\S7 NEW ENGLAND STATES SPECIAL GEOGEAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS AND VERMONT O^'^.'^r-^^ '^ VVl DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY ^GUYOT'S NEW INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY CoptirigM, 18«, Dtl IVrSOX, BLAKEMAX, TAn/lli. (t COMPAXr g »=• '3 Is n d S = 8 S e g .•2 j3 o ^ a. •si o « r3 o2 = S », £ » 1 If---" S< * ^ S at S cS c - ' ^ o B c ^ '^ fl .g j= . -g . 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It lies mainly between the jiarallels of 42° and 43° north latitude, and the meridians of 70° 30' and 73° 30' west longi- tude. The extreme limits, however, lie more than one-half a degree farther to the east and the south. Form and Extent. The main body of the State forms a parallelogram, about 140 miles long and nearly fifty miles wide. Beyond the limits of this figure there is a small projection toward the north-cast, including the lower course of the Merri- mac River, and a larger district extending toward the south- east. The latter terminates with the long, nari'ow pieninsula of Cape Cod, and the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. The entire area of the State is 7,800 square miles, or about 5,000,000 acres. Surface. The surface of Massachusetts presents no extreme features, but varies from low, sandy plains in the south-east, to rugged mountains near the western border. The State consists of four different natural divisions, namely: the Atlantic Plain, the Middle Highlands, the Connecticut Valley, and the Western Highlands. The Atlantic Plain extends from the seaboard westward about forty miles. Its western limit may be indicated by an irregular noi'th and south line, crossing the State a little east of Wachusett Mountain. Though the most level part of the State, this region is gener- ally uneven, the elevation increasing gradually westward. The peninsula of Cape Cod, and the adjacent parts of the mainland, are flat and sandy. Cape Ann peninsula, and the smaller peninsulas of Marble- head and Nahant, are rugged granite formations. The Middle Highlands occupy a belt of about forty miles, between the Atlantic Plain and the Connecticut Valley. Thisi-egion has a greater general elevation than the preceding, and the eastern part forms the water-shed between the Atlantic and the Connecticut. Though the surface is generally hilly, there are but few pro- minent elevations. Mount Wachusett, near the eastern border, is the highest, being 2,000 feet above the sea level. The more prominent of the lesser elevations are Tuft's Hill and Hawes Hill, in the central part, and Mount Lincoln, near the western border. The CoNNKCTicuT Valley crosses the State between the Middle and Western Uigldands. It varies in breadth from five to twenty-five miles. This region is an alluvial plain, lying on both sides of the river, interrupted l)y occasional ridges of ti'ap-rock. The most noted of these are Mount Holyoke, on the eastern side of the stream, 900 feet high; and Mount Tom, on the western, 1,200 feet in height. Viewed from Mount Ilol^-oke, this valley presents the most picturesque landscape in the State. The Western Highlands include that part of the State west of the Connecticut Valle}', and, like the eastern, is about forty miles in breadth. The eastern portion resembles the Middle Highlands, but presents greater irregularities of surface, more abrupt hills, and deeper valleys. The western portion is mountainous, being crossed from north to south by two parallel I'anges of the Green Mountain System ; the Iloosac on the east, the Taconic on the west. The Iloosac range, lying from twenty to thirty miles from the rivei', is only about half the height of the Taconic. The latter contains the highest peaks in the State, namely : Saddle Mountain, 3,500 feet high, and Bald Mountain, 2,(>0(» feet. The valley between these ranges, drained by the Housatonic and Iloosac Rivers, is partly alluvial, and in many respects similar in character to the Connecticut Valley. Islands are numerous along the coast, and resemble tne ad- jacent mainland in character. The only ones of considerable GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS. size are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. Tlie former is fifteen miles long and eleven broad in the widest part; the latter twent^'-one miles long and from two to ten miles wide. Plum Island, off the east coast, north of Cape Ann, is nine miles long and one mile wide. The most noted of the sn)aller islands are the group in Massachusetts Bay, near Boston, and the Elizabeth Islands, inclosing Buzzard's Bay on the south-east. Inland Waters. Every part of the State is bountifnlly watered, but in general the streams are more available for agricultural and manufac- turing purposes than as channels of communication. The largest rivers are the Connecticut and the Merrimac. The Connecticut flows southward, through the Connecticut Valley. In tiiis State it is scarcely used for navigation, but affords immense watei--power at South Iladley Falls and at Turner's Falls. Its principal tributaries from the Middle High- lands are Miller's Fuver, and the Chicopee, foi-med by the con- fluence of the Ware and the Swift. From the Western High- lands it receives the Deerfield and tlie Westfield. The Meri'imac enters the State from New Hampshire, and flows through the north-east part into the Atlantic. It is navi- gable for small craft to Haverhill, twenty miles from its mouth ; but is chiefly valuable as a source of water-power, and is more fully utilized for manufacturing purposes than any other river of equal extent. Its most important tributaries are the Nashua and the Concord. The remaining streams are small. In the Atlantic Plain thc> principal are the Charles and the Neponsct, entering Massa- chusetts Bay. and the Taunton and Blackstone, flowing into Narragansett Bav. The Quinnebaug, from the Middle Highlands, flows soutli- ward into the Thames. The Housatonic, flowing southward to the Naugatuck, and the Iloosac, flowing northward and west- ward to the Hudson, drain the mountainous portion of the Western Highlands Hineral!^. The mineral wealth of Massachusetts consists chiefly of building-stone, especially granite. This is most abundant in the eastern part of the State, at Qiiincy, Eockport, Westford, and Fitchbui-g. Wliite marble and soapstone occur in the Western Highlands, and sandstone abounds in the Connecticut Valley. Among the metals, silver and lead are found near Newbnry- port, and small quantities of copper and iron in diffei-ent parts of the Statu, and of gold in Essex County. Climate. The climate is temperate and highly salubrious. The sum- mer, witli an average temperature of 70°, is delightful, and of suflicient length for the maturing of the dift'erent grains and fruits of temperate latitudes. The cold season is prolonged in the interior by the elevation. and on the coast by the prevalence, during spring and autumn, of chilling easterly winds from the Atlandc. Sudden changes of temperature are conunon during all seasons. The rain-fall is abundant, moisture being brought by both easterly and southerly winds. Westei'ly and north- westerlv winds bring fair weather. Soil and Forests. In a large part of the State the soil does not naturally pos- sess great fertility, but by skillful cultivation bountiful harvests are obtained. The low, albnial lands of the Connecticut Valley are exceed- ingly fertile, while the sandy tracts which occujiy some por- tions of its area are only moderately productive. The Housatonic Valley is like the Connecticut, but tlie Hoosac is almost wholly composed of i-ich alluvium. The vast sandy plains in the south-eastern portion of the State and on the islands are quite barren. Tlie original forests, except in the mountainous and inacces- sible regions, have long since been cut ofi^; but in districts too rugged for profitalde cultivation large tracts of growing timber have reappeared. Population and l¥ealtli. Massachusetts has a i)opulation of 1,783,086 (census of ISSO). It is more densely populated tlian any other State in tlie Union, having an average of two hundred and twenty-nine persons to each square mile of its territory. Tlie