or PE 1109 .A56 Copy 1 Class J?Eiioa Book— A-5£ i f INSTITUTES OF GRAMMAR, AS APPLICABLE TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, INTRODUCTORY TO THE STUDY SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED, AND BRIEFLY EXPLAINED, To which are added some Chronological Tables. BY JAMES ANDREW, LL. D. Quicqiad pr&cipies, esto brevis : ut cito dicta ' Percipiant aninU dociles, teneantque fideles. HOR. LONDON: PRINTED FOR BLACK, PARBURY, AND ALLEN, LEADENH ALL-STREET. 1817. Price 6*. 6d. in plain Binding. <♦" The Reader is requested to take the trouble of correcting the following Errata. Page 32, last line, for Preface read Page. 64 34, line 21, dele " These signs are." 49, line 34, for (wjo/^iyaj read a-ui^oiAva; and for w^emka read ir^otreriSet 50, line 7, for leng-thening read length-ening 68, line 39, for Brother— , Cousin— , read Brothers— , Cousins— 70, line 23, for Vhe read The 79, line 17,/or lying a read a lying . - 80, line 24, for as between read or between line 34, for friends read friend's 98, line 27, for two read too Plummer and Brewis, Printers, Love-Lane, Little Eastcheap. PREFACE. THE Goths, an ancient and a celebrated race of men, were remarkable for their bravery, generosity, and genius for learning. Their history, of which very scanty remains are left, commences, according to Herodotus, with the labours of the Grecian Hercules, who is identified by Sir Isaac Newton with Sesac or Sesostris King of Egypt, who flourished B. C. 1050 years. These Goths, whom Herodotus has spoken of, inhabited less or more of the northern parts of Europe, from the Euxine to Hie Baltic Sea; and the rivers Danube and Rhine appear to have been their natural boundary on the south. They came originally out of Assyria, and had various names at different times, and in different places, as Cushites, Cutheans, Getae, Massagctae, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Maesogoths ; but the common name given to them by the Greeks was that of Scythians*, the • letter s being sometimes a gratuitous prefix to the consonant c hard, or &, in -^the Greek language. — It would appear from a few scattered hints in the writings > of the Apostle Paul, that amongst his early converts to Christianity in Greece , were some principal persons out of Scythia, who had resorted thither on either id literary or commercial pursuits. These undoubtedly carried back, about A. D. 65 Or 66, into their own country, some parts of the holy Scriptures written in Greek. When, in process of time, the Greek language was less known in Scythia, and the intercourse with Greece was impeded by the mutual wars and jealousies between the Romans and the Gothic nations, the New Testament was translated out of Greek into Gothic, about A. D. 300, by Wulphilas: which circumstance proves two things; first, the continued success of the gospel; and secondly, that beyond the pale of the Roman empire it was not unlawful to read the Bible in the vulgar tongue. The early conversion of a few Scythian chiefs to Christianity accounts most easily for the favourable reception and the kind protection which the Jews experienced from that nation, in the year 70, when they were driven from their own country by the Romans, and their capital with its temple were rased to the ground. It also illustrates the meaning of our Saviour's exhortation, when he says, " Pray ye that your flight be not in winter:" for the winters in Judea are not commonly severe, if shepherds might there openly watch their flocks by night in winter; as importing, " pray ye that ye may not encounter the inhospitable snows of Scythia, and that your flight thither be not in winter; for ye will not remain safe within the boundaries of the Roman empire, in Egypt, in Greece, in Parthia, nor in Judea." And it is acknowledged by the modern Jews that Scythia was the country to which the great body of their nation fled for refuge from the fury of the Romans, which probably would not have been so happily the case, but for our Saviour's previous admonition, and for the preparation made for it in due time, by the providential conversion of a few Scythian chiefs to Christianity. Hence, to this day, the Jews prevail more in Prussia, Poland, Germany, and the northern parts of Europe, than in any other part of the world. Hence too it would appear that the preservation of the Assyrian empire, through the preaching of the prophet Jonah, for a time at least, until it should be able to plant out and protect some Scythian colonies that might afterwards grow into an independent nation, able and willing, and in gratitude bound, to protect the Jews in their greatest distress, was a great and miraculous interference of Providence in behalf both of Jews and Scythians. — There is reason to believe that the Gothic and Sanscrit languages were originally the same, and that the subsequent differences, which prevailed between them, amounted to little more than what usually takes place between sister dialects. It has also been credibly asserted that Sanscrit was the language spoken at the court of Nineveh during the greatness and prosperity of the Assyrian empire, and that the Greek and Persian languages were derived from it. Jonah was probably a native of Tarsus in Cilicia, and spoke two languages, Hebrew his national tongue, and Ionic Greek, his native tongue, much the same in those days as the Assyrian. Aud Paul the Apostle uses the terms Barbarian and Scythian antithetically, which shews that, in his judgement, and in the general opinion of the world, the Scythian language was not essentially different from the Greek — It follows, therefore, that the Gothio language is as old as the Sanscrit, that is, probably, as the confusion of tongues at Babel. Sanscrit is now the language of the learned in India, as Latin is of the learned in Europe. And it is remarkable that these two became dead languages about the same period, upwards of twelve hundred years ago. * Herodotus says that the Scythians were by themselves called Scolotes. If the name Goth be derived, as is commonly supposed, from good, occasionally synonimous with bonny, might not Herodotus have mistaken bony for bonny, as Scolotes is clearly derived from Skeleton? It is remarkable too that, in I*atin, a? signifies either the countenance or a bone. iv PREFACE. The very learned Hickes, in his Thesaur. from the Gothic the following languages. Gothic Linguar. Septemtrional .