P 226 ■F73 Copy 1 <^ P'nn csT^ir ^^, ieo7 1919 *^ COMPLIMENTS OF TIIEC.F.SAUER CO. RICHMOND.VA. r^^v^l <<0 i The Founding of a Nation Foreword Virginia having always played such a prominent part in the history of the United States, we think it appropriate that we should, in some small measure, pay tribute to her achieve- ment. Virginia today more than ever is in the eyes of the world. It was Virginia that was the birth-place and the home of the first President of the infant United States of America, whose genius as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Armies made possible the first democracy of the world. It is again a Virginian, the present incumbent of the high ofifice of President of the United States of America, who, through his untiring efforts and unfailing courage, has made possible the long step towards World Democracy, brought almost within sight with the signing of the Peace Treaty and the proposed League of Nations. Virginia, in all, has furnished eight of the twenty-eight Presidents of the United States. Virginians have always been high in the councils of the country — always in the van in time of trouble, but prominent in peace no less than in war. The complete roster of famous Virginians would be too long to give here, but it includes such men as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Marshall, George Mason, Peyton Randolph, George Rogers Clark, Patrick Henry, Meri- wether Lewis, Richard Henry Lee, James Madison, Matthew Fontaine Maury, Robert E. Lee, J. E. B. Stuart, T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson, Joseph E. Johnston, Fitzhugh Lee, George H. Thomas, and now Woodrow Wilson, President and Statesman. :^ * * * During the World war Virginia furnished 73,062 men to the United States Army. The Founding of a Nation. The first permanent English speaking settlement on the American continent was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, on May 13, 1607, with a company of immigrants, reaching the shores of the new world on three ships, the "Susan Constant," 100 tons; "God-Speed," 40 tons, and "Discovery," 20 tons. The new colony was named Virginia for Elizabeth, the virgin Queen of England. The first council appointed by King James I., were Bartholomew Gosnold, Captain John Smith, Edward Maria Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliffe, John Martin and George Kendall. The strong man of the new colony was always John Smith. He several times saved the colony from disaster, and in Septem- ber, 1608, was made President of the colony. The charter under which the settlement of the colony of Virginia was first attempted was granted to the "London Com- pany" by King James I. On November 13, 1618, there was granted to the new colony a new charter "Of commissions or privileges, orders and laws," limiting the power of the governor of the colony and providing for a legislative body to be com- posed of Burgesses elected from the different settlements. This was the beginning of constitutional government in America, and the first House of Burgesses met at Jamestown on July 30, 1619, at the call of Governor Yeardley. In 1619thepopulation of Virginia had increased to some 2,000 souls, but as yet few women had come. In that year Sir Edward Sandys equipped a vessel, and induced ninety young women to emigrate to Virginia and marry. To pay their passage the lucky suitor had to give 1,000 pounds of tobacco. The first cultivation of tobacco in Virginia was by John Rolfe. The export of tobacco was the beginning of trade with the old world, and the tobacco industry was destined to be one of the foremost of the countn,'. The exports of tobacco in 1612 amounted to 20,000 pounds. Indian Massacres By 1622 the population of Virginia had largely increased, and believing in the friendliness of the Indians, had scattered, taking up land and building homes as far from Jamestown as the Falls of the James, where is now located Richmond. On March 22, 1622, the Indians, under Opechancanough, arose and fell upon the scattered settlements, and by night had massacred 347 persons. The immediate effect of this massacre was disastrous, as many of the settlements were abandoned and the people returned to Jamestown. However, they soon realized that the whites were strong enough to protect themselves and they reclaimed their settlements and planta- tions. In 1644 the last concerted massacre was attempted by the Indians on the upper waters of the York and Pamunkey Rivers, killing about 500 whites. After this there was no serious trouble with the Indians in Virginia. Virginia Grows In 1693 William and Mary College was founded at Williams- burg, and named for William and Mary, King and Queen of England. This was the second college founded on the American continent. In 1698 the capital and seat of government of the colony of Virginia was moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg. At the end of the century Virginia had a population of 70,000, and was rapidly advancing in prosperity and importance. In 1733 the city of Richmond, later the capital of Virginia, and capital of the Southern Confederacy, was founded and laid out by Colonel William Byrd. With constantly increasing population, industry and wealth, the American colonies, especially Virginia, were rapidly becoming more powerful. Virginia, was settled largely by Cavalier stock, who were essentially loyal to England, but nevertheless, keenly jealous of their inherent rights of freedom. Causes of the Revolution George III., who ascended the English throne in 1760, was one of the chief causes of discontent, which culminated in the revolution of the American colonies. One act which aroused the resentment of the colonies was the annulment by George III. of an act passed by the House of Burgesses providing that debts payable in tobacco could be settled in money at the rate of two pence per pound for tobacco. The clergymen had been receiving six pence per pound. They appealed to the King, and he annulled the law, whereupon Rev. James Maury brought suit in the county court of Hanover to obtain a debt due him, and although under the law the jury could return only one verdict, they named damages at one cent. Patrick Henry appeared in behalf of the people when this case came up. More serious trouble arose when Parliament laid a direct tax upon the people without the consent of the House of Bur- gesses. When this Act came up for discussion in the House of Burgesses, Patrick Henry offered a resolution declaring that only the House of Burgesses had a right to levy taxes, and that any attempt to take this power from the House of Burgesses was unconstitutional. The resolution