inhabitants are mostly native-born and of English de- scent, but the cities and manufacturing villages contain a con- siderable number of foreigners, chiefly Irish, English, Scotch, and German. Massachusetts is not only one of the oldest and most enter- prising States, but also one of the wealthiest, its total valuation being over seventeen hundred millions of dollars. Occupations and Prodnctions. In proportion to area and population, Massachusetts is the flrst State of tlie Union in Manufactueing and Commkrce. In the actual amount of manufacturing, this State is surpassed only by New York and Pennsylvania, and in commerce by New York alone. Ship-Building is an important industry, Massachuseus being second only to Maine in this pursuit. The Fisheries — cod, mackerel, hen-ing, and whale — furnish occupation to great numbers of people in the seaboard districts. Ageicdltuee is conducted with great skill, and, considering the nature of the soil in general, yields large retui-iis ; still, the agi-icultural produce of the State does not nearly siiftice for the wants of its dense population. Hence a large trade in grain and other farm produce is carried on with the Central States. The leading crops are the different grains, potatoes, and tobacco. Considerable attention is given to dairyino-, and the rearing of improved breeds of cattle, hoi-ses, and sheep. GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS. The Manufactures most largely produced are cotton and woolen goods, boots and shoes and other goods from leather ; and a great variet}' of articles from wood and i]-on, among which are furniture, agricultural implements, machinery, car- riages, cars, and locomoti\es. The Natural Facilities for coastwise and foreign commerce are great, as the coast abounds in safe and spacious harbors. The harbor at Boston is one of the best in the world. The absence of navigable inland waters, and the rugged character of the surface, form natural obstacles to trade with the interior; but enterprise and ca[)ital have effectually over- come these, and lines of trafhc have been established, not only with the adjacent States and the British Provinces, but with the most remote parts of the LTiiion. There are not less than twenty-five hundred miles of rail- i-oad within the State, all the main lines centering in Boston. Steam-ship lines also con- nect Boston with Europe ' -i. „-^„^,_-i--- and with the principal domestic ports. The Exports of the State are the products of the manufactories, quar- ries, and fisheries. The Imports are pi-inci- pally food supplies and raw materials for manu- facturing, European man- ufactures, wines and li- quors, sugar, tea, coffee, spices, and foreign fruits. Educational Iiisiti- tutions. Popular education has always received marked attention in Massachusetts. The system of free schools v\-as established in 1647, and, fostered by a wise and liberal policy, it has steadily developed, until it has attained its present high degree of perfection. The result is seen in the higli reputation for general intelligence which the people of this State have always sustained. Liberal provision has also been made foi- higher education. The first American college was established in Massachusetts in 1638, the first normal school in 1839, and the first normal art school in 1873. There are within the State, besides a large number of supe seminaries, two law schools, si.\ medical schools, five State normal schools, and" one normal art school. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Peabody Academy of Science, the Agassiz Museum of Comparative Zoology, and a Museum of Fine Arts, ai'e located in this State. There are also some two hundred public libraries, con- taining about 700,000 volumes, and a numerous newspaper and periodical press. Benevolent Int^titntions. The State abounds in benevolent and charitable institutions, among which maj' be named the Massachusetts Hospital and the Boston City Ilospital ; four lunatic asylums, an asylum and school for the blind, one for the idiotic and feeble-minded, and one for the deaf and duml) ; a I'eform school for boys and an industrial school for =^-J i^:.:'" girls. History. The territory of Massa- chusetts was first settled at Plymouth by the Ply- mouth Colony, w h i c h landed Dec. 22, 1620. In 1C2S a settlement was made at Salem, under the leadership of John Endicott. During the next two years numerous accessions were received, other settlements weie made at Boston and adja- cent places, and the gov- ernment of the Massachu- setts Colony was organ- ized. These colonies remained separate, each electing its own gcivernor, more than half a century. In 16S6 — their charters having been revoked — Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor of the two colonies. His arbitrary and tyrannical measures soon aroused deter- mined opposition. His government was overthrown, and the former colonial officers reinstated. In 1692 a new charter was granted, uniting the two colonies under the name of Massachusetts, and providing for the ap- pointment of the governor by the crown. During its early iiistory the tranquillity of the province was i-ior high schools and academies, ten colleges and universities. ' disturbed by frequent Indian hostilities, and also by a conflict These are. Harvard and Boston Universities; Amherst; Wil- j of the prevailing political and religious opinions, in which indi- liams; Tufts; Boston; College of the Holy Cross; Agricultural ; viduals were occasionally exposed to persecution from the civil Smith College, for women ; and Wellesley Female College. power. Among the provisions for special education may be named 1 Massachusetts was foremost in active opposition to British the Massachusetts Institute of Technolt>gy in Boston, the Free tyranny and unjust taNation. Here, too, the first blood of the Sciiool of Industrial Science at Worcester, seven theological revolution was shed at Lexington and Concord, and the fii'st COD-FISHING. GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS. great battle fought at J>uuker Ilill. Among the great names memorable in the revolutionary struggle, those of the Massa- chusetts leaders are conspicuous. Political Organization. The government of the State is republican, consisting of three departments : Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The officers of the Executive Department are, a governor, a lieutenant-governor, and an executive council of eight mem- bers ; a secretary, a treasurer, an auditor, and an attorney- general. The Legislative authority is vested in the General Court, consisting of a Senate of forty members, and a House of Rep- resentatives of 24:0. The Judicial Depai-tment comprises a Supreme Judicial Court, a Superior Court, and various lower courts. The executive and legislative ofhcers of the State, and the various county and town ofticers, are elected annually by vote of the people. The judiciary are appointed by the governor and council for life, or during good behavior. Women are not voters, but may legally be elected upon school committees, and appointed on boards of trustees for cer- tain public institutions. Descriiitioii of Counties aufi Cities. Counties, tiieiii Population and County Seats. (Census op 1880.) County 3EAr. 1 CocNTX Seat. Berkshire . . 00,049 Pittsfield. Suffolk.. 387,636 Lofton. Franklin . . . 3(),0U0 Greenfield. Norfolk. . 96,462 Dedham. Hampshire . 47.335 Northampton. Bristol... 139,121 S New Bedford. Hampden. . 104,117 Springfield. j Taunton. Worcester . . 220,885 Worcester. Plymouth 74,034 Plymouth. Middlesex. 317 951 \ Cambridge. Barnstable 31,915 Barnstable. / Lowell. Dukes . . . 4,305 Edg-artown. ( Lawrence. Nantucket 3,726 Nantucket. Essex 244,640 ■ Newburyport. ( Salem. Cities. (Cen sus OP 1880.) 362,535 Somerville Chelsea .... 24,985 21,785 Lowell. . . . 59.485 Worcester . . 58.295 Taunton 21,213 Cambridge . 53,740 Gloucester 19,329 Fall River. . 49,006 Holyoke Newton 21.851 Lawrence 39,178 16,995 Lynn 38.284 Haverhill 13,475 Springfield 33,340 Newburyport 13,.537 26,875 12,405 27,598 Pittsfield (town). . . . 