^deduces German Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish Belgic, Frisic, English, and Scotch With respect to the Scotch, it is probable, in the absence of written records, that in rery early times the West Goths from Denmark or Jutland invaded the Eastern side of Scotland, and having conquered the Celtic inhabitants, drove them westward into the highlands, or into Ireland, as the Celtic names of places all over the country, where Celtic or Erse is not spoken or understood, do still abundantly testify. These West Goths retained in their new settlements their ancient appellation, of which they were proud, but which sooner or later was contracted into 'St Goths or Scots. The Scottish dialect indeed is clearly but little removed from the Gothjc and Anglosaxon. The Anglosaxons, who were manifestly a Gothic nation, or of Gothic extraction, first landed in Britain by invitation of the natives in the year 450, and others following afterwards, they in the space of two hundred years firmly established themselves, their name, language, and laws, in their new settlements. The subsequent successes of the Danes could not in any considerable degree have altered the dialect which the Saxons had introduced, as in those early times the Danish and Saxon languages were pretty much alike. The Norman conquest, as it is improperly termed, in the year 1066, effected only a change of dynasty, with the addition of some feudal customs ; but the Anglosaxon language and laws still continued in force, as they do in the main to this day, those laws being now known under the denomination of the Commou Law of England. It is chiefly to the invention of printing, and the diffusion of knowledge since 1450, and not to iuvasions and other military achievements, that we are to ascribe the differences that have arisen between the old Saxon and the English. The English language, therefore, ought not to be considered as a heterogeneous jumble, a corrupted jargon, an undisciplined farrago of various languages from north, south, east, and west : but, as in truth it is, the remains of an ancient and highly cultivated language, augmented in modern times by many literary terms, borrowed mostly from the Greek and Latin. It requires no other panegyric thaa its own importance and utility to recom- mend the study of Grammar. Can law6 be understood, or promises bind, can history teach, or religion warn, can truth or conviction have any existence, where language admits of various meanings and constructions ? The easiest method of learning the principles of Grammar is undoubtedly the best, and the fittest time is the earliest possible. An English Grammar adapted to the several ages, capacities, circumstances, and prospects in life, of youth in general, has long been wanted. The plan of the following treatise is new in several respects, and if the labour and pains bestowed on it shall be found to diminish those of the Teacher, and to accelerate the progress of the Pupil, and to encourage a «pirit for reading and enquiry amongst youth in general, the Author will be happy in having contributed in his mite towards the advancement of learning, and the improvement of the rising generation. A few blank pages at the end of this work have been dedicated to the too much neglected study of ancient chronology, according to the system of the holy Scriptures, which the author has found much delight and satisfaction in traeing out, and which, it is presumed, the young student will find no less pleasure iu carefully perusing. Addiscombe House, 24th April, 1817. ELEMENTS, $c. INTRODUCTION. ^_ RAM MAR is the art of speaking and writing correctly, and its rules are deduced from the practice of the most approved speakers and writers in any language. I. Orthography explains the names and uses of the seve- ral characters that occur in writing, the nature and power of letters, and the formation of syllables and words from simple sounds and letters, II. Etymology arranges the several words of a language into classes, and explains the nature and properties of each class. 1. Etymology, in a more strict sense, enumerates and de- fines the several parts of speech. 2. Accidence teaches the inflections which belong to the declinable parts of speech. 3. Derivation treats of the formation of derivative from primitive words. 4. Resolution, or Analysis, is the art of readily referring to all the rules of etymology, III. Syntax, or Construction, teaches the arrangement, connection, and dependence of the several parts of a sentence. 1. Concord shews the manner in which the accidents of one word agree with those of another, 2. Government teaches in what manner the accidents of one word depend on the property of other words, 3. Position orders the several parts of a sentence aright, or according to sense, idiom, and propriety. IV. Prosody teaches the use of emphases in reading; also the rules of versification.