F 198 
 .L56 
 Copy 1 
 
 WALTER LENOX, THE THIRTEENTH MAYOR 
 OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 
 
 Bt ALLEN C. CLARK 
 
 Records of The Columbia Historical Society, Vol. XX, 1917 
 


 
[Reprinted from The Records of The Columbia Historical Society, 
 Vol. 20, 1917.] 
 
 WALTER LENOX, THE THIRTEENTH MAYOR 
 OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 By ALLEN C. CLARK. 
 (Read before the Society, May 16, 1916.) 
 
 "His honor, the Mayor," was Walter Lenox titled; he 
 was the thirteenth in the mayoral line. It is not neces- 
 sary to tax the imagination to create a personage to 
 dignifiedly bow to the salutation ; for Walter Lenox has 
 a counterpart in the facial lineaments even to the cut 
 of the beard in the novelist, Charles Dickens. Walter's 
 American ancestry were father and grandsire. The 
 primal ancestor came from Scotland and settled in 
 Williamsburg, Virginia, at the time the seat of the royal 
 government. 
 
 Walter Lenox, the grandfather, married Miss Carter, 
 of Williamsburg. Of their children was Peter, born 
 in the city named, 1771. The father lost most of his 
 fortune consequent to the war of the American Revo- 
 lution, 1 and Peter, about 1802, came to the federal seat of 
 government to find his fortune. He married Miss Mar- 
 garet Wilkinson ; they had a family fortune of thirteen 
 children. 
 
 Peter Lenox was the foreman and then the Clerk of 
 Works at the President's House. He was the Clerk of 
 Works 2 at the Capitol from October 31, 1817, to 1829. 
 He had a lumber business and was early engaged in the 
 
 1 Peter was ambitious of a liberal education. He had no patrimony. 
 He acquired the means of support for a few years. He entered the 
 public schools of Richmond. He was forced to relinquish his design 
 because of feeble strength and engage in active employment. 
 
 2 In the City Directory ' ' Chief Carpenter. ' ' 
 
 T67 
 
1 68 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 building activities. The profit lie progressively in- 
 vested in realty and on the tax ledgers ultimately op- 
 posite his name were many squares and lots. 
 
 Peter Lenox was a lawmaker. Alternately and in- 
 termittently he sat in the local House of Lords and 
 House of Commons. Of the First Chamber, 1804; of 
 the Second Chamber, 1806, 1807; of the First, 1808; of 
 the Second, 1810, 1811; of the First, 1812, 1813; of the 
 Board of Aldermen, consecutively from 1826 to 1831, 
 inclusive. 
 
 Peter Lenox laid aside the compass, the spirit-level 
 and the saw, the emblems and implements of his peace- 
 ful crafts, and buckled on the sword when his country 
 called for arms in 1812 and he was commissioned a Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 Peter Lenox lived until late in life on the south side 
 of Maryland avenue near the Washington Bridge and 
 at the corner of Tenth and E streets, northwest. He 
 died at the first-named residence, Monday, December 
 3, 1832. He was accorded Masonic honors under the 
 auspices of the Federal Lodge No. 1. Of him it is 
 written: "By nature he was endowed with a high order 
 of intellect, and had he been placed in circumstances 
 favorable to its cultivation, he would have held a dis- 
 tinguished rank among the first men of our country. 
 He had uncommon strength and precision of judgment; 
 was prompt and energetic in action, and in every thing 
 manifested decision of character. In all his trans- 
 actions of life he sustained the character of a punctual, 
 honest man. ' ' His portrait has him as a large man of 
 intellectual caste, with the compass and the other in- 
 struments of his livelihood. His wife's portrait pic- 
 tures her as a beautiful woman with a lovely child in 
 arms— her thirteenth. His will, probated December 11, 
 1832, disposes of a large estate and attests his belief in 
 
 Gift 
 
 Author 
 
 3CT 20 »2fi 
 
Col. Hist. Soc, Vol. XX, Pl. IX. 
 
 Walter Lenox. 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 169 
 
 the advantages of a higher education in this provision : 
 "It is my desire that my two sons, William A. and 
 Walter, shall pursue their classical and other studies 
 and receive the best Collegiate education that the Coun- 
 try can afford" and made a charge upon the estate for 
 the education and a maintenance until twenty-one years 
 of age. 3 
 
 Walter Lenox was born in the city of Washington, 
 August 17, 1817. He was a bachelor of arts, Yale, 1837. 
 His name appears in the city directory of 1843 as a 
 lawyer with an office at the south side of Louisiana 
 avenue between Four and a Half and Sixth streets and 
 another office at the corner of Tenth and C streets, east 
 side. In the directories of 1846, 1850 and 1853, he is at 
 the corner of Louisiana avenue and Sixth street. In 
 the directories of 1858 and 1860, his office is at 49 
 Louisiana avenue and his residence 376 E street, north. 
 
 Says Douglass Zevely in "Old Residences about City 
 Hall," Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 
 Vol. 7, p. 158: 
 
 "Diagonally across from the police court (corner of Louisi- 
 ana avenue, 6th and D streets) was where Walter Lenox lived 
 for many years. . . . During some of the time he and Richard 
 Wallach had a bachelor housekeeping home there. 
 
 "The Lenox house was a plain brick dwelling with a large 
 yard on the east side surrounded by a low stone wall which 
 was quite well shaded by the large trees in the yard and I 
 can distinctly remember how often that wall served as a rest- 
 ing place for many persons during summer days. During 
 recent years buildings for stores and offices have been erected 
 where the yard was formerly, and the house has been changed 
 also for similar purposes, so that no trace of it is left." 
 
 I am told by a relative that Mr. Lenox gave pleasant 
 ladies ' parties when he and Mr. Wallach kept bachelors ' 
 
 s Interred in Congressional Cemetery. 
 
17° Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 hall, that the house faced south, was built with small 
 dark brick and provided with porticoes and was shaded 
 by large trees. 
 
 "With grave 
 Aspect lie rose, and in his rising seem'd 
 A Pillar of State; deep as his front engraven 
 Deliberation sat, and public Care; 
 And princely counsel on his face shone 
 Majestic." 
 