went through, and, influenced by the action of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, other colonies adopted the same resolution, and everywhere such a determined spirit of opposition was shown against the Stamp Act that it was found impossible to put it into execution. In 1769 the House of Burgesses passed the Virginia resolves, in which they affirmed that the colonies alone had the right to tax themselves, and at a meeting at Williamsburg adopted an agreement not to import commodities from England until the duties were taken off. The non-importation agreement was presented to the House of Burgesses by George Washington, but was drawn up by George Mason. The action of Virginia was followed by other colonies, and the British Government, finding the colonies on the verge of rebellion, repealed all duties except one of three pence per pound on tea. The colonies still resisted the imposition of this tax, and Massachusetts, having been so open in her oppo- sition, British troops were quartered in Boston. Three vessels brought cargoes of tea to Boston, when an organized party, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and threw the tea into the sea. News of this act having reached England, Parliament ordered the port of Boston to be closed July 4, 1774. News of this action by Parliament reached Virginia on June 1, 1774, when the House of Burgesses was in session, and being dissolved by Lord Dunmore, the Royalist Governor, met on June 2, 1774, at Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg, and adopted a resolution calling for a General Congress of the colonies. The First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, of which Congress Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was the presiding officer. On March 20, 1775, at a convention held at St. John's Church, Richmond, Patrick Henry, introducing a measure for arming and drilling a body of militia, made his famous speech, the closing words of which were: "If we wish to be free we must fight. It is too late to retire from the contest. War is inevitable and let it come. The next gale which sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms. I know not what course others will take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death." On April 18, 1775, a detachment of British troops was ordered by General Gage, the British Commander at Boston, to proceed to Concord and destroy some military stores which the Americans had collected. At Lexington they were en- countered by a body of Massachusetts minute-men, and here the first blood of the Revolution was shed. The day after the battle of Lexington, there were minor encounters between American and British troops at Williamsburg and Fredericks- burg, Virginia, and Lord Dunmore adbicated, thus ending the Royal Government in Virginia after it had existed for more than 150 years. Provisional Government Established The first Provisional Government of an American Colony- was established at a convention called to meet in Richmond July 17, 1775, which organized as the Governing Body for the colony of Virginia a Committee of Safety, consisting of Edmund Pendleton, George Mason, John Page, Richard Bland, Thomas Ludwell Lee, Paul Carrington, Dudley Griggs, William Cabell, Carter Braxton, James Mercer and John Tabb. In the meantime, on May 10, 1775, the second Continental Congress had met in Philadelphia, and George Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Armies. After the evacuation of Boston by the British in March, 1776, the fighting was transferred to the South, engagements taking place in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The American Colonies had been in an actual state of war with England for more than a year, although still protesting their loyalty to the Crown. This condition was obviously untenable, and the colonies commenced to consider independence. This movement was started by citizens of Charlotte, Meck- lenburg county, North Carolina, declaring the British Govern- ment suspended in May, 1775. The Third Continental Congress was called to meet in Philadelphia. Georgia first gave absolute freedom of action to her delegates. North Carolina, on April 12, 1776, em- powered her delegates directly to vote for independence. In the same month Massachusetts and Rhode Island took steps to give their delegates the same instructions. On May 15, 1776, Virginia assembled in convention at Williamsburg, and i nstructed her delegates in Congress to propose that the United Colonies be declared independent. On the same day the Vir- ginia Convention adopted the famous "Bill of Rights" drawn by George Mason, which declared for "The equality of all men politically, that they possessed certain inherent rights, such as 'the enjoyment of life and liberty' with the means of acquiring and possessing property and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety." As a direct result of the resolution adopted by the Virginia Convention, Richard Henry Lee, delegate from Virginia, pre- 8 seated to the Continental Congress a motion, "That these United Colonies are and ought to be free and independent States, and that all political connections between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be dissolved." On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis having been decisively defeated by Washington at Yorktown, surrendered, and a preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris on November 30, 1782. By the terms of this treaty, Great Britain acknowl- edged the independence of the thirteen former colonies. First Constitutional Government For some years after the close of the Revolution, the colo- nies were existing under a form of Confederate Government without any real central authority, with one house of Congress and no national executive. This form of government was not successful because of the divided authority and territorial disputes between the colonies, and, in consequence, a conven- tion of commissioners from the various colonies was called to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787. The delegates from Vir- ginia were Washington, Madison, Randolph and Mason. Wash- ington was elected presiding officer of the convention. At this convention, which was in session from May to September, 1787, the Federal Constitution was proposed and submitted to ratification by conventions of the people of each State, with the provision that when nine States should ratify the Constitution it was to go into efTect in the States so ratifying. It was not until July, 1788, that as many as nine States agreed to the articles of the Constitution. Virginia gave her assent with the