* • Grammar is divided into four parts, Orthography, Etymolosry, Syntax, and Prosody. Of these, Etymology aad Syntax adroit of several subdivisions, as above. Iable I.] ELEMENTS OF ORTHOGRAPHY. [Characters ALPHABET. Roman Characters. Capitals.— A BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. Small Letters. — a bcdefghijklmnopqrfstuvwxyz. Double Letters.— / Roman Notation I. II. HI. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. L C. D. M. Arabian Digits 1234667 390 chemical Characters I rn m.^^ . ?. Vpothecaries Weight tr> 3 3 9 gr. fs. Geographical Marks ° ' " 12 Signs of the Zodiac 2 ? $ 6* 1£ I? # * COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. A.B -A. C.— A.D.— A.M.— A. R.— B.— B.A.— B.C.— B.D.— B. V.— C. C.C.--C.C.C.-C.P.S.— C.R.— C.S.— D.— D.C.L.— D.D.— E.— F.A Sor A.S.S.- t.R.S.— F.K.S.E.-G.R.— I.H.S.— J.D.— J.R.— K.~ L.— L.D.— LL.D.— L.S. — M. — vJ. A.—M. D.— M. P.— MS.— MSS.— N.— N. B.— N. S.— O.— O. S.— P.— P.M.— P.S.— Q.— R.S.— S.— S.A.— ?.N.— S.S.S.— SS.T.P.— V.— W.— Abp.- \dmis.— Agt.— A p.— Aug.— Bart.— Bp.— Capt.— Cent.— Ch.— Cit.— CI.— Co.— Cochl.— Coi.— Cong.— Cr. — Cur. — Curt.— Cwt. — Deut.— Do.— Dr.— Dum.— ii\h,.— Knii.- Pp.— Esq —Ex. — Exp. — Feb. — I r.— Gen. — Genmo. — Gent.— Ilhd.— Ilonble.— ja.— Jac— Jno.— Km.— Knt.— Ld.— Lp.— Ldp.— Lt.— Lieat.- Ur.— Mrs. —Messrs.— No.— lit. Hon.— Rt. Wpful.— aev.— Sr.— St.— Xian.— Xmas.— a.— aaa.— e. g.— gr.— h. s. — id. — i- e.— ffi — lib.— m.— n. 1.— oz.— p. I . a?. — q. d. — q. 1. — q. s. — scil. — v. — vid. — viz.— ye. — yn. — ys. &c. Sounds] ELEMENTS OF ORTHOGRAPHY. [Table 11 ja 2 Sound- r> , i Sounded Alpha bet »< 33 j Iperlyin sounaca va- riously in properly in Sounded variously in Sounds, 32. f a name r ai fail plaid, again a inrkthei fall au taught laurel, hautboy, aunt a fall fat far aw brawl a fat e me ay day e me yes s ei vein reprieve, forfeit e met met race a, eu feud i pin i fine 3< ew dew o no pin D ey bey key, alley o not i fin first & oi foil u bull h no - 00 food floor, flood, foot u tub prove n ou bound you, cough, thought, b bay love ow brown snow [rough, through d day not for toy j°y f for Li mute r aa Canaan Baal v van bull ae aenigma g g° tub bury, busy ao gaol" h hill y my ea fear bear, meadow k kind lyric f ee deep 1 lily l system ^ eo people leopard, dungeon m may 'c civil ocean .§, ia carriage filial, vial n nay f for of 3 ie grief die, sieve P P^e I rage H oa boat abroad r run hill /jour 1 oe foetus oeconomy, hoe s so J join hallelujah 1" ua guard assuage l zeal ■5 1 "lily psami ue guest cue. quench, antique t tuft m may comptroller ■■ ' ui guide guilt, fruit, languid w will n nay uy buy obloquy y ye r run third [siou we answer swerve ig ring o s so as, isle, pas- -WO sword swollen sh show V van & r eau beauty beau ih thine w wish a:rong K | ieu adieu th thin X fox exist, Xenc- iew view zh leisure y ye [phon jjj < iou precious abstemious z zeal uai quail b bay debt g, uea squeak c can victuals gi uee squeeze d day fixed or fixt N I eye eye ~ o- 6 g° sign eh much scheme, schism, chagrin ^k kill /might 1 5 gb laugh ' ghost, fight tt p pipe cupboard nk ring h queen conquer Q < thank l< tuft nation ph sh th physic show thine nephew, phthisis » 1th thin thyme lie'narks. — 1. Tlie IjuoIisii alphabet contains twenty-six letters, of which seven are vowels, viz. a.e, I, o,u.y,w, and nineteen consonants, viz.6,c, d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m, n,p, q, r,s, t, v. x,z. Also ~u. and y, at the beginning of a -word or syllable, are accounted consonants. — 2. The cot isonants are divided into eight mutes, viz. b, c, d, g,k,p, q, t; and eleven semivowels, J', h,J, I, > 7i, ??, r, s, v, '•, z ; to which last add c and g soft, and w and y not used as vowels. — 3. The nmt< *s are subdi- vided into pure mutes, p, t, k, and semimutes b, d, aud g hard. — 4. The semivowels / m, n, r :ire named liquids; and from the mutes b, c, d, g, k, p, q, t, are formed the aspirates v, ch, th, gh. kh, f, quh, th; but the aspirations ch, gh, kh, and quh, which are one aud the sa me, are not familiar to an English ear. — 5. The English Alphabet is imperfect, the vowels zu and i, , and conso- Hants c, q, and .r being superfluous, and other simple sounds, both vowels and cods-mi ants, having no distinct characters to represent them. A perfect alphabet would contain thirty-tw -o letters, as in the last column of the above table, of which ten letters would be vowels; and the twenty-two others, consonants. In this case the mutes would be p, t, k ; the semimutes b, d, anc g-hard: th* liquids I, m, ?i. r, ?? , Multiplication x or . , Division — or a line — separating the Dividend or Numerator above, from the Divisor or Denominator below, and Proportion : : ; : . The sign of Addition + is named plus, that of Subtraction — minus, or the difference between. The other signs signify multiplied by, divided by, and ; is to '. : as : to. The sign v/ signifies root, or square root. Roman Notation. — One I, two II, three III, four IV, five V, six VI, seven VII, eight VIII, nine IX, ten X, twenty XX, thirty XXX, forty XL, fifty L, sixty LX, seventy LXX, eighty LXXX, ninety XC, a hundred C, two hun- dred CC, three hundred CCC, four hundred CD, five hundred D or £3, six hundred DC, seven hundred DCC, eight hundred DCCC, nine hundred CM, a thousand M or CI3. In the Roman notation a less number placed before a greater is to be taken from it, but a less number placed after a greater is to be added to it; thus, IX. denotes nine, but XI. signifies eleven. Arabian Digits. — One 1, two 2, three 3, four 4, five 5, six 6, seven 7, eight 8, nine 9, nothing 0. The value of these figures encreases tenfold, a hun- dred fold, a thousand fold, &c. according to the order in which they are together taken. Chemical Characters. — Gold 0, silver ]), mercury $ , copper $ , antimony $ , iron $ , steel filings <£, tin %, lead I?, fire A, air ^, earth V. water v, quicklime ¥, san( l .v., common salt 0, oil (o), sulphur <£, tartar 9, nitre ® ? vitriol 0-, vinegear *»ji, caput mortuum (v). Apothecaries' Weight. — Pounds or pints lb, Ounces 3, drams 3, scruples 9, gr. grains, fs. half any thing. Geo^rjphical Measures. — Degrees °, minutes ', seconds ". Sig?2s of the Ecliptic. — Aries , the bull b, the twins n, the crab ss, the lion SI, the virgin ng, the balance ^, the scorpion rri., the archer £, the goat's horn Itf, the water bearer zz, the fishes >£• Ptinetury Characters. — The sun ©, moon j) , Mercury £ , Venus ? ; the earth £ , Mars $ , Jupiter !