Glass PA 1 lp I 
 BookIjp_ 
 

 ?<c? 
 
 GREEK TABLES; 
 
 OH 
 
 A METHOD OF TEACHING THE GREEK PARADIGM 
 
 IN A MORE SIMPLE AND FUNDAMENTAL MANNER. 
 
 By D. FRIEDRICH THIERSCH, 
 
 HOI. IN THE LYCEUM, AND PRINCIPAL OF THE PHILOLOG. SEM. AT MUNICH- 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE DIALECTS, 
 
 FROM .BUTTMANN'S GRAMMAR, 
 
 
 TRANSLATED 
 
 By R. B. PATTON, 
 
 FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES IN THE COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED 
 
 NEW-YORK 5 
 
 G. & C. & H. CARVILL, 
 1830, 
 
^h 
 
 >^ v 
 
 ^u 
 
 Southern District of New-York, ss. 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the second day of February, A. D. 183a, and in the fifty- 
 fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, G. & C. & H. Carvill, of 
 the said district, have deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim 
 as proprietors, in the words following, to wit : 
 
 «' Greek Tables ; or a method of teaching the Greek Paradigm in a more simple and funda- 
 mental manner. By D. Friedrich Thiersch, Prof, in the Lyceum, and Principal of the Philolog. 
 Sem. at Munich. To which is added an Essay on the Dialects, from Buttmann's Grammar, 
 Translated by R. B. Patton, formerly Professor of Languages in the College of New Jersey- 
 Second Edition revised and enlarged." 
 
 In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Act for the encour- 
 agement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and pro- 
 prietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned;" and also to an act, entitled " An 
 act, supplementary to an act, entitled, an Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing 
 the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during 
 the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, en- 
 graving, and etching historical and other prints." 
 
 FRED. J. BETTS, 
 Clerk of the Southern District ofNew-Yorh 
 
 N 16 /i« 
 
 W. E. DEAN, PRINTER. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FIRST EDITION OF THE TRANSLATION. 
 
 The present translation originated in a sincere desire to excite 
 and cherish, in the youth of our country, a thirst for more exten- 
 sive investigation, in the subjects connected with the Greek Gram- 
 mar and Literature. The author holds a distinguished rank in 
 Germany, among those who have laboured so successfully, of 
 late years, to facilitate the study of the Greek language. 
 
 The original work was not designed by the Author to enter 
 the lists with any Grammars in common use, and the same may be 
 said of the translation. In Germany, the Original has been gene- 
 Tally admitted into the Gymnasia, even where the Greek Grammar 
 of the Author is not adopted for the purposes of elementary in- 
 struction. And if the Translation can succeed in extending the 
 views of our students beyond the range of mere grammatical 
 forms, and the modes of instruction to which they have been ac- 
 customed, and enable them to participate in the views and feel- 
 ings of the scholars of a portion of Europe, so conspicuous for 
 philological attainments, the translator will have reason greatly 
 to rejoice, although the translation, as a translation, may not be 
 approved. 
 
 The Translator confesses himself of the number who value 
 highly the philological works of the Germans, and who earnestly 
 desire to see them circulated in our country ; to see the same spi- 
 rit of laborious research and expansive inquiry infused into the bo- 
 soms of our youth ; in order that we may avail ourselves of the 
 advances made by others ; of their experience, habits, thoughts, 
 and feelings ; and thus, be enabled to cope with them in future 
 researches. 
 
 The system developed in this work does not differ materially 
 
iy ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 from that of Buttmann. Thiersch has pursued the analysis a step 
 or two further, with what success every one must decide for him- 
 self. 
 
 The Edition of the Tables, that of 1813, to which I had access, 
 literally swarmed with errors of the press. So far as time would 
 permit 1 have endeavoured to eradicate them, and not to commit 
 new ones in correcting the old. It has been thought expedient al- 
 so to render the Homeric Paradigms more complete, by some ad- 
 ditions, principally from the second edition of the Grammar of 
 the Author. These additions being merely from another work 
 of the Author, it was not thought necessary to specify them par- 
 ticularly. 
 
 The Original was printed in tables, and in the folio form. The 
 whole work is here reduced to a smaller size, which renders It 
 more convenient and less expensive. On the dialects, we have 
 preferred the small but comprehensive treatise of Buttmann. Mat- 
 thiaB's account is somewhat confused, and probably, in a historical 
 point of view, incorrect. Many assertions of Thiersch, on this 
 head, are perhaps too gratuitous. Buttmann is always chaste and 
 inductive. 
 
 As to the translation itself, much might be said, as usual, on 
 the crowd of German technics, and the unwieldy and refractory 
 German sentences, which almost refuse to receive the English 
 dress. But I forbear. To those who are acquainted with the 
 German, and especially the German of the prefaces to this work, 
 nothing need be said : to those who are riot, all that could be said 
 would be in vain. 
 
 I close with the hope, that those who have more time and abi- 
 lity for such an employment, may endeavour, by means of transla- 
 tions, to extend our acquaintance with the philological works of 
 foreign nations, especially of Germany, and thus produce that uni- 
 versal literary excitement, which eventually must secure to us the 
 highest literary privileges, as well as establish our national pros- 
 perity on the firmest basis. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECOND EDITION OF THE TRANSLATION. 
 
 The " Greek Tables " by Thiersch have met with very general 
 approbation in this country. This circumstance is the more gra- 
 tifying to the Translator, because it was his wish that no special 
 efforts should be made to bring the work into notice, or extend its 
 use in our schools, in order that it might rest upon its own merits 
 and not upon a forced patronage. In the present Edition, the 
 translation has been revised, and some retrenchments and addi- 
 tions have been made, which are not of sufficient importance to 
 demand a particular enumeration. 
 
 The use which the Translator has made of the System, in the 
 lower classes of the Colleges with which he has been connected, 
 has convinced him of its superior advantages above the common 
 method. Those who have made themselves acquainted with both 
 methods, have uniformly given the preference to that of Thiersch. 
 And those teachers who have adopted it in their schools, have 
 concurred in the opinion, that it greatly facilitates the acquisition 
 of the forms of the Greek verb. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO THE EDITION OF 1808. 
 
 To be thoroughly grounded in the Greek Paradigm, it is not 
 enough that the learner be able, immediately, or, at least, upon a 
 little recollection, to analyse every form which presents itself, — for 
 example, XsjcpSsiVav, to tell immediately what it is, and that the 
 root contains Xsi#, Xs»/3, or Xsip. He must also be prepared, as in 
 the Latin, without the labour of conjugating, to give, in its pro- 
 per form, any mood, tense, and person, of any verb, at pleasure* 
 Should the instructer, therefore, demand the 1. Aor. Mid. Opt. 
 mood. 3 pers. Dual numb, of ^utfo'w, he must be able promptly 
 to answer p^ixj'wa'outfSniv. 
 
 Owing to the endless complication of the Greek Paradigm, 
 this attainment has been deemed impossible for the beginner ; 
 and so indeed it must be, if we consider the vast multitude of 
 rules in our grammars, regarded as indispensable for the for- 
 mation of as great a number of tenses. Every one, however, 
 who will pursue the method here pointed out, in explaining the 
 forms and in using the paradigm, will find it; I think, not only pos- 
 sible, but, to the gratification of both teacher and learner, not even 
 difficult. The paradigm must be reduced to its simple constituent 
 parts, as is <lone in the following pages, and these parts united 
 again under the inspection of the learner. Thus the different 
 parts necessary for the formation of any mood, person, tense, &c. 
 whatever, arrange themselves naturally in his memory ; and while 
 the question <?f the instructer suggests first the mood, then the 
 tense, and finely the person, the learner forms them immediately 
 in the same or^er. Let ^urfwtfajtf^v, for instance, be requir- 
 ed. First of all, the teacher referring him to the 1. Aor. Mid. he 
 forms this tense from the root and termination, Jp^uoWaju/qv, ac- 
 cording to the given rules. Secondly, the teacher referring him 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1808. 7 
 
 to the Optative mood, he rejects the mutable parts s -ctfwjv so 
 
 that -/guiSud remains, and introduces the characteristic vowel of 
 the mood,* {on) e. g. x£ utfwtfa '- Finally, the teacher referring 
 him to the 3 pers. Dual number, he knows that the Optative has, 
 in this person, the termination peculiar to the Secondary tenses,f 
 which is so familiar to him that in the present case he immediate- 
 ly suggests tr&»jv, and will give the completed form xgutfwoW^v. 
 Or let the Perf. Pass, of Xs'yw (ground-form 'ksksy,) and Infin, 
 mood (termination tf^ai subjoined,) be required, and he answers, 
 
 with little hesitation, XsXsytfSai XsXs'x^ai (§ 5. 3. and § 3. 
 
 Note U) 
 
 Experience has taught the author, that after the explanation 
 of the paradigm, but little additional practice is necessary, in or- 
 der to acquire suitable facility ; for such is the consistency and 
 well grounded regularity of the Greek paradigm, that the begin- 
 ner will very soon find himself at home. It is evident, however, 
 that in order to obtain our end, besides the analysis of the para- 
 digm into its constituent parts, wc must endeavour to simplify the 
 various doctrines and rules concerning augments, shortening long 
 syllables, &c. — especially concerning the formation of the tenses. 
 How can we expect the beginner to give a person of some remote 
 tense, — for example the 3 pers. Plur. numb. Aor. 1. Pass. In- 
 dicat. mood, of irs/Aw, — if he is forced from the present into the 
 1 Fut. Act., thence into the Perf. Act., thence into the Perf. Pass., 
 then into the 3 pers. Sing, of the same, and thus finally arrives 
 at the Aor. 1 Pass. ? The old method of forming, successively, 
 one tense from another, which has been already in part aban- 
 doned by others, is here entirely rejected, and the tenses, in ge* 
 
 * (Modusvocal) Our language rather revolts at the unbounded liberty 
 in the composition of words which the German enjoys. But the translator 
 feels himself constrained to adopt, hereafter, for the sake of brevity, on the 
 frequent recurrence of this phrase (Modiisvocal,) the literal but apposite ex- 
 pression Mood-vowel. Vid. § 15. (7V.) 
 
 t {Nebentempora) By Primary and Secondary tenses, used throughout this 
 work to denote the Haupttempora and Nebentempora of the original, is meant 
 no more than this, that, in respect to die form, {derform nach,) the primary 
 tenses (Prses. Fut. Perf.) have each connected with them a secondary tense 
 (Imperf. Aor. Plusqpf.) called by Buttmann historical lenses, (historischc tem 
 pora) Ausfuhrliche Gramm. § 81. (Tr.) 
 
8 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 180& 
 
 neral, derived immediately from the Prses., or rather, together 
 with the Praes., from the common root. Any doubts on this head 
 will, it is hoped, be entirely dissipated by a nearer examination 
 of the paradigm. 
 
 If we now demand of the learner, thus initiated, the above 
 mentioned Aor. 1. Pass. Ind. Mood, Plur. numb. 3 pers. he will 
 immediately to its ground-form stsfc annex the personal termina- 
 tion Srjtfav ; but, being accustomed to change <r before another r. 
 into <f, (§ 4. 5. Note 2.) he will suggest without hesitation, itfeid*. 
 
 This may serve to explain the mode of proceeding in question- 
 ing the learner concerning the tenses. The advantage, however, 
 of this method, in recognizing and developing the forms which oc- 
 cur in reading, as well as in promoting a rapid progress and a ge- 
 nerous freedom in the language, is very evident. Whoever will 
 acquaint himself with the forms by mere effort of memory, never 
 obtains a sure possession of them. Rigid method, so requisite in 
 most cases, is here in a special manner necessary, and only what 
 we learn methodically can take root and thrive. The committing 
 the paradigm to memory, which is still necessary for acquiring 
 facility in the use of the forms, proceeds with greater ease and 
 accuracy if the whole is grounded on a system of derivation or 
 formation which presents itself at every step. The arrangement 
 of the whole, however, (which in the introductory part must de- 
 scend to a consideration of even the letters or elementary parts 
 of words,) is worthy of attention and of careful consideration 
 from those who are employed in the business of instruction. The 
 author trusts that he may be indulged in making such a sugges- 
 tion, if, without neglecting the most recent investigations of Gram- 
 marians, he has been fortunate enough to simplify the doctrine of 
 the Greek forms, and bring it out of its former confused state, 
 but still without adopting the arbitrary principles of Lennep and' 
 others. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO THE EDITION OF X80& 
 
 The " Greek Tables " have met with a more favourable recep- 
 tion than I had ventured to anticipate. When that which is sanc- 
 tioned by custom is attacked, although without noise or arrogance, 
 the opposition of those is awakened who are unable or unwilling 
 to comprehend what is new. What is old and customary is be- 
 come, from long use, both familiar and dear to them. In giving 
 shape, however, to a mass hitherto only partially reduced to or- 
 der, many things were necessarily arranged otherwise than in the 
 common method. Hence some might easily fail of the desired 
 success, and thus afford occasion to the captious of expressing 
 their chagrin* 
 
 Contrary to my expectations the method here proposed was 
 placed, by the Gottingen Gelehrte Anzeigen No. 45. 1 808, unmo, 
 lested, by the side of earlier attempts, and the issue awaited. By 
 the New Leipsic Literatur Zeitung No. 117. 1808, it was receiv- 
 ed as to its distinguishing features, and the old system of deduc- 
 tion rejected. By the Jena Allgemeine Lit. Zeit. No. 192. 1808, 
 it was received without any limitation or modification, " because 
 thereby life is restored to a mass heretofore dead, and the rich de- 
 sign manifest in this systematic language is clearly demonstrated, 
 which, for a long time, has been regarded as the spiritless work of 
 caprice or chance," In consequence of this, the " Tables" came 
 into frequent use, and were introduced into many of the more re- 
 spectable Gymnasia ; nor has one yet been found, who has not, 
 from his own experience, realized their utility. 
 
 This new edition, which appears nine months after the first, 
 will shew that I have paid a due regard to the objections ad vane-, 
 ed by others, and have adopted their proposed improvements ; 
 and, at the same time, that I have been fully sensible how imper- 
 fect the former edition was. The present edition is enriched 
 principally by the addition of the Homeric paradigms, which the 
 
 % 
 
10 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 
 
 study of Homer renders so desirable. To our friend Mr. Assess*- 
 or D. Dissen, we are indebted for the careful enumeration of the 
 Homeric forms, who instituted a thorough examination of Homer, 
 in order that nothing of importance might escape us. The last 
 tables, exclusively the result of his labours, will prove, no doubt, 
 to the young friends of Homer, an acceptable present. 
 
 It was not till lately that an attack was made upon this method 
 by one, whose opposing voice, I had, from the commencement, 
 expected to hear. In the Jena Allgem. Lit. Zeii. No. 4. of this 
 year, appeared an article, " some strictures on Thiersch's Tables 
 of the Greek verb, by F — G." written with much warmth. The re- 
 marks of the author, who has never made a trial of the method, 
 and, nevertheless, threatens to overturn it as prejudicial to the 
 cause of instruction, concern, for the most part, mere trifles, which 
 might be altered by a single stroke of the pen, if really necessa- 
 ry. Besides, these cavils expose, not only the animosity, but the 
 ignorance also, of the author. He threatens to subvert the me- 
 thod in one of its principal parts, by objecting, to the derivation 
 of every tense from the root, the form <rs<ru(pa<rai for rsrv^ivoi slffi, 
 and thus wishes to deduce the original epic form from the much 
 younger aspirated Perf. Act. — On this point, however, the deriva- 
 tion of the tenses, it is necessary to be more explicit, that I may 
 avoid, for the future, the imputation of a desire of change and a 
 fondness for arbitrary arrangement. 
 
 In the oldest Grammarians traces are found of that method, ac- 
 cording to which, the tenses are formed in such a manner, that one 
 is always made the foundation of another ; e. g. from ido^v i& 
 formed dotyrfopou, from kstka, &s»X<xf//»]v, &c. The opinion was 
 finally adopted, that, in order to arrive at any form after the Prses., 
 we must pass through another form to which it seemed to bear 
 some analogy. But we find it no where asserted, that this system 
 of derivation is not equally valid and useful when the order is in- 
 verted, and J<56S»]v formed from 8o§i)<fopai, or gru+a from <rgVu<pa. 
 Thus the author of the Halle Grammar, to whom most of us are 
 indebted for our elementary instruction, thinks he has simplified 
 the business, when he advises us to derive all the tenses of the 
 Pass, from the corresponding tenses of the Act. At least, it is not 
 a more capricious mode of proceeding, to change, for the Fut. Pass. 
 4*w into ^dqtfopai, gw into x&qffojxcu, and for the Aor. ^a into 
 <p$*}v, got into x^*J v > than, according to the common method, to 
 

 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OP 1809. II 
 
 convert (pa. into ppou, ya. into 7f*ai, and xa sometimes into (aoci and 
 sometimes into o>ai, in order to obtain the Perf. Pass. ; or, in or- 
 der to arrive at the Aor. 1. Pass, of fagiyu, to lead us through srf- 
 rgeipa, efogscpu, sW^ajifjLcci, eW^a^Tai, (stfT^owf-Syjv) £tf<r£a(p$7]v. When 
 any method is so arbitrary, we may be assured that it has wander- 
 ed far from the way which the language has pursued in its for- 
 mation. 
 
 First of all, we cannot mistake the analogous formation of those 
 tenses which are classed together in the " Tables " as primary 
 and secondary tenses, rirvcpa. irsrvcpsiv, Tvcp^o^at iru'^yjv, to^w 
 srv-]sa., &c. Should this already appear capricious, to receive a 
 doubtful Fut. otxso'w, in order to obtain ^xsCa, still it is a matter of 
 indifference, in itself considered, whether we form rixp^tfofAai from 
 l<r(j<pd*jv, or £<r6qi&v)v from <ru<pdV°M- w, 7 were it not necessary to ren- 
 der this mode of proceeding subservient to a more important end. 
 Of this however more hereafter. What now concerns us is, to 
 strike at the root of the old system of deduction, which renders 
 even the primary tenses dependent on other forms, e. g. TcVucpa 
 on sru-v^a, TgTu/jo/xa* on <rsVu(pa, <rvcp6r)<fona.i through irvcp&riv on «rs'<rw- 
 Tai. Let us commence with the Perf. which Grammarians have 
 begun to regard as a. finished or perfect present,* (Prcesens per. 
 fectum, rirvya, I have struck — just now.) 
 
 For the unfinished or imperfect present, (Prcesens imperfectum,) 
 certain terminations were invented, Plur. — fiev — re — v<rtfi, and 
 were subjoined to the root, — 
 
 (pot 
 
 9<X|XeV 
 
 (pars 
 
 (<p<xvT<n) 
 
 (paitfi f 
 
 /3a 
 
 jSa/xsv 
 
 /3a<rs 
 
 (/Savrtfi) 
 
 jSatf* 
 
 <rXo£ 
 
 cXa/xev 
 
 cXars 
 
 (rXavrtfi) 
 
 •rXatfi 
 
 To denote that the present was past or finished (Pros, perf '.) 
 the reduplication was introduced into the three radical languages, 
 (/3s/3<x(asv, gegangen, cecidi,) and thus originated the ground-forms 
 of the Perf. which have been preserved entire, in the epic Ian- 
 
 • Compare Hermann de emend, rat. Graec. Gramm. p. 186. Matthiae 
 ausf. Gramm. p. 685, and the ingenious dissertation u de Temporibus it Modit 
 verbi Graci " by Ludolp Georg. Dissen, p. 5, seq. From this dissertation are 
 borrowed the names of the tenses which are here employed. 
 
 t See $ 5. 4. of the Tables. ( Tr.) 
 
13 PBEFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 
 
 guage. Single persons, the 3d for instance, have found their 
 way into all the dialects. — 
 
 rerXafASv TSrXars (rSTXavrtfi) rsrXatfi 
 
 /3e/3a^sv (3s{3dlrs ■(j8sj8avTtfi) (3s(3a<ti 
 
 k&pev &ms (kavrtfi) kadi 
 
 According to the same analogy 
 tmperf. (Praeteritum imperfectum,) s/3dc^sv, iftare, ifiatfav, irXafASv, 
 irXare, irXatfav-. 
 
 Plusqpf. (Praeteritum perfectum) (i(3s(3apBv, i(3s(3urs 9 £/3s/3<x» 
 <tav,) hsThapsv, hsrXdrs, ^STXatfav, the former with an Aor. signi*. 
 fication* 
 
 Such forms as ifiiftapsv were forbidden by the metre of the 
 epic language, while kkXa^sv and j3s(3adav were admitted and 
 retained. It seems inconsistent with the progressive formation of 
 the language, and therefore arbitrary, to derive, as is done in the 
 Grammars, Hrka^sv, <rsVXa<rs, TSTXatfj, by an unnecessary syn* 
 cope, from <rsrXaa/x£v, TSrXaars, and these forms again, by syn- 
 cope, from csrX^xajut-sv,, &c. thus regarding the fullest form as the 
 ^original one. 
 
 The first short a in the 3 pers. Plur. as (3ef3aoL(fi, (ASfxaao'i, ys° 
 y<XA(to 9 is not derived from any syncopated form, but depends upon 
 the same rule in the epic language, which permits o£<x£ to be 
 lengthened into ogcuas. II. 7. 448. aifyaXa into dtf^aXaa. II. 2. 293. 
 ;jj&a<j&a* into fAvaatfSaf. Od„ 1. 39. or aWi&ro into aiVioWo. II* 
 II. 654. 
 
 Acid to this, that for the Sing., the terminations -u.ag-s (from 
 l'a-sa£-2e the original Perf. of Btpfy were adopted, and We have the 
 original conjugation of the Perf. Act. This has been retained in 
 5»w, 8siu), S-siS'u (root &,) the verse and a regard for euphony, how- 
 ever, generally requiring the s in 8e8ict to be lengthened into &*'- 
 Sia, as in faSiywrcu for tie8£%wrou. Od. 7. 72. 
 Sing. 1. SsiSi * a II. 13. 481. 
 
 a£ • Od. 18. 79. 
 
 s II. 18. 34. 
 
 1. 8si8i - ^ II. 9. 230. 
 
 ts II. 20. 366. as Imperat* 
 
 art II. 24. 663. for SsSnrti 
 
 with the Ionic a for v. Here s remains in its simple form be* 
 cause the verse permits it. To this original conjugation of the 
 Perf. (which in the Dual and Plur* is deficient m all the mood- 
 
 1. 
 
 tfs {& 
 
 2. 
 
 SsiSi 
 
 3. 
 
 'SsiSi 
 
 1. 
 
 SeiSi 
 
 2. 
 
 dsiSi 
 
 3. 
 
 -SsSi 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 13 
 
 'Vowels, and for this reason follows the analogy of the conjugation 
 ih juu,) belong such forms of the Imperat. as xsxXuSi, rsVXaSi, rs$- 
 va3r/, SsiSih ; — of the Opt. as rsSvairiv, s-stXouV, &c. (both their 
 signification and the 3. pers. Plur. Ind. TsSvatfi which belongs to 
 this class, forbid us to regard them as Aorists with the reduplica- 
 tion ;) — of the Infin. as reSvapswi, csSvajjisv, tsSvocvccj, rsrXavai ; 
 — of the Participles, as dshus, dsiSnreg, f*s/jt.aw£ ; — as well as some 
 single persons, such as Plusqpf. iksVjSpisv, also Upsv, sj'XtjXou^sv. 
 All these are forms in which the terminations merely are annexed 
 to the root, increased by the reduplication. They cannot be ex- 
 plained by the abbreviation of the full form, e. g. rs'SvaSi short- 
 ened from riSvrpG, rsSvafyv from <rsSv>jxoifJU, at least not without 
 the most violent and unnatural changes, fi. g. SiSi^sv, by reject- 
 ing o, x, a, from dsdoixct^sv. 
 
 It must already appear evident that in the formation of the 
 Perf., the language has pursued its own free course, without ren- 
 dering this tense dependent on the first Aorist. And why, indeed, 
 in order to arrive at the original forms r&vapev, SsiS^sv, should 
 we invent unheard of Aorists, g'Sv^tfa, sSrta (Homer has, it is true, 
 BdsKfag, bSSeitfe, £§8ei<faTS,- Udzitfav ; nothing however from s<Wa, 
 still less from s&vijtfa, which he and all the Greeks would have 
 found intolerable by the side of e'Savov) — Why, I say, should we 
 invent these strange Aorists, and proceed from these to unknown 
 Perfects, such as SiSixa, and from these (e. g. from SeidixuiLsv,) 
 remove the xa which never existed, in order to arrive at the ori- 
 ginal and independent form SsiSipsv 1 This last form, however, (de- 
 ficient in the Mood- vowel,) altogether unconcerned about this for- 
 midable bulwark of etymology, is formed independently of any 
 other tense, from the ground-form of the tense and the termina- 
 tion. If this mode of proceeding is unphilological in the case of 
 SsiSi^ev, SsSius, it is equally so in the case of reSva/xsv, /xs/xaw£, 
 and others, for the formation is same. Beyond this, the language 
 i of Homer made but few advances" in the further formation of the 
 Perfect. 
 
 The a retained from the old Perf. ea, became the characteris- 
 tic vowel of the Perf., (tfciS) tfstfoi'Sa^sv, tfsirofeare, (tfX^y) <kb. 
 ^X*jyafjt-sv/((p£uy) tscpeuyccpsv. It is evident that this form of the 
 second Perf., as it is called, is derived from the Fut. 2. no more 
 than SsiSttt from sdsufa and dsidnca. In the verba pura a x was 
 
14 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OP 1809. 
 
 introduced,* to avoid the collision of vowels, as in oiWri, fMjx^ri* 
 The final vowel of the root was now doubled before this x, accord- 
 ing to the general rule,* (3e(3a.a<fi, f3e(3a.xa(fi, jSsjSijxatfi. In many 
 verbs both forms are found, side by side, in different persons, rs- 
 Svyjxs not rg'Svas, TsSvatfi not rsSv^xatfj ; also /3s/3<xao'i, /3s']8ap-gv, 
 /3s/3aws ; and /3s/-fyxa£, (Ss(3r\xe ; Plusqpf. /3s/S^xs». 
 
 These are the steps by which the epic language proceeded 
 in the independent formation of the Perf. viz. the invention of the 
 reduplication, reVXafxev ; the introduction of the Mood-vowel a, ttu 
 cpsvyapsv, and of the x in the verba pura, rs'Svaa ri§vv\xct, cs'S- 
 vas ts'Svijxs, &c. The remaining peculiarities of this tense 
 have been subsequently introduced. One of these is, the introduc- 
 tion of the x in the verba liquida, and in a portion of the verba muta. 
 Such forms as tficpuyxa, sawagxa, &c. are unknown in the epic lan- 
 guage, much more so the attic forms, in which the x suppresses 
 the r sound, e. g. tfsi'Sw tfSrfsiS-xa tfsVsixa. The SiSoixa. there- 
 fore of Homer is not to be derived from Ssidu, but from the inter- 
 mediate form 8eiu. As little claim to originality has the other 
 form of the Perf. with the aspirated * and x, e. g. <rsVu<pa, -TrsVXs^a. 
 The aspirate was retained, it is true, where it was found in the 
 root, as in rsrsu^wj, Od. 12. 423. from the root rsux ; so in TsV^^a 
 (root t^xO reVgoqw (root ?£S<p.) /3s/3^u^a (root figvx*) But an 
 aspirate in the Perf., assumed independently of the root, is utter- 
 ly unknown in Homer. A multitude of perfects are found, such 
 as xsxotfa, <ri<rg\ya, tfsVXTjya, tfs'tfajtfa, itiygixa, tficpsvyu, &c. which 
 afforded an opportunity for such an aspirate, but no where is any 
 trace of such a form as rsrucpa for <rsVu*a ; a satisfactory proof, that 
 those aspirated Perfects were first introduced during the subse- 
 quent progress of the language. The first traces of them are met 
 Iwith in Herodotus. We have, then, five steps by which the lan- 
 guage has proceeded gradually in the formation of this tense. 
 The forms <5s»<5»/xsv, rfstfofeapsv, /3g/3rixa/ASv, <rSTU(pajm.ev, flrsrfsixajxsv, 
 pay serve to indicate these steps. Those, however, who derive 
 the 3d, 4th, and 5th of these forms, from the Aor. 1., and the 2d 
 from the Fut. 2., and, for the 1st, avail themselves of syncope, will 
 io well to reflect, whether they are not pursuing a course, direct- 
 ly contrary to that which analogy points out in the formation of 
 language. 
 
