INDIANA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS The act of the Indiana General Assembly signed by Governor Ralston on March 8, 1915, creating the Indiana Historical Commission, assigned to that body as one of its duties to collect and publish docu- mentary and other materials on the history of Indiana. The law pro- vides that these volumes should be printed and bound at the expense of the State, and be made available to the public. Copies are offered at practically the cost of printing the volumes, the proceeds to go into the State treasury for the use of the Historical Commission in producing other volumes. One copy is to be furnished at the expense of the Com- mission to each public library, college and normal school in the State. Two hundred copies are to be furnished to the Indiana State Library and two hundred copies to the Historical Survey of Indiana University, for purposes of exchange with other states for similar publications. Of the $25,000 appropriated to the Commission for Centennial purposes, $5,000 were permitted to be used for historical publications. INDIANA HISTORICAL COMMISSION. * Samuel M. Ralston, President Frank B. Wynn, Vice-President Harlow Lindley, Secretary James A. Woodburn Charles W. Moores Samuel M. Foster John Cavanaugh Charity Dye Lew M. O'Bannon publication committee James A. Woodburn Charles W. Moores Harlow Lindley Walter C. Woodward, Director Lucy M. Elliott, Assistant Director 'Governor James P. Goodrich became a member of the Commission ex officio upon his inaugura- tion January 8, 1917, and was elected President of the Commission, May 25. INDIANAPOLIS : WM. B. BURFORD, CONTRACTOR FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING 1919 INDIANA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL 1916 A Record of the Celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of Indiana's Admission to Statehood EDITED BY HARLOW LINDLEY Secretary Indiana Historical Commission t J ■ m^ i- ' ^ ' ■ PUBLISHED BY THE INDIANA HISTORICAL COMMISSION INDIANAPOLIS 1919 PREFACE The Indiana Historical Commission presents to the people of the State a report of its activities during the Centennial year, together with a history of both the County and State celebrations. These events have become a part of the his- tory of our Commonwealth and it seems only appropriate that a record of them should be permanently preserved. The Sec- retary of the Commission, upon whom has devolved the re- sponsibility of collecting and editing this material, wishes to acknowledge in particular the valued services of Dr. Walter C. Woodward, Director of the Centennial activities of the Commission, in writing the history of the County celebra- tions, and that of County Day in connection with the State celebration at Indianapolis, October sixth. Harlow Lindley. •7 of B. OCT 4 CONTENTS I. PAGE The Beginnings of the State 15 II. REP.mT OF THE C )MMISSI0n'S ACTIVITIES. Organisation and Scope of the Commission 23 A Campaign of Centennial Education 26 Work in Schools and Clubs 33 Pageantry 36 Permanent Memorials 42 State Parks as a Centennial Memorial 45 Indiana Centennial Medal 56 Historical Publications 58 Summary 62 III. Celebrati >ns. County Celebrations 71 State Celebration at Indianapolis 280 The Indiana Pageant at Indianapolis 317 The Ohio Valley Historical Association 323 IV. Admission Day Exercises, December 11, 1916. The Observance of Admission Day 343 State Celebration at Indianapolis 344 APPENDIX. Centennial Addresses by Governor Samuel M. Ralston. Indiana Day Address at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, June 26, 1915 375 Indianapolis Board of Trade Centennial Dinner, February 22, 1916 390 Fayette County Centennial Address at Connersville, July 6, 1916 395 Unveiling Exercises, State House Yard, October 9, 1916 397 (9) ILLUSTRATIONS The Indiana Centennial Medal Frontispiece The Constitutional Elm 13 The Indiana Historical Commission 21 Riley Telling the Story of Indiana '. 29 William Chaiincy Langdon, Pageant Master 37 Map of Turkey Rim 46 Views of Turkey Run 51 McCormick's Creek Canon 52 Walter C. Woodward, Director 69 Lucy M. Elliott, Assistant Director 69 The Capitol at Corydon 135 The Corydon Pageant 163 I'erritorial Legislative Meeting Hall at Vincennes 187 The Pageant of Bloomington and Indiana University 2 9 The Pageant of Indiana 319 Indiana's One Hundredth Anniversary 342 Hymn to Indiana 372 Indiana Slogan 400 (If PART I The Beginnings of the State (11) (13) The Beginnings of the State 1679-1816 One hundred years ago Indiana was admitted to the Union. It was the sixth State to be added to the original thirteen and one of five States carved from the vast and fertile region of wilderness and prairie lying between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River that had been earlier known as the North- west Territory. The first record that we have of white men within the present boundaries of Indiana was in December, 1679, when LaSalle, a French explorer and trader, with a band of twenty- eight men, traveling by canoe, crossed the portage path from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee near the site of the present city of South Bend. The French had established set- tlements in Canada on the St. Lawrence River seventy years before and their missionaries, explorers and traders had made visits to other parts of the rich territory surrounding the Great Lakes and the rivers of the west. For nearly a cen- tury thereafter the Ohio and Mississippi valleys were gen- erally recognized as French territory. The date of the first permanent settlement within what are now the boundaries of Indiana is not definitely known, but from the records of the Jesuit missionaries and fugitive accounts by French officers and traders, it seems that the post on the Wabash at Vincennes must have been established very early in the eighteenth century. The struggle between the English and French for posses- sion of the Ohio Valley and for the control of the valuable fur trade, which extended over many years, was ended by the treaty of 1763 when the French gave up this territory to the English. After the outbreak of the American Revolution, Governor Patrick Henry of Virginia gave instructions to Colonel George Rogers Clark to proceed with a little army of militia against the posts at Kaskaskia and Vincennes. The final success of this expedition in February, 1779, was one of the important (15) 16 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL achievements of the American army and added a vast do- minion to the territory of the Colonies. When a treaty of peace was signed with the British in 1783, the American pos- sessions were bounded on the west by the Mississippi River and on the north by the Great Lakes. The western terri- tory was recognized as being under the control of Virginia, whose troops had captured it from the English, but in 1784 Virginia ceded it to the United States. By the Ordinance of 1787, Congress provided a govern- ment for this Northwest Territory and also enacted that out of it there should be created not less than three nor more than five States, each of which was to be admitted to the Union when it could be shown to have at least 60,000 free inhab- itants. Under this Ordinance the first popular government was established within this territory, to succeed the French and British military administrations in which the people had no voice. The creation of the first organized civil government within the boundaries of what is now the State of Indiana was, in 1790, when Winthrop Sargent, the acting governor, organ- ized at Vincennes the county of Knox, a subdivision of the Northwest Territory larger than the present State of Indiana. But the distances between the settlements were so great and the exercise of even the simplest forms of government so dif- ficult that plans for subdividing the Northwest Territory were soon advanced by William Henry Harrison, the delegate in Congress, and a law creating Indiana Territory was secured to take effect on the 4th of July, 1800. This territory of Indiana, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the west by the Mississippi and on the north by the Dominion of Canada, included territory that is now within the States of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. William Henry Harrison was appointed by the President, John Adams, to be the first territorial governor and the cap- ital was established at Vincennes. According to the census of 1800 the population of the Territory was 6,550, of whom 929 lived at Clark's Grant on the Ohio, 2,497, mostly French, at Vincennes, and the rest along the Mississippi as far north as Mackinac. Within the next few years considerable progress was made in the formation of stable government, the arranging of THE BEGINNINGS OF THE STATE • 17 treaties with the Indians, and the opening of lands for set- tlement. In 1809 Congress passed an act of separation, di- viding the territories of Indiana and Illinois. This left the town of Vincennes on the western boundary of the new In- diana Territory and a movement was soon started to locate the capital where it would be nearer to the geographical cen- ter. After a spirited contest, the little town of Corydon, the county seat of Harrison County, was chosen in 1813 as the new capital. Corydon had been laid out five years before and boasted a court house forty feet square, built of blue lime- stone. Numerous petitions were presented to Congress asking that Indiana be made a State. The population had been in- creasing rapidly, especially in the territory along the Ohio and lower Wabash Rivers and in the Valley of the White- water. Many settlers were crossing from Kentucky and many were entering the territory from the upper waters of the Ohio. New towns were being laid out all the way along the southern border of the State, and a census taken in 1815 showed a population of 63,897, more than the minimum re- quired for statehood by the Ordinance of 1787. On April 19, 1816, the President of the United States approved an enabling act providing for the admission of In- diana to the Union. The duty of naming the new state was left to its inhabitants. Its boundaries were the same as they are now. In accordance with this law, forty-three delegates were elected to the constitutional convention which met in Corydon on June 10th and was in session for eighteen work- ing days. It contained such able men as Jonathan Jennings, the delegate in congress from the territory, who served as president of the convention and afterward as governor ; James Noble and Robert Hanna, who became United States sena- tors; Benjamin Parke, James Scott and John Johnson, after- ward distinguished judges, and many other men of ability, including John Badollet, Dr. David H. Maxwell, John DePauw, Frederick Rapp and Jesse Holman. William Hendricks, the second governor of the State, was secretary of the convention. The crowd of nearly fifty men seriously taxed the accom- modations of the little village of Corydon. As it was the har- vest season many members were anxious to get home and there was every inducement for the convention to complete its 18 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL work as rapidly as possible. The sessions were first held in the little stone court house that had become the capital as well, but when the sultry June days became too warm the con- vention met under the shade of a great tree near by, that be- came known as the Constitutional Elm, and is now tenderly cared for because of the shelter it gave to the founders of the State. The constitution as finally adopted was composed in part of portions of the constitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and the United States, the material difi'erences being in favor of wider democracy. It was a creditable document in every way. Its most notable innovation was the recognition which it contained of the duty of the State to educate all of its citizens, and Indiana was the first State to provide in its fundamental law for a general system of free education cul- minating in a university. In accordance with the provisions of the new constitution, state and county elections were held in August, Jonathan Jen- nings being elected governor; Christopher Harrison, lieuten- ant governor, and William Hendricks, representative to Congress. The first session of the general assembly met at Corydon on November 4, 1816, chose James Noble and Waller Taylor to represent the new State in the United States Sen- ate, elected minor state officers and judges as provided in the new constitution, and began the work of providing for a sys- tem of local laws. Indiana was formally admitted into the Union by a joint resolution of Congress approved December 11, 1816, and the life of the State began. Lee Burns. PART II Report of the Commission's Activities (19) f^i> m^^ o w (211 Organization and Scope of the Commission The Indiana Historical Commission hereby submits to the people of the State a report of its work. We deem it proper to speak first of the origin of the Com- mission and the scope of its duties as defined in the legislative act creating this body. The act of the legislature creating the Indiana Historical Commission was approved by Governor Ralston on March 8, 1915. It provided for the editing and publication of his- torical material and for an historical and educational cele- bration of the State's Centennial year — the one hundredth anniversary of Indiana's admission to the Union. The Com- mission was made to consist of nine members : The Governor of the State, the Director of the Indiana Historical Survey of Indiana University (Professor James A. Woodburn) and the Director of the Department of Indiana History and Archives of the State Library (Professor Harlow Lindley of Earlham College) were by the act made ex-officio members of the Commission. The Indiana Historical Society was em- powered to name a member and Mr. Charles W. Moores of Indianapolis, First Vice-President of that Society, was so des- ignated. The Governor was authorized to appoint five other members. This he proceeded to do by naming the Rev. John Cavanaugh, President of Notre Dame University, Dr. Frank B. Wynn of Indianapolis, Mr. Samuel M. Foster, of Fort Wayne, Mr. Lew M. O'Bannon of Corydon, and Miss Charity Dye of Indianapolis. The creating act laid out v/ork for the Commission on two lines: In the first place it was made the duty of the Commission to collect, edit, and publish documentary and other materials relating to the history of Indiana. It was provided that the published volumes of the Commission to be printed and bound at the expense of the State in such numbers as the Commis- sion might direct, should be distributed free to each public library in the State and to the library of each college and nor- mal school in the State. It was required that two hundred 2—15997 (23) 24 THE INDIANxV CENTENNIAL copies should be supplied to the State Library and two hun- dred copies to the Indiana Historical Survey, these copies to be used in making exchanges for similar publications issued by the Historical Commissions, societies, and agencies of other States. It was further provided that other copies of these historical and documentary volumes might be sold by the Historical Commission at a price to be fixed by that body, and the moneys received therefrom shall be placed in the State Treasury to the credit of the Historical Commission. The second and distinct line of work to which the Com- mission was required to give its attention was to prepare and execute plans for the Centennial celebration in 1916 of In- diana's admission to statehood. In the execution of this task it was provided that the Commission might arrange such ex- hibits, pageants, and celebrations as it might deem proper to illustrate the epochs in the growth of Indiana; to reveal the past and present resources of the State in each field of activ- ity; to teach the development of industrial, agricultural, and social life and the conservation of natural resources. The Commission was authorized to prepare cuts, photographs, and materials illustrative of the history and development of the State and to cooperate in such manner as the Commission might determine with State and local authorities and agencies in stimulating public interest and activity in the celebration. The members of the Commission while being allowed their actual and necessary traveling expenses when attending the meetings of the Commission or engaged in its work, were allowed no compensation for their services. But the Commis- sion was authorized to employ such clerical and other assist- ance as might be necessary to carry out its duties. Professor Walter C. Woodward of Earlham College was chosen Director, and Miss Lucy M. Elliott as Assistant Director of the Com- mission's activities. For all of this work there was appropriated for the use of the Commission the sum of $25,000, of which $5,000 might be applied, if the Commission so ordered, for the publication of historical materials. So much for the official act creating the Commission and defining the scope of its work. We shall now seek to summarize as briefly as possible what THE commission's ACTIVITIES 25 the Commission has done in the performance of its duties and in the execution of the tasks imposed upon it. Of the appropriation allowed ($25,000) the Commission at the outset laid aside $5,000 for the publication of historical material. The remaining sum ($20,000) has been the amount at the disposal of the Commission for the promotion of the Centennial celebrations throughout the State. It was evident from the small amount at the disposal of the Commission that any extensive and worthy celebrations would have to be financed by the people in the various localities in their own way, and that has been generally done by the people of the several communities in a splendid spirit of state pride and patriotism. The Commission used its small fund apart from the necessary expenses of the Commission in a steady cam- paigTi of education, to arouse and cultivate popular interest, to encourage local initiative and activity, and to give infor- mation and assistance in every way possible to the counties and local communities in their celebrations. A Campaign of Centennial Education The immediate problem confronting the Commission on its organization was one of publicity in its widest sense. The people of Indiana as a whole knew little and therefore cared little about the Centennial anniversary and its proper cele- bration. There v/as the usual amount of inertia to overcome, the ever present demands of business life to meet, and an un- usually active political campaign with which to compete for the attention of citizens. It was therefore no little task to educate and to arouse the State over the comparatively unex- citing and unremunerative subject of Centennial observance. Many and various were the means applied toward this end. General bulletins Vv^ere issued for wide distribution, set- ting forth comprehensively the purpose of the Commission, and presenting plans for a state-wide celebration. A special bulletin was addressed to the county school superintendents of Indiana, asking their cooperation and pointing out how it might be given. Special articles were prepared for newspa- pers and periodicals and various news agencies. Starting in September, 1915, the Commission began the publication of a weekly news-letter, which served as a clearing house of infor- mation for the county chairmen and the press of the State. It was published regularly for a little more than a year. Primarily for the children of Indiana, Miss Dye of the Com- mission edited a department known as "The Centennial Story Hour," in the Sunday edition of the Indianapolis Star, in which leading facts of Indiana history were entertainingly told. She also organized the "State-wide Letter Exchange" among the school children, wherein pupils from different parts of the State wrote each other of the interesting things in the history and life of their respective neighborhoods. Realizing the prime necessity of arousing the interest of the school population, as a potent means of publicity, to say nothing of permanent results, the Commission made an ap- peal directly to the teachers of Indiana through the county institutes of the summer and fall of 1915. In this it had al- most the unfailing cooperation of the county superintendents. (26) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 27 With a volunteer force consisting largely of a half dozen speakers, mostly connected with the Commission, a schedule was arranged by the Director whereby practically all the county institutes were addressed in the interest of the Cen- tennial observance and of a more thorough study of our own State. A large number of addresses were also made before clubs, commercial and civic organizations, historical societies, church organizations and public gatherings of various kinds. The most arduous worker in this respect was Miss Dye, who made one hundred and fifty-two addresses and talks all over Indi- ana. The Secretary addressed county teachers' institutes in fourteen counties, and literary clubs and local historical soci- eties in six counties. The Vice-President of the Commission made a great number of addresses and similar activity was shown by other members. The Director and Assistant Di- rector naturally visited many sections of the State in the work of agitation and organization. While the majority of its meetings were held at the Capital, the Commission met a few times out in the State for the purpose of arousing interest in different sections and giving encouragement. On such occasions public meetings were generally held, addressed by the members. The Commission met at Corydon in the au- tumn, at Vincennes in the winter, and at South Bend and Bloomington in the spring. Many patriotic citizens who had no immediate connection with the Commission volunteered their services as speakers and were used effectively. In anticipation of the year's de- mands for speakers in connection with Centennial organiza- tion and celebrations, the Commission organized a volunteer speakers' bureau. Men and women throughout the State were called upon to donate their services in this direction, if needed, and almost no declinations were received. As soon as the work of the organization of the State, to be explained later, was pretty well accomplished, the Director issued a call to the county Centennial chairmen to assemble at the Capital early in December, for the purpose of discussing the practical problems that confronted them in their v/ork. The response was most hearty and encouraging. Busy men and women from all over the State spent the necessary time and money to be present and consider the best interests of 28 THE INDlxVNA CENTENNIAL Indiana in her Centennial year. About fifty chairmen were in attendance and their interchange of ideas and plans was most helpful, exerting a profound influence on the work throughout Indiana. At this problem conference such sub- jects as county organization, finance, celebrational features, pageantry, home coming, cooperation with the schools, perma- nent memorials, gathering historical materials, and publicity, were discussed. For the purpose of giving added impetus to the Centennial preparations, and of calling attention to the industrial re- sources of the State, the secretaries of the commercial bodies of Indiana, at their State meeting in January, in conjunction with the Director of the Commission, set apart February 22, as a rallying point of Centennial enthusiasm. On this pa- triotic date Centennial banquets and dinners were held in many towns and cities, at which nothing but products grown or manufactured in the State were served. The Governor issued a proclamation declaring February 22 as "Indiana Products Day." Attention was thus called in a striking man- ner to our material resources and an effective means was given whereby, in the after dinner programs, interest and enthusiasm in the Centennial program for the State might be aroused. The Indiana Products Day movement was or- ganized and carried through by the Commission. Another effective means of publicity was that of the State Park movement, launched and carried on under the auspices of the Commission. The park campaign attracted wide notice and directed attention to the Centennial propaganda, of whij^h it was a part. George Ade, Chairman of the State Committee on Home Coming, did. a valuable piece of work for the Commission in giving publicity to the Centennial, without as well as within Indiana. He compiled a unique series of Hoosierly greeting and invitation, contributed by Governor Ralston, Vice-Presi- dent Marshall, Ex- Vice-President Fairbanks, and by a galaxy of Indiana literary celebrities, which was published by the Bobbs-Merrill Company as "An Invitation to You and Your Folks, from Jim and Some More of the Home Folks." The Commission distributed about five hundred copies of the Ade booklet to newspapers and magazines over the United States and a somewhat less number to the press of Indiana. The (29) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 31 Bobbs-Merrill Company published two editions of the book, aggregating eleven thousand copies. Several counties used it in connection with their own celebrations, as a home coming invitation to former residents. An effective means of education was found in the arrange- ment of a set of lantern slides, illustrating the historical de- velopment of Indiana. These slides have been circulating among schools and clubs of the State and have been in con- tinuous use. They were provided by the Commission but handled through the Department of History and Archives of the State Library. In this connection it should be said that the State Library has cooperated heartily with the Com- mission in its educative activities, particularly in the issue of bulletins which ably supplemented the Commission's publications. Under the general head of publicity and education, should be mentioned the promotion of the moving picture, "Indiana." The visualizing of the history of the State by the movie ap- pealed strongly to the Commission as a popular and impres- sive means of education. But it was evident that the Commission was in no position to handle directly so big a project, and that the enterprise, if it should materialize, would have to be promoted as a business venture by private capital. A company known as the Inter-State Historical Pictures Corporation was formed by Indiana citizens, which entered into contract with the Commission to operate under its auspices and sanction. The Corporation commissioned the Selig Polyscope Company of Chicago to produce the picture, on the basis of a scenario passed upon by the Commission. Work was begun in the Spring, and a seven reel film was com- pleted by about the first of June. Owing to a combination of a late start and inclement weather, the picture was pro- duced under somewhat unfavorable circumstances, causing some otherwise needless imperfections. On the whole, how- ever, it presents a suitable and commendable picture show, suggestive of incidents in the historical life of Indiana. The picture featured James Whitcomb Riley telling the story of Indiana to a group of Hoosier children. It has been shown in connection with many celebrations and is in great demand generally. 32 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The National Conference of Charities and Correction met in Indianapolis in the centennial year of 1916. On this occa- sion an extensive exhibit, illustrating the century's develop- ment in social work, was displayed on three floors of the State House, and a 156-page pamphlet called "A Century of Prog- ress" was presented each delegate. These led to the following paragraph in the resolutions adopted by the Conference: We congratulate the State of Indiana in view of the amazing achievements of the past twenty-five years in the development of a state-wide program of social work. We believe that it is fair to say that no State in the Union has accomplished more in this direction in the same length of time and that no State, with the possible exception of Massachusetts, has come nearer to the development of a universal social program. * * * The splendid accomplishments of Indiana have been due largely to the leadership of the governors and citizens who have devoted themselves to this cause and to the wisdom with which the executive officers of the Board of State Charities and the public insti- tutions have been selected. In conclusion it must be stated that the newspapers of Indiana were naturally an important factor in whatever success the Commission achieved in carrying its Centennial message to the people. For the most part they manifested a patriotic and progressive interest in the cause, in the aid of which many were most generous. Work in Schools and Clubs Whatever an individual's knowledge of the world and its history in general, his education and culture cannot in any- wise be called complete unless he knows his own State and immediate community, the past out of which they have developed, and the present which so vitally affects him and his neighbors. With this fundamental conception the Indiana Historical Commission started out in its propaganda for a statewide Centennial observance. The prime object there- fore was to create a greater interest in, and more thorough knowledge of, our State and its local units. The natural place of beginning was found in the schools, since one has only to interest and direct the school children of a Commonwealth to reach almost directly the whole citizen- ship. The problem was attacked in various ways. It has already been stated how the Commission appealed to the teachers of Indiana through the county institutes. In the first place a great need was felt of giving pupils a knowledge of some of the fundamental facts in the history of their State. As a means and a basis of such, the Commission prepared a rather comprehensive outline or course of study in Indiana history for use throughout the grades, which the State Board of Education placed in its manual for teachers. For the fur- ther assistance of the latter, the Commission arranged a se- ries of topics for discussion by teachers in their monthly institutes. The extent to which the history of the State was seriously undertaken in the schools was dependent largely upon the ca- pacity and alertness of the school authorities in the counties as well as upon the ability and fitness of teachers. It would be idle to claim that such study was nearly universal, but we do confidently assert that such an interest in Indiana and her history has been awakened in all our educational institu- tions, as has never been known and such as will mean much to our future citizenship. In fact, the Commission looks upon this as one of the most permanent and beneficial phases of its work. An immediate and concrete result in this awakened (33) 34 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL interest is found in the fact that the State Board of Educa- tion has already arranged for the inckision in the United States history text-book of an adequate supplement on In- diana history. This action was taken on the recommendation of the conference of County Centennial Chairmen held in De- cember, 1915. Furthermore, the Board adopted an "Indiana" speller, the words in which have to do with the life and en- vironment of the State. In another way the educational feature has been made ef- fective by encouraging pupils to work up their own local his- tory in connection with their school work. This has put them in closer touch with their elders to whom they have gone for information. It has been not only instructive and beneficial to them, but in many cases the result has been very desirable in the contribution which has been made to the history of our local communities. In some schools of the State all eighth grade students have been required to prepare their graduating essays on some phase of Indiana history, general or local. In another way the past has been visualized for them in the collection of pioneer relics and mementoes which have been arranged in Centennial exhibits to which the pub- lic has been invited. In a more spectacular manner, the schools have done much, and worthily, in the way of dramatiz- ing events in Indiana history. This work, being accomplished almost altogether by local initiative, has resulted in those who participated being able really to live the life of their State and community. Growing out of the study and more intimate knowledge of Indiana history, Centennial exercises were held far and wide. In a large number of counties special days were set apart for such observance throughout the schools. Not only did they have their own programs, but the pupils very gener- ally had a very large part in the general celebrations of city and county. In both secondary and higher institutions of learning, commencement exercises were often featured by Centennial addresses in keeping with our anniversary. The observance of December 11 as Admission Day was largely and properly an observance on the part of the schools of Indiana. Here again a suitable program for the day's ex- ercises was outlined by the Commission and inserted in the Teachers' Manual of the State Board of Education. THE commission's ACTIVITIES 35 The educational features of the year's work were by no means confined to the schools. The Centennial idea was made much of generally in the club activities in the State, both in their regular programs and in their conventions. Many or- ganizations shaped their whole year's programs in harmony with the Centennial, studying various phases of Indiana's development. Others held one or more meetings, which were given special prominence. New "Indiana Study Clubs" were organized which have done effective work. The Indiana Federation of Clubs established regular departments having to do with Centennial interests. To those they have given prominence in State and district meet- ings. Miss Dye, who was the leader in the Federated Club activities of the State, addressed ten of the thirteen district conventions, representing in all some seventy-five of the ninety-two counties. In gauging the effectiveness of club activity it must be remembered the very important part which club women have played in the various Centennial celebra- tions and in other forms of observance. They have invari- ably been leaders and in many cases have been very largely responsible for the success of the work in the counties. Pageantry Two years ago he who spoke to Hoosiers of pageantry, spoke in an unknown tongue. The word was vaguely asso- ciated with those old worthies, "the boast of heraldry, the pomp of power," "magnificent spectacle," "fanfare of trum- pets," etc., but was popularly synonymous with our old friend, tried and true, the "Peerade." Today we laugh at such crass ignorance, for the Indiana Centennial has made "pageant" one of the commonest of Hoosier household words, the pro- nunciation of which is the shibboleth, dividing the Centennial elect from the medievalists. When discussion became general as to ways and means of observing our Centennial anniversary, this old but distant ac- quaintance made its appearance, but in new clothing. In order to give it a proper and somewhat formal introduction, the State University brought William Chauncy Langdon of Nev/ York to Bloomington to give a course at the summer term of 1915 on the general subject of pageantry. It should be noted that the University had just issued a comprehensive bulletin on the subject by Dr. Withington of its English De- partment. Through these and other agencies, the general content, scope and purpose of the pageant became known. It was explained that a pageant is a dramatic portrait of the community, past and present — a mirror in which the com- munity sees itself as it has been, is, and as it may be. The possibilities of pageantry appealed very strongly to the Com- mission as a means of drawing attention to Indiana history and of providing a form of Centennial observance which would draw whole communities together in a better under- standing and appreciation of the history of their own neigh- borhood on the background of that of their State. It, there- fore, decided to feature the pageant in such celebrations as should come more directly under its own auspices. But pageantry as a real community effort and expression is a very recent development, and there was felt the need of having some one with experience to set the pattern in Indi- (36) William Chauncy Langdon, Pageant Master cr/) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 39 ana. The Commission, therefore, in conjunction and with the financial help of the State University and Mr. Hugh McK. Landon, secured the services of Mr. Langdon, who was the first president of the American Pageant Association, as State pageant master. Especial mention should be made of the generous contribution by Mr. Landon of money and time and effort in furthering the pageant movement in the State and of his able service as chairman of the State Pageant Committee. The duties involved on Mr. Langdon's part were primarily the writing and directing of three pageants — one at the Univer- sity, one at the old Capital, Corydon, and one at Indianapolis. At the same time the Commission carried on a campaign of education over the State, through bulletins, its weekly News- Letter and through lectures, with the purpose of impressing the citizenship generally with the possibilities of the pageant as an agency of Centennial observance. Very effective work in this direction was done over Indiana by Miss Charity Dye of the Commission, who had written the New Harmony pageant two years before. She traveled extensively over the State in the cause and was also the author of a very helpful bulletin, "Pageant Suggestions for the Indiana Statehood Centennial Celebration," published and distributed by the Commission. In these ways the leaven was applied and interest in pageantry over Indiana was soon manfest. The first fruitage of all this propaganda was in the University pageant at Bloomington, or more properly speaking, the Bloomington pageant. In a large sense it was what it was intended to be — a laboratory pageant, an object lesson to the people of Indiana in pageantry. After having read and studied about pageantry, interested people went to Bloomington from far and near, to see and study at first hand. One striking and significant development in the work should be noted. In the early stages of preparation, the one great problem which presented itself to the various communi- ties was that of authorship and direction. So serious it was that for a tim.e it seemed probable that relatively few pageants would be attempted. Professional pageant masters were not at hand, and imported ones constituted a luxury that few places could afford, even had they been available. But Hoosiers are nothing if not resourceful and versatile, particu- 40 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL larly when a pad and pencil are involved. In short they were quick to "catch on," with the result that pageant writing was soon in progress by the home product route, from the Ohio northward. In all, some forty-five pageants were pre- sented in Indiana in 1916, and aside from those over which Mr. Langdon had control, all but about a half-dozen, were written and directed by home talent. In some cases the re- sults were somewhat crude to be sure, but they were the ex- pression of the community. In others, however, the "made in Indiana" pageants compared very favorably indeed with any given in the State. As an indication of the scope of the move- ment in Indiana, it is estimated that two hundred and fifty thousand citizens saw at least one pageant during the year, and that from thirty thousand to forty thousand people par- ticipated therein. For the most part, these pageants, while presenting the broad outlines of the history of the State as a whole, have at the same time depicted the history of the more immediate neighborhoods in which they were given. In this way the local history of a very considerable part of the Common- wealth was dramatized, since the geographical distribution of the pageants has been rather surprisingly uniform, although the pageant area par excellence was that of the Pocket, or southwestern section of Indiana. The most difficult problem in pageantry but the one in which the possibilities were greatest, was that of the county, participated in by the respective townships. It was a problem in unity and organization, but where successfully solved, the results achieved in bringing the whole county together as an organic community, were in proportion to the difficulties over- come. The county pageants were those of Bartholomew at Columbus, Dubois at Huntingburg, Johnson at Franklin, Henry at New Castle, Montgomery at Crawfordsville, Parke at Rockville, Perry at Cannelton, Posey at Mt. Vernon, Spen- cer at Rockport, Warrick at Boonville, Shelby at Shelbyville, Grant at Marion and White at Monticello. City or regional pageants, or both, were those of Fort Wayne, New Albany, Vincennes, Michigan City, Bloomington, Peru, South Bend, Purdue University, Evansville and Earl- ham College; State pageants those of Corydon and Indian- apolis. THE commission's ACTIVITIES 41 County pageants, but put on largely by the county seats, were those of Decatur at Greensburg, prepared but not given, Elkhart at Goshen, Fayette at Connersville, Marshall at Ply- mouth, Owen at Spencer, Pike at Petersburg, Porter at Val- paraiso, and Washington at Salem. Local community pageants were given at Syracuse in Kosciusko, Irvington in Marion, Troy in Perry, Owensville and Oakland City in Gibson, Roann in Wabash, Richmond in Wayne. That given by the Boys' School at Plainfield was in a sense local, but dealt with state history. Those of Cass and Clinton counties were school pageants. The Commission considers this an excellent showing for one year's work, the merits of which are evident. By thus visualizing the past, its chapters have been made more intelli- gible and strikingly interesting. As nothing else has done, the pageant has brought all classes of a community together with a common purpose. Indeed whole counties have thus been brought together, old rivalries being forgotten in a closer acquaintanceship and a better understanding. And all has been done in the name of Indiana, for which a deeper devo- tion has been inspired. Permanent Memorials So long as gratitude and reverence and patriotism shall endure among people, so long will they give expression to these sentiments through the erection of memorials. The latter are the concrete evidences of the fact that a people is still worthy of a glorious past. They are also silent harbing- ers of a future of continued achievem.ent. It would thus be strange and a source of some inquietude, had the year 1916 seen no Centennial markers and memorials placed here and there throughout Indiana. The Commission early called attention to the subject of permanent memorials, giving all encouragement possible toward their erection. As is shown elsewhere in this general report, one of the most far-reaching results of its activity has been the promotion of a system of State parks as a great popular Centennial memorial. Thus encouraged, many places over the State have done good v/ork in marking historic spots, and in thus memoralizing men and events in our history. It is too early yet to give a complete report of what has been accomplished in this respect, but the nature and trend of the work m.ay be indicated. The results will by no means be limited to 1916. Such an interest has been aroused that we believe that the permanent memorials put up during the past year v/ill serve as a great impetus to further efforts. In fact, certain worthy projects have been launched this year in the hope of future fulfillment. In honor of prominent characters in our history, may be cited the following: Fort Wayne erected a monument in memory of Johnny Appleseed, "St. Francis of the Orchards." South Bend placed a tablet on the home of Schuyler Colfax. Tipton placed a stone in honor of General John Tipton, for whom the county was named. Washington county placed a beautiful marker in the yard of the old John Hay home in Salem. At Delphi a massive stone was placed in memory of the old Milroy family, prominent in the early history of the State. In Spencer county memorials have been placed on the sites of the Lincolns' home and of their landing in Indiana. (42^ THE commission's ACTIVITIES 43 A state-wide movement has been undertaken for the erec- tion at the Capital of a suitable monument commemorating the heroic virtues of the Pioneer Mother. Several markers have been placed on historic highways and trails, as in Marion county on the National Road; in Marion, Jefferson and Decatur counties on the Old Michigan Road; in Parke, on the William Henry Harrison Trail to Tippecanoe; in Dubois on the Freeman boundary survey line; in Porter on the Old Sac Trail; in Wabash at the Treaty Spring; and in Jackson at the intersection of the Ten o'clock and Grouseland Indian Treaty boundary lines. The Daugh- ters of the American Revolution, who have done good work in this direction and who placed some of the above, also placed a marker at the Van Buren Elm on the National Road as it goes through Plainfield. In north Indianapolis a stone was placed with due cere- mony, marking the site of Camp Morton. In Hancock county an Indiana Centennial memorial stone was placed at the pub- lic library in Greenfield. In Boone county, tablets were placed on the site of the first schoolhouse in Lebanon and on that of the first church in Jefferson township. In Mont- gomery a marker was placed at Crawfordsville, in honor of the founding of Wabash College. In Porter the site of the first schoolhouse was appropriately marked, and in Spencer that of the first settler. Some perm.anent memorials have been erected with the philanthropic motive of human betterment in view. Fayette county is building a Centennial memorial hospital and has dedicated a public drinking fountain at Connersville. Jay county raised funds for a hospital at Portland. Owen county contributed generously toward the purchase of McCormick's Creek Canyon as the first public park. Tipton county raised a Centennial memorial fund for the purpose of erecting an auditorium at the Tipton city park. A new Moose Lodge home was dedicated as a part of the Centennial exercises at Fort Wayne. In Jay and Carroll counties new court houses will stand as Centennial projects, and in Parke a new Carne- gie Library. There is one possibility in permanent memorials, for which a desire has been expressed in different sections, which appeals strongly to the Commission and toward which it 3—15997 44 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL would offer a word of encouragement. One of the most worthy features of the many celebrations, one common to nearly all of them, was that of the collection of pioneer relics. Excellent exhibits were made in nearly every county. Many of these could easily be made permanent, were there a place in which to house them properly. What better and more ap- propriate Centennial memorial could be made than the erec- tion of a building as the home of a county museum and of a county historical society? Efforts are being made in some places in this direction and deserve hearty support. State Parks as a Centennial Memorial The Indiana Historical Commission has found a most com- mendable spirit manifest in the scores of cities, towns and country districts to make memorable the Centennial of In- diana Statehood in 1916, by the creation of permanent me- morials such as libraries, school buildings, churches, bridges and parks. Some of these memorials are of such durable and monumental nature, that the year 2016 will find them in such lasting form, that they will proclaim to the people of that generation the wisdom, culture and character of our own time. This activity on the part of communities serves to empha- size the fact that only one movement has been inaugurated to memorialize the State as a whole in 1916, and that movement is to create a system of State Parks. It is true that even before the first steps were taken looking to Centennial activi- ties, earnest and repeated efforts were made by many loyal and patriotic citizens to obtain, through legislative action, the erection of a State Library and Museum as a Centennial Memorial. That the movement failed is not in any sense proof that public sentiment is against doing anything in the way of a permanent memorial. It only indicates that a ma- jority of the people appeared to be opposed to doing the thing which was proposed at that time. The Commission is convinced that the concensus of Hoosier opinion is that some dignified and worthy perma- nent memorial should be established. Of the various proposi- tions suggested none has met with such general and hearty commendation, or seemed so likely of successful accomplish- ment, as the creation of State Parks. Some of these might include tracts or buildings associated by history or tradition with the development of the State. Others should be selected because of scenic or primeval charms, thus preserving for all time, some of the beauty spots and virgin forests which com- mercial invasion will soon destroy forever, and which can- not be reproduced. (45) Map of Turkey Run (46) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 47 The preservation of large or moderate sized tracts of this kind abounding in primeval forests, beautiful streams, water- falls, cliffs, gorges and wild life, will be a fitting memorial to the era of the Hoosier Pioneer. They would prove to chil- dren and youth an educational asset of great interest and value. They would constitute delightful recreation centers and health preserves for all the people, for all time. Good roads and the rapidly increasing facilities of transportation would soon bring these parks into ready accessibility, for people even of modest means. That the suggestion of State Parks as a Centennial me- morial has met with spontaneous and enthusiastic support, is evidenced by the numerous appeals to the Indiana Histor- ical Commission in behalf of the movement. Petitions bearing upon the subject have been presented by such organizations as the Indiana Academy of Science, the Indiana Forestry Association, Indiana Audubon Society, the Indianapolis Cham- ber of Commerce and other well known organizations. State Parks v/ould not only be a splendid present day ex- pression of appreciation of what the Hoosier forefathers wrought, but they would have a high civic value, both in the present and in the future. Through the State Parks should come a strengthening of the common bonds of citizenship and neighborly association, for in these parks the people will meet upon common ground. While State Parks are needed for their recreational and health giving value, the argument for them upon sentimental grounds is just as strong. The great hard wood forests, at one time the greatest of the world, have become almost a tra- dition. What would the nations of the earth think of a people who would permit the total destruction of the big trees of California? In like manner is not the obligation laid upon us this day to preserve some of the giant hard wood trees for future generations to see what Indiana was like a century ago. Likewise each year is witnessing the destruction of cliffs and gorges of extraordinary beauty, of which there are a goodly number in the State. Two concrete examples may be given in support of this contention. A few years ago the citizens of Greencastle and students of De Pauw University revelled in the beauty of Fern Cliff, a charming haunt for 48 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL class and family picnics. Its fern covered cliffs and cool springs are now a blasted waste, the rock doing service as ballast for a railway. Twenty years ago Fitch's Glen was the beauty spot of Cass county, where Logansport people took visiting friends — a wonderful little glen with verdured cliffs and a trickling water-fall. But it likewise has fallen before unsentimental commercialism, and is serving the ends of the practical as ballast for railroad. Was this community econ- omy? Putnam and Cass counties have suffered irreparable loss by the destruction of these scenic tracts, which should have served the people of these respective communities for all time to come. Sentiment calls loudly at this time for the preservation of certain historic places, associated v/ith the birth and growth of the Commonwealth. A quickened historic conscience in this Centennial year suggested especially the purchase and preservation of the Old State House at Corydon which was accomplished by the state legislature in 1917. Let this won- derfully artistic and well preserved old building be hallowed as the birthplace of Indiana, just as the whole Nation rever- ences Independence Hall as the birthplace of the Republic. There is a pre-eminent fitness in making this a part of the Centennial Memorial. In connection with any plan for state park development it should be borne in mind that certain departments of the state's official machinery are already occupied by work of a related nature. The State Forestry Board is calling attention to the waste- fulness in forest destruction and the great need of reforesta- tion which will insure great commercial advantages in timber, moisture retention and flood prevention. They operate the State Forest Reservation of two thousand acres — a beauti- ful park area on which forestry experimentation is being car- ried on in a most commendable manner. The work of the Fish and Game Commissioner points to the extreme desirability of maintaining the purity of Indi- ana's wonderful lakes and streams and of keeping them well stocked with edible fish. It shows too the need of large game preserves for all sorts of wild life; which especially will in- crease the propagation of birds, not so much in the interest of the nature lover but for the incalculable service as insect THE commission's ACTIVITIES 49 destroyers they will render the farmer, gardner and horti- culturist. Sanitary science is shocked at the nauseating pollution of beautiful streams everyv/here, and calls loudly for their pro- tection, purification and beautification. The public conscience is awakening to the realization of our extravagant wastefulness of natural resources and finds expression in the popular slogan of conservation. Educa- tional enlightenment is arousing the people to the necessity of applying scientific principles by expert control in the con- servation of our natural resources. Further argument is superfluous to show the intimate and interdependent relationship of these practical problems in conservation. Do not the facts speak strongly in favor of co- ordinating eflfort and concentrating administrative control, perhaps under a Conservation Commission? Charged with the unusual responsibility of appropriately and adequately celebrating the centenary of Indiana's admis- sion to the sisterhood of States, the Indiana Historical Com- mission would have been recreant to duty, had not some effort been made in the name of the citizenship of Indiana, in 1916, to leave a worthy and permanent Centennial Memorial. Accordingly, at the regular meeting of the Commission in January, 1916, a formal motion was passed in favor of in- augurating a movement for State Parks. The selection of a chairman of the Park Committee and the plan of campaign were not determined until March, 1916. State Parks as above outlined will answer the requirements of sentiment, history, permanency and usefulness. Without funds to es- tablish such an undertaking, however, not a little courage and faith in Hoosier citizenship were required by the Commission in launching such a movement. It was determined, accord- ingly, to make the most practical test of public sentiment by an appeal to the people for subscriptions to the cause. Mr. Richard Lieber of Indianapolis v/as selected as Chairman of the Park Committee. Associated with him in the active cam- paign for funds were Sol S. Kiser and Mr. Leo M. Rappaport, as well as Dr. Frank B. Wynn. The result of their eff'orts is set forth in the following re- port by the Chairman of the Park Committee. The fruits of their labor give eloquent testimony to their untiring efforts 50 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL SO abundantly rewarded; and afford abundant evidence also of a generous and patriotic Hoosier citizenship, which re- sponded nobly to the call of the hour. REPORT OF PARK COMMITTEE OF THE INDIANA HISTORICAL COMMISSION. By Richard Lieber, Chairman, Indianapolis, Indiana, November 25, 1916. Indiana Historical Commission, City, Ladies and Gentlemen: I herewith beg to submit my report as Chairman of the Committee on Indiana State Centennial Memorial. The first meeting of the Committee was held March 18th, 1916, since which time our activity has never lagged. We were spurred on to im- mediate action by the fact that sixty days later one of the garden spots of Indiana, namely, Turkey Run, was to be sold at public auction. Turkey Run is a paradise of rocky gorges, glens, bathing beaches and waterfalls, a retreat for song birds, and a garden of wild flowers. It has hundreds of magnificent black walnut, oak, poplar, and other stately trees, all growing in a primeval forest which the Lusk family carefully preserved from the lumberman's axe. We immediately began an extensive campaign for funds and in this were materially assisted by the press of the State. We sought the opinions of leading Americans concerning our enterprise and received most en- couraging replies from such men as President Wilson, Governor McCall of Massachusetts, Theodore Roosevelt, Vice-President Marshall, Senators Kern and Taggart, Stewart Edward White, EUery Sedgwick, Editor of the Atlantic Monthly, Lyman Abbott and others. The actual work of gathering funds commenced in April. A joint Committee of the Indianapolis Board of Trade and Chamber of Com- merce was appointed and this Committee held daily meetings during the period of active solicitation. By proclamation of Governor Ralston the week beginning April 24 was designated for the purpose of making con- tributions to the State Park Fund. This resulted in the organization of some volunteer committees in the State at large. I am pained to ac- knowledge, however, that the citizens of the State generally did not respond in a manner which can possibly be compared to the liberality of the citizens of Indianapolis. I believe, hovv^ever, that this was due to the fact that the Committee was in closer contact with Indianapolis than other communities in the State, and that with a better knowledge of the facts and circumstances in connection with the Park movement, adequate funds can still be raised throughout the State. Upon the day of the sale of Turkey Run, the Committee became a bidder and continued to bid until it came to the conclusion that it was useless to compete with a commercial bidder. As a result the property was sold to the Hoosier Veneer Company of Indianapolis for $30,200. The Committee, hovv^ever, did not allow this disappointment to curb its (51) ii^ -^>^^C'.- 'i*^*^ ■^^^^^-m^^. McCormick's Creek Canon (52) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 53 activities and then and there determined to acquire Turkey Run notwith- standing its apparent failure. Negotiations with the Hoosier Veneer Company continued all summer and fall and finally on the 11th day of November, the property was purchased for the sum of $40,200. Figur- ing taxes and interest charges the profit of the Hoosier Veneer Company was approximately $9,000. On the other hand, the Committee after making very careful investigations of the timber and land values, con- cluded that the property was worth all they had paid for it. While the Committee was negotiating for Turkey Run, a Committee of citizens from Owen County informed us that McCormick's Creek Canon was about to be sold by the administrator of the estate of Dr. F. W. Denkewalter, the latter having spent a lifetime in acquiring the various portions of this scenic tract. The appraisement of the property fixed its value at $5,250, and after viewing this bit of scenery, the Committee determined to buy the same provided that the citizens of Owen County would raise one-fourth of the purchase price among themselves and would guarantee that the cost would not exceed the appraisement. Due to the enterprise and civic spirit of the citizens of Owen County, this property was acquired and will go down into history as the first link in the chain of parks to be established. It is due these people to acknowledge that if the citizens of all the counties in Indiana would show an equal interest in this movement, the State would before long be assured of one of the most magnificent systems of State parks in the country. The failure to acquire Turkey Run at the time of the auction sale interfered with the campaign to gather funds, but we were assured at that time by the gentlemen constituting the Board of Directors of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Association that if we would persist in our efforts, they would eventually aid us financially. These men more than redeemed their promise. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway Association donated the sum of $5,065 and Mr. Arthur C. Newby, whose share of that contribution was one-fourth, gave us in addition thereto the sum of $5,000. Furthermore, he has aided the Committee actively in the col- lection of funds to an extent that would have meant failure except for that assistance. During all our work we were supported by the active and sustained interest of Governor Ralston, and I wish to take this occasion to extend to him the thanks of our Committee. Furthermore, I am particularly pleased to acknowledge the most valuable assistance rendered by your acting chairman. Dr. Frank B. V/ynn, who has made the work of our Committee his own and who actively participated in all our activity. Much of the success of the work of our Committee is due to his great zeal and circumspection. I feel that this report would be incomplete without giving the views of our Committee on State Parks generally. Established upon a broad and substantial basis, Indiana State Parks would not only memorialize the past but would build for the future by practical conservation. They would distinctly point out the desirability of preserving trees, of protect- ing birds and animal life. They would constantly be a great public 54 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL lesson in conservation and show the folly of prodigal waste of Indiana's superb natural resources. They would impress upon the public mind that wastefulness of Nature's beauties and treasures is out of harmony with the spirit of the time, progress and the needs of Indiana's new century. The United States Government long ago won widespread popular approval in setting aside large scenic tracts, preserving them for all time against commercial vandalism and providing immense recreational grounds. They are on a very generous scale and show what Indiana might do on a smaller scale in the accomplishment of similar ends. National Parks like the Grand Canon, Yellowstone, Yosemite and Glacier National, because of their remoteness, are available only to those In- diana people who have time and means to visit them, but a system of State Parks would bring recreation grounds close home to practically all our people. While State Parks present a new idea to Indiana, there are success- ful examples to be found in other states that place the proposed Indiana system beyond experiment. Massachusetts awoke to the importance of State Parks a score of years ago, and has since been preserving scenic seashore, river banks and wooded hilltops that had previously been privately owned. Massachusetts now has many parks from six to fifty acres in extent. Maine has made a beginning in the same direction. A still more notable achievement in the State Parks is found in New York, especially in the preservation of Niagara Falls, in the great gorge of the Genesee River, a great reservation in the Adirondack mountains, and the Pali- sades along the Hudson River. Not content with the National Park reservation within her borders, California has invested $250,000 in ten thousand acres at Boulder Creek to preserve a forest of redwood trees. But Wisconsin doubtless holds the lead in State Parks. In the begin- ning park enthusiasts of that State made a systematic examination of Wisconsin's scenic resources with a view to placing the ov/nership in the public. One of Wisconsin's State Parks is in Door county, including 3,800 acres. The acquisition of five or six thousand acres of forest around Devil's Lake is under way and the Dells of the Wisconsin River, and another tract of some 2,700 acres along the Mississippi River are to be added to the State's system. In all of these States, as it would be in Indiana, the chief purpose of State Parks is to refresh and strengthen and renew tired people, and fit them for the common round of daily life. Other States, as doubtless will Indiana, have found that there is also a cash value in scenery, an income to be derived from excursionists, from special commercial privileges and concessions, and from fish and game, an income that can be turned toward the cost of maintenance. In Boston's elaborate Metropolitan Park system is an example of possibilities within the reach of Indiana cities which they might follow on a small scale. The Boston system includes its own and that of thirty- seven surrounding cities, the system having established both parks and THE commission's ACTIVITIES 55 connecting parkways, and highways for motor and other traffic. The Blue Hills reservation, twelve miles from the state house, has 4,700 acres; Middlesex Falls, five miles from the state house, contains 3,200 acres, this park being bordered by five cities; Mystic Valley Parkway, along lake and river of the same name, is a third of the larger areas in the Boston system. Many miles of rocky and wooded tracts are in- cluded, as well as great stretches of seashore. About $7,000,000 has been spent for lands for this system and as much more is going into development, the money being raised by State, city 'and town taxation. Density of population in Europe does not permit the creation of ex- tensive parks. But every scenic spot, large or small, has been beautified, giving v/hole provinces the aspect of one large park in which are nestled villages, towns and even cities themselves. The European long ago learned the material value of scenery. The ubiquitous red Baedecker is an eloquent testimonial thereof. Take little Switzerland, for instance. It has 16,000 square miles compared to Colo- rado's 104,000 square miles. We do not have to read "Tartarin on the Alps" to know that it is the most superbly ordered and highest dividend paying scenery in the world. It is well enough to speak of Nature's hygienic value, of its recuperative and recreative strength, but when one reflects for a moment that Americans alone — not to mention all the other nations — have left annually $50,000,000 in that little country, it is realized that scenery has an inherent cash value and that the so-called "Lungs" of a people have from a given viewpoint a most convincing resemblance to a fat purse. In conclusion, I hope and trust that the small beginning we have made will have laid the foundation for a comprehensive system of State Parks which will not only stand forever as a token of the past, but which v/ill bring health, wealth and happiness to our own generation and the many that will come after us. Very respectfully yours, Richard Lieber. Indiana Centennial Medal (For illustration of medal, see frontispiece) The Commission felt that a commemorative medal should be struck in recognition of the Centennial anniversary. To design such, Miss Janet Scudder, a daughter of Indiana whose reputation is international, was chosen. The result was a beautiful medallion, worthy of the artist and worthy of her subject. The Indiana medal, done in low relief, gives on the ob- verse side a beautiful representation of Columbia welcoming the child Indiana in 1816. In the background, in semi-heraldic design, are seen the old Corydon State House and the Consti- tutional elm. On the other side is found an artistic adaptation of the state seal, refined of its crudities and made a thing of beauty. The origin of the design for this seal is obscure. The first constitution provided for a state seal, and in the House Jour- nal of 1816 the design is defined as: A forest and a woodman felling a tree, a buffalo leav- ing the forest and fleeing through the plain to a distant forest, and the sun setting in the west, with the word "Indiana." The design that was made has been generally understood as showing a rising sun with the buffalo fleeing to the west. It is not known who designed this seal nor is there any record that it was ever officially adopted. The sum of one hundred dollars was appropriated by the legislature, on December 13, 1816, to pay for a seal and press. On a slavery petition on file at Washington, dated 1802, is an impression of the seal of Indiana Territory which has the same general character. In modeling the seal for the medal Miss Scudder has followed the general design, which has been so familiar for a century. "While engaged in designing the Indiana medal. Miss Scud- der has also been at work on a medal for the United States Government, to be presented to the South American Commis- sioners of mediation between this country and Mexico. (56) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 57 In order to meet as nearly as possible the demands or wishes of all, the medal has been issued in three forms. Nine hundred and eighteen medals, the first choice products of the dies, were mounted in an elegant little volume, containing seasonal chapters on "The Story of the Medal," "The Begin- ning of the State," "Some Milestones of the Century," and "The Indiana Centennial." Each copy was numbered and bears the personal autograph of the governor. The price was fixed at five dollars. To make possible and equitable dis- position of this limited issue, nine copies were allotted to each county for distribution. A general issue was then an- nounced of the same sized medal as appeared in the book, for one dollar. In the third place, wishing to bring it within the reach of all, and especially of the school children of the State, a smaller medal was struck to sell for twenty-five cents. These prices were fixed solely with the idea of covering as nearly as possible the actual cost of the medallion, not a cent of profit having been received by any one connected with its promotion or distribution. While the Commission has not recouped itself for the outlay, it feels that in this commem- orative medal, it has contributed a thing of beauty and signifi- cance as a permanent memorial of our first century of statehood. Historical Publications The duty of overseeing the pubKcation of Indiana Histor- ical material was assigned to a sub-committee consisting of James A. Woodburn, Charles W. Moores, and Harlow Lindley. The members of the Committee considered it to be the prov- ince and duty of the Commission and of the State, in harmony with the provisions of the law, to preserve the sources and materials of Indiana history and to make these available and accessible to readers, students and writers in the historical field. They held it to be the function of the Commission to make available to the investigator important documents from the archives of the State; to collect and publish and circulate in the libraries throughout the State the documents and sources of history which private publishers cannot afford to produce; and to make easily accessible other important ma- terials which can now be found and used only in rare places and with the greatest difficulty. The Commission, therefore, upon the report of its committee, decided to make a begin- ning in the publication by the State of a series of volumes re- lating to the history of Indiana. It is not designed that these volumes shall be the productions of any authors, or set of authors on Indiana history. They are to be primary rather than secondary in character; that is, they are to contain the sources and materials of history, such as official documents, messages, journals, papers, letters and reprints of valuable historical matter no longer available in print. With the small fund at hand ($5,000) the Commission has proceeded to publish volumes on the following subjects: 1. Constitution Making in Indiana. This work was prepared under the editorship of Dr. Charles B. Kettleborough of the Bureau of Legislative Infor- mation. It consists of two volumes containing all important documents relating to Indiana's Constitutional history. The first volume treats of the cession of the Northwest Territory to the United States and the organization and de- (58) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 59 velopment of a Territorial government therein, including the governmental changes from the Virginia act and deed of ces- sion, the Ordinances of 1784 and 1787, to the admission of the State in 1816, covering a period from 1780 to 1816. The organization of constitutional government preparatory to ad- mission to statehood; the Congressional Enabling Act; the text of the first Constitution; the various attempts to amend that Constitution from 1816 to 1850'; the Convention of 1850- 1851, the rules and orders and resolutions of the convention, and the text of the Constitution of 1851, are also included in this volume. The second volume deals with the various attempts that have been made to amend the Constitution from 1851 to 1916. The process of amendment and much of the essential dis- cussions concerning constitutional changes and other matters of historical importance have been added in extensive histor- ical notes by Dr. Kettleborough. These notes add greatly to the value of the volumes. 2. Indiana as Seen by Early Travelers. Many of the first books relating to Indiana were written by travelers whose aim it was to tell the Old World what the New World was like. During the first half century following the Revolutionary War many travelers came from Europe to visit the new Republic and to explore the frontiers of Amer- ica, and during the early decades of the Nineteenth century many travelers from the Atlantic Coast States made trips into the interior to learn of the possibilities in the newer regions. After a lapse of a century these descriptions are of much interest from an historical point of view. Personal estimates of the region vary and opinions were obviously warped in many cases; but these descriptions reflect conditions about which we could today obtain information from no other source. These books are now out of print and are not avail- able to the public. Because of the growing demand for this material it has been deemed wise to issue a volume reprint- ing certain accounts of travelers which concern Indiana previ- ous to 1830. This has been done as nearly as possible in the original form. The copy has been taken from the original editions as found in the Indiana State Library. Included in the volume are four contributions which have never before 60 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL appeared in print. The selecting and editing of this mate- rial was done by Professor Harlow Lindley, of Earlham Col- lege, Secretary of the Indiana Historical Commission. 3. The Play Party in Indiana. The play party was a common kind of social entertain- ment frequently resorted to in Indiana in its early history. At present it is only in the remote districts that it has not been lost or even forgotten. Mrs. Leah Jackson Wolford, for- merly of Ripley county, in connection with her graduate work in the University of Chicago, made a large collection of these early games and songs which makes a very interesting con- tribution to the folk-customs and amusements of Indiana. Into these play party entertainments enter the elements of both religion and nationality, and this publication is a distinct con- tribution to the history of the social life of the State. 4. The Indiana Centennial. In this volume, edited by Professor Harlow Lindley, Sec- retary of the Indiana Historical Commission, there is pre- sented a report of the Commission's activities during the Centennial year, together with a history of both the County and State celebrations of the one hundredth anniversary of Indiana's admission to statehood. 5. The Messages of the Governors. It was the design to present in a series of volumes all the Executive messages and proclamations of any historical value, from the early history of the State to the present time. It was hoped that two volumes might be ready by January, 1917, bringing the messages down to 1851, but only one volume is now ready for publication. The messages in this volume, the collection and arrangement of which have been the result of much painstaking labor, have been under the editorial direc- tion of Dr. Logan Esarey, of Indiana University, and Pro- fessor Samuel B. Harding, formerly of the Indiana Historical Survey of Indiana University. The volume now ready con- tains the Executive documents relating to the institution of government in the Old Northwest, the messages of Governor William Henry Harrison and other Territorial Governors, and all the regular and special messages of the Governors of the THE commission's ACTIVITIES 61 State from the beginning of Governor Jennings' term in 1816 to the close of Governor Ray's term in 1831. The volume contains matter of the greatest historical interest and im- portance which will be made available in very convenient form to our public libraries and to all citizens who may be inter- ested in the contents of the volume. This volume has not yet been published owing to a lack of funds. 4—15997 Summary The Indiana Historical Commission, a non-salaried com- mission, created by the General Assembly of 1915, was charged with two duties. Its immediate duty was that of a State Centennial Commission, and its permanent duty that of the publication of historical material relating to Indiana. The law provided that $5,000 of the total appropriation of $25,000 might be used for publication purposes. The Indiana Historical Commission as a Centennial Com- mission on an appropriation of $20,000 has carried on a state- wide campaign of Centennial publicity; it has financially assisted in celebrations of state-wide significance ; it made pos- sible a State Pageant Master, who could successfully intro- duce the pageant movement to the educators of our State; it secured as a permanent centennial reminder an artistic Cen- tennial medal; it made possible a motion picture of seven reels, depicting the history of the State; it has given an im- petus to the clubs and schools of the State for a study of our state's history and development; it has approved of and as- sisted in the Pioneer Mother Memorial movement, and unani- mously approved of the movement to secure the Old Capitol at Corydon for a permanent state memorial ; it has been re- sponsible for the erection of a large number of Centennial Memorials over the State, and perhaps its most permanent and far-reaching work has been the inauguration of a perma- nent State Parks Movement, which has already resulted in securing for the State, as a gift from the people of the State, real estate which has cost more than twice the amount ap- propriated for the use of the Commission for Centennial cele- brational purposes. On the basis of the appropriation of $5,000 for historical publications, the Commission will issue four volumes, and has another ready for publication, when funds are available. Its permanent work as laid out by the creating act is to collect, edit and publish documentary and other materials re- lating to the State of Indiana. It is provided that the pub- lished volumes of the Commission are to be printed and bound at the expense of the State in such numbers as the Commis- sion may direct, and distributed free to each public library (62) THE commission's ACTIVITIES 63 in the State and to the library of each college and normal school in the State. Until this Commission was created In- diana had no state agency for the publication of historical material. All of our neighboring States, and in fact a ma- jority of the States of the Union, have such a state agency with sufficient appropriations to accomplish permanent re- sults. The States recently organizing their historical work are merging their historical societies into Historical Commis- sions. In the questionnaire addressed by the Commission to the county Centennial Chairmen covering the various phases of the year's work, appeared this question: "What do you con- sider to have been the most helpful and permanent results of your celebration?" Two closely related facts stand out above all others, in the answers — the arousing of a new in- terest in state and local history, and the creation of a com- munity spirit and consciousness. The two are supplementary to each other and in a word express the vital significance of the celebrational activities of 1916. From the bluffs of the Ohio to the sand dunes of Lake Michigan there has been a general outburst of patriotic interest in Indiana and its history. The schools, as never be- fore, have turned to a consideration of their own common- wealth. Club programs have been given the same direction. By city, by township and by county, the facts of local history have been unearthed and rehearsed, both in print and pageantry. Pioneer relics and heirlooms have been rescued from the oblivion of a thousand attics and displayed to an appreciative citizenship. The State has been fairly dotted with memorial markers. Centennial committees have been merged into permanent historical societies. All this presents a tremendous potential asset in an en- lightened and rededicated citizenship. The big question is, shall this new force which .we may call the Centennial con- sciousness — the spirit of '16 — be conserved and further util- ized, or shall it be allowed to dissipate for the want of proper focus and direction. The year's work has pointed out many needs and many possibilities, and to meet the former and realize the latter, it is vitally important that a supervising, state agency be permanently provided. 64 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Probably the most obvious need has to do with an agency for the pubHcation of the sources of Indiana history, toward which a beginning has already been made. To all students of our history, its material, its basic facts, should be made eas- ily accessible. While it is not the generally accepted province of a State to write its own history, it is or should be its prov- ince to make presentable the bare facts from which it may be gleaned and v/ritten. This important responsibility should be assigned to a specially constituted body with capacity to supervise and direct the publication of such materials. But there are other needs, hardly less pressing, though perhaps less obvious. The year of attention to things histor- ical has emphasized the need of a centralizing agency for the coordination, the conservation and the direction of our historical interests. For instance, in the enthusiasm of the centennial anniversary, many county historical societies have been either organized or rejuvenated. They are capable of performing valuable service, but the tendency will be, as it has been in the past, for them to languish for the want of intelligent direction and incentive. A state society or com- mission should be able to coordinate and direct the activities of these societies to the end that they may make distinct con- tributions to the State. Such an agency should likewise be able to encourage and support the schools in their new zeal for Indiana history. The present Commission has cooperated with the State Board of Education in outlining and preparing courses of study and also suitable programs for celebrational occasions. This work in our educational institutions should not cease in 1916 ; indeed it should only have begun, and a special commission could do much to foster it. Centennial celebrations have revealed all over the State a vast and bewildering array of priceless relics of the past. Unless gathered into permanent exhibits and museums, they will be largely lost. The collections made at the county cele- brations over the State point the way toward county museums, as the exhibit made during the state celebration at the John Herron Art Institute speaks for a state museum. Yet with- out a coordinating and supervising agency, it is too much to expect that such a desirable consummation will be realized. Furthermore, the work which has been done in developing THE commission's ACTIVITIES 65 the field of local histoiy should be continued under trained supervision. With the encouragement and direction v^hich a state historical commission could give, this very important work could be made to continue v^ith system. In this con- nection it may be stated that valuable material may be found in communities all over Indiana which should be in the pos- session of the State. A permanently established Commission would be able to do much more in securing and saving such, than is now possible. The continuance of such a Commission would be a decided step towards the conservation of the his- torical interests of the State. It would be a fitting after- math and the natural sequel to the splendid Centennial observance of 1916. On the last day of the year, 1916, the following letter was sent to all Centennial Chairmen and Editors who had con- tributed to the work of the year : December 31, 1916. To County Centennial Chairmen and Editors: As the year 1916 draws to a close, the Indiana Historical Commis- sion and its officers look back with much satisfaction on what has been accomplished in the proper observance of the Indiana Centennial. The end sought in the beginning — a people's celebration, historical, educa- tional and patriotic— has been attained in a remarkable manner. The celebrations have passed and have become a part of our history, but their results remain, A splendid manifestation of the year's work has been the spirit of cooperation which has been so generally displayed in the patriotic cause. It is this that has made the efforts of the year so successful, and in concluding its work the Commission wishes to express its great apprecia- tion of the support accorded it in the direction of the Centennial move- ment. In the first place, the latter would not have been possible without the zealous and patriotic service of the county chairmen and their im- mediate helpers. Leadership, involving much time and labor, was es- sential. Where there was failure in securing it, little was done. The Commission wishes therefore to give much of the credit for the good showing made in so many counties to the local leaders, to whom it takes this means of expressing its thanks and appreciation. Included in the above, but worthy of special mention, is the news- paper press of the State. The dependence of all public enterprises upon publicity is axiomatic, and without the support of the Indiana editors, the Centennial ideals would have fallen far short of realization. Such support was generally hearty and generous and an evidence of public spirit and progressiveness for which the Commission likewise expresses its praise and gratification. On behalf of the Indiana Historical Commission. Harlow Lindley, Secretary. PART III CELEBRATIONS (67) (69) County Celebrations By Walter C. Woodward, Director. The immediate occasion of the creation of the Commis- sion was the near approach of the one hundredth anniversary of the admission of Indiana into the Union. Accordingly, the immediate purpose was the planning and supervision of an appropriate celebration of the Centennial. To this patriotic task the Commission at once addressed itself. With but twenty thousand dollars at its disposal for cele- brational activities, the Commission faced a difficult problem. Such ambitious projects as those of Centennial Expositions and great central celebrations as had been put on in other States, were manifestly out of the question. Moreover, the members were doubtful as to the desirability of such forms of observance, had they been possible. Their great concern was that the observance of our centenary might be such as would reach the citizenship of the entire State, quickening it with renewed loyalty and a deeper sense of civic responsi- bility. Actuated therefore by a wise expediency as well as by ne- cessity, the Indiana Historical Commission blazed the way to a new scheme of observance. In thorough keeping with our democratic institutions and political organization, it de- termined to decentralize the Indiana celebration, making it state-wide and a real people's celebration. It determined to make the anniversary mean as much in the extreme corner of the Pocket as in the Capital itself. With this end in view a campaign was vigorously undertaken in behalf of a state- wide celebration, threefold in its significance; historical, in the knowledge and appreciation of the history of the Com- monwealth; educational, in the knowledge of our State and its institutions, present as well as past; patriotic, in a new admiration and love for the Indiana that is and may be. In a word the Commission went to the whole people of Indiana with this challenge: "This anniversary is an occasion for taking stock of our history, local as well as State, and of pay- (71) 72 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL ing due tribute to the builders of the Commonwealth. It is a patriotic service for hamlet and town and city. We may show thereby whether we appreciate and whether we are worthy of the deeds of our fathers. It is our celebration, as a people, to make of it what we will." This is the Indiana experiment which has been observed with much interest by other States which are soon to celebrate their own centenaries. Careful organization was necessary to insure a state-wide observance, and the Commission began organizing the State on the basis of the County. Centennial chairmen were se- cured in the various counties, each to select his own county committee for the planning and execution of the work. Men and women from all walks of life accepted these posts of re- sponsibility, in the spirit of rendering a real public service, without hope of reward. In all but two or three counties, leaders were thus secured. With a few the leadership was nominal only, but the majority took up their work energetic- ally and patriotically, several achieving results truly remark- able. On the whole it may be said that very satisfactory work was done in the majority of the counties and that rea- sonably satisfactory results were attained in from three- fourths to four-fifths of them. There were probably not a dozen counties in the State in which some kind of celebra- tion was not held. The general schedule as outlined by the Commission pro- vided for the holding of local and school celebrations early in the spring. Very many county school superintendents co- operated by setting apart one day of observance throughout the schools of their counties. This did much to prepare the way for the later celebrations, participated in more generally, beginning early in the summer and running well into the au- tumn. The greater number of the latter were county wide in scope. The program of these county celebrations, held all over the State, varied largely in length, in content, and in the spirit which pervaded them. Some were for a day, others continued two or three days, and yet others for a week. As a whole they consisted of homecomings and reunions, histor- ical and inspirational addresses and sermons, music festivals and old melody concerts, exhibits of pioneer relics, industrial and agricultural displays, historic drama-pageants, folk COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 73 ' dances, school drills, etc., reproductions of pioneer life. Cen- tennial parades of various kinds, and exercises in connection with the dedication of permanent memorials. A feature of not a few celebrations was the presentation of the historical moving picture, "Indiana," prepared with the sanction of the Commission. The Commission did its utmost to see that these observances were strictly patriotic and Centennial in nature, and such were the greater number. In some coun- ties the observance was conducted in connection with Chau- tauquas, industrial fairs and county festivals, and in a few the Centennial idea was prostituted for commercial consider- ations. On the whole, however, it is felt by the Commission that its plan for a state-wide celebration has been realized both in scope and in spirit to a remarkable degree, consider- ing the limited amount of funds at hand, and the very short time for preparation. It has been a distinctive and impres- sive sight to see the great array of counties, following fast one after another, each making its own contribution to the Centennial year, paying its own tribute to the State of which it is an integral part. It is difficult to make an accurate and a just comparative statement of the celebrational work over the State. The county celebrations par excellence were those in which the townships united in a great community effort, or those in v/hich the whole county participated. In this first class be- long Allen, Bartholomew, Blackford, Boone, Carroll, Daviess, Decatur, Dekalb, Dubois, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Grant, Harrison, Henry, Huntington, Jackson, Johnson, Knox, Mad- ison, Marion, Marshall, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Owen, Parke, Perry, Pike, Porter, Posey, Ripley, Shelby, Spencer, St. Joseph, Union, Vanderburgh, Warrick, Washington and White. In the second class are those whose celebrations were not so nearly county wide in effort and execution, such as Cass and Clinton, which put on excellent school celebrations, Clark, Dearborn, Delaware, Elkhart, Gibson, Greene, Howard, Jas- per, Jay, Jefferson, Jennings, Kosciusko, Lagrange, Lake, Laporte, Martin, Newton, Rush, Scott, Starke, Tipton, Ver- million, Vigo, Wabash, Warren, Wayne and Wells. In the third class, which did little or nothing in the way of formal county observance must be named Adams, Benton, 74 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Brown, Clay, Crawford, Fountain, Fulton, Hamilton, Han- cock, Hendricks, Lawrence, Morgan, Noble, Ohio, Orange, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Steuben, Sullivan, Switzerland, Tippecanoe and Whitley. Of these latter a few did some work through the schools, as Adams, Brown, Crawford, Foun- tain, Hancock and Randolph. Adams and Hendricks, and to a less degree Noble and Putnam, cooperated in County Day of the State celebration at Indianapolis. In some counties the celebrations were held elsewhere than at the county seat, as at Owensville and Oakland City in Gibson, Merom in Sullivan, Huntingburg in Dubois, Clinton in Vermillion, Worthington in Greene, North Judson in Starke. In a few instances celebrations held at county seats were wholly local, as at Richmond in Wayne county, largely a fall festival and carnival. In a few counties, township celebrations had been very generally held prior to that of the county, Boone ranking high among these. Scores of local and town celebrations were conducted all over Indiana. Some of the celebrations included in the above were really regional, their influence extending beyond the limits of the counties in which they were held. Such was that at Bloom- ington, which set an object lesson to the State in pageantry; at Vincennes, around which the foundations of statehood were laid; at Evansville, whose pageant, early in the year, pointed the way for the counties of the Pocket district; at Fort Wayne, "The Glorious Gateway of the West ;" at South Bend, where first appeared the white man ; at New Albany, at the Falls of the Ohio ; at Peru, home of the Miamis and the "Lost Sister," Frances Slocum. In an observance of our Centennial of statehood, two cele- brations were naturally more than county and more than regional — those held at Indiana's two capitals, Corydon and Indianapolis, which accordingly stood out from the others as state celebrations. The former, staged for two days, June 2 and 3, around the old Harrison county court house, the first Capitol, and beneath the Constitutional Elm, portrayed vividly the beginnings of statehood. The latter, of two weeks' dura- tion, October 2 to 15, at the present Capital, depicted through the State pageant and otherwise, the wonderful development of Indiana during the past century. COUNTY CEIiEBRATIONS 75 The Commission feels that this state-wide observance, unique in the history of state centennial celebrations, which has been conducted under its auspices and direction, has been of incalculable influence and significance. The Centennial propaganda has been carried to the four corners of the State and we have had the inspiring spectacle of a people of a com- monwealth delighting to do it honor and reverence. A much more intimate and appreciative knowledge of the history of Indiana has resulted, together with a far better acquaintance with the present facts of the State, its geography, its people, its resources, its possibilities. This bespeaks a greater and a more intelligent State loyalty, the basis of a higher type of citizenship. The fact that the people as a whole in the various communities have united in the activities of the year, has brought about a unity and cooperation hitherto unknown. In many cases a new community consciousness has been de- veloped. Out of it all, likewise, a more perfect State con- sciousness has come, which augurs well for Indiana, on the threshold of her second centenary. A more detailed report of the Indiana Centennial observ- ance by counties, follows : ADAMS At first thought it would seem to Tbe a cause for regret if not chagrin that the first in the alphabetical list of the coun- ties of Indiana should have to be marked zero on its record of Centennial observance, at least so far as a formal celebra- tion is concerned. But if there is a lingering suggestion of truth in the old adage that a bad beginning makes a good ending, perhaps after all Adams county, in its do-nothing pol- icy, made its own distinctive, though negative, contribution to the success of the Centennial year. It IS bootless to attempt to diagnose the unhappy situation. E. S. Christen, county superintendent of schools, accepted the county chairmanship, and apparently tried to get the Centen- nial movement launched. Be it said to the credit of the Herald and Democrat of Decatur that these papers used their columns freely, both news and editorial, in an attempt to get something started. Two or three public meetings were held in which the sentiment was in favor of a celebration, but 76 THE INDIANxV CENTENNIAL the drive and enthusiasm necessary to get the thing focused seemed lacking. The only observance in the county was in connection with the schools. Mr. Christen reported that every school in the county had a Centennial program on the last day of school in the spring of the year. In some of the townships, at least, Admission Day was observed. Thanks to the initiative of the Delta Theta Tau Sorority of Decatur, Adams county took its place in the Centennial Cavalcade on County Day of the State celebration, being rep- resented by Miss Marie Connell. ALLEN Standing next to the head of the list of Indiana counties, alphabetically, Allen county decided it to be its mission to launch the Centennial movement in so striking and compel- ling a manner that the impetus thereby given would carry it triumphantly through the year. We speak in terms of the County, but the Allen celebration, though regional in the scope of territory it drew from, as well as in the extent of ter- ritory covered by its great pageant, was really a Fort Wayne celebration. A County Chairman had been appointed in J. Ross McCulloch, but when the city began laying plans for a great effort, he yielded the leadership to Edward C. Miller, who had been chosen to head the enterprise. Be it recorded to the credit of Fort Wayne that of all the larger cities in the State none surpassed her in the earnest- ness and whole-souled enthusiasm with which she entered upon and carried through the Centennial observance. It was a spontaneous movement of the citizenship. For weeks it dominated the public thought and effort. It expressed the soul of a city. Early in the course of preparation. Chairman Miller an- nounced a policy which was in keeping with the spirit of the year. "Remember one thing," he admonished, "The Centen- nial celebration is no carnival." The fact that Fort Wayne did not altogether live up to the high standard set, in that it admitted carnival attractions in connection with an in- dustrial exposition promoted by a professional concessionaire, did not lessen the effect of this Centennial keynote which was COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 77 taken up by the State Commission and heralded throughout the State. The convincing manner in which the city undertook the big project is indicated by the fact that a guarantee fund of nearly fifty thousand dollars was signed in a vigorous, short campaign. The central feature was the great pageant, "The Glorious Gateway of the West," for the presentation of which stupendous preparations were made. A natural ampi- theatre in Reservoir Park was taken advantage of and a seat- ing capacity of 14,000 provided therein, facing the island on which the pageant was given. The pageant was written largely by Wallace Rice and directed by Donald Robertson, both of Chicago. About one thousand people participated. The "Foreword" sets forth adequately the motif of the pageant. In the year seventeen hundred and ninety-five, at the memorable Treaty of Greenville, Chief Little Turtle, wisest of the savages of all times, pleaded with General Wayne to permit the Indians to retain the ownership of the lands on which the city of Fort Wayne now stands. He called it "that glorioois gateway through which have come all of the good words of our chiefs, from the North to the South, and from the East to the West." Wayne, the pupil of Washington, under whose instructions he had established his fort at the head of the Maumee, and who shared with Washington the conviction that "the Miami village points to an impor- tant post for the Union," refused the earnest plea of the Red Man. Today, through this "glorious gateway" of civilization pass with kindliness and gentleness to the regions beyond the knowledge of men, the "good words" of the truest type of modern citizenship — inspiration, truth, service. These are made manifest in the Pageant. They are its very foundation. The play will pass away. Its spirit will remain to the end of time; for the work here done by willing hearts and hands, can never fade from the lives of those who see and those who do. And coming gen- erations of men will feel the power of an unseen influence of the Cen- tennial year of nineteen hundred and sixteen. The arrangement of the pageant was very effective. Prominent through all was Thunderhead, a prophet of the Miamis, impersonated by Donald Robertson himself. Each scene was preceded by its own prologue, spoken by Thunder- head. The literary excellence of these scene prologues and the impressive and effective manner in which they carry the story of the pageant warrant their reproduction. 78 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Scene I Sacred the place. For untold ages, long Lost in the nameless years, my people came With ancient rites where these three rivers run Under the shining sky. Now here ye come, As we of old, in thousands, to recount The pains and pei-ils of the past. Peace smiles Upon this holy ground tonight, and all Your ways are bright with hope. Yet I know well The dreadful day when painted Iroquois, Armed as with lightning, drove my tribesmen far. Slaying and scalping as they came in wrath To stain our frontier red. They thought us women — We, the Miamis! But our war-chief saw The invaders pass, and summoning every brave To their return, we sprang upon them there As leaps the panther hidden near the path, Leaving not one alive. Then came the French: The traders, bringing wares the like of which We had not dreamed, to tell of worlds beyond Our woods and streams ; the Black Robe with the Cross- We heard of realms beyond the skies, and breathed The name of your high God. Now ye behold While for an hour Old Time rolls back his scroll, The morning of the place whereon ye build! Scene II Thus came the French. Soon over this dear place Sound echoes of vast European wars. Now dim and half forgotten. Pampered kings. Greedy for empire, dye their grasping hands Deep in their peoples' blood. The stones they cast In history's pool of hours send wave on wave Almost to overwhelm the elder world, Their little ripples breaking at the foot Of mighty trees in this far-western clime. William and Lewis, Anne and George, the French And Indians all enbattled stand, while we, - The Miamis, hot on Braddock fall and slay. In far Quebec Montcalm and Wolfe go side ^ By side to death and glory. At the close The golden lilies of the Bourbon droop. And where they proudly floated proudlier still The banner of Great Britain is unfurled! But peace abides not, for King Pontiac Rouses our bravest, and these forests flame With hate. We fight to keep our own, and fight In vain. Forever English law and speech. Language and law of freemen, as ye tell. Are laid upon our land, for centuries ours! COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 79 Scene III Now Freedom draws the stars of Heaven to earth And sets them in your Flag. Long, long the tale: The fight at consecrated Lexington, Where toilsome folk, like you, in their best blood Write Revolution on the page of Time; The flashing meteor of Stony Point; The succoring arm of gallant France; at last Yorktown, with Lafayette and Washington. Faint sound the war-drums here, though doughty Clark And his Long Knives spread terror roundabout, And bold Le Balme goes hence unto his death. A great soul passed when Pontiac was slain, But now old Kekionga breeds a man. Let Harmar speak, and let St. Clair pi'oclaim The Little Turtle's stroke! Soon Wayne comes forth, Your Anthony, and where the Fallen Timbers lie We, the Miamis, fight, and lose, and make Our peace, while here your town has christening With his heroic name beneath his Flag, To be for evermore American! Scene IV Swiftly the stream of Time flows on his course Swollen with big events. Within the year The Little Turtle makes his solemn peace, And from my people, the Miamis, pass Their age-long sovereignty and might for ever. The banner of the Briton falls. Your West Is saved, and Indiana comes to be. On far horizons faintly glimmering. Hereto in amity the Tribes resort Not once, but twice, to sign away their lands. Your daughter, Illinois, has fortunate birth. Tecumsch, gallant chief, fights hard to hold The country of our forefathers of yore. But Harrison strikes down his Prophet's power, Tippecanoe its passing bell; our braves With England make their unavailing stand, The Little Turtle being dead and gone. Success comes easily when first we fight: Fort Dearborn falls in blood, Detroit yields — Deceitful omens, luring us to death. As here once more War's horrent fire is bright. 