£, Saturn I?, Herschel $ , a star #. ORTHOGRAPHY. 11 COMMON ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. A. B. Bachelor of Arts. A. C. After Christ. A. D. In the Year of our Lord. A. M. Master of Arts ; Before Noon; or In the Year of the World A. R. In the Reign of Queen Anne. B. Bath. B. A. Bachelor of Arts. B. C. Before Christ. B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. B. V. Blessed Virgin. C. A Hundred. C. C. Hartshorn. C. C. C. Corpus Christi College; or Hartshorn calcined. C. P. S. Keeper of the Privy Seal. C. R. Charles the King. C. S. Keeper of the Seal. D. Duke, Dukedom, Deanery, Doctor. D.C.L. Doctor of the Civil Law. D. D. Doctor in Divinity. E. East, Even- ing. Evangelist. F. A. S. or A. S. S. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. F. R. S, Fellow of the Royal Society. F. R. S. E. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh G. R. George the King. I. H. S. Jesus Saviour of Men. L. D. Doctor of Law. J. R. James the King. K. King, or Kings. L. Lord, Lake, Book. L. D. Lady-day. L. L. D. Doctor of Laws. L. S. Place of the Seal. M. Morning, Mix. M. A. Master cf Arts, M. D. Doctor of Medi- cine. M. P. Member of Parliament. M. S. Manuscript; or Sacred to Memory. MSS. Manuscripts. N. Note, North. N. B. Mark well. N. S. New Stile. O. Oliver. O. S. Old Stile. P. Publius, President. P. M. Afternoon. P. S. Postscript. P. W. Prince of Wales, Q. Queen, Question. R. King. S. South. S. S. S. Stratum super Stratum, Layer above Layer. S. A. According to Art. S. N. According to Nature. SS. T P. Professor of Theology. V. Virgin. W. West. Abp. Archbishop. Admrs. Administrators/ Agt. Against, Agent. Ap. Apostle. Aug. August. Bart. Baronet. Bp. Bishop. Capt. Captain. Cent. Centum, a "Hundred. Ch. Chapter. Cit. Citadel, Citizen, City. CI. Clergyman. Co. County, Company. Cochl. a spoonful, or half an ounce. Col. Colonel, College. Cong, a gallon, or eight pounds. Cr. Creditor. Cur. Curate. Curt. Current. Cwt. Hundred weight. Dcut. Deuteronomy. Do. Ditto, the same Dr. Doctor, Debtor. Dum. Dukedom. Ehz. Elizabeth. Eng. English. Ep. Epistle. Esqr. Esquire. Ex. Exodus. Exp. Explanation, Exposition, Express. Feb. February. Fr. France, French. Gen. Genesis. Genmo. Generalissimo. Gent. Gentleman. Hhd. Hogshead. Honble. Honourable. Ja. James. Jac. Jacob. Jno. John. Km. Kingdom. Knt. Knight. Ld Lord. Lp. Lordship. Ldp. Ladyship. Lt. or Lieut. Lieutenant. Mastr. Master. Mr. Master. Mrs. Mistress. Messrs. Messieurs, or Sirs. No. Number. Oz. Ounces. Rev. Reverend. Rt. Right. St. Saint. Sr. Sir. Wp. Worship. Xian. Christian. Xmas, Christmas, a ana, of each, aaa, amalgamation, e. g. for example, gr. grains, h. s. at bed time. id. the same. i. e. that is. lib. book. lb. pounds, m. a handful, n. 1. it does not appear, p. a pugil, or eighth part of a handful, p. a?, equal quantities, q. d. as if one should say. q. 1. as much as you please, q. s. as much as is sufficient, scil. to wit. v. verse, vid. see viz. namely, ye. the. yn. then. vs. this. &c. et eatery and so forth. C 2 LIST *& LIST OF HOMOTONOUS WORDS. [Table III, Accompt, account Advice, advise Ail, aie, hail, hale, ell, eel Air, are, eyre, heir, hare, hair AHay, alley, alloy, ally jAloud, allowed Altar, alter, halter Aunt, ant Ascent, assent Assistance, assistants Ball, bawl Bail, bale, bell Bacon, baken, beckon, beacon Berry, bury Bear, bare Beer, bier Bays, baize, beys Bee, be Been, bean Boar, bore, boor Borough, burrow, borrow Bo, bow, bough, boy, buoy Breeches, breaches Bred, bread By, buy, bye Bruise, brews Brows, brouse But, butt Can, cann, cane, ken, Cain Celery, salary Calendar, calender Call, cawl Cannon, canon Capture, captor Chart, cart, card Censer, censor, censure Cell, sell Ceil, seal Cellar, seller, sailor Centaury, century, sentry Chace, chaise, cheese Chaste, chaced Chronicle, chronical Claws, clause Climb, clime Cloths, clothes, close Collar, choler Compliment,complement Concert, consort Council, counsel Courier, currier Cousin, cozen Currant, current Cymbal, symbol Day, dey, die, dye Dear, deer Deter, diner Deference, difference Desart, desert Decent, descent, dissent Dew, due Dire, dyer Diet, dyet, died, dyed Do, doe Done, dun, dunn Duck, duke Extant, extent, extend Ear, e'er, ere, here, hear, year Eminent, imminent Ewe, yew, you, u Ewes, yews, use Fane, fain, feign Faint, feint Fare, fair, far, fir, fur Flee, flea, fly Flees, fleas, flies Floor, flour, flower Fool, foul, fowl Gelatinous, glutinous, gluttonous Gesture, jester Gilt, guilt Grandeur, grander, gre- nadier Grot, groat Haven, heaven Hart, heart, art Hast, haste, hist Head, heed Heal, heel High, hie, eye, I Higher, hire, ire Him, hymn His, hiss Hop, hope Hour, our, oar, ore, o'er Hole, whole Horse, hoarse Hue, hew, Hugh, you, u. yew, ewe Idol, idle I'll, isle, oil, ill In, inn Incite, insight, inside