 * See $ 10. of the Tables; (Tr.) 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OP 1809, 15 
 
 Having ascertained the formation of the Perf. to be independ- 
 ent of the other tenses, and the primary tenses of the Act. stand- 
 ing thus on their own foundation, it will not be difficult to prove 
 the same in respect to the primary tenses of the Pass. It has 
 been usual to derive the Perf. Pass, from the Perf. Act., the Aor. 
 1. Pass, from the 3 pers. Sing, of the Perf. Pass., and the Fut. 1. 
 Pass, from the Aor. 1 . 
 
 The reduplication, which is common to the Perf. Act. and Pass., 
 can furnish no satisfactory evidence that the one is derived from 
 the other. For admitting that this sign was invented to denote the 
 completion of a portion of time, we should naturally expect to find 
 it wherever this idea prevails. In conformity with its original use, 
 we meet with it to denote a completed future, TiA^ai, tstu-^o- 
 jxai. With regard to the Perf. Act. and Pass., the radical vowels 
 are not unfrequently altogether different ; e. g. Perf. Act. Thevxa, 
 Pass. rirvyiioLi ; Perf. Act. rsrgocpu, Pass. TsVgafAfxai ; x&Xixpa, 
 xixkspikcu ; gtf<rej^a, sfl'riyf/.ai ; /3s'/3»]xa, /3s'/3afxai ; s^vo^a, hr\- 
 vsypai. Add to this, that frequently the Perfects Act., from 
 which the Perfects Pass, are derived, are arbitrarily assumed, 
 e. g. tfiitvxoi (from irevSu) in order to form ^Vutfjui-ai ; ^»'%a (from 
 fi'/xw) to form yjly^m ; and we are constrained to acknowledge 
 that the Perf. Pass, like the Perf. Act., is not dependent on any 
 other tense for its formation. This assertion receives the fullest 
 confirmation from the circumstance, that even in Homer we find 
 this aspirated form in the Perf. Pass., which, in the Act. we meet 
 with first in Herodotus ; e. g. sWe<r£<x<pa<rou from i-rir^Vw, II. 2. 
 25, w Xaoi <r J sVirsr^ouparai xou Totftfa /xs'/xilXs ; and II. 11. 26, xu- 
 <xvso» Si dgoLxovrsg o^w^aro if^rl Sbi^v. It is, we presume, 
 sufficiently apparent, that such forms are not derived from the 
 much younger aspirated Perf. Act., but, together with this, imme- 
 diately from the root ; e. g. r^arf, (r^atfu is found in Herodotus,) 
 rsr^atfVTai, rSTgatfarai, Tsr^acparcu. 
 
 Who, then, would not delight to follow the course of the lan- 
 guage itself, which, from the root xo^uS (comp. xogvg xo£uS-os) 
 forms xexogvfyivos, from popx in fAo^tfo'w, (comp. fio^x ?) f* e - 
 fxo^u^jxs'vog ; from <p£a#, #s<p£a<5{Asvos ; xa#, xsxafl/xs'vos ; Xsy, \i\sy- 
 fxai ; (pXsy, rf&pXeyfjkai, &c. ? or, as is usual, changes the r sound 
 into tf, as in Hpev, later form '/tffxev .; and thus from *$& produces 
 flfgVsjCf/.ai ; from Xa$, XiXatf/xaj ; tfu&, iriifvtyat ; &c. ? But if 
 
Iff PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 180&. 
 
 any one should prefer to pursue this xsxo£uSfxa» through xo^uotfw*. 
 xoguifu, ixogvtfa, xexo^uxa, xsxogvpai ; and tf&ruo>ai through tefau, 
 tfsvtfw, srfsvrfa, tfsrtsvxu, crsVuxa and tfsVujjocu ; as the Platonic sophist 
 chases his ovrug 6'v through fire, air, earth, and water, without dis- 
 covering the absurdity ; on him we might justly impose the task, 
 of collecting the necessary number of epic Perfects Act. with 
 their Aspirates and Kappas, in order to derive from them, accord- 
 ing to his beloved method, such perfects as the following, and the 
 forms derived from them, which occur in innumerable instances 
 in Homer and Hesiod, viz. xsxaXu/x|xai,.xs;^a£j0'jj!,ai, Xs'XsjfXjxai, Xs- 
 Xsy/xai, tisiMypcu, vs'y;/jijaai, tfetfaXa^/xaj, tfsVua^cu, tfs'<pot|XfAai, ittcpvy^cu, 
 ffspuXa^/xai, <T£T|a/X(xa», rsVoqxou, rsVaXjyoaj, rsVu/x/xftj, &c. 
 
 Every person of discernment must recognise the merits of our 
 present Grammarians, and pay them the homage which is due. 
 Had they, however, thought sufficiently for themselves, they would 
 not have regarded that as sacred, which has not yet been banished 
 from the more unskilful labours of their older brethren. Pride or 
 weakness alone can delight in charging with presumption and rash- 
 ness, one who is endeavouring to extirpate some of the old thorns 
 and briars from a field, which still is not susceptible of cultivation 
 enough, to produce the desired fruit. Besides, in all this, we have 
 not considered what possible sense there can be in saying, that (pa 
 is changed into (xjjuxi, xa into [loli and sometimes into tffjoou. From <pa 
 we cannot form fjt-fjiai, or from xa, \loli ; still less rffji-ai. Is nothing 
 more intended however than this, that fjt-ai is annexed to the root 
 in place of xa, then why not represent the matter as it really 
 is, that we may understand the nature of the formation, viz. that 
 this /xai, the termination of the primary tenses, is subjoined to the 
 root, in the Praes. with the mood- vowel, and in the Perf. without 
 a mood-vowel ? (psuy-o-pai, tfs(psuy-|xai. 
 
 We proceed now to the derivation of the Aor. 1. Pass. from, 
 the 3 pers. Sing, of the Perf., the most unintelligible of all. Butt- 
 man has already abandoned it. Had this tense been derived from 
 the 3 pers. Dual Plusqpf. irsrucp^riv, it would have been, to say 
 the least, very convenient ; for, by dropping sr, we obtain the de-, 
 sired form. But what contrivances are necessary to arrive at 
 (rkganrai from t^sVw ! And what form have we then obtained 
 analogous to that of the Aor. ? By all these contrivances, we ob- 
 tain TS-rga.tf.raj, which, piece by piece, must be moulded into. 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 17 
 
 the new form s-*£s-9-&*jv. In both these forms of the Perf., viz. 
 Act. and Pass., the same analogy frequently obtains, (Vscpavrai, 
 Jpav9ri]v,) for which a sufficient reason can be given. But this 
 analogy is by no means universal ; e. g. xs'x|»rai has ixgifyv and 
 also £x|ivS*jv ; xsxXifxai, £xki$r)v and &X»'vSh)v ; ffsVaurcu, Iwailtf- 
 S»jv ; fi,iy,vYi<rai, i^vyjd^riv ; x^^rai, s^^tf^iiv. Such Aor. forms 
 as these, much more however svge§r\v usually derived from sii. 
 gnrou, ti(v\v&v\v from Itfifvqrai, o^sStjv from j5f*jra», and especially, 
 lf£s&*)v from s't^ron, demonstrate fully the independent formation 
 of this Pass, tense also. Its internal structure will make thia 
 still more obvious. Compare 
 
 &U<P&»)V rU(}&Sl9]V TU(p&SJg 
 
 I'S^v Ss»V Ssfc with 
 
 i'5wv Joitjv (JoiJj 
 
 soVijv tiraiyv (frag 
 
 and we see most clearly, that the ground-form of the tense, in 
 sVu<pS?jv, as also in njcp^tfojxai, is not concealed in t4tmtou, the 
 3 pers. Sing, of a different tense, but that it is <ru<p$s ; e. g. tfXspc- 
 Svjtfo/xai, ground-form irXs^^s ; (piXriS^tfo/xou, <piX*j&ff.* 
 
 Admitting that the future signification was already denoted by 
 the intervention of a <f, tfXsx.o-jjux», crXsx.tfo./xai, qrXifofi>ai, the in- 
 termediate member 5e was then introduced, between the tf and 
 the root, by one of those arrangements, so frequent in the Greek, 
 which gave birth to so many ground-forms ; e. g. #Xixo/xa», crXsx- 
 Co/jlou, tfXsx-de-<ft>fx.ai, ^Xs^rjtfo/xai.* At the same time, from the 
 root thus lengthened tfXsx, tfXexSe, tfXe^Ss ; rutf, rutfSs, <ru<pSs, 
 an Aor. was formed without the characteristic vowel, (§ 38,) eV- 
 Xs'x^f^V) ^u<p5ifjv. The same may be said of rvirrjtfoiuu, ground- 
 form <rvirs. Thus the steps by which all the forms were gradually 
 obtained are obvious. 
 
 1. Tutf. gave birth to e<rwov J<rw6|uw]v, rirvxa £<rerv<irsiv, (la- 
 
 ter forms TeVucpa, irsrucpeiv,) re-rutf-pai, reru|Ubfi.ai £rs- 
 
 2. ruirr. tutt strengthened by <r, twtw Itmt'tov, tiVto/xocj hwx* 
 
 <rojX'/)v. 
 
 * The last vowel of the root, s, is usually doubled when a consonant im- 
 mediately succeeds. See § 10. (Tr.) 
 
 3 
 
18 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1800. 
 
 3. tvks. *\)<k with s, sYik^v, mtfs'w c-utfeo/xou. 
 
 4. w-^. twK with tf, ru^w eVu-^a, Tu-^ojxaj sru^afWfv tstu^' 
 
 /xai. 
 
 5. TUtf?)!*'. TWS With tf, TUTT^tfOfXaj. 
 
 6. <rucp$s. tuft's with Sr before s, s<ru<p&>5v. 
 
 7. rwpSnifl'. cutf^tf with Sr before s, <ru<p$»j(j , o/xa». 
 
 We may regard it, therefore, as established, that the old deduc- 
 tion-theory is untenable as to its fundamental principles ; that the 
 resemblance between the forms can be explained only by tracing 
 them to one common root ; and, consequently, that other conside- 
 rations must decide concerning the formation of the tenses. 
 
 At the very first view, a diversity of ground-forms present 
 themselves for this purpose ; e. g. rvir, cuws, <rvq>%e, &c. We 
 need only subjoin certain terminations to these ground-forms, e. g. 
 Tutfw, rv«4u, TupSsw, &c. and we find ourselves unexpectedly 
 ushered into the fanciful theory of Hemsterhuys, Valkenaer, and 
 Lennep, who have, unfortunately, obscured what was true and 
 useful in their principles, by an unskilful and arbitrary application 
 of them. * 
 
 A little more reflection, however, will convince us, that the 
 forms, collectively, rest upon a twofold root ; e. g. £<paivo'fjwjv, 
 £<pav6fjt/*]v ; cpaiv, <pav : XsjVojxcci, sXitfojx^v ; Xsjir, Xwr : d/yysXku, 
 vjyyzhw ; ayyeXh, dyysk : a long root, Xsitf, <paiv, dyys'K'k, which 
 is shortened to form certain tenses, <pav, Xnr, dyyzk. Thus, we 
 obtain two classes of ground -forms, which, in some cases, undergo 
 various changes in their vowels, e. g. rsiv, <rsv, tocv, <rov ; in others, 
 are increased by additional letters ; e. g. Xewr, Xei-^, XsjpSs, Xsj<p- 
 Srjtf ; and Xwr, Xitfs, Xitftjtf. 
 
 These are the observations, which have induced us to give a 
 new shape to the whole business of the formation of the tenses. 
 In unfolding the method itself, these principles may, perhaps, re- 
 ceive some modification or assume a different form. But no one 
 can be surprised at this, who realises the difference between inves- 
 tigation and instruction ; each of which must pursue a peculiar 
 course, leaving the synthesis, which the business of instruction 
 calls to its aid, to harmonize, at the close, with the analysis ob- 
 tained by investigation. The grand aim, however, of the business 
 of instruction, must be, to establish the independence of every 
 form, and to communicate the clearest views, on this subject, 
 
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 19 
 
 which can be obtained by an accurate discrimination of the forms, 
 and a knowledge of their constituent parts. 
 
 To accomplish this, without perplexing the learner by a mul- 
 tiplicity of forms, it was necessary, first, to deduce from the root 
 the first person only of every tense in the Ind. mood. Every first 
 person of the Ind. is then considered as composed of two parts on- 
 ly, (augment excluded,) e. g. XsupSyjCo/xai, of Xs»<p and ^tfojuiaj ; 
 and it is reserved for future instruction to expose the more inti- 
 mate organization of the form. To facilitate, however, the busi- 
 ness in this stage, let the given classification of the tenses be at- 
 tentively considered, and the terminations of the Futures and 
 Aorists be classed in their proper order : Act. soj, ov ; <fu, da ; 
 Pass. 7]<fo^ai, t\v ; S^tfofxcu, %y { m ; Mid. so/xai, o/x^v ; tfo/xai, tfa/x^jv. 
 In this manner, every termination will be readily annexed to its 
 tense, and the whole doctrine of the formation of the tenses, will 
 be soon comprehended and easily retained. Previously to enter- 
 ing on the Paradigm, we have explained what we mean by the 
 ground-form of the tense, the mood-vowel and the termination ; 
 Tu^r-o-fxai, fovir-o-wv, r^-o-jxai. After this, the personal termi- 
 nations of the primary and secondary tenses, and of the Impera- 
 tive mood, are particularly enumerated. When the learner has 
 a clear view of the constituent parts, and can analyse such a 
 form as "ksi^r\<foi<j^r]\j into XsKp-^C-oi-ffS'/jv, as well as put these 
 together again, to reproduce the form, he may proceed with the 
 minutest parts of the classification or conjugation. The labour is 
 not great. The whole formation of the Passive, or of the verbs 
 in (xi, can be explained in an hour ; and then, the different per- 
 sons in each mood, are easily and deeply imprinted on the me- 
 mory. To form synthetically the several persons, is especially 
 useful for acquiring skill in the management of the forms. For 
 example, let the Aor. 2. Mid. Subj. 3 pers. Plur. of XsiVw, be re- 
 quired. The learner is directed to give the form from the short 
 root and -ojjwjv ; and, aware that from £Xi<7rofA?]v, nothing remains, 
 for the other moods, except the short root Xitf, he subjoins, first 
 the mood- vowel oj, and then the termination of the 3 person Plur. 
 vrou, and gives immediately XiVwvrai. In the same manner, he 
 forms SsWrai, Swvrai, Ss'tfSai, &c. as far as we please to extend 
 the synthesis. In a similar manner, every form which presents 
 itself in reading, will be recognised by the several characteristics 
 
20 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 
 
 which it contains, and not by means of some other form, with 
 which it is classed in the Paradigm. By resolving into its sepa- 
 rate parts the form j^utfwtfwvrai, vra« with w indicates the subjunc- 
 tive, tf the Aor., and the form can no longer remain a matter of 
 doubt. After separating vroci, w, rf, the final w (o doubled before 
 the consonant tf) is resolved, and we obtain the root x$ v< *o* The 
 language seems evidently to demand such a treatment in regard 
 to the forms, and I shall waive for the future, any controversy con- 
 cerning the adaptation of the method to the business of instruc- 
 tion, leaving the issue of the experiment to decide upon this point. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO THE EDITION OF 1813. 
 
 While we have been engaged in further developing the prin- 
 ciples here exhibited, by the assistance of such additional light, as 
 constant experience in the business of instruction, and further 
 observation, have afforded, and have endeavoured to present them 
 in the elementary portions of our Grammar, a new edition of the 
 present work has been demanded. After the publication of the 
 Grammar, here alluded to, a new edition of the " Tables " might 
 seem altogether superfluous. The object of the Grammar, how- 
 ever, is not to deprive its predecessor of its long asserted rights ; 
 — we shall be contented to see both together instrumental in cul- 
 tivating the minds of youth. This method has been introduced 
 and used, even where the Greek is taught from elementary books, 
 very different from our Grammar. Such may be the case for 
 the future also, although there is some inconvenience attending 
 it. Besides being retained where our work on Grammar is de- 
 nied admission, this method may afford pleasure to those, who 
 prefer a distinct tabular view of a subject somewhat confused, to 
 a treatment of it, involved in the midst of other discussions. Fi- 
 nally, that in this edition, much has been rendered more consist- 
 ent with the views contained in the Grammar, and, as is hoped, 
 considerably improved, needs of course no excuse on our part. 
 Neglect on this score would have justly exposed us to censure. 
 
PREPARATORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 1. OF THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS. 
 
 ALPHABET. 
 
 
 
 NAME. FIGURE. PRONUNC. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 FIGURE. 
 
 PRONUNC. 
 
 Alpha A. a. a and aa # 
 
 Ny 
 
 ST. v. 
 
 n 
 
 Beta B. ]8. b 
 
 Xi 
 
 Ef 
 
 ks 
 
 Gamma V. y. g 
 
 OmikronO. 0. 
 
 6 
 
 Delta A. i. d 
 
 Pi 
 
 n. a-. 
 
 P 
 
 Epsilon E. s. e 
 
 Rho 
 
 R> 
 
 r 
 
 Stigma 2r. $. st 
 
 Sigma 
 
 2- o-. 
 
 ;. s. 
 
 Sdeta Z. £. sd 
 
 Tau 
 
 T. r. 
 
 t 
 
 Eta H. * ee* 
 
 Ypsilon 
 
 T.y. 
 
 y & yy* 
 
 Theta O. S. th 
 
 Phi 
 
 O. (p. 
 
 ph 
 
 Iota I. /. i and ii # 
 
 Chi 
 
 x.%. 
 
 ch 
 
 Kappa K. z. k 
 
 Psi 
 
 ^.^. 
 
 ps 
 
 Lambda A. X. 1 
 
 Omega 
 
 n. &. 
 
 00 
 
 My M. /a. m 
 
 
 
 
 The letters are not arranged in any natural order, but stand 
 as they have been put together by custom and accident. For 
 reasons which are presently stated, we may class together, s, 77. 
 0, w. a, », u. «, (3, <p, +. x, 7, x, £• t, 8, a. tf, s, £. X, f*, v, £. 
 
 * It may be well to observe, that the sound of a, intended by the author, 
 is that of our a in father ; of t and »7, that of the German e, or English a in 
 fate, e and »? differing only in length ; of i, that of the English e in see ; of v, 
 that of the German tie, or the French u, with somewhat more of the English 
 « sound. Hence he writes iWy, iVy, (for Mv, Nu,) and gives the sound of r, 
 by the German y. 
 
OF THE VOWELS. 23 
 
 OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 § 1. Vowels with one simple sound. Vocalis brevis, longa, an* 
 ceps, explained. 
 
 1. Simple vowels are £", o, d, r, u. When repeated, ss, oo, aa, 
 ii, uu, they are written only once. We may distinguish them, 
 however, for the present, by a stroke above ?, o, a, r, o. 
 
 Note 1. Double s is written t\ ; double o, u. Thus £ and 6 
 have their own appropriate signs, and are always written % w. 
 For a, r, o, however, there are no appropriate signs. 
 
 2. The simple vowels are called short, (breves) ; when doubled, 
 long (longa). Therefore 
 
 The short vowels are £", &, a, r, u. 
 
 The long vowels are ?j, w, a, r, c. 
 
 Thus a, i, u, serve to denote both their long and short sounds, 
 and are called, on this account, ancipites, i. e. having a twofold 
 use, as denoting both the long and the short sounds ; so that they 
 appear in one word long, in another short. 
 
 General view, f, o, doubled, give n, w. d, r, o, give a, r, o. 
 Breves s, o ; longae ij, w ; ancipites a, i, u. 
 
 Note 2. a, », u, are not therefore doubtful vowels, concerning 
 
 e, o, v, a), it will be seen, are denominated e-i/aAov, o-/i«pov, v-^tXoi', u-ptya. 
 In regard to o-fwcpov and u-ptya, the reason is obvious, c and u were, origin- 
 ally, it is probable, aspirates, or characters to denote such. Vid. Buttmann, 
 Ausf. Gr. p. 11. When used as vowels they were, for distinction's sake, de- 
 nominated c-\pi\ov t v\pi\ov. 
 
 The sources of testimony in regard to the sounds of the Greek and Roman 
 letters are, 
 
 1. The manner of writing Greek names by the Romans, and Roman names 
 by the Greeks : viz. Epicurus for Eiwcovpos. KiKepuvfor Cicero. 
 
 2. Comparison of the Latin with the modern languages of Europe deriv- 
 ed from it ; viz. the French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. 
 
 3. Allusions in the classics to the sounds made by particular animals. 
 
 4. Interchange of certain letters for each other. 
 
 Among the modes of pronouncing the Greek in modern times, two princi- 
 pally are distinguished; viz. the Erasmian and Reuchlinian, so called from their 
 respective advocates, Erasmus and Reuchlin. The Erasmian follows the ana- 
 logy of the modern European languages ; the Reuchlinian, the pronuncia- 
 tion in vogue in modern Greece. (Tr.) 
 
24 OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 which it may be doubted, whether, in a certain word, they arc 
 long or short ; or which might be, in the same word, and at the 
 same time, both long and short : or which waver between long 
 and short : but they are vowel-signs of a twofold nature or use, 
 i. e. the same signs serve to denote the single and the repeated 
 sounds. 
 
 Note 3. The long vowels have no other origin than the dupli- 
 cation of the short ones. For ^rfog- , esgero, 5ss\oc y oo^aov, ^u- 
 CooCw, write ^ro£, ^sto, <$5jXo?, w^aov, ^utfwtfw. If the same sound 
 occurs by the side of a vowel already long, it is received into 
 this, and forms one sound, e. g. x^utfo'w xgutfw, <p»XsVa» (piX^rai. 
 
 Note 4. The sounds of », v, being formed by the palate and 
 lips, in the front part of the mouth, may be denominated front 
 vowels. Those of a, e, o, being formed by the organs in the back 
 part of the mouth, may be called back-vo\ve\s. 
 
 § 2. Vowels with two coalescing sounds, {Diphthongs) ; their 
 origin. 
 
 Diphthongs are formed when a back- vowel, (a, s, o,) unites it- 
 self in utterance, with a front- vowel, (», u,) producing one sound. 
 Thus, 
 
 s 
 
 Si 
 
 W 
 
 *1 
 
 rj» 
 
 rju 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 ou 
 
 O) 
 
 001 
 
 WU 
 
 a 
 
 ai 
 
 au 
 
 a 
 
 CU 
 
 flu 
 
 Note 1. The iota behind the long vowel is usually placed as 
 a point underneath, (iota subscriptum.) Thus j\, (J, a ; not iji, 
 w», Of. 
 
 Note 2. vi also is found as a diphthong ; but the i was (in this 
 case,) originally pronounced with an aspirate similar to W, (di- 
 gamma Aeolicum) ; e. g. v\6g was pronounced whios ; \ki^a\)7a, 
 memawhia ; ui, consequently, was not, properly speaking, a Diph- 
 thong. 
 
 Note 3. In pronunciation, w commonly takes the place of ao, 
 and r\ the place of sa and act. H, consequently, has a twofold 
 sound ; that of long <?, and of ce, according as it proceeds from a 
 double e, or from sot and aa. In (piX^tfu, from (piXs'stTw, it has a 
 clear sound ; in <pKjfj.» and ^v, from <paajxi and lav, the sound is 
 more obscure. 
 
OF THE CONSONANTS. 25 
 
 Note. 4. si has a sound between s and » ; and ou has the sound 
 of an obscure o, which is lost in the u. Hence when s and o are 
 protracted in pronouncing, si and ou are frequently obtained. We 
 must accustom ourselves here, at once, to distinguish between the 
 s and o, protracted in si and ou, and the duplication of these vow- 
 els, r\ and w- 
 
 OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 § 3. Kindred Consonants. Relation between the sounds of II, 
 K, T. Rules for their changes. 
 
 Among the Consonants are related, as to their sounds, 
 
 1. II, B, <f>. tf, with a gentle h, or breathing, becomes 8 ; 
 and <k and (3 pronounced with the strong aspirate, become <p. 
 
 2. K, r, X. x and y, with the strong aspirate, become ^. 
 
 3. T, A, ©. t and 5, with the strong aspirate, become S. 
 Thus, 
 
 II. if. (3. <p. Of these consonants, * x <r are utter- 
 
 K. x. y. X- e d without any perceptible breathing, 
 
 T. r. 0. S. and are, therefore, called Tenues. $ ^ 
 
 S are the most strongly aspirated, for which reason they are call- 
 ed Aspiratce. Between these two classes, as to the strength of the 
 aspirate, are found (3 y <S, and are denominated Media. Tho 
 Tenues, Mediae, and Aspiratae, have therefore, among themselves, 
 in their respective classes, an equal strength of aspirate. 
 
 Tenues < x r 
 
 222 
 Medicc fi y 
 
 Aspiratae 9 X ^ 
 
 All the nine together are called Mutes, {Muta,) and we must 
 accustom ourselves to regard them in a twofold light : first as 
 related in sound, IT, K, T-sounds ; and then in respect to the 
 strength with which they are aspirated, Tenues, Mediae, Aspiratae. 
 Note 1. When one of the n or K-class, precedes one of the 
 T-class, the former must be of equal strength with the latter, in 
 
 3 1 11 
 
 respect to the aspirate. Thus, not XsXsyrai,* but XeXsxrai ; not 
 
 * Xtyw makes in the perf. pass. Xc-Xiy-^at, \t-\tyoai, Ai-X«y-rai ; but y being 
 
 4 
 
26 OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 revpfircu, butrHgMft-ai ; not jSs^spp-ai, but /3g/3£gx7ai ; not ysygoLyrat, 
 
 11 1 2 2 2 13 3 3 
 
 but yeygatfrai ; not £cwr<)o£, but ^otpdog ; not girXgx$>jv, but g^rXg^&rjv ; 
 
 13 3 *T 2 3 3*5 
 
 not gXswrShjv, but gXgi<p§?jv ; not grg»/3^v, but g<r£i<p$»]v, &c. 
 
 Note 2. Of two separated aspirates, in two adjoining sylla- 
 bles,* the first is changed into its Tenuis ; e. g. tfg<piXijxa, not <ps- 
 9iX?]xa ; xg^gutfosxa, not ^g^utfwxa ; «r|»^og not ^«X ^*t 
 
 § 4. T/ie II, K and T-sounds, before a and f*. Double conso. 
 nants. Semivowels. Pronunciation of some vowels. 
 
 1. A C, immediately preceded by one of the ^-sounds, gives 
 birth to a 4^ which contains, therefore, tfC, or /3tf, or (ptf. For 
 fiXeirtfu, <rgt(3<fu, ygoupau, write (3'he-^u, t£i^gj, yga-^u. 
 
 2. From <f, immediately preceded by a x-sound, proceeds a g, 
 which contains, therefore, xtf, or yd, or yti. For ffXgxtfw, Xsytfw, 
 figz-Xpu, write tfXsgw, Xs'gw, (3gs%u. 
 
 3. When a r-sound comes before a <S, it is rejected. For 
 avurtfw, igeiSrfu, tfgiStfw, write dvucfo, iggirfw, tfgitfw. 
 
 Notb 1 . For this reason, + a °d £ are called double-consonants. 
 Further ; £ is the sign for <f8, and 6 for tfr, and may also be reck- 
 oned among the double consonants. 
 
 Observe also the gliding pronunciation of X, f/,, v, £, which, on 
 this account, are denominated Liquids, (Liquida,) and Semivowels, 
 (Semivocales ;) and, in the paradigm, form a distinct class of verbs. 
 