 That is Milton's statesman. Mr. Lenox was a states- 
 man. He sat at a desk except when he was up to make 
 or to debate a motion ; to offer or to discuss a resolution. 
 He had concern for the entire community and a par- 
 ticular care for his own constituency. Although the 
 votes were counted and his reelection was assured, he 
 listened interestedly to the constituent who deemed 
 himself the most qualified and most entitled to serve 
 the city in a certain capacity for a certain compensa- 
 tion. Mr. Lenox was not like the politicians. 
 
 "When they're afraid, they're wondrous good and free; 
 But when they're safe they have no memory." 
 
 — Sir R. Howard: Vestal Virgin. 
 
 Mr. Lenox was a Common Councilman, 1842 and 1843 ; 
 and an Alderman, 1844 to 1849, inclusive. The last 
 three years he was the presiding officer. 
 
 An ' ' Old Member of the City Councils, ' ' June 1, 1850, 
 pleads for Mr. Lenox's election to the Mayorship in 
 the vein of Pitt, in his defense of the American colo- 
 nies. ' ' Sir;— the atrocious crime of being a young man, 
 which the honorable gentleman has, with such spirit 
 and decency, charged upon me, I shall not attempt to 
 palliate nor deny— but ..." But to the Old Member's 
 pleading: "It is objected that Mr. Lenox is too young, 
 but he has not been deemed too young by his associates 
 in the Board of Aldermen, who have twice selected him 
 as its President, which position itself, in certain con- 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 17 l 
 
 tingencies, imposed upon him the duties of Mayor. 
 Let it not be forgotten that youth carries with it energy 
 of character, and ambition to come up to the discharge 
 of duty and obligation. It has the future to look to 
 which, shutting out the past, provokes a generous 
 effort to prove worthy of the confidence with which it 
 may be honored. Having considered what is due to 
 past services, and what may be expected from a gen- 
 erous ambition appreciating public confidence, I feel 
 myself called upon to give my cordial support to Mr. 
 Lenox. ' ' 
 
 Mr. Lenox was the logical inheritor of the mayoralty. 
 Mr. Seaton had declined reelection. Mr. Lenox was 
 the President of the Board of Aldermen; he had as- 
 sisted the mayor ; he was of the same party. The con- 
 test was heated. Each voter knew that on his favorite 
 depended solely the life of the city and his candidate 's 
 rivals were political quacks. The election was on Mon- 
 day, June 3, 1850. The committee's count was 
 
 Jesse E. Dow 379 George Watterston 29 
 
 Roger C. Weightman 1,302 William Gunton 13 
 
 Walter Lenox 1,334 
 
 Mr. Lenox was inaugurated the Monday following. 
 His address was well received. The citizens who did 
 not vote for Mr. Lenox accepted what they could not 
 avoid and with the citizens who did vote for him, called 
 upon him "to pay their respects and partake of his hos- 
 pitality. ' ' 
 
 Mr. Lenox was of the Board of Managers of the 
 Washington National Monument Society. He was an 
 incorporator. His name is of the "Inscription on Cop- 
 per Plate Covering Deposit-Recess in the Corner 
 Stone of the Monument." With Gen. Archibald Hen- 
 derson and Commodore M. F. Maury, U. S. N., he was 
 of the Committee of Arrangement for the laying of the 
 corner stone, Independence Day, 1848. 
 
172 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 Ko'bert C. Wintkrop was the orator. In nineteen 
 closely printed pages is the eloquent declamation. 
 
 "Proceed, then, fellow-citizens, with the work for which 
 you have assembled ! Lay the corner stone of a monument 
 which shall adequately bespeak the gratitude of the whole 
 American people to the illustrious Father of his Country! 
 Build it to the skies ; you can not outreach the loftiness of his 
 principles ! Found it upon the massive and eternal rocks ; 
 you can not make it more enduring than his fame ! Construct 
 it of the peerless Parian marble ; you can not make it purer 
 than his life ! Exhaust upon it the rules and principles of 
 ancient and of modern art; you can not make it more pro- 
 portionate than his character ! ' ' 
 
 Other important parts of the proceedings on this 
 memorable occasion have not so much emphatic men- 
 tion, for instance, in the order of parade, the 
 
 Boston Light Guaeds, Captain Claek. 
 
 It was the only military organization from a distance. 
 It was the escort of the orator of the day. That the 
 Captain, Captain George Clark, Jun., was an uncle of 
 mine, does not detract from his glory. The guards 
 were a crack affair. That day, that red-hot day, up 
 Pennsylvania avenue, in their beautiful uniforms with 
 plumed shakos, evenly and proudly, marched the 
 Guards. The Captain, at the head, covered with deco- 
 ration and dust, his sword hand to shoulder, marched 
 forward, and now and then, as all Captains do, marched 
 backward with imminent risk of tripping up and stab- 
 bing himself. 
 
 On the national anniversary, 1850, was the second 
 notable occasion. More than a thousand assembled on 
 the awninged stage ; of whom was the President of the 
 United States, Cabinet Officers, Senators and Members 
 of Congress and members of the Boards of Aldermen 
 and Common Council. 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 173 
 
 "Walter Lenox, Esq., Mayor of the City, read the 
 Declaration of Independence in a clear and impressive 
 manner." The Hon. Henry S. Foote, of Mississippi, 
 for an honr was the eloquent orator of the day. 
 
 Then the ceremony of raising to its proper position 
 in the Monument the handsome block of marble pre- 
 sented by the Corporation of Washington. Gen. Walter 
 Jones made the presentation in "an impromptu ad- 
 dress of great power and beauty, which was admitted 
 by all who heard it to be one of the most masterly ex- 
 temporaneous efforts of that distinguished gentleman. ' ' 
 
 The reporter noticed that George W. P. Custis, Esq., 
 delivered his address in "his usual and affecting man- 
 ner" and that he "touchingly and delicately referred 
 to a box containing earth from the great monumental 
 mound in Cracow, in Poland, reared to the memory of 
 the brave Kosciusko." Mr. Custis placed a part of 
 this earth on the Washington block to enter into the 
 cement which should bind it in the monument to the 
 Pater Patriae. 
 
 Within a week of this anniversary, Zachary Taylor, 
 the President, died. Mayor Lenox sent a message to 
 the Councils "expressive of the high respect enter- 
 tained for the character, both public and private, of the 
 deceased," and issued a proclamation recommending 
 that the citizens abstain from secular employment. 
 