Indict, indite Ingenious, ingenuous Kill, kiln Key, quay Knit, nit, net, neat, nut Knight, night Know, no, now Layer, liar, lier, lyre Lessen, lesson Lest, least Lead, led Lethargy, liturgy Limb, limn Loath, loth Lo ! low Lower, lour Lain, lane, line Maid, made Main, mane Male, mail, mall, mell Manor, manner, manure Mare, mayor, mar, mere Marshal, martial Mean, mein, mine, men Meat, meet, mete Meddle, middle, medal Metal, mettle Mews, muse Mows, mouse Might, mite, meet, met Moan, mown Mortar, morter Oar, o'er, hour, our Of, off Oh ! O ! owe, awe One, wan, win , won, wine Ordinance, ordnance Pail, pale, peal, peel, pall Pain, pane, pan Pastor, pasture Parson, person Pear, pair, pare, per, par Peer, pier Pace, pass Pause, paws Peace, piece, pease Patron, pattern Parackle, parasite Pike, pique, pick Place, plaice Pleas, please Populace, populous Plane, plain Plait, plate Plumb, plum, plume Pole, poll Poplar, popular Poor, pour, power Presence, presents Praise, prays, preys, pries Practice, practise Precedent, president Premises, premisses Principal, principle Princes, princess Prophecy, prophesy Profit, prophet Quean, queen Quit, quite Table III.] LIST OF HOMOTONOUS WORDS. 13 Rancour, ranker Rain, rein, reign Reasons, raisins Raise, rays, rise Raiser, razor, razure Read, reed, red, rid Relic, relict Rhyme, rime, rim Recent, resent Rot, rote, wrote Right, rite, write, wright Road, rode, rowed, rod Roe, row Rome, room, roam Root, rout Satan, satin Sell, cell, sail, sale Saver, savour Scene, seen Seas, sees, seize, cease Seam, seem Sear, seer Scent, sent, cent Sects, sex Senate, se'ennight Seignior, senior Shew, show, shoe Shore, shoar, shower sewer Sign, sine, sin Sight, site, cite Sire, sir Sleight, slight, slit Sloe, slow So, sow, sew, sue Sore, soar, sower, sour Some, sum Sun, son, soon, swoon Soal« sole, soul Stair, stare, star Starling, sterling Stead, steed Steal, steel, stile, style, still Stood, stud Sweat, sweet Tax, tacks, takes Tail, tale Taint, tenth, tint Team, teem The, thee There, their Throne, thrown Thyme, time To, too, two, toe Tour, tower Track, tract Us, use, ewes, yews Vale, veil, vail, veal V 7 alley, value Vain, vane, vein, van Vial, viol Vacation, vocation Ure, ewer, your Wain, wane, wean, wan Ware, wear, were Waist, waste Wait, weight, white Way, weigh, wey, whey, why | Weal, wheel, will, well Wood, wooed, would Weak, week, wick Weather, wether, whi- ther, wither, whe- ther Yew, you, ewe, u Yoke, yolk To the above Table may be added such words as have various meanings, and whose meanings are liable to be confounded^ as Sound Sight Smell Taste Feeling' Heat Cold Hardness Softness Bitter Sweet, and many others. An attention to the homonym my of language is of the utmost importance to truth, whether founded on reason or experience, in all cases where com- mon sense is concerned. LIST 14 LIST OF SYNONIMOUS WORDS. [Table IV. Abandon, desert, torsake, leave, quit relinquish ] Abase, degrade, dishonour, humble Abate, decrease, diminish, lessen Abdicate, renounce, resign Abhor, detest, hate, loth Abilities, cleverness, ingenuity, parts Ability, capacity, faculty, power Abject, beggarly, low, mean Abolish, abrogate, disannul, repeal, revoke, rescind Abominable, detestable, execrable Absent, inattentive Absolution, pardon, remission Abstemious, sober, temperate Abstinence, fast 14 Abstraction, precision Absurd, inconsistent, unreasonable Abundance, plenty Abuse, affront, insult Abuse, misuse Abyss, gulph Academy > school Accelerate, dispatch, hasten Accent, emphasis Accept, receive, take Acclivity, declivity Accost, approach Accumulate, amass Accusation, charge Acid, sharp, sour Acknowledgment, confession Acquainted, familiar, intimate Acquiesce, agree, consent Act, action, deed Adage, maxim, proverb Add, augment, encrease, enlarge Address, air, behaviour, carriage, de portmenr, manners, mien Adjacent, contiguous Adjective, epithet Adjournment, prorogation 39 Adjust, reconcile Admonition, advice, counsel Adulation, flattery Advantageous, beneficial, profitable Adveibial phrases, adverbs 4 1 iEra, epoch, period Affairs, business Affected, studied Affect, pretend Affection, love 40 Affidavit, oath Affirm, assert, attest, aver, avouch, maintain, protest, swear Afraid, apprehensive, dreading, fear- ing Against, in spite of Agony, pang 54 19 23 28 34 Agreeable, pleasing Agreement, bargain, contract 56 Aim, design, intention, project, scope, view Ale-house, public-house, hotel, inn, tavern All, every Alley, pa*th 60 Alliance, league Allurements, attractions, charms Alone, only Also, likewise Always, continually, perpetually 65 Amazement, astonishment, surprise, wonder Ambassador, legate, resident 67 Ambiguity, equivocation, double en- tendre Amend, improve Amends, indemnity Among, amongst 71 Amuse, divert Amusement, diversion Ancestor, predecessor Ancient, antique, old 75 Anecdotes, annals, biography, chro- nicles, history, life, memoirs, records Angry, in a passion, wroth Animal, beast, brute 79 Animate, carry on, encourage, incite, excite, spur, urge Answer, reply Antecedent, anterior, preceding Antlers, horns Apartment, lodging 84 Aphorism,apophthegm,axiom,maxim, sentence Apparition, vision Appear, seem Appearance, outside Appease, calm 89 Appropriation, impropriation Arbour, bower Arched, vaulted Arise, derive, flow, issue, proceed Arms, escutcheons 94 Arms, weapons Aromatics, perfumes Arrogance, haughtiness, presumption, pride, vanity Arrogate, assume 98 Art, business, profession, trade Articulate, pronounce Artifice, cunning, device, finesse, stratagem, trick Artificer, artisan, artist As to, for Ashamed, bashful 10 i Table IV] LIST OF SYNONIMOUS WORDS. 