express proviso "That the powers granted under the Constitution, being derived from the people of the United States, may be resumed by them, whensoever same shall be perverted to their injury or oppres- sion." The Constitution providing for an election of a national executive. Presidential electors were chosen in January, 1789 and on April 6, 1789, at the first meeting of the new Congress in New York, electoral votes were counted and Washington found to be the unanimous choice as President, with John Adams having the second largest number of votes, selected as Vice-President. On April 30, 1789, Washington was inaugurated as President of the United States, serving two terms, and refusing to consider a third term, John Adams, Vice-President, being elected as President, with Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President. Adams served one term and was succeeded by Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, as President. Jefferson, following the example of Washington, declined to be a candidate for a third Presidential term, and James Madison, of Virginia, was elected President, serving from 1809 to 1817. Thomas Jefferson was one of the foremost ex- ponents of the principles of democracy and the right of a free people to govern itself. During Jefferson's administration he purchased from France the Louisiana territory, including all of that land from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to Canada on the north, between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. In 1804 two young Virginians, Captain Meriweather Lewis and Captain William Clarke, set out to explore the northwest, ascending the Missouri River to its source, crossing the Great Divide, and descended the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean, claiming the northwest for the United States. John Marshall, another famous Virginian, was one of the greatest advocates of a Federated Government. He was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, September 24, 1755, served in the Legislature of Virginia, acted as special envoy to France under Adams, was elected to Federal Congress in 1798, appointed Secretary of State in 1800 and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801, serving in that capacity until his death in 1835. His leadership in the Federal Judiciary steadily strengthening, through decisions broadly interpreting the implied power of the Federal Government. Madison followed the precedent established by Washington and Jefferson, and retired at the end of his second term, James Monroe, of Virginia, being chosen as his successor. 10 The War Between the States Under what was considered by the agricultural States as oppression by the party in power, which was controlled by the manufacturing States of the north, and as the north was de- claring its intention to abolish slavery which the South at that time considered essential, acting under what was believed to be their right under the constitution, South Carolina, on December 20, 1860, passed a resolution of secession to dissolve the Union under the compact entitled "Constitution of the United States of America." Mississippi passed a similar resolution on January 9, 1861, Florida on January 10th, Alabama on January 11th, Georgia on January 19th, Louisiana on January 26th, and Texas on February 1st. In the meantime delegates from the seceding States had assembled at Montgomery, Ala., and took steps to organize a central government. JefTerson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President, under a constitution similar to that of the United States. Protective tariffs and government bounties were, however, expressly forbidden. The sovereignty of the States was explicitly recognized. • President Lincoln, in his inaugural address March 4, 1861, having declared his intention of holding forts within the confines of seceding States and of collecting duties and imports, on April 8, 1861, a message was received at Charleston, S. C, informing Governor Pickens that the President proposed send- ing provisions to Fort Sumter. President Davis interpreted this as an act of war, and accordingly called upon the com- mandant at Fort Sumter to surrender. He refused, and on April 12, 1861, the Fort was bombarded by the Confederate forces, and on the following day the Fort was surrendered. President Lincoln, on April 15th, called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress sedition. This caused the eight States which had opposed secession to refuse to contribute their quota of the 75,000 volunteers called for, and Virginia passed an ordnance of secession on April 17th, Arkansas on May 6th, North Carolina on May 20th, and Tennessee on June 8th. 11 Colonel Robert E. Lee, of the United States Army, refusing to proceed against his native State, resigned his commission in the United States Army in June, 1862, came to Richmond, and was at once made Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate forces. The roster of the great generals and leaders of Confederate armies include the names of many Virginians, among them, Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson,, J. E. B. Stuart, Joseph E. Johnston and A. P. Hill, and the soil of Virginia saw a major portion of four years fighting from Bull Run, the first pitched battle of the war, fought near Manassas, Virginia, July 21, 1861; the great battle of Seven Pines, Jackson's great cam- paign in the Valley in 1862, the Battle of the Wilderness, the Seven days fighting around Richmond, the siege of Petersburg, and the final scene of the war, the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. i? Principal Events of World War June 28, 1914 — Murder at Sarajevo of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. July 23, 1914 — Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia. July 28, 1914 — Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. July 31, 1914 — Russia mobilizes. Aug. 1, 1914 — Germany declares war on Russia. Aug. 2, 1914 — German ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage for troops across Belgium. Aug. 3, 1914 — Germany declares war on France. Aug. 4, 1914 — Great Britain ultimatum to Germany demanding that neu- trality of Belgium be respected. Aug. 4, 1914 — Great Britain declares war on Germany. Aug. 4, 1914 — President Wilson proclaimed neutrality of United States. Aug. 6, 1914 — Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. Aug. 10, 1914 — France declares war on Austria-Hungary. Aug. 12, 1914 — Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary. Aug. 23, 1914 — Tsingtau bombarded by Japanese. Nov. 5, 1914 — Great Britain declares war on Turkey. Feb. 