 The exercises of Independence Day, 1851, are most 
 memorable. The earlier procession and proceedings 
 were connected with the Washington Monument. 
 President Fillmore with characteristic dignity for the 
 Board of Managers received the block of marble pre- 
 sented by the Sons of Temperance of the Common- 
 wealth of Pennsylvania. Gen. Walter Jones was the 
 orator and advanced the claims of the temperance 
 cause as one of the chief virtues of every patriotic, well- 
 regulated community. 
 
174 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 The second procession and proceedings were con- 
 nected with the laying of the corner stone to the exten- 
 sion of the Capitol. In the large Council Chamber in 
 the City Hall assembled the President of the United 
 States, the Members of the Cabinet, Officers of the 
 Army and Navy in full uniform, the Mayor and mem- 
 bers of the Corporation, and various civil officers, to 
 take their assigned places. The procession entered the 
 north gate of the Capitol grounds and was drawn up 
 in order around the excavation for the corner stone. 
 The President of the United States, attended by the 
 Mayor, and as many others as the limited space would 
 accommodate, occupied the site of the contemplated 
 edifice. 
 
 During the reign of Lenox, the daily newspapers 
 were The Daily Globe, Daily National Intelligencer, 
 The Daily Republic, The Washington Union. Some of 
 these had weekly and semi-weekly editions. Of the 
 weekly publications were The Huntress, edited and 
 published by the virulent, Mrs. Anne Royal, and The 
 National Era, by Gamaliel Bailey, in the cause of abo- 
 lition. 
 
 The daily papers of Anno Domini 1916 circulated 
 from metropolitan centers are no less anxious and alert 
 than the weekly paper of the town to keep the readers 
 informed of things of importance and nothing, so says 
 B. P. Shillaber, the biographer of Mrs. Partington, as 
 important as "the painting of a front door, or the set- 
 ting of a pane of glass, or the laying of an egg ,J es- 
 capes ; and a newspaper of the District of Columbia 
 on Thanksgiving Day, 1915, in a late edition had the 
 bulletin: "The White House turkey will be placed in 
 the oven at 4.30 o'clock so that it may cook slowly." 
 
 The newspapers during Mr. Lenox's administration 
 did not have as much paper as those of nowadays but 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 17 S 
 
 nevertheless were not neglectful of important news as 
 illustrated in the Daily National Intelligencer, March 
 23, 1851: "The morning train of cars, which usually 
 arrive in this city from Baltimore about 11 o'clock, did 
 not reach the depot until one o'clock yesterday. We 
 understand the detention was caused by the breaking 
 of the engine when the train was about seven miles 
 distant from Baltimore." 
 
 Literature was respected. Mrs. Southworth, of our 
 midst, was the authoress whose works were most popu- 
 lar and welcome. When the weekly came with the next 
 installment of thrill our mothers were not content until 
 they had read it all, even if the teakettle cracked, the 
 potatoes burned or the roast scorched. The Daily Na- 
 tional Intelligencer, June 9, 1851, advises the public 
 that "Mrs. Southworth, the authoress of "Retribu- 
 tion," " Shannondale, " "The Deserted Wife," has a 
 new work entitled "The Children of the Isle," which 
 is said by the critics who have read it to be the best of 
 her works. 
 
 The chief charitable organization was the Ladies' 
 Union Benevolent Employment Society. It was non- 
 sectarian. A call of The Committee of Gentlemen for 
 the annual meeting to be held at Rev. John C. Smith's 
 church, 9th street, November 15, 1850, gives the names 
 of committeemen. Walter Lenox is chairman and with 
 the others the most influential in the community se- 
 lected without distinction of Christian creed. For the 
 Society at Odd Fellows Hall, November 11, Wyman 
 gave the proceeds of an exhibition. Prof. Wyman was 
 a prestidigitator "most profound in his art" and his 
 feats in legerdermain have never been excelled. 
 
 Naught of church history has come to me. I can have 
 reason to think that all the sects were in harmonious 
 rivalry to teach the first and great commandment and 
 
176 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 the second like unto it— the love of God and the love of 
 neighbor. I can believe there was a mutual helpful- 
 ness, at least, to the extent that mankind with its frailty 
 will permit. Did not the Protestant preacher solicit 
 of a Catholic priest a church donation and did not 
 Father Matthew quickly reply: "What, a heretic ask a 
 Catholic for a donation ! No, I will do nothing of the 
 sort; but here is ten dollars towards a pavement in 
 front of your church so I will not get my boots muddy 
 when I pass by it!" 
 
 I did find that an elder (Knapp, of Boston), of long 
 prayer, says: "When Peter was endeavoring to walk 
 upon the water to meet his Master, and was about sink- 
 ing, had his supplications been so long as the introduc- 
 tion to one of our modern prayers, before he got 
 through he would have been fifty feet under water. ' ' 
 
 The Adelphi Theatre was on the site of 458 and 460 
 Pennsylvania avenue. During the mayoral reign of 
 Lenox many stage stars appeared in Washington. One 
 at least twinkled here for the first time. The managers 
 announced, November 8, 1850, the benefit of Mr. Junius 
 Brutus Booth, the greatest American tragedian, in 
 which the "First and Only Appearance of Mr. Edwin 
 Booth." The review had "Mr. Edwin Booth, a youth 
 of sixteen years, played the part of Hemeya in a very 
 creditable manner, giving ample evidence that the 
 mantle of the father will fall upon the son." This 
 Booth engagement was succeeded, November 21, by 
 that of Frank Chanfrau and Madame Albertine. In 
 turn came Miss Fanny Wallack, December 2. "This 
 evening the tragedy of 'Romeo and Juliet' will be per- 
 formed at the Adelphi with a strong cast. The patrons 
 of that little establishment will be pleased to learn that 
 Miss Fanny Wallack will sustain the character of 
 Juliet, in which she has been so eminently successful 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. iyy 
 
 in all the Northern cities. This young lady has passed 
 the ordeal of criticism, having worked her way fairly 
 to her present distinction in all the varied walks of the 
 drama by close application and study. . . . By the 
 way, we must not omit to mention that Miss Wallack 
 is a native of this city, which is another inducement for 
 receiving her with a full house." Early in 1851, she 
 sailed for England. Miss Wallack (Mrs. Charles 
 Moorehouse) in Edinburgh, Scotland, made her earthly 
 exit, 1850. The great American actor, Edwin Forrest, 
 appeared, May 24, 1852, as King Lear. During his en- 
 gagement the prices of admission were advanced and 
 the free list suspended. 
 