5—15997 80 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Scene V No longer to this pleasant place is brought Battle and sudden death. Ye call it peace — A sorry peace for us, as sadly wends The long procession of my people down Toward the setting sun, the while your State Sets her proud star upon your Flag. We go; And these primeval forests hear the ax Of many a pioneer, who hacks and hews To bring to grief great trees that once were ours. Theirs were no easy tasks; and ye who sit Under these spangled skies tonight and breathe The air of comfort and content should not Forget their high endeavor. Every foot Of this town by tears and sweat was made To smile and yield its harvest unto you, That ye may rear tall houses long to stand . Where our frail tepees were — and are no more. As mothers here not long since brought their babes To birth, alone, your civilization came Through lonely travail unto glowing life. For me and mine is midnight, starless, dark; For you the noonday splendor of the sun. Scene VI Distant, the roll of war's tremendous drums. Yet gladly your tall men go hence to death. From Mexico an empire vast is won; When nearer sounds the clangorous call to arms: The Union of your council-fire proves not So strong men will not test its bond; it holds; To come to Union firmer still. Glorious The story, noble your participation. Meanwhile Peace her smiling victory gains: Broad waterways with commerce lace the land. And the old portage passes here at last. Canals give place to lengthening iron bands Whereon laborious iron monsters shriek — Iron, a miracle once — and slender wires Along the sky link shore to farthest shore. Annihilating time, and great machines, A thousand handed, toil that men may rest. My place knows me no more, and so, farewell. A hundred years and I may come again. Your Indiana, lovlier in the bloom Of fivescore summers than your growing girls And wiser than your wise old women, stands Secure. God guard her and you all. Farewell! COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 81 The week of June 4 to 11 was fixed as the week of celebra- tion. Everything was ready. The city was beautifully dec- orated and could hardly have been more inviting in appearance. Northeastern Indiana was on the keen edge of expectancy. And then it began raining, and not only began, but continued to rain, day after day, until everything was thoroughly dampened except the indomitable spirit of Fort Wayne. Regrettable as was the weather, it was not allowed to prove altogether disastrous. The program of the week was seriously disarranged but a very considerable part of it was presented. The pageant performances could not be given according to the schedule, but they were given. Ex- President Taft was not permitted to address a vast open air concourse of people, but he addressed an audience in the court house, and doubtless a more attentive one. Before the floods came, a union Centennial song service of the religious denominations of the city was given in Reservoir Park on Sunday afternoon, June 4. The women of the city arranged an exhibit illustrating the life of the past centuries particularly from a woman's point of view, in what was known as the Woman's Building. The local chapter of the D. A. R. dedicated a marker to the memory of the men who died on Fort Wayne soil in the battle known as "Harmar's Defeat." In addition the Normal School, under the direction of Miss Flora Wilber, Principal, placed temporary markers at twenty historic spots. These were the features of the week that were primarily Centennial in nature. In spite of serious handicaps, the celebration was a suc- cess. That Fort Wayne so deemed it is indicated in the words of Chairman Miller in writing of the permanent results of the observance. He says it resulted in "the creation of a more marked community spirit which has shown itself in greater success attending subsequent public undertakings." Con- tributing largely to this end was the Fort Wayne press which entered sympathetically and heartily into the real spirit of the cause. The Rotary Club of Fort Wayne made itself responsible for seeing that Allen County was represented in the Centen- nial Cavalcade at Indianapolis on October 6. The honor was Miss Catherine Vesey's. 82 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL BARTHOLOMEW When in anticipation of the general observance of Indi- ana's one hundredth natal year, there was much talk of pageantry as an effective method of "releasing the historic consciousness," George Pence, the sage of Bartholomew his- tory, declared oracularly that the County had no history that would lend itself to pageant forms. It was therefore a nice little bit of historic justice that saw the above-mentioned sage astride a steed in the pageant of Bartholomew county on Labor Day, impersonating the old General himself. For this happy denouement, two women and a man were largely responsible. In the first week of March, Miss Charity Dye, the dynamic of the Indiana Historical Commission, made one of her historical-patriotic missionary trips to Columbus, where she addressed audiences of school children and an audi- ence of "school adults" — adults who were there to learn what it was all about anyway. Miss Dye boldly questioned the dictum of the aforementioned sage, and proceeded to tell Bartholomew people a little of their own history that could be impressively portrayed in pageant form. Active in arranging the meeting was Miss Vida Newsom, former president of the State Federation of Clubs, the mov- ing spirit of the Bartholomew observance. Whatever vision she may have had must there have been given focus and she began the writing of the Bartholomew county Pageant. Be- hind her and the movement was T. F. Fitzgibbon, Superin- tendent of the Columbus schools, who had already accepted the County Chairmanship. The pageant was given on September 4th, before a large audience, A. W. Mason of the Columbus schools being pageant master. The following excerpts taken from the "Foreword," indicate its scope and method of treatment of the subject-mat- ter: The Bartholomew County Pageant seeks to give a brief representa- tion of the development of Bartholomew County from the time of the Indian and fur trader and the early pioneer to the present day. The parts are taken by the citizens of Columbus and Bartholomew County except in a few instances, where persons residing elsewhere appear in the role of their ancestors. A number of players are descendants of the originals of the characters. For instance the scenes depicting the First Settlers, the County Commissioners and the Underground Railroad are assigned almost entirely to descendants. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 83 In the preparation of the pageant, the writer has concerned herself with the history and realism of the past, rather than with symbolism. Little place has been given to tradition, and slight liberty taken with chronology. Every name used in the pageant is a real name. In using the real names of people in the portrayal of events, it is not the desire to enhance certain ancestors as compared vv'ith others who have played an important part in the county's history, but it has seemed that these persons are the logical ones to enact the particular outstanding historical events selected for presentation in the pageant. OUTLINE OF PAGEANT Episode I Triiinpeter — Symbolic Scene. Early Life Associated with the Driftwood Valley. Scene 1. The Indians. Camp Fire — War Dance — Squaw Dance and Industries. Scene 2. William Connor — Fur Trader, 1816. a. Barters with the Indians. b. Acts as interpreter. Scene 3. Cession of the Delaware Lands, 1818. a. Land Treaty at St. Mary's. b. Smoking Pipe of Peace. Scene 4. Arrival of Joseph Cox, first settler, 1819. Typical Pioneer Family, The Pioneer Mother. Scene 5. Legislators en route to select a site for State Capital, 1820. Gen. Tipton, Gov. Jennings, Gen. Joseph Bartholomew and others. Episode II Bartholomew County Organization, 1821. Scene 1. First Board of County Commissioners, 1821. William Ruddick, Jesse Ruddick, Solomon Stout. a. Repoi-t of Commissioners appointed by State Legislature to locate County Seat, received, etc. b. Name of town changed from Tiptona to Columbus. Scene 2. Sale of Lots— June 15, 1821. a. William Chapman and other settlers and neighborhood peo- ple gather for sale. b. County Agent States Terms of Sale and Sells Lots. Episode III, Pioneer Life — Religious, Educational, Social, Industrial. Scene 1. The Circuit Rider, 1821. Scene 2. The School Master: Singing of Geography Lessons, Speeches, Etc. Passing of Water-bucket and Gourd. Scene 3. The Singing School. 84 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Scene 4, The Coming of the Mail, Scene 5. Corn Husking and Frolic — (Clay Township). Wool Picking. Scene 6. The State Road, 1823. Scene 7. The Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 1843-44. Scene 8. Old Time Political Rally. Episode IV The Civil War Period, 1861. Scene 1. The "Underground Railroad," 1840-1861. (The Quakers of Sand Creek Township). Scene 2. News of Fort Sumter — (Street Scene). Scene 3. Civil War Soldiers. a. Sound of Bugle, Fife and Drum. b. Departure of Soldiers — Good-byes. Episode V Finale — Centennial. Scene 1. The Modern Schools. Songs, Folk Dances, Etc. Scene 2. Flag Salute — Reviewed by Old Soldiers. Scene 3. Grand Ensemble of Players — Reviewed by Indiana. The Hymn to Indiana. All unite with the band and sing "America." The other feature of the Bartholomew observance was a week's exhibit of historical relics, enthusiastically collected from over the county. The county was represented at Indianapolis on October 6th by Miss Jane McEwan, who rode in the Cavalcade. Chas. F. Remy, of Indianapolis, formerly of Bartholomew County, rode in the parade as General Bartholomew. Mayor H. K. Volland carried the county's banner, followed by a half dozen autos of Bartholomew citizens. Admission Day was very generally observed by the schools on December 11th throughout the county. BENTON As a county, Benton had no part in the observance of the Indiana Centennial. It had two or three county chairmen at different times and in reality no chairman at all. Chas. H. Dodson, County School Superintendent, was looked upon as a natural leader in the movement but so far as reported he did not even organize the work in the schools. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 85 The only observance reported was that made by the Fowler schools on May 26th, under the direction of Superintendent Chas W. Steele. It was a daytime, outdoor performance, viewed by an audience of about one thousand people. The first number was an allegorical representation of the admis- sion of Indiana into the Union, followed by a scene from Hia- watha. The third exercise was a series of beautiful drills representing the introduction of Young Indiana by Father Time. Friday afternoon in a pioneer school was a reminis- cent feature, appropriately followed by such pioneer past- times as the quilting and husking bees and the minuet. The pioneer school motif was further carried out in the presenta- tion of a part of "The Hoosier Schoolmaster." A Riley pageant was given, in which well known Riley characters were impersonated by school children in costume. The exercises closed with a Centennial finale comprising the ensemble of all the participants grouped around Indiana. BLACKFORD The Blackford County Centennial effort and observance were confined almost wholly to a parade which occurred on Centennial day of the Hartford City Fall Festival. A sus- tained, well organized movement, on a real educational basis, was wanting. Apart from the one day's showing there was little recognition of the year throughout the county — not even excepting the schools. The showing made on the day in question was evidently very good. The various townships took part and sixty-one floats were reported arranged by schools, and various fra- ternal and literary organizations. To the credit of those in charge, the parade was largely historical, manifesting an ap- preciation of the significance of the anniversary. All phases of the early life of Indiana were clearly depicted, and in a way to give the desirable local color and sidelights. In addition definite historical and patriotic events were portrayed, na- tional as well as state and county. Effective symbolic floats were also in evidence. The day was planned by M. C. Townsend, Superintendent of the Hartford City Schools, who acted as County Chairman. 86 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL BOONE In comparing the Centennial showing made in Indiana, a very high rating must be given Boone as one of the model counties, befitting the home of Indiana's Centennial Governor. The encouraging results achieved Vv^ere due, first, to the se- curing of an excellent Chairman in the person of Mr. Ben F. McKey, editor of the Lebanon Pioneer. To him the respon- sibility imposed was a sacred trust, in the fulfillment of which he gave himself most conscientiously and generously. Given a good chairman, who commanded loyal support, the Centen- nial plans for the county were early outlined on a high, patri- otic plane, and were carried out accordingly. Boone had a highly successful county celebration, along with the major- ity of her sister counties, but, unlike many of the latter, she had much more. Through the systematic work in the schools, in clubs and in the townships, there was from the first of the year on a steady progress in Centennial observance which prepared the way for, and led easily and logically up to the county celebration held in the middle of September. From the very first step in organization, an encouraging interest was manifested. In January, the Director of the Commission spoke to a very representative gathering of Lebanon citizens at the court house, and found them alive and eager. In the following month, the Secretary of the Com- mission spoke to a company including representatives from the townships. In April Miss Charity Dye addressed an audi- ence of about one hundred women who came in from over the county. As a central organization, Mr. McKey appointed a local executive committee, composed of C. F. S. Neal, Phil Adler, H. G. Brown, superintendent of the Lebanon schools, W. E. Callane, Mrs. W. H. Williams, Miss Lydia Bell, school prin- cipal, J. L. Wade, A. E. Witt and County School Superin- tendent, E. M. Servies. Supplementary committees were later appointed, having to do especially with arrangements for the county celebration. From the time of organization in January, regular weekly meetings of the Executive Commit- tee were held, Vv^hich indicates the determination and serious- ness of purpose with which the work was undertaken. At the same time the Chairman began effecting a county organization, through the appointment of committees of COUNTY CELEBRxVTIONS 87 three in the various townships. The result was that, includ- ing Central, eight of the twelve tovv^nships held celebrations : The Chairmen of these were: Marion, B. F. Wheeler; Wash- ington, Mrs. Harry Ryan; Sugar Creek, Professor S. A. Long; Jefferson, C. 0. Brown ; Union, Rolla H. Gates ; Eagle, Profes- sor T. H. Stonecipher ; Worth, J. T. Laughner. The schools cooperated most heartily and effectively in the Centennial cause. Indeed, there was little differentiation be- tween them and the county organization, with the city and county school authorities active in the latter. February 22d was made Centennial day in the schools throughout the county, thus early bringing the subject before the whole citi- zenship. Some attention was also given Indiana history in connection with the regular work — in history classes and in general opening exercises. In most of the townships the facts of local history were presented. The graduating exer- cises of both the midyear and year end Eighth grade classes of Lebanon were of a purely Centennial nature, their arrange- ment reflecting much credit upon Miss Lydia Bell, principal, a member of the Executive Committee. Papers were pre- pared and read by the midyear class, presenting important phases of Indiana history. The May class enacted a more dramatic presentation, the first part being taken from Miss Dye's pageant of New Harmony; the second part, the an- nouncement of epochs in Indiana history by pages; and the third, an adaptation of McKnight's "Drama of Indiana." Ad- mission Day was very generally observed by the schools of the county. The city schools of Lebanon, under the direction of Miss Bell, did a very worthy thing in placing, with appropriate dedicatory exercises, a bronze tablet marking the site of Lebanon's first school. The tablet bears the inscription, "Site of First School Building, 1834, Erected by School Children, 1916." The unveiling exercises were held May 12, honor guests of the occasion being several pioneer residents who had been pupils in the charter school ox the city. A history of the Lebanon schools was prepared and read by Mrs. Julia N. Harvey, she having been connected with them as teacher for more than forty years. As a part of the educational propaganda, the effective work of Mrs. Cora Bynum, head of the public library, was an 88 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL important feature. Having a conception of the true function of the library in a community, she made it serve as an organ of education and publicity in furthering the Centennial idea. Clubs, church and fraternal organizations were zealous in observing the year. The city clubs of the vs^omen emphasized the Centennial in one or more of their programs. The Civic Club beautified and maintained a lot in the heart of the city in recognition of the anniversary. Social functions were fre- quently given a decided Centennial flavor. All this activity was preparatory and preliminary to that of formal celebration, though equally important. In his issue of the Pioneer of May 11, Chairman McKey made this plain and commendable declaration of faith: "The Centennial celebration and home coming to be held in Lebanon Septem- ber 14, 15 and 16, is in nowise a carnival or commercial enter- prise, but strictly what its name implies — a celebration of the admission of Indiana into the Union of States, and a re- view of the part Boone County has taken in the development of the State." While this high purpose was announced pri- marily for the central county celebration, its spirit permeated the whole county, excluding those undesirable features which in some places prostituted the Centennial ideal. With the exception of Sugar Creek, all the township cele- brations were held in August. Worth came first on the sec- ond near Whitestown, in connection with the Red Men's pic- nic. Papers were read covering the history of the town- ship, politically, religiously, educationally, industrially and from a military point of view. The Jefferson observance took place on two separate dates, Sunday, August 10, and on the following Thursday. The exercises on Sunday had to do with the placing of a memorial marking Pleasant View Church as the oldest in the town- ship. The address, following the recital of the history of the church, was given by Hon. A. M. Hall of Indianapolis. The general celebration was held at Routh's Grove, the program consisting of old-time music, flag drill, appropriate readings, reminiscences, short addresses and a demonstration of the process of converting wool into yarn on an old spinning-wheel, given by Mrs. Thomas Lawson. Many old relics were ex- hibited. Marion township celebrated August 12 at Mayfield grove. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 89 with a review of its history and a general address by Dr. Horace Ellis. The Washington township began its observ- ance with a basket dinner in the W. C. Smith grove on the 16th. An excellent program, prepared by the Sunday schools of Bethel, New Salem and Mechanicsburg, the two churches of Mechanicsburg and the public school children, was given, followed by an address by H. E. Van Nuys, comparing the conditions of pioneer life with those of the present. The Union celebration occurred at Cutts' grove on the 17th. Talks were given on the early settlers, the Michigan road, and on local development. Eagle township celebration and home coming was held in connection with the Zion Park Assembly at Zionsville on August 18th. The program emphasized the development of the various phases of community life since the coming of the first settlers. Pioneer life was re-pictured and re-lived and in the evening the pupils of the Zionsville high school presented the spectacle, "Pocahontas." The Thorntown or Sugar Creek township celebration was the only one to follow that of the county at Lebanon. Occu- pying two days, September 29 and 30, it was given on a big- ger scale than any of the other local celebrations, as was to be expected in a place of Thorntown's size and enterprise, to- gether with its historic associations, located in the limits of the old Indian reservation. A pageant or spectacle, of a general nature, picturing im- portant scenes in National history, but including phases of state and local history as well, was given on each day and a community Centennial parade took place on Saturday. The moving picture, "Indiana," was given before an immense out- door throng. A fine exhibit of pioneer relics was made in the windows of the business houses. But the activities of the county naturally culminated in the central celebration held at Lebanon, the middle of Sep- tember. As a feature of its publicity, the Committee issued a poster of novel design, picturing a large frog sitting at the edge of the swamp, indicative of the swampy Boone county of old, with the words, "Lest We Forget," and an announce- ment of the celebration and home coming. The celebration opened September 14, with Lebanon beau- tifully decorated. The 4th was designated as Woman's Day and was under the auspices of the Woman's Clubs. In the 90 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL afternoon, the members, in Colonial costume, received the Cen- tennial guests in rooms specially fitted up in the fine new court house, entertaining them after the manner of the stately days of old. In the evening the latter were further portrayed in a public Colonial ball, in which the old-time dances and recreations were presented. Friday was School and Patriotic Day, thirty-two hundred and eighty school children of the county participating in the program, every township being represented in the parade. The latter presented an inspiring, patriotic spectacle, with every teacher and student bearing the American flag. Fol- lowing the parade, flag raising exercises were held in the court house yard, a new flag pole being dedicated and a hand- some flag, presented to the G. A. R. by the W. R. C, flung to the breeze. In the afternoon various phases of the county's history and development were graphically shown by the township schools. Among them an Indian episode, "The White Man's Foot," by Thorntown and Sugar Creek township; "The Country Doctor," Washington; "An Old Time Church Serv- ice," Clinton; "Colonial Minuet," primary department Leb- anon schools; "The Husking Bee," Perry; "The Quilting Bee," Union; "An Apple Paring," Marion; "Boone County To-day," Lebanon. Saturday's program opened with a civic and industrial parade, containing some very artistic features. This was known as Governor's Day, Governors Bilbo and Pleasants, of Mississippi and Louisiana, respectively, to be the visiting ex- ecutives, with Governor Ralston as host. At a late date, how- ever, the Southern governors wired their inability to be present, when Professor James A. Woodburn and Dr. Frank B. Wynn, members of the Commission, were secured, who, with the Governor, gave informal and appropriate addresses, bringing the celebration to a fitting and impressive close. Throughout the observance, a surprisingly fine collection of relics and antiques was on display in the show windows, which attracted much favorable comment. The historical picture, "Indiana," was shown on each day. Chairman McKey, in editorially announcing the celebra- tion as an unqualified success, said: "The program was clean, entertaining and educational, entirely devoid of the street fair COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 91 or carnival features. There was absolutely nothing for which the public was charged a fee, and the expense, amount- ing to nearly a thousand dollars, was borne by subscriptions of the citizens of Lebanon." In referring to the local cele- brations, he pointed out that with each township emphasiz- ing its own history, much material had been gathered for the future. And in concluding, "If these celebrations result in the formation of a County Historical Society, as a nucleus for the collection of historical data and relics, they will have been worth all the time, energy and money spent in bringing them about." Having acquitted itself so well at home, it was regrettable that Boone County did not participate in County Day of the State Celebration and thus come through the Centennial year with a perfect score. As the record stands, however, the citizens of Boone may be proud of the part which their county took in the making of Centennial history. BROWN Brown county folks did not surge with Centennial en- thusiasm. No celebration was held within the county. W. C. Goble, head of the Nashville schools, accepted the chairmanship, started a few things and tried to start more, but found little or no response. He had members of the High School graduating class prepare papers upon "A Century of Indiana History," the graduates of the previous year having written upon "Institutional History of Brown County." In- diana history was taught in the Nashville schools during the year. On February 22, the High School Domestic Science class gave a Brown County Products Dinner. At the local Chautauqua, one day was given over to a Brown County home coming. CARROLL Given, a resourceful, energetic, public spirited citizen, liv- ing on an Indiana farm which has been in the family since 1832 and cherishing, among other pioneer heirlooms, the old saddle-bags in which the money was carried to the frontier to pay for it ; whose uncle was the first white child to be born in what was to be known as Carroll County; required, to find an ideal county Centennial chairman. This was the self- 92 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL evident problem presented to interested citizens of Carroll and the answer was Mrs. Chas. Buckley of Delphi. Both Mr. and Mrs. Buckley were keenly alive to the meaning and pos- sibilities of the Centennial, and while the latter assumed the responsibility of organization and leadership, the zealous and efficient work of the former was a big factor in her success. Mrs. Buckley was one county chairman who was literally instant in season and out. Filled with unquenchable en- thusiasm, and enjoying the full confidence of her people, she demonstrated what might have been done in every county in Indiana had there been enough Mrs. Buckleys to go around. She kept in constant touch with the Commission and rarely, if ever, did the Director present a problem or an appeal to the county chairmen to which she did not promptly respond encouragingly. With a grasp of the situation that boded success, Mrs. Buckley proceeded at once to enlist the active cooperation of the school forces of the county and appealed directly to the trustees of the thirteen townships, appearing at their monthly meetings, and with remarkable success. Each trus- tee was made chairman of his township committee, and was to cooperate generally, in looking after the historical and educational interests of the celebration. She interviewed the teachers personally, arousing their enthusiasm in the Cen- tennial. She had March 17 designated as "Historical Day" in the schools, which was very generally observed. The grade schools of Delphi presented a pageant prepared by the Misses Emma and Josephine Shealey, with so great success that it had to be repeated. In nearly every locality, competi- tive essays on local history were prepared by pupils. Despite an obstructive county superintendent, therefore, Indiana's Centennial was made to mean something to the Carroll schools. The editors of the five representative papers of the county were appointed a publicity committee, and did good service in acquainting their readers with Centennial plans and ideals. Mrs. Buckley took the pains to edit a column of her own, however, in which she set forth interesting facts of local history, presented suggestive questionnaires and kept the Cen- tennial pot boiling generally. The Citizen-Times of Delphi was especially generous and effective in its cooperation. The COUNTY CEIiEBRATIONS 93 Chairman did not rely solely upon the schools and the news- papers to carry the Centennial message. She attended the farmers' institutes, urging the cause upon those in attend ance. She saw to it that Indiana Products Day was observed by the Delphi Business Men's Association, thus calling to their attention the anniversary and its significance. The day was also observed at Flora. Carroll county was organized May 1, 1828. The Sunday falling nearest that date was April 30, which was made "Ob- servance Day," on which all the churches held appropriate pioneer services. In the spring some local celebrations were held in connec- tion with the schools. Washington township held a big Cen- tennial rally on March 17th, with a big township parade in the forenoon, a community picnic dinner enjoyed by four or five hundred people, and a good program in the afternoon. The county celebration, on which all preparations focused, was fixed for August 10 to 13. The financial responsibility was assumed by the business men of Delphi. August 10 was designated "Pioneer Day." The program was furnished by Washington, Carrollton, Burlington, Rock Creek, Jackson and Monroe townships of the eastern part of the county, with Pro- fessor J. C. Trent of Flora as Chairman. The townships put on a very creditable parade in the forenoon, commendably historical in character. The program for the afternoon, as in fact for the entire celebration, was permeated with pioneer atmosphere. Prizes were offered for the best old-time reci- tation, the best dressed pioneer couple, best pioneer outfit, the best township glee club, to the couple bringing in the largest family of children. Features of pioneer life generally were exploited. The address of the day was given by Attor- ney P. H. O'Donnell of Chicago, formerly of Washington township, and Irish dances were put on by his daughters, accompanied by an Irish piper. Friday was "Carroll Day," the program being furnished by Clay, Madison, Tippecanoe, Jefferson and Adams town- ships, and was similar to that of the previous day. Geo. E. Sites of Yeoman was chairman. A new feature was an old- fashioned spelling match. The circuit rider made his ap- pearance as a center of interest, as did the country doctor the day before. 94 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Saturday was known as "Old Settlers' and Home Coming Day," and for it Deer Creek township and Delphi were re- sponsible, with city school superintendent C. F. Bradshaw, chairman. Probably one of the most important features of the week, if not of the year, took place in th'e forenoon in the formal dedication of a huge memorial stone, marking the spot where, ninety years before. Gen. Samuel Milroy, the first settler, raised his cabin on arrival. The Milroys were not only very early pioneers, but prominently identified with the history of State and county. The address was delivered by Chas. Milroy of Chicago, grandson of the old General. An- other member of the family, H. C. Milroy, artist-farmer, was largely responsible for the realization of this cherished proj- ect of Mrs. Buckley. The monument bears the legend: "Site of Cabin Home, Gen. Samuel Milroy, 1826, on the Banks o' Deer Crick," and set apart from this, "1818-1916, Hoosier State Centennial Pioneers of Carroll County." The after- noon was given over to an Old Settlers' program. A Centennial vesper service was held Sunday evening, the address being given by Rev. Chester W. Wharton of Kentland. A popular feature of the celebration was the public, out- door showing of the history film, "Indiana." An exhibition of relics was made during the observance, in charge of the Charles Carroll Chapter D. A. R. of Delphi. In fine, probably no county celebration in the State was more thoroughly his- torical in character than that of Carroll. The county was represented by Miss Minnie Snoeberger in the Centennial Cavalcade at the state celebration on October 6. Mrs. Buckley had all plans made for a float for the pro- cession, but at the last was disappointed in not being able to secure the material on which she had depended. Mr. and Mrs. Buckley made some very material contributions to the state exhibit of relics of household arts, given by the John Herron Art Institute during the month of October. CASS Despite the fact that there is much of historic interest in Cass County, conservatism or inertia, and a reluctance to as- sume responsibility, operated to prevent a real Centennial movement within its limits. It has a long established his- COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 95 torical society but the latter lacked the virility necessary for leadership and constructive work, and made too little use of the opportunity at hand to arouse an interest in local his- torical matters. This seems all the more regrettable from the fact that the society has" long wished to secure the funds 'necessary for the erection of a building, for which a site has been bequeathed. However, the society hopes to be able to erect in 1917 its permanent home for the housing of its ma- terials, now scattered throughout the county. After many ineffectual efforts, a chairman was finally secured in January, in the person of A. H. Douglass, superin- tendent of the Logansport schools. He restricted his activi- ties to the schools, however, with the result that the move- ment did not reach the citizenship as a whole. And, even thus, they were focused principally upon one day of celebra- tion rather than upon the more permanent and effective work which might have been done in the more routine work of the pupils. No attempt was made to coordinate the work of the county with that of the State in the wider Centennial inter- ests. With these implied criticisms of what was not done, hearty commendation is offered for the successful accomplish- ment of that which was attempted. The annual field day ex- ercises, featuring the closing days of the Logansport schools, was turned into a County School Centennial celebration. June 2 was chosen as the day, in which twenty-two hundred Cass County pupils participated in a school pageant at Spencer Park, before a crowd of probably ten thousand people. Large credit for the success of the day belongs to Miss Sue Blass- ingham, supervisor of the city schools, who was largely re- sponsible for the arrangement and direction of the pageant. The first episode was a beautiful symbolic representation of the Wilderness, the coming of the spirit of Civilization and the ensuing conflict between the latter and the spirit of the Wilderness in which Civilization overcomes. Hundreds of children appeared in this gorgeous and attractive spectacle, depicting almost every conceivable phase of wild life, from the moth and gay butterfly and the modest wild flower to the bear and the buffalo. Episode two was devoted to Indian Life, portraying the life in the village, the hunt, games and recreations, prepara- 6—15997 96 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL tions for war and the war dance and the march against the enemy, interrupted by the arrival of the missionaries. The third episode dealt with the period of the dominance of the white man, from the arrival of LaSalle and the fur traders. The coming of the pioneers and the reproduction of phases of pioneer life were very effective, as was the passing of the Indians as shown in *'The Trail of Death." The Civil War period was given in "The Call of '61," followed by the march of the States, each being represented through a well known characteristic or tradition. Last, came "Glorious In- diana," attended by the notables who had figured in the "Wilderness history" of the State, from LaSalle to Jonathan Jennings, followed by an escort of Indiana's famous sons and daughters. In the finale, all the participants in the pageant joined in singing "Indiana" and "On the Banks of the Wa- bash." While nothing was actually accomplished in that direction in 1916, several markers are proposed for locating historic spots. CLARK Claiming as it does the oldest English settlement in the State in Clarksville, the home of Indiana's first Governor in Charlestown, the home and domain of George Rogers Clark himself, whose honored name it bears, it would seem that Clark County would have been most keenly alive to the spirit of 1916. In addition to its historic possibilities it had a most enthusiastic leader in Capt. L. C. Baird, active man of affairs as well as historian of his county. He attended the confer- ence of County Centennial Chairmen at the State Capitol in December and lent much to its discussions and general in- terest and value. An admirably planned week of observance was announced, incorporating in its scheme the participation of the whole county. But the county furnished one of the few exceptions to the rule that enthusiastic and capable leadership was equal to any emergency in putting the thing across. In the face of the zeal of its next door neighbor, Floyd County, Clark yawned and languished, and in June Capt. Baird resigned in despair and disgust. Apparently the cause was to go entirely by default. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 97 But there were a few women in Jeffersonville of the in- trepid spirit of George Rogers Clark himself, members of the Ann Rogers Clark chapter of the D. A. R. The Regent, Mrs. Nathan Sparks, v/as determined that the county should not be lost to honor altogether, and rallied her forces to the res- cue. The result was a day of observance at Jeffersonville on September 30, under the auspices of the Chapter. It was primarily a children's day or rally. In the forenoon a parade occurred and in the afternoon an appropriate program of exercises, drills and folk dances was given, some of those be- ing reproduced which had been so effectively presented by the Jeffersonville school children under the direction of Miss Lena Board, at the Corydon celebration in June. Clark County also elected a young lady in the person of Miss Mary Dubel to represent it in the Centennial Cavalcade at the state celebration at Indianapolis. Furthermore, as if to make up for earlier remissness, fit- ting Admission Day exercises were held in Jeffersonville on the evening of December 11, presided over by Mayor E. W. Rauth. Following a patriotic orchestral and choral musical program, an address on "Early Days in Indiana" was de- livered by Capt. L. C. Baird. CLAY What's in a name ? In this instance it proved to be a case of too much clay. A decade ago the coal mining industry was paramount in Brazil and the county. When the mines began to fail, a new industry was developed in the manufac- ture of clay products, with ten plants in operation. This is the prologue. Early in the season there was nothing to indicate that Clay County would not take its place with its colleagues in the proper observance of the State's Centennial. The educa- tional work began propitiously in the schools. In December 1915, Mr. Dick Miller of Indianapolis gave an inspirational address before the high school students of Brazil. In Febru- ary, Miss Dye of the Commission made a visit to the county seat during which she made four talks and addresses, and re- ported encouraging interest. Mr. John G. H. Klingler was made county chairman. Im- mersed in business, he seemed unable to give the prompt and 98 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL adequate attention to the work which would have been for the best. However, tentative plans were finally laid for a county celebration to be held the last of September, featured by a pageant. In July, a general strike on the part of the workers tied up the clay industries of the county and likewise cut the sinews of celebration. Business was to a degTee paralyzed and had no heart for patriotic observance. As a result, apart from the work done in the schools, in accordance with the plan furnished by the Commission, Clay county had little or no part in the year's Centennial program. CLINTON A brave array of committees, fully manned, failed to put across the Centennial idea in Clinton County. "We thought it was well organized but it didn't work," laconically re- ported County Chairman 0. M. Pittinger, superintendent of the Frankfort schools. Outside of Frankfort, the only activity manifested was in the adjoining communities of Scircleville and Hillisburg in the eastern part of the county, in which were held admirable school and community celebrations in the spring. The Frankfort public schools gave a splendid all-day cele- bration on May 25, opened by a flag drill participated in by 1,500 pupils. A pageant play was given by the pupils of the Central Building, the synopsis of which follows: The Spirit of the Wilderness summons The Powers of the Forest, The Powers of the River and The Mist Maidens who dance together with the untrammeled joy of untamed creatures. A shot is heard. The Powers flee. The Spirit of The Wilderness pauses for a moment, a look of anger on her face as if she would see who dared to break into her kingdom. The Pioneer Man and The Pioneer Woman enter the clearing. The Spirit of the Wilderness, followed by all the Powers of the Forest bear down upon them. The Pioneer Man and The Pioneer Woman repulse them. The Powers of the River lash out at them. After the Powers are driven away, The Pioneer Man and The Pioneer Woman meet and conquer Fever, Famine and Death. When the victory is won, The Spirit of the Wilderness approaches and calls upon all the other Powers to pay tribute to the Pioneers and they follow them into the forest, indicating their humility and willingness to serve. Pupils of the same building presented the Battle of Tip- pecanoe. An Abraham Lincoln episode was given by High COUNTY CELEBUATIONS 99 School pupils; scenes from the lives of early missionaries in Indiana by the Woodside school and a representation of an ( arly church by first ward pupils. Eggleston's "The Hoosier School Master" was dramatized by pupils of the second ward. The afternoon was given over to games and athletic sports. A county celebration was planned to take place in the fall, but interest seemed to have spent itself in the Frankfort school observance. In a word, the school people of the county seat held high the Centennial banner while its citizens gen- erally allowed it to trail in the dust. Miss Goldine Grove of Frankfort, seated on a prancing thoroughbred, represented Clinton in the Centennial Caval- cade at Indianapolis. Admission Day was observed by the High School and one or two of the grade schools of Frankfort and by the Michigan- town schools. CRAWFORD For a county which claims to have furnished more soldiers for the defense of the Union in the Civil War than any other in the State, for population, Crawford might have been ex- pected to make a better showing of state patriotism. It did practically nothing in recognition of the Indiana Centenary. Numerous representative citizens were appealed to, the ma- jority of whom did not so much as deign a reply. Interest seemed almost wholly lacking. Some recognition was given in the schools of the county under the leadership of the county superintendent, S. A. Beals. He set apart February 11 as Centennial Day, on which nearly all the schools held appropriate exercises. In some instances two or three of those of smallest enrollment united in the giving of programs. It was Mr. Beals' plan to bring teacher, pupil and patron together, each to have a part, by recitation or reminiscence in the review of state or local history. Finally, in April, the Commission got in touch with Miss Lucy Thornbury of English, who evinced an active and patri- otic interest in the cause, and accepted the chairmanship. She began at once to perfect plans and July 4th was fixed as the date of a county celebration. A long and serious illness com- pelled her to relinquish the leadership, however, which no one else would assume. Hence these short and simple annals. 100 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL DAVIESS "Our Centennial Celebration on Monday, October 13, 1916, was the biggest and best demonstration in our city within its history. The people of the city were simply dumbfounded as they witnessed the immense procession. Over 3,000 school children, floats, wagons, vehicles of all kinds, log cabins on wagons and all, more than two miles in length, witnessed by thousands who lined the streets on all sides." Thus came the first returns of the Daviess celebration from the enthusiastic pen of the chairman, Hamlet Allen, Superintendent of the Washington schools. A fine gentleman of the old school, Mr. Allen was not too thoroughly engrossed with the stress of latter day education to take time to culti- vate his soul and those of the young people entrusted to his care, through an appreciative recognition of the past. He took his Centennial responsibilities seriously but enthusiastic- ally in the spirit of true patriotism. Early in the year he began by appointing a committee in each township and outlining the general scope of the work which the committees should undertake. In thorough keeping v/ith the spirit of the year, in April there was held in Washington a four days' celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of Methodism in Daviess county. Commemorative addresses, informational and in- spirational, were given, together with an interesting exhibi- tion of old records and relics associated with the early history of Methodism in the community, which attracted much at- tention. One week previous to the Daviess county celebration at Washington, an appropriate and successful local celebration was held at Elnora, under the efficient leadership of Mr. Clif- ford Farris, chairman and township trustee. A general pro- gram of events, including a parade, picnic dinner, music, drills, and folk games, and talks on local history, was enjoyed. The scope of the county's one-day observance is indicated in the opening paragraph above. Following the large parade in the forenoon, the school children presented a series of beau- tiful scenes emblematic of early history. Dressed in the quaint garb of their forefathers, the children gave a realistic presentation of pioneer life. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 101 A very large and excellent exhibition of relics was on dis- play throughout the week, deserving much commendation and in which the county at large manifested much interest. On a railroad side track was exhibited the old "Atlantic," an engine built in 1832 and said to be the second engine used on the Baltimore and Ohio road. With it was displayed an old- fashioned railroad coach, with a seating capacity of about a dozen passengers. In connection with the celebration the historical film "In- diana" was shown. Daviess County was represented at the state capitol on County Day by the presence of its county chairman and by Miss Bernice Sims of Elnora, who rode in the Centennial Cavalcade as Miss Daviess. DEARBORN Although a Centennial Chairman was selected in Dearborn in the summer of 1915, it was not until in August of 1916 that committees were appointed to take the matter in hand. The sequel was that no county celebration was held, although one day, October 7, was set apart for Aurora, and another, Oc- tober 14, for Lawrenceburg, in connection with annual fall festivals. On the occasion at Aurora, Governor Ralston de- livered a Centennial address. Some recognition of the anniversary year was given by the schools of the county, in the courses of study, in exhibits and in plays depicting state history. The high school gradu- ating class of Aurora, in place of the annual class play, pre- sented a well arranged dramatic portrayal of Hoosier history. The Aurora Woman's Research Club, gave a Centennial program on Admission Day, following which an anniversary elm was planted in the city library yard. W. H. O'Brien acted as County Chairman. DECATUR In view of the many celebrations and pageants in Indiana during the year, it is remarkable how few of them encoun- tered inclement weather. Of the whole number of pageants given, two score and more, not more than a half dozen suf- fered any considerable inconvenience, and of these latter, one 102 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL only was prohibited altogether of presentation by rain. This is a very comforting and felicitous observation — except to the one in question. That one was the Decatur County Pageant. The incident of misfortune was ill-deserved and unhappy in view of the Centennial spirit and enthusiasm manifested by Decatur county. County chairman Walter W. Bonner and his central committee, composed of Roy C. Kanouse, John F. Russell, Elmer C. Jerman and Norman C. Schlemmer, were loyally supported in their plans by the citizenship of the county, the schools cooperated most heartily, and the news- papers proved generous and alert in behalf of the movement. And after all the energetic efforts expended — but why relate our tale of woe before absolutely necessary? The Committee started the ball rolling early in the year in the observance of Indiana Products Day on February 22. A banquet, largely and enthusiastically attended, was given at Greensburg, when several addresses were heard, the prin- cipal one by Hon. Philip Zoercher of Indianapolis. In March historical sentiment crystallized in the organi- zation of the Decatur County Historical Society. County School Superintendent F. C. Fields declared March 17th "Indiana Day," issuing instructions and recommenda- tions to all the teachers concerning its observance. The day in Decatur county was distinctive among similar days in other counties, in the fact that with it was incorporated the home-coming idea. As a result, messages were delivered by ex-pupils and teachers, in person or by letter, from all over the country. Each school presented a brief history of the town or township in which it was located, as well as of its own district. Another distinctive feature of the day was the effective way in which it was used by the County Centennial Commit- tee. The latter organized a volunteer speakers' squadron, with the result that simultaneous addresses v/ere made in the schools all over the county. Nowhere was closer coopera- tion evident between the school authorities and the County Centennial organization. The pupils studied the history of the State and wrote the stories of intimate interest concerning its people, institutions, industries, etc. Certificates of honor were issued to all school children who read the history of Indiana. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 103 Various organizations were active in observing the year. The D. A. R. gave an exhibit of relics. The Woman's De- partment Club exhibited paintings of Indiana artists, and clubs generally gave attention to Centennial subjects. Fra- ternal organizations and churches were zealous in supporting the plans of the county committee. The third week in October was chosen as the time for hold- ing the county celebration, the date of their annual corn fair. Great stress was placed upon the home-coming feature. A large order was placed for the Geo. Ade home-coming book- lets, gotten out by the State Commission, to which the De- catur committee added its own invitation, which was distributed broadcast. The county was well organized and a cash prize offered the township making the best showing in the county parade. The latter was scheduled for October 18, and despite unfavor- able weather, proved a big success. Much interest was mani- fested in the historical exhibit of relics, made in the display windows of business houses. On the evening of the nineteenth, Governor Ralston braved the elements to speak at the exercises dedicating the memorial furnished by the D. A. R. to mark the old Michigan road. But interest centered largely in the pageant, written by Mrs. J. C. Meek and Mrs. 0. G. Miller, with N. C. Schlemmer as director, all of Greensburg. It was arranged in nine epi- sodes, in general as follov/s : 1. — Natural resources. 2 — Spirits of the forest primeval. 3. — Indian life and relations with the whites, in four scenes. 4. — Pioneer life, in two scenes. 5. — Indiana state house. 6. — Campaign of 1840 in Decatur county. 7. — Underground railroad. 8, — Civil War. 9. — Indiana of today. A beautiful pageant book was pub- lished and the cast was all in readiness for the presentation, which was to be made on each of the last three days, October 19, 20 and 21. The weather was so impossible, however, that the project had to be given up altogether, including practically the whole celebration, for v/hich nearly $4,000 had been sub- scribed. On the following Sunday the churches conducted appropriate Centennial services. The one thing for which the Committee is to be criticised was the bringing in of carnival attractions, under the mis- guided conception that such would contribute to the success 104 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL of the celebration. But in view of all its troubles, the mantle of charity should for once be draped over this inconsistency. Decatur county made an excellent showing on County Day of the state celebration, in a float consisting of a reproduction, in miniature, of its famous tree-grown court house tower. Although, in a sense, the Centennial preparations of De- catur ended in disaster, they were by no means profitless. The Chairman, Mr. Bonner, reports a thorough arousing of a fine patriotic spirit in all the citizenship, and a better coopera- tion on the part of people of each township in the county. DEKALB From the very first, a spirit of patriotic interest and coop- eration prevailed in Dekalb county which assured a general observance of the Centennial. Attorney Walter D. Stump of Auburn proved an energetic Chairman and he effected a thor- oughly representative county organization through which came hearty support. Happily, through the cooperation of Mrs. Lida Leasure, County School Superintendent, the Centennial propaganda began early in the schools of the county. February 18 was observed as Centennial Day, every school having public exer- cises in which recitations, papers and talks on Indiana his- tory were given, interspersed with Indiana songs and other patriotic music. Many Centennial school exhibits were arranged. In the regular school work of the year emphasis was placed upon state history of Indiana. In connection with the graduating exercises in the spring, both town and rural schools required papers on subjects pertaining to the history of Indiana. As will be noted later, the schools of the county took a prominent part in the county celebration in October. In her report following the latter event, Mrs. Leasure said, "We feel that our schools have read, sung, talked and dreamed Centennial for a year, almost." With more women school superintendents in the State, a similar report would doubtless have been made from many more counties. The first celebration in Dekalb county was held at Garrett on May 5. There was first a pageant parade in which his- torical features were introduced, such as the evolution of the Circuit Rider, portrayed by the Garrett Ministerial Associa- COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 105 tion. The minister in the lead rode horseback, followed in turn by others in a cart, in an old buggy, in a surrey and last in an automobile. Floats were in line representing facts of Indiana history. A good program was later given in which addresses were made by County Chairman W. D. Stump of Auburn, and J. D. Brinkerhoff. The high school freshmen presented "In- diana's Admission into the Union ;" and a playlet, "Garrett's Stepping Stones," was given by representatives of all depart- ments of the city's activities. Music for the day was fur- nished by four bands of the county representing Garrett, Auburn, Waterloo and Laotto. The chairman of the success- ful Garrett celebration was M. D. Renkenberger. In the latter part of July the town of Butler named one day of a street fair "Centennial Day" on which a parade took place and two addresses were given of a semi-Centennial flavor. The home coming feature was emphasized. The county celebration was held in Auburn, October 4, 5 and 6. October 4th was Old Settlers' Day, with appropriate talks and reminiscences. The 5th was Organization Day, on which organization and fraternal parades were given. October 6th was Public School Day, on which the big feature was a processional pageant participated in by the schools of the county and portraying definite events and phases of history. On each evening the school children of Auburn and vicinity presented a series of folk dances and drills. The regrettable feature of the celebration was the introduction of a discordant array of carnival concessions which represented indeed a concession to the vaudeville taste which could not but mar the otherwise commendable observ- ance. DELAWARE Delaware county had one day of very appropriate and creditable Centennial observance. It was given, however, in connection with the Muncie Industrial Exposition, and not as an independent Centennial enterprise. The educational and preparative work in the county was very limited, no per- manent memorials Vv''ere erected and no contribution was made to the state celebration. It therefore places itself in the second rank as having acquitted itself fairly well in the observance of the State's Centennial Anniversary. 106 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Frederick F. McClellan, a Mimcie attorney, acted as Dela- ware's chairinan. He had a county organization in which the township trustees were appointed as chairmen of the township committees. Despite this fact, however, the cele- bration was pretty largely a Muncie affair, the leadership and large activity being assumed by Muncie people, although the townships were represented in the pageant parade. Early in the spring, the business interests of Muncie began promoting an industrial exposition for the "Magic City," the time for holding which was fixed at June 5-10. Up to that time, owing to civic and political turmoil in Muncie, noth- ing had been done looking toward a Centennial celebration in Delaware County. Little or no public sentiment toward that end had been created. With this situation existing, and with the business interests behind a dollars-and-cents enterprise of their own, incorporation with the latter was probably about the only hope of expression left to the Centennial idea. June 6 was set apart as Centennial Day, in charge of Mr. McClellan and his helpers. Plans were laid for a pageant parade, which should be historical, showing the history of the county from the time of its aboriginal inhabitants down to the present. The week of the industrial exposition was marred by rain, and the Centennial parade had to be postponed until June 8, when it was given very successfully. About fifteen hundred persons participated before crowds estimated at from forty to fifty thousand people. The parade was divided into the Indian, Colonial, Pioneer, Civil War and modern or county periods, for graphic historical portrayal. In the first, char- acteristic phases of Indian life were depicted, and a represen- tation of the signing of Wm. Penn's famous treaty with the Red Men, was given, along with other historical and semi- historical scenes. This part of the procession was put on by the local tribes of Red Men and the Camp Fire Girls. The D. A. R. handled the colonial period, featured with "The Birth of the Flag," George and Martha Washington, Minute Men, colonial dames and belles, "The spirit of '76," etc. A yoke of oxen fittingly headed the pioneer division, followed by the pioneer cabin with its frontier equipment, the log schoolhouse, and of course the pioneers themselves, conspicuous among them being Drs. G. W. H. Kemper and T. COUNTY celj:brations 107 J. Bowles, on horseback, representing the pioneer doctors, which they themselves were in the days gone by. In the Civil War period were representations of Lee surrendering to Grant, Gov. Morton and Staff, Lincoln and his Cabinet and a very realistic portrayal of Sherman's "bummers." The im- pressive part, however, was that taken by the real "boys of '61" as they marched in the procession. Prominent in the modern period were the twelve floats of the Muncie schools, illustrating the twelve years of educa- tion. Other townships participated here, and very effectively. Along with the educational were portrayed the industrial, social, fraternal, and various developments of the modern period. The whole thing was v\^ell planned and v/ell executed and was one of the very worthy Centennial parades of the year. The work in the schools of Delaware county was not very extensive. Naturally, the preparations for participation in the above observance, directed attention to the Centennial and its significance, but comparatively little real work was done in Indiana history and the schools gave little attention to the anniversary apart from the general observance. Some work in English compositions was directed toward research in local history and biography, the best of the results of which was published, and the historical committee of Mr. McClellan's or- ganization had prepared and published in the newspapers a series of articles pertaining to the early history of the county. The clubs cooperated in the arrangement of work in harmony with the Centennial year and its interests. In summary it may be stated that the county rallied well to the one day of celebration, apart from v/hich little per- manent or constructive work was done and after which little further interest was taken in the Centennial movement. DUBOIS One day early in September, 1915, Lew M. O'Bannon of Corydon, a member of the Indiana Historical Commission, journeyed to Huntingburg to make an address on the subject of the approaching Centennial. Immediately on his return home he wrote in to the office of the Commission urging with insistence and enthusiasm that Miss Genevieve Will- iams be appointed Chairman of Dubois County. In slang 108 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL parlance, this put the office in a hole, for the appointment would violate two rules of procedure which had been followed. Up to that time county chairmanships had been restricted to mere man, and they had been assigned as a rule to county seats. Naturally, the office hestitated. But Mr. O'Bannon wished it and he wrote with the fervor of a major league scout who discovers, out in the "bushes," the sensation of the season. Miss Williams was appointed. In looking back over the year 1916, a review of the achievements of the Dubois Chairman, together with those of the women chairmen of other counties, leads one to the wish that Mr. O'Bannon could have extended his Huntingburg trip into a tour of the State! Once upon a time a great com- mander contemplated a strategic but difficult stroke. "Im- possible," declared a number of his staff. "Impossible? I know no such word." To Miss Genevieve McDonald Wil- liams, we accord the title of "The Little Corporal" of the In- diana Centennial. With her nothing was impossible. No bigger than a minute, but quick as a second and as persever- ing as the hours, she matched unquenchable enthusiasm with matchless tact and ability, forcing her county into the very first rank in the observance of the Centennial anniversary of the State. Her generalship was unsurpassed by any chair- man in the State and equalled by very few. A toast to "The Little Corporal" of 1916 ! To begin with, a county celebration for Dubois seemed out of the question. There were the rivalries and jealousies almost inevitably incident to a situation in which the county seat town has a "runner up" in another part of the county. But with the diplomacy of a statesman as well as with the strategy of a general, Miss Williams soon had the situation so well in hand that Jasper fairly outdid itself in behalf of a county celebration held at Huntingburg. A thoroughgoing county organization was effected, com- posed of a central executive committee made up of members from Jasper and Huntingburg and one from each township who was chairman of his own township. The superintendent of the county schools lacked vision or initiative or both, and after vainly trying to get action through his leadership, the chairman went in person before the teachers, enlisting their support and conveying to them some- COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 109 thing of her enthusiasm. She did have the active support of the City Superintendent of Huntingburg, N. F. Hutchinson. A number of schools held Centennial exercises at the close of the school year, when attention was given to Indiana songs and readings from Indiana authors, to themes in state and local history, and to exhibits of relics. Patrons and pupils often gathered for the day in patriotic community observance. The schools of Holland, Ireland, Birdseye and Jasper, had splendid graduating exercises in keeping with the year. In a week of exercises, June 11 to 18, the Catholic academy at Ferdinand emphasized the Centennial idea. As was often true over the State, people were inert and apathetic as regards observing the birthday of their common- wealth. It was a condition of indifference born of ignorance. But Miss Williams is a born "publicity man." A newspaper woman herself, she wrote and edited columns of gingery "pub- licity" which found its way into the newspapers of the county. And it was not the frothy, misleading variety which so often masquerades under the name. The clubs of Dubois aided ef- fectively in this direction. The Twentieth Century Club of Jasper devoted the whole year to the study of Indiana his- tory. The Music club of Huntingburg incorporated in its program topics and discussions on Indiana and gave an In- diana musical program. The Huntingburg Camp Fire girls studied local and county history, while the Acirema Club of young men made the interests of the Centennial in Dubois its special order of business. This club put on an Indiana Products Daj^ Dinner, and made it the occasion of arousing interest in the historic Free- man boundary line run by the United States surveyor, Thomas Freeman, in 1802, when he surveyed the famous Vincennes tract. The old line runs through Dubois, and the Acirema Club undertook the project of marking it with suitable memo- rials. The guest of the evening was Geo. R. Wilson, of Indianapolis, author of a history of Dubois, who gave an address on the subject. The sequel was that Governor Ralston issued a commission to the club to erect suitable markers, three of which were later placed with fitting ceremonies as a part of the county celebration. Miss Williams realized that she had her own problem to work out for her own county, yet she took every occasion for 110 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL observation of the progress of the work elsewhere. Busy as she was as associate editor oT a newspaper, it is safe to as- sume that no county chairman was in attendance at more celebrations, pageants in particular, and in all probability her record was equalled, if at all, by but one other chairman, that of Perry County. The Dubois observance really began on Sunday, September 17th. Special services were held in the morning and a big union service in the afternoon. At the latter. Congressman W. E. Cox delivered an excellent Centennial address, and a good program of patriotic music, including the "Hymn to Indiana" was given by orchestra and chorus. On Thursday, September 21, occurred the dedication of the Freeman line markers and monument, with addresses by Geo. R. Wilson. The film "Indiana" v/as shown, and a compre- hensive exhibit made of pioneer relics. Early in the season a clean-up and beautification campaign and contest was launched, the prizes in which were novv^ awarded. On Friday forenoon occurred one of the most extensive and impressive historical and industrial parades seen in southern Indiana or even in the whole State. It was most ably managed by the Acirema Club, led by its president, F. A. Stinson. The parade, two miles in length, moved on the minute and without a hitch. And then the pageant! Miss Williams wrote it herself and directed it in person. The faithfulness with which the work was done may be inferred from the following statement made by Geo. R. Wilson, the county historian : It was a source of most exquisite pleasure to me to witness the Cen- tennial Celebration at Huntingburg last Friday. It would be so to al- most any man who knows the history of his State and county, and saw it so beautifully presented within the oval at the fair grounds. The entire celebration from the first bugle call in the morning until the finale ' is worthy of the most unlimited praise. The military precision with which the entire affair was conducted showed the hand of a master and the obedience of a soldier. The little dynamo behind the flags in the band stand and her corps of efficient assistants were equal to every emergency. The one great feature was the historical accuracy of the pageant. History was fol- lowed to the smallest detail. On this one point it surpassed any pageant I have ever seen, or any moving picture of one, even when pro- duced by expert pageant masters. The affair demonstrated this one thing: know your subject, get the spirit of the episode and the production will be natural. Another COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 111 thought, the audience must know what is intended by the act before it can appreciate it. Dubois County is full of important historical incidents. It v/as the pioneer cradle of Indiana and all its pioneers, forests, rivers and trails contributed in the making of Indiana. To know your county's history is an asset when you attend a county pageant, so let all get ready for Jasper's celebration in 1917. The parade was a credit and an honor to Huntingburg and the county at large. The thanks of the entire county are due to each and every one from Columbia to the tiniest fairy that participated in the day's pi-ogram. Miss Williams and her local corps of efficient assistants are entitled to a vote of thanks from the city of Huntingburg and a resolution to that effect should be passed by the city council and made a matter of official record. The entire program was an honor to Southern Indiana. There is glory enough in it for everybody. Dr. James A. Woodburn and Mr. Lew M. O'Bannon of the State Commission were in attendance. The latter was amply justified in his "I told you so," while the former v/rote in to the office as follows: Miss Williams' pageant was a decided success, perhaps 1,000 in the cast. I enjoyed all of it (with Mr. O'Bannon) and we pronounced it a great credit to the county of Dubois. I sat by Mr. Wilson the his- torian of Dubois, and he says it represented the county history true to life. The finale v/as a splendid scene. I am to see Miss Williams soon and I shall tell her of the universal approval with v.iiich her efforts have been received. They say there v/ere ten thousand people on the pageant grounds. All v/ere greatly pleased. Miss Williams herself was particularly generous in her praise of the realistic and impressive manner in which Jasper handled the Civil War scene, maintaining that this almost universally included episode was not better done in any pageant in the State. OUTLINE OF THE PAGEANT INTRODUCTION Interpretive dances by children, representing manifestations of nature — v^'ood nymphs (young ladies for water sprites), flov/ers, fairies, gnomes, insects, butterflies. They usher in the spirit of Nature, attended by her handmaidens — Earth, Air, Fire, and V/ater. Episode I The Indians and French at Vincennes. Scene 1. Granting of Indian Tract to French (Patoka Tribe of Red Men and Daughters of Pocahontas representing the Indians, and the Y. M. I. taking the part of the French.) 7—15097 112 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Scene 2. Fathei* Gibault raises first American flag on Indiana soil at Vincennes. (By the Red Men, Daughters of Pocahontas on the one side, and the Y. M. I. and men of the Epworth League on the other.) Episode II The Pioneer in Dubois County. Scene 1. The McDonald settlement on the "Buffalo Trace." McDonald adopted by Red Men. (Boone and Madison Township people and Patoka Tribe of Red Men.) Scene 2. Social gathering at Ft. McDonald. (Same townships to furn- ish cast.) Scene 3. (1) George Rogers Clark and American Soldiers go over Trace from Louisville to Vincennes. (By people from all parts of the county.) (2) William Henry Harrison repairs Trace and leaves Rangers and Guides. Same Cast. (3) The Early Surveyors — Freeman, Buckingham, Rictor. (4) Material for "Western Sun," first paper at Vincennes carried over Trace. (5) First United States Mail carried on foot. (6) The Lincoln family moves to Illinois. Episode III Captain Dubois Episode. Scene 1. Capt. Dubois receives patent for land in Dubois County. Scene 2. Council at Vincennes between Harrison and Tecumseh. (Pa- toka Tribe of Red Men). Scene 3. Indians steal horses from the McDonalds. Scene 4. Battle of Tippecanoe. (Patoka Tribe of Red Men and Wood- men of the World.) Scene 5. Dubois leaves Vincennes on business trip. (It v.-as on this trip that Dubois was dro\\Tied in the Little Wabash.) Episode IV Events in Early History of County. Scene 1. Formation of County. Scene 2. Father Kundeck's Works at Jasper; his arrival from Vin- cennes, and his work at Ferdinand; and the arrival of Bene- dictine Sisters from Covington, Ky. (By citizens of Jasper and Ferdinand.) Episode V Ci\*il Vv'ar Episode. Leaving of Company K from Jasper to join the 27th regiment at Indianapolis. Dinner and presentation of Flag by ladies. (Jasper citizens.) FINALE Tableaux of "Columbia and Uncle Sam," of the "Famous North- west Territory Group," and five or six others. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 113 The whole celebration was in harmony with the ideals of the Commission which were also those of the County Chair- man. It was educational, historical and patriotic, with noth- ing to detract from the real Centennial spirit. Dubois county took a worthy part on County Day of the State Celebration. Mrs. H. C. Knapp of Huntingburg rode a black charger in the Cavalcade, while in the procession which followed, Dubois was represented by an immense American Flag, carried fiat by two score men. It was the property of the Knights of Columbus of Jasper and had appeared in the Dubois County parade. But occupying a seat of honor among the county Chair- men, close behind Ex-President Taft and Governor Ralston, rode the little woman vv^ho more than all was the embodiment of the Indiana Centennial. ELKHART Tv/enty years ago the Elkhart County Historical Society was organized. In the tvv'o decades it has gathered and placed in its archives much material on local history and has made a collection of historical relics v^^hich it claims to be one of the finest in the State. One of the organizers of the Society, its secretary for four years and its president the remaining years of its existence, H. S. K. Bartholomew, W9.s appointed Centen- nial Chairman for the county. If any county had a right to be discouraged and disheart- ened by a succession of untoward events, Elkhart county could well lay claim to it, as a brief chronicle of its Centennial efforts Vvill demonstrate. Yet to the credit of the chairman and his indefatigable assistants, the plans v/ere not aban- doned, and v/hile the celebration was not all that had been hoped for, it was, nevertheless, in spite of obstacles, human and superhuman. In the first place it v/as planned to hold a celebration in connection with the county commencement at Goshen on June 3, with Governor Samuel T\I. Ralston as the speaker. It was learned, hovv'ever, that the Governor could not be present at that time, but could speak at Goshen on August 5. The latter date v^^as accordingly advertised as that of the county observ- ance. One week before that time however, the committee re- ceived word that owing to a conflict of dates. Gov. Ralston 114 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL could not fill his engagement. The celebration was therefore indefinitely postponed. In the meantime, the center of interest, or of publicity at least, had shifted to the city of Elkhart, from which suddenly emanated in the forepart of July, glowing and fulsome stories of a week's celebration and pageant to be given there in the last week of September. After a few weeks of celebration — in the newspapers — the mayor, v/ho had taken the lead in the enterprise, issued a statement calling off the project on account of general lack of interest. Thus, exit Elkhart. The County Committee however had never entirely given up the idea of having a pageant, and in this idea persevered. Mrs. George B. Slate v/rote a pageant, dedicated to "All Good Hoosiers," portraying state history; several committees were appointed to arrange the details, and the Misses Grace Galen- tine and Luella Barlow, together with the author, undertook its direction. October 19 was the date set for the presenta- tion, the first day of the fall festival. It was to be given at Rogers Bend Park, capable of accommodating several thou- said people. And — "it rained all day." This was the un- garnished report of the Chairman, virtuous in its stoic repression. Did the Elkhart County Centennial enthusiasts yield to the elements ? Not they. Tv/o days later, on Saturday forenoon, the pageant was presented in the theatre, Vv^ith such changes as were necessary. The house was packed and hundreds were turned away. Elkhart county celebrated, and the indomi- table spirit shown was the stuff of which the pioneers it hon- ored were made. A neat little pageant book was issued, giving the setting of the scenes, and the names of the people involved therein. The arrangement was unique in this, in that instead of nam- ing the episode, each was suggested by appropriate quotations, as follov/s: Episode I Nature here Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will Her virgin fancies. — Milton. There followed a series of symbolic dances by the wood nymphs and spirits of nature, interrupted by the Indians. A note quoted this justification of interpretive dancing: as COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 115 "sauce piquante of a human festival, relieving the grave his- torical groundwork of a community pageant, like a delicate pattern of embroidery upon the edge of a garment." Episode II Lo, the poor Indian! Whose untutor'd mind Sees God in clouds, or hears Him in the wind. — Pope. An impressive and sympathetic treatment of the Indians — their lives and misfortunes. Episode III When dames wore hoops and powdered hair, And very strict was etiquette. When men were brave and ladies fair, They danced the minuet. Minuet in Miniature by children. Episode IV A star for every state, and a state for every star. — R. C. Winthrop. Symbolic representation of admission of Indiana into the Union. Episode V I want plain facts, and I want plain words. Of the good old-fashioned ways, When speech was free as the song of birds, 'Way back in the airly days. — J. Whitcomb Riley. Pioneer life of 1840, characters and recreations. Episode VI " He finds his fellow guilty of a skin. Not colour'd like his own, and having power T' enforce the wrong, for such a worthy cause Doomf and devotes him as his lawful prey. — Coivper. Underground Railroad incident. Episode VII Onward they marched, embattled, to the sound Of martial harmony, fifes, cornets, drums. That rouse the sleepy soul to arms, and bold Heroic deeds. — Somerville. Civil War enlistment scene. 116 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Episode VIII Bring the good old bugle, boys, we'll sing another song. Sing it with a spirit that will stai-t the world along, Sing it as we used to sing it fifty thousand strong While we were marching through Georgia. G. A. R. Reunion and reminiscences. Episode IX My country, 'tis of thee Sweet land of liberty. Of thee I sing.— S. F. Smith. Finale: Uncle Sam, Indiana and the Nations. Apart from this formal celebration, the schools of the county took some notice of the Centennial. On May 12, the Emma R. Chandler school of Goshen gave a Centennial entertain- ment in pageant form, "Scenes from Indiana History." Spe- cial Centennial programs were given before teachers and guests at the Elkhart City Teachers' Institute in March and April. Subjects treated were "Early Indiana History," cen- tering in Corydon, M. G. Davis; "Reminiscences from the Early Practice of Medicine in Indiana," Dr. J. A. Work; "Early Arms and Weapons of Pioneers," Dr. A. L. Fisher; "Circuit Riders in Lav/ and Ministry," Rev. F. A. Dressel; "New Harmony Community," Miss Clara Van Nuys; "Early Methods of Transportation," J. S. Fischer; "The Underground Railroad in Indiana," Miss Margaret Wilson; "Early Educa- tional Facilities in Elkhart County," Miss Rosemary Wilker- son; "Plans for Indiana Centennial Celebration," J. W. Hold- erman. Old-time popular airs were sung, such as "The Last Rose of Summer," "Ben Bolt," "Kathleen Mavourneen," and a couple of jubilee melodies to the accompaniment of an ac- cordeon. No organized, thoroughgoing work in the schools of the county is reported. It is the hope of the faithful Centennial Committee that an interest has been av/akened in things historical that will bring to success the movement which has been started for se- curing a permanent home for the Elkhart County Historical Society. If the committee perseveres in the latter enterprise as it did in its celebration, there is no doubt of its fruition. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 117 FAYETTE One of the early counties in the State to effect Centennial organization and perfect its plans, was Fayette. This came partly from having a thorough business man as leader in E. P. Hawkins, president of the Connersville Commercial Club, and a dominant figure in city and county affairs. Supported by a corps of enthusiastic workers, he had the work well out- lined and preparations under way before the first of the year. The fact that Fayette is a comparatively small county, and that, having no other towns, it centers peculiarly in Con- nersville, had much to do in shaping the organization and plan of celebration. Mr. Hawkins extended his organization to the townships, but none of the latter held separate celebra- tions with the exception of Orange, which had a worthy high school celebration on the evening of Admission Day. The whole county observance was centralized in the county seat. In this the townships participated actively to some extent, largely in the Centennial parade. In the main however, it may be said that the Fayette celebration was put on at Con- nersville by Connersville people. Other phases than that of the formal celebration early and continuously occupied the attention of the Committee. Prom- inent among these v/as that of permanent memorials. There was considerable discussion as to the form the memorial should take, in which philanthropy and service won the day, the result being the erection of the Fayette County Memorial Hospital. The Clio Club furthermore presented the city with a public drinking fountain, the dedication of which was a part of the county celebration program. The literary clubs of the county gave Centennial programs along through the year. The Fayette County Centennial Association appointed a committee on county history, the chairman of which, Miss Katherine Heron, prepared a history of Fayette County. The Association observed Indiana Products Day with a community dinner, at which Chairman Hawkins acted as toastmaster. Nothing was served except products grown or manufactured in the Hoosier State. The schools of city and county were alive to Centennial interests. County Superintendent Claude Trusler reports one day set apart in the schools of Fayette in which exercises 118 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL were held in accordance with suggestions made by the Com- mission, Also, that Indiana history was studied, in accord- ance with the course outlined and that every child read Heineman's "Indian Trail," of special local interest. At the Commencement exercises, a Centennial address, "One Hundred Years of Hoosier History," was delivered by the Rev. L. E. Brown. In Connersville a Centennial play was presented by the grade and high school pupils. Thorough work is reported by the chairman on the part of teachers and students in col- lecting data and facts of local history. The county celebration was held July 2 to 5. The princi- pal events of the program as outlined, follow, particularly those of an especial Centennial nature : July 2, Sunday Evening — Sacred Concert, followed by the Rev. L. E. Brown's Address, "One Hundred Years of Hoosier History." July 3, Morning, Centennial parade. Afternoon, Children's Chorus; Address, Judge Marshall Williams. Evening, Address, Hon. James E. Watson. July 4, Home Coming Day. Morning — Reception to Visitors and Re- union of Former Residents. Afternoon — Home Coming Addresses. July 5, Morning, Presentation of Public Fountain to City by Clio Club. Afternoon, Centennial Address, Gov. Samuel M. Ralston.* Eve- ning, Pageant of Connersville and Fayette County. Concerts were furnished throughout the celebration by the Indianapolis News Newsboys' Band. On every afternoon and evening the historical moving picture, "Indiana," was shown at a local theatre. One of the best features of the whole observance was the splendid display of all kinds of rel- ics in the show windows of the main street. Indeed there were many commendable features of the celebration. The parade — historical, civic, fraternal, industrial and automobile — was unprecedented in size and attractiveness. Local his- tory was graphically and truly portrayed in the pageant. The v/hole was a real community celebration. Hov/ever, one grave criticism must be made of the Fayette celebration. The management made the mistake of opening up the main streets to carnival attractions and concessions, the noisome confusion and tawdriness of which detracted very largely from the Centennial observance. The whole enter- prise was thus unavoidably cheapened and an otherwise al- most ideal celebration marred. The Pageant, which closed the observance, was prepared *For Governor Ralston's address in full, see Appendix p. 395. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 119 and directed by Miss Harriet Williams and dedicated by her to the school children of Connersville. It was presented at night before a very large audience. On a hillside appeared the interior of a cabin, wherein the settlers' scenes were made effective through the playing of flood and spot light. The mass scenes took place immediately before the audience on a large platform. While this made impossible the unity and freedom of movement essential to real pageantry, the his- torical scenes were given convincingly and impressively. The committee is to be commended for the publication of an at- tractive pageant book, containing, in addition to the text, the program of the whole celebration and the membership of the various Centennial Committees. ORDER OF EVENTS IN THE PAGEANT Episode I (1788) — Capture of John Conner by the Indians. Escape of Jonas Williams' Family. Episode II John Conner's Post in 1813. A plat of the Post. Arrival of Indian Traders. Coming of New Emigrants. Episode III Pioneer Life in 1820 — Claypool's Inn. A member of the New Capital Committee. T'le Pi',r.eoi- Preacher arrives. The Masonic Lodge. Indian Captures and Murder of Bcp. Davis. Fiddlers' Contest. Episode IV Wedding Scene in 1834. An Indianapolis-Connersville vv'eddiiig. Twin McCoi-mick Sisters married Twin Mart Bi-others. Episode V A School of the Forties. Episode VI The Singing School. Episode VII Life in the Forties and Fifties. Apple Peelings. Husking Bees. A Harrison-Tyler Parade. Episode VIII Civil War Period— Band Drill. Boys' Drill. Girls' Drill. Episode IX A Centennial Committee Meeting in 1916. 120 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Episode X A Memorial Party — Pageant of Old Fashioned Games. A Commercial Club Banquet. Song — "Indiana." As a feature of the closing scene, the banquet of the Com- mercial Club, a huge birthday cake was brought in, lighted with one hundred candles. The subjects of the toasts were: "Our Forefathers," "Our Schools and Churches," "Our Noted Men," "Our Industries," "Our Gifts," "Our Centennial," and "Our Flag." It was with much appropriateness, that in re- sponse to the last, D. W. McKee of Connersville, recited his well known poem, "Old Glory:" TO THE FLAG (D. W. McKee.) All hail to the flag of the brave and free Far famed in song and in story. It waves o'er the land, it floats o'er the sea, And no other banner ever can be So dear to us as "Old Glory." Then hail to the flag, the red, blue and white, Its stars and stripes tell the story Of the fathers' fight for freedom and right Through seven long years of war's lurid night That gave to the world "Old Glory." Though we have no turreted castles old With moss and with lichens hoary, We've a heritage richer far than gold 'Tis a birthright which has never been sold, Our freedom under "Old Glory." From the North and South, the East and the West, From fields of battle once gory, All strife now at rest, as one nation blest From the ocean's strand to the mountain's crest, We've only one flag, "Old Glory." Then fresh garlands bring to our God and king. Tell millions unborn the story. Let loud anthems ring as His praise we sing And proudly to heaven our banners, fling, While over all floats "Old Glory." CHORUS. Then hark to the song as it rolls along, Its theme is our country's story. Cheer! Cheer! the old flag, till from hill and from crag The echoes ring back, "Old Glory." COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 121 FLOYD In 1913 New Albany celebrated its own Centennial anni- versary with an abandon of enthusiasm and public spirit that left little to be desired. Behind the celebration was a small group of men whose pride was in putting across any worthy enterprise attempted — and clear across. Floyd county was fortunate and the State Commission happy in securing one of these men, T. E. Crawford, to serve as county chairman in 1916. He rallied together the old 1913 group and the thing was already as good as done. From the time "Ed" Craw- ford said "yes" to the invitation offered him to assume the leadership in his county, there was never a doubt as to the course of events in historic little Floyd. On February 25, under the direction of Glenn V. Scott, county superintendent, the Centennial was observed in the schools of the five townships of the county. At different times Chairman Crawford visited the townships in person, enlisting support in a county movement. In New Albany it- self frequent Centennial meetings v/ere held at the Chamber of Commerce, when stirring talks were given by local speak- ers and by those brought from outside. The Centennial idea was thus promulgated throughout the county and kept well before the public. The Floyd County celebration was packed into one day, September 21, and a full day it was. It began with a band concert in the City Plaza at nine o'clock, followed by a pa- rade. The Centennial spirit par excellence, however, hov- ered over beautiful Glenwood Park throughout the day. Shortly after noon addresses were delivered by U. Z. Wiley of Indianapolis, and Lev/ M. O'Bannon of Corydon, member of the State Commission. The speaking was followed by an old-time concert, given by fifty people, directed by Mrs. Bertha Schuler Van Pelt. In very truth, hov\^ever, the crowning event of the day was the Pageant and Masque of Indiana given in the evening, written and directed by Professor Chas. B. McLinn of the New Albany schools. It was presented on the banks of Silver Creek, and quoting from the Forev/ord, "upon a natural stage framed with trees, with a background of creek and steep banks beyond, covered v/ith dense foliage. From the stage in gradual incline, slopes a natural ampitheatre where the 122 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL audience is seated. The effect is that of a primeval forest." Seats had been provided for 8,500 which did not accommodate half the audience, estimated to have been one of the largest Centennial pageant audiences of the State. The production opened with the following beautiful pro- logue : The mists that hide the years dissolve tonight And from them rise the half forgotten deeds, The simple life and simple faith of those Who here on Southern Indiana soil Laid the beginning of a mighty State. Where purple hills and fertile valleys smile , Upon the Wabash and Ohio A sturdy race v/as bred. They left to you A heritage of law and liberty, And from their toil, your peaceful homes arise. You well may feel the Southern Hoosier's pride In this Centennial. You live upon historic ground. These falls Have borne the Empire builders' craft. These hills Have flashed the signal fires of savage men. And here from Vevay to Vincennes extend The neighbor counties that first made the State. Within the circle of these trees shall pass A pageant of the early days. Come back Awhile, and tread with us the forest's paths, » Feel the explorer's thrill, the settler's hope, ^ And may there come to you a deeper pride / That you are sons of this great Commonwealth. The hour-glass turns, the sands now backward run. Approach ye spirits of the place — the pageant has begun. The pageant proper consisted of eight short episodes or scenes, as follows: 1. The Indians and the Coming of LaSalle. 2. George Rogers Clark at Corn Island. 3. The Coming of the Pioneers. 4. The Wedding. 5. The Passing of the Settlers. ^ 6. The Indian Attack. 7. The Circuit Rider. 8. The Governor's Ball. The Masque, "The Spirit of the West," was the unique feature of the New Albany Pageant and as beautiful as unique. The Spirit of the West attended by Opportunity, Courage, Endur- ance and Freedom comes upon the stage. The Spirit of the West speaks COUNTY CELEBRxVTIONS 123 of the wonderful resources waiting to be used by the pioneer. Turning to the Hill Spirits and River Spirits, he asks of them what they v/ill give to the one who comes. They tell of their offerings. Opportunity tells what he will give, as also does Courage, Endurance and Freedom. Then into the beautiful land of the West come Puritan and Cavalier, who each tell their reason for coming to this part of the country. The Spirit of the West welcomes them and calls attention to the coming of Indiana. Upon the stage come the Flowers, preceding Indiana, who is ac- companied by symbolic figures, the Law, the Church, the School and the Home. Following these com.e various industries, representing the increased civilization. Indiana then calls upon the Herald to proclaim the mission of herself and party, which is that Justice may prevail, Order may be maintained. Liberty may rule. Knowledge may be spread — such being the blessings that statehood brings. Upon this peaceful scene comes the discordant note of the Spirits of War, who rush in upon the scene and attempt to annihilate all the good things that Statehood brings. Indiana bows her head with fear, but Laiv and Freedom step forward to protect her. Freedom strikes the sword of war from the leader Spirit, and disperses the hosts of battle. Then troop in the Evil Spirits — Poverty, Disease, Ignorance, Folly, In- dolence and Unlawfulness. For a timxe they run wild before the throne of Indiana, striving to overcome her protectors, but following them come the Bringers of the Light, and when the Light comes the Evil Spirits must depart. The Bringers of the Light, representing the higher civilization, are naturally follov/ed by the Arts, Letters, Commerce, etc., who each tell of their work. Then Fame takes the center of the stage and from her scroll reads the names of those natives of Indiana who have made their names honored the world over. From the hills and the woods joyfully come several groups of dancers. First the Harvest girls, of fair complexion and dresbcd in maize colored costumes with wheat in their hair and sickles in then- hands; then the Spirits of Fruits. A group of boys representing the Spirits of Mines and the Spirits of Industries follow. After these, a picture of the prosperous years to come is depicted by the Spirits of the Future in the closing dance, a joyous dance of hope and inspiration. The entire group in a spectacular finale joins in chorus and sings the Hymn to Indiana. The Spirits of the Hills and the Spirits of the River come from the background, form a straight line across the stage and throwing their arms up, with their scarfs form a curtain and signify that the Masque is over. This impressive and beautiful presentation of the history of the Commonv/calth was expressive of the high spirit with which Floyd County observed the anniversary and for which the representatives of the State Commission present voiced the highest praise. 124 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The county was well represented on County Day at In- dianapolis, by Miss Mary Lucile Hackett in the Cavalcade and by a large number of its citizens in the parade which followed. FOUNTAIN The Centennial observance in Fountain County was educa- tional rather than celebrational. Wheeler McMillan, editor of the Covington Republican, was county chairman, and di- rected his efforts wholly to arousing among the school chil- dren an interest in state and local history. To this end his committee was made up largely of teachers and township trus- tees. In March, Troy township held an all-day observance in the Covington High School, with basket dinner at noon. The opening address was given by Mr, McMillan, who presided. Other addresses were made by J. Wesley Whicker of Attica, Miss Charity Dye of the State Commission, and Captain Schuyler La Tourette. A display was made of pioneer relics. On August 17 an Old Settlers gathering was held at Yeddo and was largely attended. The address of welcome was given by Miss Lucile Wilkey in costume of 1840. Scores appeared in old-time costume. James E. Watson delivered an historical address. Some of the schools, including those of Attica, observed Admission Day. The Fountain observance appears to have been rather sporadic and not sufficiently thoroughgoing to have reached the citizenship of the county as a whole. FRANKLIN A good example of the business man who is not too busy to be public spirited and patriotic, is found in Franklin County's chairman, John C. Shirk, the Brookville banker. He was one of the first, if not the very first, of the county chairmen to accept the post of Centennial leadership. As early as September in 1915 he had fixed the date of the Franklin County celebration, and the latter was carried out practically as planned, in June of the following year. Mr, Shirk is president of the local historical society which was organized nine years ago. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 125 With beautiful, historic Brookville as its center, Franklin County was almost foreordained to have a good celebra- tion. In 1898 the tov/n had a home coming and in 1908 cele- brated its own Centennial and went in determined to outdo both in the observance of 1916. The county has history enough and to spare to "go around" for an indefinite num- ber of celebrations. On its roll of honor of those who were born or Vv^ho made their home within it^ limits it claims: Among educators, R. B. Abbott, President Albert Lea Uni- versity; E. D. Barbour, President Kansas University; W. M. Daily, President Indiana University; C. W. Hargitt, Presi- dent Syracuse University; J. P. D. John, President De Pauw University; L. D. Potter, President Glendale College; Charles N. Sims, Chancellor Syracuse University. Among states- men, U. S. Senators, Robert Hanna, John Henderson, Missis- sippi, Jesse B. Thomas, Illinois, author of the Missouri Com- promise, James Noble and Oliver H. Smith, Governors James B. Ray, Abram Hammond, Noah Noble, David Wallace, Stephen Harding, Utah, and John P. St. John, Kansas. Among jurists. Supreme Judges Isaac Blackford, W. F. Mc- Kinney and Stephen C. Stephens. Among artists and littera- teurs, Louisa M. Chitwood, poet, Ida Husted Harper, author and lecturer, Hiram Powers, sculptor, Maurice Thompson, author, and Lew Wallace, author. Among the military. Gen- eral P. A. Hackleman, Rear Admiral Oliver S. Glisson, Cap- tains W. H. Hernden, and James Noble, Jr., and others. Among government and state officials, James N. Tyner, Post- master-General, Edwin Terrell, Minister to Belgium, George E. Downey, Comptroller U. S. Treasury, James S. Clarkson, Assistant Postmaster-General, and Amos W. Butler, Secre- tary Indiana State Board of Charities. At large, James B. Eads. Few counties can point to such a galaxy of notables. The schools observed a Centennial Day, and some atten- tion was given to Indiana and its history in class work. The clubs likewise gave some attention to the anniversary. Rose- dale celebrated Admission Day with a program in the town hall on Decem.ber 11. For the most part, however, Frank- lin County's activity centered in its celebration, which took place June 1-4. On Thursday afternoon, June 1, the cele- bration was opened at the court house. After an address of welcome by Mr. Shirk, speeches of a reminiscent nature 126 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL were made by home comers, including Chas. F. Jones of Washington, D. C, and Amos W. Butler, Dr. Frank B. Wynn, and Rev. J. W. Duncan of Indianapolis. A public reception to visitors followed. The principal event of Friday was to have been the county pageant, which a sudden summer shower unceremoniousl}'' postponed until the next day. The pageant was prepared by Prof. Charlton Andrews of New York and directed by Mr. D. 0. Slyter of Chicago. The landscape setting of the pageant, nestled in the hollow of the beautiful and winding Whitewater, was picturesque beyond compare. A brief out- line will suggest the nature of the production, which was really a series of historic scenes in pantomime. Prelude — America — Star Spangled Banner— The Sun Worshipers. Centennial Chorus, S. E. Secoy, conductor. Prologue — Leona Margaret Morstatter. Episodes I and II Indian Scene — Arrival of Whites — First Treaty Signed — Peace Pipe Smoked. Episode III Coming of Other Pioneers — Benj. McCarty, Amos Butler, Joseph and Eobert Hanna, Pvobert Templeton, Samuel Goodwin, John Vincent, Samuel Shirk. Episode IV Home Scene, Early Days — Old Fashioned Party — Husking Bee. Episodes V and VI States of the Union — Organization of Franklin County— Appearance of "Columbia" — Reception of Indiana Into the Union. Episodes VII and VIII The Land Office — Arrival of Pioneers — Filing Land Claims — Arrival of Stage Coach — Mail Distributed— Opening of Canal. Episodes IX and X Brookville College — Students — Fiddlers — Party Event — Messenger Announces ' Rumor of War — Fall of Ft. Sumter — Call for Volunteers — Students Depart to Enlist. Interlude — Weber's Band. Return of Soldiers — Northern and Southern Home Scenes — Re- united Nation. Interlude — Weber's Band. Episode XI Coming of the Railroad — Progress Since Civil War. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 127 On Saturday morning the historical parade passed in re- view before Governor and Mrs. Samuel M. Ralston, represen- tatives of the Indiana Historical Commission, and other guests of honor. The past century of the county's history, institu- tional and industrial, was vividly shown. In the afternoon, addresses were delivered by Governor Ralston, Miss Charity Dye and Father John Cavanaugh, all of the Commission. Union Centennial religious services v/ere held Sunday after- noon. As might have been expected in such a historic center, a very fine exhibit of pioneer relics v/as made at the high school, which attracted much interest. The celebration was featured with good music by a local chorus and by the John C. Weber band of Cincinnati. Chairman Shirk and his Committee persevered in their determination to put on a dignified, patriotic observance, worthy of the State and the community, and their efforts were crowned vv^ith success. The largest crov/ds in the history of Brookville were reported. Miss Jean Case represented Franklin County in the Cen- tennial Cavalcade at Indianapolis on October 6th. FULTON Dean L. Barnhart, editor of the Rochester Sentinel, under- took the Centennial leadership in Fulton County. He mani- fested an active interest in the work, which his paper loyally supported. Circumstances arose vvhich compelled him to re- sign the chairmanship, but before doing so, he secured a sue-- cesser in the person of Dr. Wm. A. Smith. So far as the Commission could determine, the latter took no steps what- ever tov/ard a Centennial observance and no county celebra- tion was held. In May the Rochester school prepared a pageant in cele- bration of the year. Some other schools in the county gave appropriate programs, but little systematic work was done. GIBSON As a county, Gibson was one of the drones in the Cen- tennial hive. The Commission attempted pcrseveringly to get an organization launched, but without avail. After those who might most naturally be expected to take initiative in 8—15997 128 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL such a movement had dedined, C. G. Bradley, Secretary of the Princeton Chamber of Commerce, accepted the chairman- ship rather than see the county unrepresented. Soon after, he moved to another part of the State and repeated appeals failed to uncover anyone else in Princeton who seemed to care sufficiently whether or not the county played a creditable part in the patriotic movement. Vale Princeton ! Be it said, however, to their everlasting credit, that there v/ere two towns in the county that did care, and that took their place with honor in the Centennial procession. The first of these was Owensville. The local Domestic Science Club first felt the concern and was joined by the other clubs in naming J. A. Yager, superintendent of the city schools, as Chairman of the organization for arranging an Owens- ville Centennial celebration. The result was a most worthy two-day celebration on June 7th and 8th. The distinctive feature of the first day v^^as a pioneer school reunion, the central figure in which was Thomas Mar- vel, aged 82, who had taught school in that community as early as the 50's and who had "lived practically his whole life in the neighborhood, where in 1838 he went to his first school and where sixteen years later he first wielded the schoolmaster's birch." Committees from the various schools in which he had taught perfected the arrangements for the reunion of all the living members. An interesting program was presented with Mr. Marvel presiding. The Marvel school took a place of honor in the industrial and historical parade which immediately followed the reunion. During the two days of the observance, visitors thronged the museum of pioneer relics, gathered by C. E. Kimball. But the really ambitious undertaking of those patriotic Owensville folk was their community pageant, written by Mrs. A. W. Thompson, Mrs. Florence Leonard, J. Roy Strick- land, and J. A. Yager and directed by Frank W. Boren. It was held at night in an open meadow, where 300 people pre- sented important phases of state and local history before an audience of 2,500 spectators. Episode I The Prologue — A nature phantasy anterior to the com- ing of man. Episode II The Indians (localized). COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 129 Episode III First White Settlers (localized). Episode IV Part 1 — Underground Railway. Part 2 — Civil War. Episode V Prosperity and Progress. This is the barest outline of a community effort of which most enthusiastic reports were given. It was well conceived and ably executed. In reporting on the whole celebration, Chairman Yager said, "it was such a success that every one felt that Owensville can do anything!" The other Centennial town in Gibson County was Oakland City, the home of the historian, W. M. Cockrum, author of "A Pioneer History of Indiana" and "The Underground Rail- way." A two night pageant was given June 14 and 15, on the Oakland City College campus, v/hen incidents recited in Colonel Cockrum's books were presented. The pageant was YN^ritten by Ella C. Wheatley and directed by Grover W. Sims, both of the college faculty. It opened with a firefly dance by sixty girls, "a display of beauty, youth, purity and graceful- ness that held the audience in rapt attention." The history presented in the first performance dealt with Indian life and customs, followed by a portrayal of the life of the early pioneer period, closing with the council between General Har- rison and Tecumseh and the battle of Tippecanoe. The second evening's performance presented a very vivid portrayal of the institutional life of the mid-centrury period and of its development into modern life; for example, the passing of the vehicles from pioneer tinies to the present — the ox team, mules, road cart, horse and buggy, auto buggy and an up-to-the-minute six cylinder. The pageant was at once an inspiration and a call to patri- otism which, as a local report averred, will leave its lesson in the minds of those who saw it for years to come. Admission Day exercises were held by the schools of Hazel- ton and Princeton and in the evening the Woman's Clubs of the latter tov/n united in a Centennial banquet. GRANT James O. Batchelor, Mayor of Marion, who served as County Chairman, succeeded in forming a Centennial organi- zation well representative of the county as a whole. The townships showed considerable interest in cooperating in pre- senting a pageant to be given at a county celebration which v/as first set for August. 130 THE INDIANxV CENTENNIAL Later, the Centennial project was hooked up with Mar- ion's annual industrial exposition and, as usual in such a mesalliance, became an adjunct to a commercial enterprise. A professional promoter Vv^as secured, along with the usual "''free acts" associated v/ith the alluring word ''hippodrome," thus lowering the standard of what had been initiated as a real community observance and contribution to the patriotic tributes of the year. The county pageant v/as given, however, in whole or in part, each evening of the exposition, which was held October 2 to 7, various townships presenting different episodes. Eugene McGillan v/as the author and introduced much local history. The outline follows : THE PRELUDE The Landing cf the Pilgrims. Episode I The Spirit of Civilization. The Organization of Grant County. The First Marriage Ceremony. Interlude 1. The Dance of the Spirits of Agriculture. Episode II Scene 1. The Gathering of the Tribes. Scene 2. The Decree of the V/hite Man. Episode III The Naming of Marion. Episode IV Evolution of the United States Mail System. Episode V Scene 1. The arrival of the Indian Traders. Scene 2. The Abduction of- Frances Slocum. Interlude 2. The Dance of the States — War. Episode VI Scene 1. Patriotism, of Grant County Citizens. Scene 2. The Underground Railway. Scene 3. The Emancipation Proclamation. Scene 4. Surrender of Robert E. Lee to General U, S. Grant. The End of the War. Episode VII Scene 1. The Battle of the Mississinev/a. Scene 2. Peace. FINALE COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 131 During the week a collection of pioneer relics was on ex- hibit under the direction of R. L. Whitson, promoter of the well known Grant County Octogenarian Club. The annual meeting of the latter organization, held at Matter Park on August 15 was made a Centennial observance, with a fitting program of old-time mAisic and readings and an address by Daisy Douglas Barr. On Sunday, October 8, the Friends churches of Marion and Fairmount conducted all-day Centennial services in v/hich was reviewed the history of Quakerism in Indiana and its contri- bution to the progress of the Commonwealth. A few local celebrations were held in the county. Sv/ay- zee made a Centennial observance of its Fourth of July cele- bration, with a parade including historical features, an exhibit of relics of pioneer life and an address by the Rev. Joshua Stansfield. Celebrations are also reported at Upland and Jalapa. In the way of permanent memorials, the county chairman reports the Grant County Hospital ; a monument on the court house plaza to Martin Boots, founder of the city of Marion; likewise a marker in his memory by the local D. A. R. A day is reported as having been set aside in the schools for Centennial observance, but no special school celebrations were held. GREENE Sufficient interest was not aroused to hold a county cele- bration in Greene County. At the County Products Show held at Bloomfield in October, relics of early county life were shown. Worthington gave a distinctively Centennial flavor to its Fourth of July celebration, holding a home coming and put- ting on a parade which emphasized the development of state and national life. In the city plaza features of pioneer social life were portrayed and a community sing was held in which old-time melodies were enjoyed. Little attention was devoted to the Centennial by the schools of the county. Observance of Admission Day with fitting programs by the schools of Linton and Jasonville is reported. Allen G. Pate, a Bloomfield attorney, was county chair- man. Greene County was represented in the Centennial Caval- cade at Indianapolis by Miss Nevil Thompson. 132 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL HAMILTON "The Centennial of my State was celebrated and I was not there." This is the refrain which must be sung by Ham- ilton, along with some other close-in counties. On local recom- mendation, Justice Hugh Anthony Maker, of Noblesville, who knows the history of every foot of the county, was made its Centennial Chairman. Mr. Maker admits that he is a poet and prides himself on getting up at an unearthly morning hour to cultivate the Muse. However that may be, he could not get up early enough to get a Centennial celebration started in Hamilton County. Nor apparently could any one else, for following his efforts, Mrs. H. H. Thompson and Miss Lulu M. Meisse worked at the problem v/ith self-sacrificing and patriotic fervor, but without avail. Apparently Hamil- ton County in general and Noblesville in particular, felt little interest in, and less concern for, an adequate observance of their State's Centennial. Noblesville put on a horse show while the State Centennial celebration was in progress twenty miles away! While there was no concerted movement, a few churches in the county and several women's clubs gave Centennial pro- grams during the year, and some of the schools observed the anniversary in a limited way. In anticipation of Admission Day the County Teachers' Association met on December 9, when a special Indiana program was given. HANCOCK Few counties, from which much might have been expected, did so little in recognition of the Centennial as did Hancock. Responsibility for such lack of manifestation of public spirit must be divided between those who were supposed to lead in the movement, the press, v/hich practically ignored the Cen- tennial, with the exception of the Fortville Tribune, and the citizenship generally. No county organization was effected and nothing whatever done looking toward an adequate ob- servance. In the autumn of 1915, Attorney Will A. Hough of Green- field accepted the county chairmanship. The months passed and when, late in the spring, Mr. Hough, who had some ex- cellent ideas for a celebration, pleaded stress of professional duties, his resignation was accepted. No little effort was put COUNTY CELEBRATIONS • 133 forth to secure a successor, but without avail. Finally, Rus- sell H. Strickland, Secretary of the Greenfield Business Men's Association, addressed the Commission concerning the assum- ing by his organization the responsibility of a Centennial celebration. As a result, on July 6, the Director of the Com- mission met a representative committee in Mr. Strickland's office in Greenfield, and effected a reorganization, with John F. Mitchell, Jr., as county chairman. A tentative program of observance was suggested to the Committee, the distinctive feature of which was a Riley pageant to be presented on the banks of Brandywine. The Committee reacted enthusiastic- ally and, despite the late start, every prospect seemed to please. Within a few weeks the Hoosier Poet died. Instead of giving impetus to the plans for the Riley pageant, the event seemed, strangely enough, to have the opposite effect. All attention v/as so zealously turned toward securing all that was mortal of the departed poet, that the pageant idea, at least, found its last resting place in Greenfield — and a golden opportunity was lost. Nothing further was done concerning a celebration. The Federated Clubs of Greenfield, determined not to let the anniversary pass without some recognition, placed a huge boulder in the yard of the city library as a Centennial memo- rial. A short program of dedication was given on October 18th. Wilkinson, in the northeast corner of the county, must be credited with a manifestation of Centennial interest, due largely to the initiative and enthusiasm of Mrs. Martha J. Stubbs. Under her leadership a Centennial playlet was put on twice, from which sufficient proceeds were realized to in- sure the placing of markers on the sites of the first church, schoolhouse and cemetery in Brown township. The schools in some parts of the county observed the Cen- tennial v^^ith patriotic programs, the placing of permanent memorials being reported by two — a Centennial stone with patriotic exercises, by Green township, and the planting of a Centennial Elm at Charlottesville. Several addresses of a Centennial nature were given in connection with graduating exercises, and all the schools included Indiana history in their work. Admission Day was generally observed. 134 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL HARRISON Boasting the cradle of Indiana statehood, no county had greater inspiration for a proper observance of the Centennial, and no county justified itself more thoroughly than did Har- rison. Old Corydon, with its tender memories and associa- tions clustering around the old court house, the Constitutional Elm and other historic spots, was the object of pilgrimage from all over the State and beyond. To visit this shrine of patriotism, v/as to strike the note of sentiment, of love, of veneration, v/ithout which patriotism must be an empty thing of words. Be it said and re-echoed to the credit of Harrison County, and Corydon in particular, that her citizens did not rely on his- torical atmosphere alone to put them on the Centennial map of Indiana. They "hustled history." They shovv^ed them- selves to be keenly alive to the greater responsibility resting upon them because of the historical associations v/hich clus- tered about them, and manifested a convincing demonstration of tv/entieth century energy and enthusiasm in observing a nineteenth century anniversary. Led by Thos. J. Wilson, County Chairman, and Lev/ M. O'Bannon, member of the State Commission, and supported by a loyal group of earnest citizens, the Harrison County celebration could not have been less the success it was. The county had two great possibilities and realized them both. On the one hand, in its inclusiveness and significance, its celebration was essentially a state celebration. On the other, nestling semi-remotely among the hills of the Ohio, in its execution, its observance was necessarily a community effort. And thus it was — a neighborly, intelligent and patri- otic people, uniting in the glorification of their own past, which was the past of their commonwealth. In October of 1915, the Historical Commission journeyed to Corydon where it met in business session and rendezvoused with the citizenry of the old capitol. Public meetings were held reverberating with patriotic flights. Visits were made to points of historic interest. Visitor and visited mingled to- gether in hospitable homes and fellowshipped at the banquet board. All of which was presumed to give encouragement and impetus to Harrison county to live up to its past in the good year of 1916. This purpose was doubtless realized. But The Capitol at Corydon — the Birthplace of the Constitution fl'io ) COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 137 it is just as true that this pilgrimage toned up the Commis- sion, historically speaking, imparting to it a new enduement of the Centennial spirit and rendering it more capable of supervising the patriotic activities of the coming year. As a means of dem.ocratizing the movement in Harrison County and giving as many as possible a part in it, the "Old Capitol Centennial Association" was formed, with a nominal membership fee prescribed. Citizens of Corydon went out over the county in autos, speaking to the people and enlisting their cooperation. The county chairman visited different parts of the county, making addresses and arousing interest in the cause. The county was thus thoroughly organized with Centennial committees in each township. Contributing toward the same end was the work in the schools. County Superintendent A. 0. DeWeese proclaimed February 4th as the day on which celebration exercises should be held in every school district, encouraging patrons to ac- company the children, all spending the day together in festal, patriotic observance. The state celebration at Corydon took place June 2nd and 3rd, when Indiana journeyed southv/ard to its Mecca. Two days could not have been more crowded with patriotic ob- servance and the manifestation of southern hospitality. The State was officially represented by Governor Ralston and the State Commission, he and other members being accompanied by their v/ives, all being entertained in the homes of Corydon. Governor and Mrs. Ralston v/ere royally received on their arrival. The "Yellow Jackets," Captain Spier Spencer's com- pany of soldiers who fought the Indians at Tippecanoe in 1811, and who were to repeat the performance on the follov/- ing day, escorted the Governor and his party into town amid the huzzas of citizens. Leading the way in this procession were the six v/omen on horseback v/ho were to represent in the pageant, America, and Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the five States formed from the Northwest Territory. On both forenoons the assembled thousands were favored with patriotic drills and symbolic dances by school children. The Corydon schools drilled on both days. On Friday, fifty pupils from the Jeffersonville schools, led by Miss Lena Board, put on some beautiful drills and pantomime representations, 138 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL among the latter being ''Indiana's Hope," "A Century of Posies," "The Call of the West," "Pastoral Rhythms," "The Pioneer's Farewell," "Woodland Nymphs." On Saturday morning Evansville school children appeared on the scene, five hundred strong, accompanied by their High School Band, and before an immense crowd at the fair grounds, presented a wonderfully attractive array of drills and folk dances, di- rected by Prof. Julius Doerter. The Corydon celebration did not lack good and appropri- ate music. The Indiana University Orchestra was an in- valuable accompaniment to the pageant, reproducing much of the music which was heard in the Bloomington pageant two weeks previously. The Purdue University Band was present, intersticing patriotic airs through the various exer- cises. On Friday night an appropriate concert was given by the Corydon Choral Club, in which the Purdue Band assisted. A pretty feature of the Friday morning program was the vast pilgrimage from the Public Square to the Constitutional Elm, filling the streets their full width all the way. A brief, impressive program, consisting of the singing of "Indiana" by grade pupils of the Corydon schools, led by Miss Clara Bennett, and of a brief address by Congressman Merrill Moores, was rendered under the magnificent historic tree. From the elm, the march was taken back to the Square where a Centennial Elm was planted with appropriate ceremony. Judge William Ridley made an address to which Governor Ralston responded, the latter then planting the tree. Being held so near the Mason and Dixon line, the Corydon celebration just naturally couldn't get along without a plethora of eloquence. In order to get all the oratory in, or out, some of it had to be released during the pageant. But they were good speeches. On Friday, Congressman Merrill Moores, whose grandfather was treasurer of the State in the days of its beginnings, gave a carefully prepared historical address on "Indiana in 1816." Father John Cavanaugh, President of Notre Dame University and a member of the Commission, spoke on "What Constitutes a State." The sub- ject of the Governor's address was the talismanic "1916." On S^aturday, Frank C. Dailey spoke on "Indiana's Literary Achievements," and former Vice-President Charles W. Fair- banks on "Indiana Among the Sisterhood of States." COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 130 "1916" By Governor Samuel M. Ralston Enshrined in the hearts of every people is some place — some loved or sacred spot — to which they journey for inspira- tion, courage and renewed faith. The Jews make their pil- grimage to Jerusalem — their promised land. The Moham- medans return to Mecca; the Greek scholars visit the Acro- polis at Athens and recall the triumphs of their state; the Italians seek out St. Peter's and revel in its glories of art and architecture and the former power of Rome; and the Americans turn their faces and footsteps to Mt. Vernon and Monticello, where they reconsecrate themselves to the ideals of Americanism. A HOOSIER SHRINE It is therefore fitting that Hoosiers in this, the Centennial Year of their State, should come to Corydon, Indiana's first capital, to recall something of the state's history — something of the sacrifices of the Pioneer Fathers and to strengthen their love of and devotion to those principles of free govern- ment that were here so ably enunciated in the state's first chart of liberty, the Constitution of 1816. The Hoosier who cannot be here on this occasion, should at least follow the example of the Moslem who, at sunrise, turns his face toward Mecca for religious inspiration, and turn his eyes and mind hither in contemplation of what was here wrought for his State and posterity. A TRIBUTE TO JENNINGS I cannot, of course, in the brief moments alloted me, pay tribute by name to each of our pioneer statesmen, whose pub- lic services rendered here add luster to the subject assigned me — 1916. I am not forgetful of the fact, however, that many of the advantages enjoyed by our State today are di- rectly traceable to the work wrought here. Nor do I forget that it was at this shrine of Hoosier liberty, where Jonathan Jennings, the first Governor of Indiana, my first great prede- cessor in office, served the people of our State, in the first years of her youth, with signal devotion and v^^isdom. While yet a young man, he was one of the statesmen philosophers 140 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL whose guiding genius as president of the Constitutional Con- vention under the historic elm gave form and substance to the constitution here adopted. He was born and educated in the State of New Jersey. In his early manhood he cast his fortunes with the people of Indiana Territory, and it is not hard to understand why he v/as a successful leader of men when his conceptions and ideals of life are understood. In common with all men of a practical turn of mind he knew the indispensable place held in society by material things. He did not underrate the advantages of his state's and country's material resources, such as their land and their rivers, their forests and their mines; but he recognized that these min- istered almost v/liolly to the physical man, and that beyond them — far transcending as factors in civilization — were heart attributes and ethical principles indispensable to the highest type of civilization, and upon v/hich civil liberty itself de- pends. That I have thus correctly characterized him is made clear by a brief excerpt from his first message to the first legislature of Indiana. He said : "Under every free government the happiness of the citizens must be identified v/ith their morals; and while a constitutional exercise of their rights shall con- tinue to have its weight in the discharge of the duties required of the constitutional authorities of the State, too much attention cannot be bestowed to the encour- agement and promotion of every moral virtue, and to the enactment of lav/s calculated to restrain the vicious and prescribe punishment for every crime commensur- ate to its enormity." After a hundred years' experience, I believe all those in- terested in the peace and dignity and perpetuity of our com- monv/ealth subscribe to the philosophy of their first Hoosier Governor — that the happiness of the people of the State de- pends upon the morals of the State and that if the morals of a commonwealth are cast to the winds, it necessarily destroys the pillars upon which her institutions have been reared. THE LAW OP COMPENSATION In prescribing punishment, though our pioneer statesmen did it on humane lines, they did it in full recognition of the COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 141 inflexible rule of compensation; that is to say, in some way or other, the wrongdoer pays either in a lesser or a greater measure for his wrongful act. If not in dollars and cents or in deprivation of liberty, he does so in the deterioration of his moral fibre. And however much we may modify physical punishment, hov\^ever much v/e may repudiate the thought or theory of vindictive justice, we cannot, and v/e should not, attempt to ignore the natural and inevitable law of compen- sation. That law has its proper place in the regulation and reformation of all human affairs. WILL NOT DISCUSS COMMERCIALISM I decline to talk today about the physical aspects of Hoos- ierdom, either in 1816 or 1916. I decline to talk today either of the log cabin of 1816 or of the palace of 1916 in Hoosier- dom. I decline to talk today about the limited transportation facilities of 1816, or of the unparalleled transportation facili- ties of 1916 in Hoosierdom. I decline to talk today of the commercial and industrial institutions of 1816 or 1916 in Hoosierdom. While all these things are patent, and are es- sentials of society, they are also the common things of society, and can v/ell be omitted from consideration by those who are congregated at this shrine of citizenship — at this altar of a home-coming, to vie with one another in honoring the mem- ory of the pioneers of their State, and to pledge themselves anew to the fundamental things — to the things that make for character building and true welfare for themselves and their posterity. VALUE OF HOME LIFE If I were asked to single out the dominant thought of 1916 in Hoosierdom, I v/ould not liesitate to say it is home building, and home life. The people's best efforts and highest aspirations are put forth to make the home more secure in its purity and its comforts. It is not only the family's castle across whose threshold the highest oflicial m.ay not pass un- bidden, but it is the safeguard of a sane civilization. In it are cultivated the sturdy virtues of honor and loyalty — of vigor and gentility. We can v/ell honor the pioneers who here wrought for us, for they vv^ere ndt mistaken in their conception of home and 142 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL the important relation it sustains to society. Every com- munity has its unfortunate class — those who, often without fault on their part, are without homes. The pioneers that here legislated for their State were most familiar with human experiences, and in so far as they could, they sought to put it in the power of every citizen, however unfortunate, to have a home, without loss of self-respect. By the constitution here adopted it was made the duty of the legislature to provide sufficient land whereon those per- sons who, by reason of age, infirmity or other misfortunes have a claim upon society, might have employment and proper comfort, and, in the phraseology of the constitution, "lose by their usefulness the degrading sense of dependence." Though it be a public institution where shelter and food and clothes are provided, yet if those who are the recipients thereof, have the opportunity through their labor and industry to contribute to the maintenance of the institution, they naturally attach themselves to it as though it were in truth and in fact their home, and they stand ready to defend it as such. This keeps burning in them the spirit of citizenship and gives them a better and more wholesome view of life. The year 1916 shares this idea of the fathers — the important factor, home, is in the life of every individual. HOMES FOR DEPENDENT CHILDREN Some years ago our State sought, through its Board of State Charities, to make this idea workable in the case of de- pendent children. The legislature of 1897 charged this Board with the responsibility of securing private homes for this class of children. The legislature believed, as you and I be- lieve, that it makes no difference how ideal the public institu- tion may be, it does not secure for children the advantages of a home. That child is an object of pity v/hich does not have these advantages, and the Board of State Charities has been most vigilant in maintaining a watchful care over the homeless children of the commonwealth. Since 1897 it has placed in homes 3,434 children. Before anyone of this unfortunate class is allowed to take his place in a home as a member thereof, the home and its surroundings are most thor- oughly inspected. Ninety-six per cent of those put in such homes have made good; and those who have had this great COUNTY CELEBRATIONS . 143 social work in hand are saving this army of children to good citizenship ; and they are also saving the taxpayers of the state from having to provide public homes therefor at an an- nual cost of more than $400,000. The year 1916 is hon- oring itself by this work, and cheerfully acknowledges that it caught the spirit therefor from the Pioneer Fathers. All our benevolent and reformatory institutions are managed from the humane and self-respecting viewpoint and to dis- courage the pauper spirit. AN EDUCATED CITIZENSHIP Those who builded here our first constitution believed in an educated citizenship, and they sought to secure it by pro- viding for a system of schools beginning with the township and culminating in a state university, stipulating that the education provided for therein shall be free. Pioneer citizens did not receive much, if any, advantage from this wholesome constitutional provision. A system of education necessarily has to be thought out with great care. It requires trained talent, much experience and public cooperation. The diffi- culties the pioneers encountered in making a living for them- selves and families left them but little time to put an educa- tional system into operation; besides, the free school system at that time was not without opposition — I might say most stubborn opposition. And it was greatly to the credit of those pioneering the development of our State, that by the time a third of a century had passed in the life of Indiana they had suceeded in constructing what was in truth and in fact a fine free school system. It is instructive as well as interesting to consider the work done in that period of our state's history by our educational institutions, in comparison with what these institutions are doing for the public in 1916. The lack of funds with which to carry on educational work was until recent years a serious problem. Not until very recently was there ample provisions made to carry forward on a proper basis the work of our three state educational institutions, Indiana University, Pur- due University, and the State Normal School. The year 1916 is therefore enjoying greater educational advantages and facilities than has any previous year in the brilliant history of our beloved State. 144 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION NEEDED I have said in substance on a former occasion that one of the tragedies of this nation — and Indiana has had her part in it — has been the turning of boys and girls out of school without proper qualifications on the part of the vast majority of them to do their life work. A comparatively few of them were taught learnedly hov/ to deal with Greek roots, but the tragedy lies in the fact that the great majority of them will have to deal in the practical affairs of life — with beet roots, and corn roots and v/heat roots and a hundred other roots, on the flower and fruit of which the world must subsist ; and about these the public teachers and schools until recent years taught them nothing. Teachers and schools until recently taught them nothing of the plane and the mill ; nothing of the forge and the factory. Coordination of hand and mind has until. recently been neglected. And so 1916 is standing, not alone for a so-called higher or literary education, but also for a practical, that is a voca- tional education. Nineteen hundred and sixteen believes in a ripe scholarship, but it has common sense enough to know that the great majority of mankind will always remain hew- ers of wood and drav/ers of vvater, and for these, 1916 main- tains there should be provided a practical education. WHAT THE CENTENNIAL YEAR DEMANDS Nineteen hundred and sixteen maintains that the public is more interested in having the boy equipped for the farm or factory, than it is in having him prepared to operate on V/all street. Nineteen hundred and sixteen maintains, that domestic science serves society to a better purpose than does either the science of the stars, or the thin polish of the finish- ing school. Nineteen hundred and sixteen insists that the kitchen is more of a factor in the family life than it is possible for the observatory to be, and this is not saying anything against the observatory. It is the belief of 1916 that the phil- osopher, "who sitteth on the circle of the heavens" does not contribute, in the same degree, to the public welfare as does the man v/ho develops a fine farm, or a great industry in a manner calculated to dignify labor and humanize capi- tal. Nineteen hundred and sixteen is taking a stronger stand on the side of the little "Davids" v/ith their flocks of goats and sheep, and v/hile it v/ould not do injustice to the COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 145 ambitious "Jonathans" thirsting for power, it would have the latter not to forget the doctrine of the Elder Brother — not to forget that both are from the same source and fated for the same destiny. THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL In my message to the legislature of 1915 I asked lor an appropriation that would enable the State to celebrate, in 1916, the hundredth anniversary of the admission of Indiana into the Union. I asked for it because of the marvelous his- tory of our State. I asked for it because our people love their State. I asked for it because they are proud of her achievements along every line that causes a people to be rec- ognized as great — great in material progress and greater still in moral and intellectual development. I asked for it because of its educative benefit and the spirit such an event would arouse among our people; and I asked for it because not to have done so would have, in my judgment, shown a lack of patriotism on my part. The appropriation was made. It was but $25,000, yet it has enabled the Indiana Historical Commission created by that legislature and charged with this duty, to carry forward its work, not on a broad scale, but the Commission hopes in a satisfactory manner to the people under all the circum- stances. As the work of the Commission has progressed the interest of the people in every section of the State has be- come aroused in the historic event. They are studying as never before the history of this young republic, and as a re- sult their vision has been extended and they will enter upon the second century of their statehood a wiser, a better and a more masterful people. STATE PRIDE No people can feel the enthusiasm and possess the passion and pride the normal man and the normal woman feel in the history of their State, without becoming strengthened as a community and equipped for greater tasks in the future. Richly indeed has heaven smiled upon this community. It is one of the shrines of human liberty. Those who wrought here for civil government brought to you an inheritance more valuable than all the wealth of Golconda. If it were in the power of Harrison County to deprive herself of the distinc- 9—15997 146 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL tion of being the home wherein Indiana's statehood was born, she would not surrender that distinction for the wealth of the State. There are some things in this life, thank God, the value of which cannot be estimated in dollars and cents or in glittering jewels! As I stand here before you, my countrymen, on this, one of the proudest days of my life, it is not hard for me to imagine I hear the voices of a hundred years ago, on this sacred spot, opposing human servitude and advocating the equality of man. It is not hard for me to imagine that I hear them resolving to erect a State eternally dedicated to liberty, wherein men may do justly and love mercy, and walk humbly before their God. No, not for the wealth of the nation would Harrison county and her citizenship surrender the ideals here suggested in the birth of our State. Here was born the 19th child of the American Republic. It was then a frontier State, a child of the forest whose life was constantly menaced by the tomahawk and the firebrand. But today, geographically, materially and intellectually, she is the very heart of the nation. I indulge not in fulsome praise when I say her writers, her educators, her scientists and her statesmen walk the imperial highways of the thought and culture of the world. INDIANA'S DEVOTION '^O AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS Never before in her history was Indiana prouder of the place she holds in the galaxy of American States than is she in this, her Centennial Year, 1916. Never before in her his- tory was she stronger in her devotion to the institutions of our common country, and in her love of the flag of the nation — a flag that symbolizes the finest aspirations and the high- est hopes of the American people. In this good year of her Centennial anniversary she hails that banner as representa- tive of faith, brotherhood, liberty and justice — true children of the American republic, purchased by the blood of patriots and for all time civilization's imperishable jewels. She loves the flag because it is an inspiration to the American citizen and a light to the world. She loves it because it is higher today than ever before in the face of the world, seeking to lead the nations of the earth to peace — a peace that shall en- dure with time. The citizen understanding its significance COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 147 grows stronger in his patriotism as he contemplates the won- derful things back of it. Back of it stands the sacred honor of a nation. Back of it are the families, the homes, and the institutions of a free people. It represents their best heart- throbs and holiest aspirations. Every one who salutes this emblem of national integrity, of national unity, and of per- sonal liberty should be profoundly impressed with the obliga- tions his salutation imposes upon him in the discharge of his citizenly duties. Here, then, on this memorable occasion, in discharge of a solemn duty, we pledge anew the faith of our State to American institutions and again and again swear eternal allegiance to the American Flag. WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE By Father John Cavanaugh When I was honored with an invitation to preside over the Centennial Celebration in "Old Corydon" I was informed that the program would consist of an address by Congress- man Moores on "1816" and an address by Governor Ralston on "1916" and that I might have all the rest of the time. Now, I enjoy the distinction of having made the longest speech on record in the history of mankind. Last January, attending a banquet in New York, I delivered an address over the long distance wire to an audience in San Francisco. That speech was about 4,000 miles long. I have never ventured to make an address that would run through the entire cen- tury, and therefore, while one of my friends is to speak on "1816" and the other on "1916," I must respectfully decline to use all the intervening time. Standing with uncovered head in this Bethlehem of In- diana's statehood I lift my voice in thanksgiving to Almighty God for the blessings He has showered on the State of In- diana during the century of its life. It is a commonwealth within the great Republic of America. Take the map of the United States; sweep your eye over that enormous empire stretching from Portland, Maine, to Portland, Oregon, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. It is larger than the world-wide empire of Caesar; it is wealthy beyond even the dreams of avarice. Upon that imperial domain great mountain ranges cleave the clouds; within their heav- 148 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL ing turgid bosoms lies concealed more wealth than exists in all the world beside. The body of the empire is veined and arteried with great natural water-courses through which surges and beats the national life. Great cities sit secure upon her hilltops or nestle in her large and comfortable val- leys ; upon her broad prairies and among her rolling hills live multitudes of happy, prosperous people. Her citizenship is the most honored in the world; her power is felt wherever men exist. In manufacturing and commerce she is peerless and apart ; in the gentler graces of life she has, though young, had honorable part. Her passion for education is a sublime example. Nowhere else are truth and honor held in greater veneration ; nowhere else in all the world do the fires of patri- otism burn so brightly on the altars of liberty. Her history is bespangled with exploits of valor in war and deeds of de- votion in peace. She has made practical the dream of uni- versal manhood suffrage; she has written in letters of light the story of her industrial genius. Like the eagle poised in incommunicable sunshine, she has a place apart through her commercial prosperity. She is the haven for the oppressed of every land ; she is the hope of uncounted millions lying still unborn in the womb of time. She is the supreme republic of the world and her people cherish her with a patriotism that is almost idolatry. The student of history might well write it upon his tablets that the people of America are indeed heirs of all the ages in the foremost files of time. Of all the forty-eight commonwealths in that noble sister- hood of States, none has shared more abundantly in the bless- ings of American prosperity and freedom than the State of Indiana. Her natural resources are as varied as they are in- exhaustible ; her citizenship is unsurpassed in patriotism ; her schools, once a by-word on the lips of scornful men, now rank among the most efficient in the land. Her roll of honor is long and brilliant, and comprises not alone statesmen and educators and warriors, but poets, romancers and historians as well. Her plains and fields have a richness as of the Nile. Her intelligent and beneficent laws are the outward witness to the high and refined civilization that flourishes within her borders. Her heroism in time of war has been brilliant as her patriotism in peace has ahvays been alert and unwaver- ing. Her great factories have hummed a song of industry COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 149 that is heard around the world, and from her happy homes three milHons of people with reverent hearts send up a shout of thanksgiving today for the blessings of a hundred years and pray for a continuance of them through all the future time. For without doubt the favor of heaven is necessary for the well-being of the State we love. What constitutes a commonwealth? Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay. Material prosperity is unquestionably a boon to be de- sired, but its appeal is universal and constant and there is little danger that it will be neglected or destroyed. The use- ful may always be left to take care of itself. It is the beauti- ful, the good, the true, that must be tenderly nurtured and cherished. You may destroy the wealth of a nation, but if the heart of the people is sound and their principles high and true, the destiny of that nation is secure. The storms of the outer world may sweep over it in unholy violence, all the powers of Hell may be unchained against it, it may be men- aced by enemies from without and dangers within, but so long as the people maintain in their hearts and manifest in their lives the knowledge and love of Almighty God, so long will that people, immortal with divine immortality, strong with divine strength, heroic with the heroism that exalts and inspires, be a tower of strength for the defense of liberty. Wealth has its use in the world, and it is the duty of the civil powers to create and preserve conditions suitable for mate- rial prosperity. Great indeed is wealth, but the highways of history are strewn with the wrecks of nations in which wealth accumulated and men decayed. Great is power and influence in the councils of the world, but there are nations smarting under the lash of tyranny and fretting in the chains of bondage today that are fossil remains of great people, once the masters of the world. Culture is exquisite, culture is noble, culture is humanizing, but there are nations that sat in majesty as the schoolmasters of the world and are now steeped in ignorance, their brilliant lights extinguished, their ancient glory departed, their men of genius lost like wander- ing stars, or like the waves of the sea foaming out their own confusion. Rome had her wealth, and in the corruption de- picted on the walls of Pompeii you read the story of her 150 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL ruin. Macedonia had power, but the sons of Macedonia today stand in admiration of the splendor of nations that were savage tribes in the forests of Europe when Philip reigned in Macedon and Alexander had made conquest of the world. Athens had culture, but the glory that was Athens has de- parted, or remains only to torment the schoolboy. These na- tions failed because corruption like a worm fed on their damask cheek. They failed because the heart of the people was made effeminate by indolence and indulgence and the morals of the people undermined by vice. And while this day we lift our voices in reverent thanksgiving for the past, we pray the God of nations to protect us against the dangers that lie in our path. I appeal for the spiritual in the life of our commonwealth. I know there are those who believe that the refinements of comfort that go with wealth bring refinements of spirit as well, but the story of the most luxurious nations of the past utters eloquent denial. I know that there are those who be- lieve that mental culture has powers to save society, but they are those who are blind to the lessons of the past. A few years ago there stood before the world a man whose genius, had it been properly directed, might have shed light and strength upon the race of men; he was truly a lord of lan- guage; he played upon the resources of our English tongue as a great master charms forth undreamed of melodies from the heart of a grand organ. Within the memory of any man now living the thing called culture has never gone further than in Oscar Wilde, exquisite poet, eloquent orator, master of marvelous prose, arbiter of fashion, standard of literary taste, dictator of literary destinies — culture has never gone further within the memory of living man. He was the apostle of aestheticism, and while his eccentricities excited some derision, his genius, his exquisite refinement of speech and manner were such as to bear down the ridicule and win for him the admiration of men. He believed in salvation through the gospel of culture ; he chanted in glorious language the dirges of dead religions; he summoned humanity to lift its face to the sun that was to usher in the great day of emancipation from ancient and outworn creeds. The day of emancipation never came, but in its stead came a day when that man of genius stood in prison stripes behind prison bars. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 151 flung there by an outraged world for unspeakable crimes against morality. The people who would save humanity through the gospel of culture; who would incite men to be sober and chaste, and who would lift them out of the gutter by giving them social ambitions and teaching them the habits of educated people, ought to bear in mind that neither amuse- ments nor social ambitions ever kept a man or woman from the grogshops or the brothel when they wanted to go there. You cannot fight liquor or lust in the soul with magic lan- terns, or even by clean clothes and nice table manners. Only one thing in all the world can do it, and that is religion, the cultivated conscience, a profound conviction that acts have consequences both in this world and in the next. What, then, will make a people great, or, being so, will keep it great? I answer, the development of its spiritual powers, and that alone. The strongest power in the world is religion. The greatest energizing force in the world is religion. The mainspring of all lofty action in every age of the world has been religion, which first fastened on the scattered families of men and wrought them into primitive social unity. The great educator has been religion, which took hold of savage tribes, strong in the strength of the earth, and bent their stubborn necks to the yoke of obedience and restraint. The primary function of the church, of course, is to make men holy rather than cultured, but because in the accomplishment of her high mission she has felt constrained to invoke all the aids and instrumentalities by which men may be in- fluenced by their betterment, the church is found in history to have been a school of music and poetry and eloquence and painting and architecture. A famous art critic has made a list of the twelve greatest pictures, and every picture of these supreme twelve portrays a religious subject. The most beau- tiful structures ever reared by the genius of man are the cathedrals of Europe. The most exquisite music has been woven around religious words. And so the great educator from the beginning has been religion. The great colonizer has been religion, which has done over the whole earth what it did in our own America — gathered up little groups of men, torn them away from their homes, planted them in fresh soil under alien skies where they might find the liberty denied them at home to worship God accord- 152 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL ing to conscience, "to build their own altars, to light their own sacrificial fires, to utter in fuller freedom those peti- tions for help and strength and consolation that in a hun- dred tongues and in temples of a thousand shapes men every day send up to God." It is religion and the spiritual power generated by religion, that alone can perpetuate a state. Re- ligion must come to teach, first of all, the lesson of reverence — reverence for life, reverence for property rights, reverence for the home, reverence for all things sacred — and she must say to America : "As you have your symbol so have I mine. Your flag was but a bit of painted cloth until it was made to stand for great realities; for equality under the law, for the fullest measure of personal liberty, for a thousand deeds of heroism on a hundred battlefields. My symbol is the Cross. In pagan days it was a token of infamy, but one day on a little hill in old Judea there loomed against the sky a cross on which hung, naked and bleeding, the truest, noblest man that ever lived — nailed there because He loved his brothers and would do them good: and since that day the cross has been treasured as the holiest of symbols by all civilized men." Religion must come to the State and say: "I admire your zeal for schools and colleges and universities. I recognize and honor your passion for learning; but I warn you that nimble minds and athletic bodies never yet made a noble and enduring and God-fearing nation." I remind you that the heart of culture is culture of the heart, the soul of improve- ment is improvement of the soul, that great epochs, creative epochs, the outstanding epochs that have glorified humanity have all been epochs of strong religious faith, that faith which watches over the cradles of nations while unbelief doubts and argues above their graves. Gentlemen, it is on this force you must rely for the solu- tion of a problem which threatens the interests of property and the very existence of the Republic. Religion must con- front Anarchy face to face and she must say to Anarchy: "The most sacred thing in all the world is authority. Author- ity is the golden ladder whose lowest round rests upon earth and whose top is bound to the great white throne of God." St. Paul speaks of the freedom wherewith Christ has made us free. Accept the law of God and you become a child of freedom; despise that law and you have become the slave COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 153 of passion. Accept the laws of health and you live a happy, wholesome life; despise them and nature will scourge you with the whips of scorpions and plague and disease. Accept the laws of the commonwealth and you move among your fellows majestic and as an independent being; transgress those laws and you must shun the face of day and skulk in the darkness like a hunted, hated thing. Wherever you turn, whether to religion or philosophy or history, whether to na- ture without or conscience within, whether to the health of soul or body, this lesson is written in letters of fire all over the universe : Obey law or die. Religion must confront socialism face to face and she must say: I am the church of the poor as well as the rich. The millionaire and mendicant kneel in equal humbleness here. The prince and the pauper alike approach my altar table with folded hands and downcast eyes. The rich and the poor you shall always have with you. You will always have Dives feasting in his banquet hall and Lazarus languishing at his gate. So long as men are born with unequal powers and labor with unequal energy and live lives with unequal wisdom you will always have the rich and poor. You cannot change these things. I have nothing but condemnation for the ef- forts of those long-haired men and short-haired women who would charm away as with a magic wand the weaknesses, the sins and the poverty of the world ; and who dangle before the dazzled eyes of humanity the irridescent vision of a Utopia where the richest are poor and the poorest live in abundance. Robbery is poor business for an honest people. It is just as wrong to kick a man because he is up as to kick a man be- cause he is down. Religion must say to the emigrant freshly landed on our shores : You are welcome to this land, where more than any- where else on earth the dignity of human nature is recognized and honored. You are welcome to this land where more than anywhere else on earth liberty is poured out in abundance on the lives of men. But remember, you are to leave at the threshold of America the inherited hatreds and the centuried wrongs that have come to you from tyrranies of kings and princes, and you must not wreak on America the vengeance born of ancient grudges and hatreds and quarrels in the coun- try you left behind you. 154 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL And to America, religion must say: Broad as is thy im- perial bosom, sweeping from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, stately as are the great rivers sweeping from the mountains to the sea, there is not room in America for two flags, and neither the red flag of anarchy nor the yellow flag of treason must ever be permitted to pollute the breezes that kiss and caress the folds of Old Glory. Standing, still with uncovered heads, our faces upturned to the God of our fathers, we lift up our voices once more in thanksgiving for the blessings of the past and in humble ap- peal for divine favor in the years to come. And as in retro- spect we look back in solemn pride upon the pioneers and the ancient heroic days and the glorious memories of the years that are sped ; and as in anticipation looking forward through the mists of yearning we think upon the days to come, let us nerve our hearts with the resolution to live worthy of the traditions v\^e inherit — traditions of honor, traditions of pa- triotism, traditions of high achievement, so that a hundred years from today another generation of Americans standing where we stand today may give thanks for us as we give thanks for the men of old, the men of gold, who in privation, in labor, with honor and integrity in the fear and love of God and for the glory of His name laid deep and broad in the wilderness the foundations of this great State. INDIANA IN 1816 By Merrill Moores, Member of Congress from the Seventh District of Indiana Today we are here in response to the call of the greatest of our poets, uttered years ago, but urgent today : Le's go a-visitin' back to Grigsby's Station — Back where the latch-string 's a-hangin' from the door, And ever' neighbor round the place is dear as a relation — Back where we ust to be so happy and so pore. Le's go a-visitin' back to Grigsby's Station — Back where there's nothin' aggervatin' any more, Shet away safe in the woods around the old location — Back where we ust to be so happy and so pore. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 155 What's in all this grand life and high situation, And nary pink nor holly-hock a-bloomin' at the door? Le's go a-visitin' back to Grigsby's Station — Back where we ust to be so happy and so pore. Today the people of Indiana go a-visitin' back to Grigsby's Station and the sovereign State sings with another, but not a greater, poet: Dost thou look back on what hath been. As some divinely gifted man, Whose life in low estate began And on a simple village green: Who breaks his birth's invidious bar. And grasps the skirts of happy chance. And breasts the blows of circumstance. And grapples with his evil star: Who makes by force his merit known, And lives to clutch the golden keys, To mould a m.ighty state's decrees. And shape the whisper of the throne: And moving up from high to higher, Becomes on Fortune's crowning slope The pillar of a people's hope. The center of a world's desire. In becoming modesty, forgetful of what our State ac- complished in a brief century of life, laying aside all thought of what Indiana is today in the great sisterhood of States, let us reverently approach the cradle of her babyhood, that we may do fitting honor to the pioneers, to whose labors and sufferings our three million citizens are indebted for what Indiana is today. Civilized Indiana was not conquered from the wilderness without bloodshed, in addition to toil and privation. The first European settlement within its borders was effected by men of Norman blood at Vincennes early in the eighteenth century and about two centuries ago. Eighty years before the con- stitutional convention met at Corydon, on Palm Sunday, 1736, as we are told, the commandant at Vincennes (a nephew of Louis Joliet, who, with Father Marquette, explored the Mississippi in 1673) was, in company with his general, D'Artaguette, and his faithful chaplain, Father Senat, mis- sionary priest at Vincennes, burned at the stake by hostile Chickasaws, who had raided the post. 156 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The story of Pontiac's conspiracy and war tells of fierce fighting in and across the Indiana Territory as long ago as 1763. A party of Indians, under an English captain named Henry Bird, guided by the renegade, Simon Girty, in 1780, crossed Indiana, and raided the Kentucky settlements along the Licking, killing and scalping every white hunter and trap- per encountered. One need only recall the massacres from Lochry's Creek in 1780 and Vincennes in 1785 to those at Pigeon Roost and around Vallonia in 1812 ; Clark's expedition in 1786 and Wilkinson's later, the successive defeats of Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair, followed by Wayne's victory in 1794, and the final conquest of the hostile Indians in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort Wayne, to realize the risk of fortune and liberty and life taken by the pioneers of Indiana. In 1800 the census gave Indiana 5,506 people. In 1810 the population had grown to 24,000, divided between four counties, Harrison, 3,595; Knox, 7,945; Clark, 5,670, and Dearborn, 7,310. In December, 1815, by a territorial census, the territory had grown so rapidly, since the cessation of hostilities with the Indians, that the population was only a hundred short of 68,000; and of the thirteen counties, Harrison was fifth with 6,975. That the new State was growing with tremendous rapidity is shown by the fact that in the next four years the popula- tion more than doubled; it increased 116 per cent and became 146,988. The life of the Indiana pioneer cannot be better told than it has been in the verse of the greatest of our poets, from whom I quote again: And musing thus today, the pioneer Whose brawny arm hath grubbed a pathway here. Stands raptly with his vision backward turned To where the log-heap of the past was burned. And sees again as in some shadowy dream, Or sniffing, with his antlers lifted high, The wild deer bending o'er the hidden stream, The gawky crane, as he comes trailing by And drops in shallow tides below to wade On tilting legs, thro' dusky depths of shade, While, just across, the glossy otter slips Like some wet shadow 'neath the ripples' tips As drifting from the thicket-hid bayou, The wild duck paddles past his rendezvous. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 157 In picturing the log cabin home of early times, the poet said : - "^ And o'er the vision, like a mirage, falls The old log cabin with its dingy walls, And crippled chimney with the crutch-like prop Beneath a sagging shoulder at the top; The coon skin battened fast on either side; The v/isps of leaf tobacco — cut and dried; The yellow strands of quartered apples hung In rich festoons that tangle in among The morning-glory vines that clamber o'er The little clapboard roof above the door; The old well sweep that drops a courtesy To every thirsty soul so graciously; The stranger, as he drains the dripping gourd. Intuitively murmurs, "Thank the Lord." The interior of the cabin was pictured with : Bough-filled fireplace and the mantel wide. Its fire-scorched ankles stretched on either side, Where, perched upon its shoulders, 'neath the joist The old clock hiccoughed, harsh and husky-voiced; Tomatoes, red and yellow, in a row Reserved not then for diet, but for show. Like rare and precious jewels in the rough. Whose worth was not appraised at half enough. The jars of jelly, with their dusty tops; The bunch of pennyroyal, the cordial drops; The flask of camphor and the vial of squills; The box of buttons, garden seeds and pills. And ending all the mantel's bric-a-brac, The old, time-honored family almanac. We are fortunate today to have before our eyes the mas- sive building in which met the men v»^ho laid the strong foun- dations of our statehood, the Capitol Hotel, where many of them boarded during the brief session of the convention, the elm tree to whose grateful shade they adjourned their session on the hottest days, the houses where lived Governor Posey and other territorial officers, and others where some of the members are still remembered to have boarded. Many of the great men of 1816 are passing from our memory, but the solid masonry erected by the sturdiest of them all, Dennis Pennington, still stands, let us hope, as a perpetual monument to them and their work. When the convention met, the governor's mansion was occupied by a gallant soldier of the American revolution, 158 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Colonel Thomas Posey, with whose handsome features we are all familiar from the well-known portrait which adorns the State library at Indianapolis. Governor Posey was a Virginian who had fought in the battle of Point Pleasant, in Lord Dunmore's war in 1774. As a captain of Virginia con- tinentals, he had assisted in the defeat of his old commander, the same Lord Dunmore, at Gwynn's Island in 1776. His company was transferred to Morgan's renowned rifle corps, and he served with distinction and great gallantry at Pis- cataquay, Bemis Heights, Stillwater, Stony Point and at York- town. He had served in Indian campaigns under Anthony Wayne, in Georgia, had been lieutenant-governor of Kentucky, United States senator from Louisiana, and was governor of Indiana Territory from 1812 to 1816, succeeding in that office three other eminent soldiers, Arthur St. Clair (of the North- west Territory), William Henry Harrison and John Gibson. The secretary of the territory was, and for sixteen years had been, John Gibson, a man of rare force, character and judgment. A college-bred man, he was taken prisoner in an expedition against the Indians before Lord Dunmore's war and was saved from the stake in the same manner that Poca- hontas saved the gallant Virginia captain. He later married a sister of Logan, the celebrated Indian chief and orator ; and it was our John Gibson who heard and reported the famous speech of Logan, which every school boy will remember, made after his entire family had been massacred by drunken whites : "There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan ? Not one." Gibson had been with Lord Dunmore and Colonel Posey at Point Pleasant in 1774 and, like Posey, had com- manded a regiment during the revolution. Thomas Randolph had been attorney-general, but was killed in action in the battle of Tippecanoe and the office had not been filled. He was a Virginian, a descendant of Poca- hontas, a gentlemen of education, cultivation and refinement. His wife was a daughter of General Arthur St. Clair. Davis Floyd was auditor of public accounts, a Virginian who had served in the Revolution, and had been imprisoned for a brief period for association with Aaron Burr, for whom COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 159 he had procured in 1805 a territorial charter for a water power company at the falls of the Ohio. Henry Vanderburgh, one of the justices of the Supreme Court, had served as a soldier in the Revolution, as had the fathers of John De Pauw, Robert A. New, William and Charles Polke, Joseph Holman, John Dumont, Benjamin Chambers, the Beggs brothers, Samuel Merrill, and many others active in the organization of the new State. The convention met here in Corydon, June 10, 1816, con- sisting of forty-three members chosen from the thirteen or- ganized counties. The members were magnificently repre- sentative of the Indiana pioneers. Nearly all of them seem to us astonishingly young; but it requires youth to supply the strength, vigor and ambition needed to conquer a wilderness. Among them were many destined to future greatness, Jona- than Jennings, William Hendricks, Benjamin Parke, William Polke, James Noble, Robert Hanna and D. H. Maxwell. And no less eminent was to be the modest squire, John Tipton, who was to be chosen the first sheriff of Harrison county under the new constitution and to be a great leader in the Senate of the United States from middle life clear down to its end. Members of the convention, like the pioneers they repre- sented, came from all the original colonies north and south, as well as from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and from French, Flemish, German and Indian ancestors. Many were College-bred, but most of them could write only their names. They had inherited widely diverse traditions and beliefs as to political and religious matters, but they stood unitedly for education, religious freedom, and, almost as one man, against slavery. It was a Frenchman from Vincennes, and, I think, a Catholic, who, as chairman of the committee on a bill of rights, reported this provision, which was unanimously in- corporated : All men have a natui'al and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences. No man shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent. No human authority ought in any case whatever to control or interfere with the rights of conscience. No preference shall ever be given by law to any religious societies or modes of worship, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office of trust or profit. 160 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The same Frenchman, as a member of the committee on education, consisting, beside himself, of a future judge of the Supreme Court, of college training, and three members, whose letters still in existence prove that they could neither spell conventionally nor express themselves grammatically, reported the following provision, also unanimously adopted: Knowledge and learning generally diffused through a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to this end, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law, for the improvement of such lands as are or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State, for the use of schools, and to apply any funds which may be raised from such lands, or from any other quarter, to the accomplisliment of the grand object for which they are or may be intended. But no lands granted for the use of schools, shall be sold by the authority of this State, prior to the year 1820, and the monies which may be raised out of the sale of any such lands, or otherwise obtained, for the purpose afore- said, shall be and remain a fund, for the exclusive purpose of promoting the interest of literature and the sciences, and for the support of sem- inaries and public schools. The General Assembly shall, from time to time, pass such laws as shall be calculated to encourage intellectual, scientifical and agricultural improvement, by allowing rewards and im- munities for the promotion and improvement of arts, sciences, com- merce, manufactures, and natural history, and to countenance and en- courage the principles of humanity, honesty, industry and morality. Nothwithstanding the fact that human slavery had been permitted in the territory and that slaves were recognized as property by territorial law, and the further fact that most of the members of the convention had emigrated from slave states, the convention, without even the formality of a vote, put this provision in the constitution: There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in this State, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Nor shall any indenture of any negro or mulatto hereafter made and executed out of the bounds of this State be of any validity within the State. The convention was in session three weeks and did not sit on Sunday. In that time its members builded for us a con- stitution in my opinion in many respects better than the one we have today. Its members met here in Corydon in this noble building, and on hot days under the spreading elm we know and love so well. Let us in grateful reverence thank God for their labors. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 161 It takes but little imagination to fancy we can see presid- ing in that hall today the courteous and suave Jonathan Jen- nings, beside the no less accomplished secretary, William Hendricks, and about them gathered the learned and ambi- tious Isaac Blackford so recently from Princeton; sturdy, honest, and strenuous Dennis Pennington, backed by the nephew of Daniel Boone, the Irish Patrick Shields, progenitor of famous men, the shrewd and crafty Davis Floyd and the capable Lane. I see Frederick Rapp from New Harmony dreaming of a social millennium. And I see the Polke broth- ers, representing different counties, politicians and fighters, cousins of one then living who was to become President; a cousin who was to succeed, in that high office, the great sol- dier who had for twelve years been governor of the territory and was himself to be grandfather of another President yet unborn, whom we know and whose memory we delight to honor. I like to think that in that month of June a hundred years ago Thomas Lincoln came across the river from Hodgenville with his seven-year-old boy looking for better land in Indiana and, stopping with his brother Joseph on Big Blue river in Harrison County, brought the slim, big-eyed boy to get, in Corydon, his first glimpse of statesmanship and to go home to tell the loved Nancy and little Sarah of the promised land beyond the beautiful river, where, in the county named for the gallant captain of the Yellow Jackets, they had chosen their future home. I can see, too, the man who succeeded at Spencer's death to the command of Corydon's Yellow Jackets, a hero of Tip- pecanoe, turned modest magistrate the same year, but who led the Yellow Jackets again at the battle of Tipton's Island in 1813. I see him crossing the street to the court house to talk with Floyd, Pennington and Boone about his candidacy for sheriff, and, as I look, the picture fades, and I see the founder of Logansport and the locator of Indianapolis stand- ing in the Senate of the United States, as he did on February 5, 1836, and I can almost hear what he is saying: I do not wish to be considered an alarmist: my fears have not been operated upon by the rumors of war so frequently heard. I do not expect to raise recruits in time to terminate the war now raging between us and the Seminole Indians, nor am I influenced in the course I have taken by anything that has been said here or elsewhere on the subject of any other war, but purely by a desire to put our peace establishment \C— 15997 162 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL upon a respectable footing, and to prevent the recurrence of these con- flicts with the Indians on our borders. I am unable to see any just cause for war, unless it arise from un- fortunate collisions, which will occasionally occur. I am convinced that the sure ivay to 'prevent tvar is to be ivell prepared for it. I am aware that the people of this country look with a jealous eye upon every step taken to augment our military force. The people, when rightly informed, will do what is right. The army is their army; the money to support it is theirs; the government is theirs; and I feel assured that they desire to see the army sufficiently numerous to answer all the purposes for which it was created. The next paragraph of his speech reads Kke a report made yesterday by the Secretary of War to our Senate. It is shown by these statements that, in the Eastern Department, on the lakes and along the seaboard, there are 33 military posts, 14 of which are now without troops to garrison them, and of course liable very soon to go to destruction. In the Western Department there are 22 posts, 9 of them unoc- cupied by troops. The number of the rank and file of our army is so small that it is impossible for the troops to occupy all the forts. The companies, now consisting of about 50 men shall be increased, so as to enable them to render all the service required to be performed by an army. The unsettled state of affairs in Mexico, and the actual war in Texas will cause a restiveness among the Indian tribes in the southwest border of the United States, which should not be unprovided for. The presence of a respectable force at Forts Armstrong and Snell- ing, in 1831-2, would have prevented the war with the Soukees (Sacs), which cost us $2,500,000; and a similar array of troops, if stationed at Fort King and Tampa, would certainly have prevented the war now going on in Florida — a war which will certainly end in the annihilation of the poor deluded Seminoles. His words of warning fell on deaf ears. Would that today his ringing voice directing the way to lasting peace might be again heard in the Senate speaking for Indiana. Richly indeed has this our old capital endowed the State with great men from among her sons. Much do we owe to you, Corydon, our ancient civic center. Today, we bring you just tribute, bride of Indiana's youth. I scorn to credit the tale so often told that an early Governor named you from a silly, sentimental, dolorous song. Rather would I believe that in the golden days, when Spencer was captain of the Yellow Jackets, as well as genial landlord of the tavern near where the court house was to be built in the, as yet, nameless village, viewing with delight the fair prospect of hills green with pas- O O (163) COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 165 ture and valleys rich with the promise of future production, in memory of the Faierie Queene of the great poet, whose name he bore, our captain named the rustic village for the simple shepherd, Corydon, who, unrequited, wooed the fair shepherdess Pastorella; and, in his christening, consecrated the village forever to innocence, simplicity and beauty. Fair Corydon, may another century's passing find you as simple, innocent, lovable and homelike as we have found you this day. The pageant of Corydon, written and directed by State Pageant Master W. C. Langdon, commemorated the days of Corydon's political prestige, when from 1813 to 1825, it was first the Territorial and then the State Capital of Indiana. PROLOGUE: THE WELCOME OF OLD CORYDON. The bell of the Old Capitol is rung a half hour before the pageant performance is to begin, and again fifteen minutes before the hour. The bell is rung once more for the beginning of the Pageant. The orchestra plays the Hymn to Indiana. While the orchestra is still playing, people of Old Corydon come in from various directions, singly and in groups, attracted by the sound of the bell and the music of the orchestra. Seeing the audience, with interest and some surprise they comment upon it to each other. They evidence their appreciation of the importance of the occasion and of the assembled audience, and several of them consulting together agree to call their Governor, General William Henry Harrison. Four or five of them go to the door of the Capitol. The door opens and Governor Harrison appears. He talks with his neighbors, standing in the door- way a few moments, and then cordially comes forward at their sug- gestion toward the people of 1916 on the grandstand and addresses them, while the others of the people of Old Corydon stand variously grouped a little behind him. The music plays very softly as he speaks. Harrison : Our welcome to you all, good friends! I bring The welcome of Old Corydon itself. You cry "Hello, the house!" We open the door And answer, "Welcome! The latch-string hangs outside." Are ye surprised to see us here again? But where else should ye find us if not here — At home? It is not gone — the so-called past. 'Tis only that abstraction with the present Obscures to your eyes things of other days. Still must ye heed the things of former days As ye do heed the things of days to come — Or blind and vain the labors of today! 166 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL These walls seem old to you; these elm trees old; These timbers weather-stained. A hundred years Have beaten on this roof, you say, and on The mounded shelters where you think we lie. But look with our eyes, and you then will see A stately pile, fresh-hewn from Nature's rocks, Built sti-ong to last forever, built for you With our small means and ample labor, built For you and for your children; Do but see! The Commonwealth we dreamed has far surpassed The measure of our boldest, proudest hopes; But ax and gun in hand, it was for you We dreamed, and this old building stands to tell The quality, the courage of our dream And of our toil. Rock, solid rock, high built Four square amid the roadless wilderness! You, our children — no, they all are gone, with us Across the stream — our children's children and Their children, do ye understand our hopes And heed our dream? In token cherish this Old symbol of our pride and fortitude, When v/e assumed the task of managing The unformed territorial Commonwealth; Our glory, when with your forefathers here We made the State, our sacrifice, when we In turn gave up our dear preeminence In favor of an unbuilt city to the north. That this our State, your State, unhampered might Sweep forward faster toward her honored place Among the mighty States of this our Nation! Come, then, come and live with us a space As we relive again those precious days Of eighteen twelve and thirteen; then in turn Of eighteen sixteen, eighteen twenty-five. The outline of the episodes follows: Episode I The Completion of the Court House, (1812). Episode II Corydon, The Capital, (1813). Episode III The Constitutional Convention, (181G). Episode IV The New Capital, (1825). Around these episodes were skilfully and effectively woven the very warp and woof of the early life of the State, both social and political. Through it all ran impressively the story of the rise to preeminence of the little city, fairly -pulsating with the virile, frontier life of the new State, and then, the COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 167 story of how, with fortitude, old Corydon yielded place to the new capital to the north. Long will the beauty of the Epilogue linger in the memory of all who heard. EPILOGUE: THE BLESSING OF THE YEARS. All the people depart, leaving the grounds around the old Capitol empty. The door of the Capitol opens again and the old Governor, General William Henry Harrison, comes out and approaches the audi- ence. Harrison : They all are gone — gone, gone adown the years; And Corydon itself has passed since then Into new paths of broad prosperity Through virile agriculture, business sense. And noble service in the rural life. But every hundred years forever shall The State, her grateful hand upon the head Of Corydon, repeat the blessing of Those old imperial days of enterprise Achievement, service, and of sacrifice! And you — you too, our reminiscent friends Of nineteen sixteen — so yovi too shall pass. As Time sweeps on along its course toward Eternity, and when the years again Have told a century, then you will come With us — you too — to sing your praise to Him Who giveth us, in joy and suffering To serve our State, our Nation, and Mankind! Hark! Hark! The generations gather — there Where only what is noble lives, preserved From any loss forever! Hark! They sing! They come! They come! And coming, raise to Heaven The Hymn to Indiana! The following excerpts from a letter addressed by the Di- rector of the Commission to County Chairman Thomas J. Wil- son, summarize the Corydon celebration: You may be interested in knowing the features of the celebration which appeal strongly to me as I look back upon it in perspective. In the first place, the atmosphere of the observance was truly historical and patriotic. It might be urged that historical atmosphere is inherent in Corydon and not of your own making. Yet you did everything to strengthen it by making your observance in perfect keeping therewith. As an instance of this, your successful efforts to secure priceless heir- looms for pageant equipm.ent, also the appearance of descendants of your 168 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL historic characters to represent the latter in the vivid portrayal of your history. In short, your celebration was conducted upon a high plane, unmarred by cheap and vulgar distractions. In the second place, yours approached most nearly the ideal of a real community pageant of any yet given in the State. It was a real community effort on the part of your own town and country people, and its distinct success justifies the claims made for the pageant as a means of community expression and cooperation. The naturalness and abandon with which your people threw themselves into their parts was truly impressive and left little to be desired. Another thing that must have impressed all observing visitors was the effective preparations made in a material way for their accommoda- tion. An instance of this is seen in the magnificent grandstand provided for the occasion. It is but one example of how thoroughly you entered into the spirit of the thing, determined to leave no reasonable thing undone that would make for the complete success of your celebration. For this your efforts and those of Mr. Lew M. O'Brannon, supplemented by those of many, many others, are worthy of the highest commenda- tion. Finally, I should be remiss indeed, did I not give due recognition to the splendid spirit of true, generous hospitality, so freely manifested by the people of Corydon. Every visitor was looked upon as a guest whose personal comfort and enjoyment was entitled to primary con- sideration. Corydon was not more beautiful, nestled among her pic- turesque hills, and shaded by her magnificent elms, than in the hospitable hearts and homes of her people. In conclusion, the Corydon celebration was such a success, that may I offer a suggestion that I have heard made, to the effect that you people should make of it a permanent feature. With such splendid singers as your chorus displayed, with the hearty cooperation of your schools, and with your citizens entering so heartily into the pageant, why not repeat it, say every five years. You would thus insure a quinquennial pilgrimage to Old Corydon, providing for our citizens a re-birth of Hoosier patriotism. Harrison County took a prominent and creditable part on County Day of the State Celebration at Indianapolis. Mrs. Mona LaHue represented the county in the Cavalcade and some fifteen autos filled with Harrison County enthusiasts appeared in the line of march. The enterprising citizens of Corydon prepared an exact replica of the old State House, placed it on wheels and trans- ported it to Indianapolis, where it attracted much attention and aroused much enthusiasm in the parade. At the sugges- tion of the Governor, the Corydonites, without overmuch persuasion, consented to leave their treasure on exhibition in COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 169 the state House, pending the next session of the legislature ! Corydon lost the capital long years ago, but the sons of the present have lost none of the political sagacity that was their fathers'. On the eve of Admission Day, the citizens of Corydon as- sembled for the last observance of the eventful year and lis- tened to an appropriate program of music and addresses. Thus did old Harrison play well its part to the end. Thus did old Harrison prove worthy of its illustrious past. HENDRICKS It took Hendricks County a whole year to catch up with the procession and then but for a day. That it did contribute greatly to that procession, however, no one will deny who saw the County Day parade at the State celebration at Indian- apolis on October 6th. Spurred on by the realization that it had thus far proven recreant to the Centennial trust, a few loyal hearts were determined that old Hendricks should score heavily on County Day. It did. The Hendricks "horn of plenty" float, with twelve young women representing the products of the twelve townships, was a beautiful thing and received much applause. Miss Dorothea Hiatt rode for the county in the Cavalcade. This was the Hendricks County Celebration! Attorney E. M. Blessing of Danville assumed the part of Centennial Chairman, and while manifesting considerable interest, pro- fessional duties, combined with an absence from the State at a strategic time, seemed to deter him from getting Centennial observance plans set in motion. The inertia of a typical, quiet, self-satisfied county seat town was doubtless a nega- tive factor in the situation. At all events, Hendricks did not celebrate. Thanks to the cooperation of County School Superintend- ent Theodore T. Martin, the Hendricks County Board of Edu- cation required that all eighth grade pupijs, as a condition for graduation, submit to the Superintendent a story based upon some phase of Indiana history. Mr. Martin issued to the teachers of the county a neat Centennial letter in which he set forth the requirements and offered suggestions for the work and for giving Centennial programs. 170 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Credit must be given Coatesville for rising to the Cen- tennial occasion. On June 8th the citizens of that patriotic Httle town held a celebration of its own. In the afternoon addresses were given on State, County and Township history, interspersed with Centennial music. In the evening, State Geologist Barrett gave an illustrated lecture on the beauty spots of Indiana. Although having to do with Hendricks County only inci- dentally, or accidentally, within its borders occurred a unique observance of the State's anniversary. W. 0. Conway of In- dianapolis conceived the idea of appealing to the better nature of the boys of the State School at Plainfield, by encouraging them to express through pageantry their loyalty to Indiana. Receiving the encouragement of Superintendent Hanna, he wrote the pageant, and with tact, sympathy and perseverance led the boys into its spirit. It was presented at the school on May 15th during the time of the meeting in Indianapolis of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. The unconscious abandon with which the boys threw themselves into the presentation was a vindication of the faith held in them and was a joy to beholders. The pageant v/as divided into five parts as follows: I French Period: Scene 1. The Missionary. Scene 2. Military and Trading Post. II The Beginning of Indiana: Scene 1. Surrender of Fort Sackville. (George Rogers Clark.) Scene 2. Vincennes. (Harrison and Tecumseh.) Scene 3. Corydon — Constitutional Convention. (Jonathan Jen- nings.) III Early Life: (The Pioneers — The Pioneer Mother.) Scene 1. Coming of the Mail. Scene 2. Circuit Rider. Scene 3. Schoolmaster. Scene 4. Underground Railway. IV Civil War: Scene 1. Nev/s of Fort Sumter. Scene 2. Returning. V One Distinction OF Many: Benjamin Harrison, President. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 171 HENRY On the eve of the Henry County Centennial celebration, the following appeared in the Newcastle papers : Be it said to the everlasting glory of Henry County, and to the credit of the County Chairman, that the Centennial celebration has been neither commercialized nor exploited. From first to last it has been characterized by patriotism and a high civic pride. Everybody has helped. Great and small, old and young, weak and strong — they have all done what they could. Leaders have worked tire- lessly, others have worked patiently to perform this patriotic duty to the State. In the meantime, the county chairman's waste-basket has been filled and emptied, at frequent intervals, with communications from vari- ous concerns offering to "put on" a celebration in Henry County, and even offering tidy sums thus to do. Long distance telephone calls have been answered, to find at the other end of the wire captive balloons and sideshow freaks, to be had for the asking for Centennial purposes. And when these propositions had been boldly and relentlessly ignored, the calls have been repeated, to be rejected with contempt. And now on tomorrow, the 29th of September, Henry County "puts on" her own offering to the State in this Centennial year. And we repeat — "Be it said to the everlasting glory of Henry County." There were many very desirable things that Henry did not do. Careful, thorough foundation work of an educational nature was not done as in many counties, and as a result the Centennial idea did not take hold of the county as it should have. The chairman, George M. Barnard, always debonnaire and sanguine, was slow to get under way, and Henry County's procrastination all but drove the State Di- rector and Assistant to despair. But Henry had an eleventh hour awakening — and not the feverish kind that grasped at anything which might masquerade under the name of Centen- nial. Henry County kept the Centennial faith — and that is glory enough for her. The celebration was held on September 29th, at Newcastle. In the afternoon a decorated automobile parade occurred, in which appeared 500 machines. The honors were taken by Quaker Spiceland, which contributed the historical flavor to the event. In commenting thereon, the Newcastle paper said : In this connection it is due Spiceland township to state now, what was intimated prior to the event, that the people down there worked at this thing as though life and reputation were at stake. The wagons 172 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL and automobile floats from that township attracted almost as much attention as a three-ring circus, for there were two generations of peo- ple on the streets who had never seen some of the things Spiceland put in the parade. The Carolina wagon, with the tar bucket hanging on the coupling pole; the old "Rockaway" carriage; the log cabin with the well sweep, and the log church and log schoolhouse, were new wonders to thousands. Arthur Morrow's car, dressed in the form of a Quaker bonnet at- tracted marked attention. In the evening a pageant was presented in which 450 people participated. The local spirits of this enterprise were Captain and Mrs. A. D. Ogborn, whose services in its prepara- tion were invaluable. It presented a pleasing combination of the symbolic and the realistic, including enough of the latter to reproduce very graphically the various phases of pioneer life. The symbolic representation of nature and its beauties, lent the witchery of color and rhythm most effectively as a background to historical reproduction. A distinctive musical feature of the evening was the rendering of the hymn "Indi- ana," composed by Henri Kampe, director of music in the Newcastle schools. It was orchestrated for the occasion by Mr. Kampe, who led the orchestra. In addition to this formal celebration, some work of a Centennial nature was performed in the schools. Each town- ship was asked to collect facts of noted persons, historic build- ings and places of local interest and use them as a basis of work in English. The results were submitted to the County School Superintendent as part requirement for graduation. Be this Henry County's memorial — She kept the faith. HOWARD Howard County made an excellent start on the Centennial highway. A live, capable and enthusiastic chairman was early secured in the person of C. V. Haworth, Superintend- ent of the Kokomo schools. He had some ideas of his own and began incubating them. His theory of organization was sound, basing it largely upon the schools of the county. Here the best work was done. The children were set to work writ- ing essays on all phases of local history, getting their ma- terial from pioneers, old records and relics. In this way, with some adult criticism and assistance, township histories were compiled and published in local papers. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 173 In January, 1916, Miss Charity Dye of the Indiana His- torical Commission made two visits to Kokomo, speaking first before the Women's Department Club and later, by way of hearty encore, before the Commercial Club. She spoke earn- estly and inspiringly of Centennial ideals, outlining an ob- servance worthy of a high-minded citizenship, and telling Howard County how to go about it. She was enthusiastically acclaimed by the press and her ideals applauded. "She has performed a most valuable service," said the Kokomo Tribune, "in stirring up interest in the Centennial and in awakening the people of Howard County to the importance of having a creditable part in it." Plans for an ambitious and thoroughly historical celebra- tion were announced, the principal feature of which was to be a pageant portraying the proud history of Howard County. C. H. Havens was chosen to write the pageant and entered with zest upon this difficult but alluring task. So far, so good — very good, in fact. And then — enter the dollar mark, star villain of all patriotic enterprise. Cele- brations and pageants cost money to be sure. The Centen- nial Committee didn't see how to finance the enterprise and lost its nerve. As a result it went into partnership with the Chamber of Commerce, whereby the former contributed the good name and the latter assumed the financial responsibil- ity. Thereafter, it was "The Big Industrial Exhibition and Centennial Celebration," so far as emphasis was concerned. The Chamber of Commerce put on the usual industrial exhibit at so much per booth, lasting a week, September 4 to 9. The much heralded pageant degenerated into a display of fire- works, featured as "a pyro-historical spectacle," with an ap- parently honest attempt made to make it really historical. Featured with the pyro-spectacle, were "The Royal Huzzar Girls," "Rusty Rube," etc. Thus went the pageant. There is a lighter side however. Chairman Haworth per- severed in his efforts and saved the day in part by getting to- gether from all over the county a splendid exhibit of pioneer relics, which attracted wide attention and much favorable comment. Howard County was represented in the Centennial Caval- cade at the capitol by Miss Juanita Brunnemiller. 174 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL HUNTINGTON Huntington County put a Centennial crimp in the doctrine that the first shall be last and the last shall be first. It of- fered a revision that the first shall be first, clear up to the last. It staunchly supported the amendment in more ways than one. To begin with, it held the first county celebration in the State. It challenged the other counties to the rank of first in the thorough Centennial spirit — educational, histor- ical and patriotic — which pervaded its observance. At the last great rally on County Day at the state celebration, it led all comers in the Centennial Cavalcade to the very letter, with its representative. Miss Furste, as Miss Indiana. The Huntington chairman, J. M. Scudder, superintendent of the Huntington city schools, was one of the county chair- men who received his vision of the year's work at the Decem- ber conference at Indianapolis. And having received it, he imparted it with effectiveness to others, who faithfully as- sisted him in the realization of that vision. The celebration was Vv^orked out from the bottom up, in place of being merely put on at the top, being made a splendid educational move- ment with the young people. As a matter of fact, county organization was effected largely through the school officials of the county, with the result that with the schools as centers, practically the whole county had participated in local observances before the county celebration in May. These began in February and continued through March. The date of March 3 was made a special Centennial Day by County School Superintendent Clifford Funderburg. Many of these observances incorporated the idea of Patrons Day, bringing the parents together with the pupils in all-day exercises, with picnic dinner at noon. Nearly all the schools collected from their respective communities an array of relics which were placed on display as a part of the program. Papers on local history were read, Indiana poems recited and Indiana songs sung. In the consolidated high schools, extra preparations were made. The Hunting- ton schools observed Indiana Products Day on February 22, as did other organizations in the city. In the regular school work, books on Indiana history were read and discussed, and local history was stressed throughout the year. Centennial emphasis was also placed in the music COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 175 and art work. The Centennial spirit permeated the graduat- ing exercises. The county celebration took place May 2 to 6, at Hunting- ton, May 5 being the ann: /ersary of the creation of the county. It was primarily educational and constructive. One day was given to athletic events, drills and the reproduction of scenes in Indiana history, before thousands of people, gathered at the fair grounds. But the center of observance was at the court house, which for the time was turned into a veritable museum, in which the whole county had a part. One department consisted of such special features as the reproduction of the old Indian trading post which was lo- cated at the junction of the Little and Wabash rivers near Huntington; a remarkably accurate reproduction of early Huntington and the Wabash canal, with boat in transit through the locks; a pioneer schoolhouse of Huntington, pioneer homes and surroundings; a model in one-third scale of an old stage coach. Many other highly creditable repro- ductions were contributed from over the county, the work of the students themselves. The part of the exhibit in which Chairman Scudder was of right particularly proud was the display of the written productions of the school children of the county on all phases of local history, industrial, biographical, educational and re- ligious. The best of these were later collected into seven bound volumes and placed in the public library. Each evening of the celebration a musical program con- sisting of Indiana and patriotic selections, was given in the court house by the school children. One day v/as given over to old settlers who fairly revelled in the atmosphere of their youth. During the week, the important historic spots in the county, which had been picked out by the D. A. R., were marked with national flags. In summary, the general content and spirit of the Hunt- ington celebration may be given in the letter of commenda- tion addressed to Mr. Scudder by the Director of the Commission. Mr. J. M. Scudder: Since my most pleasant visit to Huntington Saturday, I have been thinking of your wonderful Centennial Exhibit, and am more and more impressed with what I saw. And not merely with what I saw, but even more with the spirit and work involved behind the exhibit. I wish 176 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL to commend and congratulate you and your efficient helpers most heart- ily, on behalf of the Commission, for the splendid way in which you have risen to the Centennial occasion. In the first place, you worked out your observance in entire keep- ing with the high purposes of the Commission. It was primarily edu- cational, historical and patriotic, those things being eliminated which would have cheapened it. In brief you made a clear distinction between a fitting Centennial celebration and a street fair or carnival. You took sufficient time to work out your plans thoroughly and in a way to make your work educational in the highest sense. Your school children and young people thereby got a vision of what Centennial really means and will be better citizens accordingly. The teachers of Huntington County deserve great credit for their effective cooperation toward this end. In the second place, you made it a county and not a mere county seat observance, by seeing that the various townships were adequately rep- resented. You thus carried out our ideal of a representative county celebration. As I think of the relic room under the supervision of Mr. H. M. Purviance, the department of "Huntington County Artists" headed by Miss Alice Gray, the individual townships and rural school exhibits, managed by Professor F. A. Loew and Miss Etta Walters, the "Better Health Exhibit" arranged by Mrs. Mae Baker, the reproductions of such historic scenes and objects as the Old Trading Post, the Wabash and Erie Canal, the old stage coach, the log schoolhouse and log cabins, the marking of historic places of town and county, under the leadership of Mrs. Barnhart and others, the exhibits of 1916 handicraft supervised by W. A. Shock and Miss Mary Grayston, and last but not least the biographical, historical and descriptive manuscripts on Indiana and Huntington county supervised by Miss Mary Cox, I wish again to thank you and all concerned for having in the first county Centennial cele- bration set a standard which all other counties may well emulate. Very sincerely yours, W. C. Woodward. Huntington County did not close its Centennial account with a successful celebration of its own. When the plans were announced for County Day, the same zeal and determina- tion were shown which had characterized the work in the spring. Miss Dilla K. Stults, was given charge of the con- test for the selection of the young lady to represent Hunting- ton and aroused such interest that the largest vote in the State was polled, an average of a vote from one out of every ten citizens in the county. As a result, Miss Mary Furste, who received the highest vote, was declared Miss Indiana, with the honor of leading the Cavalcade, and the second con- testant, Miss Elva Summers, rode as the representative of Huntington County. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 177 Proud of its success, Huntington rallied to its colors in such a way that it led the procession on County Day, figur- atively as well as literally. It costumed elegantly its young lady representatives, each of whom had as mount a white Arabian horse. It furnished a beautiful decorated float and was the only county in the State to be led by its own band. A large delegation of Huntington County people accompanied its representatives. No county participated so heartily, and the honors of the day, following the consistent work at home, were well deserved. JACKSON Thanks to the diligence and loyal interest of County Chair- man T. A. Mott, Superintendent of the Seymour schools, and to the hearty cooperation accorded him, the Centennial spirit prevailed very largely throughout Jackson County. Indeed the county as a whole seemed to grasp the true meaning and significance of the Centennial better than did its principal city, as will appear. Chairman Mott effected a complete county organization by townships. It was more than a mere paper organization, too, as is indicated by the fact that it gathered monthly to discuss and plan the work. As a result of such faithful effort the Chairman reported that each township in the county had a school celebration and several conducted observances of wider scope. In fact the school celebrations, so called, were largely community affairs, in which patrons and friends took an act- ive part. Collections of relics were made, and reminiscences were told by early residents. Much interest was manifested in papers on various phases of local history, on which hun- dreds of essays were written by school children, according to Mr. Mott. Sometimes, as in the joint celebration of Cortland school and Hamilton township, more ambitious efforts were attempted, and scenes from Indiana history were portrayed. Appropriate addresses were made on these occasions, the County Chairman himself responding to frequent calls. The Medora and Carr townships schools, in connection with those of Medora, combined the Centennial observance and their graduating exercises. In the afternoon an address on "One Hundred Years of History," and in the evening one on "Uncle Sam" were delivered by Rev. L. E. Brown, of Con- nersville. 