13 367 Huflblk. This county, the most populous and wealthy in the State, is also the smallest, comprising onh' the cities of Boston and Chelsea, and the towns of Revere and Winthrop. Boston is not only the first city of New England, but is the second of the Union in commercial importance, in which it is surpassed by New York alone. It is a gi-eat railroad centre, being the terminus of all the principal lines in New England; and has a magnificent harbor, the advantages of whii-h are shared by a large population beyond the city limits. A circle drawn with a radius of fifteen miles from the harbor, includino' the cities and towns whose business centres here, would encom- pass a population of not less than half a million. Shipping and foreign trade are the characteristic branches of business, but the domestic trade is large and varied, and the manufactures considerable. A United States navy yard is located here. A large part of the business portion of Boston was destroyed by fire on the 9th of November, 1872, but it has since been rebuilt in a greatly improved style. The public buildings, and many of the warehouses and private dwellings, are substantial and elegant. The Common and Public Garden, though not extensive, are beautiful pleasure grounds, and, situated in the very heart of the city, form one of its most attractive features. It has, also, luimerous historical landmarks, among which are Fanenil Hall, the Old State House, the Old South Church, Bunker Hill, and Dorchester Heights. Boston has always been noted for its superior educational facilities and numerous benevolent institutions, and for the high culture, patriotism, and enterprising character of its people. Chelsea is closely identified with Boston in business interests. Essex. This county occupies the extreme north eastern portion of the State. It is distinguished by the rugged character of its coast, which is indented by numerous small bays, forming ex- cellent harboi-s. The larger part of the lower coui'se of the Merrimac, with superior water-power, lies within this county. The chief mineral resources are the granite quarries of Rockport, and the silver and lead mines of Newbury. The sea-board towns, excepting Lynn, are engaged chiefly in commerce and the fisheries ; the interior towns, in agriculture and the manufacture of cotton goods and boots and shoes. Lawrence is the largest city in the county, and the jirincipal centre of cotton manufacture. It has grown up entirely within thirty years. Lynn and Haverhill are the great centres of the boot and shoe manufacture. Saleae formerly had a large trade with the East Indies, from which it derived great wealth. At present it has little im- portance as a commercial piort. Gloucester is more extensively engaged in the cod and mackerel fisheries than any other port in the Union. These fisheries, with the trade derived from them, employ most of the labor and capital of the city. Newburyport is an old ship-linilding port, which formei-ly had a considerable commerce, and is now the centre of a large local trade. Andover is the seat of Andover Theological Seminar^', and of Phillips Academy. Peabody, Danvers, and Marblehead are important towns. GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 4-t^Sl ]ni(ldle!^e\ aiiiikeii>, and \antueket. These three counties occupy the peninsula of Cape Cod and the islands at the south and south-west of it. They are dis- tinguished by the sterility of their soil and the extent to which their people are occupied with seafaring pursuits. They con- tain few places of importance. Sandwich has the lai'gest and most suc- cessful glass works of the country. Pro- vincetown, on Cape Cod, is an important fishing port. Xan tucket wasonce celebrated for its whale fisheries, but the harbor is now almost destitute of shipping. Martha's Vineyard is chiefly known as a summer resort. Worcester. This is the largest county of Massachu- setts, and i-anks fourth in population and wealth. It occupies the larger part of the Middle Highlands, and the western margin of the Atlantic plain, including some of the richest and most highly culti^■ated agricultural regions of the State. The principal source of wealth is in the manufactures, which are extensive and exceedingly varied. Worcester, often called the " heart of the commonwealth,'' is an enterprising and beautiful city. It is a prominent railroad centre, has a large country trade, and carries on a great variety of manufactures, among which are iron and steel wire, agricul- tural implements and iron castings; machinery for cotton, paper, and woolen mills ; clothing and fire-arms. The College of the Holy Cross is located here, also a P( ily tech- nic School, a State Normal School, and the AV'orccster Academy. GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS. FiTCHBUEG is handsomely located and growing rapidly. It is largely engaged in manufacturing, especially chairs, cotton goods, and paper. Clinton manufactures large quantities of cotton and M'oolen goods and cai-pcts. Athol, Blackstone, and several other towns also nianufactui'e cottons and woolens. Gardner makes chairs and settees ; Winchendon, hollow wooden wares ; and Milford and North Brocikticld, boots and shoes. At Westboro is the State Reform School for boys. Franklin, Ilanipiiiliirc, and Hampden. These counties sti-ctch across the Connecticut Valley, and include about one-third of the Middle Highlands and neai-ly one half of the Western. They embrace an area a little larger than Worcester county; but their aggregate wealth and population is one-third less. Agriculture is the leading pursuit of the people, and tobacco is an important crop in the Comiecticut Valley. Mills and manufactories are frequent on the smaller streams ; and since the maguificient water-power of the Connecticut, at Turners and Sou.th Iladley Falls, lias been made available, the best facilities in the country for manufacturing purposes are here furnished. Springfield, the largest city in the State west of Worcester, is an important railroad centre. It has a considerable country trade, and is the seat of extensive manufactories and of a United States Arsenal. lIoLYOKE, at South Iladley Falls, has been built up within the past twenty-live yeais. It has almost unlimited water- power, which is employed in manufacturing, especially cottons, woolens, and paper. Chicopee, I>esides cotton and woolen-mills, has a noted brass foundry. At Westfield is a State Normal School. Wesleyan Academy is located at Wilbraham. East Hampton is the scat of Williston Seminary, and South Iladley of Mount Ilolydke Female Seminary. Northanq>ton is celebrated as one of the most beautiful towns in the country. It contains an asylum for the insane, and is the seat of Smith College for women. Amherst College and the State Agricid- tural College are located at Andierst. Deerfield and Greenfield are rich farming towns, with some manufactures. Turner's Falls, on the Connecticut, in the town- ship of Montague, though of recent growth, is the most impor- tant manufacturing town in Franklin county. The various works already located here, and the excellent facilities for transportation, give promise that it will become one of the great manufacturing centres of the State. Berkshire. This county comprises the extreme western portion of the State, including the Hoosac and Taconic mountain regions and the valleys between them. Quarries of white marble and soap- stone are among the mineral resoui'ces of the county. The elevated regions are, in winter, bleak and snowy, but in summer the air is cool and salubrious. Hence they form at- tractive summer resorts. The chief pursuit of the jieople in these districts is farming, especially dairying and stock-raising. The valley towns have a milder climate and are adapted to the various branches of agriculture. Many of them ai'e largely engaged in manufacturing and are quite populous. PiTTSFiELD, the most populous town in the county, car- ries on a variety of manufactures. It is located in a pictui-esque region of the Housatonic valley. North Adams is an enterprising village with extensive manu- factories of cotton and woolen fabrics. Near this place is the western entrance to the Iloosac tunnel, which pierces the Hoo- sac mountain, a distance of nearly foui- miles. Williamstown, the seat of Williams College, is the centre of a thriving farming region. Lee has valuable quarries of white marble. This section is noted for its picturesque beauty and health- fulness, and attracts considerable numbers of summer resi- dents. 