15 Ask, inquire, interrogate 1U5 Assassination, murder Assessment, rate, tax Assiduous, diligent, expeditious, quick Assist, help, relieve, succour Assurance, confidence, impudence Asylum, refuge 111 Attachment, devotion, passion Attitude, disposition, posture Attribute, impute Audacity, boldness, effrontery, impu- dence Augur, portend, presage , 116 Austere, severe Authority, dominion, jurisdiction power Avaricious, covetous, miserly, nig- gardly Avoid, rly, shun Awake, awaken 121 Babbler, prater Bad, vile Banishment, exile Bank, beach, coast, shore Barter, exchange, truck 126 Battle, combat, engagement, fight Be, exist, subsist Beam, ray- Beat, strike Beautiful, handsome, pretty 131 Becoming, decent, decorous Behold, look, see, view Belief, faith, opinion, conjecture Benediction, blessing Beneficence, benevolence Benevolence, benignity, humanity kindness, tenderness 137 Bequeath, devise Beside, besides Besides, furthermore, moreover Between, betwixt Bias, inclination, propensity 142 Bid, command, desire, order Big, great, large Billow, surge, wave Bind, tie Bishoprick, diocese 147 Black, negro Blend, mingle, mix Bliss, felicity, happiness Board, plank Boggle, hesitate 152 Boggy, marshy JBook, volume Bottom, dale, vale, valley Bounds, confines, limits Bounty, generosity, liberality Bravery, courage, intrepidity, prowess, valour 158 Brightness, light, splendour 159 Brilliancy, lustre, radiancy Bring, fetch Broad, wide Brook, rivulet, stream Burden, load Bury, inter 165 Bush, tree Butchery, carnage, massacre Buttress, prop, support Calamity, disaster, misfortune Calculate, count, reckon Call, name 171 Cannot, impossible Care, caution, discretion, prudence Case, circumstance, conjuncture, oc- casion, occurrence Cash, money Catalogue, list Cathedral, collegiate church 177 Cave, cavern, cell Cease, finish, leave off Celebiated, famous, illustrious, re- nowned Certain, infallible 181 Certainly, with certainty Chace, forest, park Chamber, room Chance, fortune Change, variation 186 Changeable, fickle, inconstant, un- steady Charm, inchantment, spell Charms, graces Chastise, correct, discipline, punish Chastity, continence, modesty, purity Cheerfulness, mirth 192 Chief, head Choaked, smothered, suffocated Choose, make choice of Choose, take Choose, prefer 197 Circumspection, consideration, regard City, town, burgh Civility, favour, good office, kindness, service Clear, transparent 201 Clearly, distinctly Clemency, mercy, pity Clergyman, minister, parson, priest Clock, dial Cloister, convent, monastery 206 Close, shut Clothes, dress Collation, institution, presentation Colours, iiags Column, pillar Commerce, trade, traffic 513 16 LIST OF SYNONIMOUS WORDS. [Table IV. Commiseration, compassion, pity Compel, constrain, force, oblige 215 Complaisance, condescension, defe- rence Complaisant, polite, well-bred Complete, entire, finished, perfect Complete, conclude, end, finish Complexion, constitution, nature, temperament 220 Complicated, involved Comprehend, conceive, understand Compunction, remorse Conceal, dissemble, disguise Concern, regard, touch 225 Conclude, infer Conclusion, sequel Condition, situation, state Conduct, direction, management Conduct, guide, lead Confound, confuse Conjecture, presumption, surmise Conquer, overcome, subdue Consanguinity, kindred, relations Conspiracy, plot 235 Constancy, resolution, steadiness Consternation, fear, terror Constitution, government Content, satisfaction Continual, continued, perpetual 240 Continuance, continuation Contrition, remorse, repentance Conversation, discourse Copperplate, cut, print Copy, model Corruption, depravity Courteous, courtly, gentlemanlike Coward, poltron Crime, fault, misdemeanour, sin Cry, lament, mourn, wail, weep 250 Cure, remedy Current, stream Custom, fashion, habit Custom, prescription, usage Custom, duty, impost, tax Customs, fashions, manners Cut, lop, prune Damsel, maid, virgin Danger, hazard, risk, venture Darkness, obscurity Deal, much Death, decease, departure Decay, decline, decrease Deceitful, insidious Declare, notify Defamation, detraction Defame, slander Defect, fault, imperfection Dejection, low spirits, melancholy Delicate, fine, tender 2?0 254 260 265 Delight, pleasure Deliver, free 272 Denote, mark, shew Deplorable, lamentable Depose, deprive Depose, dethrone Derision, mockery, ridicule Deserving, worthy Desert, uninhabited 279 Desolate, lay waste, ravage, sack Destiny, fortune, lot Destiny, destination Detain, keep Determination, resolution 234 Detriment, harm, hurt, injury, mis- chief Devotion, piety, religion Die, expire Difference, dispute, quarrel 283 Difference, distinction Different, diverse, sundry, various Dirt, mire, mud Discern, distinguish Discerning, judging, knowing 293 Disclose, discover, divulge, reveal, tell Discover, find Discredit, disgrace Disdain, haughtiness 297 Disease, distemper, malady, sickness Disgraceful, scandalous, shameful Disguise, mask Disperse, scatter Dispose, make ready, prepare 302 Dissertation, essay, treatise Distinction, fashion, quality Ditch, trench Diversity, variety Diverting, entertaining 307 Divination, prediction Divorce, repudiate Doubt, suspense, uncertainty Dread, horror 311 Dream, imagination, reverie, vision Dregs, sediment Drop, fall, tumble Drunk, fuddled, intoxicated Duration, existence Duty, obligation 317 Dwell, live Dwelling, house, residence, tenement Earth, ground, land Easy, ready Eclipse, obscure, darken, shade 322 Effectual, efficacious Efrigy, image, statue Effort, endeavour Elegance, grace Elegant, genteel S27 3 Table IV.] LIST OF SYNONIMOUS WORDS. 