 Came Jenny Lind triumphantly in her first and fare- 
 well American tour when Mr. Lenox was Mayor. The 
 out-vying homage paid to her by the writers made them 
 seek in the dictionaries, the uncommonplace and in the 
 books of poetry, the imagery. The admiration and 
 adoration were worthily bestowed and had no taint of 
 adulation, for her character was as beautiful as her 
 talent was supreme. 
 
 In an incredibly short time was rebuilt the hall for 
 her appearance in this city, where is now the National 
 Theatre. It was the enterprise of two citizens, Edward 
 D. Willard and John E. Eeeside. December 11, 1850, 
 was the announcement: 
 
 f "Mademoiselle Jenny Lind 
 
 Will give her first Grand Concert in Washington, at the new 
 National Hall, on Monday evening, December 16, 1850. The 
 price of seats has been fixed at $7, $5, and $4. ' ' 
 
 Mdlle. Lind was a guest of The Willard. She was 
 not as in other large cities the victim of rude curiosity. 
 I give an excerpt from the account of the first concert 
 by Gales and Seaton in The Intelligencer, although they 
 did not surmount in superlatives the editorial of 
 
178 Records of tlie Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 Father Ritchie in The Globe, between whom and "the 
 nightingale" was strong attachment. 4 
 
 December 17, 1850. "Mad 'lie Jenny Lind's Concert 
 last night was attended by the largest, most brilliant, 
 and certainly the most gratified audience which ever 
 assembled at any public entertainment in this city. 
 Every part of the spacious hall was occupied by eager 
 auditors, and, high as anticipation had been raised by 
 the superlative repute of the gifted maiden, we doubt 
 if an individual of the numerous auditory had formed 
 any adequate idea of the enchanting melody, the 'dulcet 
 and harmonious breath' of the peerless songstress. . . . 
 The audience commenced assembling as early as six 
 o'clock, and when at last the appearance of Mad 'lie 
 Lind gave a reality the place of pent up expectation, 
 she was greeted with a burst of applause which fairly 
 shook the stout walls of the building. Silence at length 
 restored"— and here the Editors got out their copy of 
 Spencer's "Fairie Queen" and copied therefrom. 5 
 
 * Signed her name Jennie Lind in letters to Thomas Ritchie. 
 
 5 "Jenny Lind visited Washington during the winter of 1851, and 
 sang in concert to a delighted audience. It chanced that on the evening 
 of her appearance several members of the cabinet and Senate were the 
 guests at dinner of Bodisco, the Russian minister, and the concert was 
 half over when Webster and the other members of the party entered the 
 hall. After the applause which greeted their appearance had subsided 
 the second part of the concert was opened by Miss Lind with ' Hail ! Co- 
 lumbia. ' Webster, deeply moved by this patriotic air, arose at the close 
 of the first verse, and added his rich, sonorous voice to the chorus. 
 Without avail, his wife, who sat behind him, pulled at his coat-tail to 
 make him sit down or stop singing. The volunteer basso joined in at 
 the close of each verse, and none could tell whether Lind, Webster or the 
 audience was most delighted. As the last notes of the song died away 
 Webster arose, hat in hand, and made a profound bow to the singer. 
 Jenny Lind, blushing at the honor, courtesied to the floor, while the 
 audience applauded to the echo. Webster, not to be outdone in polite- 
 ness, bowed again; Lind recourtesied ; the house again applauded; and 
 this was repeated nine times. ' ' — Galusha A. Grow, in the Saturday 
 Evening Post. 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 179 
 
 The enthusiasm at the second (Wednesday) concert 
 equalled that of the first. 
 
 Two bus lines educated the passengers in art as they 
 carried them luxuriously : 
 
 September 19, 1850. ' ' Pennsylvania avenue wit- 
 nessed yesterday a splendid turn-out, in a new and 
 beautiful omnibus for the Union Line of the enterpris- 
 ing Messrs. Beiside & Vanderwerken, and called the 
 Henry Clay. This superb carriage bears an excellent 
 portrait of Mr. Clay on each panel, and its interior 
 frieze is ornamental with tasteful oil paintings." 
 
 The next day. "Another New Omnibus arrived in 
 this city yesterday by the cars for the Citizen's Line. 
 It is a handsome and commodious vehicle, and it is 
 named the Joseph Gales. ' ' 
 
 On August 8, 1850, Mr. Michael Brady "was honored 
 by a visit at his gallery from President Fillmore, of 
 whom he made three of his most brilliant and life-like 
 daguerreotype likenesses." 
 
 Mr. Lenox was during the mayoralty, ex-officio, a 
 regent of the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 The Daily National Intelligencer says: "The New 
 Year (1851) opened yesterday with one of the brightest 
 of days, which imparted a heartier gladness to the joy- 
 ous feelings of the season." 
 
 And, 1852: "The First of January was indeed a day 
 worthy of a new year. The snows and clouds and 
 gloom of the preceding week disappeared with the old 
 year, and the new one emerged in brightness and 
 beauty, imparting cheerfulness to the thousands of 
 citizens, strangers; and visiters who during the day 
 circulated from one residence to another, exchanging 
 the good wishes and enjoying the hospitalities of the day. 
 Every where might be observed evidences of the keen 
 relish with which the day was enjoyed by our cheerful. 
 
I So Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 well-to-do population, and by the troops of well-dressed 
 strangers of both sexes." 
 
 Nature smiled approval always, so far as appears, on 
 the popular and praiseworthy custom. The citizens 
 called on the chief citizen of the corporation, chief by 
 their choice, cordially shook his hand, sampled his 
 punch and to be sure their praise of it was deserved, 
 sampled it a few times more and to further prove their 
 goodwill, even his forgiving opponents, helped heartily 
 to clear the table of everything except dishes and cloth. 
 