178 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Brownstown, the county seat, prefaced its Chautauqua week with features embodying the Centennial idea. A two- day observance was held at Vallonia when a Bedford stone memorial marker was placed with due ceremony on the site of old Fort Vallonia. An interesting incident connected therewith was the presence of an old man aged ninety years whose parents were married within the fort and who himself had been within its enclosure. As an early and concrete expression of this widespread interest in local and state history, the Jackson County His- torical Society was established while the Centennial year was still young. The climax of county observance was planned to take place at Seymour, where a week of celebration was announced. Un- fortunately for the good record of the county, the enterprise was apparently turned over too largely to the management of those in whose minds a Centennial observance was little more than an excuse for bringing people to town to gape at Madam Pontifix and her high diving horses and dogs, the Cycling Whirlwind, and other "high class" attractions which come in the "too numerous to mention" class. The veil of oblivion may well be thrown over much of the so-called week's celebra- tion of September 11 to 16. Better far had the observance been restricted to the beau- tiful pageant presented at Shield's Park on the afternoon of September 16. Original in arrangement, colorful and ap- pealing in presentation, it was a thing of beauty and impres- siveness, an eloquent disclaimer of the garish and the vulgar as the true embodiment of the Centennial spirit. It was arranged by Miss Kate F. Andrews, principal of the Seymour High School, assisted by Arthur I. Beriault as pageant di- rector, and by T. A. Mott as Chairman of the Pageant Committee. Nearly every county pageant contributed a distinctive fea- ture. That of Jackson County at Seymour deftly introduced the Shakesperean motif in keeping with the tercentenary an- niversary by an opening scene of merrymaking on the village green just outside the walls of London and in the vicinity of the Shakespeare Playhouse. As the scene progresses, Shake- speare, led by imagination and followed by his creations, goes to take possession of the theatre, while at the same time the COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 179 English Puritans and French traders, who have been in the background, move toward the West and the new land of Amer- ica. This gave excellent opportunity to introduce the May Day revelers, offset by the staid Puritans, and to present the background of American and thus of Indiana history. The pageant, cast on broad lines, was national and state in character, was wholly a pantomime production, and par- took largely of the nature of a spectacle as distinguished from a pageant portraying the life and aspiration of the commu- nity. The history of the State was presented in each of the three centuries, on the background of American history, with effectively arranged symbolic interludes. About 500 people took part. Mrs. Earl Cox represented Jackson County in the Centen- nial Cavalcade at Indianapolis on County Day. On December 11, the schools of Seymour held exercises in recognition of the Centennial. JASPER The Centennial annals of Jasper County are soon writ- ten. On a visit to Rensselaer before the school year opened in 1915, the Director of the Commission secured Chas. R. Dean, Superintendent of the city schools and teacher of his- tory, as County Chairman. Organization of the county was never energetically undertaken, and the Commission is not inclined to hold the people of Jasper wholly responsible for the fact that the Centennial idea did not make greater head- way. There is no apparent reason why aggressive and cap- able leadership would not have met the splendid results achieved in other counties — in the adjacent county of White for instance. In the schools, recognition of the anniversary was given in the setting apart of March 10 by County Superintendent Ernest Lamson as a day of observance in both town and rural schools. Mr. Lamson published and circulated a pamphlet of suggestions and information relative to the program of the day, with a short list of reference books on Indiana history. Special programs are reported from Remington and Rens- salaer. The women's clubs of the county evinced some interest in the Centennial in incorporating to a greater or less extent the 11—15997 180 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Indiana motif in their programs. The D. A. R. planted a tree in Milroy Park, Rensselaer, as a memorial to the pioneer men and women of Jasper County. The so-called County Celebration was held in the high school auditorium of Rensselaer on the evening of October 21. Short addresses were made on early life and history of Jasper County, and an address given on Vocational Education in In- diana by Miss Adelaide Steele Baylor of the State Depart- ment of Public Instruction. A set of lantern slides on early Indiana history was exhibited. JAY Like its next door neighbor, Randolph, a near-governor apparently tended to absorb a good deal of Jay County's Cen- tennial interest and enthusiasm. In August, 1915, Dr. W. D. Schwartz, of Portland, accepted the county chairmanship, manifesting no little interest in the cause. But though some commendable things were accomplished, so far as a real county observance is concerned, Jay County never arrived. The movement never took hold of the county at all. No county organization was effected and there was not even any- thing approaching an organized or concerted work in the schools, which was a rare lapse in Indiana in 1916. The one thing which Jay County or Portland did well, was the putting on of an Indiana Products Day Dinner, Febru- ary 22nd. Indeed the office of the State Commission awarded the "Up-State" honors to Portland for the following most original, unique and Centennially flavored menu : 1816— MENU— 1916 Printed by Hoosiers on Indiana Paper George Washington Cherry Salpicon Grown on Jay County Trees Tecumseh Tomato Bisque Hot Tippecanoe Wafers Corydon Celery Hearts Pickles from Old Vincennes Smothered Chicken Giblet Gravy Potatoes au Gratin Grown on Jay County Soil 'Pride of the Wabash" Corn Souffle Canned by Hood Hot Rolls Currant Jelly county celebrations 181 Combination Salad Contains Something from Each Township in Jay County Cheese Wafers Indiana Brick Cream Frozen in 1916 Riley Cake Hoosierized Coffee Centennial Mints Much of the success of the dinner was due to the zeal of H. B. Grimsley, the energetic young secretary of Portland's Commercial Club. Jay County was represented on County Day of the State celebration by Miss Topin Shank, daughter of the Union Cav- alry General, J. P. C. Shank, riding in the Centennial Caval- cade. The county is to be commended for arranging so appro- priate and patriotic a representation. Although not wholly Centennial projects, few counties have left more substantial permanent memorials than Jay. Early in the year, $20,000 was raised for a county hospital, and work begun on a fine new court house. The laying of the corner-stone of the latter was made the occasion of a belated "Centennial Celebration and Jubilee Sales Event" with ap- parent emphasis on the "sales" end, as fostered by the thrifty business interests. This began October 28 and was strung out till November 6, so as to incorporate Hallowe'en and the presidential election! JEFFERSON Historic Jefferson made a poor start in the Centennial field. It was not until late in the year that a leader was se- cured, so that her possibilities were greatly limited. After H. H. Cope accepted the chairmanship, however, good progress was made, a very creditable celebration xesulting. A one-day observance was held on September 28 at old Madison, once Indiana's leading mart of trade. Aside from the usual parade, a pageant was given under the leadership of the schools and participated in by about three hundred per- formers. A leading feature of the celebration was the placing, with appropriate exercises by the local D. A. R., of a native boulder to mark the beginning of the old Michigan road. The county was represented in the County Day parade at Indianapolis. 182 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL JENNINGS John Clerkin, an historically minded attorney of North Vernon, accepted the Centennial Chairmanship of Jennings County and effected a county organization. A Jennings cele- bration was scheduled to take place at North Vernon in July in connection with the Jennings County Fair. Plans for such a combination failed of fruition and the celebration was post- poned, with the result that nothing further was heard from it. In the meantime Vernon, the county seat, bestirred itself and arranged for a home-coming and celebration, which took place the latter part of August. Spencer township deserves special mention for its excel- lent Centennial observance held at Hoyden on April 22, con- sisting of an all-day program with picnic dinner at noon. The forenoon was devoted to talks on State and local history, a comprehensive address being delivered by Mr. Clerkin, County Chairman. The afternoon program consisted of dem- onstrations of early activities of pioneer life. The day's ob- servance was under the management of Mrs. A. J. Wohrer, township chairman. JOHNSON Johnson, the lair of corn kings, was one of the few coun- ties rimming Marion and the capital to make a satisfactory Centennial showing. Thoroughly satisfactory it was, due both to the thorough educational work of the county chair- man and to the fine public spirit of its citizens, led by the Woman's Civic League, of Franklin. J. C. Webb, county school superintendent, since elected superintendent of the Franklin city schools, was chosen Johnson's chairman and was respon- sible for the effective work done in the schools, giving a sure foundation for further Centennial activities. This was all the more important in view of the comparative conservatism and lack of vision of the Franklin newspapers, which did little in the way of helpful publicity. In the summer of 1915, County Superintendent Webb was laying plans for a county school exhibit of a Centennial nature to be held at Franklin in the winter. In October he issued an admirable pamphlet, "The Indiana Centennial," addressed to the citizens of Johnson County and the teachers of public and private schools. In it he first gave a general survey of COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 18^ the state-wide movement under the auspices of the State Com- mission, then suggested some modes of procedure on the part of Johnson County whereby it might profitably observe the Centennial. The suggestions were addressed particularly to the school children, with a view to aiding and interesting them in gathering the facts of their local history. The organization of Indiana history study clubs was urged and the founding of a county historical society recommended. Suggestions were made looking toward the cooperation of the schools in the county exhibit. The latter was held February 4 and 5, as a feature of the County Teachers' Association, and proved suc- cessful. Appropriate addresses were made by Dr. A. E. Win- ship of Boston, Dr. James A. Woodburn of the Commission and by Miss Herriott C. Palmer of Franklin College. In this effective manner the whole county was made con- versant with the Centennial idea early in the year. Appreci- ating the success of his efforts in identifying the schools with the Centennial movement, the Director of the Commission asked Mr. Webb to make a short talk before the conference of county chairmen at the capital in December on the topic, "The Relation of the Schools to the County Chairmen." Mr. Webb was also largely responsible for the organiza- tion in June of the Johnson County Historical Society, on the occasion of which an address was delivered by Professor Harlow Lindley of Earlham College, secretary of the Com- mission. Johnson County's formal celebration, however, must be credited to the zeal and energy of the Woman's Civic League, of which Miss Herriott C. Palmer, of the history department of Franklin College, was president. Concerned that no steps were being taken toward the preparation of a county pageant, the officers of the League took the initiative. Miss Palmer appointed a committee representing the various women's or- ganizations of Franklin, composed of Miss Jeanette Zeppen- feld, chairman, Mrs. A. N. Crecraft, Mrs. William Pangburn, Mrs. A. J. Belknap, Mrs. F. N. Whitesides, Mrs. J. C. Webb and Mrs. E. 0. Collins. This served as an executive com- mittee, which appointed the following representatives in the townships: M. F. Kennedy, Hensley; Bert Tapp, Union; Z. M. Smith, White River; Mrs. Wm. Flinn, Nineveh; Wallace Webb, Needham; Rev. J. B. Ferguson, Franklin; Miss Hallie 184 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Magill, Clark; Mrs. G. Q. Burkett, Pleasant. Dr. W. T. Stott was appointed to represent Franklin College, of which he is president emeritus. Miss Zeppenfeld, professor of German in the College, undertook the preparation and general direction of a county pageant, the date for the presentation of which was fixed for July 4. Members of the local or the executive committee visited other pageants to get ideas, giving much time and at- tention to the patriotic enterprise. Finding that some tan- gible financial backing was necessary to insure the success of the latter, the Commercial Club of Franklin lent its support. The pageant was presented on the College Campus and its success was beyond expectation. In fact the attendance, esti- mated at from six to ten thousand people, representing not only Johnson but surrounding counties, was so great as al- most to hamper the progress of the pageant, seating accom- modations having been provided for a fraction only of that number. A very brief outline will indicate how nearly the whole county participated in this dramatic portrayal of its history. Following a symbolic drill, there were five episodes. Episode I The Indians Their arrival, life and activities; coming of trappers and early pioneers. By Franklin schools. Episode II The Early Pioneers, 1820-30 1. Arrival in ox cart, the cabin and clearing, home life. By Hensley Township. 2. Traveling preacher; earliest church; first school. By Union Township. 3. Pioneer activities — spinning, weaving, soap making, wheat flail- ing. By White River Township. (Old Time Melodies by Band). Flag drill, under direction Woman's Study Club. Episode III Franklin College, 1834 1. The fourteen founders. 2. Model, first college building; sample contributions. 3. First commencement, 1847. Episode IV Society and Industry, 1840-1850 1. Quilting Bee. By Nineveh neighborhood. 2. Apple-paring. By Union neighborhood. 3. Corn husking and frolic. By Needham Township. 4. Spelling and Singing Schools. By Hopewell Township. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 185 Episode V Politics and Patriotism 1. Old time political rally. By Clark Township. 2. Descendants of pioneers leave to decorate pioneer graves. 3. Social party, 1861. Call to arms, presentation of flag, departure of soldiers. By Charlotte Emerson Club. 4. Peace. By G. A. R. 5. Evolution of transportation. By Pleasant Township. The Johnson County pageant was a real community ef- fort, the product of home people throughout, and as such is worthy of the highest commendation. Approximately five hundred people participated. Assisting Miss Zeppenfeld in the direction were Dana Gather, Indian Episode, and Miss Hazel Abbott in the dances and drills. W. R. Voris directed the large chorus. In addition to acquitting itself well at home, Johnson County played its part well at the state celebration in October. On county day it was represented in the Centennial Caval- cade by Miss Helene Whitesides. In the procession of the counties Johnson had a beautiful corn float, displaying its leading product and a glittering array of trophies, won by Johnson County corn kings. The float carried banners, declaring: "We have good roads, good homes, good churches, but no saloons," and, "We have one consolidated high school for every thirty-two square miles." Through Franklin College, Johnson was also well represented in the religious and educational parades of the state celebration. KNOX The name of the county itself does not so readily bring the flash of significance. But with the word "Vincennes," we instantly recover ourselves with, "Oh, yes, of course, Vin- cennes, the cradle of history in the Old Northwest." No Cen- tennial movement in Indiana could be contemplated without taking Old Vincennes into account. This was freely admit- ted by the citizens of the historic old town themselves, and for fear their claims might be overlooked they essayed a "get up quick" celebration in December, 1915, as a forerunner for the Centennial year. Jack Frost officiated too officiously for best results but he couldn't intimidate Vincennes printers' ink, hence as a publicity agent, the forerunner foreran suc- cessfully. 186 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL As might have been expected, the Knox County celebra- tion was a Vincennes celebration. The county seemed to take this for granted, as indeed did several of the surrounding counties which seemed satisfied to let Vincennes pose as the Centennial capital of its section of the State. Prof. R. I. Hamilton was made County Chairman, and a right aggressive chairman he was. He had an appreciation of historical values as well as of the time and care neces- sary for presenting them adequately. If, under his general leadership and with the wealth of historic material at hand, the city had limited itself to the one celebration in 1916, it is probable that Vincennes would have occupied a place in the great anniversary observance more nearly in keeping with her historic prestige. In the last week in January, 1916, the Indiana Historical Commission met at the old capital in business session as in the previous October it had met at Corydon. In the evening a public meeting was held at which appropriate addresses were made by Mayor J. M. House and by members of the Com- mission, anticipatory of the part which the city should take in the year's activities. Vincennes centered her effort on a pageant as the most ef- fective means of portraying her part in the making of a State — of several States in fact. She was particularly fortu- nate in having it written by George S. Cottman, whose ap- preciation of pageantry was more than matched by a passion for historic accuracy. Though directed by Captain N. Hardin the presentation was under Mr. Cottman's general supervi- sion. The pageant was given on May 19, in an afternoon and evening performance, on the banks of the Wabash. Its outline follows : PRELUDE The Dance of the Wah-bah-shik-ka — (Wabash). Episode I The Founding of Vincennes Scene — Indian Village of Chip-kaw-kaw, which formerly occupied the site of Vincennes. 1. The return of the hunter. 2. Coming of the fur traders. 3. Arrival of Sieur de Vincennes and Priest. > bO H (IS7) COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 189 Episode II The Winning of Vincennes Scene — On the green in front of Fort Sackville. 1. Departure of General Abbott. 2. The message of Father Gibault. 3. The coming of General Hamilton. 4. The siege of Fort Sackville. Episode III Vincennes the Capital Scene — Village Green. 1. Beginning of Indiana Territory. 2. Land treaties with the Indians. 3. Tecumtha's protest. 4. Harrison's return from Tippecanoe. Episode IV Indiana the Nineteenth Star Grand Finale — The Star Spangled Banner. Instead of having a general prologue, "The Spokesman" stepped forward before each episode, the outline of which he suggested. The following are his opening words: The Pageant of Old Vincennes — a glimpse of days long gone — this is the theme. Would that my servitors, who here assay the task, might wield the wand of Genius and with its touch invoke the spirit of those forgotten years. Would they might resurrect the dead and fitly march before your fancy on this mimic stage the acts, the scenes, the history momentous that made this spot above all other spots the cradle of a State. But if they fail to clothe the theme in fitting garb — if scribe and actor come but lamely off, remember this : 'Tis out of friendship for this city that they strive. Be thou friendly, too. It will be noted that the pageant treatment was limited to that period of history in which Vincennes held the State. In a very fitting way therefore it served as a prelude to the Centennial observance proper, that is to the observance of the period of actual statehood. This is well set forth in the clos- ing words of the Spokesman : Here endeth the story of Old Vincennes, the cradle of our beloved State. Thus runs the shifting scene: Indian and French, red-coated Englishman and conquering pioneer — then our loved city, queen of the Hoosier land. Now comes a fuller glory — the glory of a full-fledged State. And here surrender we our old preeminence. Here pass we on to Corydon, our sister city, the honors that fall to her. To her and our fair commonwealth this is our offering. Behold the finale. Vincennes failed to participate in the State celebration in the autumn, not even sending a representative to ride in the Centennial Cavalcade on County Day. 190 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL KOSCIUSKO A high-minded, determined woman, supported by a very few loyal enthusiasts, was largely responsible for placing and keeping Kosciusko County in the Centennial column. The success of a county chairman is not to be gauged so much by what is actually achieved as by the handicaps overcome. Thus judged. Miss Harriet D. Frazer is entitled to a Centen- nial loving-cup. She started out with the handicap of a rival, though spuri- ous, committee. The business men and citizens generally were too nearly apathetic, and it seemed impossible to effect an adequate county organization. But the loyal few fought on. The Winona Assembly people did not enter heartily into the county celebration and advertised a Centennial week of their own. But Miss Frazer had determined to have a Kosci- usko County observance from June 29 to July 2, and stuck to it. Then a local militia company conceived the brilliant idea of putting on a street fair during the week of celebra- tion! Miss Frazer and the loyal few shook their heads in protest — and it was not. As if that were not enough, a circus was announced. Another patriotic protest, and exit circus. Such courageous perseverence is of the stuff that made pos- sible one hundred years of statehood to be celebrated. June 29 was home-coming day, the principal feature of which was a school parade in the afternoon and the laying of the corner-stone of a new city school building with appropri- ate ceremonies. A feature of the parade was the marching of three generations of the Kutz family, grandmother, mother and daughter each having taught at one time in the old school building. June 30th was given over largely to school reunions, and in the evening, the most successful and enjoyable event of the week took place in the high school reunion and banquet. Old students from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada were present, to keep their tryst with the Centennial spirit. An historical and industrial parade took place in Warsaw on Saturday afternoon, after which the Centennial address was delivered by Dr. Jonathan Rigdon. On Sunday appro- priate services were held in the churches. On each day an interesting exhibit of pioneer relics was on display. During the week following, the Winona Assembly made COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 191 something of the Centennial idea, incorporating it as a part of the week's program. Beginning with Sunday, July 2nd, the week was outlined as follows: Religious Day, Home Coming Day, Patriotic Day, Fraternal Day, Educational Day, Old Settlers' Day and Woman's Day. Some special addresses were given. While the county as a whole did not take hold of the Cen- tennial observance, not a little was accomplished through the schools, Indiana history and biography were taught and Centennial programs were given in nearly every school. All eighth grade graduating pupils wrote essays on county and township history under the supervision of the history teach- ers. The only pageant in the county was that presented by the Syracuse schools under the direction of Superintendent C. C. Bachman. It was given on the evening of April 27th before an audience of one thousand people. It began with a symbolic scene representing the powers of forest and mist, led by the Spirit of the Wilderness. Events of the life and customs of the State were outlined, the periods represented being the Indian period of about 1800, early government, (Council at Vincennes), early schools, so- cial amusements, a war-time episode and a modern one, com- prising a medley of patriotic airs. LAGRANGE The Centennial observance in Lagrange was incorporated in the annual County Corn School and Farm Products Show. More truly than was generally the case under such an ar- rangement, the observance retained an identity of its own. It consisted of a processional pageant by the school chil- dren of the county. To each township or town was allotted a certain period or phase of history to portray and the result was a moving panorama of Indiana history from the time of the Indian occupation to the present. Not only were out- standing events clearly represented but the real life of the people, religious, social, political, industrial and educational was very effectively reproduced. In a word, the same sub- ject-matter generally given in the "legitimate" pageant, was presented in what was probably as nearly a "processional pageant" as anything given under that name, which was 192 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL made during the year to cover, shall we say, a multitude of sins. The success of the event was due largely to County School Superintendent, Frederick G. Smeltzly. During the week's festivities, a representative was chosen in Miss Dell Conkey, to represent the county in the Cavalcade of the counties at the State capital. Carl S. Willard was County Centennial Chairman. LAKE With several cities located within its confines, and some of them under the very eaves of the great metropolis of a sister State, Lake County presented a difficult problem of or- ganization. An encouraging interest was manifested in the Indiana Centennial and the county newspapers gave it more publicity than did most of the papers in counties adjoining that of the State capital. The circumstances were such, how- ever, as to make very difficult, if not impossible, a real county celebration. Mr. Louis J. Bailey, head of the Gary Public Library, was chairman. He arranged for separate committees in the sev- eral cities, the chairmen of which were as follows : Gary, H. S. Norton; East Chicago, E. W. Wickey; Hammond, C. M. McDaniels; Crown Point, George W. Frederick; Merrillville, Sam Woods; Hobart, Mrs. Fannie Werner; Whiting, Henry S. Davidson ; Lowell, Oscar Dinwiddle. Some of these attempted city celebrations, but not with much success. Gary promised most, having arranged for a "three in one" celebration to take place early in June, in which would be observed the Centennial of Statehood, the diamond jubilee of the county and its own decennial. Plead- ing the excuse of conflict on account of the June presidential nominating conventions in Chicago, the committee postponed the celebration, indefinitely as it proved. The East Chicago and Whiting committees showed considerable activity, but no formal celebrations resulted. Hammond put on a parade with historical features, October 4, as a part of its annual street fair. The annual meeting of the Old Settlers' and County His- torical Associations, held at Crown Point, August 30, was made a Centennial occasion and indeed was considered as the county celebration. The principal Centennial feature was the COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 193 historical exhibit of several hundred relics gathered from all parts of the county. Several Admission Day programs were given in the county. The most ambitious was the pageant given by the schools of East Chicago. Pageants were also announced for Whiting and Indiana Harbor schools. Programs were also given by the Woman's Club of Hammond and the Parent- Teachers Club of Lowell. Lake County reacted heartily on the state memorial park proposition, and has taken up the matter of the preservation of a part of the sand dunes, as such. The county was represented in the Centennial Cavalcade at Indianapolis by Miss Genevieve Michaely. LAPORTE The first step taken toward the observance of the Cen- tennial in Laporte County was that of the appointment of a committee by the Laporte County Historical Society, which was to take the initiative in preparing a plan of celebration. This committee was headed by Mr. Fred Henoch, who be- came thereby the County Centennial Chairman. Steps were taken promptly toward formulating a program of county ob- servance. The first and most important results were achieved in connection with the schools. In connection with the closing exercises of the latter, many school and township Centennial days were observed in the spring with fitting programs. The committee planned first to hold the county celebration on July 4th in conjunction with the Independence Day cele- bration put on by the city. The latter was given up how- ever, whereupon an arrangement was effected with the management of the County Fair whereby the last day was to include the Centennial idea. Father John Cavanaugh of Notre Dame University, a member of the State Historical Commis- sion, was secured as speaker, delivering the address on Sep- tember 1st. In the meantime Michigan City citizens launched a move- ment for a celebration of their own. This was held August 21-26 and was called a Centennial Home Coming. Candor compels the admission, however, that with one notable excep- tion, it was more of a street carnival than a Centennial ob- 194 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL servance, such worthies as "Rollo the Limit, in his somersault of Death," being very much in evidence. The notable exception was the distinctive pageant, "The Spirit of the Dunes," presented on the shore of Lake Michi- gan. It was written by Earl Roswell North, chaplain of the State Prison at Michigan City, and directed by Mrs. W. H. Harris of New York. It was presented in the hope of add- ing impetus to the movement for the preservation of the dunes and of arousing new interest in the history of the dis- trict. An idea of the pageant may be obtained by the fol- lowing summary of its episodes : Episode I The Spirit of the Dunes with the other Spirits are seen before man has ever appeared, and the company of Spirits are startled by the shoot- ing of an arrow by an Indian, who soon arrives on the scene followed by a number of Indians. Not long after their arrival two of the early French trappers come to barter with the Indians. Their trading with the Indians is interrupted by the canoe of Father Marquette landing on the shore and the preaching of the first sermon to these Indians. The impression ci-eated is wonderful, the departing Indians leave the scene under its spell. Episode II This is a typical pioneer scene. The young town is in its infancy, the date being about 1836. Carpenters are working on the first houses and among the visitors who arrive by stage coach and mule team are ancestors of many of the prominent people of the town. Some of these parts are taken by actual descendants of these people. The arrival of the country fiddler is a signal for a merry-making which is interrupted by the visit of the circuit rider and gives occasion for a lecture by him. Episode III This connects the early history of transportation with Michigan City, the occasion being the turning of the first spade of earth for what has since become the Michigan Central Railroad. Daniel Webster was the orator of the occasion and Mr. John Barker is credited with receiving the inspiration for his great shops at this time. Episode IV The Spirit of the Dunes is much distressed at the beginning of this episode, for the history of the progress of prison reform is shown in this episode in symbolic form. Justice, Punishment, Mercy and Reformation are represented by symbolic figures and the triumph of Reformation is shown by the march of two lines of prisoners across the stage. Episode V This is a patriotic scene and shows the way Michigan City re- sponded to the call to arms in '61. The boys in blue are seen leaving their wives and sweethearts. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 195 Episode VI The grand finale of the Pageant is a final appeal of the Spirit of the Dunes to "Indiana," in which she beseeches her to protect and pre- serve the Dunes. The change of the character of the population of the city is shown by various nationalities of the city of today being repre- sented by their folk dances, closing with an American flag drill, the whole chorus and all the participants joining in singing "America." LAWRENCE Lawrence County proved a cipher in 1916, being one of the very few counties that did practically nothing. It didn't even get so far as to plan anything. Appeals were made to repre- sentative citizens to act as chairman, but without effect. Finally, the Secretary of the State Commission visited Bed- ford and on the strength of recommendations made to him, John H. Underwood was appointed. Mr. Underwood ac- cepted in September, 1915. In May, 1916, having accom- plished nothing toward a county organization or observance, he resigned. No one could be found to succeed him. A few patriotic souls were located who were anxious that something be done but they wanted some one else to do it. The Commission did finally get belated word from the County School Superintend- ent that Admission Day would be observed in the schools. The newspapers were apathetic and gave the movement no encouragement. But why explain further? On the evening of December 11, the ladies of tl;ie Morning Coterie of Bedford gave a patriotic program, featured by a parlor pageant arranged by the president of the club, Mrs. Viola Parke Edwards. MADISON Madison County stands unique among the ninety-two counties of Indiana, in its observance of the Centennial anni- versary. It was not only one of the very first to celebrate the year, in spirit and in truth; it was one of those who remained "faithful to the end," participating in the State Cele- bration. Not only this, but when asked to fill out a ques- tionnaire summarizing its Centennial activities, it not only complied but wrote its own history. Any county manifest- ing such unwonted and commendable enterprise deserves rec- ognition. Accordingly, we allow Madison to tell its own 196 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL story, in great part, at least. Having been in close touch with the situation there and in attendance at the celebration, the Director is able to evaluate and affirm the account which is a review of the County Celebration held May 25, 26 and 27. In the Autvunn of 1915, the Indiana Historical Commission selected F. P. Foster of Anderson, to lead the movement for the Centennial cele- bration in Madison County. Mr. Foster pushed the work of publication and organization to that purpose for several months, when, early in 1916, owing to business engagements which kept him out of the county a greater portion of the time, he resigned fi'om the position, which was thereupon tendered by the Commission to, and accepted by, J. L. Fork- ner, of Anderson. A general meeting for the furtherance of this cause was called by the chairman, Mr. Forkner, to assemble at the court house in the city of Anderson, April 3d, 1916. This meeting took place and at this time it became evident that the proper spirit existed in the community to insure a fitting celebration. Many other popular gatherings, all looking to the same end, took place from time to time during the eight suc- ceeding weeks, at the Library building in the city of Anderson. A County Committee had been selected at the beginning of the movement. Members of this committee, as well as its meetings, were numerous and consisted of several persons from every city or town and community in the county. And it is worth while to say that every section of the county gave its aid or presence to the event. The towns of Frankton, Pendleton and Chesterfield, in addition to Anderson, were especially enthusiastic and helpful to the exhibit. At the first organization • meeting held at the Library, Mrs. Ella Kehrer was elected to act as Secretary of the County Committee. At this time it was deemed wise to have an executive committee for the special and efficient direction of affairs, and this committee was made up of the following gentlemen: F. P. Foster, Chairman; J. A. VanOsdol, W. H. Heritage, W. A. Denny, J. C. Teegarden, A. W. Brady, R. B. Clark, E. R. Stilson. The first day of the celebration was devoted to a "Home Coming and Old Settlers Meeting." Pendleton being the town where the county was organized, and where the public affairs of the county were trans- acted for several subsequent years, it was thought appropriate to there stage this feature of the festival, which was accordingly done. It was to the fullest expectation, a success. Nothing was lacking to make it so, not even the weather, for what a happy Mayday greeted us at dawn and till sundown, with the clearest and purest of its skies. The citizens at Pendleton managed this part of the Centennial themselves, and bore the expense without aid from the Central Committee. It is due them, also, to state that theirs was more than a meeting. They had large collections of curios and relics repi-esenting the labor and life of pioneer times. They there exhibited dancing and music of the olden days as well as that of the present. Pioneers were on hand yet, who told in their simple, eloquent way, of the customs and manners COUNTY CELEBRxVTIONS 197 of early times. The cultivation of flax, the manner of breaking, spin- ning and weaving it into garments, was related. Aunt Harriet Wynant told of the falling of the stars in 1837, which she witnessed. Hon. John L. Forkner made a felicitous talk, happily combining many incidents of the past life, with others more modern in that community. And the Hon. Charles L. Henry, who was born and reared in Pendleton, delivered an address replete with recollections of the virtues and glories of the men and women who had helped the county on in its century of growth and progress. The events of the second and third days were held at Anderson. There was a great parade, fully three miles long, showing the pi'ogress made in the State along the lines of transportation, home life, school, industry and business. After the parade, over two thousand school children gave a wonderful exhibition drill in the Athletic Park. On Saturday morning, in the High School Auditorium, there was an excellent program of historical talks by President Kelly of Earlham Col- lege; Mr. Edgar Cartwright of Summitville; A. W. Brady and J. L. Forkner of Anderson. Saturday afternoon was the occasion for a big field meet of the various athletic school organizations of the county. A by no means unimportant feature of the big celebration was the Art, Curio and Relic Exhibition at the corner of Meridian and Thir- teenth streets, Anderson, Indiana. S. L. Van Petten, the owner of an unoccupied business room on this corner, very generously donated it for the exhibit. It was admirably suited to this purpose. The room was large, the shelves which lined the walls and the large number of counter and floor cases made it possible to display the relics, and at the same time prevent them from being handled. Wide aisles afforded ample space for all. In the rear of the room a platform was erected for the use of those taking part on the programs. The room was opened for the reception of relics on Monday, May 22d. The people responded most generously to the call for relics and curios. Many of the exhibitors brought in their articles. Members of the committee secured machines and brought in other relics. People of the county outside the city limits contributed loyally. Elwood, Sum- mitville, Frankton, Chesterfield and Union townships wei'e well repre- sented. Although it took but four days to collect and arrange the articles in the exhibit, they must have numbered more than five thousand, with nearly four hundred exhibitors. Visitors were greatly surprised and delighted with the interesting objects shown, and their variety. There was a large number of old books, many over one hundred years old — one three hundred years old — coats worn during the Revolution, canes, silver- ware, dishes, hay forks, firearms, coins, dulcimers, tin lanterns, quilts, counterpanes, daguerreotypes, melodeons and others too numerous to mention. The exhibit was open to the public on the three days of the cele- bration, and also on the following Sunday afternoon. During this time the room was thronged with visitors. People waited at the door before it was opened and departed with regret at closing time. 12—15997 198 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL There were some interesting and unusual demonstrations at the exhibit on Friday and Saturday. Near the back of the room, an old- fashioned loom belonging to Mrs. Samantha J. Stephenson — an elderly lady more than seventy years of age, living in the county southeast of Anderson — had been set up and at different periods on these two days her daughter wove carpet. Mrs. Margaret Adamson, an old lady eighty- five years of age, spun some wool and flax. Mr. Eli Wright, of Frankton, played some old-fashioned tunes upon a dulcimer. Under the management of E, A. Guise, programs of old-time music were arranged for on Friday and Saturday evenings. On Friday, Mrs. Bliven delighted the audience by playing' upon the melodeon. Mrs. L. J. Burr sang some of the never-to-be-forgotten old songs, accompanied by Mrs. Bliven on the melodeon, and Mrs. Ruth Buck-Bailey on the violin; Mrs. H. C. Bolinger played some selections on the accordeon; and four old-time fiddlers demonstrated old-time fiddling. Saturday, the fiddlers gave another performance and late in the evening played for those who cared to indulge in the old-time square dances. No better comment upon the success of the Exhibit can be made than the oft-repeated questions of the visitors: "Why don't you make this permanent? Why can't you keep this open for two weeks?" Too much cannot be said in praise of the committee who had charge of this feature of the celebration. The chairman of this Committee, Mr. J. C. Teegarden, carefully planned the work, and with the valuable assistance of a splendid organization of diligent and devoted persons on the committee, they were able to make this a most admirable feature of the celebration. The author would make further mention of a few fea- tures of the Madison County Celebration, as it impressed an outsider. The outstanding feature was the perfect unity of spirit that dominated every part of the observance. This was demonstrated on several occasions. The parade, which com- bined the best efforts of city and rural community, was a good illustration of the excellent community spirit that every- where prevailed. The beautiful flag drills and patriotic presentation of two thousand school children, under the direction of Superintend- ent W. A. Denny, were impressive and beautiful. In a word it may be said that the Centennial leaders and citizens did not merely say, "Come, let us have a Centennial Celebration" and straightway go about their own business, allowing a mere perfunctory observance to be made — a cele- bration in name only. It was evident that the Centennial spirit permeated the community to a very large degree. For this, the zealous and capable efforts of such men as J. L. Fork- ner, F. P. Foster, Job C. Teegarden, and J. A. Van Osdol, and COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 199 such women as Mrs. Ella Kehrer, Miss Daisy French, and Mrs. Flora Millspaugh, to mention but a few, were in a large measure responsible. Previous to the county celebration, the town of Frankton observed the anniversary fittingly May 1, credit for which was due largely to Miss Daisy French, Superintendent of the schools and Chairman of the Committee on Arrangements. Later in the year Elwood made a quiet recognition of the Cen- tennial in a suitable program of addresses. Anderson saw that the county was represented on County Day at Indianapolis. Miss Ruth Buler was chosen to ride in the Cavalcade. In the parade which followed, rode a good personification of old Chief Anderson, followed by a beauti- ful float furnished by Mr. Glen Gates. In addition, through J. C. Teegarden, the county contributed some of its relics to the display made at the Herron Art Institute during October. Admission Day was well observed by the schools of Ander- son and Elwood and a special program was prepared at Pen- dleton by the G. A. R. and W. R. C. MARION The observance in Marion was not conducted on a county basis. As an organized movement, it centered in the state celebration at the Capital in October which was primarily, perforce, an Indianapolis enterprise, and should be credited largely to Marion County. The features of observance not connected with the state celebration were individual and local, each flying with its own wings. It is these of which mention is made here. Considerable Centennial activity was manifested by the schools. County Superintendent Swails set apart a whole half day, March 31, in the schools of the county for observ- ing the 100th anniversary of Indiana's statehood ! Mention has been made, under Hendricks County, of the pageant given by the State School for Boys at Plainfield, at the time of the meeting in Indianapolis of the National Con- ference of Charities and Correction. The Girls' School at Clermont as its contribution to the programs given for the entertainment of the delegates, gave a very successful pres- entation of the pageant "Indiana," written by Miss Charity Dye. 200 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL, At about the same time a pageant depicting the general phases of state history was given by School No. 54. Very effective Centennial programs were given in June by the Technical and Manual high schools in connection with their Commencement exercises. The latter featured its pro- gram with orations of a Centennial nature, while Technical put on an excellent pageant by members of the Senior Class under the direction of Miss Mabel Goddard of the Faculty. In October Shortridge High School enjoyed a special program and reunion and unveiled a tablet in memory of a faithful janitor. Teachers and pupils of School No. 45 unveiled a stone placed in honor of Camp Morton at Alabama and Washing- ton streets, near what was probably the southern entrance to the historic camp of Indiana's Civil War heroes. These are but a few of the instances of patriotic observ- ance in the schools. There were some celebrations of a community nature, such as that of the McKinley Recreation Center, May 26 and 27, consisting of an indoor pageant and a pioneer relic exhibit; the Irvington pageant, to be spoken of again presently; the Southport celebration in Perry tov/nship, July 4, when a pag- eant parade was given and the high school class dedicated a memorial boulder to the Pioneer Mother. The Clubs of the city took some notice of the year. On February 10 the Woman's Department Club gave a Centen- nial publicity program at the Propylaeum when talks on pageantry were made by W. C. Langdon and Mrs. Mary H. Flanner, on the Pioneer Mother by Miss Charity Dye, and general talks by Hilton U. Brown, George W. Stout and Earl Mushlitz, representing respectively the News, Times, and Star. In the same month the Review Circle gave a program on pioneer Indiana women of note. Over-the-Teacups Club made recognition in a program in March. The Clio Club gave a program to the subject and was addressed by Miss Lucy M. Elliott, Assistant Director of the Commission. In October the Caroline Scott Harrison chapter of the D. A. R. presented a Centennial fountain on the State House grounds, and erected a monument at the intersection of Wash- ington street and Southeastern avenue, marking the historic Michigan road. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 201 The Men's Saturday Lunch Club had subjects of Centen- nial interest presented at different times. On February 22, about eight Indiana Products Day din- ners were given in the city. The most elaborate of these was given by the Board of Trade when addresses were given by Governor Samuel M. Ralston,* B. A. Worthington, head of the C. I. & W. Railroad, and W. C. Woodward, Director of the Indiana Historical Commission. THE IRVINGTON PAGEANT The most elaborate celebration in the county was that of the town of Irvington on July 4, assuming the nature of a pageant. As explained in the introductory note in the pageant book, the promoters strove "to make it a community affair and widely representative as a freewill offering in entertain- ment. The pageant is offered free of charge and the invita- tion to our neighbors is general. It represents the hospitality of the town." The pageant was prepared by the historian, George S. Cottman, assisted by Mrs. Cottman. Miss Helene Hibben di- rected the dances. It was given in the afternoon very effect- ively in the Ellenberger Park or Woods, the presentation being marred only by the great crowds that pressed upon the pag- eant grounds. The following suggestive outline is reproduced from the pageant book: Scheme of the Pageant The pageant, written to meet the requirements of a large audience, aims at pictorial effects — at processional movements, rhythm, color and grouping. To this end symbolism is largely employed. The historical story is secondary and the slender thread that binds together the episodes runs thus: The admission of Indiana as a State. (1816.) The purchase from the Indians of the land where Irvington now stands. (1818.) The vanishing of the last red man and the coming of the first pioneers. (1821.) The origin of Irvington and the apotheosis of the men who in the founding impressed upon it the character that now distinguishes the town. (1873.) About these ideas is built the symbolism of the p'erformance. The spectator should bear in mind that the whole processional scheme was suggested by and is adapted to the exceptional forest vistas and ap- proaches afforded by the Ellenberger Woods. *For Governor Ralston's address in full, see Appendix p. 390. 202 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL MARSHALL As is true with several other Indiana counties, Marshall owes much to the heroic spirit and undaunted courage of a woman for the good showing made in the observance of the state's centuryhood. Mrs. Phebe Thompson Willey accepted the county chairmanship as a sacred and honored charge and in that spirit did she fulfill her obligation. Though far from strong physically, she journeyed in per- son here and there over the county, addressing clubs and schools, conferring with representative citizens and arousing interest in the cause so dear to her. That her zeal bore fruit is attested by the number and high quality of the observances held in Marshall County. She seemed able to impart so thor- oughly her own fine appreciation of the year that little or nothing derogatory to that spirit seemed possible. Mrs. Wil- ley was present at the December conference of county chair- men at lEhe state house and doubtless got some inspiration therefrom. It is equally certain that her keen interest and enthusiasm were an inspiration to those with whom she came in contact as they faced the work of the coming year. As early as February, public spirited women began creat- ing Centennial public sentiment objectively. The Tippecanoe Chapter of the D. A. R. made at the town of Bourbon an ex- cellent exhibit of relics, heirlooms and a general array of articles illustrating the early household arts. The attention given the Centennial in the schools was based on local units rather than on county organization, though County Superintendent Steinbach is credited with having ably assisted Mrs. Willey in her work. He set aside December 11 as a day of general observance in the Marshall schools. All eighth grade pupils were required to submit themes on the early history of their respective townships be- fore certificates of promotion were issued. On April 15 the West school devoted a whole day to an appreciation of the year, in which the patrons joined. The entire school participated in some way, through the display of manuscripts on Indiana history, products, maps, drills, songs and recitations. The high school presented an original play prepared by the principal, W. A. Ross. The Plymouth schools made their contribution on the eve- ning of May 23 in a pageant dealing with Indiana history, in COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 203 thirteen scenes, each presented by a grade or room. Celebra- tions were also reported by the Culver and Inwood schools and one at Bremen. The town of Culver held a celebration on July 27, for which Mrs. George Overmyer was largely responsible. In the forenoon there was a parade by the members of eleven Sunday schools, each school representing some phase of the work. In the afternoon, following a "grown up" parade, a series of drills and scenes was enacted illustrative of early history, including the battle of Tippecanoe portrayed by the Culver cadets. The Marshall County celebration was held at Plymouth August 6 to 10 with an adjourned chapter on August 17. The celebration was varied in character being representative and well balanced, and was participated in by people from all over the county. Day by day it was in outline as follows: August 6. — Union services at the M. E, Church, with an address by Rev. R. L. Ayers upon the subject of the religious progress of Mar- shall county. August 7. — Opening of a splendid historical exhibit of things old and interesting in the show windows of the business houses. Mrs. Willey considered this to be one of the best and most profitable features of the week's celebration. Band concert. August 8. — Sunday School Day. A processional pageant of the Sun- day schools of the county, a mile in length. Picnic dinner at Fair Grounds. Address by J. Shreve Durham. August 9. — Pioneer Day. Talks by oldest inhabitants. Presentation of a few of the surviving old settlers who came to county prior to 1840. Singing of old songs. In Evening — open air old-time melodies concert. August 10. — Child Welfare Exhibit, supplemented by lectures and illustrative moving pictures. The pageant, interrupted by rain, was given the following week, as was the industrial and historical parade. The Marshall County Pageant was prepared and directed by Miss Esther Kathleen O'Keefe of the Plymouth schools. It was in pantomime, about nine hundred people participating. No pageant book was issued and an intelligent reproduction is difficult in limited space. It was outlined as follows: Episode I 1816-1830 Episode II 1830-1861 Episode III 1861-1864 Episode IV 1864-1916 Distinctive features were: Removal of the Indians via ''The Trail of Death;" spinning contest by twenty quaintly 204 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL costumed young ladies; old tavern scene and dance; Culver Black Horse Troop in Civil War scene ; Fashion Show by one hundred girls, showing evolution of dress. The celebration was loyally supported by the citizens of Plymouth in a financial way, and its close showed a surplus of more than $500. Nearly $2,000 was received from the sale of pageant tickets. Ill health prior to the county observance prohibited Mrs. Willey from proceeding with the personal supervision of the plans she had outlined, which duties were assumed by U. S. Lemert. MARTIN No county-wide Centennial movement obtained in Martin County. A celebration was held however at Shoals in the first week in October. The first day, Sunday, was observed with two union services in local churches, with appropriate sermons by Rev. W. D. Sterrett and by Rev. C. C. Perrin. On the following forenoon addresses were delivered by these same gentlemen on the respective subjects, "Religion," and "Educa- tion in Indiana, past and present." In the afternoon W. K. Penrod, of Loogootee, spoke on "Indiana" and Mrs. Elizabeth Stanley, of Liberty, on "Home Life in Indiana." In connection with the celebration the film "Indiana" was given. An interesting display of pioneer relics was made at the local Carnegie Library. The other two days of the observance were nothing more nor less than political rallies. Carlos T. McCarty served as Martin's chairman. MIAMI "Our county is yet the home of the descendants of Indi- ans, who were the primitive people here. Among the early battles there was one on the Mississinewa river, a few miles east of Peru. Also a notable treaty with the Indians was concluded at the mouth of the Mississinewa river, where it empties into the Wabash about three miles east of Peru. Frances Slocum, the wife of one of the Miami war chiefs, is buried on the banks of the Wabash about four miles from here." Thus, in barest outline, did Claude Y. Andrews, Miami's Centennial Chairman, write to the Commission early in the COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 205 year, suggesting some of the possibilities of a stirring and beautiful pageant. Few counties had a more distinctive and fertile field and no county made better use of an inviting op- portunity. As suggested above, the county was the very center of early Indian life and relations, both hostile and am- icable. Moreover, it held a romance, or tragedy, almost unique in Indian annals. It was the story of the abduction of a little Quaker maiden, almost a baby, by Delaware Indians who made a raid on the little settlement in the Wyoming val- ley of Pennsylvania, which was her home. A half century after, she was discovered in Miami County, Indiana, the white faced wife of an Indian chief, whose people had become her people. This was the rare subject-matter seized upon by Mr. An- drews for the Miami County Pageant, which he himself wrote. Furthermore an ideal setting for the pageant was at hand. At the very edge of Peru is a natural ampitheater of the com- manding proportions fitted for the Indian motif; sloping hill- sides as seating ground for the audience; opposite, wooded uplands and between and flanking the latter, a little valley. Here was given one of the most beautiful and compelling pag- eants of the year, and as a real community effort. It was entitled, "Ma-con-a-quah" (White Rose of the Miamis) as Frances Slocum was known by the Indians. One of the most impressive features was the rendition of the pro- logue parts by Rev. D. Lawrence Monahan, by whom they were written. As he stood out on the background of the night, it was as if a spirit had come to interpret the dim past in the light of the present. The prologue opened thus: Miami! What wealth of history This name suggests! Here in years A hundred past and more, The red forbears of your possessions Roamed the virgin wood, and called it Home. Here, in primal glory, ere white man's craft Had fashioned this, your city, lived we, the Miamis. Here fierce aggression found us out From savage Delaware; And painted Iroquois, with blood-lust rampant, Dyed the very ground on which you tread With blood of our brave warriors; Until for vengeance, we, the red men of the Valley Rose in fearful strength 206 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL To smite our ancient foe, And blot them from the earth. Here on scenes of bloody conflict You come this night, to re-enact The story of our domain. Sweet content replaces olden bitterness. And kindly peace the enmities of yore. You are inheritors of the earth. We are gone — down into the vastness of the Past Crushed by civilization's onward march; With folded wigwams, toward the setting sun We have gone. Time has made us poor to make you rich, And naught remains of us but name and memory. But we have left a story rich in romance, The story of Ma-con-a-quah, You call her Frances Slocum, we, the White Rose. And in her story shall be reflected The history of your beginnings. Attend, ye people, while Present Turns back the page of Time And witness here the dawning of your City. The first scene was located in Wyoming Valley, Pennsyl- vania, 1778, and represented the abduction of the little Frances Slocum. The second episode consisted of symbolical dances, inter- pretive of the spirits of the primeval forest. Episode three brought the action to Miami County, representing in two parts, the coming of the Indians, one depicting the Indians in peace and the other in war. In this episode, Frances Slocum becomes the bride of the war chief, Shepoconah. Striking interest was contributed in the fact that the part was taken by Mabel Bundy Sausaman, a great granddaughter of Frances Slocum, whose auburn hair and fair features she inherits. The fourth episode represented the advent of the pioneer, and the fifth the destruction of Deaf Man's (Shepoconah's) village, which led to the battle of the Mississinewa. The sixth episode gave the treaty scene preliminary to the cession of the Indian lands, and then the Indian migration. The last episode, which treated of the settlement of the white people, reproduced the discovery of the White Rose of the Miamis, now an old woman, by her people. She steadfastly declined to return with them to the life to which she was born and they sorrowfully depart homeward. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 207 In SO scant an outline hardly a suggestion of the strong appeal of the pageant can be given. It was primarily an Indian pageant, and to the writer's mind was the best and most vivid portrayal of this period of our history given in the State. He will never forget the deep impression made upon him by the scene portraying the departure of the In- dians for new and distant homes. Single file, out of the dark they came and into the dusk they went — a long, long line which seemed to have no end. A veritable nation passed into the dim unknown, making way for the ruthless demands of Progress. The pageant was directed by J. Ross Woodring of Peru. It was an artistic success and a financial one as well, as it paid, through a nominal admission fee, the expenses of the whole week's celebration. It was repeated for several days beyond the original schedule, in response to popular demand, and was widely attended by people from surrounding counties. The Miami observance opened on Sunday, August 13, with appropriate services in the churches. On Monday evening ceremonies were held marking the opening of the new orna- mental street lighting system, of which Peru was justly proud. A pleasing touch of symbolism marked the ceremonies, the latter being initiated by the arrival by canoe of the spirit of the Historic Past who was escorted to the court house where an interesting public colloquy took place between him and the mayor. Tuesday's program was unique, being known as Frances Slocum Day. Some years before, a big reunion of the Slocum family was held at Peru, attended by Slocum connections from many States. In response to an invitation to be present and participate in the county's celebration, another gathering of the clans was held. As guests of the county, the visitors were taken out to the Bundy cemetery where appropriate memorial and patriotic services were held before a large audience, ad- dresses being made by members of the Slocum family, includ- ing Mrs. Sausaman, and by one or two others. The success of the day was due largely to Omer Holman, who has done more than any one else to preserve the Frances Slocum tra- dition. The three succeeding days were known as Township and Civic, Fraternal and Industrial days, respectively, on which 208 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL parades took place. Throughout the week a splendid pioneer relic exhibit was on display in the court house, arranged by- Hal C. Phelps, making an excellent nucleus for a county museum. The Miami county celebration was a real historic observ- ance, free from sham, and was of outstanding merit. Prior to the county observance, two or three township celebrations took place, including those of Jefferson and Clay. The work in the schools of the county was apparently not very far-reaching, little if anything being done before Ad- mission Day, apart from the assigning of an essay on local history to grade children. The schools did not take a very active part in the county observance. Mrs. John Crume rode in the Centennial Cavalcade for Miami County. MONROE The importance and significance of the Centennial observ- ance in Monroe County does not in any way rest upon a county basis. Indeed, while the prevailing scheme of organization was followed in the naming of a County Chairman in the person of Oscar H. Williams of the University, little or no at- tempt was made to identify the whole county with the move- ment. The Centennial activities carried on in Monroe County were of state-wide significance — were in a peculiar way a part of the state celebration and were so recognized. In a very large way the Centennial movement took its form and received its inspiration from the seat of Indiana's university. In anticipation of the year, the university brought to its summer school of 1915, William Chauncy Lang- don, first president of the American Pageant Association, to sow the seeds of pageantry in the virgin soil of the Hoosier State. Few knew aught of the new art and Mr. Langdon's classroom v/as not crowded. Little recked he. With a few eager disciples about him, he v/alked and talked 'neath the academic fronds, conveying vision and inspiration to those who v/ere so largely to give form to the Centennial spirit. When, some months later, Mr. Langdon was chosen by the State Historical Commission as State Pageant Master, it was, with the understanding that his work should begin at Bloomington. There he carried on an intensive study of In- (209) COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 211 diana history, character and institutions, as a basis for his interpretation of the motive forces and spirit of the common- wealth, which he would portray in pageant form. The first fruit of this study was the pageant of Bloomington and In- diana University, presented May 16 to 19 inclusive. The importance of this pageant in the development of the Centennial idea can hardly be overemphasized. In the first place, it was, for Indiana, the model pageant. The quickly contagious eagerness for pageantry on the part of Centennial enthusiasts, represented zeal without knowledge. The Bloomington pageant gave that knowledge. From all over the State journeyed those upon whose shoulders rested the responsibility of local celebrations. It would be idle to imply that they thus learned the art of pageantry. But they were able to catch its spirit, to discern something of its funda- mentals, to get a vision of its possibilities. They went home with an inspiration and the result was to be traced in many a county in pageants well worthy of the model. The Bloomington pageant gave tone, dignity and beauty to the Centennial idea, which were far-reaching in conse- quence. The serious, patriotic purpose of the observance was so emphasized as to make an indelible impression upon all who saw and heard. The regret is that the representation of the counties could not have been more complete and general, in which case the State would have been spared not a few trav- esties on the name. Centennial. It v/as fitting that the first pageant should represent the educational development of the State, so well expressive of the basis of state progress, and focusing in its university. It was there, too, that Mr. Langdon uncovered talent which was to be no little factor in expressing the spirit of the year. Ap- propriate music is an integral part of pageantry, and herein Mr. Langdon had the invaluable assistance of Prof. Charles Diven Campbell of the university, who composed the music for the pageant; more particularly the stirring music for "The Hymn to Indiana," written by Mr. Langdon, and which became the uplifting Centennial refrain of the State. In yet another striking way was this pageant a model. It was indeed the pageant of Bloomington and Indiana Uni- versity — a pageant of town and gown. It fully justified its claims as the promoter of community consciousness and unity. 212 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL "It brought the community and University into closer and more helpful and appreciative relationship than at any time in their history," reports the County Chairman. OUTLINE OF THE PAGEANT I Introduction: The Pioneers 1. The Settling of Bloomington (1818). 2. The Indiana Seminary (1820). 3. The Installation of President Andrew Wylie (1829). II Light and Truth 4. The Hoosier Opposition (1850). 5. North and South (1861). 6. The New Regime (1883). Ill The Age of Wood and Stone 7. The City Schools. 8. The Chamber of Commerce. 9. The Service of the State. IV Finale: Centennial Manifestly, it is impossible so to amplify or clothe the above outline as to give adequate impression of the finished production. We do reproduce, however, the "Introduction : The Pioneers," since it sets forth so well the spirit of the pageant and the masterful blending of symbolism and realism in introducing the dramatic portrayal of the life of the Com- monwealth. Introduction: The Pioneers The full orchestra sounds forth fortissimo the theme of The Hymn to Indiana, based on the chief motif of the pageant, the Indiana motif. When this is once clearly stated, the music immediately passes to the Hope motif. Coming as in answer to the call in the music, the spirits of Hope appear in the far background emerging from among the trees, running forward and stopping to listen eagerly, then calling, singing with a mere vocable the simple Hope motif. They are young women in blue, blue as of the sky flashing as with light, ever changing and ir- ridescent. From all the arc of the background they come in ever in- creasing numbers, converging as they approach. When they have come near enough for their mass to dominate the scene, there is heard clearly in the orchestra the motif of Determination, and there come in answer from either side of the grand stand the spirits of Determination, young men in some one deep, rich forceful color such as simple purple. They advance more in mass, more slowly, in a slower rhythm. They stop at intervals as they advance and answer the call of the spirits of Hope, replying to them similarly in a lower tone, singing. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 213 calling back and forth, and approaching nearer and nearer to each other, the spirts of Hope for the most part advancing but a little, while the spirits of Determination with strong, bold steps advance directly toward them, till they meet and join in a whirling dance of exquisite joy- ousness, the music of which is based on the two motifs of Hope and De- termination, the one rapidly sweeping free as air through all the range of music in the strings and woodwind, while the other moves strong and inflexible in the brass. The motion of the dance corresponds in the two groups. While this dance still continues, there comes, almost intrudes, into the music a new motif, essentially human, the motif of the Pioneers. It increases rapidly until it subordinates the other two motifs. The spirits feel the interruption and stop to find the source of the new ele- ment. They turn their search toward the woods to the southeast. There they see a procession of Pioneers making their way slowly, pain- fully, with great difficulty along. They are men, women, and children, mostly on foot, a few on horseback, one or two driving oxen. Those in front are clad in buckskin, jeans, and linsey woolsey; those behind near the end of the procession are dressed as of the first part of the nine- teenth century. When the spirits of Hope see the Pioneers they raise their arms to them to cheer them on and sing their call to them. The Pioneers, seeing and hearing them, take courage and plod on. The spirits of Determination then also give their motif call and the Pioneers respond, repeating it. Breaking in upon this encouragement, discordant Indian phrases are heard in the music. From the two sides of the little wooded ravine along which Pioneers come there pour stealthily down on them bands of Indians attacking them with ferocity, yelling the war-whoop, shooting their arrows, and brandishing their tomahawks. The Pioneers resolute- ly draw together to resist, and struggle to make their way on toward their goal. The spirits of Determination rush forward to the rescue. They divide into two lines to protect both sides of the Pioneers, and some of the spirits of Hope rush down between and mingle with the men, women and children of the Pioneers, cheering them and encouraging them, as the spirits of Determination help the men to repel and drive off the Indians. The rest of the spirits of Hope remain where they were, near the orchestra, singing their call of Hope constantly with the music of the orchestra. As the contest goes on more and more successfully, the Indiana motif mingles more and more distinctly with the other motifs in the orchestra and the Indian phrases disappear, until the Pioneers come on again, successful and enheartened, escorted by the spirits of Hope and Determination, the music now opulent with the motif of Indiana. As they arrive at the nearer grounds the spirits point to the uni- versity, and the Pioneers all turn to see the vision toward which they press, as the orchestra swings full and strong into the Hymn to Indiana, and the chimes in the university tower join in the melody also. At the same time the symbolic figure of the State of Indiana, attended by the figures of the city of Bloomington and of the university, appear on 214 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL the slope to the gaze of the Pioneers. Thus escorted now by all the spirits singing their motifs, the Pioneers proceed on their way, ac- claiming with outstretched arms the future, women lifting their babies to see and men doffing their coonskin caps and beavers and pointing the children to the vision of their ideals. So they pass on and out, the music closing with the plain statement of the Indiana theme as in the Hymn. As for the body of the pageant, the outHne of episodes sug- gests its progress, the founding of the university town, the estabhshing the old seminary, forerunner of the university, the Hoosier opposition to higher education, the stirring times of '61, followed by a steady development. The outline can- not suggest, however, some of the very effective incidents in- troduced which characterize so graphically the life of the early period — such for instance as that of the camp meeting repentance of the "tough" young man brought within range of the eloquence and magnetism of Lorenzo Dow. Neither can the outline suggest the largeness, the dignity of treatment of the motif as shown in the introduction to Part II, Light and Truth, as shown in the following: Light and Truth With sudden and piercing brilliance the orchestra strikes instantly into a motif suggestive of clear Light in the strings accented with the cymbals and maybe the high brass. As suddenly there appears at the top of the slope the figure of Light — not merely physical, but intellectual and spiritual as well. He shines in white radiance and carries in his right hand a great torch. He stands on the crest of the hill near the Observatory and calls to men to come and receive the fire of Light and Truth. Light: Light! Light! Light! Light! Ye Men of all the Earth Who dwell throughout the range of Time and Space Arise! Arise from out the lower plane Whereon you live! Bring forth the unlit torch Of life! Receive the fire of Light and Truth! In response to the call of Light there comes from one side of the grand stand the figure of the Hebrew race, followed by several men of learning and inspiration of that race, Moses, David, and Isaiah. In close sequence from the other side there comes the figure of Greece, followed by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; then Rome, followed by Caesar, Virgil, and Cicero. To each racial figure the Light inclines his torch and thei-e- by lights its torch and says to them as they open their books: Light: Reveal the light! Unveil the truth! Except by these dare not to live! Except for these dare not to die! Go forth upon thy way! COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 215 As these withdraw and take their places a little down the slope, there come in turn from either side the Arabians and the Monastic Learning of the Middle Ages ; and then, coming from both sides, a larger group representing the Renaissance. They join as they go up through the center of the other groups, who welcome them as the heirs of all alike. To these also the figure of Light inclines his torch and addresses his exhortation in briefer form: Light: Reveal the light! Unveil the truth! Almost immediately following the Renaissance group, yet distinct from it, come two figures representing the University of Oxford and Cambridge, together from the same side. They go along the way the Renaissance group has gone, up through the middle, and as they ap- proach the Light, the Renaissance group divides to welcome them among them and to introduce them to the Light. Herewith the music in the orchestra returning to the first clear form of the Light motif in the strings and cymbals works up to a first climax, marking the completion of the first, the European stage of the development. As the universities of Oxford and Cambridge turn round there enter people of the American Colonies — Puritans from New England, Mer- chants from New York, Quakers from Pennsylvania, and Cavaliers from Virginia. They stand in two great groups near the grand stand, gazing at the academic tableaux before them. To them, one on either side, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge go down, and from them bring the earlier American universities — Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Brown, Pennsylvania, Princeton — and escort them up the slope to the Light. These in turn go back and take their places in front of their own people. As this proceeds, a number of Hoosier backwoodsmen, hunters and pioneers, men, women and children, come together in the center. Some of the eastern people join them. They stand far down by the grand stand in the center. To them the figure of Light calls: Light: Intrepid Indiana men, arise! Raise high the torch that guides your feet from birth To death along your trails and streams. Be all Your ways with radiance filled, with Light! With Light! At once, in answer to his call, there comes recurrent in the music the Indiana motif, and from among the pioneers there enters the State of Indiana. She advances part way up the slope and says that there is among these frontier people no university or means for spreading the light, but that she will herself supply the need and create anew, a State University. State of Indiana : No torch sheds light, no volume shines for these ; But I, the State, will for them well provide! The Torch! The book! The child! The robes and shield ! At her call for the torch and the book, two of those who have come from the east bring them. At her call for the child, a circuit rider and a pioneer lead forward to her a child dressed only in the tunic. When 13—15997 216 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL the robes and the shield are brought to her, she robes the child in them, hangs the shield on her shoulder, and gives her the torch and the book. As all the Hoosiers raise their arms in acclamation, the State of Indiana leads the child up to the Light. He lights the torch and opens the book of the new State University, repeating in full the exhortation: Light: Reveal the light! Unveil the truth! Except for these dare not to live! Except for these Dare not to die! Go forth upon thy way! The State of Indiana turns the child around and presents her to the people of the State, who acclaim their State and their University with shouts sung on the Indiana motif with the words: All : All hail, Indiana hail ! The music sweeps into a brilliant, ecstatic march built on the In- diana and the Light motifs, strong and clear, full orchestra. To a con- tinuation of this march the academic groups descend the slope and go out at the base of the hill: first the ancient and mediaeval races, then the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and the earlier American univer- sities, followed by their people. The people of Indiana go forward to meet their State and the child University; then return and go out with them. The music returns to the clear intense music of pure Light with which the Interlude began, mainly in the strings and cymbals. The figure of Light vanishes whence he came, to this music. Finale : Centennial. The orchestra bursts into the Light music as the figure of Light raises his torch high, goes to the top of the slope, as a signal to the people of all the past to return. From both sides of the grand stand they pour in singing. At the same time the spirits of Hope and Deter- mination sweep out into a circle on the horizon. THE HYMN TO INDIANA. To Heaven raise thy star-crowned head, Superb Indiana! Thy future to glory wed Through toil! Praise God! Hosanna! Arise ! Stand ! Strive ! Thy faith revive! With courage and decision Press onward toward thy vision! Arise! Firm! True! Thy strength renew! God prosper thy gages To serve the coming ages! To Heaven raise thy star-crowned head, Superb Indiana! Thy future to glory wed Through toil! Praise God! Hosanna! COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 217 Sounding abruptly in the orchestra are heard the first six notes of The Star Spangled Banner as a trumpet call. Indiana turns around and points far off where in the distance is seen America coming on horse- back, attended by the other States of the old Northwest Territory — Ohio, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. America rides a white horse and is robed in white; she carries on her left shoulder the Shield of the United States and in her right hand the American Flag. The States ride dark colored horses, and wear the Shields of their Seals, but do not carry flags, as having no sovereignty in Indiana. All the people of the pageant turn in the direction whence America is coming and raise their hands in acclaim. A Pioneer and a Man of 1816 bring Indiana a horse. She mounts, takes from the City her State Flag, and rides forth to meet America. When she approaches her, Indiana stops and inclines her flag in salute, an honor which America acknowledges by inclining the American flag. Indiana then rides back with America, to the left and a little behind her. As America approaches the top of the slope near the Observatory, the orchestra plays The Star Spangled Banner in salutation, and all the spirits of Hope and Determination sweep forward until they are quite near. Then all the people join in singing The Hymn to America. America still seated on her horse raises her flag, and all the people kneel and sing, kneeling, the prayer stanza of the hymn "America." All rise, and the music playing the Hymn to Indiana, march in heavy massed column out before America, Indiana, the other States, the City, and the University, into the future, in the direction whence America came. The figure of Light leads the way. The spirits of Hope and Determination converge on the moving column of the people of the pageant and march out with them. When all have passed, the central group comes down toward the grand stand and passes out to the south by the wood road. MONTGOMERY A big man with a big vision led the Centennial hosts of Montgomery County to an observance which, in its high pur- pose, its wide extent and its grasp upon the whole citizen- ship, was not excelled by any county in the State and equalled by very few. L. N. Hines, superintendent of the Crawfords- ville schools, was the man of the hour. His strength lay, first, in his thorough appreciation of the significance and pos- sibilities of the year; second, in his ability to lay plans for the realization of the latter; and third, in his great capacity for organization. Mr. Hines did not have the eleventh-hour idea of prepara- tion — of letting things rest blissfully quiet for fear of "drag- ging it out too long," and then rushing a celebration through in a few weeks. He had a complete county organization ef- 218 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL fected and ready for work early in the spring, but began working toward it in November when he succeeded in getting together nearly one hundred people from over the county to consider plans for a real county observance. Mr. Hines was one of the leaders in the December conference of county chair- men at Indianapolis, and the following week secured State Pageant Master W. C. Langdon to deliver an address on pag- eantry before his county-v/ide committee. There are several features in connection with the Cen- tennial movement in Montgomery that stand out prominently. One was the degree to which the v/hole county became deeply interested and co-operative. The movement reached to the four corners of Montgomery and seemed to be as dominant there as at its center. Resulting from this was the very successful county pageant, the first of the kind to be put on in the State. Another feature was the splendid cooperation of the schools and their unusually ambitious and appropriate programs of observance. Another, the hearty co-operation of college and county in a common patriotic purpose. And be- hind all was the splendid support given the local organization and the State Commission by the Montgomery County news- papers, such as the Revieiv and Journal of Crawfordsville, the Waynetown Dispatch, the Ladoga Leader, and New Richmond Record. Taking the county as a whole, no better work was done by the press anywhere. Through the observance day in the schools on March 3, the whole county was stirred with Centennial enthusiasm. So much so that Montgomery may be said to have had two peri- ods of celebration — that in March and the one in June. To begin with, the observance made by the Crawfordsville schools was most thoroughgoing, artistic and impressive, in- cluding the kindergarten grades and the high school. As an indication of the general interest displayed, on the afternoon of the preceding day, the schoolboys put on a parade through the downtown streets, dressed as Indians, scouts and soldiers, and accompanied by a drum corps. In some of the city schools, the rooms gave individual programs, consisting, some of patriotic playlets, some of reci- tations and exercises, others of the reading of pioneer stories, the playing of old-fashioned games, the dancing of the Minuet COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 219 by the kindergarteners and the Virginia Reel by the older children, and in one school, a talk on early Crawfordsville history was given and the account of its own history read. Walls were adorned with portraits of Indiana's eminent edu- cators, authors and statesmen, while pioneer relics were dis- played in the halls. High school girls gave what proved to be a most popular representation of "Commencement Days in Miss Starr's Female Seminary," Crawfordsville's early educational institution. So much interest was thus aroused in this pioneer school that one of the city schools has been given the name "Canby," by which the old Seminary was known. As an aftermath of the Crawfordsville school cele- bration, a combination of the best features was arranged in the way of a public entertainment which was given two pre- sentations a few days later in Music Hall, attracting large audiences. The Centennial enthusiasm thus indicated was reflected throughout the schools of the county. As examples. New Richmond gave a program covering state, county and town- ship history and including a reminiscent talk by the town- ship's oldest man, James C. Vaughan, all supplemented by a relic exhibit. In the forenoon at Ladoga, the grades repro- duced scenes of early Indiana life. In the afternoon the high school students gave an excellent program, including papers on the founding and naming of Ladoga, with later chapters in its history and the reading of some typical Commencement essays, given at the Ladoga Normal about 1860. Some of the titles were : 'Taddle Your Own Canoe," "Glory of the Past" and "The March of the Mind." Waynetown gave six scenes of old-time amusements and a historical pantomime of Indi- ana and Montgomery County. Longviev/ gave a little Indi- ana play and enjoyed intimate historical talks by citizens. Patrons and pupils at Waveland enjoyed a Community din- ner, followed by an appropriate program. Programs similar to those here noted were presented at New Ross, New Market, Mace and other points. On April 14, 15 and 16, Brown township conducted a cele- bration at Waveland, the big event of which was an indoor pageant or historical drama, given on the first two days. The following is a brief synopsis : 220 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Episode I 1816-1827 Scene 1. An Indian Camp — Tableau — The Coming of the first White Man. Scene 2. The old Wayside Tavern — Fairview — Mi-. Moore, proprietor, and some of his neighbors. Scene 3. Same — Arrival of William Henry Harrison en route to Lafay- ette — Young pioneers, trappers, aristocrats, etc., having a good time. Scene 4. A Quilting Bee — Pioneer Women spend a social afternoon and combine work and pleasure. Scene 5. A Corn Shucking — While their wives quilt the men help with the husking at the barn. When both tasks are finished the women join the men in an old-time party. Episode II 1827-1855 Scene 1. Organization of the first Church — A Methodist class was or- ganized at the home of Mrs. Jane McCormick in 1827. Scene 2. An Old Time School, 1835. Scene 3. A Home Scene. Scene 4. Organizing a Temperance Society, 1840. Episode III 1855-1875 Scene 1. The Underground Railroad — A home scene in which a slave is helped to freedom. Scene 2. An Enlisting Scene — Citizens at John Milligan's store — An Enlisting Ofiicer arrives and many enlist. Scene 3. Tenting on the Old Camp Ground. Scene 4. Singing School. Scene 5. Finale. On April 15 the old settlers and home-coming idea was emphasized and on Sunday, Centennial services were held in the churches of the township. In addition to what was done on March 3, Waynetown fur- ther observed the Centennial in connection with the closing days of its school. April 25 was announced as a special day of celebration, known as "Old Folks Day," with an address by the venerable ex-Congressman Mike White, of Crawfords- ville. On the closing day, April 28, another Centennial pro- gram was put on by the Waynetown school. With some interesting preliminary features on Friday and Saturday, June 9 and 10, including one of the very first show- ings of the historical moving picture, "Indiana," the first big day of the Montgomery County Centennial Celebration was Sunday, June 11. In the morning, fitting services were held in the churches of city and county, while in the afternoon, a union meeting was held on the Wabash College Campus, ad- COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 221 dressed by Rev. Morton C. Pearson, secretary of the Indian- apolis Church Federation, upon the subject, 'The ReHgious Life of the Commonwealth." On Monday forenoon, addresses were given on the college campus by Miss Charity Dye, of Indianapolis, on "The Great Undertow," and by Lew M. O'Bannon, of Corydon, on "The Meaning of the Indiana Centennial," both being members of the State Commission. In the afternoon occurred an indus- trial and civic parade and in the evening an old-time melodies concert by the massed brass bands of the county. The dedication of a memorial tablet, marking the site of the first ¥/abash College building, took place Tuesday morn- ing, followed by a reunion of all persons who taught school in Montgomery county more than thirty years ago. The after- noon was declared a holiday for the first performance of the county pageant, in Crawford's Woods. Flag Day exercises were held on the morning of June 14, with an address by Hon. James E. Watson, and the dedica- tion of Milligan Park, in charge of Mayor W. C. Murphy and city officials, in the early afternoon. The second performance of the pageant was to have followed, but rain compelled a postponement until the following day. An exhibit of relics was made throughout the celebration, in charge of the wom- en's organizations, led by the D. A. R. In passing it should be remarked that in the course of the year, practically all the clubs of the county had Centennial programs and cele- brations. Much could be said for the pageant, a big community en- terprise in v/hich the whole county participated. Several had to do with its writing and arrangement, prominent among them, Prof. G. M. Miller of Wabash College. Prof. D. D. Haines, also of the College, had the difficult task of organiz- ing and directing it. Although at great expense in pro- ducing it, had the weather been propitious on Wednesday, allowing an extra performance on Thursday, the committee would doubtless have paid out. As it was, a deficit of some- thing more than eight hundred dollars resulted. This fact kept Montgomery from making the showing it otherwise would have made on County Day of the state celebration. Miss Katheryn Picket represented the county in the Caval- cade, however. 222 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The theme and organization of the pageant is well ex- plained in its Introduction : Four things have combined to characterize and to individualize the life of Montgomery County — first, its remarkable progress in agricul- ture; second, its excellent provision for the education of its own chil- dren and its dominating influence on the educational agencies of the whole State; third, its unsurpassed contribution to the success of our arms in the Indian, the Mexican and the Civil Wars; and fourth, its equally remarkable contributions to the national literature which grew up in the West after the War. These four themes — Agriculture, Educa- tion, Patriotism, and Literature — dominate the whole pageant. In every scene of every episode some one or other of these four great themes holds sway. The five great Episodes in the pageant stand for the five great stages in the development of the community. Episode I presents the Indians in their primeval forest home and foretells at the end their in- evitable dispossession by the white men. Episode II brings the pioneers, who set about their heroic tasks of clearing the forests and establishing the conditions for civilization. Episode III shows characteristic public activities of the community in its development from the era of settle- ment to the Civil War. Episode IV is devoted wholly to the great crisis of the Rebellion. Episode V pictures the development of the community since the War, showing not only our great achievements in a material way, but also our unique accomplishments in the fine art of litei-ature. Introducing and concluding the diff^erent episodes is a series of pantomimes and symbolic dances, which serve to interpret the spirit of some stage in the development of the community or the force of one of the four great themes on which the pageant is founded. Introducing the whole pageant is the symbolic Masque of "Montamin," a dramatic embodiment of an Indian legend of creation. OUTLINE OF THE PAGEANT Opening Dance and Masque. The Birth of the Indian Race. Dance — The Indian Spirits. Invocation to the Gods of the Indians for fertility of the fields. Masque — Montamin, the Maize. Episode I — The Indian. Scene 1 — Indians in the Primeval Forest. Scene 2 — The Little Lost One. Scene 3 — The Decree of the White Man. Interlude I — The Spirit of Civilization. Episode II — The Pioneer. Scene 1 — The Surveyors. Scene 2 — The Coming of William Offield. Scene 3 — The Settlers and the Speculators. Scene 4 — The Naming of Crawfordsville. Scene 5 — The Land Sale. Scene 6 — The Founding of COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 223 Wabash College. Scene 7 — The Quilting Bee, the Shooting Match, the Loud School and the Black Hawk War. Interlude II — The Country Dance. Episode III — The Youth of the County. Scene 1 — The Mexican War. Scene 2 — The Seminaries and Caleb Mills. Scene 3 — The Underground Railroad. Interlude III — Dance of the States — War. Episode IV— The Civil War. Scene 1 — Enlistment and Wabash College Class of 1862. Scene 2 — News from the Front. Interlude IV — The North and the South — Peace. Episode V — Later Days. Scene 1 — Lew Wallace and "Ben-Hur." Scene 2 — Maui'ice Thomp- son and "Alice of Old Vincennes." Scene 3— The Return of Offield. Interlude V — Dance of the Wheat and the Corn. Finale — Prophecy of the Future. Columbia, Indiana, Attendants, Spirits of Agriculture, Patriotism, Education and Literature. Children and Indiana. "America." The names of the Executive Committee, and those of the Chairmen of the township committees, are here given as the names of the leaders in the ideal Centennial observance made by Montgomery County. Executive Committee, L. N. Hines, Mayor W. C. Murphy, Jas. D. Wilson, Mark Shackelford, Dumont Kennedy, E. M. Brown, Dumont Peck, Mrs. James Waugh. Chairmen of township committees : Brown, Walter Suth- erHn; Clark, Mark Shackelford; Coal Creek, James D. Wil- son; Franklin, Mrs. Siloam Craig; Madison, Prof. B. G. Keicher; Ripley, Troy Davis; Scott, Thomas J. Byrd; Sugar Creek, J. E. Dunbar; Union, Floyd Welch; Walnut, Charles L. Lauthers ; Wayne, John W. Shuler. MORGAN The Centennial hopes of Morgan County were hung to the Martinsville Commercial Club, which failed to deliver. The Club's president accepted the county chairmanship but virtu- ally shouldered the responsibility on to the paid secretary. The latter couldn't see the need of careful preparation and as late as April 16, 1916, deprecated laying plans "so far in ad- vance" but assured the Commission that "Morgan county and Martinsville will do themselves proud — and don't you forget 224 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL it." It wasn't the Commission that forgot. But that was the last ever heard of a Morgan County celebration. The said Commercial Club elected a new president who knew not the Centennial, and Morgan County w'as not! Some interest in the anniversary was manifested in Mooresville and had the Commission begun efforts there in- stead of looking to the county seat, the county would probably have been represented in the patriotic observance of the year. We are willing to give Mooresville and the county at large the benefit of the doubt. NEWTON Newton County's observance took place at Kentland on September 14, and consisted of the marching and singing of school children in the forenoon, of an address by Ex-Gover- nor Chase Osborn of Michigan in the afternoon, and of a dis- play of fire works in the evening. A fine display of pioneer relics was made in the show windows of the business houses of the town. Carroll C. Kent, a son of the founder of Kent- land, acted as chairman, with George Ade serving him as first lieutenant. NOBLE Practically nothing is reported from this county, and so far as known little recognition of the year was made. The Commission was unable to get a Centennial movement launched in Noble. On December 8, the schools of Kendallville gave a miscel- laneous patriotic and historical program in recognition of Indiana's admission into the Union. The schools of Albion gave a patriotic Indiana program on the eleventh. OHIO The smallest county in the State hid its Centennial talent in a napkin. In 1914 Ohio County celebrated its own Cen- tennial anniversary, but made no effort to observe that of the Commonwealth. Although the chairman, S. M. Seward, is the editor and publisher of a newspaper at Rising Sun, almost no publicity was given the Centennial year and its widespread activities. In short, the significance of 1916 was all but un- noticed in Ohio County. A patriotic program is reported as having been given on December 11 by rooms 7 and 8 of the public school of Rising Sun. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 225 ORANGE After having announced a county celebration for the first week of September, to which ex-residents of Orange County were looking forward with interest, the county committee, headed by Jesse M, Trinkle, announced the first of August that no such celebration would be held. Instead, a fair and carnival was put on, to which historical flavor was given by the presentation of the history film "Indiana." Credit must at least be given the committee for not dubbing the carnival with the name of Centennial Celebration. Some programs of a Centennial nature were given in the schools, in which Indiana history was stressed. Orange County was represented by Miss Alice Atkinson in the Cen- tennial Cavalcade at Indianapolis on County Day, when a good representation of its citizens were in attendance. On the whole, however, no adequate work was done in the county and accordingly little impression was made upon its citizen- ship. OWEN In one very definite way at least, Owen County became identified with the Centennial movement. In the purchase of McCormick's Creek Canyon, a scenic asset of Owen, the first unit in the new state park system was secured, and toward this end the citizens of the county cooperated loyally, providing one-third of the purchase cost. There was not the systematic work done in Owen County that was found in many others, but it made a very good show- ing, under the leadership of C. L. Ooley, Superintendent of the Spencer city schools. The women's clubs and fraternal organizations gave some attention to Indiana history and pre- sented Centennial programs. A county historical society was organized and a room secured in the court house as a society home. On October 5th and 6th, a pageant was given at Spencer, written and directed by Carl Anderson, publisher of the Owen County Leader. Three hundred people took part and por- trayed in a graphic way the history of the county and State. The pageant was most simple in outline, whereby it could scarcely be distinguished from many others given in the State. As a matter of fact, it had a distinct individuality and a 226 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL flavor all its own. Its arrangement was artistic and its sub- ject-matter displayed a sympathetic understanding of the his- tory portrayed. Episode I dealt with Indian life, and the coming of the whites, and, while presented in pantomime, gave a vivid and discerning portrayal. The rest of the pageant was a spoken one, action being supported with dialogue. It was well writ- ten, and interpreted ably the events set forth. Episode II had to do with the establishment of the county and the build- ing of the county-seat at Spencer. Episode III was "Rally Round the Flag" and presented vividly the days of '61-'65 in a typical county-seat Hoosier neighborhood. Episode IV, Past and Present, was a clever adaptation of Rip Van Winkle for the purpose of showing the development of Spencer. The pageant was supplemented by a display of historic relics. PARKE It is a difficult question as to what can be said for some counties. As regards Parke County, the difficulty comes in finding anything that cannot be said in commendation. The Director of the State Commission is loath to assign first hon- ors unreservedly to any one county, but is free to say that Parke is fully abreast of the half dozen leaders. As is so often the case, the reason, at least one of the chief reasons, is a woman — a patriotic, high-minded, conscientious and selt- sacrificing woman. When Mrs. Rufus Dooley accepted the County Chairmanship, the success of the Parke County Cen- tennial was abundantly assured. With her, the chairmanship was a sacred trust and a deep responsibility. With this feeling, combined with a contagious loyalty for her county, she set about her task. Step by step, supported by a band of loyal helpers v/hich gathered about her, she organized the county, laid her plans, and saw them steadily mature to fruition. The office of the State Commis- sion soon learned that an appeal to her for cooperation would meet a hearty response. From the time of her appointment in September 1915, until the sun set on December 31, 1916, Mrs. Dooley was on the job and always master of the situa- tion. It is for such service as she rendered that the Indiana Centennial will long be remembered. As a Centennial New Year's greeting, the following was • COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 227 issued from the office of the Indiana Historical Commission and sent to the state press: As the conclusion of her excellent toast at the County Centennial Chairman dinner at Indianapolis, December 3d, Mrs. Rufus Dooley of Parke County read with fine eifect the verses below. They are adapted from a poem, "Work — A Song of Triumph," by Angela Morgan and pub- lished in the Outlook of December 2d of last year. We offer them to the loyal, busy citizens of Indiana as a greeting and a challenge on the eve of our Centennial year. We offer them as the clarion call, the hope, the promise of the new century of statehood, to be ushered in January 1, 1916. WORK. Work! Thank God for the might of it. The ardor, the urge, the delight of it; Work that springs from the heart's desire Setting the soul and brain on fire. Oh, what is so good as the heat of it? And what is so glad as the beat of it, And what is so kind as the stern command Challenging brain and heart and hand? Workl Thank God for the swing of it. For the clamoring, hammei-ing ring of it; Oh, what is so great as the flame of it. And what is so grand as the aim of it? Thundering on through dearth and doubt, Calling the plan of the Maker out. Work, the Titan, work the friend Has shaped our State toward a noble end By spurning doubt and flouting ills, Doing whatever the spirit wills. Giving to each a glorious part In fulfilling the dream of the Master heart. Thank God for a time when none may shirk. Thank God for the splendor of CENTENNIAL v/ork! The Parke County organization was thorough and effect- ive. There was first the small committee advisory to the chairman, and then the County Committee composed of the township chairmen, the latter being head of their local or- ganizations. The various departments of work were assigned to county leaders, as press correspondent, writer of the County Centennial Memorial History, pageant writer, chair- men of committees on relics, mementoes and old manuscripts, home coming, music and school children's activities. 228 THE INDIANx\ CENTENNIAL The Centennial campaign very properly began in the schools, whose officials cooperated most heartily. All the common school graduates, by order of the Board of Education, were required to prepare essays on some phase of Indiana history, generally local. The County Committee, in coopera- tion with the County Superintendent of Schools, prepared a suggestive outline for study of townships and neighborhood history to be used in the composition work. To stimulate interest, each township chairman was asked to select judges to decide on the merits of the productions. The results achieved were highly satisfactory — so much so that the com- mittee was able to announce first, second and third honors in each township. The trustees set apart special days for Centennial observ- ance in the schools, when, in addition to the appropriate pro- grams rendered by the pupils, the elderly people of the neigh- borhood were invited to take part, telling of pioneer life and conditions. These special days were thus made truly educa- tional. In two townships, those of Liberty and Raccoon, the scope of observance was enlarged to include all, with patriotic Cen- tennial programs in forenoon and afternoon, with a commu- nity dinner between. Fine exhibits of pioneer relics were made. When, early in the year, Indiana Products Day was announced and urged upon the attention of the County Chair- men of the State, Mrs. Dooley took up the project with char- acteristic zeal and determination, the result being that the day was more generally observed in Parke than in any other county, namely, in five towns, Rockville, Bloomingdale, Monte- zuma, Rosedale and Tangier. Early in the planning, in looking toward the County Cele- bration, a happy arrangement was made with the patriotic and progressive Board of Directors of the Rockville Chau- tauqua, whereby the celebration became an integral part of the annual assembly, but in no sense a mere appendage. This largely relieved the County Committee of financial worries and gave it a solid and sure foundation. The days set were August 12 and 13, and the goal aimed at, a real county celebration. To realize the latter, Mrs. Dooley and others were indefatigable in their efforts, going COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 229 from township to township with the Centennial message and arousing to action. In the forenoon of the 12th, occurred a pageant parade in which over 1,100 school children from all over the county took part. There were floats representing the development of our schools from the earliest log cabin days to the present. Each township had its own patriotic song. The address was given by Miss Adelaide Baylor of the State Department of Instruc- tion. In the afternoon, and again in the evening, the Parke County Pageant was given. In every way it was a commu- nity effort. Mrs. Juliet V. Strauss, "The Country Contribu- tor," was the pageant writer, but others had a part in the work. Prof. D. D. Haines of Crawfordsville, director of the Montgomery County Pageant, was in charge of its perfection and presentation, assisted by Miss Georgia Potter of Chicago, who directed the interpretative dancing. The success of the pageant was in proportion to the loyal efforts which made it possible to bring the whole county together to relive its com- mon history. PAGEANT OUTLINE Opening Dance — The Water Fairies. Mask of the Fairies and the Gnomes. Episode I The Indian In the Primeval Forest. The Coming of the French. (1705.) Harrison's Army and the Departure of the Red Man. (1811.) Interlude I — The Star of Empire Episode II The Pioneer The First Settlement. (1818.) The Marriage of Christmas Dazney and Mary Ann Isaacs; Isaac McCoy, the First Pi-eacher. (1819.) The Election at Richard Henry's Cabin. (1821.) The Founding of Shiloh Church. (1822.) The Naming of Rockville. (1824.) The "Loud School." The "Singin' School." Interlude II — The Country Dance Episode III Parke County in Its Youth The Departure of General Howard. (1844.) Bloomingdale Academy. (1846.) Canal Days. (1849.) The Underground Railroad. (1859.) Interlude III — The Dance of the States — War Scene 1. Scene 2. Scene 3. Scene 1. Scene 2. Scene 3. Scene 4. Scene 5. Scene 6. Scene 1. Scene 2. Scene 3. Scene 4. 