 4. A tf-sound, before a fi,, is changed into (x. For rgTiwr>ux»,:j: 
 <rsrgi/3|xa», ysy^acpy^ai, write <rgVujX|ut.a<, TsV^ifA/xai, yiyguiiixai. 
 
 one of the x-sounds, and being immediately followed by r, the y, which is a 
 middle mute, must be changed into k which is the corresponding smoot h : thus, 
 
 32 
 
 Ac-Ac/e-rat. So of the other examples. To these may be added ertypa^Sijv^ 
 
 22 23 33 12 22 
 
 tmypafiSqv ; TptPSrioopai — Tpupfycropai ', okSoos — oyboos \ Xsy^rjaofiai — Xe^rjaopai. 
 
 Exception. £< the preposition, in composition, as ek-Scw, EK-8t5aat. (Tr.) 
 * Occasioned by the reduplication, in the formation of the perfect tense. 
 
 (Tr.) 
 t If the aspicate, however, is removed, the $ is restored, rpe<p<>) — Sptxpw, rpt- 
 Xot-Spti. (Tr.) 
 
 t tvv- re-rvK'nat perf. pass. Te-TVfi-pcu 
 
 rpijS- rt-rpt^'fiai rt'Tpifi-fiaL 
 
 ypa<£- yt-yp^-ftat yt-ypafi-fiat. (Tr.) 
 
OF SYLLABLES. 27 
 
 5. A x-sound, before a p., is changed into y. For irevXsxpat, 
 fisfigsxncu, write tfsVXeypoti, /3s'/3£gypa» ; Xs'Xsyfj-ai, from Xg'yw, 
 remains, of course, unaltered. 
 
 6. A T-sound, before a jx, is changed into tf. For ^vur/xai, 
 ygsiSpcu, iretfs&nou, write ^vutffi-ai, -^sitf.aai, iriiesufpat. 
 
 Note 2. A r-sound, before another <r-sound, is changed into d. 
 For irsrfe&rat, £©s»5Sr)v, write tfeVsioVcn, IqjsitfSfyv. 
 
 Note 3. N before the ^-sounds, also before ^ and before fx,, 
 is pronounced like |x ; but, before the x-sounds, and before g, like 
 y ; (properly like ng in hang,) e. g. <rov croXs^xov xai <r^v pa^rjv 
 (psuyfjv, should be pronounced, torn polemong kai taem machaem 
 pheugein. The ancient Greeks wrote also, to/x tfoXsjxo/ xa» Tijf* 
 /xa^rjv (ps'jyeiv. In the middle of certain words, the /x and y are 
 still written : not Xav-/3avw, Xiv-tfavw, tf£<pav-fxaj, tfgpav-xa, <ruv-^avw, 
 4>uv-yavw ; but >aa/3avw, Xi^cravw, tf&pa[Af/ia», crstpayxa, ruy^avw, 
 
 2, OF SYLLABLES AND ROOTS. 
 
 or BYLLABL1 
 
 § 5. Origin and extent of Syllables. Multiplicity of Consonants 
 avoided. 
 
 1. A syllable is formed when a vowel is uttered alone, or to- 
 gether with a consonant ; e. g. z.yu, tfo-oc, e.Xsi.ts. 
 
 Note 1. The vowel may have a consonant both before and 
 after it ; and after it, even a double consonant ; e. g. jx/jv, yow, 
 •ru^-w, xo-£ag. When two other consonants, i. e. not forming a 
 double consonant, come after the vowel, a final vowel has gener- 
 ally been dropped ; e. g. wotf' is w^tfs — w^-tfe. 
 
 Note 2. The vowel of the syllable, besides a single consonant 
 preceding it, may take also another consonant, viz. a Mute or a 
 Liquid ; e. g. tfxai-6^, <$£av, S^ag. Sometimes a tf followed by a 
 Mute with a Liquid, commences the syllable ; e. g. tixkyfe, <ftrX^v, 
 (tcpg&yig, tf<r£WT0£, tfT^aro'f. 
 
 Note 3. Hence we may determine the proper mode of divid- 
 
28 OF SYLLABLES. 
 
 ing the syllables. This must be so regulated that no syllable close 
 with two consonants ; e. g. tfoX-Xoc, <ra, Ssi-va, xou-5sv, dv-2r£oj- 
 ttwv, 8si-vo-rs-gov, tfs-Xsj. Consonants which can commence a 
 word, remain together in the division of the syllables ; e. g. atf- 
 rgUTos, a-(frgu-7os ; AtDcXif]*!^, A.tfxX»j-qri-6f. 
 
 2. N before rf is rejected. For ai'wvtfi, write aiutfi ; for 6aif*ov- 
 <ft, 8a'nio<fi.* 
 
 3. 2 coming between two consonants is dropped. For tfStfXsx- 
 tfS"ov, write tfStfXsxS-ov, and according to § 3. 1. ledietey&ov.^ For 
 ysy^aqMT&ai, write ysy^owpS-ai. 
 
 4. When a v together with a <r-sound, standing before C, are re- 
 jected, the remaining short vowel is lengthened, viz. s into si, and 
 o into ou. The doubtful vowels, however, a, r, y, are doubled, 
 e « g* ^j r, o ; oi and w remain the same. For aVsvoVw, rwrrovrtft, 
 <rSTU(pavrrf», <5s«xvuv<rtfj, write tftfs/fl'w, ruVrotitfi, TSrupatfj, (taxvOtfr ; Tutf- 
 «rwvro'» becomes Tutfrwtfj.if: 
 
 § 6. Lcmg arad siWtf syllables. Long syllables changed into short 
 ones. 
 
 Whatever precedes the vowel, is not regarded, in the measure 
 of a syllable ; but solely the vowel, and the consonants which im- 
 mediately follow it. Thus, in CxX^o's, CxX are not attended to in 
 measuring the syllable CxXtj, because they precede the vowel r\. 
 
 1. A syllable is short, when its vowel is a simple or short one, 
 e. g. £, o, a, r, J, and is followed by one single consonant at the 
 utmost ; e. g. s-Xr.tfov, o-3-ev, o, sro-Xu-(pa-<ru£. 
 
 2. A syllable is long, ] . by nature, when its vowel is a double 
 one, viz. a long vowel, *j, w, a, r, o, or a diphthong ; e. g. #or- 
 av, rau-rav, F xsr-v<xv, drsi.-^jZ. 2. .% position, when it contains 
 a simple vowel followed by two consonants ; e. g. Xsxtos, p£a£u. 
 
 * Datives plural from aim-Sat [iiov— formed by inserting a before the final i 
 of the Dat. sing. (Tr.) 
 
 t Dual 2d or 3d pers. perf. Passive, fr. nXeicu-TrerXey pat ; ypaQa-ysypapfiat-ipat 
 iirTai-peSov-tpeSov — for which write yeypafSov ', yzypcupoSai infin. perf. pass, for 
 which write ysypa<j>$ai. ( Tr. ) 
 
 t ffirsvSu — <j7r6vi5-ffa) ; in place of which crao-co, 1. fut. act. rvitTwv-ovaa-ov-ov'los- 
 ovn, &C dat. plur. regularly -rvirTOvrct, for which tvztovoi. So rtrvtpavTos-avri- 
 7£TV<pavT<Ti-a<?t ; and 8eiKvvvTos-vvri-6siKvvvT(n-v(jt. rvirrwoi 3. plur. pres. subj. for 
 ■TuvTvvTcti. ( Tr.) 
 
OF ROOTS. 29 
 
 3. A long syllable originally short, is shortened again by re- 
 jecting the last of its two vowels or consonants. Thus, rsrvsiv, 
 ctxoosjv, tS^vciv, cottsiv, when shortened, become tsvsiv, axosjv, 
 
 Note 1. From g, (i. e. <fS,) from s» before a Mute, and from su, 
 the first of the two letters is always rejected. (p£a£w, XsiVw, 
 ysvyu, when shortened, give cpp&8u, \iiru, q>vyu. When the 
 same letter is repeated, it is, of course, a matter of indifference, 
 which one is rejected. /3<xXXsiv, dyysKkew, become (3a\s7v, dyysXsTv. 
 
 Note 2. On the contrary, such syllables as cpid, ens-, ru^. may 
 easily be lengthened into yeid, tfcj3-, «rsu^. 
 
 Note 3. When X'oS-siv becomes Xaa-ejv, it is a sign that the t\ 
 originated from a, § 2. Note 3. This is very common : e. g. r}5, 
 p}3-, tfTij, /3t), 9»j, (py)v, become, when shortened, do, /t*a3-, tfra, /3a, 
 <pa, (pav. 
 
 OF ROOTS. 
 
 §7.0/" twofold roots. Change of a long into a short root. The 
 Verbs arranged in three classes according to the termination of the 
 root. 
 
 1. The root of a word consists of the letters or syllables on 
 which the various forms of the word rest :* e. g. Xsiira, tXsjrfov, 
 XsiVrjraj, root \sitf : xaXe'w, xoCksdag xaXs'tfai/jui, root xaXf . 
 
 2. The root is long, when it consists of a long syllable ; or, if 
 it be more than one syllable, when it ends with a long syllable : 
 e. g. <jrs»3-, ysv, (3aXk, igsio, dfxsj/3, dyysXk. 
 
 3. The root is short, when it consists of a short syllable ; or, if 
 it be more than one syllable, when it ends in a short syllable : e. g. 
 Xitt, (pgo.§, (3oCk, dxo, otXo, ff££a. 
 
 4. A long root is changed into a short one, when its final sylla- 
 ble is shortened in the usual manner : (§ 6. 3.) e. g. the long roots 
 dyysXk, egsid, axou, alg, *s\}Q-, <p£a£, when shortened, become dyysk, 
 S£»<5, dxo, dg, 7ru3-, (pgaS. 
 
 * These changes of the branches, or incidental parts of the verb, while 
 the rootremains unaltered, maybe compared to the changes rung with a num- 
 ber of bells, one of which strikes statedly and uniformly, while those which 
 strike before and after it are continually varying. (Tr.) 
 
30 OP ROOTS. 
 
 5. By subjoining to the unaltered root an w, we obtain the first 
 Pers. of the Praes. ; e. g. Xsitf, <piXe, dyysXK, give XsiV-w, <piXs-w, 
 ctyys'XX-w. 
 
 6. A regular verb must have a root which ends in a vowel, a 
 Mute, or a Liquid : e. g. cpiXs'-w, Xs'y-w, /3aXX-w. If this be not 
 the case, the original root has been altered by the addition of some 
 letters. It must, therefore, except in the Praes. and Imperf., be 
 liberated from those letters, and in this manner be reduced to one 
 of the above mentioned cases. 
 
 Note. The roots which end in (f(f, and in £, are very common. 
 Of these terminations the former is almost always, the latter very 
 frequently, reducible to a x sound. Thus, cpguftf, if^add, Tagatftf, 
 tfrsva^, tfoti^, except in the Praes. and Imperf., become cp^x } vrgay, 
 r H a X> drsva-fo ftoiiy. (Comp. § 8. 2.) 
 
 7. Hence we obtain three classes of verbs : 1. Verba pur a, 
 whose root ends in a vowel. 2. Verba muta, whose root ends in 
 a Mute. 3. Verba liquida, whose root ends in a Liquid. 
 
 § 8. Changes of the root. Increase of the same. Augment. 
 Addition of various Consonants to the root. 
 
 1. A root is increased before, (receives an Augment,) 1. by 
 prefixing an s, if it commence with a consonant ; e. g. tv<j?t, srvirr ; 
 Xsy, fksy ; £ is generally doubled, (W<r, i^itfr ; 2. if it commence 
 with a vowel, by doubling the same. Thus from 
 
 H> °X £ ' ^ x ' *^ s > "^ av 5 rx > u/^f'?? £ f> S ^X' °k ? > a 'f> a ^X we obtain ^, 
 
 z>x s > te &* s > ^ av > r *> u ft'?' ?>'» ^x> v 1 * 5 * Tfo *»*#■ 
 
 2. A root is increased behind, (receives a suffix,) by the addition 
 of various letters, without any general rule : e. g. 2K, yriga, yy\. 
 gatix ; (in all the following examples the final consonant of the root 
 must be rejected) SiSax, Ma-^ffx, 8ida<fx : 2X, tfa-3-, rfa&x ; aid, 
 ■aiStfXi a '°'X : 22, e. g. ^a/, ir^ay-dd, itgatfd ; <?>£ix, (p^itftf ; Z, e. g. 
 fiVsva^, tfTSva^, tfTcva^ ; tfaiy, tfai^. 
 
 Note 1. When the root is increased by the addition of s, the 
 s of the root becomes o : e. g. Xey, Xoys ; <?eg, <?ogs. When s is 
 the last vowel of the root, it is generally changed into : : e. g. 
 av3-e with £, avs-s£, av3-»£. This takes place also when certain 
 -consonants are added ; e. g. ysv, ysyv, yiyv ; <rsx, nxr. 
 
 Note 2. The final vowel of the root is frequently doubled, on 
 the addition of a consonant ; e. g. S-va with <fx, becomes S-v^tfx ; 
 
ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 31 
 
 Bo, (3w<fx. Sometimes the first consonant of the root is repeated, 
 accompanied by i ; e. g. /vo, yvwtfx, — yyvutix ; — <r£o, rgwtfx, — 
 w^wtfx, — 
 
 3. A very common method of increasing short roots behind, is, 
 to introduce v before its final consonant, and av after it. 
 
 Orig. long roots. Short roots. Lengthened roots. 
 fjwjS-, jxa3-, fAavs-av, 
 
 r)5 } did, avdav, 
 
 9Teu3-, tfu.3-, rfuv&av, 
 
 (pevy, <pvy, (puyyav,* 
 
 Xe<tf, X»tf, Xi^ifav* 
 
 X*]/3, Xa/3, XafA/3av.* 
 
 Note 3. From these lengthened roots, we can easily obtain the 
 short ones on which they rest ; and from these short roots, obtain 
 the original long ones : e. g. X»|xtfav-X»rf-Xe»-7r. 
 
 4. Every suffix of this sort is retained only in the Praes. and 
 Imperf. It vanishes, therefore, with the changes it has occasion- 
 ed, as soon as another tense is formed. 
 
 ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 § 9. Introduction. 
 
 1. In the Greek, asin* other languages, three Primary Tenses 
 are to be distinguished, viz. Pras. Fut. andPerf. ; each of which, 
 in respect to the form, has connected with it, a Secondary Tense, 
 viz. Imperf. Aor. and Plusqpf. The Fut., together with its secon- 
 dary tense, has frequently two forms ; one of which is derived 
 from the long, and the other from the short root : viz. Fut. 1, or 
 the long Fut. ; Aor. 1, or the long Aor. ; Fut. 2, or the short Fut. ; 
 
 * N before y and ^, is ehanged into y ; before n and 0, into /x ; according 
 to $4. Note 3. (Tr.) 
 
32 FORMATION OF THE TENSES, 
 
 Aor. 2, or the short Aor. Hence w.e obtain eight tense-forms, in 
 pairs, of which each pair is formed in a similar manner, and, con- 
 sequently, may be similarly derived from the root. Their natu- 
 ral order is the following : 
 
 Press. Fut. 2, or short Fut. Fut. 1, or long Fut. Perf. 
 Imperf. Aor. 2, or short Aor. Aor. 1, or long Aor. Plusqpf. 
 
 Note. All these forms are in use in but few verbs ; in many 
 a few only are found. 
 
 2. The secondary tenses receive the Augment, but only in the 
 Indicative. The Perf. also receives the Augment, and retains it 
 in all the moods. If the Perf. commences with a consonant, this 
 consonant is repeated before the Augment, (Reduplicatio,) to 
 which the Plusqpf. prefixes an additional s : e.g. Tiwrr, J«wr , <rs- 
 rvtfT, stsiwt ; cpiXs, icpiks, (<ps<piXs) itstpiXs § 3. Note 2, tnecpi'ks ; 
 X£utfo, typdo, xs^utfo, h&xgrto ; 3-g, £&e, foe&e ; olxs, secondary 
 tenses and Perf. wxs ; also sXtf»£, ^Xiri£. If the word begins with 
 a vowel, followed by one consonant, the whole of the first sylla- 
 ble is repeated before the Augment, to form the Perf. (Reduplica- 
 tio Attica) ; e. g. igei8, i^siS ; dxo, ccxyixo. 
 
 Note 1. When the root begins with two consonants, without a 
 Liquid, viz. with -^, g, £, tf, <p3", or with yv,* the Perf. and Plusqpf. 
 receive merely an t for the Augment : e. g. +su5 and ^tjts give 
 only fyevS and i^re, in every augmented tense whatever. 
 
 Note 2. We suppose the learner, therefore, to know from 
 which root each tense is derived, and what changes it undergoes. 
 Should an Aor. 2, for example, of Xekw, be required, the root 
 must first be shortened and supplied with the Augment, e. g. IXi*. 
 In the same manner, qjaiv ^cpav. We suppose him also, to be pre- 
 viously acquainted with the reason, why alg makes fy ; vrga€<f, 
 it guy ; cp£a£, in the Plusqpf., eiretpgud ; 3-vnjtfx, in the Perf., ts3-~ 
 va ; (pS*iv, in the Plusqpf., only scpS-iv. Nothing then remains but 
 to subjoin the terminations. If he knows that the Perfect ends in 
 pal, and the Aor. 1. in 3-ijv, he finds no difficulty, with a know- 
 ledge of the preceding eight Sections, in forming from Xfiwrw, 
 (XeXsitf-fAoti) Xs'XsifA/xou, (JXswr-3"*)v) sXsiqjS>]v ; from oixs'w, wxr^ou 
 and wx7)3-*]v ; and from Tjr^wtfxw, rsTgwjj-ai, irgw^w ; &c. 
 
 Also x $. (Tr.) 
 
PORMATION OF THE TENSES. gg 
 
 3. In order to render himself familiar with the terminations of 
 the Active, let him observe them in their proper order 
 Press. Imperf. Fut. 2. Aor. 2. Fut. 1. Aor. 1. Perf. Plusqpf 
 
 £ '" * " ov ■«« -*« -« -8IV 
 
 JNote. Properly speaking, we have here done with the for 
 mation of the tenses. But the three classes of verbs must be 
 separately considered, the foregoing explanations applied, and the 
 deviations or exceptions noticed. 
 
 § 10. Verba Pur a. 
 
 In this class of verbs, the roots are not generally shortened. 
 Hence the Fut. 2. and Aor. 2. are not common. Observe also, that 
 when a consonant is added to the root, the final vowel of the same 
 is very frequently doubled, ( § 8. 2. note 2.) e. g. w ,., w ,*, w . 
 Observe also, that the Perf. and Plusqpf. take a x between the 
 root and the termination, in order to strengthen the form • e a 
 ^v,*«, („W notrfW . Inthe same manner, ^x«; 
 
 Roots 0»X£ 
 
 Praes. c/xs'-u 
 
 
 Imperf. „*e.ov i. w V..» £ >,> K .ov 
 
 Aor 1. r ,., a ^^ u ,^ a 
 
 Perf. ^,. x .. „ E . x? ^. a ^^.^ ^^ 
 
 Plusqpf. u^ ..^aptta* ^^j^, Ut , rUMK 
 
 Note. Only when the root ean be shortened, as in d m i u , 
 0(u-u, some short tenses are found in use. 
 
 §11. Verba Mula. 
 
 1. When a <r is added to the Mute which terminates the root 
 in this class, the changes mentioned in § 4. 1, 2, 3, take place 
 In «*r«, which is used for the Parad.gm, the'root is w , and ; 
 is added to strengthen it. Hence, ««,„ r ^ u , X^ X £ 'f w , «,&,„ 
 
 * Quere? ,„„.„, ,„„.„„, „„ d because 7 . souuds before „ are rejected we 
 
 "r r h :;;-„ e „:%,r d so of a " others - Theu - is ,he ,o ~ - 
 
 5 
 
34 
 
 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 2. The Perfect changes often s. into o ;* e. g. tfei&w, #sVo&a ; 
 aspirates frequently the tf and x sounds ; e. g. rirvcpa, iei<g>s/a 5 an( ^ 
 takes sometimes the x sound in place of a <r : e. g. ■jrWcj$r-a-<?rsVgjxa. 
 
 Roots 
 
 rtitf 
 
 (psuy-<puy 
 
 tf£»&-tfl% 
 
 Praes. 
 
 rwr-r-w 
 
 (psuy-w 
 
 tfsIS-w 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 !'-ru#-<r-ov 
 
 8-<psoy-ov 
 
 gWsjS-ov 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 TUtf-gOJ 
 
 (puy-sco 
 
 ffiS-Stt 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 g-Tutf-ov 
 
 g-puy-ov 
 
 g-tflS-OV 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 TU^-CJ 
 
 (p5u|-W 
 
 tfgj-tfw 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 g-ru^-a 
 
 s'-cpsuf-a 
 
 g-tfsi-tfa 
 
 Perf. 2. 
 
 rs'-<jw-a 
 
 ^s'-(pguy-a 
 
 tfs-tfoiS-a 
 
 Plusqpf. 2. 
 
 i.TS-TU'7r'.gJV 
 
 J.gf6.(psuy.6iv 
 
 s.<7re-<7roiSr-£iv 
 
 Perf. 1. 
 
 TS-TUCp-a 
 
 «jri-(psi)X-« 
 
 <jrs-tfgi-x-a 
 
 Plusqpf. 1. 
 
 i-re-r^p-giv 
 
 ^.■rs.^s^-S'v 
 
 Lirs.irsi-x-Siv 
 
 Mixed Forms for exercise in finding the root. 
 
 Praes. 
 
 /¥x w 
 
 
 Xs»Vw 
 
 Imperf. 
 Fut. 2. 
 Aor. 2. 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 2%x ov 
 <p£a£g'w 
 
 g(pga(Jov 
 
 atfw 
 
 
 tyfryyavov 
 stfgayov 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 Perf. 2. 
 
 XsXottfa 
 
 
 ^Xtfia'cc 
 g'ojxa 
 
 Plusqpf. 2. 
 Perf. 1. 
 Plusqpf. 1. 
 
 IXsXoiVgiv 
 xs'x^upa 
 
 gXSXgUJpSIV 
 
 
 iirecpgixsw 
 
 %x a f 
 
 
 § 12. Verba 
 
 Liquida. 
 
 
 The Tenses in use, except the Praes. and Imperf., are formed 
 from the short root. Together with the forms which have s in 
 the root, there were others also in use with a, even in the Praes. ; 
 e. g. <ra/xvw and tripvu. Others with a alone ; e. g. xa/xvw. Hence 
 two forms of the Fut. 2. are met with ; tsjxs'w and rajutgw, while 
 in the Aor. 2. and in the other tenses, a remains. The long Fut. 
 
 * The same is true of the liquid verbs. See the next §. ( Tr.) 
 
FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 35 
 
 is usually wanting, and the long Aor. ends in a, doubling, however, 
 the short vowel of the short root, and lengthening s into si ; e. g. 
 cjXX, hiha ; tsKK, §<rsiXa. 
 
 Roots 
 
 cpaiv 
 
 (ftiElg 
 
 
 
 Prees. 
 
 cpai'v-w 
 
 tfffSl'^-W 
 
 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 £.(pa«v-ov 
 
 2-Gfars^-ev 
 
 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 (pav.g'cw 
 
 tf-jrag-sw 
 
 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 ?-(p(XV.0V 
 
 f-aVa^-ov 
 
 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 l-(p tjv-a 
 
 c-dirsig.ct. 
 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 iri-qwv-a 
 
 s.tfrfog.a 
 
 also 
 
 £.<frfoLg-x.a 
 
 Plusqpf. 
 
 i-irs-qriv-Eiv 
 
 s-tftfO^-SJV 
 
 — 
 
 S-tfirOLg.X-SLV 
 
 Mixed Forms for exercise. 
 
 Praes. svcpgaivu) x^i'vw Fut. 1. 
 
 Imperf. ^i^aivov steivov Aor. 1< sxrsiva sV'/}fAava 
 
 Fut. 2. xpjvs'oj 9rs^w Perf. fAs^ova l<pSo£a* 
 
 Aor. 2. sx^ivov ^jxuvov Plusqpf. ^jxe^ovsiv sVstfXuxSiv 
 
 Note 1. In roots ending in £ and X, we find sometimes the Fut, 
 1. and Aor. 1. constructed in the usual manner ; e. g. 6'^w, w^a; 
 xs'XXw, xiXcfu. 
 
 Note 2. N, when it is the final consonant of the root is omit- 
 ted after si, i, and u, in some tenses ; e. g. xrav, (from xtsjv,) Perf. 
 g'xraxa ; x£tv, xs'x^ixa ; tfXuv, irsVXyxa ; because this y was not ori- 
 ginally in the root. Thus tfi'vw, Aor. 2. SViov ; the root, therefore, 
 is not tfiv, but tit. 
 
 * Thi3 change of s into o, is not mentioned in this §. May not the rule § 
 1 1. 2. be repeated here ? (Tr.) 
 
36 
 
 of the A( ti\ :;, 
 
 PARADIGM.* 
 
 13. Of the Active. 
 
 Indicat. Primar. tenses. 
 
 Praes. tvvt \ -w 
 
 Fut. 2. TVIfi \ -0/L 
 
 Fut. 1. tv-4/ j -on 
 
 £<£ £J S. 
 OjXSV STOV £<T0V D. 
 
 oixev sts xtfi P. 
 
 Deviations. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tstv# 
 
 f -a/ 
 
 as s S. 
 ajjt,sv a<rov a<rov D. 
 ajw-sv a<r£ atfj P. 
 
 Indicat. Secondar. tenses. 
 
 Imperf. swxt 
 Aor. 
 
 yri. srvtfT / - 
 2. sVutf < - 
 
 ££ 
 
 ojmsv STOV 
 0/XSV £<T£ 
 
 S<T7\V 
 OV 
 
 Deviations. 
 
 Aor. 1. stv-^ 
 
 -a ag s 
 -au,sv aTS 
 
 av 
 
 Subjunct. (terminations as in 
 the Primar. tenses.) 
 
 / £JV £»£ £J 
 
 Plusqpf. iTSTIjgf ■? -£J|1X£V £<<T0V £jV*]V 
 V -£J/X£V £IT£ Sid ON 
 
 Optat. (terminations as in 
 the Secondar. tenses. 
 
 Praes. rutfr "") 
 Aor. 2. ruf ' 
 
 Perf. «rfr J -'* 5v ' i,re u " K 
 
 Praes. <ruV<r " 
 
 
 
 Fut. 2. TWITS 
 
 -ojuj oig 
 
 0* 
 
 Aor. 2. T\jti 
 
 - -oi/ut-ev ojtov 
 
 otTr\v 
 
 Fut. 1. t^ 
 
 -0J|Uii£V OITS 
 
 OJSV 
 
 Perf. tstvx ^ 
 
 
 
 Deviation. 
 
 
 / -aj/xi aj£ 
 
 aj 
 
 Aor. 1 . ri'^/ < -a»fX£v arov 
 
 aiVnjv 
 
 ( 
 
 -Ul[lSV OUTS 
 
 ai£v 
 
 * The accented syllables, in the several paradigms, are marked in the 
 ground-forms, or in the terminations, or in both. If a syllable of the ground- 
 form alone receives the accent, it (the accent) remains upon that syllable in 
 all cases in which the Terminations have no accentual mark. If the Termi- 
 nation also has an accent, then the accentual mark over the ground-form 
 must be disregarded. (Tr.) 
 
OP THE PASSIVE: 
 
 37 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 Praes. rvrfr 
 Aor. 2. wit 
 Perf. 2. cstoW j 
 Perf. 1 . rBTV(p j 
 
 ■s sVw 
 
 -STOV sVwV 
 
 o'vrwv 
 
 Deviation. 
 