 The coming of Louis Kossuth to this country created 
 a furore. He, his lady and his suite arrived in the city, 
 Sunday, December 30, 1851, and made their quarters at 
 Brown's hotel. Three or four hundred persons as- 
 sembled in front of the hotel and the Hungarian 
 patriot from the portico made an acknowledgment. 
 Then the callers came along, the Secretary of State, 
 Maj. Col. Scott, Senator Cass and Senator Douglass 
 among them. At noon, the next day, M. Kossuth made 
 an informal call upon the President. Members of 
 Congress of both branches gave him a dinner, January 
 7, 1852. A resolution inviting him to the floors of the 
 Congress caused a cyclone of debate. 
 
 The Board of Aldermen, January 5 : "Besolved, That 
 we have heard with the most lively satisfaction of the 
 arrival of Louis Kossuth in the metropolis of the 
 nation. That we hail his advent as that of one deeply 
 imbued with principles of liberty, and bid him a cordial 
 and hearty welcome to our city." As in Washington, 
 everywhere, M. Kossuth received the open hand. He 
 returned with pockets bulging with resolutions and. 
 nothing substantial which might be inconsistent with 
 international non-interference. 6 
 
 6 "After Jenny Lind came Louis Kossuth. . . . No foreigner except 
 Lafayette has received such a welcome in the United States, and Kossuth 
 was worthy of all the honor that was heaped upon him. His handsome 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 181 
 
 During the Lenox mayoral term the feature in con- 
 struction was the eastern part of the Patent Office, its 
 pure white marble and its correct Corinthian archi- 
 tecture making an attractive addition to the govern- 
 mental buildings ; and in destruction was the disastrous 
 fire at the Library of Congress, consuming thirty-five 
 thousand of the more choice volumes together with 
 precious manuscripts, paintings, maps, charts, medals 
 and statuary. 7 The financial feature was the Columbia 
 Bank located on the north side of Pennsylvania avenue 
 between 4| and 6th streets— Athenaeum Building 8 (R. 
 P. Stowe, President). It was of the wild cat variety. 
 Before the National Bank Act, 1863, institutions and 
 individuals under the easy laws let loose large amounts 
 of bank notes which represented no property other 
 than a sign, a counter and a few chairs. The more at- 
 tractive the notes, the more easy were they negotiable 
 for something. And so the notes were designed with 
 pictures and sometimes colored to be more negotiable ; 
 some had a cat with a strong face, others a dog of un- 
 usual shade. And thus came to be money of different 
 names, Wild Cat, Red Dog and Blue Pup, but different 
 no other way. It being one kind of money, one name 
 came to stand for all, Wild Cat. If a customer offered 
 in payment, say a fifty dollar note, the merchant scanned 
 the bi-weekly currency bulletin to see what he was get- 
 ting; and if the note was worth what it purported, the 
 
 presence, the marble-like paleness of his complexion, caused by hard- 
 ship while in prison, and the picturesqueness of his foreign dress capti- 
 vated the popular fancy ; while, more than all, his wonderful eloquence 
 and the fervor with which he pleaded his country's cause left an influence 
 upon the hearts of those who heard him that nothing could destroy. ' ' 
 — Galusha A. Grow, in the Saturday Evening Post. 
 
 7 The previous fires were the War Office, the library part of the Capi- 
 tol, 1825, the Treasury and the general Post Office. 
 
 s 463 and 465 Pennsylvania Ave. Afterwards Bell 's Photographic 
 Galleries. 
 
1 82 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 purchaser was invited to enlarge bis purchase; if his 
 change was, say thirty dollars, then it was the pur- 
 chaser's turn to take the bulletin from bis pocket and 
 see what he was getting. This erudition is not mine. 
 I am repeating what Mr. James F. Hood, of this city, 
 an eminent authority upon affairs financial, has told me. 
 
 I asked an estimable citizen his recollection of Mr. 
 Lenox and he replied that in 1849 Mr. Lenox from the 
 platform called: " 'Master James Croggon'— that I 
 came forth and received a silver medal about the size 
 of the top of a tomato can. ' ' 
 
 During Mr. Lenox's administration the public school 
 census was twenty-three schools, thirty-three teachers 
 and twenty-eight hundred pupils, August, 1851. He 
 was deeply concerned with the education of the youth. 
 He gave greater attention to the public school question 
 than to any other. While an Alderman and of the com- 
 mittee to draft a basis for the charter which was 
 adopted, on his motion was inserted a provision for 
 the ''establishment and support of common schools." 
 And to quote from a public letter : ' ' Mr. Lenox was one 
 of the few who surmounting the prejudices then exist- 
 ing to free schools, and the sordid objections that our 
 Corporation would be burdened with an intolerable 
 expense, put forward every energy, until finally the 
 pressure of public opinion forced upon the city authori- 
 ties the adoption of measures of which we are now 
 reaping the benefit." 
 
 In those days were at the termination of the scho- 
 lastic year public examinations followed by public 
 presentation of prizes. Mr. Lenox has said in different 
 words that prizes, presentations and parades— the- 
 atrical flourishes — were for the purpose of creating and 
 continuing interest on the part of the pupils and of the 
 public, the best, for want of better, means available. 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 183 
 
 I am about to give extracts from the Daily National 
 Intelligencer of the school doings ; meeting the. charge 
 of unimportant detail, with the reply that as hardly 
 anything concerns the people more than the public 
 system of instruction, the history of it from the incep- 
 tion is of corresponding value. 
 
 The public school pupils had met, Tuesday, July 30, 
 1850, in front of the City Hall to form for a procession 
 to the Capitol. The weather was inclement. "The 
 Mayor spoke encouragingly to the pupils, and, on put- 
 ting the question whether the procession should be 
 postponed indefinitely or until to-morrow, the latter 
 was carried without a dissenting voice, and by an ac- 
 clamation of juvenile spirits that made the City Hall 
 and its lofty piazza reverberate with the glad sound." 
 The weather of Wednesday was favorable. The pro- 
 cession was attended by the trustees of the public 
 schools, the secretary, the Mayor and the Boards of 
 Aldermen and Common Council. The line extended 
 from the City Hall to the Capitol or to even a greater 
 distance. It was a rare spectacle, two thousand chil- 
 dren, boys and girls, some in uniform, in well-arrange- 
 ment, marching orderly and gracefully along the side 
 pavement to the inspiring strains of the marine band 
 and spread of rich banners while greeted by thousands 
 of spectators who lined the avenue or occupied every 
 vantage of door and window. 
 