230 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Episode IV Fraternal Strife Scene 1. The Rockville Union Guards. Scene 2. The Soldiers' Aid Society. Scene 3. Peace Declared. Interlude IV — The North and the South — Peace Episode V Maturity Scene 1. The County Fair. Scene 2. The Present. Interlude V — Dance of the Trees Finale — The Spirit of Civic Pride and the Spirits of the Townships, Honor the Past. "America." Sunday the 13th, was home-coming, church and fraternal day, with sermon in the morning and addresses and Hoosier greetings in the afternoon. In the evening, the historical film "Indiana" was presented. As a part of the Parke County Centennial movement, I. R. Strouse did an excellent piece of work in the production of a Centennial Memorial History, the result of painstaking re- search. The Parke County observance did not cease with its own celebration. When the call went out for participation in County Day at Indianapolis, Mrs. Dooley again rallied her forces with splendid results. Miss Sylvia Burkhart was chosen by ballot to ride in the Cavalcade of the counties. In addition to this, Parke was represented by a beautiful float in which the Spirit of Progress drove the car of Civic Advance- ment, the latter accompanied by her attendant Spirits of the Townships. All this and more can be said of the splendid achievement of Parke county in the Centennial Year. PERRY Rich in historic associations and picturesque in setting, Perry County might have been expected to give enthusiastic recognition to the state's anniversary. More than this, she had as Centennial Chairman in Thomas James de la Hunt, an historian, a litterateur and a poet, who had at the same time the energy and pertinacity of a life insurance agent. Such a combination was unbeatable, and as a result Perry had COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 231 not one but three celebrations, and not one but two pageants, both of which were written and directed by the genius of Vir- ginia Place. As early as August, 1915, Chairman de la Hunt had com- pleted a thorough county organization and begun a systematic program of Centennial education, in which he had the sup- port of County School Superintendent Lee Mullen and the Women's clubs. March 17 was set apart by Mr. Mullen as Centennial observance day in the schools, he having arranged an excellent and appropriate program which was carried out with varied modifications throughout the county. The pupils of Miss Mary C, Burke in Union Township High School, under her direction, collected from old citizens and other sources much valuable historical data which she arranged for presentation in the school library. On April 7, this high school presented the story of Indiana in song, story and drama, from the Mound Builders to the present. On Wash- ington's birthday the Benedictine Sisters of St. Michael's parochial school at Cannelton made an effective Centennial school exhibit, which was repeated at the close of the session. A year's program on Indiana history was followed by the Women's Travel Club of Cannelton and papers on state his- tory and Centennial topics were featured from time to time by the Tobinsport Home Economics Club. The club women of these towns joined in inscribing and beautifying the Lafayette Memorial Spring. In general preparation for the Perry County observance, a beautification campaign was adopted with a slogan of "Paint, Plant and Prepare." Tell City led off with the first celebration, July 20, 21, and 22, the real Centennial features consisting of symbolical tableaux and a choral concert, planned by Mrs. Wm, Krog- man, local chairman and member of the County Committee, a museum of relics, addresses by Albert Bettinger of Cincin- nati and Philip Zoercher of Indianapolis, both former citi- zens, and of an extensive historical and industrial parade. Among historic scenes and events portrayed by floats were: Indiana State Seal, William Tell, Coming of the Swiss Coloni- zation Society and Settlers, First Log Cabin, Stork Bringing First Baby, Husking and Quilting Bees, Uncle Sam Buying Land from Indians, Circuit Rider, First School, First Wharf 14—15997 232 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Boat, Old and New Ways of Cooking, Pioneer Costumes, The Old Market House, etc. On August 10, the citizens of Troy presented "The Pageant of Troy," written and directed by County Chairman de la Hunt, with the Misses Grace Howe and Agatha Lindeman as local managers of the cast of 150 participants. In outline it was as follows: Episode I Early Indian life — A Hunting Feast and the Coming of the White Settlers. Episode II Locating the County Seat at Troy — Log Rolling on Fulton Hill — Old-time Dancing. Episode III The Pioneer School — The Quilting Party — Abraham Lincoln — The School Boy and Ferryman, and Parents. Episode IV The Volunteers Enlisting in the War. (18C1.) Finale Indiana, represented by Miss Gertrude Hill, on horse led by thirteen original counties, reviews the whole caste while the "Hymn to Indiana" is being sung. One persistent element marred each of the three Perry County celebrations. Perry citizenship seemed to cry out for "free attractions," with the result that the street carnival idea seriously compromised the Centennial purpose. While the artist soul of Thomas James de la Hunt was rapt in the lure of pageantry on the heights of Parnassus, those whose his- toric imaginations were still unreieased remained in the val- ley to enjoy with open-mouthed wonder the antics of "The Bimbos," the flying leap of the high diving dog and pony, and the aesthetic gambols of the educated goats. The ringing of the church bells at dawn of Centennial Sunday inaugurated the Perry County celebration at Can- nelton, September 3 to 9. Monday was Welcome Day, with open air receptions and concert in City Park ; Tuesday, School Participation Day, with flag drill and Admission Tableau at Court House ; Wednesday, Lafayette Day, on which occurred the formal dedication of Lafayette Spring, near which on May 9, 1825, General La- fayette suffered shipwreck on the Ohio; Thursday, Perry COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 233 County Day, on whicli the pageant was presented, on the one hundred and second anniversary of the county's organization. People from every township participated. Friday was In- diana Day, when the historic film "Indiana" was shown. The celebration closed Saturday with a farewell concert. Both literally and figuratively, it was a beautiful climax to the Perry County Centennial efl'orts, when on the high bluffs above Cannelton, with a matchless view of the Ohio river and Kentucky hills, the pageant of Perry County was given. From the first scene to the last it was wholly a county pageant. With his comprehensive history of Perry just completed, Mr. de la Hunt brought to his work a complete fund of in- formation and the fresh sympathy and enthusiasm which his studies had developed. Every episode applied to local his- tory, not a single one being usable elsewhere. The vast audi- ence on the shady hillsides saw the first settlers arrive ; heard the recital of news from the War of 1812, in which were Perry County men; saw the landing of the Lincoln family at Troy; General Lafayette's enforced visit follov/ing the wreck of the Mechanic at Rock Island in 1825 ; old-fashioned "Training Day" amusements; laying the cornerstone of the Cannelton cotton mill ; and founding of Tell City by the Swiss Colonization Society, to the accompaniment of some old-time Swiss yodlers; the Confederate invasion of Perry County by Captain Hines of Morgan's command; a county picnic and frolic, celebrating the close of the war and the return of the soldiers — all ending with a beautiful symbolical finale in which Commodore Perry presents Indiana, clad in white and mounted on horseback, with the Stars and Stripes. PIKE It was the woman in the case that saved the day for Pike County. A county chairman had been appointed who re- signed at the critical time. The public was indifferent and apathetic, the school authorities lukewarm. But, as is often true, the community was blessed with one positive, coura- geous, patriotic soul, in this instance a woman, who bore the honor of her county in her heart. Ladies and gentlemen, the Centennial heroine of Pike County, Mrs. Alice P. Stoops, There were many things which Mrs. Stoops knew it was useless for her to attempt. Her ambition centered upon one 234 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL thing and that ambition she realized. Her county is rich in historical associations which she wanted to see portrayed through pageantry. She therefore began the study of pageants, visited those at Evansville and Bloomington, learning at first hand. She next got the financial backing of the Pike County Racing Association, in connection with whose annual meet the performance was to be given. Thus assured, she wrote the pageant, which was shown at Petersburg. It was a two-night pageant, the first night bringing the action to 1816. Episode one dealt with the Mound Builders and episode two with the Indians. Episode three introduced the French soldiers under Sieur de Vincennes and the found- ing of the town which bears his name, with scenes two and three picturing the taking of the fort by Generals Hamilton and George Rogers Clark, in turn. In two scenes, the next episode related the beginning of Indiana and the land treaty, with Tecumseh's protest. The first evening's performance closed with the battle of Tippecanoe. The second evening opened with "Indiana a State," ac- companied by the stately minuet. Episode two was devoted to the pioneers in seven scenes, relating to the selection of the seat of justice, an auction sale of town lots, mail carrier, circuit rider, pioneer school and old-time singing school. An episode was given to the Underground Railroad. The three scenes of episode four were devoted respectively to the husk- ing bee, Virginia Reel and the news of the firing upon Sum- ter, with the departure of the soldiers. Episode five was a soldiers' drill, the pageant closing with "Indiana 1916" and finale. The pageant was presented August 3 and 4 and directed by Professor Grover Sims of Oakland City College. Four hundred and fifty people participated before an audience of about six thousand. Practically no other Centennial activities were attempted. Properly stated, the pageant was Mrs. Alice P(ike) Stoops' contribution to the Indiana Centennial! PORTER That Porter County acquitted itself so well is due largely to the public spirit of its patriotic women. When it became evident that the men would not rise to the occasion, members COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 235 of the Valparaiso Women's Club came forward, and led by Mrs. A. A. Williams, who threw heart and soul into the cause, made a great contribution to the civic spirit of their commu- nity. Second only to Mrs. Williams in service, was Mrs. L. F. Bennett, who for months prior to the Porter County celebra- tion, prepared the way in a series of contributions to the Val- paraiso press upon many phases of state and local history as a background for the Centennial observance. Aside from her own contributions, she secured similar ones from others. A good foundation was thus laid for the observance. Miss Lucy M. Elliott, assistant Director of the Commis- sion, visited Valparaiso February 21 and 22, speaking before the Women's Club and also before the city Commercial Club. Doubtless more people partook of Indiana Products Day dinners on February 22 in Valparaiso than in any other city in the State. Mrs. Williams reported the number to have been 2,309, dinners being served in fifteen places, all partak- ing of the same Hoosier menu. The county celebration took place in September, begin- ning on Sunday the 24th with fitting religious services. In the afternoon a union service was held, at which at least 8,000 people were said by the county chairman to have been present. The principal address was delivered by Judge Harry Olsen of Chicago. On this day the splendid exhibit of relics was opened and remained so during the week. It was visited by throngs of interested observers. The regular celebration took place on Wednesday, Thurs- day and Friday. Wednesday, September 27, was designated as Centennial Memorial Day. In the afternoon an ambitious program was given, centering in the dedication of markers — one on the old Sac trail and the other on the site of the first schoolhouse in Valparaiso, for which the Porter County His- torical Society and the local D. A. R. chapter were responsible. Margaret Cameron Beer gave an address on "Our State," followed by an address on "Our Country," by Patrick H. O'Donnell of Chicago. In the evening a very successful Old Melodies Concert and entertainment was given under the di- rection of Mrs. H. M. Beer. Thursday was given over to the Centennial parade, to which much effort was given. 236 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Friday was Pageant Day and was under the direct super- vision of Mrs. Williams, v/ith Mrs. A. R. Putnam and Mrs. Bennett as assistants. There was music, including a commu- nity sing, in the forenoon, followed by a basket dinner and Old Settlers reunion. The pageant, written by Mrs. Williams, was given in the afternoon and was put on by citizens of Valparaiso, some 400 people participating. In brief the outline was as follows : Episode I The Indians — 1679. Episode II The Explorers — 1679. Episode III Invasion by the Whites— 1763-1834. Portrayal of local historic incidents having to do vi^ith events on Old Sac Trail and the early settle- ment of the county. Episode IV The Civil War— 1861. Including Underground Railroad incident. Episode V Retrospective and Prospective. Centennial Recessional or Processional. The whole celebration was on a high plane of lofty patri- otism and civic pride, reflecting the true purpose and ideals of the Centennial observance. POSEY Thanks to the public spirit and energy of such business men as Hon. L. T. Osborn, its county chairman, Posey County made an enviable Centennial record and added new patriotic laurels to the "Pocket" district. It was very fitting that the county which had really seen the birth of pageantry in Indiana should present its contribu- tion to Centennial pageantry. Two years before, wide atten- tion had been attracted by the New Harmony Pageant, which was written by Miss Charity Dye of the Historical Commis- sion and directed by Mrs. Mary H. Flanner of Indianapolis. When looking for a directing hand to mould into artistic and dramatic form their v/ealth of material, the Posey County committee naturally turned to Mrs. Flanner, whose aid they were so fortunate as to secure. Appropriately, also, the sub- ject-matter of the pageant was largely prepared by Mrs. Nora C. Fretageot of New Harmony, the scene of such rich histor- ical associations. The Posey County celebration was held September 12 and COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 237 13 at Mt. Vernon. On the evening of the 13th, the pageant was presented on the bank of the Ohio river, the historic water highway of the Old Northwest. The pageant was more than a faithful portrayal of the history it dramatized — it was compellingly beautiful in its symbolism. It was introduced by a beautiful dance of the water nymphs, typify- ing the Ohio, followed by a representation of the forest prime- val in the dances of the dryads and fireflies. The first episode, entitled, "One Hundred Years Ago," in- troduced the typical life of the Indians, the appearance of the fur traders and missionaries and the coming of Tom Jones, the first white settler in the county, and the pioneers. The second episode, rightly entitled "Civilization," had to do primarily with the Rappites and the New Harmony ex- periment, which attracted to the new country the famous Boat Load of Knowledge. That part of the episode which so pic- turesquely portrayed the life and culture of this new Athens of the West, was put on by New Harmony citizens. This episode also pictured the choosing of Mt. Vernon as the capital of Posey County, explaining how it took its name from the national shrine on the Potomac. "Political Unrest" was the motif of Episode 3, dealing with the Civil War period. A very interesting feature was the reproduction of an old-time political campaign rally, based upon the election of Alvin P. Hovey, favorite son of Posey, as governor of the State. Episode 4, "Progress Unfolded," was symbolical, typify- ing the many-sided development of the State and suggesting Posey's contribution thereto. The thrilling presentation was viewed by probably 15,000 people from that section of the State and from the adjoining States of Illinois and Kentucky. It was undoubtedly one of the largest pageant audiences in the State during the year. But, while the leading feature, the pageant was not the sole feature of the Posey County celebration. On the preceding day, September 12, an historical and in- dustrial parade was given which was one of the best ever seen in that section of the State. In a combination parade of this kind too often the word "historical" proved a plank rather than a platform. Not so in this instance. Much time and conscientious effort were evidently expended in effectively 238 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL reproducing old scenes and events, which were justified in the results attained. On both days of the celebrational and home coming, ad- dresses were delivered. PULASKI Up to July, no thoroughgoing efforts had been put forth to interest Pulaski County in the Centennial. At that time the chairman, John G. Capouch, went with his militia com- pany to the Mexican border and nothing more was heard of a County Centennial observance. Almost no attention was given the movement by the Pulaski newspapers. Medaryville observed September 14 as Centennial Day, in special honor of its townsman, Wm. B. Nicoles, whose one hundredth birthday it marked. Centennial and historical compositions were given in con- nection with the graduating exercises of the county schools, in which the book, "A Century of Indiana," was studied. PUTNAM So far as can be learned, the Centennial Year was practi- cally unrecognized in Putnam County and in its university county seat. B. F. Corwin of Greencastle accepted the county chairmanship and the answer as to the non-performance lies with him. The Commission regrets that it could not keep in sufficient touch with him to follow the course of events in Put- nam County. The Putnam County newspapers report that Admission Day was observed by the schools over the county "in a gen- eral way." RANDOLPH Randolph County furnished one of the distinct disappoint- ments of the year. Rich in local history, with a man deeply interested, as County Chairman, in Mr. Philip Kabel, and with a national reputation in school efficiency, strange it seems that no county celebration was held and little attempted in the schools. The Centennial Year started propitiously in a successful observance at Winchester of Indiana Products Day. In the spring and early summer Mr. Kabel made visits over the county to arouse interest in the Centennial. Organization COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 239 was begun and celebration movements were started, but nothing materialized. In the words of the chairman, 1916 seemed, strangely enough, to be an "off year" in Randolph. Some responsibility for this situation rests with the news- papers of the county, which did little, either in directly sup- porting the Centennial idea or in even giving it due publicity. Much was expected of the Randolph schools, but little was realized. No Centennial Day was observed. A special pro- gram was given, and, as for the past three years, the eighth grade pupils wrote on some question of local history. No systematic work in course is reported in Indiana history. Observance of Admission Day was made in Winchester, by the D. A. R., which put on a pioneer relic exhibit, and by the Woman's Club, which gave a public Centennial evening in which historic scenes were represented. Programs were also given in the schools. Randolph County seemed content in furnishing a governor for the next quadrennium as its Centennial contribution. RIPLEY Ripley County was not so demonstrative as some counties in its display of state loyalty, but none the less gave proof of a citizenship that is alive to patriotism. The Ripley observ- ance may be said to have been decentralized in a large meas- ure. There were several appropriate celebrations in the county rather than one big one at the county seat. Among these were observances at Cedar Creek, Milan, Osgood, Lin- colnville, Benham, Versailles and Batesville. Some of these were held largely in connection with the schools while others were town and community celebrations. They were almost purely educational, historic and patriotic in nature, consisting of programs of history and local remi- niscence, reinforced often by collections of pioneer relics. Counting its eighth grade graduating exercises, Batesville publicly observed the year three times, closing with a good program on Admission Day when an address was delivered by Prof. Louis J. Rettger of the Indiana State Normal. There was doubtless some connection between this good showing and the public spirited way in which the Batesville papers supported the Centennial. What might be termed the county celebration was held at 240 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Versailles on October 7th in connection with a Fall Festival, when a parade occurred, partly historical. The townships were represented by lady riders, led by Miss Cecil Day who had, on the day previous, represented the county in the Cen- tennial Cavalcade at Indianapolis. Chas. R. Hertenstein, County School Superintendent, took no little interest in the anniversary, and encouraged his teach- ers to adapt their work to its observance in a beneficial way. W. D. Robinson, editor of the Versailles Republican, was County Chairman. Thanks to his interest and to that of the Ripley exiles at the capital city, led by J. N. Ward, the county was strikingly represented on County Day of the State cele- bration. Representative of the timber resources of the county, a great poplar log forty-eight feet long and contain- ing three thousand feet of lumber was loaded on two wagons and hauled to Indianapolis. It proved something of a triumphal procession, since the news of Ripley County's big log was telephoned on ahead from village to town, with the result that no "deserted villages" were discovered en route. The big stick attracted much attention in the County Day parade. Not the least of Ripley County's Centennial contributions was made through one of her daughters, Miss Leah Jackson, whose admirable work on "The Play Party in Indiana," was accepted by the Indiana Historical Commission and published as one of its series of historical collections. RUSH The Rush County observance occurred October 9 to 13, during the period of the state celebration. It was first planned to take place earlier, but circumstances made a later date seem necessary. The observance, centering in Rushville, consisted of ad- dresses, parades, music by school choruses and an exhibition of relics. The Daily Republican of Rushville issued a Centen- nial edition in which appeared historical articles of interest. The celebration was financed by a popular subscription amounting to $1,200 and was under the direction of a com- mittee representing the different parts of the county, of which John A. Titsforth was chairman. Carthage observed Admission Day, an address being de- livered by Will A. Hough of Greenfield. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 241 SCOTT October 14 was observed in Scott County as Centennial Day, when the county celebration was held at Scottsburg under the general direction of Frank Gardner as Chairman. The day, resplendent with autumnal tints illuminated with October sunshine, began with a parade in which many histor- ical features were introduced, contrasting past and present. Horseback riders impersonated important figures in state his- tory. Modes of travel and communication in the old days were portrayed by ''prairie schooners" and the pony express. The school children arrived at the fair grounds where a pro- gram of exercises was given, including an "old-time school." In the afternoon the business and professional men of Scottsburg marched to the fair grounds in a body when the more formal exercises of the day took place. These were opened by a song by two aged women, Mrs. Rebecca Murphy and Mrs. Perry Bailey, daughter of the old pioneer Baptist preacher, Isaac Coker, each said to be over eighty years old. The song "brought to the memory of many present the scenes and the songs of the long ago in the little country churches when Scott County was almost a wilderness." The addresses of the day were made by two former resi- dents of Scott County, Col. Chas. J. Jewett of New Albany, and Judge James W. Fortune of Jeffersonville. Hon. Willis L. Barnes of Charlestown contributed largely to the interest of the day by bringing to the celebration from his home an oil painting of Governor Jonathan Jennings, to- gether with a large number of other interesting exhibits in Indiana history which were displayed in the court house. SHELBY It took several different pilots to steer the course of Shelby County to a Centennial celebration, but it finally arrived. State Senator W. A. Yarling, author of the bill creating the Indiana Historical Commission, very appropriately accepted the Shelby County chairmanship. At the dinner at the Clay- pool hotel in Indianapolis, December 3, attended by members of the Commission and the County Chairmen he responded to the toast, "A True Bill." At the first of the year he found it necessary to resign the chairmanship and Rev. W. E. Carroll of Shelbyville was secured to take his place. 242 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL He went enthusiastically to work, one of the first evidences of which was the Shelbyville Indiana Products Day dinner, February 22, one of the most successful in the State. He reported that 876 people were served under one roof, said roof being that of a temporary tabernacle which had recently been used in a union revival campaign. The diners were waited upon by fifty high school girls dressed in white, and ate to the accompaniment of the high school orchestra. The schools of Shelbyville had a regular celebration of their own in May. On the 16th, Centennial public programs were given at the half dozen or more school buildings, con- sisting generally of a dramatic presentation of some period of state or local history. One building dramatized "The Hoosier Schoolmaster." Another presented the history of the county between 1816 and 1824 in a little pageant, "The Maiden Days of Indiana." In other instances, longer periods were presented by connected episodes and, again, more miscel- laneous programs were given. Two days later the High School Seniors, as a memorial to the Indiana author, Charles Major, who was a resident of Shelbyville, presented as a play, "When Knighthood was in Flower." The county celebration wa« set for September 28-30. The central feature was a pageant, to finance which the committee in charge turned to the Chamber of Commerce, which as- sumed responsibility for the whole celebration, under the lead- ership of its secretary, Carrol R. Woods. F. L. Thompson was also actively identified v/ith the promotion of the observ- ance. The weather was not at all propitious, yet a very success- ful celebration was held, of which enthusiastic reports were received. The opening event was a baby show and parade in which great interest was manifested. An exhibit of relics was made throughout the observance. On the closing day, following a beautiful though not an historical parade, an ad- dress was delivered by Governor Samuel M. Ralston. The pageant, presented at night, was written by W. W. Leslie and J. S. Johnson, both of the city schools. It was largely a pantomime performance, portrajdng primarily the history of Shelby County. An attractive pageant book was issued, illustrated on the cover page with pictures of Shelby's two illustrious sons, Thomas A. Hendricks and Charles Major. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 243 OUTLINE OF THE SHELBY COUNTY PAGEANT Masque — Montamin, the Maize, or "The Birth of the Indian Race." Episode I Indians of Shelby County. Scene 1 — Indian Life Before the Coming of the White Man. Scene 2 — The Missionaries Teach the Indians the Christian Religion. Scene 3 — William Conner, the First White Trader. Scene 4 — Delaware In- dians Sell Their Land to the White Man. Scene 5 — The Piety of the Indians. Interlude I — Indiana becomes a State. Episode II First Settlers and County Organization. Scene 1 — Whetzel's Trail, or the Naming of Brandywine. Scene 2 — The Coming of James Wilson, First Settler of the County. Scene 3 — The Surveyors. Scene 4 — The First County Commissioners Organize the County. Scene 5 — Locating the County Seat. Scene 6 — The Sale of Lots in Shelbyville. Scene 7 — Shelby County with Her Townships — Personified. Interlude II — Johnnie Appleseed — Planting for the Future. Episode III Pioneer Life of 1840. Scene 1 — Quilting Bee and Shooting Match. Scene 2 — The "Loud School." Scene 3 — Singing Class of Morristown. Scene 4 — Husking Bee and Old-time Dance (Old Dan Tucker, Virginia Reel, etc.) Scene 5 — Campaign of 1840. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too. Interlude III — Dance of the States — "Secession." Episode IV War Days in Shelby County. Scene 1 — Preparation for War — the Call for Volunteers. Scene 2 — The First Company for the War — Presentation of Flag by Women of Shelbyville. Scene 3— News from the Front— The End of the War Approaching. Interlude IV — The North and the South — Reunion. Episode V Recent Progress. Scene 1 — Thomas A. Hendricks. Scene 2 — Charles Major— When Knighthood Was in Flower. Scene 3 — The Return of James Wilson (First Settler.) Interlude V — Dance of Agriculture. Finale. In the week following the Shelby celebration, the county was represented in the Centennial Cavalcade of the counties at Indianapolis by Miss Pauline Barlow. SPENCER Bearing the name of the gallant Spiers Spencer, and known as the Indiana home of the Lincoln family, Spencer County undertook the observance of the Centennial in the 244 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL spirit that it had a great deal to live up to. Spurred on by this realization, under the direction of enthusiastic and effi- cient leadership, the county achieved an enviable distinction among its ninety-one sisters. A newspaper man, W. W. Kellams, editor and publisher of the Rockport Democrat, headed the organization, and had the active cooperation of his ''esteemed contemporaries" in the county, the Rockport Journal, the Grandvieiv Monitor, the Dale Reporter and the Chrisney Sun. He had the whole county fairly networked with committees, and with commit- tees that worked. His general committee was made up of the chairmen of his central celebration committees and the chair- men of the township organizations, making thirty in all. He had two hundred committeemen distributed over the county. The chairmen of the most active central committees, followed by the township bodies, were: Finance, M. E. Hirsch; history, Mrs. Helen Baumgaertner ; relics, Mrs. C. W. Halburge; markers, Allen J. Payton; program, Frank Kincaid; pageant, Mrs. C. D. Ehrman ; chorus, Miss Myrtle Posey ; home com- ing, Chas. G. Davis; pioneer evening, Mrs. Bird Brown. Townships — Carter, M. L. Metcalf , Dale ; Clay, D. F. Kennedy, Lamar; Grass, J. Fred Bergman, Chrisney; Hammond, Dr. L. F. Gage, Grandview; Harrison, Robert Widener, St. Mein- rad; Huff, Cullen Souder, Lamar; Jackson, 0. L. Perry, Gen- tryville; Luce, L. B. Wilkinson, Rockport; Ohio, A. P. Wright, Rockport. Centennial activity in the townships began early in the year. In March and April several very Vv^orthy celebrations were given in the schools of the county, including the Nunn school in Luce township and the Lake Mill and Grandview schools. The first two were conducted under the leadership of parent-teacher associations. Citizens of these communi- ties entered heartily into the spirit of the anniversary. Some gave talks on interesting phases of state and local history. Present and past were contrasted in striking ways. Repre- sentations of pioneer life, the daily life of the farm and kitchen, were graphically made. But the great focal point of almost the entire Centennial preparations in Spencer was the county celebration set for July 3 and 4, at Rockport, and very particularly, the county pageant. The latter was a heroic enterprise, heroically COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 245 achieved, and too much commendation can hardly be given those who put through one of the few real county pageants par excellence, of the year. In the first place an artist prepared it, in the person of Mrs. Kate Milner Rabb, now of Indianapolis, but a former Spencer County girl. Both an artist and a gen- eral organized and directed it, Mrs. C. D. Ehrnian, aided by such loyal lieutenants as Mrs. Helen Baumgaertner. For two months, Mrs. Ehrman traversed the county back and forth, arousing enthusiasm, assigning parts to the respective town- ships and drilling them in execution. A world of patience, tact, perseverance, bodily strength and sound nerves, was necessary to achieve the thing and Mrs. Ehrman proved equal to the demand. She had the whole county working toward a common purpose and the sequel was all that had been hoped — and more. As a prelude to the celebration, a vesper song service was held at the fair grounds Sunday, when the old-time hymns were sung, and a brief address made by Rev. J. M. Daniel. On Monday afternoon a county athletic meet was held and in the evening a pioneer entertainment, consisting of old- fashioned dances, which proved rejuvenating and popular. The relics exhibit was well arranged in that, instead of merely having it placed promiscuously, pioneer bedrooms, a kitchen, etc., were "made up" to represent more effectively the do- mestic life of our forefathers. Patriotic festivities were opened on Tuesday morning of the Fourth by a great parade, in large measure historical, which was really preliminary to the pageant, the performance of which consumed the entire afternoon. As explained by Mrs. Rabb in a foreword, she purposed to show in the pageant, how the character of the county, as a community, had been developed. Many of the parts were taken by descendants of the characters portrayed, and, so far as possible, from the locality in which the incidents reproduced occurred. Six- teen hundred and fifty people took part before an audience of several thousand. The Introduction gave a most effective symbolic portrayal of the Spirit of the Ohio, accompanied by two hundred water sprites, in floating robes of filmy white over blue. Through- out the greater part of the pageant, these sprites, skirting a lake in the background, in rhythmic movement suggested 246 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL the rippling and the splashing of the river. Following these onto the scene, came the Spirit of the Forest and wood nymphs and the Spirit of the Fields, attended by the flower, fruit and grain fairies. In impressive procession all these were fol- lowed by those who invaded the Western wilderness — Indians, explorers, fur traders, missionaries, early settlers, British red coats and Captain Spiers Spencer. These disappear be- fore Columbia, to whom Virginia presents the new Indiana territory, whereupon the encircling nymphs and fairies take up the song, "Hymn to Indiana." This led up very effectively to the pageant proper, dealing largely with county history, as suggested by the outline. Episode I The Indians. Scene 1. Treaty of Fort Wayne. Scene 2. The Meek's tragedy on Pigeon Creek, 1811. Episode II Scene 1. Arrival and location. Scene 2. Log Rolling. The Settlers. Episode III The Lincolns. Scene 1. The Rockport home coming, 1819. Thomas Lincoln brings home his second wife, who is greeted by the children, Sarah and Abraham, and by Dennis Hawks. Scene 2. The Mill, 1825. Abraham Lincoln is seen driving to the mill, where are gathered various men waiting for their corn to be ground. Arrived at the mill he engages in conversa- tion with the men, enrages a braggart by his joking recep- tion of a story, and reads to the men an editorial from the Vincennes Sun on slavery. Scene 3. The Departure of the Lincolns for Illinois, 1830. Episode IV The Mexican War — June, 1847. Episode V Education. Scene 1. The Pioneer School. Scene 2. Laying the Corner Stone of the Rockport Academy, 1859. Episode VI The Civil War. Scene 1. First Company leaves Rockport, July, 1861. Scene 2. Fourth of July celebration at Rockport Fair Grounds, 1861. Episode VII The March of Commerce and Industry. Finale. The giving of the pageant brought the county together in an intimate acquaintance and fellowship hitherto unknown. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 247 which was eminently worth while, to say nothing of its edu- cational function. One month later, on Centennial Day of the Grandview Chautauqua, the Centennial committees of the county enjoyed a reunion and picnic. Another by-product was the organization of the Spencer County Historical Society. The pageant was financed by the proceeds of the day and by subscriptions, none of the latter being over ten dollars, and although no general admission fee was charged, a very considerable surplus was realized. This was wisely used in the placing of permanent memorials to mark historic spots. One was placed on the site of the Lincoln home at a cost of three hundred and fifty dollars; one marking the spot of the landing of the Lincolns on Indiana soil, for one hundred and fifty dollars, and for twenty-five dollars less, another in mem- ory of the first settler. Though one of the counties most distant from the capital, Spencer was one of the most active in cooperation on County Day, October 6. Miss Esther Brown represented the county in the Cavalcade. In the procession of the counties, W. E. Hartley gave a striking illustration of Lincoln the rail split- ter, while A. P. Wright, on horseback, represented Spiers Spencer. STARKE Practically no interest in the Centennial was manifested by the people of Starke County. The Chairman, Hon. Ches- ter A. McCormick, editor of the North Judson News, did not take up his responsibilities in a convincing manner and made little impression upon his county. Even the newspapers al- most ignored the state-wide movement. As a last resort, the Centennial was made a poor appendage to the annual North Judson "After-Harvest Jubilee," which occurred October 5, 6 and 7. About the only Centennial flavor was that given by a display of pioneer relics. Some school Centennial programs are reported by the county school superintendent, together with compositions on local and state history topics by pupils in connection with their work in English and History and Civics. 15—15997 248 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL ST. JOSEPH St. Joseph County is not richer in historical associations than she was determined to show her appreciation of them in observing in a patriotic and impressive manner the cen- tury way-mark of the State. As Indiana history really made its debut by way of the St. Joseph river through the French fathers, it was highly appropriate that the county should be one of the most active and enthusiastic in the State in due recognition of the past. The county began early in its patriotic preparation. F. A. Miller, editor of the South Bend Tribune, became County Chairman in August of 1915, and began early to make the wheels go round, by enlisting the interest of the civic organi- zations in the Centennial project looking toward an epoch making celebration for South Bend. He drew to himself at once a tower of strength in F. B. Barnes, Municipal Recrea- tion Director for South Bend, who assumed the responsibility of investigating the possibilities of a pageant of which he be- came the director and motive force. He represented Mr. Miller at the State House Conference of county chairmen in December, thereby identifying himself and his county with the Centennial movement over the State. On the invitation of Mr. Miller, the Indiana Historical Commission visited South Bend March 31 and April 1, for the purpose of giving impetus and encouragement to the plans being made for the St. Joseph County observance. On the evening of the 31st the Commission was given a dinner at the Hotel Oliver, attended by some seventy-five South Bend citizens, at which Dr. F, B. Wynn and Miss Charity Dye gave addresses outlining the possibilities of the year. In the after- noon. Miss Dye and Mr. Woodward, Director of the Commis- sion, held a conference with members of the county organiza- tion to consider the different aspects of pageantry in relation to the St. Joseph County situation. On the following day the Commission met in business session at Notre Dame Univer- sity, where it was the guest of Father John Cavanaugh, a member. The first recognition of the year was given by the schools of the county, in which April 21 was announced as Centen- nial Day. It seems to have been best observed in Madison COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 249 Township, in which the schools joined in a community observ- ance. Later, observances were held in Green and Olive Town- ships. A Centennial program was given in June at the St. Mary's Conservatory of Music under the auspices of the class of 1916. On May 26 the Women's Civic Federation of South Bend gave a program in the high school auditorium, consisting of a series of tableaux on "The Spirit of South Bend." The main Centennial interest, however, was focused upon the ambitious celebration set for October 2, 3, and 4, at South Bend, largely conceived and largely executed. The observance really began on Sunday, October 1, on the morning of which services of an historical nature were held in the churches of the city with large audiences in attendance. In the after- noon a sacred concert was given at Springbrook Park. On the afternoon of the 2d a civic parade took place, fol- lowed on successive afternoons by automobile and industrial parades. On the forenoon of the 3d a tablet was dedicated, marking the site of the home of Vice-President Schuyler Col- fax. In the late afternoon a reunion of high school alumni and old students was held. Thursday was Pioneers' Day, with a reception from 10 till 2 at the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce. Music was furnished each day by the Pullman Band. These features were all interesting, but the real attraction was found each evening out at Springbrook Park, where, on the banks of the historic St. Joseph River the Pageant of St. Joseph County was given, arranged by Mrs. W. K. Lamport and directed by F. B. Barnes, with Henry B. Roney of Chi- cago as Music Director. It was really a great spectacle rather than a pageant. There was no dialogue, the author leaving the dramatic action to tell its own story, assisted by an ad- mirable running statement of the history involved, printed in the pageant book on pages facing the episodes. The follow- ing outline is suggestive of the scope and treatment of the subject-matter: 250 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL PROLOGUE Father Marquette Passes on His Last Journey, 1675. Incidental Music — "The Angelus" from Scenes Picturesque — Massenet. Episode I Staged by Notre Dame University In charge of Prof. Emmett Lanihan. Scene: Bank of St. Joseph River, Before 1675. War between the Iroquois and Miami Indians. Smoking of the "Calumet" in Council. War Dance. Exchange of Gifts. (See Episode III). Incidental Music — "Ma-Ma-Ma-Mimi-ga-ga" — Scalp Song — Sousa. Incidental Music — "Cracovienne Fantastique" — Paderewski, Incidental Music — "Scalp Dance." Episode II Scene: Bank of River near South Bend, 1676. Indian families enter from Portage and establish Miami Vil- lage. Episode III Scene: Bank of River near South Bend, 1679. Enter Rene Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle's Party, con- sisting of his historian, Father Louis Hennepin, Capt. Henri de Tonti, two other priests and 27 others, ship carpenters and voyageurs. They are joined by LaSalle (who has been lost) and "White Beaver," the Mohigan guide. The Miami treaty is made. Episode IV Scene: South Bend, 1820. Pierre Frieschutz Navarre enters on horseback, trades with the Indians, meets a daughter of a chief from Pokagon's village. They are joined by Joseph Bertrand, his wife, Madeline, and her father. Chief Topinabee. Navarre marries the chief's daughter in the Indian way. Episode V Scene: South Bend, 1827. Alexis Coquillard enters from river with his party. Jean Beaudoin, a French youth of 16, first to jump ashore. The trading post is constructed. Mr. Coquillard brings his young wife from Fort Wayne. Fur Trading. Dispute with Indians over "fire water." COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 251 Episode VI Scene: South Bend, 1827-1831. Colonel Latlirop M. Taylor arrives. South Bend is laid out, Michigan road put through. The Johnson family arrive. Chigf Pokagon drives through. Episode VII Scene: South Bend, 1830-1831. Father Stephen Theodore Badin arrives. Mr. Horatio Chapin settles. Marriage of Waceta and John Peashway. Incidental Music — "Gloria from 12th Mass" — Mozart. Jean Beaudoin runs from Wisconsin to warn the settlers of Black Hawk's impending raid. Death of Jean Beaudoin. Episode VIII Scene: South Bend, 1840-1842. Departure of the Pottawatomies, accompanied by Father Badin. Music — "De Profundis" Gregorian Chant Episode IX Scene: South Bend, 1842. Father Sorin arrives with seven other priests to establish the University at the Mission of Notre Dame. Episode X Scene: Mishawaka, 1840. Building of Mishawaka, Episode XI Scene : Mishawaka. Women's Club of South Bend visits Mishawaka. Song by Mrs. E. B. Harris. Scene : Mishawaka. Blacksmithing. Wagon Making. Episode XII Episode XIII Scene: Mishav/aka. Spelling Bee. Singing of geography lesson. Singing of arithmetic lesson. Milling. Episode XIV Scene : Mishawaka. Corn husking bee. 252 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Episode XV Scene: Mishawaka. Mishawaka burns, 1872. (Episodes X, XI, XII, XIII are given at nearly the same time, showing village life.) Episode XVI Scene: South Bend, 1840-1860. Entrance of South Bend pioneers. Village life. Episode XVII Scene: South Bend. Argonauts of '49 and '59 leave for the West. Episode XVIII Scene: South Bend, 1850. Schuyler Colfax returns to South Bend. He comes in an old-time coach. Episode XIX Staged by Spanish War Veterans, 21st Indiana Battery, Old Settlers and others. Scene: South Bend, 1861. News "Fort Sumter fired upon." Soldiers leave for the front. Episode XX Scene: South Bend, 1872. "Standpipe-Holly" controversy. Leighton Pine favors the standpipe system. J. M. Studebaker wagers a cow that the standpipe system would not be adequate for the needs of South Bend, and that it would not yield sufficient pressure to drive him from a position a short distance above the ground. John Hartman sells the cow at auction for charity. Episode XXI Staged by Grand Army of the Republic, Schuyler Rebekah Lodge. Scene: South Bend. (We return to 1865.) Colfax speaks to the old soldiers. Episode XXII Old Soldiers Sing "Tenting Tonight." Episode XXIII Scene: South Bend. Pageant of Nations. Episode XXIV Patriotic Finale — Grand chorus composed of about 5,000 children from the Public and Parochial Schools of South Bend and Mishawaka, COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 253 and about 1,000 members of choirs, singing societies and individual singers from the two cities and St. Joseph County. The respective scenes were put on by various organiza- tions of South Bend and Mishawaka and by Notre Dame Uni- versity. Prof. Emmett Lanihan of the latter institution gave Mr. Barnes invaluable assistance in the arrangement and di- rection of the pageant. H. B. Roney, who directed the music, gave an estimate of the performance in a published statement, which, though from one who had a large part in its presentation, is of some value in giving one a general impression of the event. The following excerpt is taken therefrom: The pathetic passing of Father Marquette in his last illness, with the great band like a mighty organ interpreting the sorrows of his soul in Massenet's "Angelus" the Indian fight with their overwhelming num- bers to the music of "Custer's Last Charge;" the endless campfires and tepees of the Indian villages; the gorgeousriess and splendor of those eagle-feathered, beaded and bespangled chiefs of the different tribes; the heartbreaking departure in seemingly countless numbers of the soldier-driven Pottawatomies, a scene of aboriginal tribal splendor never before seen, I believe in this country; the picturesque arrival of LaSalle in his fleet of real canoes on real water; the thrilling run of Jean Beaudoin and his tragic death in his sweetheart's arms; the long far- flung columns of children, literally thousands of them, stretching away in the dim light until their further lines were lost beyond the reach of the searchlights, then their forward sweep clad in our nation's tri-color massing in brilliant converging rays around a star spangled arc of blue, the magnificent Pullman Band and the wonderful electric lighting — these features unquestionably have never been equalled in the State, and I fully believe, in our entire country. Much credit must be given Chairman Miller and his com- mittee for keeping the St. Joseph Centennial observance on a high plane, clear of bauble and tinsel. In their achievement they acquitted themselves patriotically and honored their State in spirit and in truth. STEUBEN With Frank H. Walker as chairman, a partial organization was formed and tentative plans for a celebration were made. Sufficient interest, financial or otherwise, proved wanting and the patriotic project was abandoned. A modest recognition of the year was arranged in a few of the schools for Admis- sion Day. 254 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL SULLIVAN Sullivan defaulted to the Centennial spirit of 1916. A chairman was secured in John S. Taylor, a young attorney, who guaranteed that his county v/ould take its place with credit alongside the other counties in the work. But he re- signed in April and no one could be found who would take interest or assume responsibility. Repeated letters to the secretary of the Sullivan Commercial Club were ignored. The man, or the woman, of the hour was not in evidence in this county, with the result that it helped bring up the rear of the Centennial procession, if indeed it could be said to be in the procession at all. In addition to the lack of a leader, the little show of in- terest on the part of the school authorities, "and newspapers, contributed to this regrettable situation. The township of Farmersburg celebrated the Centennial of its founding along with that of the State. Merom also manifested some patriotic interest in the anniversary. The Woman's Club of Sullivan gave an Admission Day program, one feature of which was a talk on "how the Centen- nial was observed in the different cities," minus Sullivan ! SWITZERLAND It is a real regret that nothing can be recorded from pic- turesque little Switzerland County and Vevay, rich in his- torical and literary associations so dear to the loyal Hoosier. Forrest Iddings, connected with the schools of the county, took up the work as County Chairman with apparent hearti- ness, but for some cause it was not prosecuted with vigor and no plans of observance were ever reported. In justice to Mr. Iddings it should be said that Switzerland was not his home county and he was doubtless somewhat handicapped thereby. But what an opportunity for "The Hoosier School Master" of 1916! TIPPECANOE Though bearing such charmed names as Tippecanoe, La- fayette and Purdue, it was with the greatest travail that this county gave any evidence of a Centennial consciousness. It was not for the want of individual souls who had the vision, of which there v/ere not a few. County Chairman Brain- COUNTY CELEBRAl'iON?: 255 ard Hooker, county school superintendent, and Prof. G. I. Christie of Purdue University, were both in attendance at the December conference, getting and exchanging ideas on county celebrations. They were but representative of other Tippecanoe citizens. Chairman Hooker effected a thorough county organization. He began the work in the schools, for which he issued an outline observance program. He suggested subjects for in- vestigation and report on points of local history. Original papers, based largely on original sources, were written and filed in Mr, Hooker's office. The County Committee fixed upon a week in the latter part of May for a celebration, for which it was making plans. It counted upon an appropriation from the County Council sufficient to finance the patriotic project. Failing in that, it announced, the last of March, the indefinite postponement of the celebration, claiming that an adequate popular subscrip- tion would be impossible in view of other heavy demands. This regrettable decision was heralded far and wide, not only proving an unpleasant reflection upon the county but mili- tating against Centennial celebration efforts in other parts of the State. To the credit of the Lafayette press be it recorded that the Courier and Journal came out with strong editorials, depre- cating the abandonment of the Centennial plans and urging their resumption. Feeling the disgrace of the situation, rep- resentatives of town and university attempted at a meeting in June to revive the enterprise, affecting a reorganization, with Judge H. H. Vinton at its head. After repeated and earnest but ineffectual efforts to elicit information from Judge Vinton, the Commission gave up the Tippecanoe situa- tion in despair. The reorganized committee must have done the same, for after its appointment nothing more was heard of a county celebration. But Purdue University was to be reckoned with. At the eleventh hour it did for the county what, apparently, the county could not do for itself. With but two or three weeks' preparation, it presented on October 31, on Stuart Field, a pageant in celebration of the birthday anniversary both of the State and of its founder-patron, John Purdue. The pageant was given in the afternoon, opening with the 256 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL arrival of Miss Indiana and her twelve handmaidens, repre- senting the counties of 1816. Indiana, finding the Place Beautiful, is prevailed upon to tarry and behold the evidences of progress wrought during the century. Father Time re- fuses to tarry, but allows the Hours and Days to remain for a brief period of recreation and pleasure. The Dance of the Hours, in the presence of the grouped counties, constituted the second episode. In the third epi- sode. Day requests Indiana to tell something of the university, its purpose and relation to the State. The Spirit of Indiana consents to do this, and then surrounded by the various groups, she summons forth by means of the magic fire of memory the Spirits of the Past. Next, History and Education appear hand in hand, fol- lowed by the Spirit of the University, followed by a tableau, "The Spirit of 76." The site of the city of Lafayette is pointed out by its father, Wm. Digby, to the illustrious French nobleman whose name it bears. John Purdue appears, and with his associates, selects the site of the future University. Episode five, participated in by eighty young ladies, was symbolic of the aims of the University. "Purdue of Today" was the designation of the last episode, comprising athletic activities and a military drill. The pageant was written and directed by Bernard Sobel of the English department, and was put on by three hundred and fifty people. In the evening an old melodies concert was given in Fowler Hall, followed by an ode to Indiana by Miss Evalene Stein. The address of the occasion was delivered by Father John Cavanaugh, president of Notre Dame University and a member of the Indiana Historical Commission, on the sub- ject, "What Constitutes a State." It was a strong plea for a better appreciation of the religious element as the funda- mental factor in effective state building. TIPTON If holding a formal celebration is to be taken as the cri- terion, Tipton may be summarily dismissed, for it had none. So far as the county as a whole getting into the Centennial spirit is concerned, there is little to be said. It was appar- ently not interested. Yet, strange as it may appear, doubt- COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 257 less the best piece of work in the State with children was done in the town of Tipton. The Indiana Historical Commission in outlining the pur- pose and ideals of the year's observance had iterated and re- iterated the fact that it was to be historical, educational and patriotic. To many people this was mere verbiage. To some it was the expression of an exalted motif. Among these lat- ter was Mrs. Sam Matthews, in charge of the city library of Tipton, which became a radiating center of Centennial in- terest and enthusiasm. Among the children of the town and community, Mrs. Matthews organized the Indiana League of Counties, each member taking the name of some Indiana county for which that member became sponsor for information, historical or otherwise, concerning it. At regular meetings, interesting facts concerning the counties were presented. Obviously, this program to be complete involved upwards of one hundred children. And there was a waiting list! Under the inspiration of its presiding genius, the League gave an excellent account of itself during the year. From September 1915 to May 1916, the League met at the library every Saturday and conducted what v/as known as the Indiana story hour. In the winter, in keeping with the spirit of the year, it gave an Indiana Products dinner or luncheon. It donated to the Pioneer Mother Monument fund and to the state park project. It planted an elm tree in the library yard on Arbor Day. It launched the enterprise of a memorial marker in honor of General John Tipton, for which it do- nated the sum of twenty dollars. During the first week in May it conducted an Indiana art exhibit, giving on each eve- ning an Indiana program. Ebert Allison was Tipton County's Centennial Chairman and he gave much time and devotion to the cause. He was one of the first of the County Chairmen to conduct a live, newsy and informational Centennial department in the local press, the latter in Tipton being fully cooperative. A popular movement was started to secure funds for the erection of an auditorium in the Tipton County park as a Centennial memorial. While the citizenship did not rally to the enterprise sufficiently to put it across in 1916, as had been planned, subscriptions to the amount of $2,250 were made. 258 TtlE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Another memorial was promoted in Tipton that was dis- tinctive. The retired gentry who by long habit make a ren- dezvous of the court house, and known locally as the senate, proposed the erection in the city park of a log house. Volun- teer logs were called for from over the county and a cabin of substantial proportions was raised under the auspices of the Tipton Senate. March 17 was observed as Centennial Day in the schools of the county in much the same way as in other counties in the State. At the annual banquet of the Chamber of Commerce in Tipton, March 14, the Indiana products idea was observed. The Director of the Indiana Centennial was present and spoke of state-wide Centennial activities. Judge Dan Waugh talked of permanent memorials as embodied particuarly in state parks. Some work in keeping with the year was done by the clubs in the county, especially by Indiana study clubs. Tipton County was represented in the Centennial Caval- cade of the Counties on October 6 by Miss Blythe Burkhardt. UNION The combination of Union and Liberty was all but un- beatable as a Centennial challenge. And, although one of the smallest counties in the State, it seemed to realize that it carried an extra burden of responsibility and extended itself accordingly. It held one of the early celebrations of the year and one of the most praiseworthy. S. W. Creed, the enthusiastic and capable County Chair- man, did not presume to put on a celebration without the most careful preliminary work and preparation. By the first of the year he had a respresentative, v/orking county organiza- tion effected, which held weekly meetings for the laying and perfecting of plans. Each township had its own organiza- tion. The splendid cooperation of College Corner was indi- cative of how all rivalries, real or fancied, were forgotten and all worked together for the success of the Union County ob- servance. Much good work was done in getting the citizenship edu- cated up to the celebration or, in musical terms, raising them to celebration pitch, the v/ork in which so many counties were COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 259 lamentably weak. Shortsighted chairmen who thought that an element of success in a celebration was in putting it over in the shortest possible time, could have learned much from the procedure in Union County. In the first place, the Union committee was fortunate in the patriotic and generous support of its newspapers, the Lib- erty Express and Liberty Herald. They not only gave full publicity to Union County's plans, but were very liberal in the use of the weekly News-Letter issued by the Commission, thus keeping their readers in- formed of the progress of the work over the State. Under the supervision of the county school superintend- ent, C. C. Abernathy, a series of articles on various phases of county history, was contributed by teachers, pupils and citi- zens generally, and published in the local papers. March 3 was made Centennial Day in the schools. Super- intendent Abernathy issued printed circulars to his teachers, outlining the general plan for the day and offering suggestive topics for programs. The latter were participated in by pu- pils, teachers, officers and patrons. Some schools had all-day exercises, with community dinner at noon. An exhibit of rel- ics was made by each school. The Centennial spirit was carried into the graduating exercises, in v/hich essays were read on phases of state and local history, which were also dealt with by the Commence- ment speakers. The schools also took part in the county cele- bration. The latter was held June 15 at Liberty, and won unstinted praise from the press of neighboring counties. The parade was heralded as one of the biggest and best ever seen in south- eastern Indiana. With more than fifty floats, to say nothing of the automobiles, it was said to be tvv^o miles in length, and furnished a distinct surprise to visitors from larger places. This occurred in the forenoon. After dinner, the social atmosphere of the olden times was reproduced in the giving of colonial dances on the green, and old-fashioned cotillions, following which the Centennial ad- dress of the day was delivered by Archibald M. Hall of In- dianapolis. Music for the celebration was furnished by the Indianapolis News' Newsboys Band. In the evening an operetta, "Hiawatha's Childhood," was 260 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL presented by local talent in the Coliseum. In this building a two-day exhibit was made of an excellent collection of relics and heirlooms. The Union County celebration was thoroughly Centennial in character and greatly to the credit of the Centennial bodies and the whole citizenship. Union also put in appearance at the state celebration, being represented in the Cavalcade on County Day by Mrs. Ruby Little. VANDERBURGH Vanderburgh County, or Evansville — they are almost one and the same — led the pageant procession in the Pocket, and it was a procession in which no county was missing. The Vanderburgh Centennial observance was practically embodied in a great pageant given May 10 and 11, in connection with the State G. A. R. Encampment. It was a real community enterprise into which the city entered whole-heartedly and joyously. The pageant was written by Mrs. Albion Fellows Bacon of Evansville, one of Indiana's well known and well loved women, and it v/as di- rected by Carl Dreisch, also a local citizen. The business men of Evansville rallied to its support in a financial guarantee. Instead of having to plead for people to take parts in the pageant there were more volunteers than there were parts, according to Mrs. Bacon, who reports that all together, nearly four thousand people participated in the performance. The pageant was arranged for a two evening presenta- tion. It opened with the Mound Builders, dim lights suggest- ing the mystery that hangs over the early history of this country. In brighter light there followed the portrayal of Indians, the trappers and hunters, the pioneers, the early set- tlers and the Rappites and Owenites. One scene was devoted to the two capitals, Corydon and Indianapolis. One scene presented the birth of Indiana's first nev/spaper; another a torchlight political procession of 1840. The second night's presentation began with the story of the Civil War. One of the most original features was found in the development of the use of fire as symbolical of the progress of civilization. Starting as the Indian's wigwam fire, it became the settler's campfire, the Civil War campfire and then the forge fire of modern industry. On the second COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 261 evening much emphasis was placed upon the advancement of education, inchiding all the practical and humanitarian arts which have made for the comfort and physical betterment of the people. A mere recital of the barest outline can convey no idea of the spirit and beauty of the pageant. Much was made of symbolism, made doubly effective by the wonderful color ef- fects wrought by ingenious lighting. The pageant was given on such a scale — in Bosse Field — as to be necessarily imper- sonal. There was no dialogue. It was a great, impressive spectacle. In the Grand Army parade, which was one feature of the celebration, floats depicting historical scenes were introduced. Howard Roosa, versatile editor of the Evansville Courier, was Vanderburgh's Centennial Chairman, and the Centennial enthusiasm displayed in the Pocket district as a whole was due in part to his cooperative spirit and that of his friends. George S. Clifford, public spirited citizen of Evansville, as- sisted in presenting the Centennial plans and ideals to the school teachers of that section. The spirit of Evansville is further shown in the sending of five or six hundred of its school children to the Corydon celebration, in which they participated. VERMILLION Though getting a late start, Vermillion County rounded out the year with one of the most unique and inspiring cele- brations held anywhere in the State. In November 1915, Taylor C. Parker, superintendent of the Newport schools, ac- cepted the county chairmanship and began formulating plans. In January he resigned, however, for political reasons. The Commission then attempted to secure a chairman in Clinton, the large town of the county, but failed. Attorney Chas. N. Fultz of Newport, a young man deeply interested in things historical, was secured in February, to fill the vacancy. In cooperation with the county school super- intendent, he began Centennial educational work in the schools, arrangements being made for giving appropriate pro- grams in connection with closing day exercises in the spring. Mr. Fultz himself visited several of the schools, which he ad- dressed. In view of the geographical condition of the county 262 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL and its distribution of population, it was found very difficult to put on a county celebration, particularly with Newport as a center, and in July, Mr. Fultz found it necessary to resign. Through the initiative of Professor Donald DuShane, newly elected superintendent of the Clinton schools, and with whom the Commission had been in touch in Jefferson County, Mr. J. W. Pierce, Editor of the Clintonian, was secured as chairman, in September, and preparations were zealously un- dertaken for a celebration at Clinton in the southern part of the county. The newspapers cooperated, among which hon- orable mention should be given the Cayuga Herald, which con- sistently supported the Centennial movement throughout the year. October 12 was chosen as the date of celebration, and the day was made one of great patriotic significance. In Clinton, with its many elements of population, much is always made of Discovery, or Columbus Day. Hence a combination was very advantageously made, wherein the Centennial anniver- sary of the State was celebrated along with that of the dis- covery of the country which to the foreigner has proved the land of opportunity. Another and distinctive element in the observance is found in the fact that the celebration was held on the very spot where, exactly one hundred years before, the first white settler entered land in what later became Ver- million County. Several. descendants of this first settler were present at the observance. The striking feature of the day was the parade, which was literally, a "parade of the nations," the most interesting thing about which, as the Clintonian declared, was, of course, the people themselves, of whom there were about 4,000, repre- senting almost every country on the globe. Each "nation" represented some phase or feature of its own history, on a background of loyal Americanism. There were enough "char- ter member" Americans to give adequate recognition of their own history, general and local. Suggestive of the spirit of the day was the "Melting Pot" group. On this float were repre- sentatives of the following peoples: French, Welsh, Greek, Italian, Norwegian, Scotch, Finnish, Roumanian, Hebrew, Choctaw, German, Polish, Lithuanian, Slovak, "American," Chinese, Rhenish, Slavonian, Austrian, Hungarian, Irish, Swedish and Servian, with Bohemian and English missing. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 263 Unrepresented peoples were: Spanish, Portuguese, Negro, Danish, Macedonian and Syrian. The float bore all varieties of flags, the Stars and Stripes over all, with the motto, "One Country, One Language, One Flag." In the speaking program, various foreign elements spoke for Americanism, Peter Savio for the Italians, John Kur- peikis for the Lithuanians and K. B. Czarneki for the Poles. In the afternoon, games and amusements, dear to the people's hearts, were indulged in. An educational feature of the day was an exhibit of relics, quaint, historic and odd, made in the library assembly room and arranged by the Fri- day Literary Circle. A large audience gathered in the evening to enjoy a dis- tinctive Centennial program. Readings and speeches remi- niscent and historical were given, together with a fitting tableau, representing the different nationalities laying aside their native flags and taking up that of the United States. Music peculiarly fitting to the occasion was an enjoyable fea- ture of the evening. In reporting the celebration, Chairman Pierce summed up the results thus: "With Americans participating alongside all other nationalities, a sense of unity and common patriotism was stirred and foreign-born were interested in the history of their State and adopted home." VIGO Old Vigo County proved a good promiser but a poor per- former. It had a thoroughly wide-awake and enthusiastic chairman in Prof. Herbert Briggs. Indeed, his enthusiasm fairly bubbled over Vigo County and was drawn upon freely to help start things elsewhere in the State. His zeal was a continual encouragement to the State Commission. Beginning in the summer of 1915 to lay plans for a cele- bration commensurate with the historic importance of the county, he effected a complete organization. In fact there may have been too much "overhead" organization, as was suggested in an editorial in a local paper on "Regardin' Terry Hut" in which it was stated that "a list of committees was appointed as long as from Fifth street to the river bridge." Preparations were made for an elaborate celebration in Oc- tober, including a great pageant. The press agents were 16—15997 264 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL doing their part well. But some one interposed a question of finance — and that's how the trouble began. Said the Terre Haute Tribune, *'The Centennial celebration does not know whether it will go on or not, money 's so scarce. Showing that a Centennial celebration is human after all !" Finally the situ- ation was so hopeless that an announcement was made calling on people to contribute ten cents per head toward the cause and asking them to drop around somewhere or other and de- posit their dimes! This stroke of Centennial finance com- pleted the story and the result was summed up in the one line in the Tribune "Lost — one public spirit." Practically all of the Terre Haute celebration which materialized was a Centen- nial ball which was given at one of the hotels of the city on October 20. It must be recorded however that a representa- tion for Vigo in the Cavalcade of the County Day Parade at Indianapolis was arranged. Finally, in connection with Admission Day, the State Nor- mal, under the leadership of Professor W. 0. Lynch, did for Terre Haute and Vigo what they had been unable to do for themselves. Professor Lynch wrote a drama of Indiana his- tory covering the period of statehood to the close of the Civil War, which was presented by the faculty and students of the Normal to packed houses on three successive nights. Pre- pared as it was by a thorough student of our history and in- stitutions, the portrayal was impressively realistic and was most enthusiastically received. An Admission Day program was given by the Third Ward Civic Society in the Montrose School Building. WABASH Some observance of the Centennial was made in Wabash County, but the real spirit of the year apparently failed to appeal convincingly to its people. To begin with, it was with great difficulty that the movement was started at the county seat. It was not until March, when the Vice-President and Director of the Commission visited Wabash and addressed a small meeting there, that an organization could be started. Owen J. Neighbours, City Superintendent of Schools, ' was made County Chairman and manifested commendable inter- est, especially considering that he was a comparatively new resident of the State and county. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 265 Committees were appointed, the chairmen of which served as an executive committee, besides which was a general ad- visory committee. Local chairmen were appointed in each township. But there seemed not to be enough enthusiasm to make the wheels of all this machinery go round. Plans were laid for a county celebration to be held Sep- tember 3 to 6, shortly after which the coming of the Allen Shows was announced with "clean, refined and up-to-date" at- tractions with which to liven up the week! Sufficient inter- est was not aroused to carry out the program adequately as outlined. Pastors were asked to preach appropriate sermons on Sunday September 3, and in the evening a union Centen- nial service was held when addresses were made by Rev. E. L. Gillard, Rev. Frank E. Jaynes and Dr. Schell of Dayton, Ohio. On Monday, a marker was dedicated at Treaty Spring, on the scene of the making of a treaty with the Indians in 1826. The unveiling of the tablet was by Miss Janet Jones, great-great-granddaughter of Hugh Hanna, founder of the town of Wabash. Miss Jones represented the county in the Centennial Cavalcade on County Day of the State celebra- tion. Wednesday was Old Settlers' Day, an annual event in the county, which was given a Centennial flavor. In brief, the Centennial idea was not sufficiently strong in the county to "fly with its own wings." It was not even developed to any appreciable degree in the public schools of the county. At North Manchester, a Centennial feature was announced in connection with a fair. At Roann "Booster Days" were observed the middle of October, but there was enough of the spirit of the year mani- fested to prepare and present a very creditable pageant under the direction of Mrs. G. H. Brodbeck, presenting in broad out- line the history of the State. The Friends Church of Wabash observed Centennial Sun- day during the state celebration in a very profitable and com- mendable manner. In the morning an historical address was delivered by Prof. Harlow Lindley, Secretary of the Commis- sion, showing the prominent place Friends have taken in the development of the State. The afternoon was devoted to re- hearsals of local Friends history in its many interesting phases. 266 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL WARREN The observance in Warren County was restricted almost wholly to the schools. T. A. Clifton, editor of the Williams- port Pioneer, first undertook the chairmanship, accepting the appointment in the summer of 1915. Before the end of the year he removed from the county, necessitating the selection of another chairman. Rather under protest, Harry Evans, County School Superintendent, took up the work, but with his regular duties hardly had the time to follov/ it up vigor- ously and organize his county. In October, in cooperation with the township trustees of the county, a decentralized county observance was arranged on the basis of the schools. A schedule of celebrations was made out beginning October 20 and ending November 10, which was carried out except in three cases where plans were upset by an epidemic of scarlet fever. Programs were ar- ranged which included patriotic music, reviev/ of state and local history, recitations, display of relics, parades, etc.. Pine Village and West Lebanon presented a rather elaborate pro- gram which included pageant features illustrative of state history. WARRICK It would have been strange indeed had not "Old Warrick," mother county of the "Pocket" which displayed such patriotic appreciation, done itself proud in the observance of the State Centennial. It was rather slow in getting started and in some respects did not so nearly reach the entire citizenship of the county as would have been desirable. Apparently the school authorities were blind to the significance of the year. At least there is no evidence at hand that they recognized the anniversary in connection with the year's work or that they even cooperated in the plans of the county organization. Nevertheless Warrick had a splendid celebration, due in large part no doubt to the public spirit, determination and perseverance of its county chairman, W. L. Barker. It was a two-day observance and took place at Boonville, Septem- ber 28 and 29. It was an historical observance in concep- tion and execution, in which the history of the county was re-enacted by its own people. Its crowning event was a pageant in which 1,300 people COUNTY CELEBKATIONS 267 took part. It was literally home grown, written and directed by home people and dealing with home life of the past. It was a composite product, being prepared by Mrs. Ada Hop- kins, Mrs. Nell Fulling, Miss Gladys Gough, Mrs. Natalie Wilson and Wm. L. Barker. The director of the pageant was T. P. Tillman. From the very artistic "The Book of the Pageant," the following introduction is taken which well sets forth the nature and scope of the pageant. The pageant of Warrick County presents in dramatic form and chronological order five important periods in the county's history. Episode I deals wholly with the period of Indian occupation, and graphically depicts the savage or semi-civilized habits and customs of the native American race. Episode II, which covers those eventful years of the first decade of the Nineteenth Century, 1803-18, records with historical exactness the arrival and establishment of the county's earliest white inhabitants, and portrays in vivid setting the lives of those strong and great-hearted men and women — our worthy pioneer ancestors. In Episode III is shown in panorama the original extent of the "County of Warrick" as established by Act of the Indiana Territorial Legislature in 1813; and also is told in impressive and artistic detail the story of its social, political and geographical progress. Bringing, as it does, again to our minds and hearts the thought of that humble and lowly "Man of the People," now revered and exalted as the Great Emancipator, but who as a backwoods boy tramped the rough roads of Old Warrick on his way to his new home across the Wabash, Episode IV is fittingly named The Lincoln Episode. The three scenes of Episode V are vividly recalled by many of our citizens. Scenes wherein is given authentic representation of The Call to Arms, The News of Morgan's Raid and The Return of the Boys in Blue — all stirring events of the great Civil War, as witnessed upon the Public Square in Boonville. All parts of the pageant are taken by citizens of the county, and many individual characterizations are portrayed by lineal descendants of the historic personages named in the context. The pageant was given in the evening and was opened with a beautiful fantasy in v/hich Pan rules supreme, in the presence of the Wood Nymphs, the Fireflies, the Butterflies and the Blossoms, the Fairies, the Moonbeams, and the Star- lights, who dance about in an abandon of joy and freedom, suddenly to be dispersed by the intrusion of the Red Man. Though the principal one, the pageant was not the sole feature of Warrick's celebration. An excellent concert was given by a chorus assembled from the different towns and townships of the county by Mrs. Mina Thornburg and directed 268 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL by Miss Marion Graham. The chorus likewise furnished the music for the pageant. An appropriate and eloquent address was delivered by Judge Roscoe Kiper. In connection with the home coming feature of the cele- bration there was held a reunion of those who had taught school in the county thirty years or more before, at which fifty people qualified and formed an organization looking toward an annual reunion. The first signer, Edward Gough, had taught his first school in Warrick County just a half cen- tury ago. There was a big industrial parade in which historical fea- tures were introduced. On the evening of the first day a series of historical and symbolic tableaux was presented in the court house square, before an immense audience, the tableaux being arranged by Mrs. Laura Bennett, Mrs. Nanette Kiper and Frank Cody. Two exhibits were on display, first, an array of pioneer utensils and old relics which filled two storerooms, and sec- ond, an exhibit of agricultural products. The observance was not only a success in its immediate purpose, that of patriotically observing the natal year of the State, but was also eff'ective in bringing town and country together in a united effort. WASHINGTON Heir to the birthplace of John Hay and the home of Wash- ington C. DePauw, heir to the ideals of the early Quaker set- tlers embodied in the name of its county seat, heir to the old associations of learning and culture which made it the Attica of early Indiana, and possessed of sons and daughters who appreciate this rich heritage, Washington County showed it- self worthy of its honored past in its recognition of the Cen- tennial Year. The Washington County Historical Society took the lead in the patriotic enterprise, its president, Wm. B. Lindley, be- coming the county chairman. The organization was later broadened somewhat, but to Chairman Lindley and his loyal associates in the above named organization belongs the chief credit for the adequate and dignified way in which the county acquitted itself. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 269 Preparations for the observance were begun early and on a solid foundation. At the very beginning of the year the So- ciety issued an admirable circular setting forth its desire to assist in securing all kinds of material bearing on the his- tory and early life of the county, the same to be safeguarded in the Salem library. The communication was addressed par- ticularly to the schools of the county and detailed sugges- tions were offered as to ways in which the facts could be gathered. The circular also contained an official statement by Orra Hopper, county school superintendent, declaring Jan- uary 28 to be Washington County Historical Day in the schools for the furthering of the purpose set forth by the County Historical Society. In 1914, Salem celebrated its own Centennial anniversary. On the evening of its 102nd anniversary, April 4, 1916, the Woman's Club of the town held an open, patriotic meeting as a means of arousing interest in the State Centennial, when an address on the subject was given by the Director of the Indiana Historical Commission. The county celebration took place August 25-27 at Salem. The first day was given over largely to a general program of speeches and patriotic music. The distinctive feature of the day, if not indeed of the whole celebration, was the dedication of an artistic marker which had been placed at the old home and birthplace of John Hay. The memorial address was deliv- ered by Willard 0. Trueblood, pastor of the First Friends church of Indianapolis, a native son of Washington County. On the following day the Old Settlers idea was empha- sized both in the music and in the addresses by former citi- zens. Drills and folk dances v/ere presented by the schools of Salem. Union patriotic services were held in the churches on Sun- day. The sermon in the afternoon was given by President Robert L. Kelly, of Earlham College. The big event of the celebration was the pageant given in the court house square on Saturday evening. A summer storm came up in the midst of the presentation, com- pelling a postponement until an evening the first of the week. The pageant was given under the energetic and capable super- vision of Mrs. F. P. Cauble. The first part was devoted to the Indian period in which 270 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL the most interesting scene was based on an incident in local history, having to do with the abduction by the Indians of two boys of the neighborhood. Part two consisted of five scenes portraying the different phases of pioneer life. Local color was again given in the reproduction of a Quaker wedding. "Slavery and War," was the subject of the third period, scene one presenting the home of Levi Coffin, president of the Underground Railroad, and demonstrating its part in helping fugitive slaves to freedom. In the scene picturing the beginning of the war the original scene attending the presentation of the flag at Salem was put on. Morgan's raid, sweeping through Salem as it did, gave ample opportunity for a stirring and realistic reproduction of local history. The fourth period dealt with the remarkable early educa- tional development of the county, and with the literary attain- ments of the State, the latter being featured in an authors' episode. A pleasing feature was the giving of George Ade's "Girls of Indiana," presenting in turn the Indian girl, the French girl, the Linsey Woolsey girl, the Hoop Skirt girl, the Bustle girl, the Puff Sleeve girl, the Hobble and Slit Skirt girl, and the girl of today. In short it was a musical Centennial style show. WAYNE It is the irony of the year that the home county of the Secretary and Director of the State Commission should make about the worst showing of any county in the State, every- thing considered. B. F. Wissler of Cambridge City, a man active in the Wayne County Historical Society, and with a deep appreciation of the true significance of the year, was appointed County Chairman and succeeded in organizing a good, representative committee. Richmond proved the stumbling block. A few public spirited citizens of the town worked faithfully to stir up in- terest but without avail. Various conferences were called by Mr. Wissler and special efforts were made by both the Secre- tary and Director of the State Commission toward getting a worthy celebration under way, but without success. When it was found that Richmond would not cooperate, attempts at a county observance were abandoned. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 271 Then, to cap the climax, the Commercial Club of Richmond promoted a street fair and carnival in October under the name of a Centennial Exposition which was of such a nature as to call forth a formal protest from the local Ministerial Asso- ciation. It was a travesty on the high and patriotic purpose of the Centennial Year. While the county as such did not participate in the state- wide Centennial movement, some recognition of the year was given within its borders. It was very fitting that the historic town of Fountain City, once known as Newport, should ob- serve the anniversary. It did so in May by holding a remark- able heirloom exhibit, the proper display of which required the greater part of the public school building. Special in- terest attached to the observance from the fact that the town is the seat of the old home of Levi Coffin, famous as the President of the Underground Railroad and whose home was used as a "Grand Central Station." Mrs. 0. N. Huff was chairman of the committee under v/hose leadership the exhibit was held. Determined that his ov/n town at least should show a pa- triotic appreciation of the year, Mr. Wissler wrote a play based on the early history of Indiana and the Old Northwest Territory, which was presented before a very large audience in the local opera house by the Cambridge City High School. On October 8 the Friends churches of Richmond con- ducted Centennial anniversary services in keeping with the concerted action of that religious denomination in Indiana. THE EARLHAM PAGEANT The outstanding Centennial event in Wayne County was the Earlham-Quaker pageant, "In Quest of Freedom," which ranked as one of the distinctive pageants of the year. It was given during Commeivcement week under the auspices of the Senior Class of Earlham College, the entire college body participating. The pageant portrayed the Quaker emigra- tion from the Carolinas to the free soil of the North and the settlement in the Whitewater Valley, together with the ac- tivities of Friends, emphasizing their educational interests centering in Earlham College. It presented a happy harmo- nization of the symbolic and the real, upon the motif of the quest of freedom, intellectual and spiritual as well as physical. 272 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL This is suggested in the following lines from the Prologue, ad- dressed to Freedom: We come today a little band of Friends — E'en loyal friends of Freedom, Justice, Peace, And if so friends of God. Midst clashing arms. Midst shaking thrones, our fathers learned what Thou Wouldst speak. Espoused they, thy sister Peace. Unmoved by war's alarums, true to Her They thought them true to Justice and to thee. Far be it that we vaunt their fame and ours. All eager in thy cause have even we Against thee often sinned. Full long has been The learning of the lesson deep that bond Removed from human flesh is token mere Of Freedom of the Soul. And that can ne'er Exist, where mind and heart are stultified. Thy way has sometimes weary been and long We've traveled, in the path of liberty So boldly, nobly trod by those before To this new promised land, thy heritage. But gathered here on Wisdom's sacred ground Forever dedicated to thy cause. We tell the story of our quest for thee. And may that holy quest ne'er ended be. To thee may each day bring new tribute full, To thee our Queen and thrice blest trinity. The following outline of the pageant will indicate its scope and content: PART I Introduction. Pageant Processional — Hymn to Freedom. Prologue. Hymn to Freedom, Send Forth Thy Light. PART II In Body Politic. Episode I In the Land of Bondage. Scene 1. The Issue. Scene 2. The Departure. Episode II Following the North Star. Scene 1. Arrival and Settlement in the Whitewater Valley. Episode III Proclaiming Liberty to the Captive. Scene 1. Close Connections on the Underground Railroad. Scene 2. The Right of Petition (Henry Clay Incident, 1842.) COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 273 Episode IV The Times Which Try Men's Souls. (1861-1865.) Scene 1. The Quaker Testimony (1861). Scene 2. The Quaker Contribution (1865). PART III In Mind and Heart and Soul. Episode V The Founding of Earlham. Scene 1. The Vision. Scene 2. "Second Day, Sixth Month, Seventh." (1847.) Scene 3. Teaching by Example. Episode VI Recognition of the "New Learning" and the Aesthetic. Scene 1. Introduction of Science and Music. PART IV Finale Episode VII Fulfillment and Promise. Scene 1. Centennial Observance. "In Quest of Freedom" was given before large audiences in the afternoon and again in the evening. The following comment is taken from the Richmond Item: "Resplendent with color, dignified with the exaltation of an inspiration, beautifully and historically costumed, well balanced in music, poetry and dialogue, and enhanced in the evening by elaborate electrical effects, the pageant moved along without a hitch or a flaw from beginning to end. . . . The sombre hue of the 19th century Quaker costumes and their seriousness of life contrasted strongly with the brilliant historic and symbolical background. . . . Every minute of the presentation, re- quiring more than two and a half hours, was replete with in- tense interest to the vast audiences, the members of which were completely absorbed in the development and unraveling of the incidents of the drama." The pageant was directed by Mrs. Mary H. Flanner of Indianapolis, who directed the New Harmony pageant in 1914, and by Miss Edna Johnson of the Earlham Faculty, assisted by Walter C. Woodward, the writer of the pageant, an alum- nus of Earlham and hitherto a member of its Faculty. Miss Laverne Jones, an Earlham student, represented Wayne in the Centennial Cavalcade on County Day and other Eax'lhamites took part in the parade of the counties. 274 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL WELLS After a considerable amount of discussion and planning during the year, the Wells County celebration finally resolved itself into a county automobile parade September 29, partici- pated in largely by school children, on one day of the annual Bluffton street fair. Credit should be given Nottingham township for being the one township in the county which showed sufficient appreciation of and interest in the occasion to prepare floats for the parade. It likewise secured the elec- tion of one of its young ladies, Miss Maxwell Morris, as Wells' representative in the Cavalcade of the Counties at Indian- apolis on October 6. Following the parade on September 29, an appropriate address was delivered by Dick Miller of Indianapolis. There was no organized eff'ort to interpret the meaning of the year to the children through the work in the schools. The school authorities of the county seemed inert and inap- preciative of the rare opportunities afforded by the year. Herman F. Lesh, clerk of the Wells Circuit Court, was county chairman. WHITE It is alphabetically only, that White County marches in the rear of the Centennial procession. Otherwise, it kept step with the leaders in the van of the counties. It was one of the first to begin preparations, and its celebration was one of the later ones, yet the Centennial interest grew through the preparative process of education, and was sustained for more than a year, culminating in a most worthy observance. One reason for this very satisfactory situation is found in the fact that in the early beginning, the right Centennial foundation was laid. A County Chairman was early found in W. H. Hamelle of Monticello, president of the White County Historical Society, who grasped at once the Centen- nial idea and its possibilities for White county. He began at once to lay his plans accordingly, and though he himself did not see them through to completion, the high ideals for which he strove, were followed throughout. The County Centennial organization was largely a school organization, consisting chiefly of the school officials and teachers of Monticello, and the Superintendent of the county. COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 275 Frequent committee meetings were held at which the scope of the work was carefully outlined. The Secretary kept full ac- counts of all meetings, together with the frequent notices in the local papers, which were later turned over to the White County Historical Society. In passing it should be noted that the county press gave very hearty support to the Centennial movement, having much to do v/ith its success. In the way of advertising, the Committee issued an illus- trated leaflet setting forth the purposes of the observance and announcing the county celebration for October 5, 6 and 7. It also published a series of post cards, with illustrations of points of interest in the county, principally historical. On the first of February, Indiana history and the Centen- nial were given considerable attention at the County Teach- ers' Institute. Mr. Hamelle himself presented the subject directly to the teachers, and Logan Esarey of Indiana Univer- sity gave an address on Hoosier life and characteristics. On February 22nd, the County Committee put on at Monti- cello, an Indiana Products Day Dinner — which won honor- able mention from the office of the Commission — with an appropriate Indiana program. March 17th was Centennial Day in the White County schools, on which eight town schools and many of the county schools, presented delightful and appropriate programs. That the day v/as made highly educational as well as patriotic and entertaining, was evinced by the collection of original Indiana Souvenir programs contrived by pupils, which were sent in to the Director of the Indiana Historical Commission. Most of these were arranged in the form of a map of the State and were very artistic. In June of the Centennial year, Mr. Hamelle resigned as County Chairman and was succeeded by Vice-Chairman J. M. Leffel, Superintendent of the Monticello schools, who put through the county celebration in the first week of October. The celebration led oflf with Woman's Day, when the pro- gram was in charge of the Club women of White County, led by Mrs. C. S. Preston of Monticello, as Chairman. The prin- cipal address of the morning was given by Miss Adelaide Steele Baylor, of the State Department of Public Instruction, upon the subject, "New Ideals in Education." In the after- noon, Juliet V. Strauss, the Country Contributor, spoke on 276 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL "How Mother Gets Her Halo." In addition to these two ad- dresses, short talks were made by women of the several towns of the county, on the general topic of community improve- ment. In the evening a greatly appreciated old-time melodies concert was given, followed by a fashion show, in which the women of the county appeared in the various costumes that have been in vogue from the time of Minnehaha to that of the belle of 1916. A clever feature was a dialogue between Miss 1816 and Miss 1916, by two young women of Wolcott. Friday, October 6th, was Education Day, and Saturday, the 7th, Community Day, the principal feature of which was the County Pageant, the first part of which was given on Friday, and the second on Saturday afternoon. On the even- ing of Friday, Logan Esarey gave an address on "The Hoos- iers." In the forenoon there was a parade of historical and industrial floats, participated in largely by Monticello, sup- ported by the town of Idaville and Jackson township. On Saturday morning a program of old time and present day athletic sports was given. The pageant was presented in the city park before audi- ences estimated at from 5,000 to 10,000 people on each day. It was written and directed by Miss Emma B. Shealey, of the city schools, and was participated in by 1,500 pupils from over the county, but principally from Monticello. It showed careful research in preparation, giving an admirable presen- tation of the history of White County, and so presented as to make it graphic and impressive. The outline follows : Opening Dance. The Spirit of the Wilderness rejoices in his undisputed possessions. He summons his companions, the Spirits of the Forests, of the Rivers, and of the Meadows. Episode I The Indian Scene 1. The Mound Builders. a. The Burial of a Chief. b. The Hunting Party. (On the banks of the Monon in White County is a mound made by the Mound Builders.) Scene 2. The Coming of the Spirit of Tippecanoe. Interlude I. War Dance of the Pottawattomies. Scene 8. The Battle of Tippecanoe. (Among the heroes who fought and fell at Tippecanoe was Colonel Isaac White for whom White County is named.) COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 277 Scene 4. Village of the Pottawattomies. (Seven miles north of Monticello was located a Pottawat- tomie village.) Scene 5. The Coming of Father Petit to the Pottawattomie Village. (Father Benjamin Marie Petit, a French missionary, made frequent visits to the village.) Scene 6. Father Petit singing an "Ave Maria" to the Indians. Scene 7. Pottawattomie Treaty of October 2, 1818. (By their Treaty part of White County was ceded to the General Government by the Indians.) Interlude II. Indian Girl Scarf Drill. Scene 8. The Coming of the Pioneer. Episode II The Pioneer Scene 1. Arrival of the Pioneer. (Joseph Thompson, George A. Spencer and Benjamin Reynolds came to White County in 1824.) Scene 2. The Pioneer's Prayer. Scene 3. Trading-post of the Weas. (White County pioneers often visited this post.) Solo — "On the Banks of the Wabash Far Away." Scene 4. Pioneer Wedding, 1834. (John Luce and Sallie Hazelton married by Justice of the Peace George A. Spencer.) Scene 5. Pottawattomie Treaty of 1836. (By this treaty the Pottawattomie Indians agreed to re- move within two years to the country west of the Missis- sippi River.) Scene 6. Migration of the Pottawattomies of White County in 1838 from Twin Lakes. Scene 7. Frances Slocum. a. Abduction of Frances Slocum from her home in Wyo- ming Valley, Pennsylvania. b. Marriage of Frances to a chief of the Miami tribe. c. Refusal of Frances to return with her relatives to Wyoming Valley. Scene 8. The Coming of the First Mail in White County. Scene 9. The Pioneer Home. Bees: Husking-bee, Quilting-bee, Apple-paring. Scene 10. The Pioneer Church. Scene 11. The Pioneer School. Recess: Weevily Wheat, London Town, Leapfrog, Oats, Peas, Beans, Barley. Scene 12. The Pioneer Singing School, Scene 13. First County Board Meeting, July 19, 1834. Scene 14. The Locating of Seat of Justice, September 5, 1834. Scene 15. First Session of Circuit Court at the Home of George A. Spencer, in 1834. Interlude III. Pioneer Dances. Minuet, Virginia Reel, Dan Tucker. 278 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL ' Episode III The State Scene 1. Admission of Indiana into the Union, 1816. Solo— "Indiana." Scene 2. The Underground Railway. a. Abduction of Dinah Washington. b. Escape of Robert Harris from the officers. c. John and Rhuann outwit their former master. Scene 3. Battle of Franklin, Tenn., 1864. (In this battle Captain James G. Staley of Monticello was killed.) a. The Departure for War. Interlude IV. Bugle Call, Military Drill. Cavalry Drill. b. The Battle of Franklin. c. Home from the War. Solo— "Take the News to Mother." (The regiment from Purdue and the cavalry from Culver take part in the battles.) Scene 4. The Spirit of Peace overcoming the Spirit of War. Scene 5. "White County" prevails against the World in the Spirit of Patriotism. Interlude V. The Flag. a. Living Flag Drill. (Three hundred twenty-five pupils.) b. Salute to the Flag. c. Lowering of the Flag. Solo— "Don't Let the Flag Touch the Ground, Boys." Chorus — "Red, White and Blue." Audience. Scene 6. Peace, the Message of America. Chorus — "America." Audience. During the celebration a most excellent display of pioneer relics was made in the windows of Monticello's business houses, this important feature of the observance being ably managed by J. B. Van Buskirk. It gave impetus to a move- ment to house such relics in a permanent museum. To the credit of the management, be it said that the cele- bration was financed by popular subscription, no street carni- val attractions being tolerated. The observance was purely civic, educational and patriotic, and Superintendent Leffel re- ported that it established an interest in clean celebrations. The county proposes to place a marker on Tippecanoe Battle Ground, where fell Col. Isaac White, for whom the county is named. Since the White County celebration was in progress during the state celebration at the Capital, White County could not COUNTY CELEBRATIONS 279 participate directly. However, the "exiles" of the capital, led by E. H. Wolcott, saw that White was well represented in the County Day Parade. WHITLEY It is regrettable that Whitley County cannot be credited with having closed the Centennial procession of the counties in a blaze of glory. Considerable interest was shown but there was a fatal lack of aggressiveness in putting things through, as well as a lack of initiative in the formulation of plans. The committee, headed by E. L. McLallen, arranged for the publication of some articles on the history of the county in the local papers. It was instrumental in the organization of the Whitley County Historical Association. Two public meetings, well attended, were held early in the year at Colum- bia City, addressed respectively by Miss Charity Dye of In- dianapolis and Mr. S. M. Foster of Fort Wayne, members of the State Commission, at which the plans and purposes of the Commission for the year were eloquently set forth. Centen- nial programs were given by the women's clubs, and rather extensive observance was made in the Columbia City schools. Greater attention was given to Indiana history and literature in the schools of the county generally. Yet, in the physical indisposition of the chairman in the summer, for a part of the time at least, the committee failed to push matters to a conclusion in the direction of a county celebration. It claims the credit for the suggestion for the erection of a new city hall at Columbia City in 1917, and for winning the approval of the citizens in behalf of the project. 