17 Encomium, eulogy, praise 328 Embryo, foetus Emolument, gain, lucre, profit Empire, kingdom, republic, state Employ, ministry, office, place Emulation, envy, rivalry 333 Encircle, enclose, encompass, sur- round End, extremity Endow, establish, found, institute Engage, oblige Enlarge, encrease 338 Enmity, rancour Enormous, huge, immense, vast Enough, sufficient Enthusiasm, superstition, idolatry Epistle, letter Equity, justice, law, right 644 Eradicate, extirpate Erudition, genius, learning, literature Esquire, gentleman, nobleman, yeo- man Esteem, regard, respect, veneration Event, issue, incident 349 Evil, iniquity, injustice, mischief, sin, unrighteousness, wickedness Exaction, extortion, oppression Excursion, jaunt, ramble Excuse, forgive, pardon 35S Execration, imprecation, malediction Exemption, immunity, privilege Expect, hope Expedient, resource Experiment, proof, trial 358 Expression, term, word Extol, laud, magnify, praise Extravagance, prodigality, profuse- ness Extremely, very 362 Fabric, manufacture, texture Faithless, false, fickle, inconstant Falsehood, lie, mistake Family, house, lineage, posterity, progeny, race Famished, starved 367 Fanciful, fantastical, whimsical Farmer, husbandman Fascinated, infatuated, prejudiced Fashion, figure, form Fast, hard Fatigued, tired, wearied S73 Favourable, propitious Feebleness, imbecility, weakness Feel, handle Fertile, fruitful, prolific Fervency, warmth 378 Find, meet Find out, invent Flat, insipid 381 Flatterer, parasite, sycophant Flexibility, pliancy Flesh, meat Flow, issue Fluid, liquid Fog, mist 383 387 Foolish, simple, silly, weak Footstep, track Forbid, prohibit Forebode, foretel, predict, prognosti- cate, prophesy Fortunate, lucky, successful 392 Forward, forwards Frankness, ingenuousness, plainness, sincerity Free, libertine Freedom, liberty, licentiousness Frequently, often 397 Fresh, new, recent Friendship, love Frugality, ceconomy, parsimony Fulfil, keep, observe Funeral rites, obsequies Fury, rage, wrath 403 Gaiety, joy, mirth Gay, merry, cheerful Gaze, stare Genealogy, pedigree General, universal 408 Generosity, greatness of soul, magna- nimity Gentry, nobility, quality Genius, talent Gentle, tame 4t2 Get up, rise Gift, present Give, present, offer Glance, look Glib, slippery 417 Glory, honour, splendour, dignity Go back, return Gold, golden Good breeding, good manner* Good fortune, prosperity Good humour, good nature 423 Grave, sedate, serious, staid Great, sublime Great, illustrious Grot, grotto Grow, increase Halt, lame, limping 429 Hankering, longing, having a mind to, desiring, lusting after, wish- ing for Harbour, haven, port Haste, hurry Hasty, passionate, warm Have, hold, posset* Heap, pile 432 435 18 LIST OF SYNONIMOUS WORDS. [Table IV Hear, hearken 436 Heathens, idolaters, infidels, pagans Heaven, paradise Heaviness, weight Heavy, weighty Heir apparent, heir presumptive 441 Herb, plant High, lofty Honesty, integrity, probity Hovel, hut, shed However, in the mean time, never- theless, yet 446 Humour, wit Hurricane, storm, tempest Husband, spouse Idea, imagination, notion, thought Idle, slothful, lazy 451 Ignominy, infamy 111, not well, sick Illegal, illicit Immediately, instantly, now, pre sently 455 Impediment, obstacle, obstruction Impertinent, impudent, saucy Implacable, inexorable, inflexible, relentless Importunate, pressing, urgent 459 Inability, incapacity, insufficiency Inadvertency, inattention Inclose, shut up Incursion, irruption Indigence, necessity, need, poverty want 464 Indolence, sloth, laziness,sluggishness Ineffectually, in vain, to no purpose Inexpressible, unspeakable, unutter- able Infectious, contagious, pestilential Inflexibility, obstinacy, resolution Influence, sway, weight 470 Infringe, transgress, violate In order to, to Insinuate, suggest Instant, moment Instruct, learn, teach Insurrection,- rebellion 476 Intelligence, knowledge, understand- ing Interior, internal, inward Inveigh, rail Joining, union Judgment, sense 481 Justice, law, right Justness, precision Lampoon, satire Lake, pond, pool Landscape, prospect Language, tongue Lasciviousness, wantonness 483 Lay, lie 489 Lead into, lead to Lean, meagre Learn, study Let down, lower Level, smooth 494 Lift, raise Limner, painter Literally, according to letter Little, small Livid, pale, wan Lover, in love 500 Lunacy, insanity, madness Luxury, voluptuousness Madness, delirium, phrenzy Magnificence, pomp, sumptuousness Manifest, proclaim, publish 505 Mariner, sailor, seaman Matter, subject Means, ways Memory, mind, recollection, remem- brance 509 Merchandize, wares Metamorphose, transform Methodical, regular Middle, midst Mine, my, my own 514 Mitigate, moderate, soften Modest, reserved Motion, movement Muse, meditate, study, think Mute, silent Mutual, reciprocal 620 Nation, people Naval, nautical Near, nigh Necessary, ought, should IN ecessity, occasion, opportunity No, not Nothing, no thing 527 Notes, observations, remarks Notorious, public Nourishing, nutritious, nutritive Novel, romance, story, tale Oblation, offering, sacrifice Obiate, oblong, oval 533 Ocean, sea Odoriferous, odorous, fragrant Odour, smell On, upon Opiniative, conceited, prejudiced, pre- possessed 538 Opinion, sentiment, thought Order, rule, command Order, regularity Origin, source Ostentation, parade, pomp, shew Painting, picture Paralogism, sophism 545 Table IV.] LIST OF SYNONIMOUS WORDS. 