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Ci-t CO c\ 5WS&*^flEYM( ^^ £lif^-^ChesKrl*P\i"*') S U L L I Aa N *\, • fibVlj /,• J. ) Newilury^ ^. , ...iTiYjiiea^: n Vy ^A ) u \ y ^ ® state Capital jfsEwPORT/Jfj^ g Shire Towns m a^a)/ , -^Z ^ . Sa.i„„s»v\P«"' «-.IlBttSK>^-" ->■ -J J ' I 'sines Q Geograp Tilcal SlUea 15 D 5 5 10 15 I 1 Genernl Surface ot Landtelow SOO feetaltitude [ 1 General Surface of Land above 800 feet altitude 9B ilountaiiious and Higter Land Copied /'om llagtrU Stale Jlap of Vermont Paper S|rv\^.^ « a■'/^^^'Jf'^'^'~'X'~''^^U^^ A^ A'. Petersburg! ^«>-:"*V ■l.iJo'l, li3m Green Mts, Mt.Manstield FROM BUELINGTON TO BAKNET Hog Back Mtn. Biirliii^um 5000 Eng.Feet PKOFILE FKOM WHITEHALL TO 'WINDSOE . I Green Mts. ,„^. HeriickMt., Bald Mt. Killington Peak Ascutney Mt. "°" Rntland 1 MAP STUDIES. NoTK TO THE Teacher. — The desrriptive text upon the counties commences on page 126. Let the county in which the pchool is situated be studied immediately after the lessons on the town outlineil below Take up the other counties in order, after the general description of the State as a whole. The list of questions given is designed to be used for every county, and indicates the topics upon which information is to l>e given. It is impossible, in an article of limited length, to describe the surface, resource?, and business of the several towns of the State : neither is such a description necessary. The teacher, if a resident of the town in which he is teaching, will have, from his personal observation, a much better knowledge of it than any book could give ; and if a stranger, he can ascertain, by conversation with his patrons, all that he needs to know, to give his pupils a good idea of sucli parts of the town as lie beyond the range of their own observations. The best method of carrying on these lessons will be to give the pupils, each day, a few of the questions indicated below, requesting them to ascertain by observation or by inquiry as much as possible upon each point. On the morrow call upon them to state all they have thus been able to learn ; and afterward give as much additional information as may be thought necessary or desirable. Finish the lessons by drawing a map of the town and locating its mountains, streams, and villages. A similar exercise should be given upon the resources of the pupils' own county, making use of the descriptive text and the map questions, in addition to what they may ascertain for themselves ; and finishing, if pnicticable, by drawing the map. Any teacher can readily devise a series of horizontal and vertical lines which will enable him accurately to sketch an outline of the county in which he is teaching. STUDY OF THIS TOWN. Questions. — In what town i.*^ this school-house situated? In what part of the county is this town situated? How is it bounded? What is its length, and what its breadth? How many square miles does it contain? Is the surface level, hilly, or mountainous? What mountains (if any) in this town? What streams (if any) cross it? What lakes or ponds lie within, or partly within it? In what parts of the town are they? What streams bring water into them ? What streams carry the water. Qut from them ? Does this town possess any valuable mines, quarries, or muck beds? In what parts of the town arc they situated? What is obtained from the mines? What is obtained from the quarries ? What use is made of the muck ? Does tliis town contain any valuable mill sites? Where are they situated? What streams furnish the power? Which do the farmers of the town chiefly raise, grain or stock? Why is this? What are the princi- pal crops raised in the town? Where is the farm produce carried fo market? By what means is it transported? What imporiant manufactories are situated in this town? In what parts of the town are they located? What materials are used in these factories? Where are these materials obtained ? What articles are made from these materials? Where are these articles sent for market? How are they sent? What villages are situated in this town ? In what parts of the town are they? What are the principal kinds of business in each ? What railroads or stage roads cross this town ? To what places do they lead ? What officers have charge of the public business and interests of the town? STUDY OF THIS COUNTY. What is the name of this county? In what part of the State is this county? How is this county bounded? What is its greatest extent from east to west? (Measure with the scale at the mar- gin of the map.) What is its extent from north to soulh? What mountains border or traverse this county ? What prominent peaks are included within its territory ? In what part of the county are they sit- uated ? What river or rivers traverse this county? What lake, or lakes (if anv), are included in it ? Into what streams do these lakes discharge? Into how many towns is tliis county di- vided ? Name the border towns, commencing with the most north-westerly. * Name the interior towns. What important villages are situated^n this county? In what town, and on what stream, if any, is each situated? What is the shire-town ot the county? What is a shire-town? Ansictr. — A shire-town is the ca])ital town of a county. In what part of the county is the shire-town situated ? ' What railroads, if any, cross this county? What towns are traversed by each? What villages are situated upon each? QUESTIONS ON MAP OF THE STATE. I. Geographical Positiuii. What parallel of latitude forms the northern boundary of the State? What par- allel near the southern boundary? What meridian traverses the western part of the State V What States lie adjacent to Vermont on the east, the south, and the west? What Province adjacent on the north ? On what river is the boundary between Vermont and New Hampshire? Note. — The boundary bptween these States is the west bank of the river at low-water mark. What fiirnts the boundary between the central and northern part of Vermont and the State of New York? Ansirm-. — The deepest channel of Lake Champlain, from its head to its outlet. On which side of this boundary line do the islands of Lake Champlain lie? Througli what lake does the northern boundary line pass? II. Surface. What mountain range traverses Vermont its entire length? AVhat ranges are found east of the central range of the Green Mountains ? De- scribe the water-shed of Vermont. What forms tlie water-shed in the southern half? In what direction does the land slope at the east of the water-shed ? In what direction does it slope at the west of the water-shed V Which of the two ranges in the northern half of the State is highest ? Which ^ has the most elevated base? What are the only portions of the State which are below 8U0 feet in elevation? Name the principal mountain peaks south of Killington. Name the principal peaks in the central range north of Killington. Name the principal peaks in the east range. What are tlic principal valleys that break -the Green IMountaiu range ? HI. Drainage. Into what river do the streams on the east- ern slope of the State flow? What lake receives the streams of the west- ern slope ? What lake of considerable size jdies east of the central range of the Green Tlountains ? What great river (see Map of British Prov- mces) receives the waters of Lake Memphre- magog? What three rivers of the State enter the norlherii part ut Lake Champlain? What striani enters the central part? What -tnain enters the head of this lake? What streams enter the Connecticut from the northern part of the State? From the central part? From the southern part? Describe the course of each of the rivers you have named, stating where it rises, what direction it takes, what counties it traverses, into what water it flows, and the location of its mouth. Model. — West river rises in the Green Mountains, south of Killington Peak; flows south-eastward, traversing the county of Windham ; and enters the Connecticut river above Brattleboro. lY. Divisions. Vermont di- Into how many counties vided ? Name the north border counties; the east border counties; the south border counties; the west border counties ; the interior coun- ties. What county is inclosed by Lake Cham- plain ? What three islands form the largest part of its territorj;? What five counties border upon Lake Chain- plain ? What five counties border upon the Connecticut? What counties are separated by the Green Mountains? What counties are traversed by the Green Mountains? Give the name and location of the shire-towu of each county. Note. — Newfane is the shire-town of Windham county, but the court-buildings ai-e located at Fayettcville. V. Draiving the Map. 1. Draw a very light horizontal line, and divide it into four equal parts, using one part (equal to about 26 miles) as a measure (M.) 2. At each end, and at each point of division, draw rerticnl lines downward. 