17— 1599J Indiana Centennial Jubilee Indianapolis October 2-15, 1916 The first two weeks of October were devoted to a series of civic and patriotic demonstrations at Indianapolis show- ing one hundred years of religious, civic, educational and com- mercial expansion in the Hoosier State. The following program was carried out : Monday, Oct. 2 — Grand review of fraternal and patriotic organizations in streets of Indianapolis. First of six performances of Pageant of Indiana, covering the history of the State, at Riverside Park, beginning at 4 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 3. — Home coming of "Hoosier exiles" from other States, to meet kith and kin from over Indiana. Ad- dresses of welcome at Soldiers' Monument. Pageant of Indiana at Riverside Park, 4 p. m. Wednesday, Oct. U. — Exposition of Indiana Fine and Do- mestic Arts, and Home Industries, covering a century of art development, showing paintings, fashions in clothing, furni- ture, etc. Open every day in October at John Herron Art Institute. Admission free. Pageant of Indiana at Riverside Park, 4 p. m. Convention of Ohio Valley Historical Association at Clay- pool Hotel. Thursday, Oct. 5. — Pageant of Indiana at Riverside Park, 4 p. m. Convention of Ohio Valley Historical Association. Friday, Oct. 6. — Indiana County Day. Processional pageant in Indianapolis streets of historical floats, contributed by Indiana counties, headed by a cavalcade of young women on horseback, each representing her home county, led by "In- diana." At night a great reunion of all Hoosiers at State Fair Coliseum, with Hon. William H. Taft, speaker. Centen- nial medley, reviewing Indiana military, popular and folk (280) INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 281 music by a band of sixty musicians. Concert by county massed bands, the audience joining in "On the Banks of the Wabash." Pageant of Indiana at Riverside Park, 4 p. m. Saturday, Oct. 7. — Olympic Games and Athletic Contests for Indiana Centennial Championships. Mass drills by men, women and girls; athletic contests by college and high school athletes. State Fair Grounds, 2 p.m. Pageant of Indiana at Riverside Park, 4 p. m. Sunday, Oct. 8. — Centennial sermons in Indianapolis churches and throughout the State. Pageant of Indiana at Riverside Park. Monday, Oct. 9. — Industrial and Labor Parade in Indian- apolis streets, with floats showing the development of Indi- ana Commerce and manufacturing. Indiana Centennial Fire Prevention Day. Tuesday, Oct. 10. — Processional Pageant in Indianapolis streets by Indianapolis church denominations, showing the religious development for 100 years. Indiana Authors' Night, the Little Theater Company of Indianapolis presenting plays dramatized from Hoosier books, covering the history of the State, beginning with "Alice of Old Vincennes." At Indiana Masonic Temple. Wednesday, Oct. 11. — Public Health Parade in the city streets, showing the old and modern method of safeguarding the public welfare. Thursday, Oct. 12. — Historical Highway Day. Motor pa- rades over all the important state roads, concentrating at In- dianapolis at noon in a mass parade to the State Fair Grounds. Monster Good Roads meeting at the Coliseum in afternoon. President Wilson to speak. Friday, Oct. 13. — Parade and Educational Day at State Fair Grounds. Flag drill by 30,000 Indianapolis public school children. Demonstrations in which Indiana colleges and pub- lic schools will participate. Opening of Centennial Music Festival by Boston-National Grand Opera Company, with world-famous artists, full chorus ballet, orchestra, with complete costumes and scenery. Three operas at Murat theater, with "Andre Chenier" the opera for Friday night. 282 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Saturday, Oct. 1^. — Boston-National Company in the Japanese opera, "Iris" (matinee) . "Faust," with great Wal- purgis ballet, (night), Murat Theater. Sunday, Oct. 15. — Grand finale of Indiana Centennial cele- brations for the year at State Fair Coliseum. Boston- National Grand Opera Company with principals, chorus and orchestra, supported by all the singing societies of Indianapolis — making a musical force of 800 people — in Verdi's oratorio, "Requiem," the greatest presentation that has been given this oratorio in America. Grand Review of Patriotic and Fraternal Organizations October 2. The first day of Indiana's formal centennial celebration at Indianapolis opened auspiciously with bright October sun- shine. In the afternoon at two o'clock the Grand Review of Patriotic and Fraternal Organizations began. Thousands of members of the lodges and patriotic orders in the State, most of them in their uniforms or other picturesque costumes, passed in parade through the business parts of the city. The procession was headed by a squad of motorcycle policemen and a double platoon of mounted men. Inspector of Police, Charles Barmfuhrer, followed in a police emer- gency automobile. Next in line was the police drill team under Captain Ball and Sergeants Thomas and Sanders. Mr. W. L. Heiskell, grand marshal of the parade, and his staff followed. The second division was led by members of Indianapolis Lodge No. 211, Order of Eagles. At the beginning of this group were three men with drum, flag, and fife, who were dressed to represent the "Spirit of '76." There followed a marching circle of thirteen men in costume representing the thirteen original States in the Union. Following these was a single file of seven men who represented the next seven States admitted to the Union. Indiana was the sixth in the procession, appearing as the nineteenth State admitted. Next in the parade came General W. B. Gray, commanding the Indiana Brigade of the Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias. He and his staff were followed by automobiles con- taining the grand chancellor, the supreme lodge officers, past grand chancellors, deputy grand chancellors, and grand lodge INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 283 committees. Others represented were various temples of Pythian Sisters, the Marion County Knights of Pythias Cen- tennial Committee, candidates for the page rank, grand lodge representatives, members of lodges from out of the city, and Marion County lodges. The fourth division was led by the members of the Tribe of Ben-Hur. The members of the order were preceded by three gilded chariots, patterned after those used in the races in ancient Rome. Other members of the order rode in a float depicting a ship of ancient design. Following in order came the members of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Ladies of the Maccabees, the Relief Corps of the Grand Army of the Republic, the Loyal Order of the Moose, and the German Veterans' Association. The last group had their cannon which is used on the court house grounds each Fourth of July to fire a salute. The Elks also were represented. The last division included members of the Knights of Cos- mos, the Royal Neighbors, the Yeomen, the Knights and La- dies of Honor, and the veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic. Governor Ralston, Mayor Bell, Charles A. Bookwalter, chairman of the centennial committee, and members of the committee reviewed the parade from the balcony of the Hotel English. More than a dozen bands from various sections of the State added to the occasion, and this first celebration was regarded as a great success. The parade was in charge of W. L. Heiskell of the Knights of Pythias Lodge, and the favorable results were due mainly to his efforts. Home Coming Day, October 3 In answer to "An Invitation to You and Your Folks from Jim and Some More of the Home Folks," compiled by George Ade for the Indiana Historical Commission, thousands of Hoosiers and Hoosier "Exiles" came to Indianapolis to cele- brate "Home Coming Day" on October 3. As planned, the reunion was an informal gathering around the Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. Early in the afternoon, the Indianapolis Military Band gave a concert at the speakers' stand at the south entrance to the Monument. The stand was decorated with the national colors and with 284 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL blue and gold, the centennial colors. The program started when the band began to play "On the Banks of the Wabash" which was accompanied by much applause from the audi- ence. Addresses of welcome were made by Governor Ral- ston, Mayor Bell, Richard Lieber, and Charles A. Bookwalter. Mr. Bookwalter, chairman of the Indiana Centennial Com- mittee, spoke briefly, introducing Mr. Lieber who was chair- man of the day. Governor Ralston told of the origin of the idea of the centennial celebration and of the steps that had been taken to bring it about. He reviewed the achievements of the State and called attention to the Monument, about which they were assembled, as reflecting the spirit of the people of Indiana. He closed his address with a most cordial welcome to the returned Hoosiers. Mr. Lieber spoke of the glory of the State of Indiana and her historic past, and urged the people to be conscious of their present duties in order to continue the progress already made in this one hundred years. Mayor Bell briefly emphasized the "welcome home" spirit which typified the celebration. An informal reception followed, in which many persons crowded around the platform to greet the speakers. The committee had made the program for the day short so that friends would have time to visit with one another. Many family reunions among old Indiana families had been arranged for this occasion. Also, many hundreds of people visited the John Herron Art Institute to see the collection of historical relics which had been gathered from all parts of the State for the special centennial exhibit. In the latter part of the afternoon, thousands of persons went to Riverside Park to see the Pageant of Indiana. Governor Ralston's Address at Monument, Home Com- ing Day, October 3, 1916 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : The 69th General Assembly of the State of Indiana made provision by statute for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the admission of Indiana into the Federal Union. This it did that this historic event might be given proper recognition by the citizenship of our commonwealth. The law providing for this centennial also provided that a INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 285 non-salaried Historical Commission of nine members be ap- pointed by the Governor to have charge of the celebration. The Commission was given the authority by this act to pro- vide how the centennial should be staged. It was the de- sire of the Legislature, and respected by the Commission, that recognition should be made of the birth and the first one hundred years in the life of our State, in such manner as would be in keeping with her dignity, and her progress as one of the great States of the Union. The appropriation for this was not large. In fact, it was very small, when considered in connection with what it was designed to cover. But the pride of the Hoosier in our tra- ditions and his devotion to the perpetuity of the things that make for the glory and the security of free government, is such that the Legislature stipulated that a part of this ap- propriation should be used for historic research, and in col- lecting and compiling historic documents; so that something of a permanent character might be contributed to the State's history. I have been greatly honored as the Governor of Indiana in having a small — a very small — part in the preparation properly to honor my state's one hundredth anniversary, and I want to avail myself of this opportunity to thank publicly in the name of the State the men and women — the fine spir- ited citizens — who have given so much of their time, so much of their energy and so much of their money in making a suc- cess of the celebration we are enjoying this week. I wish all the people might know — each personally know — the labor and the thought and the intelligence the members of the Indiana Historical Commission have given for more than a year to their work; and in addition that they might know of the scores of men and women throughout the State who have in truth and in fact made personal and financial sacri- fices, in their efforts to have the citizenship of Indiana prop- erly to recognize the honor, as well as the labor, that has at- tended every step in the unfolding of the life of our State and the glory culminating in this her one hundredth anni- versary. And just here, too, I should not fail to recognize the invaluable services rendered by the press of the State, in its free publicity and unselfish advocacy of this celebration. These things have all been done in a spirit of civic service, 286 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL because those who have done them love their State and are equally conscious of the love of all our people for Indiana. We are proud individually and collectively of Hoosier achievements. Indiana has developed agriculture to a high state, and her industrial life places her in the first ranks of modern progress. Her art and poetry, her music and educa- tion, are the exponents of a virile and masterful people, while her religious life shows her faith in an overruling Providence and her recognition of an inspiring power beyond herself. Our people have made at every turn in the life of their State a more thorough equipment for the future; for they have realized that the real character of a State representing equality, equity and brotherhood, depends upon the ideals towards which they move. They have held to the belief that, no matter how strongly the ship at sea be constructed, sooner or later she will be dashed to pieces upon the rocks if her crew be not qualified for their duty, and alert in guiding her course. For this reason they have always felt a keener in- terest in their state's development and the deepest possible pride in her destiny. There is something suggestive in the particular place at which we have assembled today. We are clustering about the very heart of the capital city of our State, and around the base of the wonderful monument erected and dedicated by a free citizenship in honor of Indiana's soldiers and sailors. It is the finest artistic expression of a people's appreciation of the services of those who sacrificed for them to be found any- where in the world. Searchers who come to this State from afar, in pursuit of knowledge touching the sentiments, the sac- rifices and the history of a free people, stand uncovered in the presence of this noble structure, while they drink in the lessons of patriotism and progress taught the world by our people in its building. As we stand here today gazing upon it and recalling something of the history of our State and coun- try, we can hear the voices of our heroic dead pleading with us to become stronger in our love for civil liberty. From this monument all that is grand and ennobling and enduring in a masterful people's life smile upon us and guarantee to us, so long as we are loyal to our State and unselfish in her service, a future eclipsing in wealth and material progress, in culture and strength of character, their achievements of the past. INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 287 We may well pledge anew on this centennial day our devotion to our State and our service to our nation, made indissoluble by the men whose memory this monument perpetuates. Never before in her history was Indiana prouder of the place she holds in the galaxy of American States than is she in this, her centennial year, 1916. Never before in her his- tory was she stronger in her devotion to the institutions of our common country, and in her love for the flag of the na- tion — a flag that symbolizes the finest aspirations and the highest hopes of the American people. In this good year of her centennial anniversary she hails that banner as represen- tative of faith and brotherhood; liberty and justice — true children of the American republic, purchased by the blood of patriots and for all time civilization's imperishable jewels. She loves the flag because it is an inspiration to the Ameri- can citizen and a light to the world. She loves it because it is higher today than ever before in the face of the world, seek- ing to lead the nations of the earth to peace — a peace that shall endure with time. The citizen understanding its sig- nificance grows stronger in his patriotism as he contemplates the wonderful things back of it. Back of it stands the sacred honor of a nation. Back of it are the families, the homes, and the institutions of a free people. It represents their best heart throbs and holiest aspirations. Every one who salutes this emblem of national integrity, of national unity, and of personal liberty, should be profoundly impressed with the ob- ligations his salutation imposes upon him in the discharge of his citizenly duties. Here, then, on this occasion, in dis- charge of a solemn duty, we may well pledge anew the loyalty of our State to American institutions, and again and again swear eternal allegiance to The American Flag! And now just a word to the Hoosier who has returned to his old home to participate in this historic event. All the people of Indiana welcome you, and I assure you of their ap- preciation of your home coming. They cannot promise that you will find the scenes of the old home as they were when you last saw it. And while this fact may in a measure sadden your coming, they hope you will be able to see that the changes that have taken place have improved conditions and been in the interest of society. While these changes may neutralize your pleasure and bring a touch of pathos to your spirits, 288 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL they should also cheer and comfort you when you reflect that while such changes are inevitable in human affairs yet the hearts of the Hoosiers are ever true and ever warm in their welcome to you. County Day, October 6. The Indianapolis celebration was a state celebration par excellence on October 6, denominated County Day. It was the one day when the state participated in terms of its in- tegral political units. It represented the children gathering to do honor to the parent, although in some cases the child was the older of the two! It was proposed to make of Oc- tober 6 a grand tournament of the counties at the State Capi- tal — the grand finale to the state-wide activities of the year. The plan was realized in so far as the active cooperation of the counties could be secured. Several factors militated against making this cooperation complete. In some counties their own celebrations came either during or very near the time of the state observance, which made it difficult for them to participate. In others, the local celebration had appar- ently exhausted their Centennial capacity! Some looked askance at the project as a sly scheme of the capital city to put on a celebration at the expense of the other fellow. Yet others were just plain inert and indifferent. Despite these handicaps. County Day vied with President Wilson and His- toric Highway day for the honor of registering the big suc- cess of the two weeks' celebration. The counties were asked to participate in a unique pro- cessional pageant, in which each county was to represent, by float or otherwise, some distinctive phase of its history or development. The distinctive feature of this parade of the counties was the Centennial Cavalcade, consisting of ninety- two young ladies on horses, led by Miss Indiana. Each county was to select its rider by popular vote, the Commit- tee announcing that the young lady whose county should cast the largest aggregate vote, in proportion to its population, should be accorded the honor of representing Indiana at the head of the Cavalcade. To support the movement over the State, county auxiliary organizations were formed in Indian- apolis, made up of the "exiles" from the respective back home counties. These aroused much interest in the day as well INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 289 as taking upon themselves, in some instances, the responsi- bility of seeing that the honor of the home county was duly upheld. The parade took place in the forenoon of a brilliant autumn day. In the van was the speaker of the day, former President Taft, with the Governor and Mayor. In following cars were the members of the County Day Committee, the Indiana Historical Commission, the Chairman and Secretary of the Illinois Centennial Commission and the County Chair- men, who were honor guests. Then came the Cavalcade, led by Miss Mary Furste of Huntington, as Indiana, the riders passing in single file. About half the counties had responded by selecting repre- sentatives, but the Committee secured substitutes for the missing so that the original conception vv^as realized. Beauti- fully though simply gowned, the young ladies presented a feature of the celebration as appealing and impressive as it was distinctive. The Cavalcade was followed by the floats of the counties. Some were distinctly historical, as that of Harrison, appear- ing with an admirable replica of the old State House at Corydon. Spencer, through W. E. Hartley, and A. P. Wright represented, respectively, Lincoln the Rail Splitter and Captain Spiers Spencer. Others represented some distinguishing characteristic or phase of development. Decatur contribu- ted a reproduction of its famed tree-bearing court house steeple; Ripley, an immense saw log, transported from its own timber resources; Johnson, a corn float, with prizes and trophies; Adams, the "atmosphere" of its honored authoress. Gene Stratton Porter. Others were symbolical, notably the beautiful Cornucopia float of Hendricks; also the exquisite Spirit of Progress and Civic Advancement float of Parke, with young w^omen representing its townships; Madison, a Peace float all in white, with doves attached by white ribbons, sus- pended in front of auto. Dubois was patriotically repre- sented by an immense National flag, 28x60 feet, carried by sixty-two men. It was loaned by the Knights of Columbus of Jasper. Huntington, with its own band, made the most ambitious showing, presenting also a finely decorated auto float, flanked by outriders on snow white mounts, the same 290 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL as ridden by Miss Furste as Indiana and Miss Elva Sum- mers, as Huntington County. While a relatively small number of counties contributed floats, practically all were represented in the parade by citi- zens or former citizens. The delegations carried at their head large standards bearing the names of the counties, prepared by the County Day Committee. In the afternoon, interest centered in the Indiana Pageant. At the State Fair Coliseum in the evening, an address was delivered by former President William H. Taft. The theme of his speech is indicated in the words, "I wish today to analyze the principle of popular self-government, which the Ordinance of 1787 projected for the States to be formed out of it (The Old Northwest Territory) and then to consider the difference in the conditions which prevailed when Indiana was born, and those of today in the bearing on the question of the continued success of the rule of the people." Following the address a very delightful feature was a pageant in melody, played by the Indianapolis Military Band under the direction of H. W. Klausmann who arranged the patriotic medley. The musical pageant portrayed the his- tory of Indiana by means of melodies dating from the savage music of the Indians to the modern popular songs. The music revealed the state's progress through early pioneer days, the revolutionary period, the civil war period and the years succeeding by means of songs and melodies that are typical of that time. Incorporated in the medley were the "Marseillaise," to indicate the French occupation of Vin- cennes; "Yankee Doodle" when George Rogers Clark cap- tured the town from the British; "Marching Through Georgia," "Dixie" and Southern Plantation Songs for the times of the Civil War; "Break the News to Mother," etc., for the Spanish-American war period, and so on to the more sprightly selections of the modern day. The program closed with the audience standing and joining in the singing of "On the Banks of the Wabash" and "The Star Spangled Banner." The members of the County Day Committee were : Walter C. Woodward, Director of the Commission, Chairman, ably assisted by Miss Lucy M. Elliott, Assistant Director, Harry B. Smith, Robert L. Moorehead, Max R. Hyman, and Henry W. Klausmann. INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 291 INDIANA CENTENNIAL MUSICAL PAGEANT Coliseum, Fair Grounds, Indianapolis, Friday Evening, October 6, 1916 indianapolis military band Arranged by H. W. Klausmann Synopsis : Opens with scene in the wilderness; birds are heard singing and an occasional growl of a bear; Indians are heard in the vicinity — the pioneer arrives and begins the erection of his cabin, heard chopping down trees — the Fi'ench occupy Vincennes (the "Marseillaise"). Building of the first house of worship in Indiana. The "Ave Maria" is heard. The English take Vincennes ("Rule Britannia"). George Rogers Clark captures Vincennes from the British ("Yankee Doodle"). A colonial party ("The Minuet"). Disturbed by the Indians ("Alice of Old Vincennes"). Battle of Tippecanoe ("Bugle Call"). Cavalry approaches; Indians heard re- joicing with scalp dance; General Harrison disperses the Indians ("Yankee Doodle"). Capital established at Corydon (song "Corydon"). Arrival of first railroad train at Indianapolis from Madison. Indiana at peace. A winter sleighing party in the country; the party has a barn dance; party returning home. Murmurings of discontent begin between the North and South. First gun fired on Fort Sumter. Call to arms in Indiana. Martial music of drum and fife heard in every town and village. The reveille; the mess call; march to the train ("The Soldier's Farewell"). Train to the bat- tlefield. At scene of battle. Confederate band is heard in the distance; Union band is heard playing the "Red, White and Blue;" Confederate band playing "Suwanee River;" Union band plays "Marching Through Georgia;" Confederate band plays "Dixie;" Union band plays "The Vacant Chair;" Southern plantation songs; "Taps;" "Tenting Tonight on the Old Camp Ground;" Assembly, "Just Before the Battle, Mother;" the battle; victory for the Union troops; return home; "When Johnnie Comes Marching Home." Indiana once more at peace. Popular songs of the period from 1865 to 1898. Indiana in the Spanish-American war. Soldiers in camp in Cuba. "Break the News to Mother;" Spanish band playing "La Paloma;" troops return; "Home, Sweet Home." Indiana celebrates the Centennial. Finale, band with audience joining in songs "On the Banks of the Wabash," "Star-Spangled Banner." Olympic Games and Athletics, October 7 The centennial celebration on Saturday, October 7, took yie form of flag drills, athletic contests, dancing in various forms, and gymnastics. The program was given before an enormous audience at the State Fair Ground. In the morning the athletic preliminaries took place, in 292 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL preparation for the finals which were run in the afternoon. The afternoon program opened with a most impressive flag drill, in which two thousand sixth grade school children in Indianapolis, under the direction of Dr. W. A. Ocker, took part. The Olympic games and athletic events which followed were participated in mostly by students from the Indianapolis High Schools; the Thorntown and Southport High Schools; the Indianapolis, the Indianapolis Colored, and the Gary Y. M. C. A.'s ; and Wabash and Franklin Colleges. The winners in the contests were presented with centennial medals by Theo- dore Stempfel. Dancing and gymnastics followed on the program. Com- bined women's classes of the Independent, Socialer, and South Side Turnvereins, under the direction of George Lipps, took part in the aesthetic dancing. An exhibition of folk dancing, depicting the historical changes in the dance, was given by the girls' classes of the Turnverein, under the di- rection of Curt Toll. The free exercises by the combined men's classes of the three Turnvereins and the Y. M. C. A. were under the direction of Hans Reuter. This was followed by an exhibition of club swinging by students of the Normal College of the North American Gymnastic Union, under the direction of Emil Rath. The entire program was under the general direction of Theodore Stempfel and a committee composed of Carl Viebahn, George Lipps, Hans Reuter, Emil Rath, C. B. Dyer, Gus Braun, Dr. W. A. Ocker, John L. Graff, James H. Lowry, W. B. Harding, George H. Westing, and Cullen Thomas. Industrial and Labor Parade, October 9 The Industrial and Labor Parade, representing one hun- dred years of development and progress along industrial lines, was witnessed by about fifty thousand persons. It was re- garded as one of the most successful parades of the Centen- nial celebration. Rivalry among manufacturers and labor organizations caused many clever and unusual floats to be made. The procession was one of the two night celebrations scheduled for the second week of the celebration. The line of march was illuminated brilliantly from the glow of red fire torches; also, almost every float had electrical decorations. INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 293 The parade was in five divisions and was directed by Major Jesse T. Johnson, grand marshal, Major Pearl A. Davis, chief of staff, and their aids. "Miss Indiana," on horseback, impersonated by Miss Hazel Mockford, was at the head of the procession. The progress of years was shown in various ways. The Central Union Telephone Company showed how long distance communication by telephone differed from the earlier method by messenger. The Indianapolis Telephone Company exhib- ited the operations of a modern telephone exchange with the new automatic instruments employed. The Polk Milk Com- pany showed how the milkman used to measure the milk from a large can instead of delivering it in sanitary bottles. Or- ganized Labor, among other things, showed the old and new methods of typesetting. The Indianapolis Traction and Ter- minal Company had an old-time street car drawn by two mules. This was followed by other types of cars, including the latest model of interurbans. Bicycles and automobiles of all styles appeared in the procession. A large representation of Boy Scouts attracted attention by a float which bore the words, "Character Factory." The manual training development of a group of scouts was ex- hibited on the float. The "Ship of State," drawn by six black horses belonging to Kingan and Company was regarded as one of the most beautiful floats. Processional Church Pageant, October 10 Churches of every description and faith, from the might- iest cathedral to the tiniest mission, united to show, by means of a centennial church procession, what Indiana has done in the way of religious progress in the course of the past century. The result was a huge, impressive parade, with beau- tiful floats showing the highest degree of artistry and origin- ality, and hundreds of automobiles filled with men, women and children, all combining to impress a vivid lesson in the history of religion in Indiana. One especially striking feature about the parade was the music. Ordinarily, a parade without band music is not to be thought of, but, with the exception of two or three bands, which thundered out such stirring airs as "Onward Christian Soldiers," the music was provided by the church people who 294 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL took part in the parade, and who united — in automobiles and floats — in singing hymns. The parade was illuminated by torches carried by Boy Scouts. Thousands of persons thronged the downtown streets to witness the parade and cheered loudly when it came into view, headed by Sergt. Johnson and a platoon of mounted police, riding eight abreast, and followed by a band. The procession formed on North Meridian street, passed south around Monument Circle, east to New Jersey street, south to Washington street, west on Washington street to Senate avenue, and north to Ohio street. Governor Ralston, Mayor Bell, Rabbi M. M. Feuerlicht, the Rt. Rev. Francis S. Chatard, the Rev. C. H. Winders and a number of ministers and their families viewed the parade from the balcony of the Hotel English. The grand marshal of the procession was Franklin L. Bridges. Each denomination or faith had a division of its own, and each vied with the other to produce beautiful effects, or, at least, to have the most automobiles in line. The Indianapolis Sunday School Association came first with a decorated boat float and a score of automobiles, draped in flags. The Congregational Church division was headed by a float representing an aeroplane, gay with streamers and with its propeller whirling. It was followed by more flag-draped automobiles from the various Congregational Churches of the city. The First United Brethren Church, built in 1808, was shown in miniature, mounted upon a truck, and bearing a poster telling of the 60,000 members it now boasts. The Church Federation, with large banners telling of the aims and objects of that organization, filled three automobiles, Morton C. Pearson riding in the first. The Business Men's Bible Class was a feature of this division. In other decorated automobiles, which were decked with flags, flowers or striking color combinations, came the Indian- apolis Local Council of Women and the Mothers' Aid Society, the Fairview Settlement float, a glimpse into one of the cot- tages receiving much applause, as did the float depicting the doleful end of the ''liquor traffic," consigned to a black cas- ket. The Salvation Army passed in two open hacks — in one of them the Salvation Army Band — and they sang such songs INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 295 as "Rescue the Perishing," with vigor. The Pentecostal Bands, occupying two or three open vehicles, and also sing- ing indefatigably, followed them. On the Y. M. C. A. float a number of athletes in "gym" suits and in the center of the float John L. Graf, physical in- structor, and little Lawrence Schmidt performed their famous balancing and tumbling stunts. The Y. M. C. A. boys, a lively group of youthful pedestrians, followed the float. A group of singing children, on a float decked in green and white, was the offering of the St. Paul M. E. Church. Loud applause was vouchsafed the Y. W. C. A. float, all white and gold and palm branches, with three white-clad heralds blowing golden trumpets. This float was followed by repre- sentatives from the Harley Gibbs Settlement. The various episodes of the 275 years of Quakerism were presented, the section being headed by a Quaker on horse- back, depicting the old-time Friend. In this section were the "Quakers of 1856," a pioneer family in an ancient "rockaway" carriage, and the "Quaker of 1916" in a modern automobile. Timothy Nicholson of Richmond, one of the oldest Quakers in the State and the founder of the State Board of Charities, rode all alone in an automobile, and was much applauded. The Catholic churches of the city had contributed some of the most elaborate and picturesque floats in the parade and the section was one of the largest. The Holy Cross parish float was especially beautiful. It vv^as all white. In the front was a huge illuminated cross and about the cross stood chil- dren in the costume of angels. Another beautiful float was that of the St. Agnes Academj^ — a yellow chariot filled with pretty girls garbed in yellow and white. A model of the Sacred Heart Church, with glowing windows, was another at- tractive feature. The Knights of St. George, in immaculate uniforms, marching in the form of a cross, with a huge Amer- ican flag in the center, drew much applause. All the Catholic churches and schools w6re represented. The pioneers of St. John's Church passed in a venerable horse- drawn surrey. The modern St. John's float was a charming affair of purple and gold. The Notre Dame and St. Mary- of-the-Woods Clubs had attractive floats. The Knights of Columbus portrayed "The Coming of the Missionaries to In- diana in 1617" and "The Coming of Father Mermet to Vin- 18—15997 296 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL cennes in 1712." Other floats showed a Jesuit missionary- priest presenting the cross to the Indians, Father Gibault ad- ministering the oath of the United States in 1778. Father Binquelin on his way to estabhsh a mission in 1837, and Bishop Brute, founder of the first free school in the State in 1834. The Bertha Ballard, the Silver Creek Baptist Church, the Jewish congregations of the city, Butler College, Earlham Col- lege, Hanover College, Wabash College and the Little Sisters of the Poor were represented by decorated automobiles or floats. The Christian Church division was headed by an old- fashioned singing school led by the pastor. The Presbyterians also had a singing school float, with the singers in old-time costumes, and a melodeon. Brookside Park U. P. Church contributed the float, "Rock of Ages," with two young women posing at the foot of the cross after the manner of the figures in the famous painting. The Universalist Church had a float depicting Martin Luther and the open Bible. Indians, Pilgrims and a spinning wheel were artistically combined in the Pilgrim Congregational Church. The First Presbyterian Church was represented in the pa- rade by a float bearing a model of the Caleb Scudder cabinet shop, which stood at the southwest corner of the square in which the state house now stands. In this cabinet shop was organized the first Sunday school in the city, in response to the following summons which appeared in the Indianapolis Gazette of April 3, 1823 : ''The Indianapolis Sabbath school will commence on next. Sabbath, the 6th day of April, inst., at 9 o'clock in the morn- ing at Mr. C. Scudder's shop. A general and punctual attend- ance of scholars is requested, and that they bring with them the testaments, spelling books, or such as they may have." The organizers were Dr. Isaac Coe, James M. Ray, James Blake and Caleb Scudder. The first superintendent was Mr. Ray. As a result of this beginning the First Presbyterian Church was organized a few months later. In the auto- mobiles following the float these early organizers and some of the pioneer members were impersonated by some of their descendants in the quaint costumes of that day. The Boy Scouts of America had a float depicting the vari- INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 297 ous activities of the scouts, and a picturesque group was half a dozen men, clad like the old-time circuit riders and mounted on horses. An old-time camp meeting, with an exhorting pastor; a red and white float from the Epworth League, a float by the Methodist Episcopal Hospital, one from Moores Hill College and a particularly beautiful float from the Edwin Ray M. E. Church, consisting of a victoria entirely hidden in white flowers and drawn by four white horses, completed the parade. No less than one hundred thousand persons viewed the parade. In addition to this, all the churches of the city and quite generally throughout the State celebrated Sunday, October 8th, as a Centennial Sunday, on which centennial sermons were preached by the pastors, tracing the development of their own denominations in Indiana for 100 years. This was very generally observed in Indianapolis and was considered a very valuable part of the centennial celebration. The Friends Churches of Indiana united in a state-wide observance of the Centennial Year, which was quite generally carried out. The following official communication outlines their endeavors : To the Local Friends Meetings in Indiana: A state-wide observance of the one hundredth anniversary of the admission of Indiana into the Union is now in progress. A climax of this observance will be had in the state celebration which is to take place at Indianapolis, October 2 to 15. October 8 will be known as Cen- tennial Sunday, to be observed not only at the capital, but through the State as well. In view of the large place which the Friends have had in the his- tory of our State, it seems highly fitting that the day be set apart in our meetings as one of commemoration. Toward this end committees ap- pointed by Indiana and Western Yearly Meetings have outlined a ten- tative program, which is herewith presented with the recommendation that it be followed as far as feasible. It has been arranged with the idea of a morning and an afternoon service, with dinner together and social hour at noon. If but one service can be held, an adaptation of this program may be made: Morning Service The Beginnings of Indiana (10 Minutes) The Quaker Settlement of Indiana — Sources and Causes. (10 Minutes) What Quakers have contributed toward the making of Indiana. (30 Minutes) Short Sermon, (15 Minutes) 298 the indiana centennial Afternoon Service The History of the Local Meeting — 1. Its founding. 2. Historical sketch of its activities. 3. Prominent M^orkers in its history. 4. Men and women whom it has sent out to service. 5. Reminiscences. The Methodist Churches of Indiana also observed the event in various ways. Most of the Methodist ministers preached a Centennial sermon at some time during the year, in combination with the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the death of Fran- cis Asbury, which was also celebrated the past year, through- out the Church. All three of the Indiana Conferences held a Centennial service during their sessions; at the Indiana and the Northwest Indiana conference. Governor Ralston spoke, while at the North Indiana conference a combined service, in memory of Asbury and Indiana's Centennial, was held. The "Circuit Rider Days in Indiana," by Professor William W. Sweet of DePauw University, was a Methodist contribution of the Centennial Year. Indiana Authors' Night, October 10. In order that the authors of Indiana should not be neg- lected in the finale of the State Centennial celebration held at Indianapolis in October 1916, Mrs. Albert Rabb, Chairman of the Indiana Authors' Committee appointed by the State Historical Commission, and a committee appointed by Mr. Charles A. Bookwalter, Chairman for the Indianapolis cele- bration, consisting of Mr. Hugh McK. Landon, Chairman, Mr. William 0. Conway, Dr. William E. Jenkins, Mrs. Mary H. Planner, Miss Charity Dye, and Mrs. Albert Rabb, ar- ranged for the public performance on October 10, 1916, of a series of dramatizations of selections from Indiana authors which would give a panoramic picture of life in Indiana dur- ing the hundred years of its statehood. The Little Theatre Company of Indiana was chosen as the medium of presentation, and the performance was given at the Masonic Temple. Upon illuminated columns at either side of the stage were inscribed the names of Indiana's liter- ary men and women, to whom tribute was paid in a Pro- logue written by William 0. Conway, INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 299 The pioneer period was represented by dramatized ex- tracts from Alice of Old Vincennes (Maurice Thompson) ; Judith (Grace Alexander) ; in My Youth (Robert Dudley) ; Heart's Haven (Katherine Evans Blake), and by Sara T. Bolton's poem, "If I Were the Light of the Brightest Star" sung to music composed for the occasion by Mr. Frederic Krull. Forceythe Willson's poem, "The Old Sergeant" was chosen to represent the Civil War period, and for the modern period, dramatizations were made from Seventeen (Booth Tarkington) ; Doc Home (George Ade) ; and The Third Man (Meredith Nicholson), the program closing with an elaborate "Riley Masque" written by Mrs. Charles McNaull. The dramatizations were made by Mrs. Rabb, and the stage presentation was under the direction of Mr. William 0. Conway, assisted by Mrs. Mary H. Flanner, Mrs. Oliver Wil- lard Pierce, Miss Edestina Hendrix, and Mr. Howard Webster Adams. Public Health Parade, October 11 On the afternoon of October 11, a parade showing the progress made in the last century in matters pertaining to sanitation and health was given by the public health and wel- fare societies of Indianapolis and Indiana, and the business firms that deal in supplies connected with clean and healthful living. The parade was under the direction of Franklin S. Bridges, chief marshal. It was in two divisions and was headed by Indianapolis policemen and by the Indianapolis Military Band. Many instructive and entertaining floats appeared in the procession. Attention was called to the typhoid germ by an old-fashioned milk wagon, drawn by a mule and equipped with dingy old cans, and by a huge mosquito, shown as a car- rier of germs from swamps. In contrast with this last ex- hibit was a farmer in a field of corn which was said to have been planted in a drained swamp. An army camping out- fit bore placards telling of the small percentage of typhoid fever in the army since the anti-typhoid vaccination had become compulsory. High school cadets commanded by Colonel Rus- sel B. Harrison appeared wearing the uniforms of Civil War soldiers. Thousands of school children, members of various school "health clubs" marched. The Boy Scouts formed a bicycle 300 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL squad and also had a float, labeled "In God's Out of Doors," showing a camp in the woods. The playgrounds of 1816 and 1916 were contrasted on another float. The Indiana State Board of Health was represented by oflficials of the society in automobiles and by several floats. The latter which related to the care of the baby and to the care of the teeth, were especially effective. Other organizations represented in the first division were the Indiana Anti-Tuberculosis Society, Marion County Anti- Tuberculosis Society, Indianapolis Board of Health, Public Health Nursing Association, Indianapolis Charity Organiza- tion Society, Children's Aid Association, Indianapolis Summer Mission at Fairview, Indianapolis Humane Society, Local Council of Women, Christamore Settlement, \V. C. T. U., In- diana Audubon Society, Indianapolis Medical Society, Flor- ence Crittenden Home, Indiana State Workers for the Blind, Robert W. Long Hospital, Deaconess Hospital, Sisters of Charity, St. Vincent's Hospital, Harley Gibbs Settlement, St. Francis Hospital, Christ Child Society, Graduate Nurses' As- sociation, Flower Mission, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Wednes- day Afternoon Club, Faith Home, Indiana Dental College, New Century Club, and Mothers' Aid Society. The second division, in command of Will H. Brown, had exhibits which were more of an industrial nature. Many manufacturing firms were represented by floats showing the sanitary methods by which their products are manufactured. Centennial Highway Day, October 12 Adopting the slogan "Let us dedicate with newer mean- ing our highways to the memory of the brave pioneers, and so wisely plan for their rebuilding that they shall become a real heritage to all future generations," October twelfth was set aside for the celebration of "historical highway day" in connection with the State Centennial. The date seemed un- usually appropriate since it was a national holiday — Discov- ery Day, a State centennial day, and a state highway day over the old historic National Road. Dr. I. S. Harold, whose slogan is quoted above, was ap- pointed State Chairman and to his efforts much of the credit for the success of the day is to be attributed. Luke W. Duf- INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 301 fey was appointed chairman for Marion County. M. E. Noblet, secretary of the Hoosier Motor Ckib, was chosen as pa- rade organizer and rendered excellent service in securing large delegations from every part of Indiana. Divisional chairmen were appointed for the principal highways of the State leading into Indianapolis. The parade which passed through the down-town streets of Indianapolis on the after- noon of Highvv^ay Day was a notable procession in that through mass of numbers it proved to the State and nation that good roads must prevail as a national asset. The boom- ing of a cannon shortly after one o'clock was the signal for the moving of a long line of automobiles from two directions. Good roads advocates for Indiana points east of the Michigan road assembled at Washington and Noble streets. Western Indiana's delegation mobilized at Washington and West streets. The Hoosier Motor Club, the Marion County Good Roads Association, and all Indianapolis cars assembled in Kentucky Avenue south of Georgia street. Carl G. Fisher, chief marshal of the parade, with his staff waited at Meridian and Washington streets. A reviewing stand was erected on the south side of the Monument, to which the Presidential party was conducted after the luncheon given to the Presi- dent by Governor Ralston at the Claypool Hotel. The pa- rade moved in double column from Washington street, pass- ing on both sides of the Monument and on to the Fair Grounds. It was said that there never were so many automo- biles in Indianapolis before; and that it was the greatest as- semblage of people brought together through the interests of good roads; and the event will go dovm into history as an epoch-making occasion that gave a new impetus to scientific road building in this country ; and it was one of the important factors in securing for Indiana the enactment of a good roads law, and the creation of a State Highway Commission. As President Wilson had always been a good roads en- thusiast and had encouraged road legislation in Congress and finally a bill was passed appropriating $85,000,000, to as- sist States in building state and national roads, to be known as post roads, it was determined if possible to secure him for the day. A letter was written to him by the Chairman and the Governor of the State. His first answer was rather dis- 302 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL couraging, but after almost continuous negotiations and con- siderable pressure being brought to bear, word was received that he would be in Indianapolis that day for two addresses. The Presidential train was late, arriving at the Union Sation considerably after eleven o'clock. The reception com- mittee, consisting of Governor Samuel M. Ralston, as Chair- man, Joseph Bell, Mayor of Indianapolis, Senator Thomas Taggart, Dr. I. S. Harold, State Chairman, and Charles Book- waiter, Chairman of the General Committee, went on the train to meet the distinguished guests and escort them to the Clay- pool Hotel, where Governor Ralston gave a luncheon to the presidential party, consisting of President and Mrs. Wilson, Joseph P. Tumulty, secretary to the President, and Dr. Gary T. Grayson, the White House physician, to which about one hundred guests were invited. After reviewing the automo- bile parade, immediately following the luncheon, the presi- dential party departed for the Fair Grounds at 2:15 p.m. Before an audience estimated at ten thousand. President Wil- son delivered the following address, after being introduced by Governor Ralston : ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT WILSON Governor Ralston, My Fellow Citizens : I am here because I am interested in the cause of good roads, and because I am interested in the State of Indiana. I was very much interested that this day, devoted to the cause of good roads, should fall in your Centennial Year. It made me think of many of the processes of our national his- tory. Roads have so knit communities together, and communi- ties into counties, and counties into States, and States into the nation, that we must learn how to think, and act, and do things together. This country was built up without any roads; these prairies, these hillsides and valleys were filled with population in advance of which went no roadmaker, but only the pioneer, making his way over the trackless wilder- ness, with only his gun, only a little to eat, only a few compan- ions. And now that you are 100 years old, after these unassisted processes created the State of Indiana, you are turning your thoughts to the necessary means by which you are going to knit the State of Indiana into a unit, and knit her with the rest of the nation, and set afoot processes which will INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 303 make a new spirit, because of the new intercourse through- out the great continent which we have conquered by our en- terprise. The arguments for good roads from the material point of view, are very obvious. It is true, I dare say, that we had to wait for the rapidly moving automobile to create a large enough number of persons interested in good roads, which would run beyond mere neighborhoods ; and I am very grate- ful to the owners of automobiles, and to the members of automobile associations that they should have insisted with such success, upon the creation of highways. I note, inci- dentally, that they use them up almost as fast as we make them, but I will forgive them for that, if they stimulate us to the effort to make them, and to keep them in usable condi- tion. But, after all, the highway is not intended, first of all, and chief of all, for the pleasure vehicle. It is not in- tended for the mere traveler. It is not intended for the mere tourist. It is not made in order that some company of lei- surely people may travel from coast to coast of this great con- tinent. It is made because we need it in all the material uses of our lives. We need it first of all, and chief of all, in order that our resources may be made use of, for they can not be made use of until they are got to market and you can not get them to market unless you can get them from the mine and the farm, to the nearest railway station. You can not know what the resources of the country are unless the country is covered over with a network of roads which will release all the locked up riches of all our country- sides. Why, there are little pockets in the mountains in some places in America, where there are the richest sort of crops, where nature has made largest of her gifts of fertile soil and genial climate and abundant rainfall, but where they can never get their crops to market, where they burn their corn, so much of it as they can not feed to their cattle, where they raise what they do raise for the consumption of their fam- ilies, merely, and contribute nothing to the markets of the na- tion. For a great many years this country was covered over with segregated, separated, isolated neighborhoods, to which in the winter you could not get, because if you tried it your wheels would go to the hub in the mud, and where, conse- 304 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL quently, communities were shut into their own life and to their own separated thought. It is perfectly obvious that you have got to have an intricate and perfect network of roads throughout the length and breadth of this great continent before you will have released the energies of America. Good roads are necessary for every practical aspect of our lives — to draw neighbors together, to create a community of feeling, to create those arteries which may be compared to the arteries of the human body. The blood of the nation will not flow in harmonious concord unless it can flov/ in intimate sympathy. And so the argument, the material argument, the argument about markets and crops and the products of the mines, sinks into comparative unimportance when you con- sider the spiritual things that you are doing in making roads. You know there is an old saying that the lines between sections are obliterated only by the feet that cross them. There is a very genial saying of a great English writer, that he never could hate a man he knew ; and I dare say that every man and woman here knows the truth of that. I want to tell you, now, that I have loved some great rascals. I have tried to get them into jail, but I have been very fond of them, and it is very difficult indeed to get close to a man and not find some contact of sympathy and community of thought. We are all human beings; we all touch each other at the heart; we are all alike down at the bottom. We may have had different environments; we may have been brought up differently; we may have been trained differently; but when you strip these things off, there, at the core, we are the same kind of people. Sectionalism is based upon the radical danger of every nation, namely, ignorance. The only thing that breeds darkness in the world is ignorance. The only thing that really blinds us is not knowing what we are talking about. The only thing that binds a nation together is the knowledge of its several parts of each other. My fellow-citizens, I need not tell you that I did not come here to talk politics, but there is one thing that is pertinent in this connection, which I can not deny myself the privilege of saying. Any man who revives the issue of sectionalism in this country is unworthy of the confidence of the nation. He DTOIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 305 shows himself a provincial; he shows that he himself does not know the various sections of his own country; he shows that he has shut his own heart up in a little province, and that those who do not seek the special interests of that province are, to him, sectional, while he alone is national. That is the depth of anti-patriotic feeling. And so one of my interests in roads is that I want to see that thing carried on which I have seen worked to the bene- fit of this nation in so many parts of it. Take my own State of New Jersey. We have built a great many fine roads in New Jersey. Now, most people know New Jersey only be- tween New York and Trenton. If you look at New Jersey on the map, it is shaped like a bag with a string in the middle and the Pennsylvania railway from New York to Trenton is the string. New Jersey does not lie along that shortest line. It lies among beautiful hills and lakes and streams in the north and interesting stretches of level and watered coun- try in the south, where the characteristic populations of the ' State are. Now, good roads have discovered the people of New Jersey to the people who live in other States. By build- ing good roads in New Jersey we have made it possible that people everywhere should know the people of the State of New Jersey. Wherever you have not got a good road you have created a provincial and sectional population. Wherever you have a good road, you have tied a thong between that community and the nation to which it belongs. And that is my interest in good roads, for, my fellow citizens, my present interest is chiefly in the nationalization of America. We have created a great people; at least, if I may put it so, we have brought together all the elements, all the com- ponent parts, all the necessary characters and industries and material resources of a great nation, and we suddenly find that we are face to face with the problem of assembling these elements, in the sense in which the mechanic assembles the parts of a machine, and, having assembled those elements, to put them together for the creation of one incomparable force, to which the world shall hereafter look for most of its for- ward impulse, for most of its ideal principles, for most of its example in the practice of liberty; and, therefore, the thing that I am more interested in than anything else in these 306 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL days is the forces that make for drawing America together into a great spiritual unity. You will notice all sorts of eddies in our life. Here the stream seems to be turning about; there the stream seems to be running forward ; here there is an obstacle ; there a free channel, and it sometimes looks as if this turning, whirling movement of our life merely made of us a whirlpool in which every conceivable element out of every population of the world constituted a part. Men look upon it with confusion. They say: "What is the pattern of this life? Whither does it tend? Where are we going?" Now, my fellow-citizens, we have had time and opportunity until the present to do pretty much what we wanted in Amer- ica, and to do different things in different parts of America, but just so soon as this great European war is over America has got to stand for one thing, and only one thing in the world, and she must be ready with united forces. We can not play with the elements of our life any more. We can not first combine them this way and then combine them that way. We have got to combine them in one way, with one definite purpose, and then we can go full steam ahead under expert leadership along the new line of a new age ; but so long as we are playing with the elements, so long as we have contrary sympathies, so long as one body of us is pulling in one direction and another body in another direc- tion, we can not do anything either for ourselves or for the world. America came into existence, my fellow-citizens, not in order to show the world the most notable example it had ever had of the accumulation and use of material wealth, but in order to show the way to mankind in every part of the world to justice, to freedom and liberty. So that the words I want you to carry in your mind in connection with this good roads cause are these : First, Nationalization — Getting all the fibers of this great vital people united in a single organism. Second, Mobilization — Getting them so related to each other, so co-ordinated, so organized, so led, so united, that when they move they move as a single great, irresistible con- quering force ; and the third word that I want you to consider INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 307 is the word that I suppose affords the key to doing these things ; that word is the word "cooperation." I wish that every one of us could fix in his mind the dif- ference between the way we have been trying to do things and the way we ought to do things. We have been trying to do things by combining, by setting off one powerful group against another, by setting up groups in particular industries or spheres of our life, which try to exclude all other groups by the power or by the method of their destroying competi- tion. That is not the way to build a nation together; that is the way to build it into warring elements. Instead of ex- clusive combination, I want to see universal cooperation. There are good signs in the air. Have you not noticed how almost every great industry, every great profession every year holds a congress of some sort. Why, even the ad- vertising men, whom we thought were the sharpest competi- tors in America, have a national association in which they cooperate. For what purpose? For the purpose of getting ahead of each other? No. For the purpose of guiding one another and setting up standards ; and the chief standard they have adopted is the word "truth," that they won't fool the people to whom they address advertisements; that they will tell the truth and prosper on the truth. Then you will find men in highly competitive engineering industries who hold their annual conventions to tell each other the secrets of their success, to make a great profession which is united in the use of the most efficient and intelligent means of achievement. And so, in profession after profes- sion — the most reticent, so far as I can see, being the legal profession — in profession after profession, men are getting together by way of cooperation instead of by way of mutual destruction. I hold this to be a happy omen. I see the growth in America of this conception of solidarity, of the interest of each being the interest of all, and the interest of each grow- ing out of the interest of all. There is one field in which we are particularly sluggards, in respect to this. I mean the relations between capital and labor. Nothing can be for the interest of capital that is not for the interest of labor, and nothing can be in the interest of labor which is not in the interest of capital. If men want to 308 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL get rich, they must have human relationships with those who help them to get rich. That is a lesson that men have been exceedingly slow to learn — slower than any other lesson of cooperation in America. I pray God that their eyes may be opened and that they may see that the future of this country lies in their cooperation, open, candid and cordial, and not in their antagonism, and that if they will once get together and plan in the same spirit the same thing, the industry of Amer- ica will go forward by leaps and bounds such as we have never yet conceived. Sometimes it is necessary, in order to arrest attention, to pull men up with a round turn and say, "Stop, look, listen," because presently, if you don't, the great forces of society will correct the things that have gone wrong. Society is the jury. The parties are not going to settle; the nation is going to settle, and I am counsel for the nation. So, my fellow-citizens, you see how this little plant of the cause of the good roads spreads into a great tree, bearing upon its boughs the fruits of the savor of life. We have got to know each other ; we have got to cooperate with each other ; we have got to stand together; we have got to have the same conception of our life and destiny; we have got to think the same thoughts and purpose the same purposes. That is all that politics is for. As a contest for office, it is contemptible, but as a combination of thoughtful men to accomplish some- thing for the nation, it is honorable. If I could not be as- sociated with a congress that did something, I would quit. If I did not think that making speeches contributed a little bit to the common thought, that had nothing to do with selfish purpose, but had everything to do with combined purpose, I would not make any speeches. Speeches are not interesting because of the man who makes them or the words he uses. They are interesting in proportion as the people who hear believe what he says. I remember once, after a meeting in which a good many men who were more or less insurgent against society were gathered, a great, hard-fisted fellow came up to me and took my hand and said : "Well, sir, I didn't agree with a word you said, but I thought you meant it." I said: "What do you mean? Do you mean that most of the men that come here do not mean what they say?" INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 309 "Yes, sir," he said, "I mean just that'; they talk through their hats." Now talking through the hat ought to be a dead industry. It ought to be discouraged by silence and empty halls and every man ought to have as a motto over the stage from which he speaks these simple and familiar words, "Put up or shut up." I am ready to take my own medicine. If I don't put up, I am ready to shut up. (Calls of "go ahead, you are all right.") You know, we were talking about good roads and you are getting off the road. I want to leave a very solemn thought in your minds. America is about to experience her rebirth. We have been making America in pieces for the sake of the pieces. Now we have got to construct her entire for the sake of the whole and for the sake of the world ; because, ladies and gentlemen, there is a task ahead of us for which we must be very soberly prepared. I have said and shall say again, that when the great present war is over, it will be the duty of America to join with the other nations of the world in some kind of a league for the maintenance of peace. Now America was not a party to this war, and the only terms upon which we will be admitted to a league, almost all the other powerful members of which are engaged in the war and made infinite sacrifices when we apparently made none, are the only terms which we desire, namely, that America shall not stand for national aggression, but shall stand for the just conditions and bases of peace, for the competitions of merit alone and for the generous rivalry of liberty. It is now up to us to say whether we are going to play in the world at large the role which the makers of this great nation boasted and predicted we should always play among the nations of the world. Are we ready always to be the friends of justice, of fairness, of liberty, of peace and of those accommodations which rest upon justice and peace? In these two trying years that have just gone by we have fore- borne; we have not allov/ed provocation to disturb our judg- ment. We have seen to it that America kept her poise when all the rest of the world seemed to have lost its poise. Only upon the terms of retaining that poise and using the splendid force which always comes v/ith poise, can we hope to play the 310 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL beneficent part in the history of the world which I have just now intimated. So, my fellow countrymen, build up these new roads in the construction of which the federal government is now to play so large a part, in the spirit of nationality, the spirit of co- operation, the spirit of liberty, the power which only a free people know how to exercise. Following the address at the Coliseum the President was taken to Tomlinson Hall where he delivered an address, upon the urgent request of the farmers of Indiana, on the Farmers' Loan and Credit Bank. He was greeted here by an audience which filled the hall to overflowing, and he was greeted with applause which lasted several minutes. From Tomlinson Hall the President went direct to the Union Station, leaving In- dianapolis at 5 :45 p. m. Among the distinguished guests of the day was Judge J. M. Lowe, of Kansas City, Mo., President of the National Old Trails Road Association. He addressed the audience in Tom- linson Hall prior to the arrival of President Wilson, and earlier, during the parade, presented to President Wilson at the reviewing stand a gavel made from a plank taken out of the old National Road in Plainfield near the old Van Buren elm tree. Another interesting incident of the day was the presenta- tion by Elwood Haynes, the Hoosier inventor of the automo- bile, of a new Haynes car in exchange for the oldest Haynes car now available. The old car came from Southern Indi- ana. The exchange took place at the Coliseum immediately following President Wilson's address. Indiana Centennial Educational Day, October *13 The educational spirit that has marked centennial pro- grams throughout the State during the year culminated very fittingly in the state-wide Centennial Education Day at the capital city on October 13th. The proclamation of the Gover- nor officially designating the day is properly expressive of its meaning and purpose : Our Centennial Year has been replete with gratifying representa- tions of the natural resources and the physical development of our com- monwealth. It is appropriate that we should take account of our material advancement and it is also eminently fitting that in so doing we INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 311 should regard with special consideration the intellectual forces and edu- cational achievements that have inspired and attended our century of progress. Indiana is proud of her schools. The State is greatly honored because of her educational standards and progress and the observance of Indiana's Centenary would not be complete without a worthy and deserving tribute to education. In recognition of this fact, the Indiana Historical Commission, in conjunction with the educational forces of the State, have set apart Friday, October 13, as Indiana Centennial Education Day. It is proposed that on this day all of the various educa- tional institutions of the State, including the public schools, private and parochial schools, normal schools, colleges, and universities join in a general centennial educational program, which will be given at the State Fair Grounds in Indianapolis and should be attended by thousands of patriotic Hoosiers from this and other States; to the end that the glorious history of educational advancement in Indiana may be fittingly shown and the cause of education and its value in a democracy be worthily and nobly exalted. Noiv, Therefore, I, Samuel M. Ralston, as Governor of the State of Indiana, wisliing to express my sincere appreciation and hearty ap- proval of this educational movement, do hereby designate and proclaim FRIDAY, October 13, 1916, as INDIANA centennial EDUCATION DAY, and urge its observance as above indicated. The program was the co-operative work of the educational forces of Indiana and fully measured up to the greatness of the opportunity. By appointment of the Indiana Historical Commission, Supt. J. G. Collicott of the Indianapolis schools was in general charge of Education Day. The State Superin- tendent's office, the State Board of Education, the officers of the State Teachers' Association and school teachers and offi- cials generally throughout the State responded readily to the call to do tribute to education. It naturally fell to Indian- apolis to do a major share and the wonderful manner in which the Indianapolis teachers and pupils acquitted themselves sur- passes all praise. The exercises consisted of four main divisions — exhibits, parade, pantomime and banquet. Special exhibits, prepared by leading departments of wide-awake schools throughout the State, filled the Fine Arts Building at the State Fair Grounds. They ranged from "the old-time school" to the most modern examples of domestic science, manual training, agriculture, playground ideas, edu- cational measurements, art, sanitation and applied civics. The parade or educational procession typifying a century of intellectual progress in Indiana formed at the state house 19—15997 312 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL for the benefit of the down town crowds and finished in a complete swing around the track at the Fair Grounds. It was a beautiful yet simple caravan of floats, interspersed with marching bands. This parade was especially marked by the absence of gaudy show and by the clear symbolism of decora- tions, groups and banners. Public and private schools of all grades were represented so that this unique procession was truly typical of a century's advance in Hoosier school life. The splendid Purdue University band, consisting of seventy-five student musicians, led the procession and fur- nished music for field maneuvers during the afternoon. Purdue University is to be most highly commended for giving the people of the State, and especially the children of the schools, the opportunity to enjoy the inspiring performances of such a magnificent student musical organization. The climax of the exercises was the mammoth pantomime, of which the following guide or explanatory outline was placed in the hands of everyone in the vast audience that wit- nessed its production on the field for almost three hours dur- ing the afternoon: EDUCATION Episode I The Summoning of Indiana. a. Columbia enters, accompanied by States. b. A fanfare of trumpets announces Education, who enters attended by a number of the world's great educators. c. Education bids Columbia summon Indiana before her. d. Indiana steps forth and Education demands that she give an ac- count of her educational stewardship. Emmerich M. T. H. S. Episode II Indiana's Response. Indiana responds by presenting certain of her important educational activities. a. Academic and Cultural Training. Shortridge H. S. b. Physical Training. Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Grades of Elementary Schools. c. Industrial Training. Emmerich M. T. H. S. d. Vocational Training. Technical H. S. e. Professional Training. Butler College. -r f. Recreation. All Groups. INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE 313 BALLET In symbolic dance the forces of Education contending with Ignorance, Failure, Disease, Inefficiency, Poverty, Vice and Misery, finally drive them out and usher in Knowledge, Health, Success, Wealth and Happiness. Technical H. S. Episode III The Crowning of Indiana. Indiana's achievements win approval and she is crowned by Columbia with Education's laurel wreath. Emmerich M. T. H. S. V GRAND FINALE It detracts nothing from the many beautiful and subHme examples of pageantry that have been produced in local cele- brations throughout the year to say that none of these dra- matic productions have been more impressive and significant than this wonderful pantomime enacted wholly in mass ac- tion and without speaking parts by the 12,000 students and teachers of the Indianapolis public schools and of Butler Col- lege. The three high schools, through well-drilled bodies of stu- dents and teachers, appropriately garbed, symbolized most fittingly the cultural, industrial and vocational training of- fered by the schools. The faculty and student body of Butler College, in pleasing and dignified pantomime, portrayed the triumph of coeducation and the development of all forms of professional training. A splendid exhibition of higher gym- nastic training was given by a large class from the North American Gymnastic Union. The massive panoramic dem- onstration of all phases of modern recreation and play in school life was enlivening and wholesome. The superb flag drill by the 6th, 7th and 8th grades, some 9,000 strong, was a thrilling spectacle long to be remembered, and this, together with the grand finale, in which the mighty gathering of school children and citizens joined in singing "America" and "The Star Spangled Banner," accompanied by the universal waving of flags, constituted a patriotic dem- onstration of peculiar and timely significance. The ready approval and encouragement of the public on behalf of such a demonstration was manifested by the at- tendance of some 30,000 enthusiastic citizens. This was per- haps the greatest single instance in the history of Indiana 314 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL of the active connection of the schools, through living bodies of teachers and pupils, with broad public movements and large state occasions. Certainly this is most heartily in keeping with the modern tendency to articulate school life more largely and vitally with the best and largest life outside the school. A banquet was given at night in the Riley Room of the Claypool Hotel in honor of "our distinguished home-coming educators." It was largely attended and was a most enjoy- able informal occasion. Superintendent Collicott acted as toastmaster, and interesting short talks were given by Dr. Frank B. Wynn, Pres. Samuel C. Mitchell of Delaware Col- lege, Prof. James A. Woodburn, C. A. Prosser, Director of Dunwoody Institute; Pres. E. B. Bryan of Colgate University, Pres. W. E. Stone, Purdue University, Pres. Thomas C. Howe, Butler College, Miss Anna Willson, Miss Charity Dye and A. M. Hall. The talks were interspersed with Hoosier yells and patriotic songs. The production of George Ade's "The Indiana Girl," by six young college women of Indianapolis was a delightful feature of the program. All in all, it must be said that Indiana educators and citi- zens generally may well appreciate the unique opportunity which our Centennial Anniversary has offered. We have gained inspiration through the exercises of the year which will abide with us and will continue to be felt in our civic and edu- cational standards. The Indiana Centennial Exhibit of Fine Arts AND Home Industries At the John Herron Art Institute, October 1-31, 1916* The State of Indiana is this year celebrating the one hun- dredth anniversary of its admission into the Union of the United States. All over the State the Indiana Centennial has been observed in various ways — chiefly with pageants, pa- rades and exhibitions of old relics and articles of common use during the earlier years of the state's history. The Indian- apolis celebration takes place during the first two weeks in October, and as its contribution, the John Herron Art In- stitute offers this Indiana Centennial Exhibition. The majority of the articles shown were either made or used in Indiana. There are, however, a few pieces of furni- ture and similar objects which, while not actually in use in this State during the earlier years, are so typical of the earlier Indiana periods that they may well be admitted to an Indiana Exhibition. With the exception of the main painting gallery, in which are two cases containing objects from the Murch collection of Egyptian antiquities, some pieces of antique Greek and Roman glass and several examples of pottery from the near east, one of the adjoining small galleries, the balcony with its Oriental Collections, and the Sculpture Court, all of the gal- leries and exhibition rooms have been given over to the Cen- tennial Exhibition, and the Institute's permanent collection of decorative arts temporarily retired from view. It is impossible to list in full the more than fifteen hun- dred articles which have been sent in from all parts of In- diana for the Centennial Exhibition. A summary or review of the exhibition may be helpful. In the Entrance Lobby and in the adjoining room on the west, will be found furniture and costumes, and on the walls are hung blue and white hand-woven coverlets. In the * Copy of the descriptive program issued by the Art Institute for the Centennial Exhibit. (315) 316 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL smaller room there is also a case containing old firearms and other weapons. In the Lecture or West Room are cases containing addi- tional costumes, dolls and toys, objects of common household use, and miscellaneous articles. Old quilts in floral designs in reds, greens and yellows are hung on the walls. Above the bookcases in the Library are placed the block pattern quilts. In the cases in the East Room will be found silverware, pewter, pottery, china and glass, jewelry, coins and currency, and a number of pieces of bead work. On the walls of this room are hung more coverlets, most of which have red as a predominating color. In the Sculpture Court, an old hand loom has been set up, and on it from time to time there will be demonstrations of hand weaving. Here also it is hoped that it may be possible to give demonstrations of spinning. On the second floor, in the Southwest Gallery, are dis- played old posters, prints and books. One case contains old daguerreotypes, chosen chiefly for their interest as illustra- tions of costume. In the West Gallery is the exhibition of Contemporary Art. In the East Gallery the Retrospective Exhibition of Indi- ana Art is hung, and in the cases through the center of the room are old bonnets, children's dresses and smaller pieces of wearing apparel. In the Southeast Gallery, the walls of which are hung with the paintings of Indiana artists belonging to the perma- nent collection of the Art Institute, are cases containing shawls, old laces and samplers. The Pageant of Indiana The Pageant of Indiana and the entire celebration at In- dianapoHs, October 2-15, constituted the cHmax of all the Cen- tennial outdoor observances in the State as planned by the Indiana Historical Commission. The Pageant of Indiana sought to present the drama of the development of the State as a community, from the time when LaSalle first passed through this region on his search for the mouth of the Missis- sippi, to the Centennial of its admission to the Union. It seemed clear to the writer of the pageant that this develop- ment had followed the lines of transportation — first, roughly speaking, water transportation with the port and market at New Orleans — later, land transportation, with the port and market at New York. Riverside Park, Indianapolis, a beautiful and picturesque woodland, one of the capital city's most charming recreation spots, was chosen as an ideal place to stage the great centen- nial pageant — the outdoor drama of Indiana's development through a century. The pageant, with an immense cast of 3,000 performers, was produced each afternoon of the first week of the centen- nial period, beginning Monday, October 2. On a vast grassy stage, skirted by groupings of nature's choicest scenic effects, such as trees and shrubbery, with White River lazily wind- ing its way through it all, the thrilling story of the building of this great Hoosier State was told in dramatic form and color, all the historic characters being faithfully impersonated and the historic events actually reproduced. Rich with a warmth of massed color and movement, vi- brating with the wonderful effects of orchestral and choral music, replete with thrilling incidents and episodes, and pro- duced with an enormous cast of 3,000 living characters, the Pageant of Indiana told the dramatic story of Indiana's re- demption from a wilderness and its admission to statehood in 1816, down to the present day of its greatness and prosper- ity. The writing and staging of this great spectacular drama (317) 318 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL of a state's birth and growth was under the direction of Will- iam Chauncy Langdon, New York pageant expert, who for nearly a year had been a close student of Indiana history and the characteristics of its people. THE OUTLINE OF THE PAGEANT. I Introduction: The Centennial Spirit — 1. LaSalle on the Rivers of Indiana (1669). 2. The Taking of Vincennes (1779). 3. The Tippecanoe Campaign (1811) — II The State of Indiana (1816) — 1. The Center of the State (1824). 2. The Days of the Flatboats (1830). III St. Francis of the Orchards — 1. Canals and Railroads (1836-1847). 2. The Underground Railroad (1854). 3. The Civil War (1861-1863). IV The Torch of Art and Literature — 1. The Wagon and the Plow (1885). 2. The Binding Ties (1900). V Finale: Indiana, 1916! A Synopsis of the Pageant of Indiana The great Centennial Pageant consisted of ten episodes, dealing with the most important incidents in the making of the commonwealth, and five great symbolic scenes in which music was a predominating element. A brief synopsis of the pageant follows: SYMBOLIC SCENE (INTRODUCTORY) "The Centennial Spirit." The whole great spectacle bursts forth with orchestral and color effects, presenting the fact that the Centennial itself rescues from oblivion Indiana's historical past that death in the fleeting years has carried away. Episode 1. LaSalle, the French explorer and trader, seeking a way to the Mississippi River as an outlet to the ocean, through the waters of Indiana. The scene is laid in 1669. Episode 2. The taking of Vincennes by George Rogers Clark in 1779, while old Fort Sackville is in control of the British at Vincennes. The American army approaches the fort, wading waist deep in the in- undated swamps. Episode 3. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe in 1811. An episode of great historical interest, showing not only the battle between Indians and whites, but the famous conference in which Governor Har- rison sought to make his treaty with Tecumseh. Ph (319) THE INDIANA PAGEANT 321 Symbolic Scenes: "The State of Indiana — Corydon in 1816." In glorified symbolic form Indiana is admitted to the Union in the memor- able constitutional convention. Episode 4. Historical event of 1824, when the capitol commissioners met at the mouth of Fall Creek with Governor Jennings, fixing Indi- anapolis as the capital city. In this episode appear the first white settlers of Indianapolis, John McCormick and George Pogue, with their families. Episode 5. Takes the spectator back to the days of the flatboats in 1830, when these primitive barges were the only means of transportation for the pioneer. Flatboats loading for the New Orleans market. Symbolic Scenes: "St. Francis of the Orchards," pays tribute to John Chapman, father of the orchard, whom the Indians called "Johnny Appleseed," which gives an enchanting dramatic picture of how the orchard was brought to the northwest. Episode 6. Indiana's experiments with canals and other internal improvements from 1837 to 1847, when the State spent approximately $13,000,000 in conserving water transportation. The first railroad train on the old Madison line and pioneer track-laying bring realism into this episode. Episode 7. The famous "Underground Railroad" and its connec- tion with slavery in 1850 is the subject of this episode, in which refugee negroes, escaping from the South, received aid from Levi Coffin and other Indiana sympathizers. Episode 8. Civil war days in Indiana, General Morgan's raid in Southern Indiana and the Confederate prison camp in Indianapolis under Col. Richard Owen, told with minute detail and realism. Symbolic Scene: "The Toi-ch of Art and Literature," brings back the gifted writers and artists who have passed away, and who, with the living authors of the State, pay their tribute to Indiana. With orches- tral music each brings forward his favorite characters and offers his works to the symbolic figure of the State. Episode 9. Recalls the manufacturing days of 1885, the busy in- dustrial period of the wagon and the plow. The Studebakers and the Olivers become a household word with the Indiana agriculturist and primitive farming belongs to the past. Episode 10. Deals with the period around 1900, when natural gas and the interurban lines revolutionized in Hoosierdom the question of fuel, and transportation knit the State into closer unity. Finale, "Centennial:" A glorious climax to the great historical picture, when all the immense cast, massed in one tremendous spectacle, midst wondrous electric effects and tableaux, pays tribute to America, who with all the States comes down the river, and who in turn leads all in giving praise to the Almighty for Indiana's Centennial progress. 322 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The Pageant Flag of Indiana As there is at this time no officially recognized State Flag of Indiana, the Master of the Pageant designed a flag for use in the three Centennial Pageants under his direction, those at Corydon, Bloomington and Indianapolis. The essential re- quirements were (1) that it be simple and beautiful; (2) that it contrast yet harmonize with the American flag; (3) that it be of accepted flag design and colors; (4) that it be significant. The design of the flag consists of three vertical sections, like the French and Italian flags. The central section is blue, the color of statehood; the two outer sections are green, sug- gestive of the primeval luxuriance of the wilderness and of the present fertility and productiveness of Indiana. On the central blue field are nineteen golden stars. Thirteen, repre- senting the first thirteen States, are in a circle, in which form they were placed on the first American flag. Five more stars, two in the corners above and three below, represent the other States which were admitted before Indiana. The star of the nineteenth State is placed in the middle of the circle. The usual gold fringe, emphasizing the essential colors of the flag, completes the design. This flag was first used in the Pageant of Bloomington and Indiana University on May 16, 1916, and was used at all the performances of that pageant. It was also used in the Pageant of Corydon on June 2 and 3, and in the Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis, October 2-8. It was further used m the escort that received the Governor and Historical Com- mission when they came to attend the pageants at Corydon and Bloomington. The Ohio Valley Historical Association The Ohio Valley Historical Association held its tenth annual meeting at Indianapolis, Wednesday and Thursday, October 4 and 5, 1916, upon the joint invitation of the In- diana Historical Commission and the Indiana Historical Soci- ety. This meeting of the Association was featured as one of the events in the program of the Indiana State Centennial celebration. Following the plan of the Association in arranging the pro- gram around a general topic, the program of the meeting was devoted largely to the discussion of subjects dealing with Indiana and the region of which Indiana is a part. It is a pleasure to record the fact that every number on the program was presented and for the first time in the his- tory of the Association a full report of all papers is given in the Proceedings, published by the Indiana Historical Society as Vol. 6, No. 1, of their regular publication. The Indiana Historical Commission gave a reception to the members of the Association following the address of Mr. Worthington C. Ford on Wednesday evening, and the Asso- ciation as a body were guests of the local committee at the presentation of the Pageant of Indiana, Thursday afternoon at four o'clock. PROGRAM First Session. Wednesday, October U, ^-30 P. M. Harlow Lindley, Presiding. Addresses of Welcome — For the State, and Indiana Historical Commission — Governor Samuel M. Ralston. For the Indiana Historical Society — Judge Daniel Wait Howe. President's Address — Prof. Harlow Lindley, Earlham College. Speculation in the Thirties — Prof. R. C. McGrane, University of Cin- cinnati. "The New Purchase" — Prof. James A. Woodburn, Indiana University. (323) * 324 the indiana centennial Second Session. Wednesday Evening, October U, 8 o'clock I. J. Cox, University of Cincinnati, Presiding Address, "A Lost Opportunity: Internal Improvements" — Mr. Worth- ington C. Ford, First Vice-President American Historical Associa- tion, Boston, Mass. Reception given by the Indiana Historical Commission. Third Session. Thursday, October 5, 9:30 A. M. J. P. Dunn, Secretary Indiana Historical Society, Presiding. Kentucky's Contribution to Indiana — Prof. James R. Robertson, Berea College, Berea, Ky. Organizing a State — Dr. Logan Esarey, Editor Indiana Magazine of History. Early Railroad Building in Indiana — Mr. Ralph Blank, Indiana Uni- versity. Civil War Politics in Indiana — Dr. Charles Kettleborough, Indiana Bureau of Legislative Information. Fourth Session. Thursday, October 5, 1 :30 P. M. W. H. Siebert, Ohio State University, Presiding. Address, "Personal Genesis of the Monroe Doctrine" — Ex-Governor Wil- liam A. MacCorkle, of West Virginia. Reports of Committees and Election of Officers. 4:00 p. m. — The Pageant of Indiana, Riverside Park. Fifth Session. Thusday Evening, October 5. 7:30 p. m. — Annual Dinner of the Ohio Valley Historical Association. Charles T. Greve, Cincinnati, Ohio, presiding. 8:30 p. m. — Address, "A Hoosier Domesday" — Professor Frederic L. Paxson, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. President's Address* Professor Harlow Lindley, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana While your President feels that he is more nearly in a place to extend a word of welcome than to respond to words of welcome, yet on behalf of the Ohio Valley Historical Asso- ciation which I now have the honor to represent both as its President and only Hoosier member I beg to express our grati- *President of the Ohio Valley Historical Association. OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 325 fication at the gracious words of welcome accorded us by the representatives of the two historical agencies of Indiana who united in inviting us to meet here at this time. To me it seems very fitting that this Association em- bracing for its field of activity the Ohio Valley should meet here at this time in connection with the celebration of the first one hundred years of statehood of Indiana, a very large part of which is part of the Ohio Valley. This is the tenth annual meeting of the Association which was organized in Cincinnati in 1907. Meetings have been held in Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio and one meeting was held here jointly with the Mississippi Valley Historical Association and the American Historical Associa- tion in 1910. But this year we come the farthest north and west we have ever come for a meeting of our own to join with the Hoosier State in celebrating her centennial and to assist in investigating and preserving for the future some of her history. The true history of a people is never written. The biog- raphies of great men are but pleasant or startling fictions. A plain but eager boy, country born and country bred, ac- quires a thirst for knowledge. He reads books, questions na- ture, studies in the schools; then dares fate in some public career. He wins success because he is industrious, patient, hopeful. He knows himself to be a man with many faults and abundant weaknesses. But presently some fellow-man writes the story of his life and he is surprised to find himself a demi- god. The real man has lived and toiled, been wise at times and given to folly as other men. He has played, slept, thought, been vain or humble, and really dwelt in a very small space. But renewed in history, under the strong light of genius, he stands a-tip-toe on the mountains with the aurora in his face and his breath fills the universe. The historical man is a great savage like Attila, a destroyer like King Cam- byses, or a philosopher like Plato. Through the lapse of ages we see only this historical man. He stands on the pages of history for the age, the race, the civilization or savagery from which he sprang. How much of him is real and how much the shining figment of subsidiary genius no man can tell. Was Hamlet a crazy man at large, as told in Danish legends, or was he the sombre genius immortalized by Shake- 326 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL speare? Judged by modern standards Achilles and Ulysses. Agamemnon and Paris were but a lot of superstitious savages who waged insane and merciless war for a trivial cause. But when Homer associates them with the gods and makes them converse in the heat of battle with all the wisdom of Greek cul- ture and philosophy they take their places as fixed stars in the constellations of history. He who conceived the idea of Adam talking with God in the cool of the day, had the thought which carries us all back to that remote point in history in which we see no individual man. There man blends either with the shadows that obscure, or melts into the light that is per- fect. The pride of history has always chosen the latter. The nearer we approach the beginning the more prominent be- comes the individual hero or prophet. Science says that shad- ows emerging from the surrounding darkness are many times multiplied in bulk, by the doubtful light. But the poetry of tradition maintains that the primal man fresh from the source and center of things, was more than half divine. Even the lapse of a century serves to obscure the frailties of a great man and lift his virtues to the clouds. The politicians and pamphleteers of Washington's day assailed him with bitter- ness on the one hand or recognized his need of defense on the other. It is in the memory of thousands yet living that Lincoln was appraised by his friends as a well-meaning buf- foon, while his enemies regarded him as a buffoon bent on mischief. The estimate was false, but in its place we have today the ideal gentleman of the churches and of the schools of ethics, either character being as far from the real homely, hearty, common-sensed devoted Lincoln as ever General George H. Thomas was from the supposed paternal interest that gave him the nickname of "Old Pap." But after de- precating the historical man, the fact remains that, given the time, the conditions and the occasion, he was and is their rep- resentative — perhaps not always the best representative that might have been, but always such as the supreme forces of his time and country produced. The French Revolution was begotten of an earnest longing for liberty. Its immediate outcome was Robespierre and anarchy, because it was con- trolled by the passion of the outside rather than the conviction of its soul: the haste of the mob rather than the prudence of the thinker. But he is not yet born who shall record the OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 327 true story of that mighty convulsion in its larger influence upon the destinies of man. Cortez has been almost deified in Prescott's splendid fiction that he misnamed a history, and yet through all the glamour of romance the merciless fortune hun- ter stands out as the representative of Spanish cruelty and heartlessness. Given the story of Cortez and the Mexican invasion, the mind sees at once and comprehends the Spain of the seventeenth century; its fierce thirst after gold, its spirit of adventure, its frenzies of cruelty and its mad rage for power. The naturalist finds a shell imbedded in the rock, a fossil seaweed and a remnant of coral, and straightway there expands before his vision an ancient ocean with low- lying shores. The sea swarms with life; the waves grind up the cast-off shells, transmuting them into sediment and strata which harden into stone and hold fast the history of an epoch forever. In like manner a very few events — even fragments of events; a few passages in the lives of representative men and women planted in the bed rock of history renew forever the age, the race, the people, the condition of their day and time. Let us step backward a century and behold the cabin' builders of our western civilization. They were men of hum- ble origin. They knew a little and were eager that their chil- dren should, know more. They possessed warm hearts, strong arms and abundant courage, but they had neither inheritance nor fame. Many of them came from a land of slaves, seek- ing the forest for its freedom and submitting to its privations and toils that their children might be free. Give us but one fragment from their history: "A few settlers in an Indiana neighborhood as soon as their cabins were up and roofed, the fireplaces constructed and the mud and stick chimneys half way completed, deferring the matter of providing floors and filling the spaces between the logs, turned their attention to the erection of a log schoolhouse. And when the winter came the children were taught by day, the mock legislature held its sessions by night, and the backwoods preachers divided the Word on the Sabbath." From such a fragment, added to the geography of the land, one may easily and readily pic- ture the progress that has led up to the present condition. In the family circle about the cabin fire, in the daring faith of the pioneer father and the devotion of the pioneer mother, in the primal schoolhouses in the woods are to be found the 328 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL indexes of our history — such is our Western civilization. All the possibilities of civilization were in those rude beginnings. Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln were outgrowths of such conditions. The beginnings of the history of a State are always pro- phetic of its character and ultimate destiny. Whence came the foundations of our civilization? They were from the sea-bordered South, from the border slave States, from the mountains of Virginia, from the fertile fields of Pennsylvania, from New York and from New England. The log house in the wilderness was the sure prophesy of the best things to which we have attained. It matters not whence they came, you can detect the spirit that inspired them by the culture of the soil and the progress of the people. From the old fashioned debating clubs of those primal colleges of the people, great men arose to sway the destinies of the nation. The pioneers of Ohio and Indiana made but little noise in the world but no builders ever laid foundations of enlightened liberty more securely than they. The log convention in Wayne County which made possible the success of Indiana's first elected Governor, Jonathan Jen- nings, to a place as delegate to the United States Congress largely determined the political character of those eastern counties. It was a protest against the insidious approaches of African slavery, and it was successful because of its deep- seated earnestness. Near the beginning of the century Julia Dumont in the lit- tle county of Switzerland, Indiana, laid two foundations — the one of higher education, the other that of literature. A daily toiler in the schoolrooms of the pioneer period — a mighty worker by the dim lamps of the olden time she made the beginnings which have matured in our colleges and uni- versities. Today Indiana scholarship and energy are ac- knowledged all over the West. They have invaded the East and enthroned themselves in great financial, educational and literary centres. In a small but remarkable community in Southern Indiana originated the first woman's club in this country and from it have emanated forces that have resulted in the emancipation of women. All these splendid achievements have grown up from the thought that instigated the pioneer schoolhouse in OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 329 the woods. It filled the ranks with 200,000 young Indiana heroes and made the name Hoosier a terror to those who in their blindness would have destroyed the Union and blotted out the stars of liberty forever. It is to the beginnings of our history, to the humble toils and devotion of the pioneers that we must look for the inception of that spirit which has led us forward and upward. The pioneers moved on from their first crude efforts as strength and opportunity permitted. They gave us democracy, the outstanding feature of Ameri- can society. The early immigrant came with an appetite for freedom, for independence, for land and a home to call his very own. He came with some acquaintance of self-government, he came with unconquerable faith, he came ready to endure. He found that for which he came. He found opportunity and plenty of room. American democracy became possible because of the great natural wealth of the continent ; because of the prosperity of the people, of the standard of in- telligence, the freedom of the individual in church and state. Each man was free to do as he pleased, to try new plans, to think for himself. The result was a new individual — the American; and America has a great future. She has domi- nated world thought. She has profoundly influenced world policies. She has become a world power. She still lures thousands from homes across the sea. She has rung the knell of monarchism and ecclesiasticism. She has insisted on the people's rights. The United States is still young. She has just about obtained her national majority. Europe has had a thousand years and more to reach her present position. She is still bound by custom and fettered by institutions she is afraid to destroy. We have no pyramids or sphinx, neither Palmyras in the sand nor mummies in marbled fastnesses of silent cities to preserve the forms and features of a change- less past. Our monuments are the people themselves, the ever-widening scope of their lives, their purposes, their pow- ers and their results. If we may continue to approach nearer and nearer to a state in which the happiness of the least shall be sacred to the whole, then will our monuments be the most commanding and enduring and grandly beautiful on earth. 