4, 1915 — Germany's proclamation of "War Zone" around British Isles after February 18, 1915. Feb. 10, 1915 — United States note holding Germany to "A strict account- ability if any merchant vessel of the United States is destroyed, or any American citizens lose their lives." Feb. 18, 1915 — German official "blockade" of Great Britain commenced. German submarines begin campaign of piracy and pillage. April 22, 1915 — German embassy sends out warning against embarkation on vessels belonging to Great Britain. May 7, 1915 — Cunard Line Steamship "Lusitania" sunk by German sub- marine; 1,154 lives lost, 114 being Americans. May 13, 1915 — American note protests against submarine policy culminating in sinking of Lusitania. May 23, 1915 — Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary. July 21, 1915 — Third American note on "Lusitania" case declares Germany's communication of July 8th "very unsatisfactory." Sept. 8, 1915 — United States demands recall of Austria-Hungarian Am- bassador, Dr. Dumba. Oct. 14, 191S — Great Britain declares war on Bulgaria. Dec. 4, 1915 — United States Government demands recall of Captain Boy-Ed, German Naval Attache and Captain Franz von Papen, military Attache. 13 Dec. 10, 1915 — Boy-Ed and Von Papen recalled. March 24, 1916 — French Steamer, "Sussex," torpedoed without warning. Eighty passengers, including American citizens, killed or wounded. March 27-29, 1916 — United States Government instructs American Ambassa- dor at Berlin to inquire into the sinking of "Sussex" and other vessels. April 18, 1916 — United States declares ultimatum that unless Germany abandons present methods of submarine warfare, the United States will sever diplomatic relations. May 4, 1916 — Reply of Germany acknowledges sinking of "Sussex," and in the main meets demands of the United States. May 27, 1916 — President Wilson makes address before League to enforce peace, and says the United States is ready to join any practical league for preserving peace and guaranteeing political and territorial integrity of nations. Oct. 8, 1916 — German submarine appears off American Coast and sinks British passenger steamer "Stephano." Aug. 27, 1916 — Roumania enters war on side of allies. Aug. 27, 1916 — Italy declares war on Germany. Jan. 22, 1917 — President Wilson addressed the Senate, giving his ideas of steps necessary for World Peace. Jan. 31, 1917 — Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare in specified zones. Feb. 3, 1917 — The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany; Ambassador Bernstorff dismissed. Feb. 12, 1917 — The United States replies to Swiss Mission that it will not negotiate with Germany until submarine order is withdrawn. Feb. 26, 1917 — President Wilson asks authority to arm merchant ships. Feb. 28, 1917 — "Zimmerman" note revealed. March 11-15, 1917 — Revolution in Russia, leading to abdication of Czar Nicholas II., March ISth. March 12, 1917 — United States announces that an armed guard would be placed on American merchant vessels sailing through the war zones. March 26, 1917 — The United States refused the proposal of Germany to interpret and supplement the Prussian Treaty of 1799. March 27, 1917 — Minister Brand Whitlock and American Relief Commission withdrawn from Belgium. April 2, 1917 — President Wilson asks Congress to declare the existence of a state of war with Germany. April 6, 1917 — The United States declares war on Germany. April 8, 1917 — Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with the United States. April 20, 1917 — Turkey severs diplomatic relations with the United States. May 4, 1917 — American destroyers begin co-operation with British Navy in war zone. May 17, 1917 — Russian Provincial Government reconstructed. Kerensky becomes Minister of War. u May 18, 1917 — President Wilson signs Selective Service Act. June 3, 1917 — American mission to Russia lands at Vladivostok. Returns to America August 3d. June 12, 1917 — King Constantine, of Greece, forced to abdicate. June 15, 1917— Subscriptions close to First Liberty Loan ($2,000,000,000. offered, $3,035,226,850 subscribed). June 26, 1917 — First American troops reach France. June 29, 1917 — Greece enters war with Germany and her allies. July 20, 1917 — Drawing at Washington of names for first army under Selec- tive Service Act. July 20, 1917 — Kerensky becomes Premier of Russia. Aug. 10, 1917 — United States Food and Fuel control bill passed. Sept. 15, 1917 — Russia proclaimed a Republic. Oct. 27, 1917— Second Liberty Loan closed ($3,000,000,000 oflfered; $4,617- 532,300 subscribed). Oct. 26, 1917 — Brazil declared war on Germany. Nov. 3, 1917 — First clash of Americans with German soldiers. Nov. 7, 1917 — Overthrow of Kerensky and Provisional Government of Russia by the Bolsheviki. Dec. 5, 1917 — President Wilson, in message to Congress, advises war on Austria. Dec. 6, 1917 — United States Destroyer "Jacob Jones" sunk by submarine with loss of over 40 Americans. Dec. 6, 1917 — Explosion of munitions vessel wrecks Halifax, N. S. Dec. 6, 1917 — Armed revolt overthrows Pro-Ally Administration in Portugal. Dec. 7, 1917 — United States declared war on Austria-Hungary. Dec. 11, 1917 — Jerusalem surrenders to British. Dec. 15, 1917 — Armistice signed between Germany and the Bolsheviki Government of Russia at Brest-Litovsk. Dec. 23, 1917 — Peace negotiations opened at Brest-Litovsk between Bolshe- viki Government of Russia and Central Powers. Dec. 26, 1917 — President Wilson issues proclamation taking over railroads and appointing W. G. McAdoo, as Director-General, taking effect at noon, December 28th. Dec. 30, 1917 — Bulgaria accepts the Russian peace proposals. Jan. 30, 1918 — Secretary Baker announces that American troops are in action in France, General Pershing having taken over a small sector of the front northwest of Toul. Feb. 5, 1918 — First outward bound troop ship to fall to German submarines is the Tuscania, torpedoed oR the north coast of Ireland. Of 2,000 soldiers carried, less than 100 perished. Feb. 9, 1918 — First peace treaty of the great war signed by the Central .\llied Powers and the Ukranian Republic. March 3, 1918 — Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by Germany and the Bolshe- viki Government of Russia. 