 1 
 
 Aor. 1. rtf^ 
 
 -ov otrw 
 -cwov arcav 
 -ars arwtfav 
 or avrwv 
 
 Prses. 1 
 Fut. 2. 
 Aor. 2. 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 ;] 
 
 T I -SJV 
 
 rs ! -siv 
 
 -SJV 
 -SIV 
 
 
 Deviation. 
 
 Aor. 1. 7v-^ -at 
 Perf. 2. <re7utf 
 Perf. 1. TSTv(p 
 
 -svcti 
 
 Praes. <nW -wv ntfa ov 
 Fut. 2. <tw^ -wv stfa ov 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 2. 
 Perf. 1. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Deviations. 
 
 a? 
 
 <rs?w 
 
 TSTUCp 
 
 > -us 
 
 Aor. 2. <jw -wv Sou ov 
 Fut. 1. tv-^j -wv acta ov 
 
 atfa 
 
 av 
 
 k 
 
 §14. Of </te Passive. 
 
 Indicat. Primar. tenses. 
 
 Praes. 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 Fut. 2. M. *W 
 
 Fut. 1. M. ru-\, 
 
 Fut. 3. tstu-v}, J 
 
 "^ | -OfMtl 1) 
 
 u ^ tf l.o>6&ov siftov 
 -o/xs2ra stfSe 
 
 sreu 
 
 stf&ov 
 
 Forms of the Perfect without the characteristic vowel. 
 
 -•^ai tf-rai 
 
 <p-Sov cp-Sov 
 
 <p-;j£ 
 
 STU < -fA-(Xg&0V 
 
38 
 
 OF THE PASSIVE . 
 
 Indicat. Secondar. tenses, 
 
 Imperf. 
 Aor. 2. M. 
 
 
 -o'/xsSov 
 
 ou 
 
 stfSov 
 
 OVTO 
 
 Aor. 1. M. ^ru-^- a/x^v w a<ro ajjisSov atfSov atfS*)V ? &e. 
 
 srsru v 
 
 •fJI/-(X7)V 
 
 ./x-jasSov 
 .(Ld-jut/S^a 
 
 Plusqpf. 
 
 (p-Sov 
 9-Ss 
 
 <p-2fY]V 
 
 Subjunet. (termination of the prim, tenses.) 
 
 Prses. rvifr \ -w/xas 07 »]<ra» 
 
 Aor. 2. M. tuV > -w/xeSrov TjtfSov TjtfSov 
 
 Aor. 1. M. t\)\ j -wfjis&a qtfSte wvrcu 
 
 Optat. (termination of the secondar. tenses.) 
 
 
 Praes. rvrfr ~* 
 
 
 Fut. 2. Tu^rf 
 
 
 
 Fut. 1. TUCpSf^tf 
 
 -OI^IJV 
 
 010 oivro 
 
 Fut. 2. M. <rws 
 
 • -oijusSov 
 
 OJffSoV Oltf&TJV 
 
 Aor. 2. M. tuV 
 
 -oiftsSra 
 
 OjtfSs OIVTO 
 
 Fut. 1. M. ru+ 
 
 
 
 Fut. 3. Tsru'4»- 
 
 
 
 Aor. 1. M. tu^ -a»/x?]v 
 
 ato euro etc. 
 
 Note. Forms without the characteristic vowel cannot be con 
 
 structed in the Subjunet. and Optat. 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 _ C -ou &tf2rw 
 
 Pr89S. TUtfT ' 
 
 
 Praes. tu#t \ . ,5. 
 
 Fut. 2. TUrfrjtf 
 
 
 Aor. 2. M. tu* i « , .r, v 
 
 Fut. 1. rvcpSyjrf 
 
 
 Aor. 1. M. ru^ -ai atfSw &c. 
 
 Fut. 2. M. rwei 
 Aor. 2. M. ru* 
 
 ► -etfSaj 
 
 / -4/0 <pSw 
 
 Fut. 1. M. ™+ 
 
 
 Perf. "riru < -cp&ov <p$wv 
 
 Fut. 3. rsfty. 
 
 
 ' .<p&s 
 
 (p^wtfav 
 
 Aoi% 1. M. tii^ 
 
 -atfSrai 
 
 Perf. tetu -<p&ai 
 
CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. 39 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Prses. rutfrx Aor. 2. M. <rw\ 
 
 Fut. 2. TutfTitff , Fut. 1. M. tu-^ > -o>svog r\ ov 
 
 \ -o/xsvog rj ov ,1 
 
 Fut. 1. ru<pS*i<ri Fut. 3. tstu^ J 
 
 Fut. 2. M. tu*s ) Aor. 2. M. tu-^ -af*6vog ij ov 
 
 Perf. Tsry fA-|xsvo£ 7] 
 
 ov 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. 
 
 § 15. General observations. The three parts in every person 
 distinguished. 
 
 When a tense is fully formed, we regard as its Ground-form, 
 what precedes the final vowel. Of the Fut. 1. tu-^-w, the Ground- 
 form is ru+j which remains, throughout this tense, unaltered. Of 
 the Aor. 2., however, the Ground-form is tv* ; in the Ind. eVurf, 
 with the Augment. 
 
 To this Ground-form is annexed, in every Mood and Person, a 
 vowel, which we call the Mood-voivel, or characteristic vowel of 
 the Mood, because it serves, principally, to determine the Mood. 
 
 Finally, the Terminations are subjoined to the Mood -vowel. 
 
 In every form, therefore, these three parts must be accurately 
 distinguished, viz. Ground-form, Mood-vowel, and Termination. 
 The first determines the tense ; the second, the mood ; and the 
 third, the person. 
 
 The Mood-vowel of the Ind., Act., and Pass., throughout the 
 whole conjugation, some tenses excepted, is, in the first per- 
 sons of each number and in the 3 Plur., an o ; in all the rest an s; 
 e. g. Sing. 1. rvtfr-o 2. rutfr-s 3. <rv<ffr.e. Dual. 1. tuttt-o 2. 
 fMicrs 3. tuttt-s. Plur. 1. Tutfr-o 2. TUtfr-s 3. <rutf<r-o. 
 
 § 16. Conjugation of the Primary tenses in the Indicative. 
 
 The Terminations of the Primary tenses in the Ind. are as fol- 
 lows : 
 
40 CONJUGATION OF THE INDICATIVE. 
 
 Terminations alone. With the Mood-vowel. M. vow. & term, united; 
 
 S. -o -is 
 
 .i 
 
 
 
 -0 S-lg s.i 
 
 -W -S<£ -2J 
 
 D. -/x£v -rov 
 
 -rov 
 
 
 
 -pSV 5-70V S-TOV 
 
 -0/X£V -STOV -STOV 
 
 P. -/ulsv -rs 
 
 -vrtfi 
 
 
 
 -/xsv s-ts o-vrtfj 
 Conjugation. 
 
 -Of/*£V ..STS «0U0 J t 
 
 Praes. rutfr ^ 
 
 l-w 
 
 s«S 
 
 c( 
 
 r -a ag s 
 
 Fut. 2. *ws \ 
 
 . -ojuusv 
 
 STOW 
 
 stov Perf. Htw 
 
 ■? -a/xsv arov arov 
 
 Fut. 1. ru+ 5 
 
 • -ojxsv 
 
 £<T£ 
 
 outfi 
 
 * -a/xsv ars atfj 
 
 Note 1. In the 3 pers. Plur., vr before a are rejected, and & 
 becomes x, § 5. 4. The a in the Perf. is lengthened, rsrutfatfi,. 
 because vr is dropped. 
 
 Note 2. The Perf. takes for the Mood- vowel, an a, but is ir- 
 regular in the Sing. 
 
 The grand and never failing distinction between the primary 
 and secondary tenses, is this ; that the primary tenses have the 3. 
 pers. Dual uniformly short (-rov) ; the secondary tenses, on the 
 contrary, long (-ttjv) ; and, that the 3. pers. Plur., in the former, 
 ends in v<rtf» ; in the latter, in v. 
 
 § 17. Conjugation of the Secondary tenses in the Indicative. 
 
 The Terminations, which are subjoined to the Mood-vowel, in 
 the Secondary tenses of the Indicative, are 
 
 Terminat. alone. Term, and M. vow. Conjugation. 
 
 S. -v -s . -ov -sg -£ r -ov sg s 
 
 t. Impert. erutfr 1 
 
 D. -frsv -fov .t*)v -o/xsv -srov -sr^v r ' < -o/asv £<rov s<njv 
 
 _, „ Aor. 2. b-TUflr" i 
 
 P. -(XSV -T8 -V -0/UUSV -£T£ -OV ^ -OjXSV £<r£ OV 
 
 Note 1. The Aor. 1. takes, for the Mood- vowel, an a, and 
 proceeds in the Sing, like the Perf. 
 
 Note 2. The Plusqpf. takes for the Mood- vowel, *i, and ter- 
 minates the 3 pers. Plur. in sitfav and stfav. 
 
 as s r -siv sis sj 
 
 Aor. 1 . sVu%^ ^ -ajasv arov arrjv Plusqpf. srsrwr < -sijiasv sjtov gi<r*iv 
 a<rs av f -eijxsv £jt£ sitfav 
 
 or stfav 
 
CONJUGATION OF THE IMrEKATIVE. 41 
 
 § 18. Conjugation of the Subjunctive. 
 
 In the Subjunctive, the long vowels w r\, in place of the short 
 ones o s, are annexed to the root, for Mood-vowels, and to these 
 the Terminations of the Primary tenses are subjoined. 
 
 
 Mood. v. and Terra. 
 
 Mood. v. 
 
 and Term. 
 
 united. 
 
 s. 
 
 w-o ri-is 
 
 r\.t 
 
 -w 
 
 -?» 
 
 •v 
 
 D. 
 
 W-/XSV 7J-T0V 
 
 VJ-TOV 
 
 -wjasv 
 
 -^TOV 
 
 ->]T0V 
 
 P. 
 
 oj-^sv *]-<rs 
 
 w-vrtfj 
 
 -cufxev 
 
 •r\rs 
 
 -Wtfl 
 
 
 
 Conjugation. 
 
 
 
 
 Praes. 
 
 TVrf | -W 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 flS 
 
 Jl 
 
 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 ru-sp \ -w^ev 
 
 rjrov 
 
 irjrov 
 
 
 
 Perf. 2. 
 
 TSTvtf 1 -W/X6V 
 
 r\rs 
 
 wtfi 
 
 
 
 Perf. 1. 
 
 rerun J 
 
 
 
 
 Note. The Secondary tenses of the Praes. and Perf. (Imperf. 
 and Plusqpf.) have no appropriate forms, except in the Indicative. 
 The Futures also, have no Subjunctive or Imperative. 
 
 § 19. Conjugation of the Optative. 
 
 The Optative takes, for its Mood-vowel, 01, and in the Aor. 1. 
 on. The terminations are, in the 1 pers. Sing, /ju, in the 3 Plur. 
 sv ; the other persons follow the analogy of the Secondary tenses. 
 
 , -oiju-sv ojtov o»<njv 
 -oijxev ojts oiew 
 
 § 20. Conjugation of the Imperative. 
 
 The Imperative, which in every Number has only the 2d and 
 3d pers., takes, for its Mooa- vowel, uniformly an s, and subjoins 
 to this, in the Sing. 2. -.&i, 3. ™ ; Dual 2. -tov, 3. -twv Plur. 2, 
 
 S. -oijxi .oig -of 
 
 Praes. ttj^t^ 
 
 D. -oifxsv -oirov .oiryv 
 
 Fut. 2. ruirY 
 
 P. -0I/X6V -0»TS -OlSV 
 
 Aor. 2. rutf 
 
 
 Fut. 1. TUv^ 
 
 Aor. 1. -ajfjw -atg -at &c. 
 
 Perf. 2. <rs<rw 
 
 
 Perf. 1 . rsrv(p J 
 
42 OF THE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE. 
 
 -re, 3. rwtfav, (irregularly ovrwv without the Mood- vowel.) -Si, 
 however, is usually dropped ; e. g. rtors for wirreSi. 
 
 Conjugation. 
 
 Praes. 
 
 TtfW \ 
 
 ,s 
 
 s'-rw 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Tunr f 
 
 -S-TOV 
 
 e'-TWv 
 
 Perf. 2. 
 
 rirvrr C 
 
 -s.rs 
 
 i-TW^av 
 
 terf. 1. 
 
 rsrvop ) 
 
 or 
 
 -OVTWV 
 
 Note. The Aor. 1. retains here, as in all the Moods, the Sub- 
 junctive excepted, its Mood-vowel a, but terminates the 2 pers. 
 Sing, in ov ; e. g. 
 
 tv-^j -ov tv-^j -a<rov t\)-\> -are 
 
 -a<rw -a<rwv -af-wtfav -<Wwv 
 
 § 21. Of iAe Infinitive and Participle. 
 
 1. The Infinitives terminate, the Mood-vowel included, in siv. 
 The Aor. 1., however, ends in ai, e. g. ru-^-at ; and the Perf. in 
 sva», e. g. rsrvir-swi. 
 
 2. The Participles end, the characteristic vowel included, in 
 wv for the Masc, ouCa for the Fern., and ov for the Neuter ; ex- 
 cept the Aor. 1., which ends in as, atfa, av ; and the Perf. which 
 ends in ws, ufa, 6$. Thus 
 
 Praes. rkr\ Aor. 1. tu^ -as atfa av 
 
 Fut. 2. «wi / Perf. rsrutf -wj vTa o's 
 
 Aor. 2. ™r>- wv outfa ov 
 
 Fut. 1. TUn^) 
 
 Note. The Aor. 2. has the accent, both in the Infinitive and 
 Participle on the last syllable ; e. g. wrtm outfa 6v, Inf. vvtsTv. 
 
43 
 
 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 1. Derivation of the Tenses. 
 
 If the Paragraphs on the letters and syllables, are fresh in the 
 memory, the learner will find no difficulty in comprehending, in 
 its whole extent, the Greek passive ; which, indeed, must not be 
 regarded as a confused and arbitrary mass of inflexions, but as a 
 noble and inimitable master-piece, and worthy, on account of the 
 euphony and perfection of its forms, of the highest degree of at- 
 tention and admiration. 
 
 The Praes. Imperf. Perf. and Plusqpf. have each one tense- 
 form, the Futt. and Aorr. have each two, making in all twelve 
 tense-forms. The Futt. and Aorr. require a separate considera- 
 tion. We commence with the four first-mentioned tenses. 
 
 § 22. Formation of the Prces. Imperf. Perf. and Plusqpf. 
 
 The Primary tenses of the Pass, end in -/ut-ai, and the Seconda- 
 ry tenses, in -/xqv ; which terminations are preceded by the Mood- 
 vowel o ; in the Perf. and Plusqpf., however, they are subjoined 
 immediately to the root. 
 
 Verba Pura. Verba Muta. Verba Liqulda. 
 
 Root ohs X$y £eXX-£aX 
 
 Prses. ohi-o-iiai Xsy.o-,uai £s'XX-o-|aai 
 
 Imperf. wxs-d-pjv cXsy-6-|ay)v &eXX-o-p)v 
 
 Perf. wVo-/xa» § 8. 1. XeXsy-jjiaj IsftX-jxai § 12. 
 
 Plusqpf. wxtj-iu^v £XsXsy-fJW]v ^aX-jm,7]v 
 
 Note 1. For the changes which the Mutes or * * r-sounda 
 undergo, see § 4, and the several examples there given ; e. g. 
 
 Praes. Perf. Praes. Perf. 
 
 rwVrw (ruff) 
 
 rirv^ai 
 
 tf<rsva£w (oVsvajc) 
 
 idrivajy^on 
 
 «b'}(0fxai 
 
 yvyii.ca 
 
 9£<x? w (cpgaS) 
 
 rtttygCCrfpCtA 
 
 tpsiSu 
 
 #e'<pei0'fA0U 
 
 rugatfcfu (*"«fax) 
 
 rsragwypai 
 
44 
 
 ON THE PASSIVE VOICB. 
 
 Note 2. When the root has an s, it assumes frequently, in place 
 of this s, an a ; e. g. tf<r£S(pw, sGV^afA/xou. 
 
 Note 3. The rf before the termination -pui, is found also in 
 many of the Verba Pura, for the purpose of strengthening the 
 form : e. g. cbcouw, yxovtfftou ; p^ico xiy^id^ai ; <rsX^w rsrs'Xstffji-ai. 
 
 Note 4. N, when it is the final consonant of the root, after st 
 i v, is rejected in the long tense-forms of the Pass. : e. g. xgivu, 
 xixgipm. §12. Note 2. 
 
 Note 5. Eu in the root is generally shortened : e. g. tsux^, 
 r&wypai ; (psvyu, tficpwypoa. 
 
 § 23. Formation of the Futures and Aorists. 
 
 In the second Futures and Aorists, and in the Verba Liquida in 
 all the forms, the root must be shortened. The Terminations are 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 Aor. 2. 
 Fut. L 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 
 (with the short root. 
 Fut. 2. M. -eofxai 
 Aor. 2. M. -ofAijf 
 
 (with the long root) 
 Fut. 1. M. -rfo^a* 
 Aor. 1. M. -tfafjwjv 
 
 Verba Pura* 
 
 mxs 
 
 %gv(fo 
 
 wanting 
 
 wanting 
 
 wanting 
 
 wanting 
 
 ohr\-§r)<fonou 
 
 ^ufl'w.&^o'ojxai 
 
 WXTJ-^V 
 
 iXgvtfCiSqv 
 
 (pike 
 piX^-tfojxai 
 
 iqjtXij-o'a^v 
 
 n/xa 
 i-n/xyj-tfajxriv 
 
 Short roots rvtf q>i5 
 
 Fut. 2. TUTTTJ-rfO^aj {pl<5*3-tfo|XOU 
 
 Aor. 2. tVuff'-iqv icpi^-TQv 
 
 Long roots row <ps«<5 
 
 Fut. 1. cup-^o'ofjt-ai (psitf-&>jfl'o| JI ' a ' 
 
 Aor. 1. hucp-^v i<p£»tf-2rr)v 
 
 Fer&a Liquida. 
 
 <pav 
 
 xpiv 
 
 
ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 45 
 
 Verba Muta. Verba Liquida. 
 
 Short roots <rurf *\>x r£v &* TS,VW ^ **"• * s ^w 
 
 Fut. 2. M. cutf-go/sai <ru^-£o|xa» «v-e'o/xai SaX-so/xai 
 
 Aor. 2. M. sVutt-o'^vjv stux-opjv eVsv.opiv sVaX-ofj^v 
 
 Long root? to* tsu^ 
 
 Ful. 1. M. ru-^o^ai rsugojxai wanting, as in the Act., and the 
 Aor. 1. M. Iru4>afiw,v sVsugaj/^v Aor. follows the analogy of 
 
 the Act. e&ihcL sVsiXa|x»]v. 
 
 Note. 1. The four last tenses of each class are marked with 
 M, (tempora Medii), on account of the Middle signification of their 
 Aorists. 
 
 Note 2. The completed Future, Futurum exactum vel perfectum, 
 receives the Augment as in the Perf. and the Terminations as in 
 Fut. 1. ; e. g. Xsitf, XsXsK^o/xa/, relictus ero ; <rw<r, rsr^o/xa/ ; 
 dtfara, yrfaryo 'o/m.ai. 
 
 Note 3. It is obvious, that the given Terminations, both the 
 Aorists Pass, excepted, contain the Terminations properly so call- 
 ed -jxai -f*»]v, the Mood-vowel o, and also the intermediate mem- 
 ber, which comes between the Mood-vowel and the root : e. g. 
 Tup^tfojaai contains ruT-Ss-o'-o-fAaj, and consequently, the mem- 
 ber or syllable Ss more than <njtf.tf-o-fAai ; Tu*-s-oj*ai with a tf gives 
 
 2. Conjugation. 
 
 § 24. Conjugation of the Indicative. 
 
 The Aor. 2. in --yjv, and the Aor. 1. in -Stojv, must be separated 
 from the other forms, as they belong to another Conjugation, viz. 
 of the verbs in -pi, to which they form the transition. The Mood- 
 vowel is, throughout, the same as in the Act. In the Perf., how- 
 ever, it is wanting in all the Moods, and the Terminations are 
 subjoined immediately to the root. The terminations are, in the 
 Primary tenses 
 
 Terminations alone. With the Mood-vowel- 
 
 S. -f/-a» .tfau .rat 
 D. -fxsSov -tfSov -ff^OV 
 P. -fw£a -tfSs -vrai 
 
 o/xai 
 
 •stfai 
 
 -s<rai 
 
 -OfJt-S&OV 
 
 -etf&ov 
 
 -fftfSov 
 
 o/xsSra 
 
 -StfSff 
 
 -ovrai 
 
46 
 
 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Note. From the 2 pers. Sing. .e<fai, when it has the Mood- 
 vowel (therefore not in the Perf. and Plusqpf.) the tf is rejected, 
 in every Tense and Mood, and the remaining vowels contracted ; 
 e. g. -sifai -sou -q^j -*j. 
 
 In this manner may be conjugated 
 
 -o/xai y\ srai etc. 
 
 There remains yet the Conjugation of the Perfect. 
 
 1. In the Verba Pur a. 
 
 In this class of verbs, the Terminations follow upon the final 
 vowel of the root, and occasion no multiplication of Consonants. 
 Hence the Conjugation proceeds without interruption, e. g. from 
 p/Ag'w we obtain in the Perf. Pass. 
 
 Praes. 
 
 <rurfr~] 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 rvrfrjtf 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 trvcp^yitf 
 
 Fut. 2. M. 
 
 <T\)<K& 
 
 Fut. 1. M. 
 
 <TV-\t 
 
 Fut. 3. 
 
 TSTV-^ _ 
 
 rfS<piX»l < 
 
 
 tfa» 
 
 rat 
 
 tfSov 
 vrai 
 
 Verba Muta. 
 
 In this class, the Terminations being subjoined immediately to 
 the root, whose final letter is a Mute, a multiplication of Conso- 
 nants is occasioned, which must be obviated in the manner above 
 described. Vid. § 3. 4 arid 5. ; e. g. 
 
 TSTVJT-fXai 
 
 rervir.tfat 
 
 *rs<rvtf- t rcu 
 
 /x-fxa* 
 
 4/-ai 
 
 #-<ra» 
 
 <rs<rW-|xs$ov 
 
 csrutf-rfSov 
 
 TSTW-tfSo? 
 
 (x-jxeSov 
 
 (p-Sov 
 
 tp-Sov 
 
 Tsru'rr-f/.e&a 
 
 TSrvtf-d'Ss 
 
 (rSTvif-vrai) 
 
 fju/AS^a 
 
 p-Ss 
 
 
 Note. The persons of the Perf. and Plusqpf., which cannot 
 be formed regularly, are formed, as in Latin, by means of the 
 
ON THE PASSIVE VOICE- 47 
 
 Participle and the Auxiliary s/vai ; e. g. 3 pers. Plur. Perf. rerup.. 
 jasvoj e/tfi, verberati sunt ; 3 pers. Plur. Plusqpf. TSTuj*f*gvoi ^tfavj 
 Subjunct. Tsrujut-jxe'vos w ifs *f ; Opt. rsrv^svog e'/^v sjijg g'/nj, &c. 
 
 XsXey.pai XsXsy-tfai XsXsy-rai 
 
 g-eu x-rai 
 
 XsXgy-jxsSrov XsXsy-tfSov XgXey-tfSov 
 
 y-Sov y-Sov 
 
 x-^ ov x-* ov 
 
 XsXsy-f/-s&a XgXgy-tfSs XgXgy-vrai 
 
 y-&* 
 
 X -Sg 
 
 In the same manner, (nestisfe-yMi) arsVsio'-fj.ai, (testes fo-if on) irfaei- 
 <fou 9 {testes\%-*ai) testestf-roii. From (p£a£w (root (pga$) we obtain 
 (tfg<p£a<5/xai) *s<p£aa'jui>ai, (tfgq^aoVai) vsqpgaufcu, (tes^uSrou) trs<pgpt.(f<rai. 
 If we endeavour to avoid the multiplication of consonants in the 
 3 Plur., by rejecting v, we obtain the 3 pers. Sing, again. This 
 Pers., therefore, cannot be regularly formed. 
 
 The Verba Liquida occasion no difficulty ; e. g. geXXw, tVaX- 
 fAai, eVaXtfaj, !VaX<ra», es;aXf/-gSov, (e^aXtfSov) g'saXSov, &c. In this 
 class alone, v in the 2 Sing, before s, remains ; e. g. <paiv, (pav, 
 *6-(pav-|xa», tfspa/x/xai, tfstpav-tfai, &c. 
 
 The terminations of the Secondary Tenses in the Indie, are, 
 
 Terminat. alone. With the Mood-vowel. 
 
 -jUWJV -tfo -TO -OJXTJV -Stfo -STO 
 
 -f/,sSov -tfSov -rfSfyjv -of/iS3rov -gtfSov -eo'Srjv 
 
 -fxsSa -tf$g -vro -o/xgSa -gtfSg .ovto 
 
 Note 1. The Aor. 1. M. takes, for its mood-vowel, an a ; e. g. 
 -ajjwjv -atfo -aro, &c. 
 
 Note 2. By dropping the tf, in the 2 pers. Sing., gtfo becomes 
 to -ov ; and arfo, ao, -w. 
 
 Imperf. irutfr ) , 
 
 Aor. 2. M. kwe S " of/<y3V * sro ' &c * Aor * *' ^ u +-*f**l w w a<ro > &c. 
 
 The Plusqpf. suffers the same changes as the Perf., and for the 
 same reasons ; e. g. eVstpiX^/^v, sVs<pfX>)<j'o, ite ey I'Xyjro, &c. without 
 
48 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 any difficulty on the score of the consonants. But irSTW.^f^ 
 gives Itsto (x-fz/qv ; ersrutf-tfo, ire-u-^o, &c. 
 
 Note 3. In the Pass, also, the Primary tenses are distinguish- 
 ed from the Secondary, by the 3 Pers. Dual and Plur. ; e. g. Pri- 
 mary tenses -ffSov, Secondary tenses, -tfSrrjv. Primar. tenses -vrai, 
 Secondary tenses -vro. This distinction should be particularly at- 
 tended to. 
 
 § 25. Conjugation of the Subjunctive. 
 
 The Mood- vowels are, as in the Act., i/j and ij, and the termi- 
 nations are those of the Primary tenses. 
 
 uitr ^ 
 ruir £ -l 
 
 Mood-v. and Terminat. 
 
 -Wjxcj .rjffai -yrai Pra3s. wirr 
 
 _6JfXsSrov --yjcrSrov -7]tfSov Aor. 2. M. rutf ^ -wfJt-ai $ 
 
 -w^c&a -y)d$;e wvrai Aor. 1. M. rv-^ 
 
 Note 1. By rejecting rf, in the 2 pers. Sing, we have '/jai, »]<, tj. 
 
 Note 2. The other Aorists in -ijv and -Stjv, as has been ob- 
 served above, do not belong to the Conjugation ; and of course, do 
 not come at present under consideration. The Imperf. and 
 Plusqpf. have no other Mood but the Indicat. The Futt. Subj. 
 are wanting, as in the Act. The Perf. cannot form a Subjunctive, 
 because the difference between this Mood and the Indicative, 
 consists in the lengthening of the characteristic vowel, which 
 fails in the Perfect. When such forms of the verba pur a as 
 uxSjtf&ov, #S(p»Xwv<ra», occur, they have the characteristic vowel and 
 suffer a contraction. 
 
 § 26. Conjugation of the Optative. 
 
 The Optative takes here also its Mood-vowel o», and the termi- 
 nations of the secondary tenses. 
 
 Mood-v. and Terminat. 
 
 > -o(jm.>jv oio ojto, &c ; 
 
 -ojfi/yjv -oitfo -oiro 
 
 Praes. 
 
 <jwr -» 
 
 -ojfXsSov .ojtfSov -oitfSrjV 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 wn")](f 
 
 .o»/As^a .oiffSs -oivro 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 TU(pSf»jtf 
 
 
 Fut. 2. M. 
 