20—15997 330 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL A HoosiER Domesday By Prof. Frederic L. Paxson, University of Wisconsin A very early poet of these regions has some lines that start out: Blessed Indiana, in her soil Men seek the sure rewards of toil. He wrote these verses nearly a hundred years ago — and proceeded then to describe his contemporaries, in language that might have been used with equal appropriateness last week, as: Men who can legislate or plow, Wage politics or milk a cow, So plastic in their various parts That in the circle of the arts With equal tact the Hoosier loons Hunt offices and hunt raccoons. Some of them, if I am correctly informed, are hunting offices even yet, with a high percentage of chance that they will get some of the offices ; while the diversity of talent which the poet saw in Indiana still exists in our actual contemporary fact. Today Indiana is that non-existent thing known as an average. Statisticians tell us that the truth is variant and that the average is rarely seen. But Indiana approximates an average of America and closely resembles the composite that the various corners of our country might present could they be brought together and intermingled. It is an average that makes a State with fewer of the very rich, with fewer of the very poor, with fewer of the foreign born, with a larger proportion of the home born than most of our other States; that makes a community born within itself, enlarging its ov/n traditions and carrying on its own ideals ; and because of the trend of its history it is singularly American in its point of view. Today Indiana with its centennial is giving to the Ohio Valley Historical Association one of the excuses for its exist- ence. Its neighbor States will repeat that same excuse, in the next few years as they fall in behind Indiana celebrating their own centennials. The line goes down the river, including Illi- nois, Alabama, Mississippi, and finally Missouri in 1921. The sequence is worthy of being noted, for it is of interest to Americans in general as well as to the historians of Indiana, OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 331 and it will produce for the future historians of these regions records that will be a Domesday, and that will in a measure warrant the title that I have chosen for my remarks this evening. The real Domesday, of course, is a thing that we need to fix our minds on from time to time. After the great Norman Conqueror had been in England for about twenty years, after his barons had got themselves settled on the lands they had acquired, after the English law and the King's writ had begun to run smoothly once more, and after it had become tolerably certain that the will of the King was greater than the will of any of his subordinates, William set to work to record in his Domesday what he had in his fair land of England. He sent his officers out into the shires with instructions to gather together the people and swear them to tell the truth ; and then to ask them how many freemen, how many serfs, how many knights their commu- nity could furnish ; what cattle, what horses, what sv/ine, what fishponds, and so on down the line of their tangible property. They were to ask how things stood at the date of the Domes- day, how they had been in the days of the conquest, and what they formerly had been in the days of King Edward the Con- fessor ; and I suppose England was pretty seriously distressed during that summer, while the investigators were asking these questions and placing Englishmen under oath to tell the truth, because there was a strong feeling that those questions were to be the foundation of a new, more searching, and more rigorous taxation. But from the standard of government William was putting together the greatest governmental docu- ment that exists, a document typical of English government and ours, a document that begins not with governmental theory biit with the absolute existent fact and that has lived long after the absolute fact. The questions that William sent out for the shires to answer — what now ? what then ? what formerly? — brought a mass of information into the great Domesday book that scholars ever since have been trying to understand. If we are to make our Domesday worth much to the scholar in another thousand years, we, too, must ask ques- tions; what now? what then? what formerly? what changes have taken place because of our conquest? what 332 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL changes have taken place because of the new order of life that has come into existence here? We too must send our historical inquisitors out into Indiana to take an inventory today, and to take it back in the days of our grandfathers, and again still farther back in the days of our grandfathers' grandfathers, that we may cover this century in Indiana with a Domesday that will give us information good for our souls and that will contain facts for the guidance of historians in all time. The answer to the question what now? would have to be that Indiana, with its low percentage of foreign born, with its low percentage of the very rich, with its low per- centage of the very poor, and with its high percentage of farmers who know something of community life and of towns- men who are not too far from the country to know something of country life, is an average America, and perhaps the best example of an average that America presents. Indeed, so ex- cellent an example is Indiana of the rest of us, that we all look to Indiana in order to get a glimpse of what we think, for what Indiana thinks is likely to be a fair sample of what America thinks. Yesterday the President of the United States crossed this State to tell citizens not very far away what he thinks, and doubtless before very long he will bring to you something of the same message. Tomorrow an ex-President of the United States is to tell you what he believes, and it is probable that before November all the gentlemen living who have been Presidents of the United States will deliver their message in the same way. Some are hopeful for the success of what they think ; some are apprehensive ; but whether hopeful or appre- hensive, the big outstanding fact is that they realize that what Indiana thinks today the country too may think and that what convinces Indiana is too true to be beaten at the polls. It has been true for many years that Indiana has told the country what it thought. One has only to call to memory that canvass forty years ago when a national chairman was frantically tele- graphing about the purchase of "mules" in Indiana, or the more recent canvass when a national secretary "saved" Indi- ana by means that a vice-President-elect could not discuss before reporters. Those were the days when the vote of the second Tuesday in October decided whether the purse strings OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 335 should be loosed and the money poured out in Indiana. Those good old days are gone today. Indiana now reserves her for- mal vote until the rest of the country tells its opinion too. But what Indiana is going to think is still a question that is of a good deal of interest in many corners of the country, and if gentlemen could determine what Indiana thinks now many of them would sleep more tranquilly tonight, and some of them would fail to visit Indiana in the course of the next few weeks. Out of its past Indiana has emerged a barometer of Ameri- can temper, today. What sequences can we pursue back from our grandfathers' to their grandfathers' days, to the first gen- eration of conquerors? What was there formerly in Indi- ana? The conquerors came drifting in shortly after 1800, following, as conquerors invariably do, the line of least resist- ance, traveling the roads nature had provided, which were nearly always waterways, and giving to Indiana the first of her establishments upon the lines nature had written across her face. It is hard to imagine a worse territorial division than the boundaries of Indiana enclosed; including as they did the Maumee lands and those of the Kankakee, the basin of the Wabash and the valley of Whitewater. Here were four clear and distinct watersheds touching along the highlands, and their inhabitants stood back to back. In the early days of In- diana there was no logical grouping that could have made any common ground upon which to stand for self-government. The people drifted in, some across the boundary from Ohio. One section of Indiana is still only an overflow from Cincinnati, and has all its more important connections in the direction of Cincinnati. Others worked their way into the lower valley of the Wabash. Others came by the northern routes and filled up the Maumee region, and the Kankakee country finally developed after all the rest. If the settlers had come into these detached and disassociated areas from a com- mon source they would still have had abundant room for dif- ferences of opinion and rivalry of interests, because they looked in diff'erent directions, toward Cincinnati, toward New York and toward New Orleans. With business interests pointing to outside markets their local doings were not likely to be harmonious. 334 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The different sections were not friendly even in the time of our grandfathers. Their leading families had come, some from the middle States, others from Virginia by way of Ken- tucky, others from New England; and in the first quarter of the last century southerners and middle staters and New Eng- landers had relatively few common points of view outside their language and their larger government. They were pro- vincialists, each with their own brand of provincialism, and with a conviction that his brand was best. And in this com- munity into which they came they found the sectionalism that nature had provided, and brought another sectionalism based upon the different communities from which they came. They saw life from their southern or their northern point of view, or in the spirit of their religious outlook in a genera- tion when men made much of their local point of view and found in their religion an active guide outside the church. These things counted for a great deal in shaping Indiana in her earlier period, and if our surveyors could be transported back into the first generation of Indiana they would have had to write down that Indiana was diverse, that it had not in any sense amalgamated, that section against section was pull- ing with an intensity that threatened badly for the future of the State. They might have said that if self-government on the American plan could succeed in Indiana it could succeed anywhere. If an arbitrary set of boundaries could bring to- gether people entirely disassociated and of different inter- ests — detached colonies with highly different outlooks — if this State could organize and function smoothly, there was hope for the American future. They must have reported friction, of course, and with it heat. This centennial is the centennial of a community in which the local fire has burned for a hun- dred years without exploding, in which life has been none too tranquil. This is not that happy country that is without a history, but it is a country with a happy history of struggles that have been kept under control and have been stopped short of the worst outbreaks. A self-government that has worked along from controversy to controversy and has nevertheless kept unbroken within its original limits throughout this time is a triumph for the American type of statehood. Indiana has its lessons for us today, but the first Indiana did not offer clear promise of its future. OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 335 The first two generations in Indiana brought the grand- sons of the conquerors into pubKc Hfe, and wrote a new chap- ter for our Domesday. Something happened to Indiana, softening the animosities and blunting the sectionalism. The most surprising thing that our inquisitors would find is the fact that between 1816 and the Mexican War, water had begun to run uphill. Water in the colonial days had the aggravating habit of running only down hill. But now the steamboat ran up stream, changing the course of some of the internal communications. More than that, the State had begun its fight against geography. The Wabash highv/ay had been turned into an important river and canal route, available from either end ; the Michigan road had been run across from the Ohio to Lake Michigan, the National road had cut along the watershed through the middle of the State, and the water- ways, canals and turnpikes had broken down much of the isolation of section, making it possible to carry on a communi- cation between the sections that no sane man could have looked forward to in the days of the settlement of Indiana. By the close of the Mexican War, the turnpike had done its share, the canal had added its, and on top of the turnpike and canal were coming the earlier railways. There were not any railways in Indiana worthy of note until 1847, but the State was entering on a period that would bring every vital point into reasonable contact with every other point ; so that, after fifty years of occupation the second generation born on Indiana soil could say that one of the things that had made for diversity in the original condition had been wiped away; had been replaced by forces whose trend was a possible unifi- cation. The original settlers had started out with a diversity in their social experience. From the South, from New England and from the middle States, from the educated and the cul- tured, from the well-to-do and the poor, they had come in with points of view so diff'erent as to make life difficult for neighbors. In Indiana along the line of the frontier they had found, once they got settled, that conditions diflferent from those they had known at home were likely to prevail. It made little difference where they came from when it came to lowering the great timbers for the cabin ; chopping was just as hard for a Yankee as for a Southerner, and the experiences 336 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL resulting from handling the timbers were the same. Inside the cabin the babies came with about the same frequency, and with them came diseases, hard grinding labor, all the elements of life of the frontiersman. The frontiersman who lived to be forty was likely to live to extreme old age and to last through anything that life might bring to him. They had been subject to frontier conditions that were uniform regardless of their origin, and the result was that every year the settlers gained more of the common quality. As the new generation grew up in Indiana it must have been bitter for the good southern family to see that their children were no better than the Yankees', as it must have been bitter for a family with culture and education to see that their children were no better than the little rough chil- dren on the next clearing. The life of the frontier has ordi- narily been a period not more than twenty-five years. By the time the first children born in a new frontier have ripened into matrimony the region has almost invariably settled down in life. Its log cabins have degenerated into smoke houses and big frame houses have taken their places. County seats have grown up and the old frontier is gone. The children have acquired similar habits. The two things that appear to have brought the change about in Indiana after a half cen- tury are, in the first place, this frontier influence forcing upon the children born here the uniformity of type, regardless of their ancestors' home lands, and in the second place, the lust for communication — the need for a market for their crops which had led the people to improve the waterways and build railroads, and to make communication flow back and forth in every possible direction across the State. These two things made possible amalgamation, and if our Domesday enumer- ators had come back they would have reported **the diversity has generally gone, its sharp edges have been rubbed off and there has been an increase of similarity among the inhabi- tants who there exist." One of the saddest errors of judgment — one in whose train disaster followed — was based upon the contemporary's fail- ure to realize that in these fifty years Indiana had changed from a sectional into a unified community. In the days of Andrew Jackson, Indiana was pretty largely sectional, and that sectionalism was the sectionalism reflected from the plan- tation South. The southern leader never could get away from OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 337 the idea that Indiana was a Southern State. There were southern leaders who believed in the Civil War that the South had only to organize its confederacy for Indiana to join. They were blind to the influences that had turned the central face of Indiana from New Orleans to New York. The realiza- tion of that fact during the Civil War was a surprise to the confederacy. It was a good deal of a surprise in many quar- ters in the North and probably when the Union found what Indiana thought about the fundamental facts of its govern- ment, it knew better what it thought itself. The fact that this State had become unionized during this half century al- most without knowing it, was the fact that made it possible for the Union to be maintained. Of course this does not mean that every citizen of Indiana agreed with every other one, but the internal controversies stopped short of an ex- plosion and the preponderant opinion had unity and similarity and nationality that one would not have foreseen in the days of original settlement. At the beginning of the century our first Domesday enu- merators, in the days of our grandfathers' grandfathers, would have had to report that Indiana was diverse, showing little prospect of unification, and might have added that if Indiana could live as a State, any State might hope to live. A half century later they would have to say that through the forces of communication and the stronger forces of frontier pressure upon the human habit Indiana had lost its sectional- ism, and had become national. And in the interval between this set of enumerators and those would go out today these tendencies have become more firmly grounded. In the last half century some of our States which fifty years ago were strongly and preponderantly American, have filled up with the foreign born ; others of our newer States that today are important are mere congregations of citizens arrived from pre-existing States or from abroad. The purity of the American race is in many parts of our coun- try threatened in the present period, because of the shifting of the new population into this country. But Indiana escaped having any of the greatest industrial centers; she kept un- changed the happy plan of former times. She increased con- tinually, in her average thousand inhabitants, the proportion of the happy, comfortable, well-to-do middle class; not near 338 TIIE INDIANA CENTENNIAL enough to either extreme to be very much distressed by what either extreme was conscious of, and representing more and more truly the average of the whole United States. The diffi- culty is, we cannot strike the average elsewhere. We have to take the experiment that nature has staged, and that the hand of man has confused. We have to determine the vari- ous elements of the mixture in spite of the conflicting testi- mony of the various cooks who mixed it. We have to get the proportions and quantities of things contained. We can- not repeat the process, and so when we find an instance in which nature has provided a reasonable experiment herself and has apparently left out some of those things which make it difficult to judge conditions in other communities, we are better prepared to come to a judgment on ourselves. Since- the first years in which Indiana showed to the United States that it had become amalgamated, and a national or- ganism, this process has gone on ; types have developed. There was no Middle West fifty or sixty years ago. There was a South, there was a West, but there was no Middle West, no area that had shown its proclivities for reform, or for theoretical altruism in its politics. But the Middle West has a definite meaning now. The middle class in which Indiana is so strong has produced its type in literature, and "Huck Finn," "Silas Lapham," and even "Freckles," adapted Hoosier though he is, are clear American. We get an insight in these to that happy-go-lucky character which has survived the hard- ships of the frontier, which includes the contempt for re- straint that the frontier always had, the reliance upon self which the frontier never lacked, and that is perhaps our most important asset developed from the past. After all, the study of our Domesday is significant if it gives us something upon which to stand today as we con- front the future. What is it going to mean? What does this American result that we have found here signify with reference to the things we are going to have to look forward to ourselves? Every one is entitled to his own opinion. My own wonder is at the amazing strength of the institution we have built up. If the American state could live in Indiana, arbitrarily drawn out, including sections that had no business to be put together, including population from every conceiv- able American stock, then there is hope for the rest of the machine. The hopeful thing with reference to the future is OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 339 not to be found by those who look upon government as a mechanism responding always to theoretical lines, responding immediately and precisely to the will of the director and de- livering precisely the result intended by him. Persons who seek this will get relatively little comfort in considering any phase of American history or of the Middle West. We look to government to see what chance it offers to the average in- dividual, for freedom, for growth, for self-restraint, without failing in the reasonable accomplishment of those reasonable desires that are coherently expressed. One may find in the West, as your Indiana shows it, comfort for all time. The machine of government is clumsy, it is wasteful of power, it takes more strength to make it go than a machine of its weight ought to take, but history has shown that it will ac- complish any reasonable task. It will accomplish it perhaps as the vehicle did that moved the pioneers into this State m the beginning. In the pageant this afternoon v^^as an old Conestoga wagon, an unconscious type of our American gov- ernment. It is heavy and lumbering, but it is capacious; it can be made water-tight, it can go over a log or stump, it can be rolled over and over down hill and start off again on its own running-gear. It can stand unreasonable treatment without ceasing to function as a wagon ; and our government has much of that character. It goes, it actually works, and if we must count its cost, because it is an expensive mechan- ism, we must find our compensation in the fact that although it is wasteful it conserves the freedom of the individual to an extraordinary degree. It is possible to walk by the wagon, or to step aside to prospect, and yet know that the wagon ultimately will move along, not accurately nor pre- cisely, but in substantial safety. And as we study this Domesday of ours, of your State in particular and of other States, the same general lesson has to come out — that living under conditions not the most promising they have endured, they have met shocks and have grown stronger. When we see the disasters likely to confront them and are apprehensive of collapse, we must remember the things that have been met and passed, and cherish our belief that the future will be met and passed over in the same way. The wagon in the days to come will be creaking along, leaving every generation a little ahead of the generations that came before. PART IV Admission Day Exercises, DecemberPI, 1916 (341) INDIANA'S ONE-HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY J I '^ The Observance of Admission Day The Indiana Historical Commission, considering that it would be desirable to observe with appropriate exercises Admission Day, called the attention of county centennial chairmen, schools, historical societies, clubs and civic organi- zations in general, to this occasion. The following official communication was issued: Indiana has this year seen a great outburst of state loyalty and patriotic enthusiasm occasioned by the observance of its one hundredth anniversary. Results of great significance to the citizenship of the State have been attained and the Indiana Historical Commission looks with much satisfaction, therefore, upon the work which has been accomplished under its auspices. To all those who have heartily cooperated toward this success, the Commission feels warmly grateful. While it is felt that the substantial work laid out for the year has been largely performed, the Commission calls general attention to the fact that Admission Day, December 11, should be widely observed over the State, in accordance with Governor Ralston's proclamation making it a public holiday. It is therefore requested that appropriate Admission Day exercises be held throughout Indiana. These need not be elaborate at all, especially in those counties which have had adequate Centennial celebrations. But in all counties it would certainly be fitting to hold simple, dignified services in commemoration of the formal ad- mission of our Commonwealth into the Union. Such should naturally be arranged by the county chairman, especially when held as county observances. In addition to this, it is suggested that the schools hold exercises. In some cases it may be advantageous to combine that of the school with that of the community as a whole. As a tentative program for the schools the Commission has prepared an outline which may be found in the Teachers' Manual of uniform course of study, page 198, and Teach- ers' Institute outline for 1916-17, pages 49, 50, issued by the State Board of Education. Patriotic and civic organizations and clubs are likewise encouraged to observe the day especially where other initiative is not taken. For such, the aforementioned outlined program may offer some helpful ideas. The Commission has this general recommenda- tion to offer — that these Admission Day exercises be community, home product affairs, as regards those participating. Whether it be in the speeches or music or other contributions, may it be a home tribute by home people. (343) 344 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Finally it is recommended that on December 11, the Stars and Stripes be displayed, not only by public and business houses but by Hoosier homes, throughout Indiana. INDIANA HISTORICAL COMMISSON, Samuel M. Ralston, President. Harlow Lindley, Secretary. W. C. Woodward, Director. The Indiana Historical Commission arranged for a state celebration of this event at Indianapolis, a full report of which follows : Celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of In- diana's Admission into the Union, December 11, 1916 Held at the State House in Indianapolis on the evening of December 11, 1916, under the auspices of the Indiana Historical Commission and the Citizens of the State. By Walter Sidney Greenough From the Indianapolis Neivs, Dec. 12, 1916 Snow fell a trifle more softly last night than ever before on the hills and valleys and rolling prairies of Indiana. For it was a milestone snow, limning into bold relief the hills of progress of a hundred years of Hoosier life; covering the mire and the dark spots in the valleys, where history should, perhaps, not have been written as it was, and spreading across the prairies the white promise of a thousand good years to come. Through the canyons of the streets of Indianapolis marched soldiers — Indiana's soldiers of peace. Beneath the golden dome of the Hoosier capitol, an assemblage of earnest, thoughtful, thankful men and women gathered to greet the men in khaki. And when they had greeted them the Hoosiers turned to watch the official passing of a century of Indiana life — the celebration of the Centennial of Admission Day. Much gold braid there was, and broadcloth and jeweled gowns. And many faces that are known to fame, even beyond the boundaries of the Valley of the Wabash. Also stooping against the wind, came a black-gowned widow, leading a lit- tle child. The clothes they wore were not enough for such a night. And yet she came, and took her seat far in the rear of the great crowd. For she was a Hoosier — just like the rest. ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 345 And thus, with rich and poor, poet and painter, soldier and statesman, sitting together at the shrine of a common home, did the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Indiana as a s^te pass into the history of the nation it has helped to make. Officially, the centennial of the nineteenth state's ad- mission to the sisternood was celebrated with unusual cere- monies before perhaps the most distinguished and yet the most representative gathering that has ever graced a Hoosier meet- ing place. The third infantry of the state's national guard, fresh from the Mexican border, detrained at Massachusetts avenue and the Big Four railroad at 6 :30 o'clock, and was met by an escort, formed of members of the Indiana Historical Commis- sion and others. The regiment, led by Colonel Aubrey L. Kuhlman, of Auburn, marched through the streets to the state house. In the big reception room of the Governor's suite. Gover- nor and Mrs. Ralston, with a group of representative Indiani- ans, awaited the arrival of the troops. The new picture of James Whitcomb Riley, painted by T. C. Steele, had been hung in its place, and all who gathered there paid silent tribute to the poet. As the regiment marched, the Second Infantry Band, com- posed of Indiana University students, played Hoosier music and martial airs. The 800 men of the regiment broke ranks at the state house and filed past the receiving line, in which were the fol- lowing : Governor and Mrs. Ralston, Colonel L. R. Gignilliat, com- mandant of Culver Military Academy; John H. Holliday, Mr. and Mrs. Meredith Nicholson, Mr. and Mrs. John E. Hollett, Mr. and Mrs. William L. Elder, Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Lilly, Hugh McK. Landon and daughter Julia, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hoke, the Rev. Francis H. Gavisk, Mr. and Mrs. Evans Woollen, Mr. and Mrs. Eben Wolcott, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Cole- man, Richard Lieber, Mr. and Mrs. Homer L. Cook, John W. Holtzman, William Fortune, chairman of the general admis- sion day committee; members of the Indiana Historical Com- mission and many others. At the close of the reception the troops and the civilians gathered about a stage which had been erected almost beneath 21—15997 % 346 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL the state house dome, where the evening program was carried out. Perched on the railing above the speakers' stand was a golden eagle draped with flags. The speaker's stand itself bore a bronze wreath. Draped along the railings and stream- ing above the heads of the assembled crowd of Hoosiers were flags and bunting. Interested men and women and children filled the seating spaces, provided on the first floor corridor north of the capitol dome, and many were in the upper corri- dors. In the background stood the replica of the little old Corydon state house. Governor Ralston appeared on the platform at 8 :35 o'clock. The Second Infantry Band, stationed in the balcony to the south, struck up patriotic airs as Colonel Kuhlman stepped on the platform and was greeted by the Governor amid applause from the crowd. In addition to the speeches, and the Centennial Ode by William Dudley Foulke of Richmond, Ind., Mrs. Helen War- rum Chappell, a notable Indiana singer, greatly pleased the au- dience by her encores of 'The Last Rose of Summer" and "Com- in' thro' the Rye." As a fitting close to the great occasion, a chorus under the direction of Edward Bailey Birge, Centen- nial Chairman of Music, sang the great "Hallelujah Chorus." PROGRAM Music — Second Indiana Infantry Band. Introductory Remarks — Governor Samuel M. Ralston. Presentation of Service Medals to the Members of the Third Indiana Infantry — Governor Ralston. Response — Colonel Aubrey L. Kuhlman. Music — Second Indiana Infantry Band. Centennial Ode — William Dudley Foulke. Centennial Address, "Foundations of the Commonwealth" — James A. Woodburn. Songs — Mrs. Helen War rum Chappell. Hallelujah Chorus — Peoples' Chorus of Indianapolis, Edward Bailey Birge, Director. ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 347 GOVERNOR RALSTON'S ADDRESS Fellow Citizens: I have been assigned the very honorable duty of presiding at this meeting. The honor is a significant one — significant because this event is both historic and patriotic. It is historic because it marks the first centennial milestone in the life of our commonwealth. It is patriotic because it has its source in our love for our state and evidences in a very fine sense our devotion to the imperishable Union of which Indiana is an essential part. This is Admission Day — the anniversary of the day when Indiana took her place in the sisterhood of States, and resolved henceforth and forever to do her part by the Federal Union. This resolve she did not make in an outburst of passion or without sound reason therefor. Hoosier pioneers were a sober-thinking and a far-seeing people. They were not only schooled in the hardships of pioneer life, but many of them were well read and were fa- miliar with the history of governments. They had not failed to note that the reason most of the historic republics were broken upon the rocks or crushed by the iron hand of fate, was the lack of a proper conception by the masses of the responsibil- ities of self-government. They early saw that no government was secure that did not have an enlightened citizenship back of it. They early saw that the liberty and progress of no people would long continue, if they allowed a few leaders to do their thinking for them, and they therefore took a stand for a system of popular education. They early understood that the blessings of government did not come to them from a few leaders, but that these blessings were founded on rights inherent in their own natures; that they did not come out of the enactments of parliaments and congresses, but out of themselves — out of self-reliance and self-restraint — through the long-drawn-out processes of evolution. And so it was that the pioneers of Indiana stood for equality, unity and brother- hood ; and so standing they developed faith in themselves and faith in the destiny of their State. They were a courageous people, with splendid poise and strength of character. It is fitting, therefore, that as a forward-looking and liberty-loving people we should assemble on this occasion, that we may do honor out of grateful hearts to the patriotic and 348 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL heroic fathers and mothers who reclaimed this state from the wilderness and the savage; and review to some purpose the laying of the foundations of our commonwealth, and its de- velopment politically and socially. ~ Indiana has never been lacking in men to defend her honor in peace or in war ; nor never lacked men to discharge for her the obligations she owed the Federal Government, whether the payment was to be in the public forum where intellects clash, or on the field of battle where men's courage is put to the test and their souls are tried. Her quota of such men has always been in excess of the demand therefor. This was shown when our country first had trouble with Mexico; when we passed through the fiery ordeal of our Civil War; when we were called upon for soldiers in the Spanish-American War; and when the President called for troops on the 18th day of June last to do service on the Mexican border. And I felicitate the people of Indiana upon the presence here tonight as participants in these exercises, of the mem- bers of the Third Indiana Infantry, just back from the Mexi- can border, under the command of that fine spirited and clean lifed citizen-soldier. Col. Aubrey L. Kuhlman. When Col. Kuhlman departed with his regiment last July for the field of duty, I asked him to be considerate of and good to the boys under him, and he promised me he would; and one can tell from looking at them that he has kept his promise. Col. Kuhlman, will you come forward? Colonel, I welcome you and your troops back home, and I assure you that all the people of the State rejoice that you and your boys have returned to us uninjured and in good health. You have en- dured hardships for your nation's honor. You have made many and great sacrifices at the call of the President, and thereby you have maintained the glory of the flag of your country and the fame of Indiana's soldiers for endurance, courage and patriotism. It is due you and your troops, as it is due those who have heretofore and those who have not returned, that I state in this presence, that all reports coming to me from the border have emphasized the fact that the Indiana soldiers were mak- ing good, and that their equipment and preparation, disci- pline and drill, placed them above the average of those doing service there from other States. ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 349 In a letter received a few days ago by Adjutant General Bridges from Brigadier General Lewis, the Brigadier General says: The Governor would, I am sure, be glad to hear that in the two- week maneuver campaign from which we are now returning and in which I commanded a division augmented by a fourth brigade of in- fantry forming one of the contending forces, the Indiana troops ac- quitted themselves admirably. As an evidence of Indiana's appreciation of the service our troops have rendered on the border, the State has provided a service medal for each guardsman, and I am going to ask you, Colonel Kuhlman, to receive this token of appreciation for your regiment, and to see that each of your boys gets one of the medals I now deliver to you. On the face of this medal you will find our country's national emblem, our state's coat of arms and other impres- sions designed to indicate what it is intended to memorial- ize, and on the reverse side thereof these words and figures: Presented by State of Indiana to her National Guardsmen who rendered service on the Mexican border in the year 1916. Ladies and Gentlemen, as long as the conception of duty suggested by these words can be consistently engraved on the tablet of American citizenship our institutions will be secure and our nation will lead the world toward humanity's noblest ideals. RESPONSE BY COLONEL AUBREY L. KUHLMAN, COM- MANDING THE REGIMENT My Dear Governor Ralston: It affords me a large measure of satisfaction and pleasure to respond, in my humble manner, to your eloquent words of greeting and of commendation; to thank you most sincerely for the beautiful and artistic medals commemorative of our service on "the borderland." It is a pleasure to respond in behalf of the officers and en- listed men of this regiment, who responded to the call of the President and the Governor nearly six months ago and who were sent to our Nation's southern border to perform what- ever service they might be called upon to do. This is an occasion, my dear Governor, which is deserving 350 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL of a "silver tongue," an accessory with which, unfortunately, "kind nature" failed to endow me. It is a most auspicious occasion, celebrating the hundredth anniversary of the admission of this beloved commonwealth into our grand Union of States. It is one deserving of time and thought for preparation, neither of which I have been able to contribute, and, instead of well thought, well carved sentences, I ask you to accept the simple, impromptu words of real sincerity. Well do I remember when you called me into your office and charged me to have a care for the health and comfort of the members of this regiment and to be kind to them. I sincerely trust that I have redeemed the pledge I gave you. The men of this regiment were soft of muscle at the muster-in, six months ago, but this evening you behold them, seasoned soldiers. They have made their beds in mud and water; they have slept in the companionship of scorpions, centipedes, tarantulas and venomous reptiles ; they have waded through miles of mud and water, knee-deep at places, along General Taylor's old military road which skirts the Rio Grande ; they have marched many miles in sweltering sun, carrying heavy packs and equip- ment; they drank the muddy waters of the Rio Grande, only partially cleared by a natural settling process in canals lead- ing from the river ; they have cleared the mesquite jungle for camp and maneuver grounds; eight companies of this regi- ment lived two weeks in a camp flooded by daily rains and with no other protection for themselves than the tiny bits of thin canvas called "shelter tents" in army papers, but "pup tents" by the soldiers; they have responded promptly and cheerfully to every demand made upon them; can you question my language when I say they are "seasoned sol- diers?" One of the most interesting experiences of our border serv- ice was a series of maneuvers continuing for a period of twelve days and extending from our camp at Llano Grande to Brownsville, forty-five miles distant. It was a continuous performance; breaking camp before daybreak, getting a hurried breakfast, thrusting a sandwich into a haversack for a midday lunch, loading wagons and marching away to meet the enemy (the troops camped near ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 351 Brownsville), in battle exercises, real battles, excepting the bullets, battles in which umpires took the place of bullets and shells, and ruled out of the contest those which, presumably, would have been felled in actual conflict; going into a new camping place late in the day, waiting for the arrival of the wagon trains to prepare a supper after nightfall and repeat- ing the program day after day. These maneuvers culminated in several engagements on the old, historic battlefields of 'Talo Alto" and "Reseca de la Palma," where General Taylor defeated the Mexican Army in two battles seventy years ago. It was indeed an experience which will linger in memory for a lifetime. Doubtless in this presence are those who are particularly interested in the First or Second regiments, yet in the border camp, and many of the words I have spoken of the Third regiment may be applied equally well to the other two regi- ments of the Indiana brigade. Excepting only one day, "the Fates" decreed that I should command the entire Indiana brigade on every march and in every maneuver, the nominal brigade commander being the senior officer present with the division and, by regulations, becoming the division commander, thus leaving me automatic- ally in command of the Indiana brigade, as its senior colonel, hence I had opportunity for observing the other regiments. We marched and maneuvered and camped together and, when they return to Indiana, you will find them to be seasoned soldiers. It may interest you to have at least a hint of the accom- plishments of the Indiana troops, and I might suggest that, in the Infantry division at Llano Grande, consisting of three -.Indiana regiments, three Minnesota regiments, two Nebraska regiments and one North Dakota regiment, the published rec- ords of a period of target shooting placed the Indiana brigade at the head of the division, the Third Indiana regiment at the head of the brigade and the division, and Company "A," of this command, at the head of the regiment, the brigade and the division in average marksmanship efficiency. In addition to this I might mention that a shooting team sent from the Indiana brigade to the national rifle and pistol competitions at Jacksonville, Florida, won more distinction 352 TPTE INDIANA CENTENNIAL than almost any other state or regular service team participat- ing m the competitions, winning first, second and other high places in competitions with hundreds of the best marksmen selected from a hundred millions of the American people. In other soldierly accomplishments I believe I am safe In saying that the Indiana troops were at least the equal of any other troops with which they were associated. But I am forgetting brevity and must give way to more important items on this program, to distinguished citizens who will present themes appropriate to this hundredth anniversary of glorious Indiana history. I want to assure you, my dear Governor, that we shall cherish these beautiful medals, gifts from our own beloved State, and fitting mementoes of a most interesting service for our country in the southern borderland. Most sincerely I thank you ! Introduction of Mr. Foulke Governor Ralston: Indiana is far-famed for her scholars and statesmen. Her achievements and ability to do big things in a broad way have been made known to the uttermost parts of the earth by her publicists and poets. One of her sons distinguished for his learning, culture and progressive public spirit has most gen- erously prepared at the request of the Indiana Historical Commission, a Centennial Ode to be read as a part of the exercises of this event. I have the honor and the pleasure to introduce to this audi- ence Hon. William Dudley Foulke. CENTENNIAL ODE By William Dudley Foulke. If thou wouldst fathom Indiana's heart Think not to find it in the passing crowd, The hum of industry, the bustling mart, The great assemblies' voices clamoring loud. But come with me and sit beside the board At some old-fashioned farmstead, watch the team Heavy with harvest, toiling through the ford Or lie within the forest shade and dream, With Riley's "Pipes of Pan" to charm and cheer — His voice grew silent on this hundredth year! Dear State, thy homelier charms are still the best. Thy peaceful landscapes filled with joy and rest. ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 353 From the abyss of the tumultous street, The roar of the great city and its glare, The multitude whose feverish pulses beat With evanescent hopes or wild despair, In my young manhood did I come to thee And found the balm of thy serenity. And evermore, threading thy quiet ways. Reclining by thy hesitating streams Where sheltering sycamores hid me from the blaze Of summer suns — half waking, half in dreams I did perceive thy sylvan beauty grow Into my soul until I came to know I loved thee, that thy heart had answered mine. And all the more now that my days decline. Thy spirit broods upon me. Not the sea Nor the unutterable majesty Of Alpine peak nor the white foam and spray Of glittering cataract can so win their way Into my heart. I have dwelt with thee too long To love another while thy beech trees bend Their lowly limbs to greet me as a friend And take from me the tribute of a song, Lo! now there stands within my spirits' eye A tree I know, perfect in every part; I fling to it the homage of my heart And bow in salutation as I cry! "You are a young Apollo of the wildwood, "The breezes rustle and you bend your bow, "Your foliage dances like the feet of childhood, "And quivering sunbeams through your branches glow. "You sway and revel in the pride of being "Then stand erect, complete in foi-m and hue "And I who gaze, enraptured with the seeing — "0 could I make a song as fair as you!" And yet I must not, in the joy of singing Forget the weightier message I would bear. A solemn warning in my ears is ringing And dark forebodings fill my heart with care. Back through the paths of history let us stray To see what dangers now beset our way. A hundred years with fluttering wings have flown Since underneath the elm at Corydon In homespun garb our farmer pioneers Fashioned our State to face the coming years. A wilderness the spot where now we meet, And where the multitude with bustling feet Are hurrying past, there lay the silent track Trod by the stealthy savage or the pack 854 TEE INDIANA CENTENNIAL Of ravening wolves and on the slimy green Of the still marsh, gaunt fever stalked unseen. And then a race of freemen, simple, strong. Bearing the implements that settlers need, The rifle, ax and plow, began a long. Hard struggle, felled the forest, sowed the seed And planted in the wilderness, the state Whose prosperous fruitage now we celebrate. Roll back the years my soul, and let us stand In the first furrows of the new tilled land And think the things the adventurous settler thought And learn again the lesson he was taught. He knew not, as we know, the steed of steam. The exploding vapor and the electric stream, Nor with them scoured the earth, explored the sea. Or soared through heaven's wide immensity; But each man bore his rifle primed and bright. Ready for instant use in sudden fight. And better knew — (for many a pioneer Who trod the wild and built his cabin here Had battled in the war that made us free) — Far better knew the worth of liberty. X He saw far clearer than we see today That freedom's gracious presence will not stay With those who care not for her to give all, Life, kindred, hope and fortune at her call! Nay, just before the founding of our State Our country had thrown down the gage to fate. Defied the British empire to the test Of arms because our sailors she impressed And searched our ships. Would we do that today? Has something of our courage slipped away? What has the century brought us? Plenteous stores, Bountiful harvests carried from our doors. Fair cities, stately piles and busy marts. The factory's whirring wheels and shuttles loud. And ample farms, wide lawns and mansions proud. And learning's gifts of science and the arts. But shall we measure by the glint of old The treasures that these hundred years enfold? Have we as high an aim, as strong a heart. Are we resolved to play as brave a part As those who framed the fabric of our State To liberty and honor dedicate. Or are we strolling now in softer ways On gentler paths in more degenerate days? Would we not fain recoil from care and strife And live in ease a smooth and prosperous life? ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 355 Perchance our fulness on its cushioned throne In golden chalice holds a deadlier bane Than bitter hardship in its cup of stone Filled to the brim with toil and tears and pain. For that is evil which corrupts the soul And lulls to slothful sleep and smug content While all around, the war drums beat and roll And other lands by grievous strife are rent. This hundredth year dawned on a raging world — A world submerged beneath a sea of blood With shafts of fury from the heavens hurled, And we — an island girdled by the flood Which still doth rise and still doth draw more near. We hear the cries of universal woe And cheeks are wet with rain of many a tear. How close the eddies of destruction flow! Let us be wise in time and raise a dike That shall be high and strong to stay the tide; Quick! Let us arm ere the invader strike And fill the land with devastation wide Thus only may we keep our country free And guard for all mankind sweet liberty. From Runnymede to Yorktown, toilsome, slow, Freedom was wrested from the clutch of kings And forth among the nations did she go Scattering wide her boon of better things. New life upon the icy plain was spread The spring had broke on an Arctic night, Hope smiled upon the disinherited. And everywhere the world moved on to light. But from the lair where slept the power of arms There crawls once more the grim philosophy That might alone is right, though liberty Must perish in the clash of wars alarms. We too shall lose our birthright if she fall And every race become some conquerer's thralL We will not have it so. And yet to stay The invader's steps we too may have to bare The glittering sword and stand and bar his way. Awaken then my country! Rise. Prepare! We call on thee by every sacred name That shines from out the annals of thy past, Train all thy sons to keep thee from the shame That would enslave the world in thralldom vast. For we must still be worthy of our sires, And with stout hearts must guard the treasure well They left us and keep bright the holy fires They lighted from this stifling smoke of hell. 356 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL In days that are to come the world may find Some better way than war. A mightier state To liberty and order consecrate May spread its aegis over all mankind. Our federated nation points the way — The State and then the Union. Deep our love For Indiana yet it should not stay Confined within her boundaries — for above, The nation claims our first allegiance; far Deeper than homage to a single star Our reverence for the constellation bright That sheds on all the world fair freedom's light. The brightest lines in Indiana's story Are those that proudly tell How swift her sons, when duty called — not glory — Leaped forth to battle, and how hard and well They fought, till victory came. I see our great War Governor, epic figure of our State, Sending them forth and greeting their return And all the pulses of my being burn At the proud memory. Not for thy sake, O Indiana did thy children make Their offerings of fortune and of life. And risk their all in the uncertain strife, But for the Union and for liberty! And so among the nations may it be. The future holdeth higher things in store Than those our halting fancy may explore. On some bright day the slow advancing hours May bring the world a league of sovereign powers Wherein the rights of single nations bend To the just will of all, and the decrees Of some gi-eat world tribunal are the end Of wasteful war's superfluous cruelties. My country, lead thou in these paths of peace! But till that hour shall come let not soft ease Relax thy spirit or subdue thy soul! Until mankind shall reach this loftier goal Keep thou thy sword unsheathed, for thou dost hold Within thy fruitful body precious seed Which shall into a newer life unfold And save the world in its extremest need. Two lessons have been thine to teach mankind Freedom, then Union! Send thy heralds forth Bearing thy later message till thou find Peace, born of Union spread through all the earth. ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 357 CENTENNIAL ADDRESS Governor Ralston: Ladies and Gentlemen — No man has been more ably sym- pathetic and more willing to help with the work of the In- diana Historical Commission than Dr. James A. Woodburn. The work of this body has extended over more than a year, and the things it has accomplished toward arousing a historic consciousness in the people of Indiana, and in securing a proper recognition of the wonderful advancement they have made in their state's first one hundred years, are too numer- ous to mention at this time. I shall be surprised, if when they are properly catalogued and published, they do not amaze as well as profoundly impress you. Dr. Woodburn is at the head of the History Department of Indiana University and his recognized ability as a historian qualifies him and makes him a most fit man to discuss on this occasion the ''Foundations of the Commonwealth." I present to you Dr. Woodburn. The Foundations of the Commonwealth By James A. Woodburn My theme tonight is the Commonwealth of Indiana and the foundations on which it rests. I shall not speak of the land and its material wealth. Our State is more than the soil upon which her people tread, or the rivers within her bounds, or the wealth within her fac- tories and mines, or the cattle upon her thousand hills. I would not despise the physical basis of life, either for the man or for the Commonwealth. For our goodly heritage of material wealth in soil and stream and forest and mine, we may well rejoice. It has made possible the progress and achievement of a hundred years in the life of the State whose birth we celebrate. Nor shall I speak at length of the people, whence they came, how they lived or what manner of men and v/omen they were. They have come here at many times from many races and climes, filling the land, doubling its population every fifteen or twenty years in ways to dazzle the world. The French civilization that had touched our rivers and trading posts was to become only a name and a lingering reminiscence. 358 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL The migration of other heterogeneous nationalities and tongues as seen in the modern industrial life in certain parts of our State, is a recent development. But the historic In- diana that we know, to which our minds go back tonight was, for the most part, made up of a homogeneous people speaking the same language, of the same general religious faith, cher- ishing the same historical and political traditions, living in an equality of fortune or misfortune — a hardy, thrifty people used to toil and enterprise and self-reliance. Some of the men who came for the upbuilding of the State were, in part, the men of the Revolution. For the larger part, they were the sons of the Revolution who had come into this wilderness land to carry their civilization and to erect a State under whose protecting care they might better provide for their children and might themselves enjoy the blessings of freedom, manhood and homes. No dangers affrighted them, no difficulties withstood them ; and in defense of their liberties and their homes they were ready to encounter death un- daunted, always imbued with that patriot spirit that leads one to feel that he "can never die too soon who lays down his life in support of the laws and liberties of his country." Here were the elements of the State — the land, the people, the language, the same historical traditions, oneness of polit- ical ideas and habits, with the record of a struggle for civil liberty as old as the Anglo-Saxon race. This civil life in the wilderness was not unlike that in the early Plantations of America. Settlements were in isolation. Self-government was a necessity. They brought what we should call the habit, rather than the principle, of local self-government. They could not well take appeals in government to authorities that were leagues away through the forests. The people in the western settlements were thrown upon their own resources. Roads had to be made, schools established, taxes levied and collected, preaching maintained, lawlessness restrained, a liv- ing wrought from the soil, and the young men had to be trained in the use of the rifle for defense against the wild men and the wild beasts of the forests. All the means to be found by which a neighborhood community might live. But the Commonwealth is much more than a matter of physical and political geography — more than a rectangular piece of land and its inhabitants. A people lives by faith. ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 359 Faith is the substance of things hoped for and what a people attains depends upon what it beheves. Its foundations, its essence, its substance are in its ideals — a truth that needs repeating and re-repeating on every memorial occasion, lest we forget the fundamental truth that makes us free. When one of our prophets, James Russell Lowell, once was asked how long he thought the American Republic would live he replied, "As long as its people are true to the ideals of its founders." The founders of Indiana were like the men of '76 — they built their Commonwealth upon their ideals. They had here a part of an unexplored and unsettled continent, with a brave and enterprising people within its dwellings. But the land and another brave people were here before our fathers came. Land and human beings, I repeat, are not the corner stones for the founding and upbuilding of the State. The land may be denuded, the people may be deported, they may be reduced to bondage in a foreign land compelled to forge like implements of war that led to their own conquest and enslavement; but if there is a saving remnant anywhere cherishing their past, their standards and their ideals, their State will survive. There was a Commonwealth of old whose experience will illustrate this vital force in the life of a nation. This people had lost its land; its capital, the Holy City, had been looted and destroyed. The last of its kings reigning at Jerusalem was taken prisoner, his children were butchered before his eyes ; all the captive nobles were executed ; and the king was taken in chains to Babylon, his eyes were put out and he was left to die a miserable death within his darkened prison house. The very people themselves were gone, carried to Babylon, an exiled captive band, where, under the taunts of their con- querers refusing to sing their patriot songs they hung their harps upon the willow trees and sat down by Babel's streams and wept. From every human point of view they had wit- nessed the end of the Jewish Commonwealth, the end of land and people. But in that dark hour of adversity they remem- bered their past and there came from one of their prophets that wonderful patriot vow of devotion, "0 Jerusalem! if I do not prefer thee above my chief joy — if I forget thee, let my right hand forget her skill, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth." 360 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL There was a power outside themselves which made for righteousness ; or, allow me to call it, an ideal — God immanent — which saved their nation in its day of trial and afterwards brought back the people to the land rejoicing in laughter and song. On the power of that ideal, patriotic and religious, they had their foundations, and the saving remnant of the people, though they wept in defeat and exile in a foreign land, while they had before them the visions of the past, proved themselves immortal. How came they to know so well the story of their past and God's dealings with their people at sundry times and in divers places? Into the knowledge of that past the fathers had led their children from generation to generation. They had established their passover, their feasts, their Sabbaths and their years of jubilee; and they built their memorials as signs among them for future ages, so that when the children should say to the fathers, what mean these stones ? — then the struggles and sacrifices and faith in which the State had its foundations were brought to mind in these memorials forever. Such a nation is an example to the ages. The same vital truth is illustrated in the history of every great nation. No people can be great ; indeed, no people can live, without rever- ence for its past, or without a past which it cares to remember. A people without memorials shall surely die. We sit under the shadow of a noble monument erected to commemorate great sacrifices and deeds in war. Instinctively we think of Lincoln's words at Gettysburgh dedicating "a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that the nation might live." But we may well believe that those heroes of our Civil War responded to duty no more promptly nor nobly in those days of '61 than did these young souls of Indiana who have just returned from their soldier life upon the Mexican border. As we note the soldierly bear- ing of these young men and look into their bronzed faces and hear the modest and soldierly words of their Colonel, we are made to believe that the patriot spirit of the other days of their country's need has indeed passed from sire to son. They are ready for their duty. So long as these boys recall the memorial stones erected on their country's fields of sacri- fice and war we may be sure they will never surrender the life of the nation that their fathers died to save. It is in ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 361 this faith that Pericles speaks in his famous oration over the Athenian dead. There he nobly asserts: "When men have shown themselves brave by deeds, their honors should also be displayed by deeds. . . . For while collectively these heroes gave their lives, individually they should receive that renown which never grows old; let them rest in the most distinguished of tombfe, not so much that in which they are laid, as that in which their glory is left behind them for ever- lasting record. For of illustrious men the whole earth is the sepulcher; and not only does the inscription upon columns in their own land point it out, but in that also which is not their own there dwells with every one an unwritten memorial of the heart, rather than of a material monument." So my first plea tonight is a plea for our history, that we may know and care to preserve the ideals of our past. Of that history of Indiana I cannot even cite the landmarks to- night, but we think with gratitude and with some degree of satisfaction of what has been done for our history. Travel- ers and transient dwellers in the land, like Professor Baynard R. Hall, have described pioneer conditions, and the State will ever owe a debt of honor to men like John B. Dillon and Judge Howe, John H. Holliday, Jacob P. Dunn, William H. English, Charles W. Moores, Colonel William M. Cockrum, William Dudley Foulke, Mrs. Julia Henderson Levering, and in these late years to Mr. Logan Esarey, for what they have done in making known and available the story of our past. These worthy Hoosiers, by essays and volumes in Indiana biography and history, have rendered a service, not for selfish gain, but for love of the past and the honor of the State. Has not the State an obligation to recognize and promote such service to her history? The celebrations of the Centennial Year will have been in vain if they do not awaken within us a stronger purpose to preserve the records of the past in order that those who have it in their hearts so to serve the State may tell to the children the sacrifices and achievements of the fathers. Walter Savage Landor in his "Pericles and Aspasia" speaks in praise of the Muse of History. He calls upon the Muse to claim her rightful place among the arts of life. He insists that the gentle Clio, with stylus in hand, shall be al- lowed to tell the story of the past; that her functions shall not be set aside or confused by disquisitions on morals, science, 22—15907 362 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL literature nor art. He would leave Philosophy on one side amid her groves and shades, and let History proceed to tell our grandchildren the story of our lives. Let sermons and philosophy follow, if they will, but let us in history see and hear the men of the past as they really appeared upon the scene of action. To this literary critic, history is a, pageant, not a philos- ophy, a drama upon the stage of life, not a theory of society or a discussion or comment upon the motives and morals of men, "We might as well in a drama," says Landor, "place the actors behind the scenes and listen to the dialogue there, as in history to push valiant men back and protrude ourselves with husky disputations. Show me rather how great projects were executed, great advantages gained, and great calamities averted. Show me the generals and the statesmen who stood foremost, that I may bend to them in reverence ; tell me their names that I may repeat them to my children. Teach me whence laws were introduced, upon what foundations laid, by what custody guarded, in what inner keep preserved. Let the books of the Treasury lie closed as religiously as the Sibyls ; leave weights and measures in the market place, com- merce in the harbor, the Arts in the light they love. Philosophy in the shade ; place History on her rightful throne and, at the side of her, eloquence and war." It is this law in our members, in our social being, that lies at the foundation of the Commonwealth, the law which de- crees that those who forget the past shall in their turn be for- gotten. We are here tonight in vain if we cannot be led to realize that what we have and what we are as a Common- wealth, with liberty under law, have their roots deep in the past. The shallowness and artificiality and lack of efficiency and thin fads and fancies in our public life are almost al- ways a sign of our having lost connection with the ages. Indiana has now come to the close of a year in which she has been celebrating her history. The subject of our cele- bration has been not so much the birth of the State as the life of the State, the growth and the development of the Com- monwealth for a hundred years. A hundred years ago today President Madison signed a joint resolution of Congress rec- ognizing Indiana as the 19th State of the American Union. This was the last of a series of steps which introduced In- ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 363 diana to the sisterhood of States. Within itself it was not a notable event. It was but an incident coming as. a matter of course; but it is the date, or landmark, at which the life of the State legally and officially begins. It merely marks an hour in the passage of time, merely a formal act by which Indiana passed from a lower to a higher form of local self- government. It was but a step which had been foreordained when government first came into these parts twenty years be- fore. It is not this purely formal event, this mere incident, that we have met to celebrate. That may have appointed the hour, but the cause we celebrate is statehood, its foundations and its achievements. How men build their states is one of the greatest themes of human history. "History is past politics and politics is present history." This is not a definition but an emphasis. By this famous utterance Professor Freeman meant that to him, at least, the chief end of history is to study and magnify the State. The historical physiocrats, like Buckle, would direct the attention of history to the physical world, the climates and elements under which men live, their food, their clothing, their houses, their manners and customs and bodies by which they live. This may be good. The eco- nomic interpretation of history has its uses but it has been overdone. When we wish to deal in history with the things among men which are transcendant and permanent we begin to dig about the foundations of the State, its origin, its rise, its organization. History in its noblest aspect is but the biography of States and of the men and women who have made these States, or whom these States have made. This means that the chief function of the State is to culti- vate the political spirit of man, ''Man is a political animal." Aristotle, the sage who used that expression, knew the spirit that is universal among civilized men, and his recognition of man's political nature and political estate made him the father of political science. Indianians have sometimes perverted and polluted this noble science in its practice and applications, but it is still true that a spirit of noble politics lives and thrives among us. It lies at the foundation of the State. It is the highest function of this Centennial Year, the noblest part of such memorial days as this, to cultivate that spirit; that all citizens of whatever professions may be touched by its 364 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL power and be imbued with love and honor and devotion to the State. There is not in all the range of human endeavor a field whose proper cultivation is more essential to the temporal happiness of mankind than that of service and devotion to the State — and as I speak of the State here, I mean our Nation of which Indiana is a part. Here is a field which the great Thomas Arnold has called the most important for the ripened human mind — that one may become a factor in the greatest problem of human history — the problem of governing men. It is said of Hegel, the German philosopher, that when he brought the manuscript of his great work to his publisher in Jena on the day of the great battle in which Napoleon wrought the humiliation of Germany, he was surprised to find French soldiers in the streets; the great author and philosopher had been so wrapt and lost in his study and speculations as not to know that war was in progress and his country in danger. It is a great, perhaps the highest, function of the State to produce and foster the scholar and the man who thinks. These are they who are to give birth to thoughts, or who lay the foundations of enterprises which are destined to bless gener- ations that are yet unborn. But as has been suggested, in order that such may have time to think, that they may have time and opportunity to meditate and pause, to pause and meditate again, that they may have time to work out their creations and get them in order, they must be protected from turbulence and excitement and interference and left undis- turbed by distractions and disorders. To that end they must have spread over them as a canopy the aegis of beneficent in- stitutions, of capable administrations of righteous laws. This is the work of the statesman in the science and art of poli- tics. Upon him all classes and degrees in the State depend, and in a democracy the citizen as well as the statesman must be imbued with that marvelous and dominant spirit, deep, wide, and persistent, which has given such distinction to Eng- lish and American history. Hegel, the great thinker to whom I have referred, who was working away v/ith his books without knowing what changes and ruin were being wrought to the institutions of his State, lived in a time of uneasiness and uncertainty for his Fatherland. He might have waked up some fine morning ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 365 to find his libraries carried to a foreign land and himself and his contemporaries, and therefore his posterity reduced to a disordered condition, such as could never have harbored or rec- ognized a genius, who, if he is not the product, has never in all the history of the world been produced beyond the pale and influence of political institutions. Hegel's was the age, too, of Goethe and Schiller, those great names in German literature. Now, it is very true that no one can tell in what places or from what causes such genius is to be "provoked from the silent dust." In this regard "the wind bloweth where it listeth," as Mr. Bryce says in speaking of the Ameri- can democracy; but it is noticeable that these great master minds in German literature followed hard after the construct- ive statesmanship of Frederick the Great, and they were upon the very scene of action while the greater Stein was laying the foundations in political structure for the unification of Ger- many. Athens was preeminent in literature and art and science. But Athens was also the home of Themistocles, of Thucidydes, of Demosthenes and Aristotle, those great creative political minds v/hose names add such lustre to human history. There is a relation between these two facts. "The preeminence of Athens in literature, philosophy and art," says Professor Free- man, "was simply the natural result of her preeminence in freedom and good government. Yet the literary glory of Athens has been allowed to overshadow her political great- ness." It is plain that the great historian would have us see that to Athens' political greatness her literary glory was chiefly due. Not only is this true of modern Germany and of ancient Greece, it is also true of England. Sir James Macintosh in speaking of Magiia Charta says : "To have produced it, to have preserved it, to have matured it, constitute the immortal claim of England upon the esteem of mankind. Her Bacons and Shakespeares, her Miltons and Newtons, with all the truth which they have revealed and all the generous virtue which they have inspired are of inferior value when compared with the subjection of men and their rulers to the principles of this great document, if indeed, it be not true, that these mighty spirits could not have been formed except under equal laws, nor roused to full activity 366 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL without the influence of that spirit (that is, the poHtical spirit) which the Great Charter breathed over the spirit of our forefathers." The history of Magna Charta and its prin- ciple is but the history of Anglo-Saxon politics. The ideals of this Charter are imbedded in the foundations of Indiana. They are written in our first fundamental law. I do not refer to the first Constitution of 1816, but back of that to the immortal Ordinance of 1787, whose consequences we see here at this hour and, as Daniel Webster has said, "we shall never cease to see them while the Ohio River shall flow." Within the principles of this Ordinance, which are as old as the struggle for human rights, v/e find the title deed to^ gov- ernment and liberty in Indiana. This New Charter of the Northwest forever devoted this State to equality, to education, to religion, to freedom. Recall for a moment its great articles of compact. It was solemnly ordained that the new States of the Northwest were to find their foundations on certain principles: 1. Free Soil. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servi- tude, except in punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall ever exist in said Territory." 2. Free Religion. "No person demeaning himself in an orderly manner shall ever be molested or disturbed on account of his mode of worship or religious belief." 3. The Free School, "Religion, Morality and Knowledge being essential to good government and the happiness of man- kind, schools and the means of education shall be forever en- couraged." I need not attempt to indicate how that promise has been made good in the life of Indiana. Education has been re- garded as an interest very near and dear to the heart of the State and there has been no cause to which the people have been more ready to devote themselves in sacrifice and to pay of their substance. In their first Constitution of 1816 the people made it the duty of the General Assembly "to provide by law for a general system of education, ascending in regular gradation from tov/nship schools to a State University." The growth of her educational system in keeping v/ith that primal guarantee has been one of the chief glories of Indiana. 4. Free Men. The great muniments of civil liberty came with the Ordinance of 1787 — right of trial by jury, the habeas ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 367 corpus, no arbitrary imprisonments, no cruel punishments, free speech, free press, free assembly — all the privileges by which free men were accustomed to live. These were our original heritage. On these foundations the State has been established — on them the superstructure has been reared. By these moral and political principles we have lived and grown for a hundred years. In this century of statehood Indiana has written a worthy history — a history that should be told and taught to our children. From a population of 60,000 we have grown to 3,000,000. From a simple agricultural life when the pioneer families largely supplied their own needs, we have developed a highly complex industrial life, with an economic pressure that is going to test our ability to produce and dis- tribute with equity the clothing and food of the people. From remote settlements hard of access, our country towns have grown into quick and easy connections with the outside world. This "capital in the wilderness" has risen from its primitive country settlement on Fall Creek to one of the foremost inland cities of America, with unsurpassed facilities of transporta- tion by electricity and steam. Indiana has but shared with her sister States in this ma- terial progress which will always be a marvel to those who observe the contrasts between the beginning and the end of our first hundred years. In wealth and industry, in comfort and modes of living, in conveniences of travel, in country or town, in methods of business, in education, literature or art — in everything that goes to make up civilized life, the progress of the century has been so remarkable it seems almost im- possible for the human mind to conceive the contrast. Gov. Ralston, the changes in the life of mankind and among the American people since Jonathan Jennings sat in the seat in which you have so well served the people of In- diana, have been so many and so marvelous that it may, in- deed, with truth be said that Jennings lived in an entirely different world from what you and I have known. Do I run much risk of being rebuked by the truth of History when I say, that judged by the circumstances of his life and the progress of the world, Jonathan Jennings lived more nearly in the times of Abraham than in the times of Woodrow Wil- son and of Samuel M. Ralston? Jennings never saw an auto- 368 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL mobile, or a trolley car, or a railroad, or a telephone, or a telegraph, or a writing machine, or an adding machine, or a dictagraph, or a mowing machine, or a threshing machine, or a sewing machine, or a voting machine, or a great city, or a great factory, or a steam printing press, or an elevator, or an asphalt street, or a macadamized road, or a public school, or an electric light, or a lucifer match, or a gas jet, or a gas range, or a two-cent stamp — not to mention the Zeppelin and the submarine. But these useful things that I have named — let us cast out of mind the hideous instruments of destruc- tion — these useful things have entirely changed and bettered the face of the world and the way men live. In 1787, when the first Constitution of our Territory was written, the thirteen little Commonwealths that fringed the Atlantic Ocean east of the Alleghanies had about four million people, and most men seriously doubted whether a single re- public could endure for any length of time over so vast a stretch of territory as from Massachusetts to Georgia, In 1916, as we face the next century, a united Republic of 48 States from the Atlantic to the Pacific governs over 100,000,000 of people. The railroad, the telegraph, the telephone, the penny postage, unite them in business interests and enable one government to bind them together as a nation. Wash- ington hoped and worked for a firm and lasting Union, but he looked forward to nothing like this. Then nearly all the peo- ple lived in the country without good roads or good schools, or adequate means of travel and communication. Now nearly half of the people live in cities, with quick communication and highly organized trade and industry, under "sky scrapers" and amid great mills and factories and stores. The country is big, business is big, enterprises are big, our problems are big — the great problems of poverty, crime, disease and their relief — and these problems of society and government loom so large upon the horizon that the outlook sometimes seems appalling. I think your four years' experience in the Governor's chair, your excellency, will corroborate that statement. We must meet problems and conditions that the men of 1787 and 1816 could not have imagined. Then, with our land reaching only to the Mississippi, Jefferson thought there would be enough for the people for a thousand years to come ; and Fisher Ames ADMISSION DAY EXEECISES 369 said that it would take ages to settle the western lands and only the Lord knew how it could ever be governed. The men of 1816 came here to bear a part of that burden of government. They came because they were daring and enterprising men, ready for progress and change. They adapted their government to their times. They built on old foundations, but they erected a superstructure according to their needs. Government is like the manners and customs of men, like the methods and tools and implements by which they live. It is a changing thing from age to age. Its principles of justice, equity, order, fair policy and equal rights for all do not change; but the methods and means, the instruments and institutions and policies and constitutions of government, by which truth and justice and righteousness are obtained, these forms must change as inventions and progress change the face of society. Men must adapt themselves to the changed and changing circumstances of their lives not only in material things, but in the agencies of government. Under the conditions of today, so changed from Jennings' day that we are living under a new heaven and on a new earth, how shall we face the future? Are we unafraid? Shall we stand here on this auspicious and historic occasion merely to glorify the past and to take pride to ourselves that we had brave fathers in those days, and mothers, too, who dared to brave the perils of the wilderness to build a State? God forbid ! Let the achievements and the failures of the past teach us their lessons. Our failures teach us as much as our successes, and we must confess that this history which we cele- brate has its seamy side. But forbid that we should find con- tentment or self-satisfied pleasure merely in the attainments that our history has recorded. Our obligations to the State are sacred. Let them be fulfilled and let them never be de- nied. If, by calling attention in my closing words to some un- toward circumstances and unsolved problems in the life of the State today, I seem ungracious to this memorial occasion which is supposed to be one of felicitation and congratulation, I beg to call to mind in apology the words of the ancient sage, "Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful." As Hoosiers born and bred, we may talk together of the things of our own household, never fear- 370 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL ing to know and to face the truth. Self-flattery will not help us and pride will lead us to a fall. Only the truth will make us free. In Indiana today we are standing on the eve of great struggles for betterment in government. There are evils to be uprooted, reforms to be instituted. Our rural schools need reorganization and the whole problem of industrial training is still in its incipiency. Our roads are backward and our system of road building is full of waste and extravagance. Our city governments are in many ways a reproach and a dis- grace, given over to partisanship, to the machines of politics, and contractual graft. Our legal processes are so cumber- some and delayed as to amount in many cases to a denial of justice. We have saloons and dives and gambling places that are like moral cankers in our cities, veritable breeding places of poverty, crime and disease. The criminal class, needing restraint and reform, is a constantly enlarging prob- lem for the State. The pauper, the dependent, the unfortu- nate, the diseased in body and mind, are constantly adding to the concern and expense of the Commonwealth. Committed as we are in theory to democracy we still deny to half the people of Indiana the right to participate in their own govern- ment. Taxes are still levied on them all alike, but with such inequity and corruption and subornation of perjury as to make one almost despair of the virtue and honor of our citizenship. Many of these evils are embedded in, and reforms and changes are prevented by, a constitution, which although it recites justice as its primary object, may fairly be said to make justice unconstitutional within the State. It may be thought that these words are such as should be heard only in the days of our calamity and not in the day in which we are called to celebrate our honor and our achieve- ments. But if they are indeed the words of truth and sober- ness, as I believe, then whether we lift our heads to the clouds in self-praise, or hide them in the sand to escape unseen, the result is the same. These problems and evils confront us. They are to be met and solved only as we imbibe the spirit and illustrate the principles of the fathers. The quickening principle of a State is a sense of devotion. The hand which unites us is the spirit of dedication. Its foundation is the sense of obligation strong ADMISSION DAY EXERCISES 371 enough to overmaster self-interest. It is with this mind that we should look backward to our history and forward to the future, while we seek to invoke the spirit of one hundred years ago. If we fail to transmit to our children a better State than that which we have received, we are recreant in our day and generation not only to the heritage but to the spirit of our fathers. Governor Ralston: — Introducing Mrs. Helen Warrum Chappell. Indiana has long boasted of her men of distinction and of vision ; but with equal consistency does she point with pride to her women of learning and of literature, of culture and of song. What truer lines has any Hoosier written than these from the pen of that pioneer writer, Sarah T. Bolton : Nothing gi^eat is lightly won; Nothing won is lost; Every good deed, nobly done, Will repay the cost. Leave to Heaven in humble trust All you will to do; But if you succeed, you must Paddle your own canoe. We are honored tonight by having on our program an In- diana woman whose power of voice in song is as effective as was the pen of Mrs. Bolton in literature. Mrs. Helen Warrum Chappell is one of our country's most charming and talented artists. I take great pleasure in pre- senting her to you. After Mrs. Chappell's songs, Governor Ralston announced the "Hallelujah Chorus" as the closing number of the evening. ■ 1 - ■- ' : '1 r ( .1- : ! '\ 3 £ k ■ d <» -■f ' :3 ■ 11 ■ ^ _ i ♦ ■ ■ - - > ■ ♦ _ 3 B • ■ 5 ^ ■' i ■ 1 1 . k 1 :» <'= ■ 1 (372) APPENDIX Centennial Addresses by Governor Samuel m. Ralston (In addition to the Centennial addresses of Governor Ralston given at Corydon and at the Admission Day exercises which are included in the reports of these occasions, it is deemed proper in making as full a report as possible of the Centennial year to include the other Centennial addresses of the Governor, which are here grouped together. While the first address was delivered in 1915, yet it was in reality an address embodying a review of the state's development and calling attention to the approaching Centennial celebration.) Address of Governor Samuel M. Ralston at the Panama-Pacific Exposition on Indiana Day, June 26, 1915 The Panama-Pacific Exposition marks an epoch in civiliza- tion. Not because it is a great World's Fair. There have been other record-breaking World's Fairs. But this event is epochal because the event behind it, the event it celebrates, is epochal — the construction of the Panama Canal. The world of commerce, and science and art — the world of civilization — has recognized that accomplishment as one of the colossal achievements of the human race. Indiana, occupying as she does a proud position midway between the two great oceans — an imperial domain in the very heart of the continent — has her share in the proper American pride in America's most stupendous enterprise. And, as Indiana is proud of the achievement lying back of it, so she is proud to have an honored part in this inspiring event — this offspring of the greater event. In speaking for my State on this particular day, I have no disposition to close my eyes to the brilliant chapter she has written in the his- tory of our country. She has not only achieved well for her- self, but she has wrought mightily for the nation of which she is a part. SOME INDIANA ACHIEVEMENTS The factors figuring most conspicuously in Indiana's his- tory and enabling her to make contributions to society, have been her natural advantages and the character of her citizens and of her institutions. In size, she is the thirty-fifth State of the Union, but the gifts bestowed upon her out of the lavish hand of Nature rank her among the first. While she has none of the precious metals, she has long attracted attention as a mineral producing and manufacturing, as well as an agricul- tural State. As a coal producing State, she ranks sixth. Last year the output of her coal mines was valued at $17,500,000. In stone production, she ranks fifth, with an output last year valued at $5,000,000. Her building stone finds a market in every civilized country. City halls and state capitols; royal (375) 376 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL homes and kingly palaces are constructed of it. Last year, her clay and clay products were valued at $8,500,000; from her own shale and limestone, she made and marketed 10,000,000 barrels of cement, valued at $10,000,000; her pe- troleurn made almost a million barrels, valued at $1,250,000, and her lime output was valued at $350,000. It is doubtful if any State in the Union excels our own In- diana in transportation facilities. Eight thousand miles of steam railroads, not including sidings, and two thousand miles of electric roads stretch across her surface. If this mileage were to cover the State in equidistant parallel lines from east to west, a traveler through Indiana from north to south would be expected to "stop, look and listen" about every three miles for an approaching train or car. Indianapolis, her capi- tal city, is the greatest interurban or electric traction road center in the world, and for a long time was also the greatest steam railroad center. But all our transportation does not have to be carried on by rail. White river, the Wabash river, and the Ohio river, and our lake fronts afford us practically a thousand miles of watervv^ay. In this connection, it is well to note that the four big dams the United States government is constructing on the Ohio — at Markland, Evans' Landing, Tobinsport, and Evansville — will connect us the year round by a nine-foot deep waterway with the Mississippi river. Travelers tell us our wide-stretched plains and fertile soil ; our landscapes overarched by blue skies and decorated by islands of forest ; and our beautiful region of lakes, are unsur- passed for restful and quiet beauty by anything they have seen abroad; while in other sections of the State Nature's rugged charm reminds them of Switzerland's grander scenery. There are no manifestations of nature in Indiana that are awe-inspiring, but here Nature's voice and beauty are eloquent of Nature's God and of his love and compassion for the chil- dren of men. INDIANA'S PIONEERS To this state, with these natural advantages and with pos- sibilities yet greater than these, our fathers came in search of homes. They came down from the hill slopes and up out of the valleys of Kentucky; from the plateaus of Tennessee; across the mountains from Virginia ; up from the Caro- APPENDIX 377 linas, and down the Ohio from Pennsylvania and the seaboard States. They came in search of wider Hberty and larger op- portmiities. Many of them had fought for their country's freedom in the Revolutionary war and took up land granted to them as war bounties. Hither they traveled in frail boats, rudely constructed wagons, and primitive ox carts; and their journey to their new homes, through a virgin forest and a trackless country, was under conditions that severely tested their patience, strength and endurance. These early settlers of Indiana — our parents and grand- parents — were hardy, frugal and industrious. They were a rugged race and the strenuosity they had to assert in locat- ing themselves anew only better qualified them for the sturdy citizenship so essential to the proper development of a new community ; and for that matter, so indispensable to a healthy and progressive civilization. Often the suffering endured and the heroism displayed in these forest exploits — in subduing wild nature and wild men — surpassed anything witnessed on the field of battle. In civilized war, there are nurses to care for the sick and wounded, and the sense of duty and discipline and the excite- ment of the engagements to urge the soldier forward. But a man and his wife, with their little family almost foodless, clotheless and penniless, burying all alone a child of their affection in the heart of the primitive forest, have little cheer or inspiration to urge them forward. They are wont to linger by the nev/-made grave, until, wounded in heart and broken in spirit, they are compelled to turn their backs upon this sacred spot to pursue their way to the little log homestead, to plod on wearily, in the midst of the silent forest that ever reminds them of the silent grave of their little one. Who, by any eloquence of speech, can tell of the suffering they en- dured and the heroism they displayed? Home building in the new country — in Indiana, as in other States — was epoch-making. It was the planting of the seed for the civilization that was to follow. It was the building of the log cabin in the woods by one generation, that a later generation might enjoy the palace on the boulevard. It was the endurance by the farmer of the howling of the wolf and the screaming of the panther at the cabin door, that we might enjoy the strains of the orchestra in the park. 23—15997 378 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL We hear much of the strenuous life in these days, and yet neither the builder of a modern city nor the ruler of a State, displays the physical strenuosity our pioneer fathers and mothers did, in erecting their cabins and clearing their garden patches and bringing under their dominion enough of the earth to produce a few bushels of wheat and corn. Theirs also was the strenuous life. And we have made our progress by standing upon their shoulders. Much of our strength and capacity we have inherited from their virtues. What they felt and what they believed, they transmitted to their institu- tions and to us. They made it possible for us, their children, to participate in this world event, and cold, indeed, would be our hearts, if we could not pause long enough, amid the sounding of trumpets and the glare and dazzle of this occa- sion, to pay respect to their memory and acknowledge in rev- erence our obligations to them. Macaulay spoke prophetically when he said: A people which takes no pride in the noble achievements of their ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by their remote descendants. ORDINANCE OF 1787 The territory within the boundaries of Indiana was orig- inally, as you know, a part of the Northwest Territory, out of which five great States were afterwards carved. Over this domain the scepters of kings once held sway, but ultimately they were succeeded by republican institutions under Virginia, which State by the marvelous Ordinance of 1787, dedicated it to the nation. I characterize this ordinance as a marvelous instrument of government advisedly. Of it, Daniel Webster said: I doubt whether one single law of any lawgiver, ancient or modern, has produced effects of more distinct, marked and lasting character than the Ordinance of 1787. It is well to remember the words of Webster, in our search for the source of the ideals of those who builded our State for us. The Ordinance of 1787 provided a form of government for the Northwest Territory that will serve as a model as long as free government lasts. It guaranteed to the Territory free soil. It specifically APPENDIX 379 stated that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall ever exist in said Territory." It respected liberty of conscience. It specifically set forth that "no person demeaning himself in an orderly manner shall ever be disturbed or molested on account of his mode of wor- ship or religious belief." It set a high value on education. It specifically declared that "Religion, morality and knowledge, being essential to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged." It guaranteed civil liberty by providing for "free speech, free press, free assembly, free petition, free trial by jury and for the writ of habeas corpus." In addition to these fundamental principles of free gov- ernment, from which we should seek instruction and inspira- tion in these times of feverish excitement, this Ordinance took cognizance of the fact that material progress could not long be made, nor society long held together in peace, in the ab- sence of a proper regard for property rights ; and so it stipu- lated against the impairment of contract ; and that conviction of crime should not work corruption of blood nor forfeiture of estate. It repudiated primogeniture, feudalism's relic of tyranny, that gave to the elder son the whole of his father's lands and houses to the exclusion of his other children and made it im- possible for nine-tenths of the people ever to have an interest in landed estates. If it be asked whether these settlers of Indiana had a proper appreciation of the manifold advantages afforded them in their new home, I submit these words of one of the pio- neers as an answer to the question : Lying directly across the track for all time of all the great artificial improvements that can be made connecting the East and the great Pacific, over the valley of the Mississippi; coupled with the fact that she is so highly favored in climate, soil, mineral, wood, water, and rock, we can see that Indiana combines all the elements of a great and growing State. If it be asked, if our forefathers had a proper apprecia- tion of the principles and ideals embodied in the Ordinance of 1787, let me answer that these principles were set forth 380 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL in Indiana's first Constitution, adopted in 1816; and as to whether or not these ideals played a part in the lives of In- diana's pioneers, I cite the fact that in Indiana's first Consti- tution there was to be found most humane provisions for the treatment of the criminal. Imprisonment for debt was in- hibited after the accused had surrendered his property. The penal code was to be founded on the principles of reformation, and not vindictive justice; and the legislature was charged with the duty of providing sufficient land, whereon those per- sons who, by reason of age, infirmity or other misfortunes have a claim upon society, may have employment and proper com- fort and in the language of that instrument, "lose by their usefulness the degrading sense of dependence." Yes; these old settlers caught the ideals suggested by the great Ordinance, for in their first Constitution they also said : It shall be the duty of the General Assembly as soon as circum- stances will permit, to provide by law for a general system of educa- tion, ascending- in regular gradation from township schools to a State University, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and equally open to all. Thus, it is seen that those who gave us the State we love, set for those following them an example which the citizen- ship of Indiana has always striven to emulate. While the early settlers, favoring common schools, did not make much headway for many years in the development of -the state's educational facilities, on account of the difficulties they en- countered in making a living and in overcoming opposition to free schools, nevertheless, by the time she was a third of a century old, Indiana had succeeded in constructing a fine free school system. Her schools are, in truth, the source of her greatest strength. They develop her moral fibre, as well as train the mind, and without moral fibre the State is without enduring foundation. Across the threshold of the free school all pupils pass upon a level. The public school is a leveler, but it levels up and not down. It is a sort of a melting pot, by means of which the best there is in a pupil is gotten out of him and under conditions whereby all those sharing the melting process will derive advantages not otherwise possible for them to get. The boy and girl who have not attended the common schools are handicapped ; for they will never know how to interpret accurately that ever present and constantly assertive thing we call the life of the common people. That APPENDIX 381 life, like human progress everywhere, does not always move at the same speed. At times it seems to hesitate and appar- ently to slumber. Again, when the people are moved to great earnestness, its smooth surface is broken into a thousand forms, like the waves of the sea in a storm. And it is this indefinable something, for the want of a better name, we call the spirit of progress, or civilization. This upheaval of soci- ety becomes regulated and crystallizes into a demand. This demand must be analyzed and understood by the successful individual; and the boy who touches elbows with his com- panions in the common schools will in the end, in a majority of instances, have the clearest comprehension of these prob- lems, because he is in touch with the life of the common peo- ple. Such a youth, upon attaining the stature of manhood, will have a better understanding of the people's needs. He will sympathize more keenly with their demands, and with proper poise and without subserviency he can act more wisely in the part he plays in their government. Indiana has long been widely reputed for her public school system and the high efficiency of her schools. They are con- stantly enriching society with a well-equipped citizenship. They have reduced the state's illiteracy until it now represents but six-tenths of one per cent of those ranging between the ages of ten and twenty years. Our schools are conducted on the theory that our State is secure just in the degree she rests on a patriotic and intelligent democracy. EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION Anyone who will take the pains to make the examination, will discover the State has shown in recent years a progressive spirit and materially strengthened her school system, by pro- viding uniform text-books; by requiring medical inspection and sanitary school buildings and playgrounds; by making fire drills compulsory ; by enacting a teachers' minimum wage law; by passing a compulsory education law; by the creation of the office of high school inspector ; by creating consolidated schools, centrally located, with necessary equipment, good teachers and a course better planned to meet the needs of pupils; by increasing the tax rate for the three state educa- tional institutions, Indiana University, Purdue University, and the State Normal School, thereby enabling them to do with 382 ■ THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL greater efficiency the work they are designed to accomplish, without having to practice the questionable tactics of the pro- fessional lobbyist; and finally and more recently, by placing upon her statute books a vocational educational law. This latter law marks an epoch in popular education. It is a masterpiece of legislation. One of the greatest tragedies of this nation — and Indiana has had her part in it — has been the turning of boys and girls out of school