 Upon the platform with other notables was the Hon. 
 Horace Mann, of Massachusetts, the accomplished 
 advocate of the public school system. The invocation 
 was by the Rev. Ralph R. Grurley, Chaplain of the 
 House of Representatives. The prefatory remarks 
 were by Mr. Lenox, the Mayor. The address was by 
 the Hon. Joseph R. Chandler, M.C., of Philadelphia, 
 educator and editor, whose earnestness and eloquence, 
 
184 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 satisfied all he was the right orator for the occasion. 
 The selected singers from the girls in their silvery 
 sweet voices added a patriotic touch with The Star 
 Spangled Banner. 
 
 The distribution of the honors was by the President, 
 Mr. Fillmore. The Mayor read the names of the boys 
 and girls to be honored, they mounted the platform, 
 and had the high honor of receiving the medals from 
 the President, "who, in placing them around the neck 
 of each recipient, spoke to them all the while with kind- 
 ness, affability, and encouragement." 
 
 Of the school examinations only reference to the 
 Fourth District School will be made. The male depart- 
 ment, August, 1851, was examined in the presence of 
 the Mayor and members of the Board of Common 
 Council and Board of School Trustees. The exhibition 
 the boys made of their progress was quite satisfactory, 
 and, in some respects, especially that of acquaintance 
 with the history of their country, they elicited hearty 
 encomiums from the visitors. The female department 
 was examined the day before. It was observed that 
 were present his honor, the Mayor, members of the 
 Boards of Aldermen and Common Council, and of the 
 Board of School Trustees, and teachers of public and 
 private schools, with a goodly array of visitors of both 
 sexes. The exercises of the classes examined were 
 really very gratifying and satisfactory. 
 
 The pupils of the public schools of the First District, 
 August 4, 1851, accompanied by their teachers and 
 the sub-board, made a long procession with banners 
 and martial music. After marching along the prin- 
 cipal thoroughfares of the First Ward, the pretty 
 pageant assembled in the Foundry Church. Walter 
 Lenox, Esq., Mayor, introduced the speaker, Mr. Zal- 
 mon Richards. Then the presentation of rewards by 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 185 
 
 the Mayor, and then, by him, an address. The medals 
 were silver of fancy pattern and the one hundred and 
 thirty diplomas, beautifully executed, represented the 
 illustrious Washington in the capacity of surveyor, 
 standing with his implements on the spur of the Alle- 
 ghany mountains. 
 
 On the immediately succeeding days were similar ex- 
 ercises in the second, third and fourth districts. Dis- 
 tinguished citizens made well-considered and well- 
 received addresses; and, his honor, the Mayor, con- 
 ferred with courtliness the awards. 
 
 In these times the pupils have a vacation of three 
 months. In the Lenox times the vacation was less than 
 a month, for, says the newspaper on Monday, Septem- 
 ber 1, 1851 ; ' ' Today will the youth of our city, happy in 
 their advantages beyond the lot of former times be 
 called upon to resume the scholastic harness which 
 usage and the reason of things permit them to drop 
 during the enervating heat of the month that has 
 passed. Today will hundreds— nay, thousands, of the 
 men and women of the next age— turn their steps, 
 satchel in hand, to the numerous retreats scattered all 
 over our city, provided by private enterprise or public 
 beneficence for their mental improvement and moral 
 edification. ' ' 
 
 The editorial from which the above is taken has: 
 "We are glad to perceive that the crowning feature of 
 our school system is not likely to be lost sight of ; we 
 refer to the establishment of an efficient High School. 
 This we have always looked upon as the key of the 
 arch, the point to which all below it may and will look 
 up. Whilst we would by no means counsel an unwise 
 haste, we should equally deprecate a timid delay. ' ' All 
 those interested in the public education were in accord 
 about the need of a High School but its creation was 
 delayed either wisely or timidly. 
 
1 86 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 The Daily National Intelligencer, May 21, 1852: 
 
 "Yesterday, one of the sweetest days of the season, was a 
 proud one for the Public Schools of this city. Much as our 
 citizens had seen and known of their schools, and long and 
 faithfully as some of them had labored to give enlargement 
 and permanency to the system of public school instruction, 
 they could hardly have been prepared for such a creditable 
 display as was exhibited yesterday. 
 
 "The various schools, numbering about thirty, embracing 
 some twenty-five hundred pupils, met at the City Hall at 11 
 o'clock A. M. when they were joined by the Mayor of the city, 
 the Boards of Aldermen and Common Council, the Trustees 
 of the Schools, &c, and attended by several bands of music, 
 proceeded to the Capitol, for the purpose of presenting to 
 Congress a petition asking its aid in behalf of the public 
 schools of the city. 
 
 "From the City Hall along the route of the procession our 
 streets presented an animating spectacle. Hundreds upon 
 hundreds of our citizens were out to witness and to welcome 
 the pageant. Each of the schools, under the direction of its 
 teacher, bore a standard or banner. 
 
 "On arriving at the Capitol an immense multitude was 
 found already upon the ground. The schools were formed 
 upon the beautiful green on the east front of the Capitol, and 
 occupied every part of the center, from the fountain to Wash- 
 ington's statue. 
 
 "A committee of one pupil from each school having been 
 appointed to perform the office of presenting the petition, 
 headed by a band of music, and attended by Mr. Lenox, the 
 Mayor, as President of the Board of Trustees, and several 
 other persons connected with the schools, they proceeded to 
 the east portico, where the Hon. Mr. Hunter, of the Senate 
 and the Hon. Mr. Chandler, of the House of Representatives, 
 were present for the purpose of receiving the petition. 
 
 "At this point the scene was beautiful beyond description. 
 Members of the Senate and House of Representatives, Officers 
 of the City Government, Trustees of the Schools, Representa- 
 tives of the Press, citizens and strangers, all looked upon the 
 scene with delight. 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 187 
 
 "After the performance of the national air by the band, 
 Mr. Lenox addressed Messrs. Hunter and Chandler, and in- 
 formed them that the children before them, as a committee 
 from each of the public schools, were present to place in their 
 hands a memorial asking the aid of Congress in behalf of the 
 Public Schools of this City, and to request them to have the 
 same presented to Congress. He said he would forbear to 
 offer any remarks in favor of the objects of the memorial, as 
 the children before them were both the witnesses and the ad- 
 vocates in this noble cause." 
 
