, Fort Sullivan, Camden, the 
 Cowpens, King's Mountain, Eutaw Springs, Ninety-six, Monk's 
 Corner, and other places. 
 
 Some of the peojjle of South Carolina adhered to the royal 
 cause ; but her reputation was nobly sustained by the heroism of 
 her statesmen and soldiers. Her soil was overrun by the army of 
 Lord Cornwallis, but the spirit of her peojjle was invincible. 
 Forming bands of partisan soldiers they harassed the foe on every 
 hand. Among these gallant bands the most conspicuous, for the 
 services they rendered the State, were those of Marion, Sumter, 
 Pickens, Laurens, Horry, Hammond, and James. 
 
 On the 23d of May, 1788, the State ratified the Constitution of 
 the United States, and two years later adopted her own first 
 pernument Constitution. The first meeting of the State Legisla- 
 ture took place at Columbia in 1790. 
 
 The next event of moment in the political history of the State 
 is the passage in 1832 of what is known as the Act of Nullification, 
 i)y which the State Legislature declared null and void certain 
 acts of the United States Congress. The matters in dispute were 
 finally adjusted by the adoption of compromise measures. 
 
 In the discussions which from time to time have occurred in 
 Congress upon great national questions, the statesmen of South 
 Carolina have taken a prominent part and displayed marked 
 ability. 
 
 Adhering firmly to the doctrine of State Rights, South 
 Carolina was the first of the Southern States to pass an ordinance 
 of Secession when Mr. Lincoln was elected in 1860. This action 
 was taken on the 20th of December in the same year. In the 
 stntggle that ensued, the State put more than 60,000 soldiers into 
 the field, and though, in common with their brethren of the 
 South, they lost their cause, yet by their gallantry they fully sus- 
 tained the reputation of their ancestors and their State. 
 
 The result of the war was to leave the State prostrate and ex- 
 hau.sted. Every year, however, since 1876, has seen marked 
 advance toward a more than complete restoration of her former 
 prosperity ; and the exhibit of her present growth and advance- 
 ment, both in jiopulation and the industrial arts, which we have 
 indicated in this sketch of the State, fully justifies the prediction 
 that her former glory and happiness will be eclijjsed by her future 
 achievements. 
 

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LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 
 
 THE CIAHEION BICTIOMRY, 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM HAND BROV/NE, 
 
 Associate of Johns Hopkins University, 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION BY 
 
 S. S. HALDEMAN, LL.D., 
 
 Late Professor of Comparative Philology in the University of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Is a concise Handbook of the English Language, in Orthography, Pronunciation and Definitions, 
 for School, Home and Business use. It aims to combine the qualities of accuracy, clearness and con- 
 ciseness, so as to include in tho smallest compass the largest usefulness. By a skilful utilization 
 of space, an unusual amount of information is presented in a very compact and distinct manner, 
 easy to consult. 
 
 In the preparation of the definitions, the leading authorities, both English and American, as 
 well as standard technical and scientific text-books and encyclopaedias, have been consulted. 
 
 The spelling conforms to that of the best authorities, which have been carefully compared. 
 
 Dr. Browne has brought to the performance of his work ample scholarship, an intimate familiar- 
 ity with English literature, and a broad experience in literary wofk. His diligent and painstaking labor 
 was supplemented by the revision of Prof. Haldeman. 
 
 Prof. Haldeman's extensive knowledge of linguistics and phonology peculiarly qualified him for 
 the task of indicating the pronunciation of words. This is done by their phonetic re-spelling, in 
 the use of a symbolism that is simple and easy. 
 
 The Clarendon Dictionary contains many words of recent introduction into general use, and 
 found elsewhere only in late editions of the cumbrous quartos. 
 
 The vocabulary is given in clear and distinct Cleirendon type, which enables the eye to catch 
 quickly the word sought for. 
 
 The entire typography is bright and helpful to the eye. Many illustrative wood-cuts adorn 
 the work, and explain to the eye the meaning of words. 
 
 Extended pronouncing lists of Geographical names and Scripture names are given, as also French 
 and Italian Phrases, Latin Phrases, and common abbreviations used in writing and printing. 
 
 l8mo, cloth, 372 pages. Specimen copy to teachers, 45 cents. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF 
 
 i^RIN^CIF^LS OF NOHIVI^L SCHOOLS, ETC. 
 
 From Irwin Shepard, Preset Slate Normal School, Winona, 
 Minn. 
 Your beautiful Clarendon Diclionary is a marvel of con- 
 venience, completeness, and cheapness. 
 
 From J. W. STEARNS, Pres't Stale Nonnal School, White- 
 ■water. Wis. 
 
 By virtue of its compactness, clearness, convenience of size 
 and shape, and admirable print, the Clarendon Dictionary at once 
 takes a place on ray writing desk as a handy book of reference. 
 It seems to me a model of excellent workmanship, both in the 
 preparation of the material and in mechanical execution. 
 From \V. J. Milne, Prin. State Normal School, Geneseo, N. V. 
 
 A compact and useful book for the average student. It con- 
 tains so much useful matter and is so tasteful in appearance that 
 it must be regarded as a marvellously cheap book. 
 Fro/n j. Fraise Richard, Mansfield Normal College, Mans- 
 field, Ohio. 
 
 The book is a perfect model of artistic neatness, and is just 
 what our teachers and students everywhere need. It is concise, 
 accurate, systematic and practical. I am both surprised and 
 gratified to find so much that is valuable — -indispensable — con- 
 densed into so brief a space. 
 /«)/« Jerome Ai.len, Pres't State Normal School, it. Cloud, Minn. 
 
 I am much pleased with the Clarendon Dictionary. It seems 
 to meet a needed want not before supplied. 
 
 From G. S. AtBEE, Prin. State Nonnal School, Oshkosh, Wis. 
 The Clarendon Dictionary appears to be a model of con- 
 densation and clearness. The feature that will commend it to a 
 growing class is the phonetic re-spelling of each word, viewed as 
 the beginning of a proper spelling of English. 
 
 From E. A. SHELDON, Prin. State Noimal and Training School, 
 Oswego, N. y. 
 The Clarendon Dictionary seems to me happily adapted to 
 the purpose for which it was intended, and will meet a want in 
 the family and the school which has not been so well provided for 
 before. 
 
 From Jay P. Treat, Prin. Normal School, Geneva, Ohio. 
 I find the Clarendon Dictionary compact, yet multum in 
 parvo. I like it immensely. 
 
 From Rev. N. C. Schaeffer, Prin. Keystone State Normal 
 School, Kiitztown, Pa. 
 The Clarendon Dictionary I prize very highly. It is the most 
 convenient, as well as the most comprehensive little book of its 
 kind I have ever seen. 
 
 From Joseph McMurran, Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, 
 West Virginia. 
 The Clarendon Dictionary is certainly a treasure to the stu- 
 dent, and far superior to any other of its kind. Had it no other 
 recommendation, the type in which it is printed and the arrange- 
 ment of the words would be sufficient to cause it to be used in all 
 our schools. 
 
 014 496 272 2\