15 March 4, 1918 — United States Naval Collier "Cyclops" leaves West Indies for an Atlantic port and disappears, leaving no trace. Her crew of 15 officers, 221 men and 57 passengers are counted on the navs' list as "lost." March 5, 1918 — Preliminary Treaty signed by Roumania and the Central Powers. March 11, 1918 — First wholly American raid is made in sector north of Toul. March 20, 1918 — First Liberty Motor in actual service arrives in Washington, driving a navy flying boat from Norfolk, Va. March 21, 1918 — Great German offensive begun with attack on British line on a fifty-mile front. March 23, 1918 — Paris first shelled by long range gun located behind the German lines about seventy-five miles away. About ten killed and fifteen wounded in first bombardment. March 29, 1918 — General Ferdinand Foch named Commander-in-Chief of all the allied forces in the West. March 29, 1918 — (Good Friday) Shell from German long range gun strikes a church in Paris, killing seventy-five and wounding ninety, mostly women and children. March 30, 1918 — General Pershing places American forces at the disposal of Marshall Foch. April 16, 1918 — Bolo Pasha executed at Vincennes, France. April 22, 1918 — British Navy raids Zeebrugge and Ostend, sinking several old boats loaded with cement across channel and blocking both harbors. May 4, 1918— Third Liberty Loan closes— $4,170,019,659 subscribed. May 7, 1918 — Nicaragua declares war on Germany and her allies. May 10, 1918 — The Roumanian Government announces the conclusion of peace. May 17, 1918 — Major Raoul Lufberry, leading American "Ace" killed. May 22, 1918 — Second great German offensive of 1918 begins. May 24, 1918 — Costa Rica declares war on the Central Powers. May 27, 1918 — Great German offensive between Soissons and Rheims started, penetrating in four days to a depth of twenty miles. May 30, 1918 — The "Agawam," first completed fabricated ship, was launched at Newark, N. J. May 31, 1918 — German drive reaches the Marne, occupying front of thirteen miles between Chateau-Thierry and Verneuil. June 2, 1918 — German U-boat, operating sixty-five miles off American coast sinks six vessels. June 12, 1918 — General Pershing reports American troops have completely cleaned Belleau-Wood. June 15, 1918 — Austria launches gigantic drive against Italian forces in Italy. This drive completely checked within a week. June 22, 1918 — It is announced that more than 900,000 American troops have left for Europe, and that the United States is five months ahead of its program. 16 June 24, 1918 — American forces begin action against German troops en- trenched in Belleau-Wood. June 27, 1918 — A short and indecisive engagement was fought between four British torpedo boat destroyers and eight enemy boats in the North Sea. June 27, 1918 — Announced that first American troops landed in Italy. June 30, 1918 — It is announced by the War Department that the first ship carr>'ing military personnel for France sailed May 8, 1917, embarka- tions being rapidly increased until on June 30, 1918, 1,019,800 men had been transported to France, and, due to efficient protection afforded by the navy, only 291 were lost at sea. July 1, 1918 — American forces, in a night attack, captured the village of Vaux, close to Chateau-Thierry, and take one thousand prisoners. July 4, 1918 — Fifty-four steel and forty-one wooden vessels are launched in shipyards of the United States with total tonnage of nearly 500,000 tons. July 14, 1918 — Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt killed when his airplane was brought down in flames during a fight near Chateau-Thierry. July 15, 1918 — The fifth and last German offensive of 1918 begins on a fifty- mile front east and west of Rheims, made a maximum gain of six miles and an average gain of two miles. Fourteen miles of the fifty- mile front were held by American troops, the greater part between Chateau-Thierry and Rheims. On this front their initial gain was three kilometers, but in a counter-attack the American forces regained all lost ground. It was here that one American general, being ordered to retire, sent the following reply to his French superior officer: 'We regret being unable on this occasion to follow the counsels of our masters, the French, but the American flag has been forced to retire. This is unendurable, and none of our soldiers would understand their not being asked to do whatever is necessary to re-establish a situation which is humiliating to us and unacceptable to our country's honor. We are going to counter-attack." July 15, 1918 — ^Hayti declares war on Germany. July 18, 1918 — Great allied counter-offensive started with attack on German flank between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry. July 18, 1918 — Allied advance continues on front of approximately twenty- eight miles, the French and American forces making important gains, taking more than twenty villages and several thousand prisoners. July 21, 1918 — American and French troops cross Marneand capture Chateau- Thierry. July 21, 1918 — General Pershing reports prisoners captured by American troops since July 15th, total 17,000 with 560 guns. July 21, 1918 — German submarine sinks Lehigh Railroad Tug and four barges three miles off coast of Cape Cod. 17 July 26, 1918 — French headquarters state that allied armies have regained practically all of the ground captured in German offensive begun July 15th, and, in addition, have gained much other territory. July 27, 1918 — German retreat along whole front north of Marne. American and allied forces make an advance of more than nine miles northeast of Chateau-Thierry. July 27, 1918 — Large force of American troops arrive on Italian front. Aug. 3, 1918 — Allied forces advance on thirty-one mile front toward Vesle river. Aug. 4, 1918 — Germans driven in confusion beyond Vesle, 8,400 prisoners and 133 guns being captured by American troops alone. Aug. 6, 1918 — Allied counter-ofifensive has completely wiped out German salient between Soissons and Rheims. Aug. 6, 1918 — Final Treaty signed by Roumania and Central Powers. Aug. 7, 1918 — A German submarine sinks Diamond Shoals Light Ship an- chored off Cape Hatteras. Aug. 21, 1918 — French army advances on front of fifteen miles to maximum depth of five miles northwest of Soissons. Aug. 21, 1918 — British troops capture Albert. Aug. 25, 1918 — Federal Court for New York district decides that "Lusitania," torpedoed by German submarine May 7, 1915, was an unarmed mer- chant vessel, and that its destruction was an act of a common pirate. Aug. 31, 1918 — President Wilson signs new draft bill providing for registra- tion on September 12th of all men between ages of eighteen and forty- five years. Sept. 1, 1918 — British troops capture Peronne. Sept. 3, 1918 — British troops capture Queant and 10,000 prisoners. Sept. 4, 1918 — It is announced that number of American troops embarked for all fronts has passed 1,600,000 mark. Sept. 4, 1918 — French and American troops advance three miles on front of twenty miles north of the Vesle while British troops