3. Lay off, on the left-hand vertical line, (i M's, and draw horizontal lines at the end points marked. Note. — Tlie f^rst horizontal line drawn ~ numbered in the scheme — is the parallel of 45° north latitude ; and the vertical line numbered 3 is the meridian of 72° west longitude from Greenwich, England. 4. Place, by observing their position on the horizontal and vertical lines in the plan, the extreme north-western, north-eastern, south-western and south-eastern points of the State, and the head of Lake (^'hainplain. 5. Trace all the straight line boundaries of the State, beginning with the northern. 6. Trace the Connecticut river and the shores of Lake (_'hamplain. ' 7. Trace the boundaries of the counties, commencing with the most western county in the northern tier. GEOGKAPHY OF VERMONT. DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE. I. Surface. This State takes its name from two French words, " Vert Mont," signifying Green Mountain, from the ranges of for- est-covered mountains wliich run through its entire length. It lies mainlj' between the great valley of Lake Champlain and that of the Connecticut River. It has, in general, a mountainous, rugged surface. In the State there is one great central mountain range, extending from the south to tlie north, with plains and high- lands, hills and valleys, on the west and the east. This range grows gradually higher from the south to the north, but its western base is lower than the land east of it, the townships along the shore of Lake Cliamphun being conn)aratively level. In the southern and narrower half of the State the central range is un- broken, and forms the watershed as far as Mount Lincoln. It is here ac- companied, on the west, by a series of heights forming the Taconic range. This last range is hardly lower, but is less continuous, and is cut by sevei-al rivers flowing into the Hudson and Lake Champlain. Between these two chains extends the beautiful Valley of Vermont from Bennington to Rutland. In the northern half of the State the centred range, though higher, is broken by the deep valleys of the Winooski, La- moille, and Missisquoi rivers. From the middle and most massive part of the whole range, between Killington and Lincoln mountains, the eastern highlands' diverge to the northeast and become the watershed as far as the northern boundary of the State. This broad swell of land is only moderately high, but bears numerous short ridges, liaving mainly the same direc- tion. It is deeply furrowed by the Passumpsic and White Rivers on the east, and the Winooski, Lamoille, and Missis- quoi on the west, the last rivers cutting their way through the central range to pour their waters into Lake Champlain. East of the central range, near and parallel to it, is a lesser chain, composed of a series of short ranges wliich ex- tends, with some interruptions, from the Wliite River, in Stockbridge, to tlie Canada line. The first range ends near the Winooski, in Moretown ; another, including the Hogback, stretches between the Winooski and the Lamoille Valley, in Elmore ; a third, of which the Lowell Mountains are a part, runs between the Missisquoi and the Black River. The highest 'pealcs of the State are Mansfield Mountain, Killington Peak, CameVs Hump, Lincoln Mountain, Pico, and Jay Peak. FEET. , Chin, M.iusfieUl ) Nose I *So. V in UnJerhill 4,389 '• 4,056 eak, in " 3,896 *Killington Peak in Slielljurne 4,221 Camel'-s Hump, in Dnxlinry . . 4,083 Lincoln Mt., in Lincoln . . . 3,986 *Pico Mt., in Shei burne . . . 3,9.51 * Measured by slAll', lluLali, MOSTPELIER. ALTITUDE OF PRINCIPAL PEAKS. PEET. *Jay Peak, in WestfieUl . . . 3,883 *Sliiewsbury P'k, in Sh'wsburv 3,845 Equinox Mt., in Manchester . 3,837 *Baki Hill, in Westmore . . 3,304 *Burke Mt., in Burke. . . . 3,266 *Ascutney, in Windsor . . . 3.186 *Mt. Pisgah, in Westmore . . 2,755 Prof. A. Guyot. II. RiTer!« and Lakes. Vermont contains a large number of rivers ; the valleys of many of them are distinguished for the great beauty of their scenery. Owing to their small size and to their frequent rapids, these rivers are, with two excejjtions, not navigable ; but they afford almost unlimited water-power. The Missisquoi i-iver is navigable to Swanton, six miles from the lake ; and Otter Creek is navigable to Ver- gcnnes, seven miles from the lake. Lakes and Rapids, in great num- bers, but of small size, diversify the scenery in nearly all parts of the State. Lake Champlain is one of the most beautiful lakes in the United States. It is unsurpassed in historic interest, having been the scene of many important events before and in the Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. It is navigable for steamers through its entire length, which is about 120 miles. Its average breadth is about four and one half miles, and its greatest breadth, opposite Bur- lington, is ten miles. Lake Memphremagog, about 30 miles long and two miles wide, has only about one third of its length in Vermont, It is surrounded with scenery of great beauty ; and is a favor- ite summer re.sort for tourists. Island Pond, in Essex county ; Willoughhy, Caspian, Sey- mour, and Crystal lakes, and Salem p>ond, in Orleans county ; Lake Dunmore, in Addison county ; and Lake Bomoseen, in Rutland county, are the principal among the smaller bodies of water. III. Mineral Wealth. The mineral wealth of Vermont consists chiefly in the use- ful rocks; but productive iron and copper ore occur in sev- eral towns. Marble abounds in all the counties west of the Green Mountains ; also in Washington and Windsor counties. GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 13 Marble, slate, granite, limestone, iind steatite or soap-stone afford the most valuable quarries of the State. In Addison, Kutland, Ijentiiiigton, and Chittenden counties is fonnd irltite marble of great purity : and Chittenden county affords tlie celebrated Winooski. vurie(/ated marbles. Dun-colored marble occurs in Sw.inton, Franklin couuty ; black marble on the islands and shores of Lake Chauiplain ; verd-aniique , or sfrpentlne, in Roxtury, Washington county, and in Cavendish, Windsor county ; also a /)/»('!,7i or broirnish marble, variegated with white, in Plymoutli, Windsor couuty. Translucent white or statuary marble is found in Brandon. Tiie chief ipiarries of ic/ii/e marble are along the line of the Rutland and Bur- lington Railroad in Rutland, Brandon, Pittsford, and on the line of the Rens- selaer and Saratoga at West Rutland ; and along the line of the Bennington and Rutland Railroad in Clarendon, Wallingford, Tinmonth, Dauby, Dorset, Manchester, and Arlington. Limestone abounds on both sides of the Green Mountains, but the chief kilns for the manufacture of quicklime are on the western side. Extensive quarries of Chazy limestone occur in connection with the marbles of Isle La Motte, Grand Isle county. Granite abounds throughout Essex county, and in the eastern part of Orleans ; btit elsewhere it is found only in occasional outcrops. The best and most productive quarries worked in the State, are in Barre, Washington county, and at South Ryegate, Caledonia county. Steatite or soap-stone is abundant throughout the State, especially east of the Green Mountains ; the most extensive deposits being in Bridgewater, Cavendish, and Weatliersfield, Windsor county. Roofing