without proper qualification by the vast majority of them to do their life work. A comparatively few of them have been taught very learnedly how to deal with Greek roots, but the tragedy lies in the fact that the great majority of them will have to deal, in the practical afi'airs of life, with beet roots and corn roots and wheat roots and a hundred other roots, on the flower and fruit of which the world must subsist ; and about these teach- ers and schools have taught them nothing. Teachers and schools have taught them nothing of the plane and the mill; nothing of the forge and the factory. The tragedy lies in the fact, that coordination between the brain and hand has been neglected. In her vocational legislation, Indiana has set about to make reparation, as far as she can, for her neglect of her youth in the past. The truth is now pressing upon her, as it never has before, that not more than fifty per cent of her pupils com- plete the work of the grades ; that only a small per cent com- pletes the high school course; and that a very small part of high school graduates ever receive a college course. The mul- titude has been permitted to take up the thread of life with- out having a well fixed viewpoint of life. And the fault has been with the State. Under this law the elements of agriculture, mechanics and domestic science will be taught in the district school. And it is fair to assume that hereafter a keener interest will be felt in those subjects. People are coming to understand, and the operation of this law will confirm their understanding, that the public is more interested in having a boy equipped for the farm or factory than it is in having him prepared to operate on Wall Street. We are looking at things differently from what we formerly did. We now know that domestic science serves society to a better purpose than does either the science of the stars or the thin polish of the finishing school. We APPENDIX 383 appreciate that the kitchen is more of a factor in the family than it is possible for an observatory to be. The philosopher "who sitteth on the circle of the heavens" does not contribute in the same degree to the public welfare as does the man who develops a great industry in a manner so as to dignify labor and humanize capital. Indiana's vocational educational law is a long step forwards. It is a law adapted alike to the little Davids with their flocks of goats and sheep and the ambitious Jonathans with a thirst for power. It will afford opportu- nities alike to the boy of the cottage and the boy of the man- sion, to train their minds and skill their hands in equipping themselves to do the things they are best adapted to do. WOMAN'S PART IN EDUCATION In our efforts to increase our educational facilities and dif- fuse knowledge, the fact should not escape us that Indiana women have wielded a most potent influence. They have been tireless and wise in their efforts to build up and extend libra- ries throughout the State. They have been constant in urging civic improvement. They have favored the creation of a juvenile court. They have demanded pure food laws. They have long been abreast of all movements looking to the care of children ; to the promotion of public morals, and to the ex- tension of literary work. The Minerva Society, organized in New Harmony in 1859, was the first woman's club in the United States. This is a distinction for our State, of which Indiana women are justly proud. This organization was as much interested in educa- tional matters as it was in behalf of its own members; and as it was, I have no doubt, in the kindergarten of New Har- mony, the first school of the kind in the United States and the second in the world. INDIANA'S NOTED MEN Our state has produced many able men. They are too nu- merous to undertake to name them or even to designate those in any particular field of distinction. Often have they been called into the public service by the nation, and invariably they have shed luster upon their State. Indianians take pride in the fact that the present Vice-President of the United States, the scholarly and brilliant Thomas R. Marshall, is a 384 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL native-born Hoosier, and that one of the Indiana Commission- ers to this Exposition, the well-poised and conservative Charles W. Fairbanks, occupied that office not long before him. We have indeed produced statesmen who have ranked among the foremost of the nation. The fame of our scien- tists have long since excited favorable comment in other lands and they have been credited many times with having spoken the final word in their respective lines of research. In litera- ture, our writers have charmed, entertained and spoken with the weight of authority. Our poets have sung in rapturous strains of the innocence of childhood, the romance of youth, the strength and glory of middle life, and the sweet and solemn tenderness of age. They have plucked the earliest and fairest flowers of the human heart, and attuned the souls of men with the immortal music of the stars. Our soldiers have always brought honor to the State and their sacrifices and heroism have exalted our citizenship. AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURING The Hoosier farmer has taken his stand near the head in the agricultural column. He has come to know the value of scientific farming. He has ceased to exhaust his soil before renewing its strength by approved means of fertilization. And he applies the same up-to-date spirit in the growing and de- velopment of live stock. The result is our farms are among the most productive anywhere to be found and our breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs are always in demand at paying prices. The farmer, always dependable in his citizenship, is now in the most thrifty class. As a manufacturing State, Indiana has displayed wonder- ful genius, industry and progress. She makes all kinds of farm machinery and other labor-saving devices. Her plows are known everywhere. She has the largest wagon industry in the world ; a like claim can be made for one of her furniture factories, and she makes more lawn-mowers than any other State or nation. She is, beyond doubt, the second State in the Union in the automobile industry. Her business men are energetic and progressive and conduct their great enterprises along safe lines. The result is that, as a rule, there are no violent or serious disasters in the commercial life of the State. APPENDIX 385 GREATNESS BASED ON MORAL QUALITIES But the citizens of Indiana have not thought solely of their natural advantages and material progress. It is their philosophy that the grandeur of a State depends upon moral qualities. Superior numbers do not necessarily mean superior virtues. Territory is not always synonymous with honesty, nor wealth with patriotism ; but love of country, supported by sacrifice, is a people's highest ethical expression. Back in Indiana we have learned that material progress is safe prog- ress so long as wealth does its part in suppressing vice, eradi- cating disease, and maintaining an enlightened democracy, properly safeguarded by law and order. Lawlessness, vice, disease, and ignorance unbridled do not exist where society is sound and democracy sane. OUR BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS Holding these views, our citizens have quite naturally given some time to doing the things suggested by the better impulses of the heart They have not neglected to cultivate sympathy for those of their fellows who have been bereft of reason, or in some other manner rendered dependent upon pub- lic favor. Therefore, out of hearts of love and in recognition of their duty to society, the people of Indiana are providing most generously for their insane, criminal and dependent classes. How to deal with these unfortunates properly is one of the most perplexing problems the State is called upon to solve. The rate at which they are increasing is appalling, and clearly indicates that improved methods must be adopted for dealing with the public wards of the State. Beyond doubt, Indiana has taken advanced grounds in the construction and management of her penal, reformatory, and benevolent insti- tutions ; and yet, as one interested in the inhabitants of these institutions and in those who may become inmates thereof, I have not the courage and the knowledge to assert that we have always taken the wisest course in the management of these institutions, or to prophesy as to what the future de- mand upon us will be in dealing with these objects of public care. THE STATE'S DEFECTIVES Indiana is giving practical proof of her enlightened inter- est and public spirit by adopting or creating new methods and 386 THE INDIANA .CENTENNIAL instrumentalities for the care and cure of her afflicted and defective population. She is now developing the colony plan for her chronic insane, that they may have the advantage of outdoor life, with its sunshine and fresh air, and that they may in a measure contribute to their own support by invigor- ating work — by gardening, working in truck patches, and taking a part in the activities of farm life — calculated to improve both their mental and physical condition. Indiana has gotten away from her former custom of try- ing to reform law violators by sending them to jail. Jails are no longer recognized as cures for crime. They are de- grading rather than regenerating in their nature and effects. Nine out of ten of those sentenced to jail come out more strongly bent upon mischief than they were when they entered upon their sentence. This class of law violators will therefore be hereafter sentenced to hard work on the Penal Farm, where they will be kindly treated and given time to see the error of their ways and an opportunity to make compensation to soci- ety, by labor on the farm and by making lime and crushing stone for commercial purposes. It is believed that a stone pile will do more toward giving this class of individuals a proper conception of the duty they owe to themselves and to the State than will a privilege afforded them to swap stories over a deck of cards in a jail cell. INDIANA'S MARCH FORWARD Indiana moves forward. Our State was among the first States of the Union to create a Board of State Charities, lay- ing upon it the duty to investigate the whole system of public charities and correctional institutions and to review the man- agement of any institution, whenever the board believed the same should be done, with the view of having errors corrected and new and modern methods adopted therein. The duties of this board are diversified, perplexing, and arduous ; but its work has been performed most efficiently and in a manner that has attracted attention and won approval throughout the country. Rev. Francis H. Gavisk, fine spirited man that he is, has long been and now is a member of this board, and he has quite recently brought honor to his State by being elected president of the National Conference of Charities and Correc- tion. APPENDIX 387 Indiana moves forward. Our people are a practical peo- ple. They believe that the Lord helps those who help them- selves. They believe, therefore, that it is better to prevent illness than it is to take chances on curing illness. For this reason they are becoming more and more watchful of sanitary conditions — they are champions of the public health. The typhoid germ was discovered in 1881. That same year Indiana inaugurated her public health work. In 1899, our pure food statute was enacted, and we are proud of the fact that, when Congress came to legislate on that subject in 1905, it had the sound judgment to appropriate much of our law. But I cannot now undertake to mention the progres^ve laws enacted in the interest of the public health. They are numerous, of course. That they are wise may be inferred from the fact that health authorities of other States and of the federal government rank the work of our State Board of Health second to none. DISEASE PREVENTION WORK I know I shall be pardoned for suggesting in this connec- tion, that I have the honor of having issued as Governor the first proclamation issued in this country asking the people of a State to observe a day as Disease Prevention Day. In my proclamation I said: Health is the greatest of blessings and the source of efficiency and power. The enjoyment of life, and the achievement of liberty and hap- piness are impossible without it. There is nothing strikingly glorious in a civilization not founded upon intellectual and moral, as well as physical strength; for physical health is the surest foundation of mental and moral health. This proclamation attracted favorable attention through- out the nation. It was discussed in pulpits and by publicists ; and in newspapers and in magazines. The public spirited Nathan Straus, of New York, in urging other Governors to favor a disease prevention day, said in part : The Governor of Indiana has proposed a plan that will pay big dividends to the State and its people. The idea is one of the best that ever has been originated in this country. It is so good that I want to pass it along to you in the hope that you will adopt it in your State. As an evidence of the humane and progressive spirit of the people of Indiana, I cite the fact that no day, set apart by 388 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL statute to be observed as a holiday, was ever as generally and as enthusiastically observed in Indiana as was Disease Preven- tion Day. Indiana moves forward. INDIANA'S CENTENNIAL And now let me say to you, former sons and daughters of Indiana, those who have moved away from your old Hoosier home — the home where you were first loved and where you first reciprocated love — next year your mother State will celebrate the hundredth anniversary of her admission into the Union of States. I know you will be interested in that his- toric event. Some of you will want to return on that occasion, because near the old home rest the remains of father and mother ; and hallowed is the spot where their ashes lie. Some of you will want to return, because there you can regale your- selves anew with the stories and experiences you enjoyed in the flower of your youth, before you knew of the bitterness that comes with the breaking of family ties. Some of you will want to return to see how we, who have remained, have kept the old homestead — and the faith. You will find in many instances that the walls about and the hearthstone in the old house have been worn out by the heel of time and replaced in modern style to meet our demands. The old well, with its moss-covered bucket, is no more to be seen. The winding pathway down to the spring is no longer visible. Here and there, you will see that the roof on the old smoke-house has toppled in, and the barn, in which you played hide-and-seek and hid Easter eggs, has finally yielded to the elements. And while these things will bring to you a touch of pathos and sorrow, on all hands the evidence of a happy people and a normal life — industrious, thrifty, and cultured — will bring gladness to your hearts. You will find that we are working out our destiny along broad lines. You will discover that we have been farsighted enough to know that we had to make our own fortunes and cannot rely upon other persons or the State to make them for us. Having individually progressed through our own endeavor, we are now ambitious to make a creditable showing of our state's greatness; and you are asked, because of the ties that bind us together, not to fail to witness this display of Indiana's glory. APPENDIX 389 But you will also discover that your mother State, in her first century, has not lived for herself alone. Her vision is world-wide and under- the bow of promise of her patriotism — a patriotism resting upon justice — will be seen the manifesta- tions of her fraternal spirit — her affection for all mankind. Just now, Indiana is most solicitous for universal peace. All her moral strength is back of President Wilson in his tireless efforts to heal the bleeding wounds of civilization, and re- establish the Golden Rule and the open door between the nations of the earth. Indiana would love her neighbors as herself and she would find her neighbor wherever she can serve in promoting civic righteousness among men. Citizenship Address of Gov. Samuel M. Ralston Before the Indian- apolis Board of Trade Centennial Dinner, February 22, 1916 Mr. Toastmaster and Gentlemen : This event is suggestive of lofty sentiments, and I recog- nize I am distinctly honored in having a share in it. The day is the anniversary of the birth of America's patron saint, George Washington, whose wisdom will ever serve to direct our nation's course. The year marks the hundredth anniver- sary in the life of our beloved State, and brings vividly to mind the hardships and sacrifices of pioneer days. And the subject assigned me — Citizenship — challenges our attention to the duty we owe to home and country. I repeat, the event is suggestive of lofty sentiments. Washington! Our nation's first President. Jonathan Jennings! Our State's first Governor. What enthusiasm these names arouse in the breast of the lovers of liberty and of free government! I confess to having a reverence for the memory of Washington and to having a feeling a little more difficult of analysis for the memory of Jennings. I honor his memory of course, but in thinking of him, I admit some em- barrassment. He was my great predecessor in office. His ability and wisdom set an official standard that but few, if any, of his successors have filled. Though he was young in years and had to blaze the way as the first Governor, he im- pressed his individuality upon the State and won the approval of her citizenship in a manner seldom possible for one in high office to do. Governor Jennings was a man far in advance of his immediate associates. He was thoroughly schooled in the principles of our government. He believed devotedly in the freedom of the individual and was uncompromising in his opposition to slavery. He was an advocate of an educated citizenship. He saw that ignorance and greed were the twin enemies of our State and nation, and he urged upon the people the importance of education and the dissemination of useful knowledge among them, in restraint of vice and in the support of public morals. No one understood better than (390) APPENDIX 391 he, that the security of free government rests upon the morahty of the people and upon the maintenance of public order. In his first message to the Legislature, he said in part : Under every free government the happiness of the citizens must be identified with their morals; and while a constitutional exercise of their rights shall continue to have its due weight in the discharge of the duties required of the constitutional authorities of the State, too much attention cannot be bestowed to the encouragement and promotion of every moral virtue, and to the enactment of laws calculated to restrain the vicious, and prescribe punishment for every crime commensurate to its enormity. These words were uttered a hundred years ago by a young man in discharge of an official duty, but they afford as sound a basis today for the development of a healthy republican citi- zenship as they did when they were first penned. Mr. Toastmaster, I thank and congratulate your organiza- tion for honoring the memory and affording me the opportu- nity for recalling on this occasion the imperishable services of my brilliant predecessor of a hundred years ago, the Hon. Jonathan Jennings, the first Governor of Indiana. My subject affords a very wide range in which to conduct a discussion, but it is not my intention to venture very far afield. The founders of our government cut rather a large pattern, after which to fashion and develop American citizen- ship. In the preamble to the Declaration of American Inde- pendence they declared that "We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." A citizen of this government^ therefore, resting as it does upon this conception of the rights of man, might be reason- ably expected to recognize a very close relationship existing between him and his government and to feel very keenly the obligation he is under thereto. American citizenship is the first citizenship of the world. Life without liberty is without one of its very greatest charms. Liberty, without the right to go in pursuit of happi- ness, is not liberty; and so it is that the government that guarantees to its citizens the right to life, liberty and the pur- suit of happiness should enjoy the unswerving loyalty of its citizens. American citizenship deserves to be the first citizen- ship of the world. 392 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL A few days ago I had the honor, through the invitation of Col. Russell Harrison, to enjoy a noon luncheon in this city with an Archbishop of Servia and some of his friends. In the course of the conversation at the table, the interpreter con- veyed to me the information, that the Archbishop, responding to a remark I had addressed to him, desired to inform me that my country was recognized in foreign lands as "a basket of bread to the world." And my friends, it is this conception of our nation, held by so many people of other countries, that makes our nation mean more to humanity than any other nation on earth. Those, viewing us from afar as "a basket of bread to the world," have no difficulty in concluding that the material hope of mankind very largely rests with us. But if we are only to occupy this pinnacle before the world our basket must contain something more than bread for the physical man. It must have in it bread for the moral and intellectual man, and sufficient thereof to make him loyal and persistent in his pursuit of high ideals — ideals that are the flower and fruit of a humane and Christian civilization. The form of our government imposes very grave duties upon the individual citizen. In it he is given a voice in law making and law enforcement. If not directly, he is given this power indirectly through representation, and this lays upon him the gravest sort of responsibility. It obligates him to familiarize himself with public needs and to give his voice and service for the public welfare. When he does not do this, he is living below the standard of good citizenship and below what should be the standard of the average citizenship in this country. If the average citizen is not on the side of the pub- lic welfare, he does not deserve to be designated as a good citizen. The security and perpetuity of our government, local and national, abides with the average citizen. He bears its bur- dens whether they be imposed in peace or in war ; and for this reason, if no other, none should be more alert than he in the guidance of public affairs. He should be, in the best meaning of the term, a politician every day, looking to his "govern- ment's course — to its safety, peace and prosperity." When he adopts this view of his relation to his government, he feels more keenly his citizenly responsibility and appreciates more highly the exalted position occupied by the American citizen; for things are valued largely by what they cost. APPENDIX 393 The people of this country should not overlook the fact that they can have whatever kind of government they want — good, bad or indifferent. Their form of government is hard to improve upon; but this is not so of th^ administration of their public affairs within the sphere prescribed by their gov- ernment. The former is definitely fixed and can only be changed or modified according to prescribed procedure and after long and serious consideration; but the administration of their affairs depends upon the intelligence, industry, hon- esty and patriotism of those honored with official position. Too often the people are too indifferent in choosing their pub- lic servants and too reticent in demanding faithful service of them. Whenever this occurs the standard of citizenship is lowered. Mere croaking will avail nothing after an official wrong has been committed. It will not even prevent its repetition. Croakers get nowhere and get nothing except the grouch. It is the alert forward-looking citizen, with his finger on the public pulse and his eye in search of an opportunity to safe- guard public rights, who makes the greatest contribution to society. He is, in the broadest and best sense, a public servant. It is not enough for a man to be able to say he has kept the law and done no wrong. It is not sufficient for one to say he has done nothing against the peace and dignity of the State. Doing nothing is catching, and it cannot be said that those who do nothing are a blessing to society. While I would not say they are bad citizens, I would characterize them as passive citizens, standing for nothing that is progressive, holy and uplifting. Their failure or inability to touch elbows with each other does not release them from their obligation to their neighbor. The man who does nothing is not needed any- where. He is not wanted at either the Work House or the Penal Farm. It is emphatically true in a republic, if any- where, that no man liveth unto himself. What is the test of good citizenship? May it not be rea- sonably said that the proper standard of citizenship requires the citizen, free from misfortune, to do more for his govern- ment and for society than they do for him? Judged by this standard, what a colossal figure Washington becomes ! What an inspiring model his life is after which the humblest citizen may in some degree fashion his own life ! Washington never 24—15997 394 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL sought an opportunity to get something from the public, but to the pubhc he gave his abihty and service; for the pubhc he suffered and poured out his blood and treasure; and for free government and humanity, he staked his life in war to cast off of his nation the yoke of tyranny — his nation now the light of the world! A proper conception of citizenship in this country does not limit one to a consideration of only ethical questions. Society can make no headway toward the lofty things of life in the absence of material progress. This is a significant fact. The founders of our republic recognized it as such, and they evi- denced their belief in thrift by throwing constitutional safe- guards about contractual rights. Without these safeguards property rights would have no protection whether they con- sist of labor or of money. Thrift is a guarantee against dependency upon another. It begets in man self-pride, and the man who stands for any- thing worth while must have some self-pride. When self-pride is lacking much of the tonic of life is absent. Self-esteem is akin to self-respect. It spurs a man on in his efforts to support those for whom he is responsible. When he is with- out this ambition, he is indifferent to the blessings of thrift and is numbered among the laggards of society. This occasion is notable also because it emphasizes the im- portance of thrift by paying tribute to the genius of industry. This is Products Day in Indiana — a day set apart for increas- ing the knowledge of and the pride in our home industries. No better time could be found for pledging ourselves to say and do the things in the future that are best calculated to develop our material possibilites, to inspire our people with stronger faith in themselves; and to preserve from impurity and safe- guard at every turn our state's institutions. Can we not with propriety in contemplation of the grandeur of our State and the immortal principles of our nation, recall, as an evidence of our faith in American citizen- ship, the lines of Longfellow: Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! Sail on, O Union, strong and great! Humanity with all its fears. With all the hopes of future years, Is hanging breathless on thy fate! APPENDIX 395 Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea! Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee. Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, Our faith triumphant o'er our fears, Are all with thee — are all with thee. Address of Governor Samuel M. Ralston at Fayette County Centennial, Connersville, Ind., July 6, 1916 Ladies and Gentlemen : I have made a hurried trip to join you on this historic occasion. I appreciate this opportunity to greet you with a few words and to participate with you a few minutes in the* reception you have planned. I am always glad to come out among the people of our State. When I do so, I alwaj^s gather renewed strength and become more ambitious properly to discharge my official duties. I am a great believer in the value of public meetings. They afford an opportunity for the people to become better acquainted with one another, and in the degree the people be- come better acquainted, the more they will take counsel with one another, touching the welfare of their neighborhoods; and it is this sort of thing that adds to the value of our citizen- ship. Under our theory of government, we are essentially a self-governing people, but we cannot govern ourselves intelli- gently as a nation unless we know one another and are fa- miliar with public needs. I think it would be a most difficult task to fix a just value upon the services rendered the public by the old "town meet- ing" that was so prevalent in the formative period of our na- tion and which yet plays a most important part in the local affairs in some of our Eastern States. I wish we might in- augurate in this State a custom of having an annual meeting in our counties, touching county affairs, and one in our town- ships, touching township affairs, before the officials in these respective units of government, through the operation of law, would have to take steps touching the raising and expending of public funds. If such a custom were inaugurated and par- ticipated in, in the proper spirit, the good it would accomplish would be immeasurable. This is a great year in the history of Indiana. It is a very appropriate time for the people to make new resolves, dedicat- ing themselves to higher and nobler purposes than has hereto- fore characterized their lives. Here in this rich valley the 396 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL people have always, I am glad to say, been most solicitous for the welfare of their State, and have done their part in the de- velopment and strengthening of their commonwealth. The series of meetings you have been having, in recognition of our state's one hundredth anniversary, speaks louder than it is possible for words to do of your devotion to Indiana, her people and her institutions. I believe that out of these centennial meetings we are hav- ing, wonderful good is going to come to our State. I believe many things will be achieved and many movements put on foot of a permanent character, that will stand as reminders of the hope and ambition of our people for the future of our State. Many things will be done in recognition of the virtues of those who in the earlier days of our statehood con- tributed so mightily in laying the foundation of our institu- tions. I am ambitious to see many things done in recognition of the pioneers of Hoosierdom; and of these there is just one to which I shall pause long enough on this occasion to direct your attention. We never grow tired in honoring men for their heroic achievements, but I think you will agree with me, that, as a people, we have been a little tardy in recognizing the heroic women of our commonwealth. I want Indiana, in this her centennial year, to recognize in a substantial, in a most appro- priate and lasting way, her pioneer mothers. Our pioneer fathers achieved greatly; but our pioneer mothers achieved mightily. They have both done their duty in this respect — grandly done it. The pioneer father wielded the axe. He felled the forest. He builded the cabin. He cleared a place in the heart of the wilderness, that the seed of civilization might be planted there. But in his labors, the pioneer mother was his constant companion. While he wielded the axe, she rocked the cradle. While he prepared, the truck patch, she used the spinning wheel and the loom. While he cared for the stock, she cared for the children. The difference in their services, though both essential to the development of our State and country, is very largely the difference between materiality and immortality. Motherhood has not been honored as it should have been in our civilization, and yet in every period of the world's his- tory the best sense of mankind has done it honor. The proud- APPENDIX 397 est station to be occupied, in my judgment, in this world, is that of motherhood. It hopeth all things, believeth all things, endureth all things. It stands for the nobility of character as does no other influence. Its admonitions are as gentle and as compassionate as are the whispers of the angels. Well may we do it honor! Many centuries ago the Roman people set us a good ex- ample in honoring motherhood. When on one occasion a so- ciety woman exhibited her jewels to Cornelia, a noble mother, the latter referring to her sons, exclaimed, "These are my jewels," and through these sons she brought a new moral force and a nobler conception of life to the Roman people; and in appreciation of her motherhood and of her services to her country, through her motherhood, there was erected in the Roman Forum in her lifetime, a statue in her honor, on which was inscribed, "Cornelia, The Mother of the Gracchi." We should not do less in this centennial year of our State than to erect a monument to the pioneer women of Indiana and inscribe thereon a fitting sentiment to motherhood. Address of Governor Samuel M. Ralston at the Unveil- ing Exercises, South Entrance to State House, October 9, 1916 Miss Landers and Ladies: It is an honor to have a word of participation in this event. While the marker we here unveil has not entailed a large outlay in labor and money, it indicates none the less a high degree of civic virtue on the part of the Caroline Scott Harrison Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion. Public contributions of this character go a great ways in aligning our citizenship back of forward-looking move- ments. What we do here today will encourage others to do something worth while, if not on a large scale, for the public welfare. This fountain will be a constant reminder so long as it shall endure of two very significant historic events — ^the building of the Old Trails road and the one hundredth anni- versary of Indiana's admission into the Union. Both of these events are of great importance to our State and her citizen- ship. The Old Trails road had played a very prominent part in the civilization of our country. It was born of a patriotic spirit when Thomas Jefferson introduced into Congress his 398 THE INDIANA CENTENNIAL famous resolution of 1806 looking to its construction, and while it was not constructed until several years thereafter, the movement for its building launched so early in the nine- teenth century showed the v/onderful vision our early states- men had of the essential factors in our national development. The Old Trails road upon its construction at once became the means of establishing a closer relationship between the people of the eastern and central sections of our country. Fam- ilies in search of new homes in this section traveled over it. Much of the commerce, though at best in very small volumes, was transported on it, and it would be hard indeed to estimate the part it played in the development of our country. The Daughters of the American Revolution who are con- nected by blood with the founders of our nation do v/ell in making this gift to the Hoosier State. Their action in this respect is akin to other movements aroused by the spirit of this centennial year. Many things are being done in Indiana this year that will give the generations of a hundred years hence a pretty accurate idea of our sense of appreciation of our pioneer fathers and mothers and of their work, and of our conception of the obligations we are under to future genera- tions. As an immediate outgrowth of the spirit kindled by our centennial, many volumes and bulletins will be published per- taining to the growth of our State and the principles and factors entering into its making. I wish it might have been possible for every person — especially for every child of school age — to have witnessed the different pageants that have been staged at different points throughout the State as a part of our centennial celebration. A few days ago I witnessed one at Riverside Park. I was impressed with the knowledge shown by our pageant master, Mr. Langdon, of the history of the Hoosier State, and the splendid genius he exhibited in constructing it into the pageant he exhibited on the banks of White river in Riverside Park. As I watched the unfold- ing of its different units, I was profoundly impressed with the greatness of the people of whose experiences and life it in a measure reflected; and in common with others I was moved with emotion upon witnessing the scene recalling the birth — that is, the admission of Indiana into the Union. No man could witness that pageant in the proper spirit without APPENDIX 399 being impressed with a deeper sense of duty as a citizen, and reminded of the debt of gratitude he should acknowledge him- self under to all those v/hose participation made the event possible. This year has also witnessed another movement that will be of great advantage to our State and her citizenship. Out of the centennial spirit has come the movement for a system of state parks throughout Indiana. I think all are agreed upon the importance of preserving some of the beauty spots of our Hoosier landscape that are suitable for meeting places to which the people may resort in search of rest and comfort, and where they may assemble for social improvement and the discussion of questions of public import and in the inter- est of the public welfare. Those who have backed this movement have rendered our State an invaluable service, and the result of their labors will in a very large measure influence others to discharge efficiently their civic obligations. It is my judgment that the celebra- tion of our state's centenary, December 11th — the one hun- dredth anniversary of her admission into the Union — will find our people with a finer civic conscience, a higher standard of public service and a much larger outlook upon her future, than would have been possible in the absence of such celebra- tions. Speaking for the people of Indiana, I want to thank the Indiana Daughters of the American Revolution for this foun- tain. It is a most appropriate gift to their commonwealth. It is a beautiful expression of the centennial spirit, and its historic significance suggests the inseparable connection of our State with the other sections of our common country. The fountain of pure water that will here constantly flow will remind the traveler on the Old Trails road of Hoosier hospitality and of the ceaseless interest of Indiana people in American citizenship. Here the rich and the poor, the mighty and the weak, may meet upon a level, to quench their thirst and renew their strength for the doing of the task their ambition has set before them. Miss Landers, I again thank you and your organization, in the name of Indiana, for this beautiful and serviceable gift to our State, and with a heart of appreciation I accept it, and dedicate it to the purposes for which it is designed. Words by Sarah T. Bolton. W«/A spirited diznity. Music by Corinnk L. Barcus. T^-=t J-0 « -^-0z^- =^:: *-8-S 1— ^' The wind of Heav - en nev - er fanned, The circ-ling sun - light i-f^ — I 1 n*» -I x=^ =1 1 ^*1 — 1 Li« -a — -^ — 1-= — 'y-l — 1 ^ i -J:zzzz—w:rz9z-iTj^zi:^r.zz.t nev-er spanned The bor-ders of a fair-er land, Than our own In-di- --4— -D- ^- •■• -S- -•• ■«- -•- J ••■ ■•• "•■ ■*" "•" I-S* 1 1— & — l~fy i i i CoPytight tgis by C. L. Barcus. Indiana Slogan (400) INDEX Prepared by Mrs. Edward Franklin White ACT OF SEPARATION, page dividing territories of Indiana and Illinois in 1809 17 ADAMS COUNTY, observance of centennial 75 ADDRESSES, Barrett, Edward, at Coatesville 170 Baylor, Adelaide Steele, at Monticello 275 at Rensselaer 180 at Rockville 229 Beer, Margaret Cameron, at Valparaiso 235 Bell, Mayor Joseph E., Home Coming Day, Indianapolis 284 Bettinger, Albert, at Tell City 231 Bookwalter, Charles A., Home Coming Day at Indianapolis.. 284 Brady, A. W., at Anderson 197 Brinkerhoif, J. D., at Garrett 105 Brown, Rev. L. E., at Connersville 118 at Medora 177 Cartwright, Edgar, at Anderson 197 Cavanaugh, Rev. John, at Brookville 127 at Corydon 138, 147 at Laporte 193 Cox, W. E., at Huntingburg 110 Dailey, Frank C, at Corydon 138 Durham, J. Shreve, at Plymouth 203 Dye, Charity, at Brookville 127 at Brazil 97 at Columbia City .' 279 at Columbus 82 at Crawfordsville 221 at Kokomo 173 at Lebanon 86 at South Bend 248 at Troy township. Fountain county 124 before district conventions of Federation of Clubs ... 27, 35 Elliott, Lucy M., Clio Club, Indianapolis 200 at Valparaiso 235 Ellis, Dr. Horace, Marion township, Boone county 89 Esarey, Logan, at Monticello 275, 276 Fairbanks, Charles W., at Corydon 138 Forkner, J. L., at Anderson 197 Fortune. Judge James W., at Scottsburg 241 Foster, S. M., at Columbia City 279 Foulke, William Dudley, Admission Day exercises, Indianapolis 352 Gillard, Rev. E. L., at Wabash 265 Hall, A. M., Jefferson township, Boone county 88 at Liberty 259 Hough, Will A., at Carthage 240 House, J. M., at Vincennes 186 Jaynes, Rev. Frank E., at Wabash 265 Jewett, Col. Charles J., at Scottsburg 241 % r4oi) 402 INDEX ADDRESSES— Continued page Kelley, Robert L., at Anderson 197 at Salem 269 Kiper, Judge Roscoe, at Boonville 268 Kuhlman, Colonel Aubrey L., Admission Day exercises, In- dianapolis 349 La Tourette, Captain Schuyler, at Troy township, Fountain county 124 Lieber, Richard, Home Coming Day, at Indianapolis 284 Lindley, Professor Harlow, Ohio Valley Historical Association 324 at Wabash 265 Lowe, Judge J. M., Centennial Highway Day, at Indianapolis 310 McMillan, Wheeler, at Troy township, Fountain county 124 made by all members of Indiana Historical Commission and others in campaign of education 27 Miller, Dick, at Bluffton 274 at Brazil 97 Milroy, Charles, Delphi 94 Moores, Merrill, at Corydon 138, 154 O'Bannon, Lew M., at Crawfordsville 221 at New Albany 121 O'Donnell, Patrick H., at Delphi 93 at Valparaiso 235 Osborn, Chase, at Kentland 224 Palmer, H^-riott C, at Franklin 183 Paxson, Professor Frederic L., Ohio Valley Historical Asso- ciation 330 Pearson, Rev. Morton C, at Crawfordsville 220 Ralston, Governor Samuel M., Admission Day exercises, Indi- anapolis 347 at Aurora 101 at Brookville 127 at Connersville 395 at Indianapolis Board of Trade dinner 390 at Indianapolis Home Coming Day 284 at Lebanon 90 at Panama-Pacific Exposition 375 at Shelbyville 242 Rettger, Prof. Louis J., at Batesville 239 Ridley, Judge William, at Corydon 138 Rigdon, Dr. Jonathan, at Warsaw 190 Schell, Dr., at Wabash 265 Stansfield, Rev. Joshua, at Swayzee 131 Strauss, Juliet V., at Monticello 275 Stump, W. D., at Garrett 105 Taft, William H., County Day at Indianapolis 290 Trueblood, Willard O., at Salem 269 Van Nuys, H. E., Washington township, Boone county 89 Watson, Hon. James E., at Connersville 118 at Crawfordsville 221 at Yeddo, Fountain county 124 Waugh, Judge Dan, at Tipton 258 Wharton, Rev. Chester W., Delphi 94 Whicker, J. Wesley, at Troy township. Fountain county 124 White, Former Congressman Michael, at Waynetown 220 Wiley, U. Z., at New Albany 121 Wilson, George R., at Huntingburg 110 Wilson, President Woodrow, Centennial Highway Day, Indian- apolis 301 Winship, Dr. A. E., at Franklin 183 INDEX 403 ADDRESSES— Continued page Woodburn, Professor James A., Admission Day exercises, In- dianapolis 357 at Franklin 183 at Lebanon 90 Woodward, Walter C, at Lebanon 86 Board of Trade, Indianapolis 201 Worthington, B. A., Board of Trade, Indianapolis 201 Wynn, Dr. Frank B., at Lebanon 90 at South Bend 248 Zoercher, Philip, at Greensburg 102 at Tell City 231 ADE, GEORGE, See Authors. compiled greetings and home coming invitations for centen- nial 28, 283 "Girls of Indiana" given at Salem celebration 270 given on Centennial Educational Day at Indianapolis.. 314 ADMISSION DAY, See Various Counties. address of Governor Ralston 347 celebration at Indianapolis, December 11, 1916 18, 344 centennial address by Dr. James A. Woodburn 357 communication from Historical Commission concerning its ob- servance 343 ADMISSION TO UNION, centenary celebrated at Indianapolis December 11, 1916 344 enabling act passed 17 featured in Elkhart county pageant 115 in Franklin county pageant 126 in Irvington pageant 201 in Monticello pageant 278 in Vincennes pageant 189 AGRICULTURE, achievements in Indiana 384 ALLEN COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial 76 ART, See John Herron Art Institute. exhibits in Fine Arts building feature of Centennial Educa- tional Day at Indianapolis 311 Torch of Art and Literature featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318, 321 ATHLETICS, Olympic Games on sixth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indian- apolis 291 AUTHORS, night of celebration for Indiana authors on ninth day of Cen- tennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 298 AUTOMOBILES, See Highways; Parades. presentation, by Elwood Haynes, of a new Haynes car for the oldest one found in Indiana 310 404 INDEX BADOLLET, JOHN, PAGE member of Constitutional Convention, 1816 1" BANQUET, feature of celebration of Centennial Educational Day at In- dianapolis 314 BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial 82 BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS, progress in Indiana 385 BENTON COUNTY, observance of centennial 84 BERTHA BALLARD HOME, represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 296 BLACKFORD COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 85 BLOOMFIELD, observance of centennial 131 BLOOMINGTON, classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 pageant considered as laboratory pageant for instruction of state 211 presented pageant 39 BOARD OF STATE CHARITIES, See State Charities. commended in address by Governor Ralston at Corydon 142 BOAT LOAD OF KNOWLEDGE, featured in Mt. Vernon pageant 237 BOONE COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 erected tablets on sites of first schoolhouse and church 43 observance of centennial 86 BOONVILLE, presented pageant 267 BOOTS, MARTIN, memorials honoring memory in Grant county 131 BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA, represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 294, 296 represented in Public Health parade at Indianapolis 299 BOYS' SCHOOL AT PLAINFIELD, classification of pageant ■ 41 presented pageant 170 BROOKVILLE, presented pageant 126 BROWN COUNTY, observance of centennial 91 INDEX 405 BROWNSTOWN, PAGE presented pageant 178 BUFFALO TRACE, See Trails. BURNS, LEE, short history of beginnings of state 15-18 BUTLER COLLEGE, represented in Centennial Educational Day at Indianapolis.. 313 CAMP MORTON, memorial erected on site in Indianapolis 43 by School No. 45 200 CANALS, featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318, 321 CANBY, pioneer school in Crawfordsville celebrated in playlet 219 CANNELTON, presented pageant 233 CAPITALS, Corydon chosen new territorial capital, 1813 17 featured in Evansville pageant 260 fixing Indianapolis as capital featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 321 Vincennes established as territorial capital, 1800 16 Vincennes featured in pageant at Vincennes 189 CAPITOLS, purchase of old State House at Corydon 48 CARROLL COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 court house as centennial memorial 43 » observance of centennial 91 CASS COUNTY, classification of pageant 41, 73 observance of centennial 94 scenic property lost through lack of public spirit 48 CATHOLIC CHURCHES, See Missionaries. represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 295 CAVANAUGH, REV. JOHN, See Addresses. appointed member of Indiana Historical Commission by Gov- ernor Ralston 23 delivered address at Corydon celebration 138, 147-154 CELEBRATIONS, See Centennial Celebrations; County Celebrations; State Celebrations. CENSUS, of territory in 1800 16 of territory in 1815 17 406 INDEX CENTENNIAL, PAGE appointment of chairmen and committees 27 campaign of education in preparation 26-35 climax to Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 321 featured in Bloomington pageant 216 in Spencer county pageant 246 in Valparaiso pageant 236 memorials erected 42-44 of Indiana's admission to the Union, work of Historical Com- mission 24 State Parks as memorials 45-55 two weeks' Jubilee celebration at Indianapolis, October 2-15, 1916 280 CENTENNIAL ADDRESS, by Dr. James A. Woodburn at Admission Day exercises at Indianapolis 357 CENTENNIAL CAVALCADE, County Day celebration fifth day of Jubilee at Indianapolis. . 288 participation by Harrison county 168 Hendricks county 169 Huntington county 174, 176, 177 JeflFerson county 181 Montgomery county 221 Ripley county 240 representative from Adams county 76 Allen county 81 Bartholomew county 84 Carroll county 94 Clark county 97 Clinton county 99 Daviess county 101 Dubois county 113 Floyd county 124 Franklin county 127 Greene county 131 Howard county 173 Jackson county 179 Jay county 181 Johnson county 185 Lagrange county . 192 Lake county 193 Madison county 199 Miami county 208 Orange county 225 Parke county 230 Shelby county 243 Spencer county 247 Tipton county 258 Union county 260 Vigo county 264 Wabash county 265 Wayne county 273 Wells county 274 White county 279 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS, counties 71-279 outline of county celebrations by Director of Historical Com- mission 71-76 State, Indiana Centennial Jubilee 280 INDEX 407 CENTENNIAL EDUCATIONAL DAY, PAGE celebrated on twelfth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indian- apolis 310 CENTENNIAL HIGHWAY DAY, address by President Wilson on south side of monument 301 celebrated on eleventh day of Centennial Jubilee at Indian- apolis 300 CENTENNIAL MEDAL, designing and execution by Miss Janet Scudder 56, 57 distribution of different issues 57 CENTENNIAL ODE, by William Dudley Foulke read at Admission Day exercises at Indianapolis 352 CHAPPELL, MRS. HELEN WARRUM, sang at Admission Day exercises at Indianapolis, December 11, 1916 346, 371 CHILD WELFARE EXHIBIT, at Plymouth, Marshall county 203 CHURCH FEDERATION, represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 294 CHURCHES, See Missionaries. announcement of first Sunday School featured in processional pageant at Indianapolis 296 celebration of centennial by sermons on seventh day of Jubilee at Indianapolis 281, 297 early churches featured in Rockville pageant 229 featured in pageant at Franklin 184 first United Brethren church of 1808 represented in proces- sional pageant at Indianapolis 294 memorial marking first church in Boone county 88 observance of centennial in Allen county 81 in Boone county „ 88 in Dubois county 110 in Fayette county 118 in Franklin county 127 in Grant county 131 in Kosciusko county 190 in Marshall county 203 in Miami county 207 in Montgomery county 220 in St. Joseph county 248 m Shoals in Martin county 204 in Wabash county 265 processional pageant on ninth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 293 CIRCUIT RIDER, featured in Bartholomew county pageant 83 in Fayette county pageant 119 in pageant at Boys' School 170 in Petersburg pageant 234 408 INDEX CIVIL WAR, PAGE featured in Bartholomew county pageant. 84 in Boonville pageant 267 in Cannelton pageant 233 in Cass county pageant 96 in Crawfordsville pageant 223 in Decatur county pageant 103 in Dubois county pageant 112 in Earlham pageant, Richmond 273 in Elkhart county pageant 115 in Evansville pageant 260 in Fayette county pageant 119 in Franklin county pageant . 126 in Franklin pageant, Johnson county 185 in Marion pageant 130 in Michigan City pageant 194 in Monticello pageant 278 in Owensville pageant 129 in pageant at Boys' School 170 in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318, 321 in parade in Delaware county. 106 in Posey county pageant 237 in Rockville pageant 229 in Salem pageant 270 in Shelbyville pageant 243 in Spencer county pageant 246 in Spencer pageant, Owen county 226 in Troy pageant 232 in Valparaiso pageant 236 in Waveland pageant 220 CLARK COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 96 CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS, expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes 15 featured in Dubois county pageant 112 in Floyd county pageant 122 in pageant at Boys' School 170 in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318 CLAY COUNTY, observance of centennial. 97 CLERMONT, GIRLS' SCHOOL, presented pageant 196 CLINTON, Vermillion county celebration 262 CLINTON COUNTY, classification of pageant 41, 73 observance of centennial 98 COATESVILLE, observance of centennial 170 COLFAX, SCHUYLER, featured in South Bend pageant 252 memorial honoring memory erected in South Bend 42, 249 INDEX 409 COLLEGES, PAGE pageant presented at Earlham 273 at Franklin 185 at Purdue 255 at State University 212 at Wabash 223 represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 296 COLUMBUS, presented pageant 82 CONNERSVILLE, centennial memorial hospital and drinking fountain 43 presented pageant 118 CONSTITUTION, need of changes suggested in address by Dr. James A. Wood- burn, Admission Day 370 CONSTITUTION OF 1816, adapted from constitutions of other states 18 followed principles of Ordinance of 1787 380 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1816, featured in Corydon pageant , . . , 166 in pageant at Boys' School 170 in session at Corydon 17 members and procedure 17, 18 session described in address by Merrill Moores at Corydon celebration 159 CONSTITUTIONAL ELM, See Trees. featured in Corydon celebration 138 sessions of Constitutional Convention of 1816 held under it. . 18 CORYDON, classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 Constitutional Convention in session 1816 17 featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318 first General Assembly, 1816 18 history as state capital commemorated in pageant 165 organization effected to promote centennial 137 presented pageant 165 territorial capital in 1813 17 CORYDON STATE HOUSE, featured in Corydon pageant 166 replica in Centennial Cavalcade and exhibited in State Capitol 168 COUNTY CELEBRATIONS, Adams county 75 Allen county 76 Bartholomew county 82 Benton county 84 Blackford county 85 Boone county 86 Carroll county 91 Cass county 94 classified as to extent of interest 40, 41, 73, 74 Daviess county 100 Decatur county 101 Dekalb county 104 25—15997 . 410 INDEX COUNTY CELEBRATIONS— Continued page Delaware county 105 Dubois county 107 Elkhart county 113 Fayette county 117 Floyd county 121 Fountain county 124 Franklin county 124 Grant county 129 Harrison county 134 Henry county 171 Huntington county 174 Jackson county 177 Jasper county 180 Johnson county 183 Kosciusko county 190 Lagrange county 191 Lake county 192 Madison county 196, 197 Marshall county 203 Miami county 204 Montgomery county 217 Owen county 225 Parke county 226 Perry county 230 Pike county 233 Porter county 234 Posey county 236 Ripley county 239 Rush county 240 St. Joseph county. 248 Scott county 241 Shelby county 241 Spencer county 243 Union county 258 Vanderburgh county 260 Vermillion county 261 Warrick county 266 V/ashington county 268 White county 274 COUNTY DAY, See Centennial Cavalcade. fifth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 288 CRAWFORD COUNTY, observance of centennial 99 CRAWFORDSVILLE, presented pageant 221 CULVER BLACK HORSE TROOP, featured in pageant at Plymouth 204 DAILEY, FRANK C, delivered address at Corydon celebration 138 DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, See Women's Clubs. unveiling of fountain on State House grounds 397 DAVIESS COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 100 INDEX 411 DEARBORN COUNTY, page classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 101 DECATUR COUNTY, classification of pageant 41, 73 float containing reproduction of court house tower in centen- nial parade 104 observance of centennial 101 DEKALB COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 104 DELAWARE COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 105 DELPHI, erected memorial for Milroy family 42, 94 DE PAUW, JOHN, member Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 DISCOVERY DAY, celebrated in conjunction with centennial in Vermillion county 262 DISEASE PREVENTION DAY, observation in Indiana 387 DOMESDAY, A HOOSIER, subject of address by Prof. Paxson before Ohio Valley His- torical Association 332 DOOLEY, MRS. RUFUS, paraphrase of poem "Work" contributed to centennial prepa- rations 227 DOW, LORENZO, featured in Bloomington pageant 214 DUBOIS, CAPTAIN, featured in Dubois county pageant 112 DUBOIS COUNTY, classification of pageants 40, 73 erected marker on Freeman boundary survey line 43 observance of centennial 107 DUNES, featured in pageant at Michigan City 194 DYE, MISS CHARITY, See Addresses; Pageant Authors. appointed member of Indiana Historical Commission by Gov- ernor Ralston 23 EARLHAM COLLEGE, See Schools. classification of pageant 40 presentation of pageant, Richmond 271 represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 296 26—1599" 412 INDEX EARLY LIFE IN INDIANA, PAGE See Pioneers; Relics. described in address by Professor Harlow Lindley before Ohio Valley Historical Association 327 early history recited in address by Merrill Moores at Corydon celebration 155, 156 feature of centennial observance in Anderson 197, 198 in Boone county 89, 90 in Carroll county 93 in Cass county 96 in Dekalb county 104, 105 in Liberty, Union county 259 feature of exhibit at Fort Wayne 81 feature of Home Coming Day at Pendleton 196 feature of pageant in Bartholomew county 83 in Decatur county 103 in Dubois covmty 112 in Elkhart county 115 in Fayette county 119 in Floyd county 122 in Franklin 184 in Franklin county 126 in Monticello 277 in Petersburg 234 in Plymouth 204 in Shelbyville 243 in South Bend 252 in Troy 232 in Waveland 220 feature of parade in Delaware county 106 in Hartford City 85 subject of address in Clark county celebration 97 EAST CHICAGO, presented pageant, in schools 192 EDUCATION, campaign for centennial observance 26-35 Centennial Educational Day celebrated on twelfth day of Cen- tennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 310 Constitution of 1816 first to provide for system 18, 160 featured in Bloomington pageant 211, 214 in Purdue pageant 256 in Spencer county pageant 246 historical material adopted in school curriculum 34 progress in educational legislation reviewed by Governor Ral- ston at Panama-Pacific Exposition .• • • • ^^^ subject of elaborate pantomime on Centennial Educational Day at Indianapolis o 312 ELKHART, presented pageant 114 ELKHART COUNTY, classification of pageant 41, 73 observance of centennial 113 ELLIOTT, LUCY M., See Addresses. assisted in campaign of education 27 chosen assistant director Historical Commission 24 INDEX 413 ENABLING ACT, page providing for admission of Indiana to Union 17 ENGLISH POSSESSIONS, Indiana acquii-ed from French 15 posts yielded to George Rogers Clark 15 EVANSVILLE, classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 presented pageant 262 EXHIBITS, See Relics. feature of Centennial EdvTcational Day at Indianapolis 311 of relics, costumes, furniture, china, dolls, etc., at John Herron Art Institute during October, 1916 315 EXPLORERS, featured in Rockport pageant 246 in Valparaiso pageant 236 FAIRBANKS, CHARLES W., delivered address at Corydon celebration 138 FARMERS' INSTITUTES, assistance in centennial observance in Boone county 93 FARMERS' LOAN AND CREDIT BANK, subject of address by President Wilson at Tomlinson Hall, on Centennial Highway Day 310 FAYETTE COUNTY, address of Governor Ralston at centennial 395 classification of pageant. 41, 73 erected memorial hospital and public drinking fountain 43 observance of centennial 117 FLAG, drill and singing by massed school children on Centennial Educational Day at Indianapolis 313 featured in Monticello pageant 278 loaned by Knights of Columbus carried in Centennial Caval- cade 289 FLAG OF INDIANA, designing of pageant flag by William Chauncy Langdon 322 FLOYD COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 121 FORT SACKVILLE, featured in pageant at Boys' School 170 at Vincennes 189 at Indianapolis 318 FORT WAYNE, classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 Moose Lodge home as centennial memorial 43 presented pageant 76 FOSTER, SAMUEL M., See Addresses. appointed member of Indiana Historical Commission by Gov- ernor Ralston 23 414 INDEX FOULKE, WILLIAM DUDLEY, page Centennial Ode read at Admission Day exercises, at Indian- apolis 352 FOUNTAIN CITY, WAYNE COUNTY, observance of centennial 271 FOUNTAIN COUNTY, observance of centennial. 124 FRANCES SLOCUM DAY, See Slocum, Frances. feature of celebration in Miami county 207 FRANKFORT, presented pageant 98 FRANKLIN, presented pageant 184 FRANKLIN COLLEGE, featured in pageant at Franklin 184 representation in religious and educational parades of state celebration 185 FRANKLIN COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 124 roll of honor of famous men and women 125 FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS, review first day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 282 FRENCH POSSESSIONS, Indiana yielded to English 15 FRENCH SETTLERS, featured in Dubois county pageant Ill in South Bend pageant 250 FRIENDS, See Quakers. FRIENDS CHURCH, assistance in observance of centennial in Wayne county 271 celebration of centennial Sunday in Indiana, October 8th .... 297 observance of centennial in Wabash county 265 pi'esentation of Earlham pageant 271 FULTON COUNTY, observance of centennial 127 FURSTE, MISS MARY, leader of counties in Centennial Cavalcade as "Miss Indiana" 176, 289 GENERAL ASSEMBLY, first met at Corydon 1816 18 GIBSON COUNTY, observance of centennial 127 GIRLS' SCHOOL AT CLERMONT, pageant given for National Conference of Charities and Cor- rection 199 GOOD ROADS, See Highways; Roads. INDEX 415 GOVERNORS, page See Ralston, Governor Samuel M. Alvin P. Hovey, featured in Posey county pageant 236 Jonathan Jennings and Samuel M. Ralston linked at Indiana Products Day dinner at Indianapolis 390 Jonathan Jennings elected first Governor, 1816 18 messages to be arranged in one volume tty Historical Com- mission 60 times of Governors Jennings and Ralston contrasted in ad- dress by Prof. James A. Woodburn 357 William Henry Harrison, of territory 16 GRANT COUNTY, classification of pageants 40, 73 observance of centennial 129 GREENE COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 131 GREENSBURG, prepared pageant, spoiled by rain 103 HAMILTON COUNTY, observance of centennial 132 HANCOCK COUNTY, erected memorial at public library in Greenfield 43 obsei'vance of centennial 132 HANNA, ROBERT, member of Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 HARRISON, BENJAMIN, featured in pageant at Boys' School 170 HARRISON, CHRISTOPHER, first Lieutenant-Governor, 1816 18 HARRISON COUNTY, observance of centennial 134 HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY, featured in pageant at Dubois county 112 at Boys' School 170 at Indianapolis 318 first territorial governor 16 plan for creating Indiana Territory 16 HAY, JOHN, memorial erected at Salem 42 HEALTH, See Public Health. HENDRICKS COUNTY, observance of centennial 169 HENDRICKS, THOMAS A., featured in Shelby ville pageant 243 HENDRICKS, WILLIAM, first state representative to Congress, 1816 18 secretary Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 416 INDEX HENRY COUNTY, page classification of pageants 40, 73 observance of centennial 171 HIGHWAYS, See Old Trails Road; Roads; Trails. Centennial Highway Day celebrated on eleventh day of Cen- tennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 300 markers erected on Michigan Road at Indianapolis 200 locating historic highways and trails 43, 200 HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, See Indiana Historical Society; Ohio Valley Historical Association. meeting at Crown Point centennial celebration 192 organized in Decatur county 102 Jackson county 178 Johnson county 183 Owen county 225 Spencer county 247 Whitley county 279 plans for permanent home in Elkhart county 116 Porter county erected markers for old Sac trail and first schoolhouse 235 promoted centennial observance in Laporte county 193 in Washington county 268 in White county 274 HISTORY, beginnings of state 15-18 of Indiana, work of Indiana Historical Commission 23 study in schools and clubs in preparation for Centennial . . . 33, 35, 75 HOLMAN, JESSE, member Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 HOME COMING DAY, second day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 283 HOME COMING INVITATIONS, compiled by George Ade for Centennial 28 HOOSIER DOMESDAY, A, subject of address by Prof. Paxson before Ohio Valley His- torical Association 330 HOOSIER SCHOOLMASTER, THE, dramatized and pi-esented by schools in Benton county 85 in Clinton county 99 in Shelbyville 242 feature of school observance in Benton county 85 featured in pageant at Boys' School 170 HOVEY, ALVIN P., featured in Posey county pageant 237 HOWARD COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 172 HUNTINGBURG, presented pageant 110 INDEX 417 HUNTINGTON COUNTY, page classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 174 HYMN TO INDIANA, See Music. words 216 words and music 372 INDIANA, admission to the Union 15 beginnings of the state 15-18 beginnings described by Prof. Paxson in address, "A Hoosier Domesday" 3.32 in address by Professor Harlow Lindley before Ohio Valley Historical Association 328 celebration of centennial announced by Governor Ralston in address at Panama-Pacific Exposition 388 centenary of admission to the Union celebrated at Indian- apolis, December 11, 1916 15, 344 Centennial Ode by William Dudley Foulke read at Admission Day exercises 352 change from sectionalism to unified community described by Prof. Paxson 336 Enabling Act providing for admission to statehood 17 foundations and history subject of address by Dr. James A. Woodburn, Admission Day 357 history and progress reviewed in address by Governor Ralston at Panama-Pacific Exposition 375 moving picture film prepared, showing development 31 noted men mentioned by Governor Ralston in address at Panama-Pacific Exposition 383 petitions for statehood 17 popular government first established in Indiana 16 review of changes and progress given in pageant for one week during Centennial Jubilee 317 territorial government established . 16 INDIANA AUTHORS' NIGHT, series of dramatizations presented on ninth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis • 298 INDIANA CENTENNIAL JUBILEE, two weeks' celebration at Indianapolis, October 2-15, 1916. . . 280 INDIANA HISTORICAL COMMISSION, See Addresses. appropriations for expenditures 24, 25 communication concerning observance of Admission Day. . . . 343 invited Ohio Valley Historical Association to meet in Indian- apolis during centennial 323 members, 1915 23, 24 met in business session at Corydon, Octobei% 1915 134 at South Bend, March 31 and April 1, 1916 248 at Vincennes, January, 1916 186 organization and scope 23-25 publications 58-61, 64 report of activities in 1915-1916 23-65 summary of activities in 1915-16 62-65 work commended in address by Governor Ralston, Home Com- ing Day at Indianapolis 285 418 INDEX INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, page named Chas. W. Moores member of Historical Commission. . . 23 INDIANA HYMN, See Hymn to Indiana. INDIANA PRODUCTS DAY, address by Governor Ralston at Board of Trade, Indianapolis 390 celebrated by Board of Trade at Indianapolis 201 February 22, 1916, set apart for Centennial observance 28 observance in Carroll county 93 in Decatur county 102 in Dubois county 109 in Fayette county 117 in Jay county at Portland 180 in Monticello 275 in Parke county 228 in Porter county 235 in Randolph county 238 in Shelbyville 242 in Tipton 258 in Tipton by Library League of Counties 257 INDIANA SLOGAN, words and music 400 INDIANA TERRITORY, divided from Illinois in 1809 17 established in 1800 16 INDIANA UNIVERSITY, See Colleges. Director of Indiana Historical Survey, Prof. James A. Wood- burn, made member of Historical Commission 23 presented pageant 212 presented summer course in pageantry, 1915 36 INDIANAPOLIS, Board of Trade celebrates Indiana Products Day 201, 390 marker for Michigan ' Road erected 200 for Old Trails road erected on State House grounds . . 200, 397 memorial commemorating Camp Morton erected 43, 200 observance of Admission Day 344 Ohio Valley Historical Association holds tenth annual meeting 323 presented pageant of Indiana 317 State Celebration — Centennial Jubilee. 280 INDIANS, featured in Allen county pageant 76-80 in Boonville pageant 267 in Cass county pageant 95 in Crawf ordsville pageant 222 in Decatur county pageant 103 in Delaware county pa.rade 106 in Dubois county pageant Ill, 112 in Elkhart county pageant 115 in Fayette county pageant 119 in Floyd county pageant 122 in Fort Wayne pageant 77 in Franklin county pageant 126 in Franklin pageant 184 in Irvington pageant 201 INDEX 419 INDIANS— Continued page in Marion pageant 130 in Monticello pageant " 276 in Mt. Vernon pageant 237 in Oakland City pageant 129 in Owensville pageant 128 in Peru pageant 205 in Plymouth pageant 203 in Rockport pageant 246 in Rockville pageant 229 in Salem pageant 269 in Shelbyville pageant 243 in South Bend pageant 250 in Spencer pageant 226 in Troy pageant 232 in Valparaiso pageant 236 in Vincennes pageant 189 in Waveland pageant 220 IRVINGTON, classification of pageant , 41, 73 pageant given by community 201 JACKSON COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 erected marker at intersection of Ten o'Clock and Grouseland Indian Treaty lines 43 observance of centennial 177 JASPER COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 179 JAY COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 hospital and court house as centennial memorials 43 obsei'vance of centennial 180 JEFFERSON COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 181 JENNINGS COUNTY— classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 182 JENNINGS, JONATHAN, featured in pageant at Boys' School 170 his times compared with present in address by Dr. James A. Woodburn, Admission Day 367 President of Constitutional Convention and Governor 17, 18 tribute paid to him in address by Governor Ralston at Corydon 139 at Indianapolis Board of Trade dinner 390 JEWISH CONGREGATION, represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 296 JOHN HERRON ART INSTITUTE, exhibit of fine and domestic arts during October, 1916. .280, 315 JOHNNY APPLESEED, featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318, 321 memorial erected at Fort Wayne 42 420 INDEX JOHNSON COUNTY, PAGE classification of pageants 40, 73 observance of centennial. , 182 JOHNSON, JOHN, member of Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 JUBILEE, two weeks' centennial celebration in Indianapolis, October 2-15, 1916 280 KASKASKIA, post attacked by George Rogers Clark 15 KETTLEBOROUGH, CHARLES B., prepared two volume book "Constitution Making in Indiana" for Historical Commission 58 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, in charge of fraternal parade in Centennial Jubilee at Indian- apolis 283 KNOX COUNTY, observance of centennial 185 organized in 1790 16 KOSCIUSKO COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 190 KUHLMAN, COLONEL AUBREY L., presented service medals for Third Infantry at Admission day exercises 348 response to presentation of medals by Governor Ralston 349 LABOR, parade on eighth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis.. 292 LADOGA, observance of centennial 219 LAFAYETTE, GENERAL, visit to Perry county, featured in Cannelton pageant 233 LAGRANGE, presented processional pageant 191 LAGRANGE COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 191 LAKE COUNTY, observance of centennial 192 LANGDON, WILLIAM CHAUNCY, author of Corydon pageant 165 chosen state pageant master 39, 208 course in pageantry at Indiana University 36, 208 LANTERN SLIDES, depicting liistorical development of Indiana 31 shown in Rensselaer 180 LAPORTE, presented pageant 194 INDEX 421 LAPORTE COUNTY, . PAGE classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 193 LA SALLE explorations of Indiana 15 featured in Indiana pageant at Indianapolis 318 LAWRENCE COUNTY, observance of centennial 195 LEBANON, erected tablet marking its first school 87 presented pageant 80, 89 LOGANSPORT, presented pageant 95 LIBRARIES, assistance in observance of centennial in Boone county 87 in Tipton county 257 LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, coming to Indiana described by Merrill Moores in address at Corydcn celebration 161 family life featured in Spencer county pageant 246 featured in Boonville pageant 267 landing at Troy, Perry county, featured in Cannelton pageant 233 marker erected at home in Spencer county 42, 247 removal to Illinois featured in Dubois county pageant 112 represented in Centennial Cavalcade 289 LINDLEY, PROFESSOR HARLOW, See Addresses. address as President of Ohio Valley Historical Association.. 324 edited "the Indiana Centennial" for Historical Commission. . . 60 made member of Indiana Historical Commission 23 prepared book "Indiana as Seen by Early Travelers" for Historical Commission 60 LITERATURE, Torch of Art and Literature featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318, 321 LOCAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN, represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 294 LONGVIEW, observance of centennial 219 LOUD SCHOOL, featured in Crawf ordsville pageant 223 in Rockville pageant 229 in Shelbyville pageant 243 McCORMICK'S CREEK CANON, purchase as Centennial Memorial 43, 53 MADISON, presented pageant 181 MADISON COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 195 422 INDEX MAJOR, CHARLES, PAGE dramatization of his book presented as memorial, in Shelby- ville 242 featured in Shelby ville pageant 243 MANUFACTURING, achievements in Indiana 384 MARION, presented pageant 130 MARION COUNTY, observance of centennial 199 placed marker for National and Michigan Roads 42 MARQUETTE, FATHER, featured in South Bend pageant . . , 250 MARSHALL COUNTY, classification of pageants 41, 73 observance of centennial 202 MARTIN COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 204 MASQUES, See Pageants, MAXWELL, DR. DAVID H., member Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 MEDAL, See Centennial Medal. MEDALS, service medals presented Col. Kuhlman for Third Infantry at Admission Day exercises 348 MEDARYVILLE, POSEY COUNTY, observance of centennial 238 MELTING POT, feature of parade in Vermillion county 262 MEMORIALS, auditorium at Tipton city park 43, 257 beginning of movement for monument to Pioneer Mother. ... 43 Carnegie Library in Parke county 43 collection of pioneer relics encoui^aged 44 conservation of natural resources through state boards 48 court house in Jay and Carroll counties 43 dedication of Lafayette Spring at Cannelton 232 erected at public library in Greenfield 43 erected in Boone county marking first school and church. .87, 88 in Hancock county 133 in Indianapolis commemorating Camp Morton 43, 200 in Jackson county commemorating Fort Vallonia 178 in South Bend, honoring Schuyler Colfax 249 on site of first schoolhouse and church in Boone county 43 on site of first schoolhouse in Porter county 43 fountain erected by D. A. R. as marker for Old Trails road, on State House grounds 200, 397 honoring first settler in Spencer county 43 INDEX 423 MEMORIALS— Continued page honoring memory of founder of Wabash College at Craw- . f ordsville ...."; 43 of General John Tipton 42 of John Hay 42 of "Johnny Appleseed" 42 of Lincoln's home 42 of men involved in "Harmar's Defeat" 81 of Milroy family at Delphi 42, 94 of Schuyler Colfax 42 hospital and court house in Jay county 43, 181 hospital and drinking fountain at Connersville 43 hospital, monument and marker in Grant county 131 log cabin erected by "Senate" in Tipton 258 marker erected at Treaty Spring in Wabash county 265 on Freeman boundaiy line in Dubois county 109 on Michigan Road at Indianapolis 200 on Michigan Road in Jefferson county 181 on old Sac trail, and for first schoolhouse, in Val- paraiso 235 on site of first Wabash College at Crawfordsville 221 marker for General John Tipton pi-oposed by Tipton Library League of Counties 257 marking historic roads and trails i 43 marking historic spots in Spencer county 247 Moose Lodge home at Fort Wayne 43 permanent memorials erected 42-44 proposed in White county for Col. Isaac White 278 purchase of McCormick's Creek Caiion in Owen county 43 purchase of old State House at Corydon 48 state parks as centennial memorials 45-55 tree planted honoring pioneers in Jasper county 180 METHODIST CENTENNIAL, held in Daviess county in 1916 100 MEXICAN WAR, featured in Spencer county pageant 246 MIAMI COUNTY, observance of centennial 204 MIAMI INDIANS, See Indians. figuring in pageant of Allen county 76-80 MICHIGAN CITY, Centennial Home Coming Day 193 classification of pageant 40, 73 pi'esented pageant 194 MILROY FAMILY, memorial erected at Delphi 42, 94 MISHAWAKA, settlement featured in St. Joseph county pageant 251 MISSIONARIES, featured in Michigan City pageant 194 in Monticello pageant 277 in South Bend pageant 251 424 INDEX MONROE COUNTY, page classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial 208 MONTGOMERY COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 erected marker honoring founder of Wabash College 43 observance of centennial 217 MONTICELLO, presented pageant 276 MOORES, CHARLES W., member of Indiana Historical Commission appointed by In- diana Historical Society 23 MOORES, MERRILL, M. C, delivered address at Corydon celebration 138, 154-165 MORGAN COUNTY, observance of centennial 223 MOTHERS' AID SOCIETY, represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 294 MOUND BUILDERS, featured in Evansville pageant 260 in Monticello pageant 276 in Petersburg pageant 234 MT. VERNON, presented pageant 236 MOVING PICTURE FILM "INDIANA", preparation 31 shov/n at Cannelton, Perry county 233 at Connersville, Fayette county 118 at Crawfordsville, Montgomery county 220 at Delphi, Carroll county 94 at Huntingburg, Dubois county 110 at Lebanon, Boone county 90 at Shoals, Martin county 204 at Washington, Daviess county 101 in Orange county 225 MUSIC, Boston-National Grand Opera Company presented grand operas and oratorio during Jubilee at Indianapolis 282 by Mrs. Helen Warrum Chappell and the People's Chorus at Admission Day exercises at Indianapolis 346, 371 community singing feature of centennial observance in Cass county 96 feature of Home Coming Day at Indianapolis 283 featured in Salem celebration 270 in celebration at Liberty, Union county 259 in Floyd county celebration 121 in Franklin county pageant , . . . . 126 in Monticello pageant 278 in pageant at Franklin 184 in Scott county celebration 241 in South Bend pageant 250 in Warrick county celebration 267 for South Bend celebration furnished by Pullman band 249 furnished by Newsboys' Band at Fayette county centennial observance 118 INDEX 425 MUSIC— Continued page Hymn to Indiana composed for Bloomington pageant 211 featured in Rockport pageant 246 produced in Dubois centennial 110 words 216 words and music 372 Indiana musical program in Dubois county centennial ob- servance 109 Indiana slogan, words and music 400 old melodies concert at Elkhart county celebration 116 at Purdue celebration 256 at Valparaiso 235, 236 old-time instruments exhibited at Anderson 198 old-time melodies feature of Rockport observance 245 pageant in melcdv, by Indianapolis Military Band on County Day at Indianapolis 290, 291 rendering of hymn "Indiana" by Henri Kampe at Newcastle. 172 special feature of Bloomington pageant 212 of celebration in Huntington county 174, 175 of centennial observance in Clark county 97 of Corydon pageant 138 unique music for processional church pageant on ninth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 293 NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND CORREC- TION, meeting in Indianapolis, 1916, and exhibit in State House. . 32 pageant presented for their benefit by Boys' School at Plain- field 170 by Girl's School at Clermont 199 NATIONAL GUARD, Third Infantry in service on Mexican border 350 Third Infantry participating in celebration of Admission Day at Indianapolis 345 NATIONAL OLD TRAILS ROAD ASSOCIATION, represented in Indianapolis on Centennial Highway Day.... 310 NEW ALBANY, classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 presented pageant 121 NEW HARMONY, presented pageant 236 NE¥/ HARMONY EXPERIMENT, featured in Mt. Vernon pageant 237 NEWCASTLE. presented pageant 172 NEWSPAPERS, asf^istance in centennial observance at Earlharn College, Rich- mond 273 in Adams county 75 in Allen county 81 in Boone county 86, 88 in Carroll county 92 in Dubois county 109 in Fountain county 124 in Fulton county 127 in Hancock county 132 in Kokomo, Howard county 173 426 INDEX NEWSPAPERS— Continued page in Lake county 192 in Montgomery county 218 in Owen county 225 in Porter county , 235 in Ripley county 239, 240 in Rush county 240 in St. Joseph county 248 in Spencer county 244 in Tippecanoe county 255 in Tipton county 257 in Union county 259 in Vanderburgh county 261 in Vermillion county 262 in Vigo county 263 in Warren county , 266 in White county 275 throughout the state 32 commended for centennial publicity by Governor Ralston in address Home Coming Day at Indianapolis 285 establishment of first one featured in Evansville pageant.. . 260 establishment of "Western Sun" of Vincennes featured in Dubois county pageant 112 failure to assist in centennial observance in Johnson county. . 182 in Pulaski county 238 in Randolph county 239 in Starke county 247 NEWTON COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 224 NOBLE COUNTY, observance of centennial 224 NOBLE, JAMES, elected United States Senator, 1816 18 member of Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 NORTHWEST TERRITORY, beginnings described in address by Governor . Ralston at Panama-Pacific Exposition 378 Ordinance of 1787 establishing government 16 NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY, establishment featured in South Bend pageant 251 NOTTINGHAM TOWNSHIP, WELLS COUNTY, observance of centennial 274 OAKLAND CITY, classification of pageant 41, 73 presented pageant 129 O'BANNON, LEW M., See Addresses. appointed member of Indiana Historical Commission by Gov- ernor Ralston 23 OHIO COUNTY, observa.nce of centennial 224 INDEX 427 OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, PAGE address of President, Professor Harlow Lindley 324 "A Hoosier Domesday" subject of address by Prof. Frederic L. Paxson, of Wisconsin 330 convened in Indianapolis during centennial for tenth annual meeting 323 program for convention at Indianapolis 323 "OLD GLORY", poem by D. W. McKee recited by him at Fayette county cele- bration 120 OLD SETTLERS DAY, feature of Washington county celebration 269 OLD TRAILS ROAD, fountain erected as marker on State House grounds 397 OLYMPIC GAMES, on sixth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 291 ORANGE COUNTY observance of centennial 225 ORDINANCE OF 1787, government of Northwest Territory provided 16 principles commended in address by Dr. James A. Woodburn, Admission Day 366 in address by Governor Ralston at Panama-Pacific Ex- position 378 OWEN COUNTY, assistance in purchase of McCormick's Creek Canyon. .. .43, 225 classification of pageant 41, 73 observance of centennial 225 OWENSVILLE, classification of pageant 41, 73 presented pageant 128 PAGEANT, in music, arranged by H. W. Klausmann and presented during Jubilee at Indianapolis 290, 291 PAGEANT AUTHORS, Bloomington, W. C. Langdon 208 Boonville, Mrs. Ada Hopkins, Mrs. Nell Fulling, Miss Gladys Gough, Mrs. Natalie Wilson, Wm. L. Barker 267 Brookville, Professor Charlton Andrews 126 Brownstown, Miss Kate F. Andrews 178 Cass county, Sue Blassingham 95 Clermont, Miss Charity Dye 199 Cokimbus, Vida Newsom 82 Connersville, Miss Harriet Williams 119 Corydon, W. C. Langdon 165 Crawfordsville, Prof. G. M. Miller and others 221 Earlham College, Richmond, Vv alter C. Woodv/ard 273 Elkhart, Mrs. George B. Slate 114 Evansville, Mrs. Albion Fellows Bacon 262 Fort Wayne, Donald Robertson and Wallace Rice 77 Franklin, Miss Jeanette Zeppenf eld 184 Greensburg, Mrs. J. C. Meek, Mrs. O. G. Miller 103 Huntingburg, Miss Genevieve Williams 110 27—15997 428 INDEX PAGEANT AUTHORS— Continued page Indianapolis, William C. Langdon 317 Irvington, George S. and Mrs. Cottman 201 Laporte, Earl Roswell North 194 Marion, Eugene McGillan 130 Monticello, Miss Emma B. Shealey 276 Mt. Vernon, Mrs. Nora C. Fretageot and Mrs. Mary H. Planner 236 New Albany, Prof. Charles B. McLinn 121 New Harmony, Charity Dye 236 Newcastle, Captain and Mrs. A. D. Ogborn 172 Oakland City, Ella C. Wheatley 129 Owensville, Mrs. A. W. Thompson, Mrs. Florence Leonard, J. Roy Strickland, J. A. Yager 128 Peru, Claude Y. Andrews 205 Petersburg, Mrs. Alice P. Stoops 234 Plainfield, W. O. Conway 170 Roann, Mrs. G. H. Brodbeck 265 Rockport, Mrs. Kate Milner Rabb 245 Rockville, Mrs. Juliet V. Strauss 229 Shelbyville, W. W. Leslie and J. S. Johnson 242 South Bend, Mrs. W. K. Lamport 249 Spencer, Carl Anderson 225 Troy, Thomas James de la Hunt 232 Valparaiso, Mrs. A. A. Williams 236 Vincennes, George S. Cottman 186 PAGEANT FLAG. designing by William Chauncy Langdon 322 PAGEANT OF INDIANA, classification 40, 74 given for one week during Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis. 317 PAGEANTRY, study locally and in State University 36-41 PAGEANTS, See Pantomime. at Bloomington considered as laboratory pageant for instruc- tion of state 39, 211 at Boonville, Warrick county 266 at Boys' School at Plainfield, Hendricks county 170 at Brookville, Franklin county 126 at Cannelton, Perry county 233 at Columbus, Bartholomew county 82 at Connersville, Fayette county 118 at Corydon, Harrison county 165 at Crawfordsville, Montgomery county 221 at Earlham College, Richmond, Wayne county 271 at East Chicago, Lake county 192 at Elkhart, Elkhart county 114 at Fort Wayne, Allen county 76-80 at Frankfort schools in Clinton county 98 at Franklin, Johnson county 184 at Girls' School at Clermont, Marion county 199 at Greensburg, Decatur county, spoiled by rain 102, 103 at Huntingburg, Dubois county 110, 111 at Irvington, Marion county 201 at Lebanon, Boone county 89 at Logansport, Cass county 95 INDEX 429 PAGEANTS— Continued page at Madison, Jefl'erson county 181 at Marion, Grant county 130 at Michigan City, Laporte county, featuring the Dunes 194 at Monticello, White county 276 at Mt. Vernon, Posey county 2S7 at New Albany, Floyd county 121 at Newcastle, Henry county 172 at Oakland City, Gibson county 129 at Owensville, Gibson county 128 at Petersburg, Pike county 234 at Plainfield, Boys' School, Hendricks county 170 at Plymouth, Marshall county 202, 203 at Roann, Wabash county 265 at Rockport, Spencer county 244 at Rockville, Parke county 229 at Salem, Washington county 269 at Seymour, Jackson county 178 at Shelbyville, Shelby county 242 at South Bend, St. Joseph county 249 at Spencer, Owen county 225 at Troy, Perry county 232 at Valparaiso, Porter county 236 at Vincennes, Knox county 186 at Warsaw schools, Kosciiisko county 191 at Waveland, Montgomery county 220 classification, as county, regional or city 40, 73, 74 masque "Spirit of the West" featured in Floyd county pageant 122 New Harmony Pageant in 1914 considered as giving birth to Indiana pageants • 236 of Indiana given for one week during Centennial Jubilee at Riverside Park, Indianapolis _. . 317 processional church pageant on ninth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 293 processional pageant by school children in Lagrange 191 Riley pageant given in schools in Benton county 85 written and suggested by Miss Charity Dye 39 written by home talent = 40 PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION, address of Governor Ralston 375 PANTOMIME, feature of celebration of Centennial Educational Day at In- dianapolis 312 PARADES, See Centennial Cavalcade. at Culver, Sunday school and historical 203 at Madison, Jefferson county 181 automobile on Centennial Highway Day in Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 301 baby show and historical parade at Shelbyville 242 centennial, at Valparaiso 235 Centennial Cavalcade, County Day at Indianapolis 288 civic and industrial at South Bend, St. Joseph county 249 county automobile, at Bluff ton 274 decorated automobiles at Newcastle 171 distinguished from pageant 36 feature of Centennial Educational Day at Indianapolis 311 430 INDEX PARADES— Continued page feature of centennial observance in Blackford county 85 in Boone county 89 in Carroll county 93 in Daviess county 100 in Dekalb county 104, 105 in Delaware county 106 in Dubois county 110 in Fayette county 118 in Floyd county 121 in Franklin county 127 in Miami county 207, 208 floats and automobiles, at Liberty, Union county 259 Grand Army, in Evansville celebration 261 historical and industrial at Boonville 268 at Mt. Vernon 237 at Tell City 231 historical, at Scottsburg 241 industrial and labor, on eighth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 292 of nations, in Vermillion county 262 pageant parade at Rockville 229 at Southport, Marion county 200 patriotic and fraternal organizations in Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 282 Public Health on tenth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indian- apolis 299 school boys at Crawfordsville 218 school children at Kentland 224 schools and industries in Kosciusko county 190 showing a century of progress at Anderson 197 with historical features at Hammond, Lake county 192 PARKE, BENJAMIN, member of Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 PARKE COUNTY, Carnegie Library as centennial memorial 43 classification of pageants 40, 73 erected marker for William Henry Harrison Trail 42 observance of centennial 226 PATRIOTIC ORGANIZATIONS, review first day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 282 PENDLETON, Home Coming Day for Madison county 19G PERRY COUNTY, classification of pageants 40, 73 observance of centennial 230 PERU, classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 presented pageant 205 PETERSBURG, classification of pageant 41, 73 presented pageant 234 PIKE COUNTY, classification of pageant .'. . .41, 73 observance of centennial 233 INDEX 431 PILGRIMS, PAGE feature of pageant at Marion 130 PINE VILLAGE, WAPvREN COUNTY, observance of centennial 266 PIONEER MOTHER, featured in Bartholomew county pageant 83 memorial boulder erected at Southport, Marion county 200 plea for more honor to her memory by Governor Ralston at Connersville 396 PIONEER MOTHER MEMORIAL, donation by Library League of Counties in Tipton 257 plans of Indiana Historical Commission outlined 43, 62 PIONEERS, See Early Life in Indiana; Relics. achievements reviewed in address by Governor Ralston at Panama-Pacific Exposition 376 described in address by Merrill Moores at Corydon celebration 159 featured in Bartholomew county pageant 83 in Bloomington pageant 212 in Boonville pageant 267 in celebration at Anderson 197 in Connersville pageant 119 in Crawfordsville pageant 222 in Franklin county pageant 126 in Franklin pageant, Johnson county 184 in Huntington county celebration 175 in Marshall county celebration at Plymouth 203 in Michigan City pageant 194 in Monticello pageant 277 in Mt. Vernon pageant 287 in Oakland City pageant 129 in Owensville pageant 128 in pageant at Boys' School 170 in Petersburg pageant 234 in Rockport pageant 246 in Rockville pageant 229 in school observance in Benton county 85 in Shelbyville pageant 243 in South Bend celebration 249, 251 in Waveland pageant 220 PLAINFIELD BOYS' SCHOOL, presented pageant 170 PLYMOUTH, pageant given by schools 202 presented pageant 203 POPULAR GOVERNMENT, first established in Indiana 16 POPULATION, basis for petitions for statehood 17 in 1800^ 16 PORTER COUNTY, classification of pageant 41, 73 erected marker on Old Sac Trail 43 erected memorial on site of first schoolhouse 43 observance of centennial 234 432 INDEX POSEY COUNTY, PAGE classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial . 286 POSTS, See Trading Posts. PRISONS, i-eform featuied in pageant at Michigan City 194 PUBLIC HEALTH, parade showing progress on tenth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 299 progress in Indiana 387 state and local organizations represented in parade on tenth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 299 PUBLICATIONS, by Indiana Historical Commission 58-61, 64 PULASKI COUNTY, observance of centennial , 238 PURDUE UNIVERSITY, classification of pageant 40 presentation of pageant for Tippecanoe county 255 represented by band in Centennial Educational Day at In- dianapolis 312 PUTNAM COUNTY, lost scenic property through lack of public spirit 47 observance of centennial 238 QUAKERS, See Friends Church. featured in Earlham pageant, Richmond 271 represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 295 RAILROADS, featured in Franklin county pageant 126 in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318, 321 old "Atlantic" railroad engine exhibited in Daviess county. . 101 RALSTON, GOVERNOR SAMUEL M., address at Admission Day exercises. State House 347 at Aurora, Dearborn county 101 at Corydon celebration 138-147 at Fayette County Centennial 118, 395 at Indiana Products Day dinner in Indianapolis. .201, 390 at memorial marking Michigan Road in Decatur county 103 at Monument, Home Coming Day, October 3, 1916.. . . 284 at Panama-Pacific Exposition, June 26, 1915 375 at unveiling of fountain presented by Daughters of the Ameiican Revolution in State Hovise grounds 397 proclamation concerning Centennial Educational Day at In- dianapolis 310 represented state officially at Harrison county pageant 137 RANDOLPH COUNTY, observance of centennial 238 RAPP, FREDERICK, ' member Constitutional Convention, 1816 17 RAPPITES, featured in Mt. Vernon pageant 237 INDEX 433 RELICS ^^^^ collection as permanent memorials suggested 44 exhibited at Anderson |^| at Bloomfield • • ^^^ at Boone county celebration o», ju at Boonville 202 at Bourbon „„„ at Clinton, Vermillion county ^o^ at Columbus oot at Crawfordsville • • • • ^f^ at Daviess county celebration i^". |"^ at Decatur county celebration |"^ at Fayette county observance ^^° at Fort Wayne °j at Fountain City • • • • • ^'\ at Fountain county centennial observance i^^ at Franklin county centennial observance i-^i at Huntington | '^ at Jackson county celebration '■■:•••-■■■••:■■■••• ^i ^ at John Herron Art Institute during October, I'Jlb ... dlb af Kentland ^„„ at Kokomo iLi at Liberty ••.••;••,: {■ onn at McKinley school m Indianapolis ^^^ at Marion in Grant county J^^ at Monticello ^\^ at New Richmond ^^^ at Parke county celebration ^^o at Pendleton ^T^ at Peru ^no at Plymouth |"^ at Rockport ZTf^ at Rushville 1^" at Scottsburg ^^j: at Shelbyville ^*; at Starke county celebration ^^ ' at Tell City ^t^t at Valparaiso r'^J: at Warsaw ^^" at Winchester ^^^ permanent housing suggested • ^^^■^^aSl made for religious life in address by Rev. John Cav- anaugh at Corydon : ' vr • ■ ■ y -:r ^ i^t provision for freedom in Constitution ol ISlb lOJ REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, WMlliam Hendricks first elected 1816 ^° RICHMOND, .. „o 74 classification of pageant • '^^' '^' '^ pageant presented by Earlham College ^ ' J- RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB, See Authors. shown in moving picture "Indiana" telling story of Indiana to ^^ children RIPLEY COUNTY, „o classification of pageant '^ observance of centennial '^"^^ 434 INDEX ROADS, PAGE See Highways; Old Trails Road. subject of address by President Wilson on Centennial High- way Day at Indianapolis 302 ROANN, WABASH COUNTY, centennial celebration 265 classification of pageant 41 ROCKPORT, presented pageant 244 ROCKVILLE, presented pageant 229 RUSH COUNTY, classification of celebration. . . . , 73 observance of centennial 240 ST. FRANCIS OF THE ORCHARDS, See Johnny Appleseed. ST. .JOSEPH COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial 248 SALEM, erected marker for John Hay home 42 presented pageant 269 SALVATION ARMY, represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 294 SARGENT, WINTHROP, organized Knox county in 1790 16 SCHOOLS, See Colleges. a century's progress shown in parade and exhibits on Cen- tennial Educational Day at Indianapolis 311, 312 early schools featured in Crawfordsville pageant 223 in Roikville pageant 229 educational legislation reviewed by Governor Ralston in ad- dress at Panama-Pacific Exposition 381 featured in pageant at Franklin 184 home coming reunion featured in Warrick county celebration. 268 ideas of founders of state commended in address by Governor Ralston at Corydon 143, 144 memorial to first school erected in Boone county 87 observance of centennial in Adams county 76 in Bartholomew county 84 in Benton county 85 in Boone county 87, 90 in Brown county 91 in Carroll county 92 in Cass county 95 in Clay county 97 in Clinton county 98 in Crawford county 99 in Daviess county 100 in Dearborn county 101 in Decatur county 102 in Dekalb county 104 INDEX 435 SCHOOLS— Continued PAGE in Delaware county 107 in Dubois county 108 in Elkhart county 116 in Fayette county 117 in Floyd county 121 in Fountain county 124 in Franklin county 125 in Fulton county 127 in Gibson county 129 in Grant county 131 in Greene county 131 in Hancock county 133 in Harrison county 137 in Hendricks county 169 in Henry county 172 in Howard county 172 in Huntington county 174 in Jackson county 177, 179 in Jasper county 179 in Kosciusko county 190 in Laporte county 193 in Madison county 197, 198, 199 in Marion county 199, 200 in Marshall county 202 in Montgomery county 218 in Noble county 224 in Ohio county 224 in Parke county 228 in Perry county 231, 232 in Pulaski county 238 in Ripley county 239 in St. Joseph county 248 in Shelbyville 242 in Spencer county 244 in Starke county 247 in Steuben county 253 in Tippecanoe county 254 in Union county 259 in Vanderburgh county 261 in Vermillion county 261 in Warren county 266 in Washington county 269 in Wayne county 271 in White county 274, 275 in Whitley county 279 officers of state and city schools in charge of Centennial Edu- cational Day at Indianapolis 311 organization for centennial observance in Johnson county. . . . 182 pageant presented at Boys' School at Plainfield 170 at Girls' School at Clermont 199 participation in Public Health parade at Indianapolis 299 reproduction of pioneers at Huntington 175, 176 work in preparation for centennial observance 33 SCOTT COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 241 SCOTT, JAMES, member of Constitutional Convention, 1816. 17 436 INDEX SENATORS, PAGE James Noble and Waller Taylor first elected, 1816 18 SETTLERS, See Early Life in Indiana. first white 15 French settlers featured in Dubois county pageant Ill in South Bend pageant 250 SEYMOUR, presented pageant 178 SHAKESPEARE, featured in pageant at Seymour 178 SHELBY COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial 241 SHELBYVILLE, presented pageant 242 SLAVERY, provision against in Constitution of 1816 160 SLOCUM, FRANCES, featured in Marion pageant , 130 in Monticello pageant 277 in Peru pageant 205 SOUTH BEND, classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 erected permanent memorial to Johnny Appleseed 42 presented pageant 249 settlement featured in St. Joseph county pageant 251 SPENCER, presented pageant 225 SPENCER, CAPTAIN SPIERS, featured in Rockport pageant 246 represented in Centennial Cavalcade 289 SPENCER COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 memorials erected marking historic spots 43, 247 observance of centennial , 243 STANDPIPE-HOLLY CONTROVERSY, featured in South Bend pageant 252 STARKE COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 247 STATE, See Indiana. STATE CELEBRATION, Indiana Centennial Jubilee program 280 STATE CHARITIES, commendation by National Conference of Charities and Cor- rection 32 progress in Indiana 385, 386 INDEX A'S'i STATE PARKS, PAGE as centennial memorials 45-55 movement as part of publicity campaign for centennial 28 report of chairman of Park committee 50-55 STEUBEN COUNTY, obsei'vance of centennial 253 STRAUSS, MRS. JULIET V., address at Monticello celebration 275 author of pageant of Parke county 229 SULLIVAN COUNTY, observance of centennial 254 SUMMARY, of activities of Indiana Historical Commission in 1915-16. .62-65 SWISS COLONIZATION SOCIETY, featured in Cannelton pageant 233 SWITZERLAND COUNTY, observance of centennial 254 SYRACUSE, classification of pageant 41 TAFT, WILLIAM HOWARD, speaker of County Day, fifth day of Centennial Jubilee at Indianapolis 289, 290 TAYLOR, WALLER, elected United States Senator, 1816 18 TEACHERS' INSTITUTE, attention to centennial observance in White county 275 TECUMSEH, See Indians. featured in pageant at Boys' School , 170 TELL CITY, observance of centennial, Perry county 231 THOMPSON, MAURICE, See Authors. featured in Crawf ordsville pageant 223 TIPPECANOE, BATTLE OF, featured in Monticello pa8ea.nt 276 in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318 in Petersburg pageant 234 TIPPECANOE COUNTY, observance of centennial 254 TIPTON, auditorium in city park as centennial memorial 43^ log cabin erected in court house square 258 TIPTON COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial , 256 TIPTON, GENERAL JOHN. memorial erected at Tipton 42 438 INDEX TRADING POSTS, PAGE established at Vincennes 15 featured in Huntington county celebration 175 in Monticello pageant 277 in pageant at Boys' School 170 in South Bend pageant 260 in Vincennes pageant 186 TRAILS, See Highways; Old Trails Road. "Buffalo Trace" featured in Dubois county pageant 112 markers locating historic trails 43 National Old Trails Road Association represented in Indian- apolis on Centennial Highway Day 310 TRAINING DAY, amusements featured in Cannelton pageant 233 TREES, anniversary elm planted in Dearborn county 101 centennial elm planted in Tipton 257 Constitutional Elm setting for Corydon pageant 74 Constitutional Elm under which some meetings of 1816 con- vention were held 18 memorial tree planted honoring pioneers in Jasper county. . . 180 value in Turkey Run noted in report of State Park Committee 50 wasteful destruction noted by State Forestry Board 48 TROY, classification of pageant 41 observance of centennial. Perry county 232 TURKEY RUN, report of purchase 50-55 UNDERGROUND RAILROAD, featured in Bartholomew county pageant 84 in Crawfordsville pageant 223 in Decatur county pageant 103 in Earlham pageant, Richmond 272 in Elkhart county pageant 115 in Marion pageant 130 in Monticello pageant 278 in Oakland City pageant 129 in Owensville pageant 129 in pageant at Boys' School 170 in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318, 321 in Petersburg pageant 234 in Rockville pageant 229 in Salem pageant 270 in Valparaiso pageant 236 in Waveland pageant 220 mention of home of Levi Coffin, President, in Wayne county celebration 271 UNION, Indiana's admission 15, 17 UNION COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 258 INDEX 439 UNITED STATES MAILS, PAGE featured in Dubois county pageant 112 in Franklin county pageant 126 in Marion pageant 130 in Monticello pageant 277 in pageant at Boys' School . , 170 VALPARAISO, presented pageant 236 VANDERBURGH COUNTY, observance of centennial 260 VERMILLION COUNTY, classification of pageant 73 observance of centennial 261 VIGO COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 263 VINCENNES, capital of territory established 16 classification of pageant 40, 73, 74 post attacked by George Rogers Clark 15 preparation for centennial observance 185 presented pageant 186 settlement featured in Petersburg pageant 234 taking featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 318 WABASH, erected marker at Treaty Spring 43 WABASH COLLEGE, memorial erected in Crawfordsville 43 WABASH COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 264 WABASH RIVER, featured in pageant at Vincennes 186 WAGON AND PLOW, featured in Pageant of Indiana at Indianapolis 321 WALLACE, LEW, featured in Crawfordsville pageant 223 WARREN COUNTY, classification oi^ celebration 73 observance of centennial 266 WARRICK COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial 266 WARSAW, presented pageant, in schools 191 WASHINGTON COUNTY, classification of pageant 41, 73 erected marker for John Hay home 42 observance of centennial 268 440 INDEX WATSON, JAMES E., page See Addresses. Flag Day address at Crawfordsville 221 WAVELAND, observance of centennial 219, 220 WAYNE COUNTY, observance of centennial 270 WAYNETOWN, observance of centennial 219, 220 WELLS COUNTY, classification of celebration 73 observance of centennial 274 WEST LEBANON, WARREN COUNTY, observance of centennial 266 WHITE COUNTY, classification of pageant 40, 73 observance of centennial 274 WHITE ROSE OF THE MIAMIS, See Slocum, Frances. WHITLEY COUNTY, observance of centennial 279 WILSON, PRESIDENT WOODROW, addresses on Centennial Highway Day at Indianapolis.. .302, 310 WOLFORD, LEAH JACKSON, prepared book "The Play Party in Indiana" for Historical Commission 60 WOMEN'S CLUBS, Admission Day program in Sullivan 254 assistance in observance of centennial at Bedford 195 at Fort Wayne 81 in Boone county 88, 89 in Clark county 97 in Dearborn county 101 in Decatur county 103 in Delaware county 106 in Dubois county 109 in Fayette county 118 in Gibson county 129 in Indianapolis 200 in Jasper county 179 in Johnson county 183 in Kokomo, Howard county 173 in Marshall county 202 in Owen county 225 in Perry county 231 in Porter county 235 in St. Joseph county 248 in Tipton county 258 in Washington county 269 in White county 275 in Whitley county 279 erected centennial memorial in Greenfield 133 exhibit in Woman's Building at Allen county celebration .... 81 featured in St. Joseph county pageant. , 251 originated in Indiana 328, 383 work in preparation for centennial observance 33, 35 INDEX 441 WOODBURN, DR. JAMES A., page "Foundations of Commonwealth" subject of centennial ad- dress at Admission Day exercises at Indianapolis 357 member Indiana Historical Commission 23 WOODWARD, WALTER C, See Addresses. assisted in campaign of education for centennial 27 author of pageant for Earlham College 273 chosen director of Historical Commission 24 letter commending Huntington celebration 175 letter summarizing Corydon celebration 167 report of county celebrations 71 WORTHINGTON, observance of centennial •. 131 Vv^YNN, DR. FRANK B., See Addresses. appointed member of Indiana Historical Commission by Gov- ernor Ralston 23 Y. M. C. A., represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 295 Y. W. C. A., represented in processional pageant at Indianapolis 295