advance on front of fifteen miles north of Peronne. Sept. 6, 1918 — On ninety-mile front French forces advance six miles and the British seven miles. Sept. 12, 1918 — 13,000,000 men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five register under draft bill. Sept. 12, 1918 — First American army attacks salient of St. Mihiel, and in two days entirely destroy it, capturing 20,000 prisoners. Sept. 15, 1918 — American forces advance three miles on thirty-three-mile front in direction of Metz. Sept. 18, 1918 — French and British troops advance three miles on twenty-two- mile front north and south of St. Quentin, capturing 10,000 prisoners. Sept. 19, 1918 — British and French forces in Palestine attack Turkish army on front of sixteen miles and at same time body of English cavalry 18 attack in rear of Turkish army. The two days' engagement results in virtually the destruction of entire Turkish army with capture of 45,000 prisoners. Sept. 21, 1918 — It is announced that American soldiers embarked for overseas now amount to 1,750,000. Sept. 26, 1918 — First American army advances on front of twenty miles to depth of seven miles, capturing 5,000 prisoners. Sept. 27, 1918 — The Bulgarian Government proposes to the allies an armis- tice of forty-eight hours. The allied government insists on unequivo- cal submission, and on September 30th Bulgaria surrenders uncon- ditionally to the allies, hostilities ceasing officially at noon. Sept. 27, 1918 — British troops, aided by some American units, capture Cambria and 6,000 prisoners. Sept. 28, 1918 — Belgian and British troops attack between Dixmude and Ypres, taking 4,000 prisoners. Sept. 28, 1918 — Allied warships bombard Zeebrugge and Ostend. Sept. 29, 1918 — Belgian troops capture Dixmude. Oct. 2, 1918 — French troops capture St. Quentin. Oct. 5, 1918 — King Ferdinand, of Bulgaria, abdicates in favor of Crown Prince Borris. King Borris orders demobilization. Oct. 5, 1918 — Explosion occurs at Gillespie, near South Amboy, N. J., with more than 100 dead and property loss of $18,000,000. Oct. 5, 1918 — French and Americans make gain of three miles on thirty-mile front. Oct. 6, 1918 — French and American troops, in an attack near Rheims, make gain of eight miles. Oct. 6, 1918 — German Government asks President Wilson to open peace negotiations. Oct. 8, 1918 — British, French and American troops break through Hinden- burg line on twenty-mile front between Cambria and St. Quentin, with gain of three miles. American army on seven-mile front above Verdun gains two miles. Oct. 8, 1918 — American "Lost Battalion," which was surrounded in the Argonne Forest, is rescued virtually intact. Oct. 8, 1918 — President Wilson replies to Germany, stating that allied gov- ernment would not consider any discussion of peace so long as Ger- many continues to occupy invaded territory, and that negotiations will not be held with the authorities who are responsible for the war. Oct. 10, 1918 — British troops capture LeCateau, fifteen miles southeast of Cambria. Oct. 11, 1918 — 1,900,000 American troops now overseas. Oct. 12, 1918— Allied troops enter Nish. Oct. 13, 1918 — French forces capture Laon. Oct. 14, 1918 — Turkey requests President Wilson to take steps for peace. Oct. 14, 1918 — French and Belgian forces attack on twenty-mile front east of Ypres advancing five miles. 19 Oct. IS, 1918 — British warships enter Ostend. Oct. 16, 1918 — American troops capture Grand Pre. Oct. 16, 1918 — The British capture Lille and the fall of Douai is imminent. More than 15,000 prisoners are taken. Oct. 17, 1918 — Douai is captured by the British. Oct. 17, 1918 — British and Belgian forces capture Ostend; Bruges is entered by Belgian forces and Zeebrugge is abandoned by the Germans. The Belgian coast is now practically cleared of the enemy. Oct. 19, 1918 — German forces evacuate Brussels. Oct. 20, 1918 — Fourth Liberty Loan closed with subscriptions of 25,000,000 people, totaling more than six billion dollars. Oct. 28, 1918 — Note received from Austria-Hungarian Government accepting President Wilson's conditions for an armistice and peace, and de- claring its "readiness "without awaiting results of other negotiations to enter into negotiations upon peace between Austria-Hungary and States of the opposing group for an immediate armistice upon all Austro-Hungarian fronts." Oct. 29, 1918 — Turkey presents peace proposals to the entente nations. Oct. 31, 1918 — Turkey surrenders, an armistice taking effect at noon. Nov. 2, 1918 — General Haig's forces surround and occupy Valenciennes. Nov. 3, 1918 — Italian forces capture Trent and Trieste. Nov. 4, 1918 — Armistice signed between Austria-Hungary and the allies. Nov. 4, 1918 — The Italian armies in their campaign against the Austrians captured a total of more than 300,000 prisoners. Nov. 5, 1918 — Germans retreat on seventy-five mile front from the Scheldt to the Aisne. Nov. 5, 1918 — Marshall Foch is authorized by the allies to communicate the terms of a proposed armistice between the allied nations and Germany. Nov. 6, 1918 — American forces push forward on their whole front of 101 miles, and are now within sight of Sedan. Nov. 7, 1918 — Americans capture Sedan. Nov. 8, 1918 — Germany's Armistice delegates received by Marshall Foch. Nov. 9, 1918 — British troops capture Maubeuge, the last important French fortress in the hands of the Germans. Nov. 9, 1918 — Kaiser Wilhelm, of Germany, abdicates. Nov. 10, 1918 — Ex-Kaiser Wilhelm, of Germany arrives in Holland and is interned. Nov. 11, 1918 — British troops, early in the morning, capture Mons. Nov. 11, 1918 — Armistice between the Allied nations and Germany signed — hostilities to cease at 11:00 o'clock A. M. Nov. 12, 1918 — Emperor Charles, of Austria, abdicates. Nov. 13, 1918 — Premiers Llloyd-George and Clemenceau pressingly suggest that President Wilson attend at least the opening sessions of the Peace Congress. Nov. 13, 1918 — The Allied fleet passes through the Dardanelles. 