slate abounds in all parts of the State. It is sep- arated by intervening outcrops of other rocks, into three di- visions ; occupying the eastern, the middle, and the western portions of the State. In the western division, quarries of fine grained, greenish slate occur, from which slate pencils are extensively manu- factured. The most extensive quarries and manufactories of slate are situated in Castleton, Fairhaven, and Poultney, Rutland county. Kaolin or porcelain clay occurs in many 2:)laces ; but the largest and best deposits are found in Brandon, Rutland county, and ]\Ionkton, Addison county. It is extensively manufactured into fire brick, earthenware, and many other articles. Brick clay occurs in nearly every town of the State ; and scarcely a town is destitute of beds of peat or muck, very val- uable as fertilizers. Marl beds also are frequent in the lime- stone regions. Iron Mines, of different kinds, occur in tlie western part of the State ; certain of which are worked in Brandon, and in Bennington. Copperas is largely manufactured from sulphuret of iron, in Strafford, Orange county. Gold, in small quantities, is found in Stockbridge, Ply- mouth, Bridgewater, and other towns. Copper is mined in Ely, Corinth, and Strafford ; and de- posits of copper ore occur in numerous other places. lY. Cliinafe, Noil, and Forests. The climate is subject to sudden changes of temperature, and to considerable extremes of heat and cold ; but the pure and ijivigorating air seems remarkably favorable to health. The summers are sufficiently warm and long for the ma- turing of all the leading crops of temjjerate and cool tem- perate climates. The interior being more elevated, is colder than towns on Lake Champlain, and in the Connecticut valley. The soil is in general naturally fertile, and its productive capacity can be greatly increased, by the addition of the fer- tilizers which abound throughout the State. Extensive forests ol hemlock, spruce, pine, and other ever- greens cover the mountains, and also other considerable tracts of country througliout the State. On the lower lands, oak, pine, hickory, sugai'-maple, birch, beech, basswood, butternut, cedar, and elm abound ; — cedar and tamarack occur in the swamps. Y. Occupations, Productions, and Exports. Agriculture is the leading pursuit of the people. For grain-yroiving, ■wool-growing, and dairying, Vermont is the first State in New England ; the first in the Union in the production of maple sugar ; and among the first, in dairy products. Oats and corn are raised in larger quantities thtin any other grains. Potatoes and orchard fruits — especially cher- ries, plums, and apples — are important crojjs. Peas, beans, hay, hops, buckwheat, are also largely raised. Stock-raising has long received careful attention in this State, and great numbei's of fine cattle, sheep, and horses, are raised. The manufacture of lumber, of cpdcklime from the lime- stone, or from the refuse of the marble quarries, and of char- coal for export, are important branches of business. The chief exports of the State are marble, roofing slate, and the articles manufactured from them ; charcoal ; dairy produce and the farm crops ; lumber, furniture, and furniture stock ; and maple sugar. The quantity of butter annually bought of the producers, in St. Albans^ Richmond, and Vergenncs, is probably not exceeded in any other three towns in the United States. VI. Commercial Facilities. Vermont, though an inland State, is scarcely inferior to any State in the Union in respect of commercial facilities. There is ivater communication by Lake Champlain, the Chambly river and canal, and the St. Lawrence with Quebec, Montreal, and all of the cities on the great lakes ; and by the Champlain and Hudson canal and Hudson river, with New York, and the other sea-board cities. Railroads crossing the State in different directions, connect eastward and westward, northward and southward, with all of the principal cities, both in our own country and in Canada. 14 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. VII. Cities and Yilla^et^. The following are the cities aucl the principal villages of Vermont, with their Populations^ Locations, and especial Advantages, and leading Interests : Names. Pop. in 1830. Locations. Advantages. Leading Interests. Burling- T. 11,364 Burlington Bay. Superior harbor Lumber trade and man- ton. and extensive rail- road connections. ufactures. Vei'geniies. r. 1,782 Falls of Otter Creek. Steam navigation, water-power. Manufactures. Rutland. r. I -2,149 Upper course of Railroad connec- Marble quarrying, and Otter Creek. tions. Jlarble Quarries. manufactures. St. Albans. T. 7,193 Near St. Albans Dairy produce Car manufactures, roll- Bav. market. ing mill, butter market. Benninston. T. 6,333 _ _ _ Manufactures. Brattleboro- 4,471 Connecticut R. Water power. Manufacture of parlor organs. St. .lohns- T. .5,800 Passumpsic R. - Manufacture of Fair- biiry. banks's Scales. Brandon. ]'. 3,280 Otter Creek R. - Manufacture of marbl' Northfield. r. 2,836 Doc; River. _ Manufactures. Castleton. T. 2,605 Castleton R. - Marble and slate quarry- ing and manufacture. Middlebury. T. 2,9fl3 Otter Creek R. \\'ater power. -Manufactures. Mont pel ier. T. 3,219 Winooski R. Slate Capital. Manufactures. Winooski. aboTit 3,0D0 Winooski K. in Colchester. Water power. ilanufactures. Spi ins; field. r. 3,144 Connecticut R. _ _ Manufactures. Woodstock. T. 2,815 Otta Quechee R. - Faiiliavcn. T. 2,211 Poultuey R. Marble and slate Marble and slate quarry- 1 quarries. ing, and manufacture. Bellows about 1 Falk. T. 2,229! Conn. R. R. R. connection^. Manufactures. # G^^ T. Town or Township. VIII. Political Organia5atioii. The Government of the State consists of three depart- ments ; the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. The Legislative power is vested in the General Assembly. This body consists of a Senate composed of 30 members, and a House of Representatives of 241 members — one from each town and city ; — each body is chosen biennially. The Executive power is vested in a Governor and other State officers; the Lieutenant-governor takes the place of the Governor in case of his absence or disability. The Judicial power is yQsi^Amdi Supreme Court, County Courts, Prolate Courts, and Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court consists of one chief judge and six assistant '/^ judges, chosen biennially f / hy the General Assembly. J The County Courts con- sist of one judge of the Supreme Court, and two assistant judges, chosen bienniall}' in each count}'. The Judges of Probate are chosen biennially in the probate districts. The Justices of the Peace are elected biennially by the towns; each town electing from five to fifteen, according to jjopulation. STATE COAT OF ARJtS. IX. Hij^torical IVotei*. The first permanent White Settlement in the State of Ver- mont was made at Brattleboro in 1724, when Fort Dummer was erected. As the territory now forming this State lay between the French possessions in Canada, and the English colonies of New England and New York, — which, mth Indian allies, were in almost constant warfare, — little was done towards occupying it, until after the cession of Canada to England in 1760. In this year a settlement was made in Guilford, Wind- ham county, and in other tovsms soon after ; and from this time the population increased rajjidly. Before the Revolution, the territory of Vermont was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York. After the Declaration of Independence, the people of Vermont organ- ized a State government, and t-laimed and maintained inde- pendence of both of these States ; but their action was not recognized by the General Government as justifiable, and the controversy continued until 1791. At this date, Vermont was recognized by Congress, and became a member of the Union. The Constitution of the State, originally formed m 1777, has been several times amended. One of the most decisive battles of the Revolution was fought near Bennington, August 16th, 1777 ; and many im- portant actions took place in the vicinity of Lake Champlain. The long valley occupied \>y this lake and the Hudson formed the natural route