 Of the various communications, the only extract is 
 from an annual message: 
 
 Mayor's Office, August 25, 1851. 
 
 Although I feel very confident that the establishment of a 
 high school would elevate the character of our public schools, 
 and advance the standard of education generally in our city, 
 I do not deem it proper, in view of other controlling consid- 
 erations, to recommend it at this time. As I remarked in a 
 former communication, "it is our duty to diffuse the elements 
 of education among the many, before we attempt to confer 
 upon a few the benefits of a higher standard." This great 
 want of the many has not yet, as is testified to by the sub- 
 boards of each district, been fully satisfied. There is also an 
 absolute necessity for a new school-house in the first district, 
 and for more comfortable furniture in several of the school- 
 rooms. In view of the important influence that the school- 
 room and its accommodations exercise over the health, mental 
 improvement, and moral feelings of the pupils, I most earn- 
 estly commend these objects to your immediate attention. 
 
 Permit me to solicit from you an annual appropriation for 
 a few years of $1,000, for the purposes of establishing a school 
 library in each district. The suggestion requires no argu- 
 ment to set forth or sustain its merits, but certainly it is suffi- 
 cient to state the fact that there is no library in our city 
 adapted to the mental and moral wants of the pupils of our 
 schools, public or private. With the knowledge, then, of the 
 serious injury we are daily inflicting upon the youth of our 
 
1 88 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 city and society in withholding indispensable sources of men- 
 tal and moral support, let us promptly apply the remedy. 
 
 Believing that the question of judicial reform properly 
 belongs to the Corporate authorities, as the exponent of the 
 wants of our people, and the medium of communication with 
 Congress, I desire to present the subject before you as promi- 
 nently as its importance demands. A formal argument may 
 be well dispensed with, as the necessity of this measure is 
 acknowledged and demanded by an almost unanimous public 
 opinion, springing from no temporary impulses, but from the 
 pressure of evils felt for years. The very origin and progres- 
 sive history of our statute law could not fail to produce a 
 most imperfect incongruous system, whose practical work- 
 ings would be but faithful revelations of its character. Judge 
 Butler, Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, in a report made 
 to the Senate last winter says: "The great body of the 
 statutes in force in this District are the old laws of Maryland, 
 passed prior to the cession, and many of them nearly a cen- 
 tury before the event. The legislation of Congress has not 
 been directed by any system whatever, but has been irregular 
 and impulsive, striking at some special point, without regard 
 to collateral consequences." Mr. John Marbury,. of George- 
 town, and of high authority upon this subject, in a letter to 
 Judge Butler uses the following language: "Except so far 
 as they have been changed by acts of Congress (and the in- 
 stances are very few), the laws of this District are now what 
 the laws of Maryland were more than fifty years past. The 
 changes made by Congress, so far from improving, have made 
 our code of law insufferable. Such changes have been made 
 sometimes to answer particular objects, without regard to the 
 interest of the people of the District. ' ' The language of Mr. 
 Marbury, one of the oldest and worthiest members of the 
 District bar, pronouncing the present system "unsufferable, " 
 will not appear harsh to those of you having had experience, 
 as jurors or suitors, of its ruinous delays and burdensome ex- 
 penses. 
 
 If, then, we are satisfied of the necessity of this measure, 
 and that it is demanded by public opinion, let us earnestly 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 189 
 
 present it to Congress upon its own broad merits; let us re- 
 claim it from association with any particular plan or per- 
 sonal controversy; let us not ask for or willingly receive any 
 temporary or partial relief ; let us firmly insist, not only upon 
 a revision and codification of our laws, but, if necessary, a 
 change of the essential system itself. 
 
 In concluding this communication, I cannot forbear to con- 
 gratulate you upon the present condition, advantages, and 
 future prospects of our city. It enjoys a degree of health 
 which compares most favorably with the healthiest cities of 
 the world. It is exempt in a great measure from a vicious 
 and disorderly population; its police has been augmented in 
 numbers and improved in efficiency. It possesses a well es- 
 tablished system of public schools, which is largely distribut- 
 ing its healthful currents throughout the community. The 
 Smithsonian Institution is rapidly accomplishing the catholic 
 conception of its noble founder, accumulating and dispensing, 
 through lectures and other means, the richest treasures of 
 science and learning. The presence of the high officers of the 
 General Government and the annual assembling of Congress 
 exercises a favorable influence upon its population, and con- 
 tribute to give dignity and refinement to its society. The 
 extent and value of the improvements by the Corporation 
 within the last few years, as also those by private individuals, 
 exceeding in elegance and cost those of any preceding year, 
 manifest its general prosperity and onward progress. 
 
 Mr. Lenox was a Whig. The Democratic party was 
 dominant. The election for Mayor was on June 7, 
 1852. Mr. Lenox received 1,496 votes ; John W. Maury, 
 2,389. 
 
 At the ratification meeting of the Whig candidate for 
 President, Gen. Scott, June 30, 1852, Mr. Lenox pre- 
 sided. His spirited address is reported in the party 
 organ, faithfully parenthesized with "applause." 
 
 Mr. Lenox and Miss Rachel Ludlow married in New 
 York, January, 1855. Richard Wallach, Ashton White 
 and other friends accompanied Mr. Lenox to the place 
 
19° Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 of ceremony. Mrs. Lenox died in New York, July, 
 1856 ; the babe ten days later. Mrs. Lenox is buried in 
 Greenwood Cemetery, New York. Her brother, Wil- 
 liam H. Ludlow, was Speaker of the Legislative Assem- 
 bly at Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Mr. Lenox was not married sufficiently long to entitle 
 himself to be embraced in that to-be-praised class, the 
 married man. We must consign him to the other, the 
 parasitic class, the bachelor. If he had been long mar- 
 ried he might have been a better man, if that were pos- 
 sible, coming under the chaste influence of woman. He 
 was of that class that flits from flower to flower, buzzing 
 merrily all the while. He was of the free and careless 
 that know naught of the burdens and sorrows. Single 
 blessedness or bachelorhood is a luxury and poetically 
 has been compared to champagne and gasoline. It is 
 righteously proposed to levy a tax on this species of 
 selfishness without the bachelor can claim exemption 
 by proving he supports a widowed mother or unwedded 
 sisters. 
 