 TUrfS 
 
 
 Aor. 2. 91. 
 
 <r\)<K 
 
 Aor. 1. M. i-u4"-aipi» at 
 
 >Fut. l.M. 
 
 TUvj^ 
 
 a»T0j &c. 
 
 Fut. 3. 
 
 TSTV^ _ 
 
ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 4J> 
 
 Note 1. The Aor. 1. M. takes here also its ar. 
 
 Note 2. In the 2 pers. Sing., the d is dropped, and no farther 
 change takes place. 
 
 Note 3. In this Mood also, the Perf. cannot be formed, because 
 the Mood-vowel fails. In the Attic dialect, however, some of the 
 verba pura, to form the Optat.. receive an » between the root and 
 the Termination ; e v g. (tfscpiXTj-i-fjMiv) tfsqjjX^jArjv, (tfsyikri-i.tfo rfscpi- 
 "kytfo) irecpiXyo, &c. and this i disappears entirely when it cannot 
 be subscribed ; e. g. (XsXujfwjv) XsXu(X7]v ; which, however, pro- 
 perly speaking, should be written XsXui{x?]v, XsXufo, &c. 
 
 § 27. Imperative. 
 
 The Mood-vowel is here also an ». The Terminations are 
 
 Alone. 
 
 With the M.-vowel. 
 
 0*0 -ff%W 
 
 -stfo .stfSw 
 
 tfSov -tfSwv 
 
 -stfSov -stfSwv 
 
 tfSs -ffSwo'av 
 
 -stfSs -StfSwiTav 
 
 Note. After rejecting tf, in the 2 pers. Sing., so becomes ou. 
 Prses. (wtT-stfo) tjttou, Tu^r-s'tf^w, &c. The Aor. 2. M. in the 
 2 Sing, has the accent on the last syllable tutou. The Aor. 1. 
 M. ends in on in the 2 Sing., and is regular in the remaining per- 
 sons ; retaining, however, its a ; e. g. rt^-ai, Tu-^-atrSoj, &c. In 
 the Perf., on account of the Mood-vowel which fails, the conso- 
 nants are multiplied in the verba muta (rsrvir-tfo) tstu^o, (tstut- 
 tfSw <rsm?rSoj) TS<rj<pSw, &c, which changes are managed as in the 
 Indicative. 
 
 § 28. Infinitive. 
 
 The Infinitive ends in -tfSca, which, with the Mood- vowel s, 
 gives stfSou. The Participles end in -(xsvoj, which, with the 
 characteristic vowel o, gives -ofxevos. The Aor. 1. M., however, 
 retains its a ; e. g. -ao*Sai -a/ASvos. The Mood-vowel fails in the 
 Perfect. 
 
50 
 
 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Prses. cfatt-^i 
 
 rvitr 
 
 Fut. 2. rwrijtf 
 
 
 *\)<KV\(f 
 
 Fut. 1. TUf^C 
 
 
 cufp&rjtf 
 
 Fut. 2. M. vwfi 
 
 • -erfSraf 
 
 <ru#s 
 
 Aor. 2. M. Tucr 
 
 
 TUrf 
 
 Fut. 1. M. r<5+ 
 
 
 TU-vL 
 
 Fut. 3. rsrty J 
 
 TSTU^- 
 
 Aor. 1. M. rt^t 
 
 -atfSai 
 
 -a/xsvog' 
 
 J 
 
 -0/XSVOff 
 
 Perf. (rww-tf&ai) rsru<p&ai, (tstu^./xsvoj) rswpusng. In the same 
 manner, Xsyw (XsXsy-tfSai) XsXs^Sou, XsXsyjxs'vos ; #sJ&«, (tfStfsiS- 
 tfSa») tffftfSj-tfSaj, (tfetfSjSr-fASvos) tferfgufpivog ; cp^a^w, (tf£tf£a<5-a'3rai,) 
 flrspfatfSaj (tf£(p£a#/xsvo£) rfs<p£atf/xevos : Xuw makes XsXutfSaj, XsXu/x^ 
 
 V0£. 
 
COMPARATIVE VIEW 
 
 THE COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 
 
 § 29. Active. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Prses. 
 
 ruifr 
 
 Imperf. scw-r 
 
 i; 
 
 .0|XSV 
 
 -o/xsv 
 ■ov 
 
 OjXSV 
 
 o/jiev 
 
 tig 
 
 STOV 
 STS 
 
 stov 
 
 STS 
 
 SI 
 
 STOV 
 
 outfi 
 
 s 
 
 stiiv 
 
 ov 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 -w eiff si, <kc. 
 
 STVKT 
 
 eg «, &c. 
 
 rutfrsfx ) -ov eg s 
 
 trCxrefa $ and 3 Plur. -o» 
 rfafrotfJK ) -ov e$ s 
 
 sVikTarfx ) and 3 Plur. -ov 
 
 Note. These forms of the Imperf., Aor. 1. and 2., Act. and 
 Pass., in tfx, are found only in the persons of the Sing., and in the 
 3 pers. Plur. Vid. Gram. § 210. (2V.) 
 
 Common. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 «w 
 
 1..SW 
 
 3. ssi 
 
 sstg 
 
 e~g s7 
 
 1 . .iopev 2. sstov 3. s'srof 
 
 sujasv sTrov sirov 
 
 1 . .io^sv 2. £*rs 3. &<rt 
 
 fvu,sv »iW 
 
52 COMMON AND HOMER IC PARADIGM. 
 
 Common. Homeric. 
 
 Aor. 2. eVuT 
 
 6, &C. 
 
 Fut. 
 Aor. 1, 
 
 ov ss s 
 
 3. Plur. -ov 
 
 S 
 
 Perf. TgViwr ^ -a/xsv a*ov arov TsVu«jr -a aj s, &c. 
 
 atfi 
 
 s« • -sa sa£ ss ssv 
 
 Plusqpf. STSTucf < -^/xsv ej<rov sitijv 7 -si/xsv sitov sit^v 
 
 \ -sif/.sv sits sitfav { -sijxsv sits fitfav 
 
 or sCav (1. ydsa, 2. (tfsiSsag) 3. jJSsb -v 
 
 Note. Anomalies, occasioned by the failure of the characte- 
 ristic vowel, cannot conveniently be enumerated in the Paradigm. 
 Of this sort are, sixrov, Od. 4. 27, for e/xsrov Praes. ; IWyjv, II. 1. 
 104, for sixsrrjv Imperf. ; siX^Xou^sv, II. 9i 49, for si'X^Xou&ajxsv, 
 Perf. ,* Upsv, (later form i'tf/xsv) for *'5ajxsv, full form o/'&xjxsv ; £r£- 
 rfifyxsv, II, 2. 341, for sVsrfi'Ssijxsv, commonly sVstfoi'Ssi^sv, Plusqpf., 
 Sec. 
 
 * Added from the Gram. } 210. c. (Tr.) 
 f Added from the Gram., $ 211. ( Tr.) 
 
COMMON AND HOMERIC TARADIGM. 
 
 53 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 Praes. ctf*v 
 
 
 •6JU-SV 
 
 ?7S 
 
 »JT0V 
 11T0V 
 
 ?5 
 
 ■yjrov 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Aor. 1. cjS4> -w ijg &c. as Aor. 2. 
 Perf. q-siw - w ajj &c. as Aor. 2. 
 
 rutfr * 
 
 [1. -w 2. jjg 3. *> 
 
 1. -W/XSV 2. VJTOV 3.. KJTOV 
 
 I. 
 
 o/jt-sv srov stov 
 
 WfASV 2. IfJTfi 3. wtf« 
 OfASV STS 
 
 -W 2. r£ 3. >] 
 
 ■w/xsv 2. ?j<rov 3. yjrov 
 
 f srutf ' -ojxsv srov s<rov 
 
 1 . -wfxsv 2. »]rs 3. wtfi 
 
 -ofisv srs 
 
 ri^ -w w/xi &c. as Aor. 2. 
 
 ■raw -w w/xi &c. as Aor. 2. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Praes. cutfr 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Aor. 2. rw 
 Fut. 1. v&\ 
 Perf. Tsrutf 
 
 Aor. 1. ™4> 
 
 -oi^sv oirov 
 -o»/xsv o;ts 
 o/fxj oTg - 
 
 1 
 
 C "01/ 
 
 \ -nil 
 
 \ 
 
 0//XSV 
 
 Optative. 
 
 01 
 
 oiVkjv 
 oisv 
 
 o7 
 
 OJTOV 0»T*)V 
 
 o^s oTsv 
 
 -OI/AI 0J£ 01, &C. 
 
 -a»/xsv a»rov aiV*jv 
 -a«|X5v airs ai&v 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 ruifr -o«u,< oiff, &c. 
 
 «W 
 
 \ 'St 
 
 -eoi\u soig g'oj 
 -soifxsv so<<rov so/t^v 
 
 -SOIJU/SV £0/T£ EOISV 
 
 tu* and TSrvif 
 
 Vl>-\> \ -OJjUU, Olff, &C. 
 
 
 «TU^ -«I/X( DC»£, &C 
 
 tu-v]^ -sja sjaj gjg 
 and the 3d Plur. s/av 
 
54 
 
 COMMON AND HOMBKIC PAKADIGM. 
 
 Imperative and Infinitive. 
 Common. Hmoeric. 
 
 Praes. <ruirr 
 
 < -£<rov si 
 \ -srs k 
 
 r -£>sve 
 ) -e>ev 
 
 SSlV £JV 
 
 £<rw / -ipevat 
 
 £TWV <rW<r-£«V TU9TT-S £<T6J, &C. TlXBV 
 
 ETUffay 
 
 or -ov<rwv 
 
 Aor. 2. tu-tt -s ^tw, &c. <rv<x *s7v <rv<it } 
 
 } s sru, &c 
 rsrvnt \ 
 
 -ov arw 
 
 •arov octwv 
 
 -a<rs arwo'av 
 
 or ocvtwv 
 
 Fut. 2. Inf. rutf-sTv Fut. 1. <rfy-sw <ru<jr-££iv 6?v Tu^-s/xsvfti s/x£v £»v 
 
 Perf. TeVutf-s stw, &c. cs-7W-s'vai tstw-s s'rw, &c. ts-tw 5 ^ 
 
 Aor. 1. tu 
 
 (-c 
 
 > -S sVw, &C. > S« 
 
 stu'tt ^ <rs~vit > 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Praes. ™<7rr > 
 
 fUt. 1. TU-sf/ J 
 Fut. 2. TUTT -WV 
 
 Aor. 2. <rvir -wv 
 
 Aor. 1. Tu%jy -as 
 Perf. TSTutf -wj 
 
 outfa 
 
 ovtfa 
 outfa 
 
 acfa 
 
 outfa 
 
 ouv 
 6v 
 
 av 
 
 05 
 
 ( svai 
 
 •rutf -s'wv £ov<fu iov 
 rwrf 
 rsrvrf 
 <ru^ -as ctfa av 
 wit 
 
 TSTVIt 
 
 vtfr ) 
 
 rvif 
 
 ■v<if ) , 
 rvrf } 
 
 -o 
 
 H 
 
 outfa ov 
 
 via 
 
 eg 
 
 § 30. Passive. 
 Indicative. 
 
 Common. 
 
 / -o/xaj 
 \ -o'l/^Sa 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 1. -opai 2. £ai 
 
 >j srat 
 ov stfSov gtfSov wflrt" 
 
 ps$u s<J$s ovraj . { 1. -o'fitg&a -6>£tf$fl 
 
 In the remaining persons like com. 
 
 r 1. -opai k Z. sai r\ 
 
 < 1. -O/XSSOV -o'/XetfSoV 
 
 ( 1. -o'u-sSa .o'wstfSa 
 
COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 
 
 55 
 
 Common. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 t -o>rjv ov sro ^^ / 1. . >»]v 2. so 3. £ro 
 
 hv*T } -0>sSrOV StfSoV sW ,. / 1. -OfAS&OV -OfA£rfSoV 
 
 ( -o>s&a stf&s ovro ' (1. -o>s&a -ofAStf&a 
 
 In the other persons no deviation. 
 
 rvvrerfx. ) -o'/at]v £o £-ro 
 
 Perf. 
 
 •rsru 
 
 tfrat 
 
 (pSov TsVu/x/Aai 
 
 > -o/. 
 
 3d Plur. ovro 
 
 -•^at, &c. 
 3d Plur. rSTutpurai 
 
 ./xjatjv v^o &c. 
 3d Plur. -iparo 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 
 1. -01 
 
 2. £a« 
 
 ( J . -o'/jt-sSa 
 
 •/AfAai ^a» 
 
 -fAjX£SoV (p%GV 
 ■j(A|X£$a <f&£ 
 
 (rfTu/x/xsvoi s/o7) 
 -fAf/,7]v n[/o tfro rsru 
 
 Plusqpf. irsru < -fAfA£3ov <p$ov <pSrjv ItstC 
 -{A/AsSa <pSs 
 (rsru/x/xsvoi ^Vav) 
 -opai y gra» 
 
 -o'/AS^a £<r^£ ovrai { 1 . .o>£&a -o'/A^^a 
 
 , , > -*jv &c. 3d Plur. -rjtfav or £v 
 
 7]jUL£V TjTOV VjT1f]V iruir ) 
 
 ?1/A£v rjT£ ijtfav ((pavgtfxs Od. 11. 587. for fyavij. 
 
 vid. Gram, § 210. c.) (7>.) 
 
 frwp* -„v ,* &c. like Aor. 2. ^ * "^ &c ' 
 
 eVup^ S 3d Plur. -750*00/ or sv 
 
 ttfai , I. .su/Aai 2. £7] 3. £frai 
 
 fltfoV Sifltfov 1 . -£ufA£&0V 2. ££<r$0V 3. &<T&0V 
 
 er<T^s avrai ruff <f sTffdov sTifdov 
 
 1. -£^£0a 2. taffo 3. sWai 
 
 Sltf^S ffUVTOJ 
 
 *W / I. -o'fxyjy 2. £o 
 
 Brutf < 1, -OfASdoV -OfAetf^OV 
 
 r£rutf 
 
 Aor. 2. iaw 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 M. 1W 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 M. srvie 
 
 - r 
 
 / -8/xai ^ 
 
 <j -HJA£0OV ffft 
 '-8fA£0a Sit 
 
 -0/X»]V 
 
 -djtxe^ov 
 -o'fAS^a 
 
 £0*dov 
 
 £ro 
 
 cV^rjv 
 
 ovro 
 
 / I. -0fX7)V 
 <[ f. -o'/AE^OV 
 
 f 1. -6/x£0a 
 ^ 1. -ofAOCJ 
 Fut. 1. M. ru^.onyi, &c. like the Prses. rC^t ? 1. -o>£0o\ 
 
 f 1. -oa.sda 
 
 -OUStfda 
 
 2. sat.-n 
 -fjfxecr&ov 
 IxsQu. -o'jLt£(f^a 
 («ru4. -ofAai, &c. with 
 
 reduplicat. vid. Gram. §208. 10. (7>.) 
 
56 
 
 COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Aor. 1. M. 
 
 STU^ 
 
 
 w - ccto 
 
 i> atf^ov atf^yjv 
 
 a<rt)g av-o 
 
 Tl!-v|> 
 
 !r4 
 
 Homeric 
 1 
 
 1. - 
 1 
 
 af/.*]v 2. ao -w 
 ajxgflov -ajjis^ov 
 ajxsfla -a'AStffla 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Pl'ffiS. 
 
 Aor. 2. tut 
 Aor. 1. tu 
 
 Aor. 2. M. tut 
 Aor. 1. M. tu-J/ 
 
 Prses. tuTt 
 
 -WfA£0OV 7]tf0OV TJfl^OV 
 
 -wfxg^a 7]tf^s wvrai 
 
 < -upsdov y<jQ 
 
 \ -W/X£<)a TjCd 
 
 / 1. .ufxai 2. ijai-ij 
 
 TUTT J 1. -wjxgdov -U(i.6tffl0V 
 ( 1. -w(A£0a -w(i,stfflat 
 f 1 . -w 2- fjff 3. y 
 
 -£JW Sl'yjg EM] 
 
 1. -wfjosv 2. 73-rov 3. ^-rov 
 -gio/xfiv £»'s-rov gl£TCV 
 1. -WjLd-SV 2. ^Te 3. dd: 
 ^ -siofxsv cisrs g'uCi 
 *)<rai tut r 1. -w/AC-j 2. *]ai->) 
 ov yjtfdov t£tut I 1. -w/xg0ov -wfxgtftav 
 GJV-ra» tu4> \ 1. -wfX£0a -Wfistffla, 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 TUT^tf 
 
 TUT 
 
 ruffld 
 
 -oj/xtjv oio o/ro 
 
 •ofjtxgdov ojtf^ov ojV^v 
 -o»|Xgda oiC0g oivto 
 
 -Ol'jX'/JV 010 01-70 
 
 -oi'/X£0ov ojtfdov oitfdrjv 
 -oifx£0a oitfdg otvro 
 
 tuTt 
 
 / 1. -OlfJ 
 1 1. -o/fi 
 ( I. -ok 
 
 -siyjv 
 
 -gMjfXgv 
 
 -girjfxgv 
 
 gn)S 
 
 g|7]T0V 
 gj'ijrg 
 
 gjy) 
 
 SlYltfOLV 
 
 Fut. 2. M. 
 
 TUT 
 
 1. -oifMQV, &c. 
 
 fj^sdov -oifxgfl'dov 
 
 jx£0a -oi[/.stfda 
 
 3d Plur. ojv-o -oiWo 
 
 v M. -oifAnjv, &c. 
 TUT?]tf \ ' , . A 
 
 (1. -o»fX£0ov -OtfJLgtftfOV 
 
 ^ ' 1. oijxsfla -oifxgtfda 
 
 3d Plur. ojvto -oiaro 
 
 /■ -£mjv, &C. 
 
 tut 1 1. Plur. sfojfxgu -gffxgv 
 
 TD^d J 2. siiirs -sTte 
 
 \ 3. SMjtfav -sTed 
 
 S0J70 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 M. tut 
 
 M. TU-| 
 
 f -0I/X'/)V 0J0 0J70 £ -gOI[X"/]V £010 gOITO 
 
 < -oijxg&ov ortf^ov Oltf&TJV TUT J -SOIjXS&OV ioiffSov EoiffSijv 
 
 ( -offXE^a ofa^E cu^to \ -£0ifXg$ra &c. 
 
 / -oi'jxvjv oio oi-ro 
 
 < -oj/xg^ov oitfSov o/crS 
 
 ( ■ oifAE&a oitfSs ww 
 
 lffS*]V 
 
 -o 
 
 fXgSfC 
 
 tut / 1. -oi',a/)v &c. 
 tstut / 1. -oif«Sov oifiSff&ov 
 
COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADfGM. 
 
 57 
 
 Aor. 1. M. tu+ 
 
 Prses. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 TVIfT 
 
 riin) 
 
 TUtf 
 
 Tl)(p§ 
 
 Aor. 2. M. runt 
 
 Aor. 1. M. <ru+ 
 
 aon. 
 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 -ai(xy]v 
 
 aio airo 
 
 / 1. -a/p]v &c 
 
 -aijxsSov 
 
 ajtf&ov aitfSrTjv 
 
 tu-v^ < 1. -a»/xs0ov cu'fjt-stfdov 
 
 -aifAs^a 
 
 a/tfSs aivro 
 Imperative. 
 
 \ 1. -affAsda aifxstfda 
 3 Plur. -aivro alaro 
 
 -ou 
 
 itf&w 
 
 / 2. -SO 6U 3. s'a'Sw 
 
 -stfSov 
 
 s'tfSwv 
 
 TvtfC ? &C. 
 
 -stf&s 
 
 sVSwfl'av 
 
 (3. Phi*, -s'tf^ww 
 
 -^0 
 
 <p$W 
 
 
 -(pSov 
 
 (P&6JV 
 
 rs'cu -vj^w &c. 
 
 .(p^g 
 
 pSwtfav 
 
 
 -7]S» 
 
 7}TO) 
 
 
 -^rov 
 
 rjrwv 
 
 TUrf -TJ^I &C. 
 
 -r\rs 
 
 7j<rwo v av 
 
 
 ->)TI 
 
 •»jrw &C. 
 
 rv(p§ -7)r» &c. 
 
 -OU 
 
 i&u 
 
 
 -stf&ov 
 
 s'tfSwv 
 
 TUflT 2. -SO SU &C. 
 
 -stfSs 
 
 s'tf^wtfav 
 
 TS*W 2. -SU &C. 
 
 •ai 
 
 atfSco 
 
 
 -atfSov 
 
 atf^wv 
 
 ti^ -ai (so)* atfSw &c* 
 
 -atfSs 
 
 atfSwtfav 
 
 *<5uo'so 11. 19. 36. vid. 
 Gram. § 213. [Tr.] 
 
 Note. The Infinitives and participles, not deviating in Homer 
 from the common forms, are omitted. 
 
CONTRACTIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FINAL VOWEL OF THE ROOT AND THE MOOD VOWELS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 VERBA PURA. 
 
 § 31. Enumeration and classification of the possible contractions 
 in the Verba Pura. 
 
 Before the conjugation of the Aorr. Pass., together with the 
 original and simple conjugation without Mood-vowels, can be un- 
 derstood, we must give a general view of the so named Contract 
 tions. The Verba Pura, for instance, whose roots end in a s o, 
 e. g, ri/m-w o/xs'-w xgutfo-w, undergo, in the Praes. and Imperf., 
 especially in the Attic dialect, many changes ; e. g. oixgsi was pro- 
 nounced oksT; and x^fyx^oi. These changes are denominat- 
 ed Contractions, We must guard, however, against the notion, 
 that the vowel which appears after the contraction has taken 
 place, always contains the vowels which stood together before the 
 change. When olx&st is contracted into olxsT, and x^dfy into xgv. 
 tfof, who would believe that the si, in this case, besides the s and i, 
 contains also another s, or that in the 01 are concealed an o kj and 
 i ? Evidently, the rapid pronunciation effected such a change, 
 fhat in place of the two or more vowels one only was heard, and 
 that, too, which came the nearest to the prevailing sound. It is 
 not, therefore, necessary to suppose, that the sound finally obtain- 
 ed, includes within itself the former ones, or is merely a sign of 
 the union of those sounds. It is quite a different thing, when ss 
 in dssKos is contracted into 5»jXos, and when o'/xss becomes olxet. 
 In the first case, the sign v\ is employed, which comprehends se ; 
 in the latter, however, the ss, in the rapidity of pronunciation; 
 becomes si, the sound of which approximates to that of ss. 
 
CONTRACTIONS IN THE VERBA PURA. 59 
 
 In the Verba Pura, (-ew-aw-ow,) the vowels e a o are brought 
 in immediate contact with the Mood- vowels. Besides, these Mood- 
 vowels, when the several terminations are annexed, give birth, as 
 we have already seen, in the several Moods, &c. Act. and Pass. 
 to the following sounds, viz. wsiou v\ y 01. Each of these, there- 
 fore, together with the simple Mood-vowels of the Ind. viz. o s, 
 preceded by s a and o, give all the possible cases of contraction in 
 the Verba Pura. But si and y need not be comprised in this clas- 
 sification ; for the Iota, except in a case presently mentioned, oc- 
 casions no difficulty, being merely subscribed wherever it is pos- 
 sible ; e. g. r ijaasis nixag. E» and v\, therefore, may be considered 
 as equivalent to e and r\. For the contractions, then, remain, the 
 two short vowels, the two long ones, and the two diphthongs 01 g ; 
 in their proper order, s o v\ w 01 g. 
 
 § 32. Contractions which occur in all the Persons. 
 
 
 -£ 
 
 -0 
 
 -*) 
 
 -W 
 
 -01 
 
 -g 
 
 1. E. 
 
 ss 
 
 so 
 
 ST) 
 
 ;W 
 
 SOI 
 
 eg 
 
 2. A. 
 
 as 
 
 ao 
 
 U7] 
 
 (MJ 
 
 aoi 
 
 as 
 
 3. O. 
 
 OS 
 
 00 
 
 0T) 
 
 OW 
 
 001 
 
 MS 
 
 I. For ss we obtain u ; for so, g ; and e, before the long vowels 
 and diphthongs, disappears : e. g. 
 
 <p»X -ss 
 
 CpiXsi 
 
 scplX -scv 
 
 spi'Xgv 
 
 <p»X -sr 
 
 <piXjj 
 
 <piX -swvrai 
 
 <piXwvra» 
 
 <p»X -SoftfSriv 
 
 <piXoiV0*]v 
 
 (p»X -£gtf« 
 
 <p»XgC» 
 
 2. For a with s or % we obtain a long a ; for a with o, w, 
 an w. e. g. 
 
 T({xas 
 
 T»fjux 
 
 T»fxas»g 
 
 Ti^ag 
 
 Ti/xa/jTaj 
 
 Tl/Jt-oVai 
 
 Tiju,ai<]£ 
 
 Ti^ag 
 
 ^rifAaov 
 
 sYl'fAUV 
 
 Tijuawrfi 
 
 tjjuuwg'i 
 
 ■Tijxaoi^i 
 
 TIjXWjX* 
 
 Tijut,aou 
 
 rijU/W 
 
 3. For o with a short vowel, we obtain g ; with a long one, w ; 
 and o, before the diphthongs o», g, disappears : e.g. 
 
t>0 CONTRACTIONS IN THE VERBA l'URA. 
 
 ^utfosiv 
 
 ^utfSv 
 
 X^tfoov 
 
 ^gutfouv 
 
 ^UtfOTJTOV 
 
 ^utfwVov 
 
 p^utfowtfj 
 
 ^utfwrfi 
 
 ^UtfOQIfAl 
 
 X^w°'o»f*» 
 
 ^urfocutfa 
 
 p^uO'SCa 
 
 Note. For o, with s« or with jj, we often obtain 01 : e. g. 
 
 It is evident that no other contraction is possible. 
 § 33. On the Homeric Contractions. 
 
 The Verba Pura, in Homer, must be regarded in a two-fold 
 point of view. 
 
 1 . As inclining to the uncontracted and open forms. In conse- 
 quence of this, the contraction does not take place, when s is fol- 
 lowed by w 7} j) o» or s, when o is followed by oi v\ or jj, and when 
 u is followed by '/) or jj. In the other cases, the uncontracted or 
 open forms and the contracted, are sometimes found together ; 
 e. g. irgorfetp&vss and tfgoo'spwvsj. 
 
 2. Such forms alone are constructed as are permitted by the 
 Hexameter verse. A great liberty is used, therefore, in regard to 
 the inflexions. For instance, where the Hexameter demands it, s 
 is frequently lengthened into si ; e. g. <piX-£eo-sijs-£»j gives <p»A-s»w 
 -stv}g-sir) : and the contracted forms are modified to suit the verse, 
 so that in verbs in aw, the vowel of the root, or one of the con- 
 tracted vowels, is lengthened at pleasure before the contracted 
 syllable. In this manner, vaisraHtfa (vaisrwa'a is at variance with 
 the Hexameter verse) may become vaisrawtfa and vousroWa. So 
 o^aoucfo gives o^wtfa and o£oojc'a ; ^aoutfa gives ^wtfa and ^wwtfa (£ow- 
 tfa is not adapted to the Hexameter verse.) So also, /xvastf^ai, 
 jjwatf&ai, fjbvdLour&ai, ysXasjv ysXav ysKdav. The contraction of so 
 into su, which does not take place, however, in the 2d pers. Sing. 
 Imperf. and Aor. 2. M., is somewhat anomalous. Thus vsixgoud 
 (from vsixsovrcft) in Homer, becomes veixsv&t. In the 3d pers. Plur. 
 Imperf., such forms as sVo^Souv dvs^»Vrouv, undergo the usual con- 
 traction of so into ou. Having premised thus much, all the cases 
 of contraction occurring in Homer, in the Verba Pura, may easily 
 he explained in the following Paradigm. 
 
VERBA PURA. 61 
 
 § 34. Active. 
 