20 Nov. 14, 1918 — More than 2,532 American prisoners in German camps are released. Nov. 21, 1918 — Ninety German war-ships surrender to the Admiral of the Grand Fleet off the coast of Scotland. Nov. 22, 1918 — King Albert, of Belgium, enters Brussels. Dec. 4, 1918 — President Wilson sails for France to attend the Peace Con- ference at Versailles. Dec. 5, 1918 — Entire Turkish fleet surrendered to the Allies, and is interned in the Golden Horn. Dec. 13, 1918 — President Wilson arrives in Brest. Jan. 6, 1919 — Theodore Roosevelt, twenty-sixth President of the United States, dies at his home. Oyster Bay, N. Y. Jan. 18, 1919 — The Peace Congress opens in Paris. Feb. 15, 1919 — President Wilson sails from Brest for Boston. Feb. 23, 1919 — President Wilson arrives in Boston. March 5, 1919 — President Wilson sails again for France to participate in the deliberations of the Peace Congress. May. 7, 1919 — The Peace terms of the twenty-seven allied and associated Powers are communicated to the German delegates. These terms are: "A FIRM, JUST, AND DURABLE PEACE." Germany cedes to France Alsace-Lorraine (5,600 square miles); to Belgium 387 square miles of Rhenish Prussia; to Poland, part of Silesia, most of Posen, and all of West Prussia (27,686 square miles). Sarre Valley internationalized fifteen years, its coal- mines go to France. Luxemburg freed from German customs control. Danzig with adjacent territory internationalized, East Prussia isolated. About a third of East Prussia to decide by plebiscite between Germany and Poland. Schleswig to decide by a series of plebiscites between Germany and Denmark. Germany gives up all colonies and rights outside of Europe. Germany recognizes independence of German Austria, Poland, and the Czecho- Slovak state. Germany razes all forts thirty-three miles east of the Rhine; abolishes conscription; reduces armies to 100,000 long-enlistment volunteers; reduces navy to 6 battle-ships, 6 cruisers, 12 torpedo-boats, and personnel of 15,000; dismantles Helgoland, opens Kiel Canal to the world, and surrenders 14 ocean cables; is to have no submarines or war aircraft; stops import, export, and nearly all produc- tion of war-material. Germany agrees to trial of ex-Kaiser and other offenders against humanity. Germany accepts responsibility for all damages to allied governments and peoples, agrees to restore invaded areas 21 and to pay for shipping destruction ton for ton. The first indemnity payment is 85,000,000,000, further payments expected to bring total to at least 525,000,000,000, and details to be arranged by an allied commission. Partial allied military occupation of Germany until reparation is made. Germany accepts League of Nations without present membership; the League to control mandatories, inter- nationalized territory, and plebiscites. Germany grants free allied transit through territories and certain allied control of finance, business, and trans- portation on railroads, canals, and rivers. Germany accepts all arrangements to be made with her former allies. Germany annuls Russian and Roumanian treaties, and recognizes independence of Russian States. International labor organization and standards insti- tuted. June 28, 1919 — War with Germany formally ended by the signing of the Treaty of Peace by two plenipotentiaries representing Germany and by delegates of twenty-six of the .*\llied and Associated Governments. The Chinese delegates refuse to sign. 22 Statistics of the World War In all 28 nations were allied against the Central Powers- 19 having severed diplomatic relations: DATES OF DECLARATION OF WAR ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED NATIONS Germany Austria- Hungary Turkey Bulgaria "Aug 4, Oct. 26, Aug. 14, Apr. 7, •Aug. 3, Aug. 4, July 2. Aug. 27. Aug. 23, Aug. 4, Aug. 9, Apr. 7, •Mch. 8, •Aug. 28. •Aug. 1, 1 It 1917 1917 1917 1914 1914 1917 1916 1914 1917 1914 1914 1916 1916 1914 •Aug. -28, 1914 China Aug. 14, 1917 France Aug. 12, 1912 Aug. 12, 1914 July 2. 1117 May 23, 191,'; •Aug. 27. 1914 Nov. 5, 1914 Nov. 5, 1914 Oct. 18. 1915 Oct. 15. 1915 Greece July >,1'1- Italy Aug. 20, 1915 Oct, 19, 1915 Aug. 7. 1914 Dec. 10. 1917 •Mch. 15.1916 Amr. 27, 1916 •Aug, 6, 1914 May 24, 1915 •July 28, 1914 July 22, 1917 Dec. 7, 1917 •Aug. 31, 1916 Nov, 3, 1914 •Aug. 31, 1916 Oct. 19, 1915 Aug. 9, July 22. Apr. 6, 1914 1917 1917 Dec. 2, 1914 Oct. 14, 1915 United States *War declared by a Central Power (named at top of column), tion was first made by an Entente Power. In all other cases declara- DATES OF SEVERANCE OF DIPLOM.-\TIC RELATIONS ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED NATIONS Germany Austria- Hungary Tur;ey Bulgaria Apr. 13. 1917 Sept. 21, 1917 Dec. 8, 1917 Apr. 28. 1917 June 17. 1917 May 17. 1917 May 18, 1917 Oct. 6, 1917 Oct. 7, 1917 Peru 23 SOME INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS DURATION OF THE WAR ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED NATIONS War Declared by Central Powers War Declared against Cen- tral Powers Duration of War Years Months Days Serbia Russia* France Belgium Great Britain., Montenegro Japan Portugal Italy. __ San Marino Roumaniat Greece United States. Panama Cuba Siam Liberia China Brazil Guatemala Nicaragua Haiti... Honduras July 28, Aug. 1, Aug. 3. Aug. 4. Nov.23. Aug. 9. Aug. 27. Mch. 9. 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1916 Aug. 29, 1916 Aug. Nov. Aug. Apr. Aug. Aug. Aug. 23, Nov. 23, May 23, June 6, Aug. 27, Nov.23, ; Apr. 6, Apr. 7, Apr. 7, July 22, Aug. 4, Aug. 14. Oct. 26, Apr. 21, May 6, : July 12, July 19, 1914 3 1914 7 1914 3 1917 3 1914 3 1914 3 1914 9 1914 11 1915 5 1915 5 1916 6 1916 11 1917 7 1917 7 1917 7 1917 3 1917 3 1917 2 1917 1918 6 1918 6 1918 3 1918 3 14 3 8 7 7 5 19 19 19 4 10 18 5 4 4 20 8 28 16 21 5 30 2i •Treaty March ?. 1918. tTreaty March 6, 1918. At the outbreak of the war, the total male population of the United States was about 54,000,000. During the war some 26,000,000 of them, or nearly half of all, were either registered under the selective-service act or were serving in the Army or Navy without being registered. The selective service law passed on May 19, 1917, and as subsequently amended, mobilized all the man power of the Nation from the ages of 18 to 45, inclusive. Under this act, 24,234,021 men were registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the military service. About 4,000,000 men served in the Army of the United States during the war (April 6, 1917, to November 11, 1918). The total number of men serving in the armed forces of the country, including the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the other services, amounted to 4,800,000. It was almost true that among each 100 American citizens 5 took up arms in defense of the country. 24 Of every 100 men who served, 10 were National Guards- men, 13 were Regulars, and 77 were in the National Army (or would have been if the services had n6t been consolidated). TWEU'E MAJOR OPERATIONS IN WHICH AMERICANS PARTICIPATED OPERATION Approximate number of Americans engaged West front — Campaign of 1918: German offensives, March 21 to July 18 — Somme. March 21 to April 6 . _ 2.200 Lvs. April 9 to 27. . 500 Aisne, May 27 to June 5._ __ _ . _ _ 27.500 Noyon-Montdidier, June 9 to IS 27.000 Champagne- Mame, July 15 to 18 _ . 