 Lenox and Wallach, strong in friendship, were an- 
 tagonistic in their attitude towards the rebellion. 
 Lenox joined the Confederacy and was at Eichmond 
 assistant to Eobert Ould, Agent of Exchange, C. S. A. 
 Mr. Lenox came to Washington, 1863, to adjust the 
 affairs of a deceased aunt. He was warned by Gen. 
 Winfield Scott, as a friend, "If you do not stop talking 
 I will have to arrest you." The warning did not in- 
 fluence Mr. Lenox's freeness of speech. He was im- 
 prisoned at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Md., twenty 
 months or until the termination of the war. 
 
 Mr. Lenox was five feet eleven. His complexion was 
 light, very fair. He was strong, physically. He had 
 an impressive manner and was a good public speaker. 
 He had not the superfluities of Mr. Wallach. He was 
 
Col. Hist. Soc, Vol. XX, Pl. X 
 
 Peter Lenox. 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 191 
 
 great for quelling disturbances and riots, and was not 
 afraid to speak or to show himself. 
 
 Miss Virginia Miller says: "Mr. Lenox was, I know, 
 numbered one of the brilliant lawyers of Washington 
 and was the friend and associate of my uncle, Col. 
 Charles Lee Jones, together with Mr. Henry May and 
 Mr. Barton Key. They were older men than my uncle 
 but together they were the leaders of fashion and 
 society. ' ' 
 
 The contrasting severity and sympathy of Mr. Stan- 
 ton, the Secretary of War, and of Mr. Lincoln, the 
 President, has illustration in this incident. Mrs. 
 Wheeler, the niece of Mr. Lenox, wore a path in her 
 frequent calls upon Mr. Stanton, importuning him 
 for a permit to see her uncle at Fort McHenry. Dis- 
 couraged by repeated rebuff she called upon Mr. Lin- 
 coln. He readily signed his card granting the permis- 
 sion. The General (William Walton Morris) at the 
 fort doubted the genuineness but gave the fair relatives 
 of Mr. Lenox the benefit of the doubt and accorded them 
 the height of courtesy. 9 
 
 9 "Mt. Lake Park, Md., July 15, 1916. 
 
 "Mr. ClarTc, 
 
 "My aunt (Mrs. Julia Lenox Keep) lived to be 49; died in 1861, in 
 war times. She died without will and the fortune was divided between 
 my mother, Mrs. Wheeler and Walter Lenox. My aunt, Mrs. Wheeler, 
 was very thorough and found that to attend to the interest properly she 
 must be permitted to see Mr. Lenox, then a political prisoner at Fort 
 McHenry. Sec. Stanton as you know was very stringent in his regu- 
 lations but my aunt was fearless and pressed her case again and again. 
 The Secretary himself was very positive. ' I tell you, Mrs. Wheeler, you 
 cannot see Mr. Lenox. We will telegraph at any time to know his 
 health &c. but we have strict orders not to allow any one to visit Mr. 
 Lenox.' He was allowed no modern literature, so he called for Scott's 
 commentaries on the bible. Well my aunt was not abashed after her 
 failure but decided to try a bigger man than Stanton, to try Mr. Lin- 
 coln. So I accompanied her — she made an impressive story to the 
 
19 2 Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 Mr. Lenox's health was impaired by the prison con- 
 finement. He died Thursday, July 16, 1874, at 2.15 
 A. M. The funeral services were held at the residence 
 of his nephew, Thomas P. Simpson, 1005 E street, 
 northwest. The Rev. Robert Wesley Black, of Wesley 
 Chapel, conducted the services. He "paid a deserved 
 compliment to the life and character of the deceased." 
 The attendants were numerous, including members of 
 the bar, friends and relatives. The pall-bearers were 
 Messrs. Richard Wallach, Marshall Brown, George S. 
 Gideon, Peter F. Bacon, Richard H. Laskey, Walter D. 
 Davidge, Dr. J. W. Jayne and Dr. John M. Brodhead. 
 The interment was in the Rock Creek Cemetery. A 
 modest monument marks the site where dissolves to 
 dust the mortal tenement. 
 
 What I should have paid in the beginning, I now do 
 at the end, my obligation for data, to Miss Margaret K. 
 Simpson and Mr. Glenn Brown. 
 
 The presentation of the portrait of Walter Lenox, the 
 gift of Miss Margaret K. Simpson to the Lenox Build- 
 ing, was made at the building, the afternoon of June 
 13, 1916. All the pupils were assembled in the entrance 
 hall. Mr. Henry P. Blair, the President of the Board 
 of Education, directed the exercises and made an ad- 
 dress. Miss Thelma Fryer, a pupil, released the flag 
 which draped the portrait. Mr. Allen C. Clark told of 
 
 President. He listened so quietly and called for a small gentleman's 
 card and wrote 
 
 " 'Permit these Ladies to visit Mr. Lenox. 
 
 A. Lincoln.' 
 "We made two or three visits, Gen. Morris was in command and was 
 so agreeable. My aunt received from my uncle some important explana- 
 tion and saved paying some judgments that were already paid. I hope 
 I have not tired you but I want to thank you over again for your ex- 
 treme kindness and your excellence in treating the history of Mr. Lenox. 
 
 "Very kindly, 
 
 "M. K. Simpson." 
 
Clark: Walter Lenox. 193 
 
 the life of Mr. Lenox and presented the portrait. Mr. 
 Henry F. Lowe, the principal, made the address of ac- 
 ceptance and Mr. Hosmer M. Johnson, the Supervising 
 Principal of the Ninth (School) Division, was also a 
 speaker. The pupils made a demonstration of ap- 
 proval, to which Miss Simpson made acknowledgment. 
 Present were Mr. Glenn Brown, President of the Wash- 
 ington Society of Pine Arts, and Mrs. Brown and the 
 Eev. Cornelius S. Abbott. The children enlivened the 
 ceremonies by singing patriotic airs. 
 
LICRPRY OF CONGRESS 
 
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UBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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