 Verba Pura in -gw. 
 Indicative Prces. 
 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 <p»X 
 
 -£u 
 
 -w 
 
 -£&J 
 
 -siu 
 
 
 
 
 -isig 
 
 -s& 
 
 -e'eig 
 
 -sisig 
 
 -sf« 
 
 
 
 -&i 
 
 -s7 
 
 -661 
 
 -SlSl 
 
 -sT 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -££T0V 
 
 -sTtov 
 
 -££TOV 
 
 -£l£T0V 
 
 -sTtov 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -iopev 
 
 -OUfASV 
 
 -£0fJl£V 
 
 -£<OjX£V 
 
 -SUffcSV 
 
 
 
 -SETS 
 
 -sr<rs 
 
 -66TS 
 
 -£l£T£ 
 
 -£JVs 
 
 
 
 -goutfi 
 
 -outfi 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 •EV<fl 
 
 
 S. 
 
 <p»X 
 
 -£W 
 
 -w 
 
 -SO) 
 
 -£JW 
 
 
 
 
 -ijis 
 
 •jte 
 
 -syS 
 
 -sfyff 
 
 -f'yjtf&a 
 
 
 
 -Jjj 
 
 -?; 
 
 ~ty 
 
 -sydi 
 
 -£»'*) 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -ir\rov 
 
 -SjTGV 
 
 -Sy\tov 
 
 -SiSTOV 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -£W/XeV 
 
 -wjasv 
 
 -su)[xev 
 
 -£lOjUL£V 
 
 
 
 
 -syre 
 
 -^rs 
 
 -sv\ts 
 
 -£l£T£ 
 
 
 
 
 swrfi 
 
 -wCi 
 
 -SU(ft 
 
 Optative. 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 <piX 
 
 -S0I(XI 
 
 -0?/UL« 
 
 -£0JfJU 
 
 -0»>]V 
 
 
 
 
 •4(H£ 
 
 -ofc 
 
 •soig 
 
 •01% 
 
 
 
 
 -SOI 
 
 -or 
 
 -SOI 
 
 -0111 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -soitov 
 -soiVrjv 
 
 -on-ov 
 
 -OlV>]V 
 
 -SOITOV 
 •60IT1JV 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -60IT5 
 -£0»£V 
 
 -o«ja£v 
 
 -ojts 
 
 -oi£v 
 
 -£OlfX£V 
 
 •iwrs 
 
 -£0ISV 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 <p«X 
 
 -66 
 
 -£] 
 
 -££ 
 
 -SI 
 
 
 
 
 -ssVw 
 
 -£»Vw 
 
 -££<rw 
 
 -siVw 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -^TOV 
 
 -8irov 
 
 -££T0V 
 
 -£j<rov 
 
 
 
 
 -S£TWV 
 
 -SITWV 
 
 -££>WV 
 
 -£»VojV 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -SSTS 
 
 •21TB 
 
 -gVr6 
 
 -SITS 
 
 
 
 
 -EeVwrfav 
 
 -giVwtfav -SETutfav -EiVwtf'av 
 
 
 ■sijjtfi 
 
62 
 
 VERBA PURA. 
 
 Full form. Attic. 
 <piX -s'eiv -s7v 
 
 <piA 
 
 S. s<pi'X 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 -swv -wv 
 
 -soutfa -outfa 
 -gov -ouv 
 
 -sov 
 -sss 
 -eg 
 -ssrov 
 
 -SsVtJV 
 
 -so/xsv 
 
 -g'STS 
 -SOV 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 -s'siv -eiv 
 
 ->j|xsvai -»jva» 
 
 Participle. 
 
 -swv 
 
 -souCa 
 
 -s*ov 
 
 -SIWV 
 
 -sioutfa 
 
 Indicative Imperf. 
 
 -ouv 
 
 -SIS 
 
 -si 
 
 -sirov 
 -s«V»]v 
 -oujxsv 
 
 -e^s 
 
 -ouv 
 
 -sov 
 
 -sss 
 -ss 
 
 -S'STOV 
 -SgV*]V 
 - SO/AS V 
 -SSTS 
 -SOV 
 
 SIS 
 SI 
 
 siVov 
 
 SlV»]V 
 
 sujxsv 
 site 
 
 ouv 
 
 -sstfxov 
 -s'stfxss 
 -sscfas 
 
 -sistfxov 
 -gietfxss 
 -sisfl'xs 
 
 -s'stfxov -eietfxov 
 
 S. Tip, 
 
 D 
 
 p 
 
 <r»|X 
 
 D. 
 
 p. 
 
 Verba Pura in -aw. 
 Indicative Pras. 
 
 -aw 
 
 -w 
 
 -aw 
 
 -w 
 
 -ow 
 
 -WW 
 
 -asis 
 
 -as 
 
 -asis 
 
 -as 
 
 -aas 
 
 -aas 
 
 -asi 
 
 -a 
 
 -asi 
 
 -a 
 
 -aa 
 
 -aa 
 
 -asrov 
 
 -aVov 
 
 -ae<fov 
 
 aVov 
 
 -aarov 
 
 
 -aoffcsv 
 
 -WfASV 
 
 -aojuisv 
 
 -w/xsv 
 
 -OWfASV 
 
 -ww/xsv 
 
 -asrs 
 
 -are 
 
 -asrs 
 
 -ars 
 
 -aars 
 
 
 -aoutfi 
 
 -wrfi 
 
 -aoufl'j 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 -Wtfl 
 
 -owtfi 
 
 -wwCi 
 
 -aw 
 
 -w 
 
 -aw 
 
 -w 
 
 -6w 
 
 -WW 
 
 -CLJIS 
 
 -as 
 
 -ajjg 
 
 -owjtfSa 
 
 
 
 -OLJ) 
 
 -a 
 
 -ajj 
 
 -oMjtfi 
 
 
 
 -owjrov 
 
 -aVov 
 
 -owjrov 
 
 
 
 
 -awjxsv 
 
 -WfJLSV 
 
 -aw/wsv 
 
 -UjUt>£V 
 
 
 
 -avjrs 
 
 -are 
 
 -anjTg 
 
 
 
 
 -awtfi 
 
 -wCi 
 
 •awCi 
 
 
 -wtf* 
 
 

 
 
 VERBA PUR^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Optative. 
 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 
 Homeric 
 
 S. TJ|X 
 
 -aoifw 
 
 -CpfJM 
 
 -aoijuu 
 
 -qp* 
 
 
 -aois 
 
 -§S 
 
 -aois 
 
 -%4 
 
 
 -aoi 
 
 "9 
 
 -aoi 
 
 -c5 
 
 D. 
 
 -aoirov 
 
 -&rov 
 
 -aoirov 
 
 
 
 .aoj'<r*]v 
 
 -WTT]V 
 
 -ooiVtjv 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -ao»|ULSv 
 
 -tyfASV 
 
 -aoiju-sv 
 
 
 
 -aWs 
 
 -tors 
 
 -aoirs 
 
 -<3rs 
 
 
 -aoisv 
 
 -cSsv 
 
 -aoisv 
 
 -£jSv 
 
 63 
 
 S. Tl'jX 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 -as 
 
 -asVw 
 
 -asrov 
 
 -asrwv 
 
 -asrs 
 
 'OL 
 
 -aVov 
 -arwv 
 -ars 
 
 •as 
 
 -as'ru 
 
 -asrov 
 
 -as'rwv 
 
 -asrs 
 
 -a 
 
 -arw" 
 -aVov 
 -araip 
 -are 
 
 -asrwrfav arwrfav 
 
 -asVwtfav -arwrfav 
 Infinitive. 
 
 ■OGJf/,1 
 
 -owrov 
 
 -OWfASV 
 
 -OWTS 
 
 -0W£V 
 
 tjjui 
 
 -asiv 
 
 -txv 
 
 -asiv 
 Participle. 
 
 -av 
 
 -aav 
 
 
 TIfX. 
 
 -auv 
 
 -wv 
 
 -awv 
 
 -wv 
 
 -o'wv 
 
 
 
 -astfa 
 
 -wtfa 
 
 -a* (fa 
 
 -wtfa 
 
 -wwtfa 
 
 -awtfa 
 
 
 -aov 
 
 -6JV 
 
 -aov 
 
 -wv 
 
 
 
 Indicative Imperf. 
 
 S. srif 
 
 a -aov 
 
 -wv 
 
 -aov 
 
 -wv 
 
 
 -owv 
 
 
 -ass 
 
 -ag 
 
 -asg 
 
 -as 
 
 
 -aas 
 
 
 -as 
 
 -a 
 
 -as 
 
 -a 
 
 
 -aa 
 
 D. 
 
 -asrov 
 
 -aVov 
 
 -asrov 
 
 -aVov 
 
 
 -aarov 
 
 
 -asV*]v 
 
 -arqv 
 
 -asVrjv 
 
 -a<r»)v 
 
 
 -aaryjv 
 
 P. 
 
 -aojxsv 
 
 -WfASV 
 
 -aojxsv 
 
 -WfJISV 
 
 
 -owjuosv 
 
 
 -asrs 
 
 -are 
 
 -asrs 
 
 -ars 
 
 
 -aars 
 
 
 -aov 
 
 -wv 
 
 -aov 
 
 -wv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Also 1 
 
 . -atfxov 
 
 -aatfxov 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 Plur. 
 
 -ov 
 
 *3. 
 
64 
 
 VERBA PX7RA. 
 
 Verba Pura in -ow. 
 Indicat. Prms. 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 Homeric 
 
 . 
 
 S. 6yfK 
 
 -o'w 
 
 -w 
 
 -OW 
 
 -w 
 
 
 -0£»5 
 
 -ofg 
 
 •6eig 
 
 -oTg 
 
 
 -0£l 
 
 -or 
 
 -0£« 
 
 -oT 
 
 D. 
 
 -0&T0V 
 
 -0UT0V 
 
 -0ST0V 
 
 -oDVov 
 
 P. 
 
 -6o(X£V 
 
 -0UfA£V 
 
 -00/XSV 
 
 -OUfXSV 
 
 
 -osrs 
 
 -OUTS 
 
 -O'STS 
 
 -OUTS 
 
 
 -OOlltfj 
 
 -outfi 
 
 -ooutfi 
 
 
 Subjunctive, 
 
 S. dr)> 
 
 b -ow 
 
 -W 
 
 -OW 
 
 
 
 •oys 
 
 -o& 
 
 ~fye 
 
 -owJ'da 
 
 
 -or, 
 
 -or 
 
 -oj7 
 
 -Oil (ft 
 
 D. 
 
 -OTJTOV 
 
 -WT0V 
 
 -orjrov 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -OWfJl/SV 
 
 -SfASV 
 
 -o'wfj-sv 
 
 
 
 -6»]T£ 
 
 -WTS 
 
 -OirjTS 
 
 
 
 -OOjtfj 
 
 -WO*! 
 
 -0W(fl 
 
 
 Optative. 
 
 S. or)X 
 
 -OOlfAl 
 
 -Olflil 
 
 -OOI/XI 
 
 
 
 -o'ois 
 
 -oifc 
 
 -o'ojs 
 
 
 
 -001 
 
 -oT 
 
 -001 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -6oi<rov 
 
 -O/TOV 
 
 -OOITOV 
 
 
 
 -00 ITT) V 
 
 -OlVlflV 
 
 -00»V*)V 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -ooi/xsv 
 
 -Olf/,£V 
 
 -00I/XSV 
 
 
 
 -6oi<rs 
 
 -o^rs 
 
 -OOITS 
 
 
 
 -OOISV 
 
 -orsv 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 -OOI£V 
 
 
 S. &>X 
 
 -OS 
 
 -a 
 
 -0£ 
 
 -a 
 
 
 -osVw 
 
 -kru 
 
 -osVw 
 
 -kru 
 
 D. 
 
 -osrov 
 
 -Srov 
 
 -OSTOV 
 
 -Stov 
 
 
 -osVwv 
 
 -&<rwv 
 
 -0£TWV 
 
 -stwv 
 
 P. 
 
 -OSTS 
 
 -Srs 
 
 -OETS 
 
 -2ts 
 
 
 .ofiVwCav 
 
 -xrwtfav 
 
 -ogVwtfav 
 
 -xrwd'av 
 
 <5r]X 
 
 ■o'Siv 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 -*V 
 
 -0£»V 
 

 
 
 VERB/ 
 
 L PURA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 
 Full form, 
 
 Attic, 
 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 
 Sn\ 
 
 -o'&JV 
 
 -&v 
 
 -owv 
 
 
 
 
 -ooytfa 
 
 -oCo'a 
 
 -dourfa 
 
 
 
 
 -oov 
 
 -ouv 
 
 -oov 
 Imperf. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 itojk 
 
 -oov 
 
 -ouv 
 
 -oov 
 
 
 
 
 -0££ 
 
 -OU£ 
 
 -0S£ 
 
 -OU£ 
 
 
 
 -OS 
 
 -ou 
 
 -OS 
 
 -OU 
 
 D, 
 
 
 -OSTOV 
 
 -oDVoV 
 
 -o'srov 
 
 -oOYov 
 
 
 
 -osVqv 
 
 .OUTTJV 
 
 -OS<T»]V 
 
 -OUTVJV 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -o'o/xsv 
 
 -OUjXSV 
 
 -o'ojXSV 
 
 -OU/XSV 
 
 
 
 -OSTS 
 
 -OUTS 
 
 -OSTS 
 
 -OUTS 
 
 
 
 -oov 
 
 -OUV 
 
 -OOV 
 
 -OUV 
 
 65 
 
 Note. Many forms of the verb in -ow, which occur in Ho- 
 mer, made by protracting o before the Ultimate or Penultimate, 
 have been omitted by the Author ; regarding them perhaps, as 
 examples of that poetical license, which shortens or lengthens a 
 syllable at pleasure to accommodate the form to the measure of 
 the verse. Examples of such forms, both in the Act. and Pass., 
 are i^wovra, II. 18. 372. i^wovrai, II. 8. 543. vtfvuovrug, H. 
 24. 344. Od. 5. 48. x^ 5 ™'* D« 20. 29. x" So > 0d - 5 - 2i5 - X^s™, 
 II. 21.306. Juovto, II. 11. 50. tfXwo.ev, Od. 5. 240, &c. (IV.) 
 
 § 35. Passive. 
 
 Verba Pura in -eo^ai. 
 
 S. 9»X 
 
 I), 
 
 P. 
 
 S, q?iX 
 
 -so/xaj 
 
 -s/xa» 
 
 -sojxai 
 
 -eujaai 
 
 -fy 
 
 -£ 
 
 -(S'SCU) -g'lj 
 
 -gfaj 
 
 -s'sflrai 
 
 -slVai 
 
 -e'srai 
 
 .BlTOLl 
 
 -go'jxsSov 
 
 -s/xeSov 
 
 -sujias^ov 
 
 -so'/xstfSov 
 
 -&tf&ov 
 
 -ertf^ov 
 
 -s'etfSov 
 
 -srrf^ov 
 
 -eofxs&a 
 
 -xfxsSa 
 
 -sufJosSa 
 
 -so'jXStfSa 
 
 .sWSs 
 
 -slffSs 
 
 -t'gtfSs 
 
 -sfoSs 
 
 -sovras • 
 
 -2vra< 
 
 -sov-rai 
 
 -=uvra» 
 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 -ecu 
 
 sUf*a» 
 
 -WfAffl 
 
 -£, 
 
 WjUUV 
 
66 
 
 
 VERBA PUKA. 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 Ho 
 
 
 -fy 
 
 ■v 
 
 -e'yjai 
 
 
 £r\rcu 
 
 -r\TOH 
 
 -S7]TaJ 
 
 D. 
 
 -sw/xsSov 
 
 -WfAg^OV 
 
 -gW{Jt,g0OV 
 
 
 -g'rjtfdov 
 
 -Yj(f&0V 
 
 -g'yjcT^ov 
 
 P. 
 
 -sw/xs^a 
 
 -w/xsSa 
 
 -swfjtg^a 
 
 
 -iri&s 
 
 -^tfSg 
 
 -gV&s 
 
 
 -swvraj 
 
 .wvrai 
 
 -£uv<rcu 
 
 S. <p«X 
 
 -gO»'fJW]V 
 
 -OlfJt-TJV 
 
 -so/^v 
 
 
 -g'oJO 
 
 -oro 
 
 -ioio 
 
 
 -SOITO 
 
 -ofro 
 
 -SOJTO 
 
 D. 
 
 -gOl'fAgSoV 
 
 -oijuis&ov 
 
 -So/|X?Srov 
 
 
 -gW&ov 
 
 -ortf^ov 
 
 -eWSov 
 
 
 -SoiVStriv 
 
 -Oltf^V 
 
 -sojtfSriv 
 
 P. 
 
 -soijxs^roe 
 
 -oijxs^a 
 
 -goif/ogSra 
 
 
 -ioitf&s 
 
 -ortf^s 
 
 -g'oitf&s 
 
 -gon/ro 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 s. 
 
 <piX 
 
 -sou 
 
 -.00 
 
 
 -gu -gfo (ai<5 
 
 sib 11. 24. 5 
 
 
 
 -sitf&w 
 
 -efcftw 
 
 
 -ss'tfSw 
 
 -gitfSw 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -s'gffSov 
 
 -errfSov 
 
 
 -g'stf9rov 
 
 -grrf^ov 
 
 
 
 -gg'tf^wv 
 
 -sjtfSwv 
 
 
 -Ss'tfSwv 
 
 -gjtfSwv 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -e'stf&s 
 -ggVSwo'av 
 
 .grtf$g 
 
 -gjtfSojtfav 
 
 
 -g'grf^g 
 -gstf&wfl'av 
 
 -g^g 
 
 -gj'a'Swa'av 
 
 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 
 
 <p»X 
 
 -s'sfl'&ai 
 
 •suftai 
 
 
 •g'gtfSrou 
 
 -grrfSras 
 
 
 
 
 Participle 
 
 
 
 
 <piX 
 
 -SOfXSVOff 
 
 -SfAgVOg 
 
 
 -go'/xgvog 
 
 -gufAgvos 
 
 
 
 
 Indicat. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 * 
 
 S. 
 
 IqjiX 
 
 .go/xiqv 
 •sou 
 
 -SJUWJV 
 
 -00 
 
 
 -Sop]V 
 
 (fifio) 
 
 -SUjJI/TIV 
 -gK) 
 
 
 
 -SSTO 
 
 -giro 
 
 
 -gj<ro 
 
 -gjgro 
 
 P. 
 
 
 .s6/*s9tov 
 -g'stfSov 
 
 -S/Xg^OV 
 
 -gfffSov 
 
 
 -Sl)(XgSoV 
 
 -s'gtfSov 
 
 -gfoSov 
 
 
 
 -SgV&9]V 
 
 -SiV^yjv 
 
 
 -gg'tf^v • 
 
 -gjtfSriv 
 
VERBA PURA. 
 
 67 
 
 P. 
 
 Full form. 
 
 -e'ovro 
 
 Attic. 
 
 -&/xs0a 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 -so'fxsSa -sujxsda 
 
 -eWo -suvro 
 
 Verba Pura in -aojxai. 
 
 S. fl-ifA 
 
 D. 
 
 S. TI(X 
 
 P. 
 
 -aojxou 
 
 • 0,7} 
 
 -asTai 
 
 -ao/xs0ov 
 
 -astfSov 
 
 -ao'jxeSa 
 
 -astf&s 
 
 -aovraj 
 
 -aw/xai 
 
 -awfXsSov 
 
 -a*]tfSov 
 
 -awjxsSa 
 
 Indicat. Prces. 
 
 -wjxa< 
 
 -a 
 
 -arai 
 
 -W/XS0OV 
 
 -atfSov 
 -wjasda 
 -atfSs 
 -wvrai 
 
 -WJXOCJ 
 
 -a 
 -a<ra» 
 
 •w/xs0ov 
 -afl'Sov 
 -w/xsSa 
 -atfSs 
 
 -ao(xa» 
 
 -asa« 
 
 -asrai 
 
 -ao/xs0ov 
 
 -astfSov 
 
 -ao/xsSa 
 
 -astfSs 
 
 -aovrai 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 -awjxai 
 
 -awjxsdov 
 -awjxeSa 
 
 -wf/,e/3ov 
 
 -atfSov 
 
 -w/xsSa 
 
 -atf&s 
 
 -wvrai 
 
 -w/xai 
 
 -aatfSov 
 
 -aaa'Ss 
 -o'wvrai 
 
 S. TJ/X 
 
 D. 
 
 -aoifjwjv 
 
 -aoio 
 
 -aoiTo 
 
 -aojjxsSrov 
 
 -aoitfScv 
 
 -aoitf^v 
 
 -ao»(xsSa 
 
 -aoitfSs 
 
 ». fifx -aou 
 
 -ae'tf^w 
 D. -astfSov 
 
 Optative. 
 
 -UfAYJV -ao/|X7]V -WfXYJV 
 
 -wo -ao«o -wo 
 
 -wto -aoiro -wro 
 
 -w/xsSov -aoifJwjSov -w/xeS. 
 
 -wtfSov -aoitfSov -wtfS. 
 
 -wtf^v -aoifl'Si'jv -^rf&. 
 
 -yjxeSa -aoj/xsSa -wjxsS. 
 
 -wa'Se -aoitfSs -kjtfS, 
 
 -wvro -aoivro -wvro -ware 
 
 -w (aso) *S0 -w 
 
 -atf^w -aitfSw -atfSw 
 
 -atfSov -aitf^ov -atfSov 
 
 •oi^xqv 
 
 -a wo 
 
 6*wro 
 
 OWJXS&. 
 
 owtfS. 
 owrfS. 
 
 0^|X5&. 
 
 o'wtfS. 
 
 / 
 
 -0WVTO 
 
 -ow 
 •aatfSc* 
 ■aaa'&ov 
 
68 
 
 
 VERBA PUKA. 
 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 • 
 
 -asVSwv 
 
 -atfSwv 
 
 -astfSwv 
 
 
 -atfSrwv 
 
 -astfSs 
 
 -atfSs 
 
 -astfSs 
 
 -arfSe 
 
 -aaffSff 
 
 -astfSwtfav 
 
 -ao'Swc'av 
 
 -as'tfSwa'av 
 
 
 -atfSwfl'av 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 
 TifA -ae^ai 
 
 -atfSa* 
 
 -asffSai 
 
 -atfSou 
 
 -aaa'Sai 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 
 n/* -ao'jxsvog 
 
 -W(X£V0£ 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 -WfASVOg 
 
 •OW/WVOg 
 
 faiy* -ao/XTjv 
 
 .wjxrjv 
 
 -aofjwiv 
 
 -6|X7]v 
 
 ■06J/XY]V 
 
 aou 
 
 -w 
 
 (aso) 
 
 
 
 -asro 
 
 -aro 
 
 -asro 
 
 -aro 
 
 -aa<ro 
 
 -ao/xsSov 
 
 -w/xsSov 
 
 -ao/xsdov 
 
 -w/xs$. 
 
 -OWJXS0. 
 
 -astf^ov 
 
 -atfSov 
 
 -astfSov 
 
 -atfSov 
 
 -aatfSov 
 
 -astfSfyv 
 
 -atfSrjv 
 
 -asC^v 
 
 -atfS*]V 
 
 -aatf^^v 
 
 -aofjis^a 
 
 -a)/xs5a 
 
 -ao/xs$a 
 
 -wjxsSa 
 
 -owjxs&a 
 
 -astfSs 
 
 -atfSs 
 
 -astfSs 
 
 -atfSs 
 
 -aatf^s 
 
 -aovro 
 
 ■aowo 
 
 ■owvro 
 
 D. 
 
 -osrai 
 
 •oofxsdov 
 
 -ostfdov 
 
 -so/xsfla 
 
 -ostfds 
 
 -oovtcu 
 
 -6*]<rai 
 
 -OOJ/XS0OV 
 
 -owfisfla 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 Verba Pura in -oofjcai. 
 IndicaL Prces. 
 
 •or 
 
 .s/xsda 
 -Svrai 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 -w/xs^ov 
 
 -wa7)ov 
 
 -wjtsfla 
 
 •oo/xai 
 
 -sfxa* 
 
 osai 
 
 -OJJ 
 
 -ds<ra» 
 
 -Srai 
 
 -oofAsSror 
 
 -S/xsdov 
 
 -ostf^ov 
 
 -Stfdov 
 
 -oojxsda 
 
 -S/xs^a 
 
 -ostfds 
 
 -Stfds 
 
 -oovca* 
 
 -Svrai 
 
 -ooj/xai 
 
 
 -o?i 
 
 
 -6»]Tai 
 
 
 -OWjt*S0OV 
 
 
 -Ol)tf0OV 
 
 
 -owjJtsOa 
 
 

 
 VERBA PURA 
 
 
 
 Full form. 
 
 Attic. 
 
 
 Homeric. 
 
 
 
 -oijtffle 
 
 .a<f&s 
 
 
 -oydds 
 
 
 
 -ocovrar 
 
 -wvrai 
 
 
 -owvrai 
 
 
 
 
 Optative. 
 
 
 
 S. JqX 
 
 -00l/X»]V 
 
 -o/fArjv 
 
 
 -ooifxrjv 
 
 
 
 -OOJO 
 
 .on) 
 
 
 -0010 
 
 
 
 -00JTO 
 
 -or<ro 
 
 
 -OOJTO 
 
 
 D. 
 
 •ooi(/-s0ov 
 
 -o»|X£5ov 
 
 
 -oo»f*Pdov 
 
 
 
 -o'oitfdov 
 
 -ortf^ov 
 
 
 -0010'doV 
 
 
 
 -ooitfd*]v 
 
 -oiVdrjv 
 
 
 -OOlV^V 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -oofjAsda 
 
 -oifAS^a 
 
 
 -oo»jxs0a 
 
 
 
 -ooiddt 
 
 -0^5 
 
 
 -ooitfde 
 
 
 
 -001VTO 
 
 -oJWo 
 
 
 -00JVT0 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 
 S. <fyX 
 
 •oou 
 
 -2 
 
 
 (of©) 
 
 
 
 -osVdw 
 
 -xtfdw 
 
 
 -osrfflw 
 
 .ktf&w 
 
 D. 
 
 -oWdov 
 
 -Sa'dov 
 
 
 -ostfdov 
 
 -Stfdov 
 
 
 •osddw 
 
 -atf^wv 
 
 
 -os'tfdwv 
 
 -atfAwv 
 
 P. 
 
 •6e<f6s 
 
 -Ms 
 
 
 -oetfds 
 
 -Stfdi 
 
 
 -osVdwo'av 
 
 -sfl^Gjtfav 
 
 
 -ostfdwff'av 
 
 .&o v 0wa'av 
 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 
 <3rjX 
 
 -ostfdai 
 
 •xtfQcu 
 
 
 -ostfdai 
 
 -Stfdai 
 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 
 <fy\ 
 
 -oofjosyos 
 
 .kixsv<£ 
 
 
 -OOfASVOS 
 
 -£(ASVO£ 
 
 
 
 Indicat. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 
 S. *<fyX 
 
 -OOf/.Y]V 
 
 -&|XK]V 
 
 
 -oo/xyjv 
 
 -s/xyjv 
 
 
 -OOU 
 
 -2 
 
 
 (0S0) 
 
 
 
 -OSTO 
 
 -Sto 
 
 
 -0£T0 
 
 -2<ro 
 
 D. 
 
 -oo/xeflov 
 
 -8j*Sfl0V 
 
 
 -OOjXS^OV 
 
 .&JU.S0OV 
 
 
 -ostfdov 
 
 -Stfdov 
 
 
 -6s(rt)ov 
 
 -stfdov 
 
 
 -os'rf^v 
 
 -atfdijv 
 
 
 -OSVdlflV 
 
 -atf^v 
 
 P. 
 