between Canada and the populous districts on the Atlantic sea-board ; and the expedition of BurgojTie, the failure of which was foreshadowed and in- sured by the battle of Bennington, was the final effort of the British to obtain command of their former colonies. X. Edncational, Charitable, and Penal In- stitntions^o Colleges. Vermont has three colleges ; the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College at Burlington; Middlebury College at Middlebury ; and Norwich LTniversity at Northfield. The University of Vermont, in addition to a full literary course, gives a course in medicine ; and the Agricultural College gives training in the sciences, the mechanic arts, and metallurgy. This excellent institution is now open to young women. At Norwich University special attention is given to military training. The TJiree State Normal Schools — one in each Congress- ional district — are located respectively at Randolph, Cas- tleton, and Johnson. Academies and Seminaries of superior excellence are lo- cated in several of the counties ; and the graded schools of the cities and some of the larger villages compare favorably, on the score of excellence, with those of the other New Eng- land States. GEOGEAPHY OF VEKMONT. 15 The Feyial Institutions are the State Prison, located at Wind- sor ; the State Reform School, at Vergeunes ; and the House of Correction, at Rutland. Of Charitable Institutions the most important are the Insane Asylum at Brattleboro, and the Home for Destitute Children and the Mary Fletcher Hospital, at Burlington. NOTES ON THE SEVERAL COUNTIES. I. Addison. (Pop. in 1880, 24,174.) Surface. The eastern part of tlie county is mountainous, and thougli the soil is naturally productive, cultivation is difficult. The western part is moderately uneven, and is a rich farming section. lNDLSTKi.\L Resource.s. Extensive quarries of nuirUe and limestone are found in Middlebury, Salisbury, aud Whiting ; rich beds of porcelain day in Monkton ; the best mitei-power in the State at the falls in Vergennes ; also excellent water-power at the falls in Middlebury. Cities and Towns. Vergennes, at the head of navigation, on Otter Creek, has large manufactories of furniture and nails. This, the oldest city in New England, was an important city during the war of 1813, and con- tained extensive forges and shot manufactories. Commodore MoDonough's Heet, which conquered the British in Plattsburgh Bay, September 11, 1814, was fitted out in Vergennes. Middlebury. This is the shire town, and the seat of Middlebury College. Other important towns in this county, a,xe New SoAJen, the seat of Beeman Academy ; aud Bristvl. II. Bennington. (Pop. in 1880, 21,945.) The SURFACE is in general mountainous. The Green Mountains on the east and the Taconic on the west, with the valley between them, occupy almo.st the entire area of the county. Little of the surface is suited to agri- culture, but where tillable, the land yields rich harvests. Industuial Resources. Murlile abounds in Dorset and Manchester ; and iron in Bennington, Shaftsbury, Sunderland, Arlington, and Manches- ter. Wtihr-pi/ircr is abundant on all the streams ; spruce and other timber is found in all parts. Knit (joods are manufactured at Bennington, sAoes at North Bennington, marble at Dorset and Manchester, steel squares in Shaftsbury, and c/iarconl and lumber in many parts. Towns. Benninr/(on and Manchester are half-shire towns ; near the for- mer was the scene of the Battle of Bennington. Dorset aud Sttaftsbary are nest in population and wealth. III. Caledonia. (Pop. in 1880, 23,607.) Surface. The western part of this county, traversed from north to south by the eastern highlands, which form tlie water-shed, is quite moun- tainous ; yet the larger portion of the county, though elevated, is so even as to be easily cultivated. The county contains much excellent farming land, especially in the Passumpsic valley. Industrial Resources Extensive quarries of roofing slate occur in Waterford, and of granite near South Reyegate. Towns. St. Jolinsbury, the shire town, is the seat of Fairbanks's exten- sive manufactory of weighing scales, and of the St. Jolmsbury Academy, a leading academical institution. Lyndon contains an excellent academy, and at Lyndonville are the offices, machine-shops, and manufactories of the Passumpsic Railroad. Pearfiam. contains one of the oldest academies in the State. Da/iriUe, Ilardwicli, Barnet, aud Burta: are also important towns. IV. Cliillendcn. (Pop. in 1880, 32,798.) Surface. The surface is generally hilly, but in no section monntainous, except near the eastern boundary. Along the lake the land is somewhat lower, and the surface rolling and moderately uneven. Mount Mansfield, the highest land in the State, is situated on the eastern border of this county. The soil is generally fertile, especially in the Wiuooski valley. In some places, however, it is sandy and not productive. Industriai^ Resources. Red raru-yatex?, or Winooski marble, is found in Colchester and Milton ; and inexhaustible quarries of superior limestone in Colchester and Burlington. Water-power is afforded at Winooski Falls, near Burlington, ami at nu- merous other points. Iron is found in Milton. The best liarbor on the lake is at Burlington. Towns. The city of Burlington, the wealthiest and most populous town in the State, is the shire town of the county ; the seat of tlie Uiiiversitv of Vermont; the chief commercial metropolis of the State; and the greatest inland lumber market in New England, and the third in the United States. Other important towns are Milton, Essex, and liic/imond. V. Essex. (Pop. in 1880, 7,931.) SuRr.\CE. The surface of this county is elevated and generally moun- tainous, except along the Connecticut. The soil is fertile when lirst'brought under cultivation, but in the hilly and mountainous portions is soon ex- hausted, aud requires the constant addition of fertilizers to continue its pro- ductiveness. The rock of this county is chiclly granite. Industrial Re.sources. Lumber. Towns. Guildhall is the shire town. Island Pond, in the town of Brighton, is an important village on the Grand Trunk Railroad. From the heights in the town of Luncnburyti is obtained one of the most extensive mountain views in New England. VI. Franiiiin. (Pop. in 1880, 30,225.) Surface. The eastern part is elevated and rugged, but in the west the land is comparatively level, and admirably adapted to farming. Industrial Resources. Water-jiowcr is found in nearly every town ; marble in Swanton, Highgate, and St. Albans ; small beds of il'on oi'e in the towns on the lake ; lime in St. Albans aud Swanton ; and mineral springs in Highgate and Sheldon. Towns. St. Albans is the shire town, and contains the offices, machine- shops, and manufactories of the Central Vermont Railroad ; and an exten- sive rolling mill Sioanton, Higtigate, Fairfax, EnosburgJi, and Bichford, are important towns. VII. Cirand Isle. (Pop. in 1880, 4,124.) Surface. This county, which consists of a peninsula and the islands in Lake Champlain, has a level surface but little elevated above the lake. The soil is everywhere productive, and is especially favorable to fruit culture. Industrial Resources. Inexhaustible quarries of Isle LaMotte niai-ble and of Chazy limestone. Towns. Nortli Hero is the shire town; Alburgh Sjmngs, in the town of AUmrgti, is a favorite summer resort. VIII. Lamoille. (Pop. in IHSO, l2,i)84.) Surface. The surface is mountainous, the main range .of the Green Mountains crossing the county west of the center. Excellent farming land abounds in the valley of Lamoille river, aud along its tributaries. Industrial Resources. Watcr-potrer is abundant in nearly all parts, especially in Waterville, Johnson, Morristown, Wolcott, and Stowe. Lead ore occurs in Morristown. Towns. Hyde Parti is the shire town. Jolinson contains a State Normal School. Stowe is a summer resort for tourists to Mount Mansfield. Mor- riscille and Wolcott are thriving villages. IX. Orange. (Pop. in 1880, 23,529.) SuRF.