85.000 Allied offensives, July 18 to November 11 — 270.000 54.000 Oise-Aisne, August 18 to November 11_ 85.000 108.000 St. Mihiel. September 12 to 16 . . 550.000 1.200.000 Italian front — Campaign of 1918: 1.200 AMERICAN DATA FOR THE MEUSE-ARGONNE BATTLE Days of battle __ 47 American troops engaged 1 .200.000 Guns employed in attack 2.417 Rounds of artillery ammunition fired 4.214,000 Airplanes used 840 Tons of explosives dropped by planes on enemy lines 100 Tanks used 324 Miles of penetration of enemy line, maximum 34 Square kilometers of territory taken 1,550 Villages and towns liberated 150 Prisoners captured 16,059 Artillerj' pieces captured 468 Machine guns captured 2,864 Trench mortars captured 177 American casualties 1 20.000 They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery. 25 CASUALTIES SUFFERED BY EACH DIVISION Division Battle Deaths Wounded Division Battle Deaths Wounded 2nd 4.419 4,204 3.102 2.531 2,713 2,168 2,587 2.898 1,990 1,791 1,652 1,908 1,002 1,419 1.338 1.359 1.387 20.657 19.141 15.052 13.746 13.292 13,000 11,596 10,986 9,966 9,427 9,429 7,975 8,251 7,394 6.890 6.800 6.623 35th 960 1.396 1.141 1.390 940 992 591 302 185 250 97 27 1st 79th 6 194 3rd 80th 5,622 5 106 28th 91st .— 42nd 29th 5 219 26th 37th 4 931 4th 36th 32nd 7th .. 1 516 77th_ 92nd 1 495 27th 81st 6th 801 30th 479 Sth_ 88th Total Other units GrandtotaL. 63 89th . 46.739 2.170 230 664 82nd 6,471 78th 90th.. - 48.909 237 135 BATTLE CASUALTIES IN THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES Killed in action 34.180 Died of wounds __ 14.729 Total dead __ 48.909 Wounded severely __ 80,130 Wounded slightly __ 110,544 Wounded, degree undetermined 39.400 Total wounded 230.074 Missing in action 2,913 Taken prisoner 4,434 Grand total 286,330 Total War Expenditures The direct money cost of the war to the United States to the end of April, 1919, was $21,850,000,000. Our expendi- ture in this war was sufficient to have carried on the Revolu- tionary War continuously for more than a thousand years at the rate of expenditure which that war actually involved. To date, in addition to this huge expenditure, loans were advajiced to the Allies of $8,850,000,000. 26 ESTIMATED TOTAL WAR EXPENDITURES OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS TO APRIL 30. 1919 [All figures in billions of dollars and excluding normal expenses and loans to allies.] Billions of dollars 38 France 26 22 Russia - _ . _ 18 13 Belgium. Roumania, Portugal, Juga-SIavia._ 5 1 123 39 Austria-Hungary _ 21 3 Total Teutonic allies 63 Grand total 186 The total direct war costs amount to about $186,000,000,000, and of this sum the enemy countries spent about one-third, and those on the alHed side about two-thirds. Losses at Sea During the whole period of active hostilities the Army lost at sea only 200,000 deadweight tons of transports. Of this total 142,000 tons were sunk by torpedoes. No American troop transport was lost on its eastward voyage. For this splendid record the Navy, which armed, manned, and convoyed the troop transports, deserves the highest commendation. TONS OF CARGO SHIPPED FROM UNITED STATES FOR EACH ARMY SUPPLY SERVICE TO APRIL 30. 1919 Short Tons Short Tons 3.606.000 1,50).000 1.189.000 285,000 214.000 208.000 121.000 1 1 ! ,000 Aviation Red Cross 61.000 60.000 Ordnance _ _- Y. M. C. A M iscellaneous Chemical Warfare Total 45,000 35.000 11.000 French material Signal Corps 7.452.000 Medical 271 BATTLE DEATHS IN ARMIES ENGAGED IN GREAT WAR. 1914-1918 Russia _. 1.700,000 Germany 1,600,000 France _ _._ 1,385,300 Great Britain 900.000 Austria 800,000 Italy _ 330.000 Turkey _._ _ _ 250.000 Serbia and Montenegro 125.000 Belgium.- 1 02.000 Roumania 100.000 Bulgaria 100,000 United States 48,900 Greece 7,000 Portugal 2,000 Total. .._ _ _ 7,450.200 Changes Wrought by World War Gains and Losses of Five-Year Struggle and Revisions of Territorial and Political Lines that Follow in the Wake of Peace Treaties. Germany — Lost Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar Valley (temporarily), Posen, parts of Silesia and Western Prussia; HohenzoUerns and all ruling princes of the respective German states deposed; republic proclaimed. Austria-Hungary — Completely dismembered, with the inde- pendent states of Jugo-Slavia, Czecho-Slovakia. Austria and Hungary created. Turkey — Relegated to position of obscurity in the interior of Asia Minor (fate of Constantinople still undecided). Prob- ably will lose Palestine, Armenia, Mesopotamia and Arabia under the peace treaty. Young Turk government ousted. Bulgaria — ^Terms of peace affecting country still unknown. May be compelled to surrender Dobrudja to Roumania and the whole of Macedonia to Serbia. Czar Ferdinand forced to abdicate and his son Boris installed as ruler. Great Britain — Probably will be awarded Mesopotamia; pro- tectorate over Egypt recognized; given mandate over greater part of German colonies in Africa; may administer affairs of Palestine. France — Received Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar Valley (tempo- rarily), complete control of Morocco and control of large colonial possessions in Africa. 28 Italy — Acquired territories embraced within "Italia Irredenta," including Trent, the Trentino and Trieste and part of the Adriatic coast opposite the Italian peninsula. Definite boundaries await treaty. Japan — Gained concessions in the Province of Shantung, wrested from Germany, and mandate over German posses- sions in the North Pacific. Russia — Empire completely dissolved with fall of Romanoff dynasty. Independent republics set up in Finland, Lith- uania, Esthonia, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Siberia and North Russia. Belgium — Acquired recognition as independent power and slight territorial compensations from Germany in the district of Malmedy, and obtained revision of the treaty of 1839, strengthening her defensive position. Poland — Independent republic formed, with additions of parts of Silesia and Western Prussia and the whole of Posen, together with Russian territory. Jugo-Slavia — Independent kingdom set up composed of the territories inhabited by the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Greater Roumania — Created by the additionof Austrian, Rus- sian and probably Bulgarian territory. Treaties are now being drawn. Greece — Received mandate over Smyrna, and will receive important territorial acquisitions in treaties now being drawn with Bulgaria and Turkey. King Constantine dethroned and his son Alexander put in his place. Denmark — May be awarded Schleswig, in whole or in part, in accordance with the results of the forthcoming plebiscite. Albania — Under protection of Italy. 29 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 514 042 6