 -oo'fxs^a 
 
 -K^s^a 
 
 
 -oo'/xsda 
 
 -kps&a 
 
 
 -o'ftffls 
 
 -Stffo 
 
 
 -oerffle 
 
 -xtfde 
 
 
 -OOVTO 
 
 -Svro 
 
 
 •OOVTO 
 
 -Svro 
 
 69 
 
CONJUGATION OF VERBS 
 
 WITHOUT MOOD-VOWELS. 
 
 § 36. Conjugation of the Aorr. Passive.. 
 
 We come now to the Conjugation without Mood-vowels, so called, 
 because, from the failure of the Mood-vowels, almost all the devia- 
 tions from the general rule, in the preceding Paradigm, are to be 
 explained. This Paradigm, arranged according to an arbitrary clas- 
 sification, can with difficulty be remembered ; but, when its princi- 
 ples are developed and explained, it is understood in a very short 
 time, and deeply impressed on the memory. To commence with 
 the Aorr. of the Pass, which the Paradigm presented in § 29 has 
 anticipated. If we compare the Ind. sVufpStyv with the Opt. <rup- 
 dsfyv, and irurtY\v with Tutfsfyv, it is obvious that the Ground-forms 
 of the Tenses are Tupds and tuts, to which, in order to form the 
 Aorr., the Terminations of the Secondary tenses of the Act. are 
 subjoined, viz. Sing. 1. -v 2. -tf 3. — Dual 1. -f*sv. 2. -<rov 3. -t»jv 
 Plur. 1. -fxsv 2. -re 3. -tfav. These terminations, incase the Mood- 
 vowel fails, are annexed immediately to the Ground-form, which, 
 in the Indicat. Imperat. and Infin., lengthens the final vowel, e. g. 
 frvtpQriv — sVetyfoitfav from rvcp&s ; !g*jv — ggnjtfav from £a. Observe 
 first the conjugation. 
 
 Indicat. Subjunct. 
 
 -w/xsv Sjtov 5j<rov 
 -rjjxev rjTS ijCav ' { -Wf/.sv 5j<re wtfi 
 
 Optative. Imperat. 
 
 Infin. Particip. 
 
 <ru<pS S ™P a ) 
 
 The Subjunct. has its Mood-vowels, but is usually found in the 
 contracted form ; e. g. rweiu tu-ttw, rvifsrjg wfiyis ; ^sw (from &§) 
 &s'ijs %, Sw Sjfc &JI, in Homer Sslw Ssfys &efy with the protracted 
 s, as in <p»Xs(w.sfys, &c. 
 
 
AOKR. PASSIVE. 
 
 71 
 
 The Optat. takes after the Ground-form an i, and subjoins the 
 terminations of the Indicat., viz. 1. -tjv 2. -r\s 3. -»!• Dual. 1. -^ju.sv 
 2. -*)<rov 3. -rjTTjv. Plur. 1. -^sv 2. -ijts 3. -qtfav ; e. g. <ru<p0s-i-7]v 
 Tu(p^£»7]v, <nde — Tids'tYiv, 6s — Qsiyv, <fra — (f<ra«V, &c. 
 
 The Imperative has the terminations of the Act., and in the 2. 
 Sing, retains the fa which in the Act. is dropped ; e. g. Sing. 2. 
 -fa 3. -<rw. Dual 2. -rov 3. -twv. Plur. 2. -rs 3. -rcotfav. In some 
 few verbs, e. g. in (free (for^ai,) the vowel is lengthened, (tfradi) 
 gSjdi ; in other cases, it is short, e. g. 8180 8iSofa, is Mi SsVw, &c. 
 
 When another 6 precedes, the last is changed into the corres- 
 ponding Tenuis or smooth mute, for the sake of euphony, e. g. 
 rvcpQyfa rv<p&r\Ti f rt&sfa ri6sn. 
 
 The Infinit. in -voc» has generally in other cases, the vowel pre- 
 ceding the -vai short. In the Aorr. Pass., however, ru-rJjvai 
 Xsp^Sjvou, and in <JV5jva«, &c. the vowel is long, but in ndivai 
 Itfravai, &c. short. 
 
 The terminations of the Participles are evidently -vrg.vr<fa.vrg. 
 Hence, when the Ground-form is added, and the whole form re- 
 duced, from TiKpdsvrs, rv(p&svr(fa, rvcpQsvrg, we obtain rvephig -s7<fa. 
 -s'v. In the Neuter, rg is rejected to obtain a form differ- 
 ent from the Masculine. In the same manner, 8o Sovrg, 8kg 
 -Srfa -o'v ; flVa (frctvrg, (frag (fratfet, (frav ; dsixvu Ssixvuvrg, SsixvCg 
 vtfa. uv. 
 
 § 37. The Active without Mood-vowels. 
 
 The conjugation without Mood-vowels, which is also the origi- 
 nal conjugation, has been preserved in the Verba Pura, commonly 
 those with monosyllabic roots in -s-a-o, and in others of more than 
 one syllable in u ; e. g. <pa <p'i{x», foixvu fcixvufju. In the uncultivat- 
 ed dialects this was the case in Verba Pura of every kind ; e. g. 
 Sjpaw o^fxi, (po^s'w (p6/3yjjxi, &c. Under this conjugation are in- 
 cluded in the Act., the Praes. Imperf. and Aor. 2., and in the 
 Pass., the Praes. Imperf. and Aor. 2. M. In addition to the re- 
 marks in the preceding Paragraph, some few observations are 
 here necessary. 
 
 We employ the verbs <pa.w, Ssimv.uj, s-w, 56-gj, ds'-w, whose 
 roots are <pa, 8sixw, <fra, I, 8o, Qs, Many of these are increased, 
 in the Praes, and Imperf., by prefixing an i, which, when possible, 
 
72 CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. 
 
 is preceded by the first consonant of the root ; e. g. <?<ra, g, <5o, h ; 
 itfra, Is, 8180, <ri&s, (not tfjtfra Aide.) 
 
 1. Ptcbs. In the Sing, the terminations are irregular, 1. -jm, 
 2. -g, 3. -tfi. The vowels are lengthened before these termina- 
 tions ; e. g. qwi-fii, 5s»xvu-f*i, i'tfryj-juu, nj-fju, <5j<$:>-fj(.i, ri'4i)-fM -nj£ 
 -*)tfi. The, conjugation then proceeds regularly through the re- 
 maining perss. with the usual terminations, viz. Dual -jasv -tov -tov 
 Plur. -fASv -ts -vrtfi ; e. g. <pa.jm.gv <pa-<ro'v (pa-To'v <pa«jxg'v ' <pa-rs 
 (<pa-vrtfj) <pa<Ti. The 3 perss. Plur. are <pav<rtfj, 8erxmvr<ti f itfrav- 
 <r<J7, IsvTtfi, Movrtfi, Tidsvnfr. From these original forms, the 
 vt may be rejected, and then we have the common forms (pcctfi 
 dsixvv&i itfracft jgftfj 8i8%<fi ci5sr</i. The Ionia.is and Attics re- 
 ceived frequently in the 3 Plur. an a in place of v, as in <puyoja<ro 
 for <pu^oivto. If, in the forms here under consideration, besides 
 the reception of a for v, we reject the r before C, we have the 
 Ionic- Attic forms, 8sixv{jadi \sa<fi SiSou&i rs&sacfi. 
 
 Note. Many of the Verba Pura, with roots of more than one 
 syllable, form this Praes. by subjoining -vvujju, e. g. tfg<raw tfg<ravv- 
 upi, tfxsSaw tfxs£avvuf« ; Mutes and Liquids by the addition of -vup, 
 
 e. g. OPgy-VUfX-J (JgJX-VU/XJ o/y.vujxi. 
 
 2. Imperf. and Aor. Both tenses have the terminations of the 
 Aorr. Pass., but the vowels are lengthened only in the Singular. 
 The difference between these two tenses consists only in this, that 
 the Imperf. is formed by the aid of the prefixes -i -8i -<n ; the 
 Aor., however, is formed from the unaltered root ; e. g. Imperf. 
 I'tfmjv, from \dra ; Aor. etfrnv, from tf<ra ; Imperf. £8i8uv 9 from 
 8iSo ; Aor. I'tfwv, from 8o. The prefix, _herefore, distinguishes 
 the Imperf. from the Aor. When this fails, as in qwjfjti, both tens- 
 es cannot be formed. The conjugation is as follows ; 
 
 Imperf. ididuv ) ^ > vt , , * 
 
 r > -wg w JJ. -otov ot*iv r\ -o/xgv org oaav 
 
 Aor. 2. s8uv > 
 
 Note 1. Many verba pura, which otherwise belong to the 
 conjugation with the Mood-vowel, form also the Aor. 2. in this 
 manner ; e. g. &J.w, s8vv — Uvdav ; /3aivw, from /3a, l/3ijv ; yiyvwrf- 
 xw, from ^vo, syvwv. 
 
 Note 2. That the Moods are formed in the manner described 
 when treating of the Aorr. Pass., has been already hinted ; and 
 here also, the prefix distinguishes between the Praes and Aor. 
 
CONJUGATION OF f HE PASSIVE- 73 
 
 Subjunct. Optat. Imperat. Infin. Particip. 
 
 Praes. <n'»w <r»Ssr/]v ti&sti r&ivou rjSrsj's 
 
 Aor. 2. Su &s«|v (Sen) && (Ssvccj) &sivai Ssig 
 
 Note 3. All the remaining tenses are formed, in the usual 
 manner, from 1 the root, by the aid of the Mood-vowels ; e. g. do, 
 Stxfu, 8£8uxa, &c. Irregular are, from T»&ijfjw, the Aor. 1 . Act. 
 SSrpcu, M. iSfyxafjwiv, Perf. Act. r&sixu, Pass, rs'Ssj/xai, Plusqpf. 
 Ji-sasffAKjv ; from 5i'5wf*i, Aor. 1 . Act. g'5wxa, M. s'&dxafx.yjv* 
 
 § 38. TAe Passive without Mood-vowels. 
 
 The Pass, here has no peculiar terminations, but those merely 
 of the Conjuga ton with Mood-vowels. But, as the terminations 
 are subjoined immediately to the Ground-forms, the Conjugation 
 proceeds with regularity, and calls for but few additional observa- 
 tions. 1. This conjugation extends itself only to the Praes. and 
 Imperf.j and in some verbs, to the Aorr. 2. M. The remaining 
 tenses have the Mood-vowels, e. g. <n0s.jxou -tfou -<rai, &c. iriBi 
 -ixr\v -tfo -to, &c. gds'fxvjv -do -to, &c. It must be understood here, 
 also, that the Aor. can be found only where the prefixes i Si ti 
 are admissible, which distinguish the Imperf. from the Aor. 
 
 2. In the 2d. perss., the tf is generally retained ; it is dropped 
 in some instances in t|ie Imperf. and in the Imperat., and frequent- 
 ly in the Optat. ; e. g. from 'idrt\\km, Imperat. I'tfratfo, more fre- 
 quently i'tfrw ; Optat. i<rraib, &c. 
 
 3. The Subjunct. is found here also with the Mood-vowel and 
 contracted ; e. g. tM- tai, cidufAai ; ridgjj, ti&yj ; ri&irpQU, t^toh. 
 But in the contraction here there is this peculiarity, that oy be- 
 comes w; and a»j, y\ ; e.g. <5»5oojfxai &<5w,uai, Sidoy 810$, SiSoyTctt 
 rtiowra;, ioVarj Ftfryj. The same is true in the Act. 
 
 4. Moreover, many of the Verba Pura follow the analogy of 
 this conjugation in the Pass, only, and in the Act. have the regu- 
 lar Mood-vowels ; e. g. rfsTU[Aat, t&tcl -y.au -Cot* -ra» ; 5vwy>a.i .(fat 
 -Ton. In the same manner, xfijxai, 8i%riy.ai, oi/xai, Imperf. wjumjv, 
 <fec. 
 
 § 39. Paradigm of the Active. 
 
 The Homeric do not differ frequently from the common forms. 
 In the Passive, if we except the frequent omission of the Augment 
 
 JO 
 
74 
 
 I'ARADIGM OF THE ACTIVE. 
 
 and the uncontracted form of the Aor. Imperat. dso, tfuvdso, the 
 common and Homeric forms coincide. 
 
 
 
 Indicat. Prces. 
 
 
 S. rtt 
 
 -•yjf/,1 
 
 Si8 -w|x« 
 
 «V -*]fAI 
 
 
 -Q1S Horn. *jtfda 
 
 -wc H. oi£ oigfla 
 
 •v\S 
 
 
 -Vjtfl 
 
 -Wtfl H. 01 
 
 *1\<S\ 
 
 D. 
 
 -s/xsv 
 
 .OfASV 
 
 -aju-sv 
 
 
 -STOV 
 
 -0T0V 
 
 -aTov 
 
 P. 
 
 -SfASV 
 
 -OfASV 
 
 -a/jt-sv 
 
 
 -£T£ 
 
 -OTS 
 
 -aTS 
 
 
 -srci 
 
 -xtfi 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 -atfi 
 
 S. Tld 
 
 -w 
 
 <5i<5 -w 
 
 ig -w 
 
 
 -?fc 
 
 -$s 
 
 -jfr 
 
 
 •v 
 
 -& 
 
 ~V 
 
 D. 
 
 -&JU.SV 
 
 -w/xsv 
 
 -wfiev 
 
 
 -3}T0V 
 
 -WTOV 
 
 -7JT0V 
 
 P. 
 
 -WJUt/SV 
 
 -o3j*sv 
 
 -wfASv 
 
 
 -SjTS 
 
 -WTS 
 
 -$J<F8 
 
 
 -Wtfl 
 
 -OJtfl 
 
 Optative. 
 
 -Wtfl 
 
 S. T.d 
 
 -felljV 
 
 did -oitjv 
 
 fe -aitjv 
 
 
 -6ft|S 
 
 -0l*]g 
 
 -aiTjg 
 
 
 -si*] 
 
 -oil] 
 
 -ang 
 
 D. 
 
 -ei'yjjiASv 
 
 -oftifisv 
 
 -aiVjju-sv H. aijxsv 
 
 
 -Sf*JT0V 
 
 -oitjtov 
 
 -ai>]Tov 
 
 
 -£l»JT7]V 
 
 -OIVJTIQV 
 
 -ai^Tijv 
 
 
 -sirjfxev 
 
 -oitjfxsv 
 
 -airj(Jisv H. -aijxsv 
 
 
 -8i'yj<rs 
 
 -oirjTS H. -o*rs 
 
 -anqTS - airs 
 
 
 -ssrjtfav 
 
 -onitfav -olky 
 Imperative. 
 
 -afjjtfav -afsv 
 
 Tld 
 
 -6TI 
 
 oid -o&i H. -wdi 
 
 fe -adi H. -*] -a 
 
 
 -STW, &C. 
 
 -OTW, &C. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 -ano, &c. 
 
 Tld 
 
 -s'vai H. -^jxsvai 
 
 8i5 -ovai H. -Svai 
 
 fe -avai H. -a/xsvai 
 
 Tl# -SIC 
 
 Participle. 
 
 8\8 ~kc 
 
 is -a£ 
 
PARADIGM OP THE ACTIVE. 75 
 
 S. hit 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 S. Id 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Indicat. Imperf. 
 
 
 -yjv 
 
 s8l6 -wv 
 
 
 i'flV -yjv 
 
 -*)S 
 
 -«S 
 
 
 -IS 
 
 -t\ H. -s» -w H. 
 
 ou 
 
 -rj H. -atfxs 
 
 -SfXSV 
 
 -0|W£V 
 
 
 -a/xsv 
 
 -STOV 
 
 -0T0V 
 
 
 -arov 
 
 -ST7)V 
 
 -orrjv 
 
 
 -ar^v 
 
 -SfASV 
 
 -ojAsy 
 
 
 -a/xsv 
 
 -£<T£ 
 
 -OTS 
 
 
 -a<rs 
 
 -stfav 
 
 -orfav 
 
 
 -atfav 
 
 
 Indicat. Aor. 2. 
 
 
 -*JV 
 
 M -wv H 
 
 . <Wxov 
 
 fc -*JV 
 
 ~*IS 
 
 •us 
 
 
 -TO 
 
 --/J 
 
 . -w 
 
 (Jotfxs" 
 
 -I 
 
 -£/xev 
 
 -OffcSV 
 
 
 -*]J*gU 
 
 -sVov 
 
 -0T0V 
 
 
 -01TOV 
 
 -sVajv 
 
 -o<rr]u 
 
 
 -4JTHJV 
 
 -Sf/-£V 
 
 -0|X£V 
 
 
 -7)fA€V 
 
 -STS 
 
 -ors 
 
 
 -rjrs 
 
 -stfav H. 
 
 dstftfav -otfav 
 
 
 -fjtfav 
 
 P. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 S. Sr -W H. -EJW 5 -W g -w 
 
 "$$ -§[% -96 -jfe H. ->J7fc 
 
 -»j -£r/) -9 H. -wijtfi -ytf/ -w»j -^ -4jt} [jasv 
 
 D. -W/X6V -SlOfibSV -EUfJkSV, &C. -OJfA£V -WO/XSV, &C. -Wf/<£V -SlofASV -g«- 
 
 3. PI. -wtfi 3 PI. -wtTi -ww(fi 3 PI. -wtfi 
 
 H. Plur. H. Plur. 
 
 5 -£lVj &C. 1. -£»fJl£V 5 -0(7]V, &C. 1. -or|X£V £ -0U7)V, &C. 
 
 2. -SITS 2. -0»T£ 
 
 3 PI. -gfytfav 3. -sȣv 3 PI. -ofytfav 3. -ofgv 3 PI. -afytfav H. -a^v 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 6 -is S -6s S -yfa 
 
 -gVw, &C. -OTW, &C -r)TU, &C. 
 
76 
 
 PAKAUIG31 OF THE r'ASSIVK. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 6 -su/ai H. -i^isvcci -sfAev 8 -Svat H. -ofxevou -ojxsv £ -»jvaj H. -rjfxsvat 
 
 6 -sig 
 
 Participle. 
 
 8 -ovg 
 
 6 -ac 
 
 § 40. Paradigm of the Passive. 
 Indicative Prces. 
 
 s. 
 
 rl6 -Sjwai 
 
 jtf 
 
 -ojwaj 
 
 i? -ajaat 
 
 
 -stfai 
 
 
 -otfaj 
 
 -atfou 
 
 
 -s<ra» 
 
 
 -o<rai 
 
 -arai 
 
 D. 
 
 -s^s6ov 
 
 
 -6/xedov 
 
 -a/xs^ov 
 
 
 -stf&ov 
 
 
 -otfdov 
 
 -atftfov 
 
 P. 
 
 -s>s0a H. 
 
 -gf*erffla 
 
 -6fjt,sda 
 
 -ajjusda 
 
 
 -s<f&s 
 
 
 -otfds 
 
 -a<f&s 
 
 
 -sv<rai 
 
 
 -ov<rai 
 
 -avrai 
 
 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 rid -wfAai 
 
 8i8 
 
 -ojfjt-a» 
 
 ig -w/xai 
 
 
 -s 
 
 
 -w 
 
 -fl 
 
 
 -^<ra» 
 
 
 -w-rai 
 
 -Sjrai 
 
 D. 
 
 -wjxsdov 
 
 
 -wfAsdov 
 
 -WfAsdoV 
 
 
 -Sjtfdov 
 
 
 -wtfdov 
 
 -Tjtf^OV 
 
 P. 
 
 -wfxefla 
 
 
 -wfjtgfla 
 
 -wjwsda 
 
 
 -Tjtfds 
 
 
 -wtffls 
 
 -Sjtfds 
 
 
 -wvrai 
 
 
 -wvrai 
 Optative. 
 
 -wvrai 
 
 S. 
 
 rid -E»jU(.»)v 
 
 818 
 
 -OlfXVJV 
 
 j£ -cu'fjwjv 
 
 
 -sio 
 
 
 -oib 
 
 -aro 
 
 
 -sTro 
 
 
 -or<ro 
 
 -aPro 
 
 D. 
 
 -sijxsdov 
 
 
 -o»'/xs0ov 
 
 -aifxedov 
 
 
 -giiflJov 
 
 
 -or^ov 
 
 -ar<J$ov 
 
 
 -s/tfdqv 
 
 
 . -OlV^V 
 
 -aitf^v 
 
 P- 
 
 -sifASda 
 
 
 -otjxsda 
 
 -aiiisQo, 
 
 
 -srtfds 
 
 
 -o&ds 
 
 -aftfds 
 
PARADIGM OF THE PASSIVE. 77 
 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 
 
 T»S -£0*0 (ou) 
 
 818 -oCo (ou) 
 
 fe 
 
 -atfo (w) 
 
 
 -e'tf&w, &c. 
 
 -otf&w, &c. 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 -atf&w, &c 
 
 
 ti^t -gtfSa; 
 
 8i8 -oo'Sca 
 
 Participle. 
 
 ft 
 
 .atfSraj 
 
 
 TlS -£|X6V0g H. 
 
 -^fASVOg &<5 -OfASVOg- 
 
 u 
 
 -a^gvog 
 
 
 
 Indicative Imperf. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 irfo -s/ur\v 
 
 £8i8 .o/x»]v 
 
 k 
 
 -ajuurjv 
 
 
 -stfo (ou) 
 
 -otfo (ou) 
 
 
 -atfo (w) 
 
 
 -ggro 
 
 -0TO 
 
 
 -aro 
 
 D. 
 
 -SjUdsSov 
 
 -OfAgSoV 
 
 
 -a/xg^ov 
 
 
 -gtfSov 
 
 -otf&ov 
 
 
 -atfSo* 
 
 
 -srf^v 
 
 -otfSyjv 
 
 
 -atf^v 
 
 P. 
 
 -8(xs&a 
 
 -o'fAS^a 
 
 
 -afxg^a 
 
 
 -stfSs 
 
 -otfSg 
 
 
 -atfSg 
 
 
 -£VT0 
 
 -OVTO 
 
 Indicat. Aor. 
 
 2. 
 
 -avTo 
 
 S. 
 
 -srfo (ou) 
 
 -sro 
 
 £6 -Of/»?]V 
 
 -otfo (ou) 
 
 -OTO 
 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -g^SoV 
 
 -gtfSov 
 
 -OfJUS^OV 
 
 -otf^ov 
 
 -o'fl#»JV 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 -£jx£0a 
 -£tfds 
 
 -£vro 
 
 -6/xg0a 
 -oC0g 
 
 -OVTO 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 & -w/xa» 
 -J 
 
 -WfAS^OV, < 
 
 8 -wjuuxj 
 -w 
 
 -w<ra» 
 fee. -wfAgflov, &c. 
 
 
 
 3 PI. -wvrou 
 
 3 PI. -wvra» 
 
 
 
♦ ■ 
 
 78 DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUNS. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 & -?i'fM]v, &c. 3 PI. -sivro 5 .oi/xvjv, &c. 3 PI. -oiWo 
 
 g -aifjwjv, &c. 3 PI. -aim 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 S -sCo -2 H. -so $ .orfo -S 
 
 -eflflw, &c. .otfSu, &c. 
 
 Infinit. and Particip. 
 
 SMALLER PARADIGMS 
 
 FROM HOMER. 
 
 §41. Declensions and Pronouns. 
 
 The Paradigms of the Declensions are intended to exhibit the 
 forms of Nouns in Homer, although the forms of the particular 
 Nouns here employed may not be found, some of which are evi- 
 dently inconsistent with the measure of the verse ; e. g. avs^s 
 avgjxocpiv. 
 
 S. vi\tAi 
 
 
 ai'xpirqg a 
 
 Tif*5jg 5jq>i 
 
 
 aiXM™ ao w 
 
 * T»f//j? fjcpi 
 
 
 ai^(xr]T*] 
 
 TlfATjV 
 
 
 aipflJW)T?JV 
 
 T'lfJtflJ 
 
 
 ai^jxnjra 
 
 D. TJ/JUX 
 
 
 aJpfljwjra 
 
 rifAaiv 
 
 
 a/'^fA'/jrarv 
 
 P. <n|jt<a» 
 
 
 aipfljwjrai 
 
 T*/xawv s'wv 
 
 wv 
 
 a/^TjTawv swv 
 
 T^fjcd fg 
 
 afcf 
 
 a/xM^tfj fis 
 
 Ti^ag 
 
 
 alxwr&s 
 
 * Dat. £<r^apo^tv Od. 5. 59. for coga??. ( Tr.) 
 t 0m<; Od. 5. 119. dKrats II. 13. 884. 
 
DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUNS. 
 
 79 
 
 II. 
 
 S. avs^og 
 
 
 Fo: 
 
 mis ot uiog adde 
 
 d from tr 
 
 ie lir. § l»i>. (/i'r.) 
 
 dvs/xou 
 
 0J0 
 
 0(pJV 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 dvg'/XW 
 
 o<p»v 
 
 
 N. v\6g 
 
 
 
 avsjxov 
 
 0(pJV 
 
 
 G. uiou 
 
 vlog 
 
 uis'og 
 
 aveps 
 
 o? 
 
 
 D. 
 
 uii 
 
 uis'i v)s7 
 
 D. dvs/xw 
 
 
 
 Ac. uiov 
 
 ula 
 
 uis'a 
 
 dvsjmoiv 
 
 o'iiv 
 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 P. avs|U,oi 
 
 
 
 N. Ac. 
 
 U<£ 
 
 
 dvg'jutiwv 
 
 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 * dvijxoitfj 
 
 015 
 
 o<piv 
 
 N. 
 
 UlSg 
 
 piisg ufsTg 
 
 dvs'fAous 
 
 
 
 G. uiwv 
 D. ulorCiv 
 
 ulacfj 
 
 uisojv 
 
 
 
 
 Ac. vUvg 
 
 ufag 
 
 •Simg 
 
 
 
 
 V. 
 
 ulsg 
 
 ulsTg 
 
 
 
 
 III. 
 
 
 
 S. Xs'wv 
 
 
 
 -TSi^oc; 
 
 
 #oX»s 
 
 Xsovros 
 
 
 
 TEl'^SOg £\)<f(pl 
 
 ctfcpi 
 
 <jtoX»os sog *]og 
 
 Xsovri 
 
 
 
 TSi-^s'i rji etf^l 
 
 1 
 
 tfoXsi si' rjV 
 
 Xsovra 
 
 
 
 rsrgog 
 
 
 iroXiv 
 
 Xs'ov 
 
 
 
 ™X°$ 
 
 
 "TToXl 
 
 D. Xsovre 
 
 
 
 tsj'^ss 
 
 
 toXis 
 
 Xsovtojv 
 
 
 
 TSl^c'ojV 
 
 
 tfoXio»v 
 
 P. "ksovreg 
 
 
 
 rsrjgfflx 
 
 
 tfoXlSg *]e£ 
 
 Xsovrwv 
 
 
 
 •rsi^swv sdyi 
 
 
 tfoXs'cov 
 
 XeovTStftfi XsW* 
 
 TSi^Stftfl stfj J 
 
 sflpl 
 
 tfoXietfa'j 
 
 Xsovraj 
 
 
 
 Tsl^sa 
 
 
 -nroXiag gig >]ag 
 
 Forms of 
 
 xdg*] 
 
 added from the Gr. § 197. (IV.) 
 
 N. 
 
 G. xgarog 
 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 
 xgolretfopi 
 
 xL^., 
 
 \/r* fin^r**'**- 
 
 
 D. *£a<ri 
 
 
 
 xgaan xapqn 
 
 xa^arj 
 
 Ac. xgdra 
 
 
 
 xagt) 
 
 
 of£«0u; for etrrcwu Od. 12. 45. (Tr.) 
 
80 
 
 N. — - 
 G. x|arwv 
 D. xgurfi 
 Ac. 
 
 DECLENSIONS AND PKONOUJNd. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N# sywv iy£) 
 G. ipso ipsTo 
 
 g/XgU fJUSU 
 
 £ps&ev 
 
 D. S^Oi JjU>( 
 
 Ac. ipi ps 
 
 N. 
 