\CE. This county is traversed by ridges of the Eastern Highlands and is generally hilly. The soil is in general fertile and yields abundant harvests. Industrial Resources. Lead, ore occurs in Thetford ; copper in Cor- inth, Ely, Strafford, aud West Fairlee. Sulphuret of iron, valuable for the manufacture of copperas and paints, in Strafford ; valuable slate quanifs occur in Thetford. Towns. Clielsra, ne.ar the center of the county, is the shire town. Ran- dolpli contains one of the State Normal Scliools, and West Ranihilpli. is a flourishing village. Bradford, Tlistford, aud Netcbury are important towns. X. Orleans. (Pop. in 1880, 22,082.) SuRP.\CB, The surface, though elevated, is nearly everywhere favorable to cultivation. The soil is everywhere jiroductive, especially along the streams, where tlie meadow land is unsurpassed by any in tlie State. 16 GEOGBAPHY OF VERMONT. LIBRPRY OF CONGRESS 014 069 039 9 The rock is chieiy limestone a,ni slate, wliich by decomposition is constantly renewing tlie soil. Granite is found in the eastern part of this county. Several Ijeautil'ul lakes and ponds diversify the landscape, which for pict- uresqu* beauty is not surpassed in any portion of the State. iNDUSTBiAi, Resources. Water-powe7' is abundant in almost every sec- tion. Towns. Irasbnn/Jt is the shire town ; Neirjwrt, on Lake Memphremagog, is a noted summer resort ; Barton is largely engaged in manufacturing lum- ber ; and Charleston in the manufacture of emery wheels. Derby Center, Derby Line, North Troy, and Barton Landing arc thriving villages. XI. Rlllland. (Pop. in 1880, 41,830.) Surface. The surface in the southern part .and in the towns bordering on Lake Champlaiu, is comparatively level, and the soil is very fertile. In the south-eastern and eastern parts the land is hilly and difficult to cultivate. Lakes and ponds are nearly .as numerous as iu Orleans county ; streams are also numerous. lNr)USTR[.\T. Resources. White marble of great beauty is found in large quantities in Sudbui'y, Brandon, Pittsford, Rutland, Clarendon, Tinmouth, and Danby. Iron, and 'porcelain clay, in Brandon ; inexhaustible beds of the finest slate in Fair Haven, Castleton, and Poultney ; and mineral springs in Clarendon and Middletown. Water-poucr abounds throughout the county. ToWN.s. Rutland, the shire town, is the second town in wealth and pop- ulation, and the largest marble market in the State. The extensive Howe Scale Works are now located here. Brandon contains large furnaces, and manufactories of fire-brick and paints. Poultney has vast slate quarries ; and is the seat of Troy Conference Academy. Castleton is the seat of one of the State Normal Schools. Marbleized slate is manufactured at HyclevUle and Fair Hacen. XII. '%Va!«lliiig:toii. (Pop. in 1880, 25,403.) Surface. The surface of this county is mountainous in nearly all sec- tions, though the soil is generally highly productive, being constantly re- newed by tlie decomposition of the limestone and r/iuirtz, which are the prevailing rocks of the county. Industrial Resource.s. The finest f/rai/ite quarries of the State are situated in Barre ; quarries of fine roofinrj slate are found in J^orthfield ; also quarries of stonf, suitable for the manufacture of hones, and scythe-stones, Verdc-antique marble of great beauty abounds in Roxbury ; also actinolite, from which is prepared the most valuable polishing powder for dressing it. Superior icater-poircr is attorded by Winooski river and its tributaries. Towns. Montpelier is the shire town of the county, and the capital of the State. The State House, built of Barre granite, is one of the most beau- tiful buildings in the State. This town is the seat of the Vermont Metho- dist .Seminary and Female College, and has several important manufactories. Nortlifield contains extensive manufactories of roofing slate. It is the seat of Norwich University, a noted military school. j Waterbm-y is an important railroad station. At Walerbary Center is an academy. At Barre are two prominent academic institutions. XIII. WiiKlliniii. (Pop. in 1880, 2G,703.) Surface. The surface of this county is in nearly all sections rugged and elevated, and the western part is mountainous. Tracts of the most valuable farming lands, however, lie along Connecticut river, and yield abundant I harvests. I Industrial Resources. Quarries of excellent roofing slate occur in Guilford, and in towns lying north of it. The richest soap-stone quarries of the State lie in Grafton and Athens. Towns. Brattk'boro is the se.at of the State Asylum for the Insane ; and also of an extensive manufactory of parlor organs. BcUoirs F'cdls contains a Seminary for young ladies. At SaJ:ton's Ricer is the Vermont Academy. Fayettecille (the shire town), Jamaica, Londonderry, Toionshend, and Wilminyton, are important towns. XIV. ^IViildsor. (Pop. in 1880, 35,193.) Surface. The surface and soil of this county are of the same general character as that of Windham. Industul\l Resources. Water-power is abu.'idant on all the streams. Verd-antiq>w marble is, common in Cavendish ; and Plymouth marble—hlmsh ground mottled with white — abounds in Plymouth. Pui-e soap-stone exists in great quantities in Weathersfield and Bridgewater ; and gold is found in Stockbridge, Bridgewater, and Plymouth. Towns. Woodstock is the shire town. The village is beautifully situated on Otta Quechee River. Windsor contains the State Prison, a Cotton Fac- tory, and Machine Shop. At Springfield there is an extensive manufactory of children's carriages. Hartford represents a large variety of industrial interests located in its several villages. Ludlow, Cavendish, Bethel, Sharon, and Eoyalton are important towns. RAILROADS IN VERMONT. N.iMES of the principal corporations operating Railroads in \'ermont, and the termini and the lengths of the roads ; — ^'t. and Afass. R. R. Miller's Falls, Mass., and Brattleboro, 31 miles. Vt. Valhy R. R. Brattleboro and Bellows Falls, 23 miles. Central Vt. R. R. Bellows Falls and Rouse's Point, N. Y., !•(« Montpelier, ISO miles ; via Rutland, ITT miles ; Montpelier to Barre, (i miles ; Leicester Jnnction to Ticonderoga, N. Y. , 16 miles. Conn, and Passmnpsic Rivers and Massawippi Valley R. R. White River Junction and Sherbrooke, P. Q., 145 miles. Montpelier and Wells River R. R. Montpelier and Wells River, 3^^ miles. Portland and Ogdensbury R.R. — Vt. Divisloii. Lunenburgh and Magwam Bay, 131 miles. Barlingion and Lamoille R. R. Burlington and Cambridge Jnnction, 35 miles. Southeastern Townships Railway — f:iotithern Division. Newport and Farn- ham, P. Q., 05 miles. JUissisquoi R. R. St. Albans and Richford, 28 miles. Woodstock R. R. White River Junction and Woodstock, 14 miles. Delaware and Hudson Canal Co. Ruthand and Troy, N. Y., via Castleton and Poultney, SS miles ; via Castleton and Pah Haven, 81 miles. Bennington and Rutland R. R. Rutland and Bennington, 56 miles. Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R. Portland, Me., and Montreal, P. Q., 300 mUes; in Vt., Bloomfield and Norton, 31 miles. Central Vermont R. R., in process of construction. Brattleboro and South Londonderry, 36 miles. DISTANCES BY RAILROAD. South Vernon to Brattlelioro, 10 miles. Brattleboro to Bellows Falls, 22 " Bellows Falls to White River Junction, 43 " White River Junction to Wells River, 40 " Wells River to St. Johnsbury, ... ...... 31 " St. Johnsbury to Newport, ......... 44 ^* Newport to Richford, .......... 33 *' White River Junction to Montpelier, 64 " Montpelier to Essex Junction, . . . . . . . . . 33 " Esse.v Junction to St. Albans, 25 " St. Albans to Swauton, 9 *' St. Johnsbury to Cambridge Junction, ....... 65 " Cambridge Junction to Swanton, . . 33 '' Cambridge Junction to Essex Jnnction 36 " Essex Jnnction to Burlington, 8 " Burlington to Rutland 67 " Rutland to Bellows Falls .53 " Rutland to Fair Haven, 16 ^^ Rutland to Poultney, 18 " Also, see the previous tabic. JOURNEYS BY RAILROADS. Name the important towns or villages through which one would pass in travel- ing by rail b.v the shortest routes : From Brattleboro to Newport. " Newport to St. Albans. " St. Albans to Bennington. " Brattleboro to South Londonderry. " Bellows Falls to Fair Haven. " White River .Innction to Burlington. *^ Wells River to BurUngton. " St. Johnsbury to Burlington. <^/' LIBRARY OF CONGRESS nmillMI II III I II III Ml: II i!i I ii III ml I II I II 014 069 039 9 i