 (vw) 
 
 
 vw'j'v VWi 
 
 G. 
 
 vwi'v 
 
 D. 
 
 vw/v 
 
 Ac 
 
 . vw 
 
 
 vwf 
 
 N. 
 
 appsg 
 
 
 (fates) faek 
 
 G. 
 
 faiuv fyxsiwv 
 
 D. 
 
 af/-fjijv a/xjU/i 
 
 
 *JfJU*V >JjUL|V 
 
 
 ?fMV 
 
 Ac 
 
 af/.{jt,£ 
 
 
 TjfAsag 
 
 
 ?fAag 
 
 xcc^aroi, xagyva, 
 xa^vwv 
 
 xapwm 
 
 tfp 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 
 Tuvy] tfu 
 
 
 
 tfs'o rfgib 
 
 g'o gjo 
 
 
 rfgy tfsu 
 
 ■ £u iu 
 
 
 tfg'^gv tsoio 
 
 §'4ev 
 
 
 tfOJ TO J 
 
 hi 01 OJ 
 
 
 TS'lV 
 
 
 
 tfg tfs 
 
 £ 1 g's 
 
 fjoiv 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 
 tf<pw 
 
 
 
 tfipwtv tf<p«j 
 
 
 
 tffflW'/V 
 
 
 
 tf(pWIV tftptoV 
 
 tftpwYv 
 
 
 Cipw 
 
 tf<pw 
 
 
 tf<pw'i 
 
 tfpwg 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 
 UjUbjxss 
 
 
 
 (uf/igg) u/xgfe 
 
 
 
 ufxg'wv ujuisiwv 
 
 tfpg'wv 
 
 (fcpsiuw 
 
 
 <f<pgwv 
 
 tftpwv 
 
 UfJ.fJ.IV UfAfXJ 
 
 fltyitfi -v 
 
 tfcpid"* -v 
 
 ufjkfv 
 
 tf<piv 
 
 tfqjiv 
 
 UfJbJUbS 
 
 <t<psag 
 
 <t<pS0L& 
 
 OfAgaj 
 
 (fepcts 
 
 tf<pg 
 
 § 42. sifjbl 5M?w, jRooi s -W. 
 Those forms only of the following verbs, which occur in Ho- 
 mer, are exhibited. 
 
 Pr<Bs. Indicate 
 Sing. 1. elfii 2. s'ig stioi 3. &0ri. Dual 3. sVVov, Plur. 1. sh 
 fjii'v 2. sVtc 3. s/V» eW'. 
 
HOMEKIO FORMS'. 81 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Sing, 1. £w slu in yarslu II. 23. 27. 2. sfyg 3. g'jitfi Jfrt'fy S»9 
 2*1 ur. 3. £Wi w<fr. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Sing. 1. si'njv 2. gfys soig 3. gfy goi. Plur. 2. sirs 3. sfev. 
 
 Sing. 2. stfd' for I'tftfo Od. 3. 200. 3. %<t<ru* Plur. 2. g'srs 3. &«v. 
 
 Infinitive and Participle. 
 ./fXiVai gj^fievai g/xgv sfi^gv s/vgcj — — goju #v 
 
 imper/*ec£. 
 Sing. 1. c'a ^a gov gtfxov 2. g-^a ^tf#a '3. sijv *}nv -qsv ?jv 
 gVxff. Dual 3. ^rfTvjv. Plur. 1. ?fxsv 2. ?<r£ 3. sVav ^tfav s'/aro 
 Od. 20. 106. 
 
 Future Indicat. 
 
 Sing. 1. stfojuiai gtftfo/xai 2. sVcai eV») sVtfsai 3. sVsrai gtfTcu 
 cVtfsrai £<f<fe7rai. Dual. 3. grfgrfdov. Plur. 1. gVougtfda g<f tfo^gfla 
 2. stfstfQe. 3. eVovrai g'tftfovrai. 
 
 Infinit. and Particip. 
 
 § 43. 9^ i jRooi (pa -«, 
 
 Prces. Indicat. 
 
 Sing. 1. (pvjj^j 2. qp;^g 3. (prjtfi. Plur. 1. <pa{/,g'v 2. (pars 3. <patf/V 
 
 Optative. 
 Sing. 1. (pai'/jv 2. (panis 3. <par/j. Plur. 1. <paj/j,gv 
 Infinit. (pavcu Particip. <p«£. 
 
 Sing. 1. gq>ijv (p*jv gcpatfxov 2. sqjijs g<p»)tft)a (pr^ (pvjtfda Spatf. 
 xsg 3. s<p*j <p/j gcpatfxg.* Plur. 1. <p<x/jt,gv 2. <pars 3. I^atfav g<p«v 
 qjatfav (pav. 
 
 * J—dixit. 11. 1. 219. (TO 
 11 
 
82 HOMERIC FORMS. 
 
 Some forms in the Mid. 
 
 Imperf. Sing. 1. s'tpafjirjv <poepjv 2. (pao. 3. i'cparo (piiro. Plur. 
 
 2. (patfde. 3. g^avro (pavro. 
 
 Imperat. Sing. 2. <pao 3. (patf^w. Plur. 2. (patf^. 
 Particip. cpa t usvo£. Infinit. <patf£«». 
 
 § 44. sffw co, JRoote s'-w i'-w s'/.w. 
 Prces. Indicat. 
 Sing. 1. effM 2. gftfda 3. sJtfi. Plur. 1. fy-sv 2. i're. 3. 'tact, 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Sing. 1. i f w. 2. r/jtf^a 3. fytf* i'77. Plur. 1. jo/xsv fGjfMjv. 3. i'wtft. 
 Optat. Sing. 3. i'o» snj. Imperat. Sing. 2. i'di 3. iVw. Plur. 2. 
 its. Infinit. i/xsvaj i'^sv iVvai. Particip. iwv. 
 
 /wiper/*. 
 Sing. 1. ^'t'ov vjia, 2. ^'/eg is?. 3. Vjis ye Its pi the last some- 
 times considered as a Plusqpf. Dual 3. iV*]v. Plur. 1. $ojji.sv 
 
 3. r[iov litfuv vjitfow. 
 
 Some Pass, or Mid. Forms. 
 
 Praes. Indicat. 3 Plur. /Wat. Imperat. U<f8s. Particip. Hps. 
 vos. Fut. M. Sing. 1. s'/tfojxai 3. s'/tfsra». Aor. 1. M. £i'rfa<ro 
 ssia'ccro. Dual. 3. ssirfatf^v. rarticip. siVausves stfisitfafiiv?] II. 
 21. 424. 
 
 § 45. sltfa ij[koafrom the root s -w. 
 
 Indicat. Aor. Sing. 3. sTo'sv sltfg. Plur. 3. sltfav M. 3. Sing. 
 slotfaTo. 
 
 Imperat. Sing. 2. sltfov. M. s^stftfai Od. 15. 277. 
 
 Infinit. Ifpsotfcu Od. 13. 274. Particip. s'tfas M. gpetftfafxsvcr 
 Od. 16. 443. 
 
 Perf. Pass. Sing. 1. t}\lcli 2. ?tfai 3. ?tf<rai. Plur. 1. %isda 2. 
 ^tf^c 3. sWou ^arai si'araj. 
 
 Imperat. Sing. 2. ?tfo. Infin. ?tfda». Particip. fy^vos. 
 
 Plusqpf. Sing. 1. tyup 2. ?<Tto. Dual 3. ^tfd»jv. Plur. 1. 
 •fyxsOa 3. §'aro g'/aro rjv-ro. 
 
OP THE 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS. 
 
 EXTRACTED FROM 
 
 BUTTMANN'S AUSFUEHRLICHE GRAMMATIK. 
 p. 1—9. 
 
 1. The Greek Language (<pwv-/) IXX*jvix»j) anciently was not 
 confined to Grooce, but was spread abroad over a considerable 
 portion of Asia Minor, southern Italy, Sicily, and other regions 
 where Greek colonies were established. Like all other langua- 
 ges, the Greek had its different dialects, (&aXsxToi), all of which 
 however may be reduced to two, the Doric (r\ <5o£»xrj, dog'ts,) and 
 the Ionic (?j /wvix*?, las,) spoken originally by the two principal 
 Greek tribes, the Dorians and the Ionians. 
 
 2. The Doric tribe was the largest, and the parent of the great- 
 est number of colonies. Thus the Doric dialect prevailed in the 
 whole interior of Greece, in Italy, and in Sicily. Its sounds were 
 harsh, and owing to the frequent recurrence of the long a, made 
 an impression on the ear which the Greeks denominated crXewsu 
 atff/,o£ (broad pronunciation.) As a whole it attained to a less de- 
 gree of cultivation than the Ionic. The JEoYic (h a/oXix^, ai'oXi'g) 
 was a branch of the Doric, and in the iEolic colonies in Asia Mi- 
 nor, and in the neighbouring islands, (Lesbos, &c.,) attained at an 
 early age to a considerable degree of refinement, which however 
 was probably confined to poetrv. 
 
$4 GHEEJK LANGUAGE 
 
 3. The principal residence of the Ionic tribe in the earliest 
 fimes was Attica. From this region they sent forth their colonies 
 to the shores of Asia Minor. As these colonies, earlier than the 
 mother country, and indeed earlier than all the other Greeks, were 
 in many respects cultivated and refined, the terms Ionians, Ionic, 
 were used by way of eminence to denote them and their dialect, 
 and finally were exclusively appropriated to them. The original 
 Ionians in Attica were now called Attics, Athenians. The Ionic 
 dialect, owing to the multiplicity of vowels, is the softest of afl. 
 The Attic (^ d<rT»x*j, ctrSis), which was cultivated at a later peri- 
 od, soon surpassed them all ; avoiding, by Attic skill and dexteri- 
 ty, both the Doric roughness and the Ionic effeminacy. Although 
 Attica was the mother country, the Ionic, even of those Asiatic co- 
 lonies, is nevertheless regarded as the parent of the Attic, because 
 the Ionic was cultivated at a period, when it had departed the 
 least from the dialect of their common parent, the old Ionic. 
 
 Note 1. The dexterity displayed by the Attics in the manage- 
 ment of their dialect is most obvious in its syntax. Here the Attic 
 dialect is distinguished, not only from the other dialects, but also 
 from every other language, by an apposite brevity, by bringing 
 together, With great effect, the principal points of interest, and by 
 a moderation in asserting and judging, which passed from the po° 
 lite tone of Society into the language itself. 
 
 Note 2. Another circumstance which renders the Attic dialect 
 so attractive, and which has been noticed by few, is its regard for 
 peculiarity of idiom, and the love which the Athenians cherished 
 for this and for distinct national characteristics in general. How- 
 ever advantageous for the understanding, and congenial to the 
 sense of beauty, a language may be, which proposes for itself a cor- 
 rect logic, pursues a fixed and consistent analogy, and employs 
 pleasing sounds, all these advantages are nevertheless lifeless and 
 inefficient without the above mentioned charm. This consists 
 in the sacrifice of fundamental laws, especially of logic and of ge- 
 neral analogy, to peculiar forms or idioms, which have their origin 
 partly in certain characteristics of the nation, and partly, beyond 
 a doubt, in an apprehension of the fundamental rules not entirely 
 conformed to that of the schools. In this manner anomalies 
 had found their way into the Attic dialect, as is the case in al 
 languages, in regard to which however the cultivated writers 
 
AND ITS DIALECTS. CH| 
 
 were not disposed to make a change, out of regard for antiquity 
 and for the ears of the people accustomed to such forms and ex- 
 pressions, and, as we have already observed, from their love of 
 that peculiarity of idiom which gives to their dialect an individual 
 and distinct existence* When irregularities or anomalies mingle 
 themselves with the daily idioms and expressions in other langua- 
 ges, it is regarded as an indication of inaccuracy and want of skill • 
 in the Attics, however, who are so skilful and dexterous, it is re- 
 garded rather as an unwillingness to make the correction. They 
 felt that by rejecting these anomalies they would deprive the lan- 
 guage of the impress of a natural production, which every lan- 
 guage really is, and would give it the appearance of a work of art, 
 which a language never can be. Obviously therefore we cannot 
 here be supposed to speak of intentional anomalies, by means of 
 which a language receives the appearance of a mere plaything or 
 toy, however ready the ancient Grammarians frequently were to 
 advance such a mode of explanation. 
 
 Note 3. Other branches of the above mentioned dialects, as 
 the Boeotian, Laconian, Thessalian, &c. are known only from sin- 
 gle words and forms, from scattered records, from inscriptions, &e. 
 
 4. We must admit an ancient primitive Greek language as the 
 common parent of all the dialects. Of this primitive language we 
 can obtain, or more properly speaking, suppose, certain forms, on- 
 ly by means of philological research under the guidance of phi- 
 losophy. Every dialect has retained naturally more or less of this 
 primitive language, and every one must also yet retain many forms, 
 which in the others have passed into desuetude and been gradual- 
 ly lost. This circumstance sufficiently explains how the Gramma- 
 rians can speak of Doricisms, jEolicisms, and even Atticisms, in 
 Homer, whose language was the old Ionic. In general, it was cus- 
 tomary to designate forms and expressions by the name of the dia- 
 lect in which they most frequently occurred, although not exclu- 
 sively confined to this dialect. Thus we explain the Doricisms, 
 as they are called, which occur in the Attic writers, and the Attic 
 forms, met with in writers by no means Attic. 
 
 5. To this same primitive language belong also, for the most 
 part, the forms, &c. usually denominated poetical licenses. It is true 
 indeed the poet contributes largely to the formation of a language. 
 Through his efforts the language first becomes a harmonious, ex. 
 
pressive, and copious whole. But the poet will never assume, 
 without regard to the previously existing materials and analogy of 
 the language, the forms and expressions which he finds necessarv. 
 This would he the surest way to displease. The oldest Greek po- 
 ets made a selection from the various forms then actually in use, 
 according to the exigences of the case. Many of these forms be. 
 came obsolete in course of time. But the later poets, who had 
 their ancient brethren constantly before their eyes as models, would 
 not submit to be deprived of this treasure. Thus those forms 
 which originally were in actual use, became in reality poetical pe- 
 culiarities, or, as they are called, licenses. They are therefore, 
 in such a case, with propriety, numbered among the dialects. 
 
 Note 4. This however must not be so understood, as if every sin- 
 gle word which occurs in the older poets, was once actually used 
 in common life. The right which even the modern poets assume, in 
 the most copious languages, of forming new words, and of mould- 
 ing anew those already extant, must certainly be conceded to the 
 ancient poets in those times of poverty. The materials, however, 
 and the form, they did not assume of themselves. They were in- 
 debted for these to the store-house itself, and the analogy of the 
 language. It need scarcely be observed that the liberty of round- 
 ing and polishing, to a certain degree, the forms in common use,, 
 cannot be denied to those who must necessarily consult euphony, 
 and who are fettered by the rules of metre. 
 
 6. In most of the cultivated nations, one of their dialects usual- 
 ly becomes the language of literature and of polished circles. In 
 Greece, however, this was not immediately the case. Here there 
 was no considerable cultivation or refinement until the several 
 states, separated by local and political circumstances, assumed an 
 independent existence. Poetry and prose therefore, until about 
 the time of Alexander, were composed in the vernacular dialect 
 of the authors, or in that to which they may have given the pre- 
 ference. Thus were produced Ionic, J&olic, Doric, and Attic po- 
 ets and prose writers, of whose productions more or less have 
 descended to our times. 
 
 Note 5. The great works of art alone, which attracted univer- 
 sal attention, such as epic and dramatic poetry, were here an ex- 
 ception. The original authors of these availed themselves, no 
 doubt, of their vernacular dialect : but, for a later poet to attempt 
 
AKD ITS DIALECTS. 87 
 
 a mere copy of the same in another dialect, would not only have 
 required an equal degree of invention and talent, but would also 
 have proved to no purpose, since the Greeks of every tribe or na- 
 tion were already familiar with these forms and tones in this spe- 
 cies of composition, and were unable to separate the one from the 
 other. The dialect in which the first master-pieces were written, 
 remained the appropriate dialect of that species. Vid. Text 10. 11. 
 Note 6. To the Ionic dialect belong the most ancient poets, viz. 
 Homer, Hesiod, Theognis, &c. who wrote in that apparently mix- 
 ed dialect which approaches the nearest to the most ancient lan- 
 guage of Greece, and which afterwards remained the poetical di- 
 alect in most kinds of poetical composition. The proper, but 
 younger Ionic is found in the prose writers, among whom Herodo- 
 tus and Hippocrates were the most eminent, although both were 
 native Dorians. For the Ionic dialect, on account of its peculiar 
 softness and early cultivation, had already been extensively cir- 
 culated, and employed both in poetry and prose, especially in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 JSote 7. Lyric poets are met with in all the dialects. The 
 most ancient and most celebrated, however, were jEolians. At 
 the head of these stood Sappho and Alcaeus, of whose composi- 
 tions, only a few fragmentary remains have escaped the ravages 
 of time. Anacreon, of whom also are only a few, in part mutila- 
 ted and in part doubtful, remains, wrote in the Ionic. Most of the 
 remaining Lyric poets composed in the Doric, creating for them- 
 selves, at pleasure, every one his own language, from the various 
 forms of this widely extended dialect. Pindar is the only one of 
 these last of whom any thing entire has reached us. 
 
 Note 8. But few prose writers in the Doric dialect are extant, 
 and those principally of a mathematical and philosophical nature. 
 For the Attic writers see the following notes. 
 
 7. In the mean time Athens had arisen to such political impor- 
 tance as to assert a kind of supremacy in Greece, and was at the 
 same time the focus of all scientific culture. Their unmixed de- 
 mocracy secured to the exercise of eloquence and to the dramat- 
 ic exhibitions, that freedom which, in connexion with other advan- 
 tages, elevated to the highest pitch, not those branches alone of 
 literature, but the other kindred pursuits also of history and phi- 
 
88 GREEK LANGUAGE 
 
 losophy, and gave to the Attic dialect a perfection and a copious- 
 ness which no other dialect attained. 
 
 Note 9. The principal prose writers (of the poets we shall 
 speak presently) of this golden age of Attic literature, are Thu- 
 cydides, Xenophon, Plato, Isocrates, Demosthenes, and the other 
 Orators. 
 
 8. Greeks of every tribe and nation resorted now to Athens to 
 receive instruction. In the most extended and cultivated fields of 
 literature, the Attic master-pieces were proposed as models. In 
 consequence of this, as soon as Greece became politically one un- 
 der the Macedonian monarchy, the Attic dialect became, in a short 
 time, the language of the court and of literature. The prose wri- 
 ters of all Greece now composed almost exclusively in this dialect. 
 From this time it was taught in the schools, and the Grammarians 
 decided, from these models, what was pure Attic and what was not. 
 The central point of this later Greek literature, was established 
 under the Ptolemies at Alexandria in Egypt. 
 
 9. The Attic dialect, at the same time that it was enjoying an 
 universal reception, began, as we might expect, gradually to lose 
 its original purity. Authors either mingled with the pure Attic, ma- 
 ny peculiarities of their vernacular dialect, or exchanged many At- 
 tic anomalies and apparently laboured expressions, for the more 
 natural and regular forms. In some cases, a simple Attic form, 
 which in common life had become more or less antiquated, was 
 abandoned, and a form then in use introduced, e. g. v^gtf&ou for 
 vsiv, a£o<r£iav for a^ouv. The Grammarians, frequently with ex- 
 cessive pedantry, endeavoured to prevent this manifest decline. 
 For objectionable, or at least, less elegant forms and expressions, 
 they proposed others drawn from the older Attic writers. Hence 
 it became customary to comprehend, under the term Attic, only 
 what had been preserved from those classic Attics, and what in 
 the strictest sense was peculiar to them. The language, however, 
 formed in the manner above described from the Attic, and in use 
 in cultivated society, was now denominated xoiv»j the common, or 
 §XXy]v»x'/j the Greek or common Greek. Even the later authors 
 themselves were now called oS xoivoj or oi "EW^vsg, in distinction 
 from the genuine Attics. We must guard however against the no- 
 tion, that this xojv^ ftaXswos was a peculiar and distinct dialect. 
 
 LOI 
 
AND ITS DIALECTS. 89 
 
 It remained always essentially Attic, and every grammar of the 
 common Greek aimed principally to present the Attic dialect. 
 
 Note 10. We can readily conceive that under such circumstan- 
 ces, the terms xoivos, xojvo'v became even reproachful ; and al- 
 though it denoted properly what was then common to all the 
 Greeks, the Athenians themselves not excepted, it was employed 
 by the Grammarians to designate what was not pure Attic. Every 
 form however, which is called Attic, is not for this reason exclu- 
 sively Attic, not even those in use among the Athenians themselves. 
 Many genuine Attic forms were not received even in Athens to the 
 exclusion of others, with which they were frequently interchanged 
 in common use, e. g. <p»Xor>i with cpi'hoT, |6v with rfuv. Certain Ion- 
 ic forms also had never become strange to the Attic ear, e. g. un- 
 contracted in place of the contracted forms, of which the writers, 
 who always consulted the ear, could avail themselves at pleasure. 
 This approximation to the Ionic furnishes the principal test of the 
 older Attic, taken in its stricter sense, to which for instance Thu- 
 cydides belongs, as Demosthenes to the more modern Attic, which 
 forms the transition to the later or xo»v^. 
 
 Note 1 1 . To give an accurate and apposite classification, we 
 should commence the later Attics or xoivovg with the first, who 
 were not Athenians, who nevertheless wrote in the Attic dialect, 
 and class with these the later writers who were really Athenians. 
 To this class then belong Aristotle, Theophrastus, Apollodorus, Po- 
 lybius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and the other later authors, among 
 whom however, many, as for instance Lucian, ^Elian, and Arrian, 
 endeavoured to adopt, as far as possible, the genuine ancient Attic. 
 
 Note 12. The Macedonian dialect must be especially regarded 
 among those which were in various degrees incorporated with the 
 later Greek. The Macedonian nation was allied to the Greeks, 
 and numbered itself with the Dorians. They introduced, as con- 
 querors, the Greek cultivation and refinement among the conquer- 
 ed barbarians. Here also, the Greek was spoken and written, not 
 however without some peculiarities of form, which the Gramma- 
 rians denominate Macedonian. As Egypt and its capital city Alex- 
 andria became the principal seat of the later Greek culture, these 
 forms were comprehended under the name of the Alexandrian di- 
 alect. The natives also of these conquered countries, began to 
 speak the Greek (SXX*|vi£giv), and such an Asiatic Greek was de» 
 
 12 
 
90 GREEK LANGUAGE 
 
 nominated IXXvjvioV^. Hence the style of the writers of this class, 
 with which were incorporated many forms not Greek and many 
 oriental turns of expression, was denominated Helenistic. It need 
 scarcely be observed that this dialect is contained in the Jewish 
 and Christian monuments of those times, especially in the Septua- 
 gint and in the new Testament, whence it passed more or less in- 
 to the works of the Fathers. New barbarisms of every kind were 
 introduced during the middle ages, when Constantinople, the an- 
 cient Byzantium, became the seat of the Greek Empire, and the 
 centre of literary cultivation. Out of this arose the dialect of the 
 Byzantine writers, and finally, the yet living language of the mo- 
 dern Greeks. 
 
 Note 13. To avoid all misunderstanding, we must here observe, 
 that the ancient Grammarians, and many of the moderns who fol- 
 lowed in their steps, employ the names of the dialects in general, 
 as well as the term xojvo'v, without any regard to their true his- 
 torical sense. This is especially the case, when they endeavour 
 to explain etymologically and grammatically the forms and the va- 
 rious inflexions of words, Thus they denominate the simple or 
 natural Greek form, or what they deem to be such, xojv»j ; every 
 other form, derived from this by means of any changes, in what- 
 ever tribe or nation it may be found, or even if it be now for the 
 first time assumed, they designate by the name of the dialect in 
 which such changes usually take place. Every contraction, for in- 
 stance, is denominated Attic ; every change of a into *j, Ionic ; &c. 
 The gen. tfoXiog from tfoXjs is called common (xoivw?), although 
 this form properly speaking was never in general use ; #6Xso£, 
 Ionic, because the Ionians frequently introduced s for other vow- 
 els ; voXsus however, Attic, because the forms in -<ag are so fa- 
 miliar to the Attics. Whereas, in truth, regarding the matter his- 
 torically, tfnXios belongs to the Ionic and Doric, eroXeog to the po- 
 ets alone, and tfo'Xsws to the Attics and to all those who used the 
 common dialect. Thus, according to them, a form must pass from 
 some simpler one through several intermediate forms, each of 
 which is referred to some dialect, although frequently no one of 
 them was ever really in use. 
 
 10. As to the general adoption of the Attic dialect, an excep- 
 tion must be made in respect to certain species of poetry. The 
 Attics were models onlv in the Drama. As dramatic poetry, from 
 
AND ITS DIALECTS. 91 
 
 the circumstances of the case, can only be the language of com- 
 mon life ennobled or elevated, the Attic dialect alone was of course 
 admitted on the Athenian stage. It was afterwards adopted and 
 retained by every theatre in Greece. The dramatic poets, in the 
 dialogue, especially that consisting of Trimeters or Senarii, be- 
 sides the free use of apostrophe and contraction, availed them- 
 selves of but few of the so named poetical licenses and changes. 
 Note 14. The comic writers, as might naturally be supposed, 
 availed themselves of these licenses and changes the least of all ; 
 on the contrary, to the Senarius of tragedy, many Homeric forms 
 were always well adapted. Besides, in the dramatic department, 
 only genuine and ancient Attics have been preserved, viz. the tra- 
 gedians jEschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and the comic writer 
 Aristophanes- 
 
 11. In the other departments of poetry, especially those in which 
 the Hexameter measure prevailed, viz. the epic, didactic, elegiac, 
 Homer and the other ancient Ionic poets, who were read in the 
 schools, continued always to be the models, and in this species of 
 composition the old Ionic or Homeric language, with most of its 
 peculiarities and antiquated forms, was still preserved. This dia- 
 lect therefore, like the Attic in prose compositions, was appropri- 
 ated to poetry of this class, in the Alexandrian and later ages. It 
 was no longer understood by the unlettered, but required, in order 
 to comprehend and enjoy it perfectly, a learned education. We 
 may with propriety comprise all the forms, &c. connected with this 
 species of poetry, under the name of the Epic Language, for they 
 were all originally derived from the epic poetry. 
 
 Note 15. The most celebrated poets belonging to this class are 
 Apollonius, Callimachus, Aratus, and in later times, Oppian, Quin- 
 tus, dec. 
 
 12. The Doric dialect also was not excluded from the poetry 
 of the later ages. It was met with in smaller pieces, especially in 
 pastorals and sportive poems. This was in part owing to the ear- 
 lier compositions of this kind in the Doric dialect which served as 
 models, and in part to the circumstance, that the rustic idiom and 
 the language of the lower conditions of society were essential to 
 such compositions. This idiom and language, however, owing to 
 the extent of the Doric tribe, was almost every where the Doric. 
 
92 GHEEK LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS. 
 
 Note 16. The Idylls of Theocritus, Moschus and Bion, are 
 composed in the Doric. This more modern Doric differs how- 
 ever very much from the dialect of Pindar. The ancient Epigrams 
 were sometimes Ionic and sometimes Doric. Here however the 
 Doric was more simple and noble, and confined itself to a small 
 number of characteristic forms, which were familiar to the culti- 
 vated poet of every tribe. 
 
 13. We have yet to observe that the language which prevails 
 in the Lyric portion of the drama, i. e. the chorus and in the most 
 pathetic addresses, has usually been styled Doric. But the Dori- 
 cisms consist here in little more than the predominance of the long 
 a, especially for % which was a characteristic of the older lan- 
 guage, and owing to its dignity was retained in the more elevated 
 and affecting pieces, while in common life it remained peculiar 
 to the Doric* In the other respects this lyric dialect approxima- 
 ted to the above-mentioned Epic language. 
 
 * Vid. § 2. In these chorusses, however, genuine and peculiar Doricisms 
 cannot be found, e. g. Infin. in -ev and -tjv, Accuss. Plur. in as and -oj, &c. 
 
 
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