19 Peace, quiet, tranquillity 546 Penetrating, piercing People, persons, folk Perceive, see Permit, suffer, tolerate Persevere, persist t Perspiration, sweat 552 Persuasion, religion Place, put Pray, intreat, beseech, supplicate Prejudice, prepossession, prevention Prerogative, privilege 557 Presumptive, presumptuous Pretence, pretext Production, work Prospect, view Prudence, understanding, wisdom Purge, purify 563 Quality, talent Quickly, soon, speedily Rank, row Reform, reformation Regret, remorse, repentance, sorrow Reprimand, reprove 569 Remain, stay Restore, return, surrender Retinue, train Rigour, severity Riot, tumult, uproar 574 Road, way Robust, stout, strong, sturdy Rogue, sharper, thiefj villain Rough, rugged 573 Rove, stray, wander 579 Servant, slave, domestic Serviceable, useful Shake, tremble Shall, will Sigh, sob Sign, signal, token 585 So, for this rsason, therefore Sociable, social Spire, steeple Stagger, totter Stammer, stutter 590 Surmise, suspicion Swear, make oath of Teaze, vex Tension, tenseness Testament, will Timber, wood 596 Toward, towards Translation, version Unbelievers, sceptics, atheists, deists Twelve months, a twelvemonth Unemployed, unoccupied Unexampled, unprecedented 602 Unity, peace, concord Universe, world Unnatural, not natural Up, upright Value, worth, price 607 Variation, variety, change While, whilst Wideness, width. 610 D2 ETYMOLOGY. ( 80 ) ETYMOLOGY. DEFINITIONS. L AN Article is a word prefixed to substantives t6 point them oat, and to shew how far their signification extends. 1. The Indefinite Article, A or an, is used in a vague sense, to point out one single thing of the kind — in other respects indeterminate, as a city, a river, a book. 2. The Definite Article, The^ ascertains what particular thing or things are meant, as the milkman, the horses. S. Without an Article, nouns singular are taken in their widest or most general sense, as time h precious, truth is eternal. II. A Substantive, Name, or Noun, is the name of any thing that exists, or of which we have any notion, as Thomas, moun- tain, duty. 1. A Proper Name is the name appropriated to an indivi- dual, as George, London, Thames. 2. A Common Noun is the name given to many individuals of the same sort, as man, beast, bird. III. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word. 1. Personal Pronouns are used for substantives, and signify the person that speaks, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of. 2. Possessive Pronouns are those which relate to property or possession. 3. Relative Pronouns are such as relate, in general, to some word or phrase going before, which is thence called the Antecedent. Interrogative Pronouns are Relatives which have the word or phrase to which they relate, following after them, which is thence called the Consequent. 4. Distributive Pronouns denote that certain persons or things making a number, are taken separately, or individually. 5. Demonstrative Pronouns point out the objects as deter- minate to which they relate. 6. Indefinite Pronouns relate to subjects that are vague or indeterminate. IV. An Adjective, Epithet, or Adnoun, is a word added to a substantive to express its quality. 1. An Adjective in the Positive Degree expresses the qua- lity of an object, simply, and absolutely, or without any increase or diminution. ETYMOLOGY. 21 2. An Adjective in the Comparative Degree expresses the quality of one subject of discourse as greater or less than the like quality in another subject, as He is taller than Any of his brothers. 3. The Superlative Degree expresses excellence, and in re- spect of three or more similar qualities expresses excess or defect in the highest or lowest degree, as the greatest of these is charity. V. A Verb is a word which signifies to Be, to Do, or to Suffer.. It expresses affirmation either directly or indirectly, and includes an idea of time. 1. An Active Verb expresses an action, and necessarily implies an Agent, and an object acted upon, as Alexander conquered the Persians. 2. A Passive Verb expresses Passion, or Suffering, or the receiving of an Action, and necessarily implies a subject acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon, as The Persians were conquered by Alexander. 3. A JSeuter Verb expresses neither Action nor Passion, but simply Being, or else a State of Being ; as To be, to zealk. VI. A Participle* is a part of speech derived from a verb, and construed partly as an adjective and partly as a verb, de- noting a quality or attribute with time. VII. An Adverb is a word added to a verb, noun, adjective, or other adverb, to express some quality or circumstance re- specting them; as he reads aloud, only a boy, truly wise, inimi- tably well. VIII. Prepositions serve to connect words with one another, and to shew the relation between them ; as a map of the world, an excursion to the country, a deliverance from danger. IX. Conjunctions serve to connect sentences with one another, and to reduce two or more simple sentences to one compound sentence. They sometimes serve to connect only words, as The wants of nature are few, and may be easily supplied; but the wants of fancy are innumerable, and occasion much misery to mankind. Two and two are four. 1. A Conjunction Copulative serves to continue or connect a sentence, by expressing an addition, supposition, cause, purpose, wish, &c. 2. A Conjunction Disjunctive continues the sentence, but expresses a weaker or stronger opposition of sense. X. Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of a sentence to express the passions or emotions of the speaker, as Fy! Alas! * Some Grammarians account the Participle a part of the verb, which reduces the number of the Parts of Speech to nine. on Table V.] PARSING TABLE. [Part I. Articles, Pronouns, Preposns Conjunctions, Interjections. 2. 30. 40. 34. 28. S S Ao/ >s f I, myself | 1 Thou, thyself Above f Also r Ah ! 1 Un, About And '^ J Alas! Z< He, himself Across Because 3] Oh! J J The * | She, herself After Both LO! ° [it, itself Against | For My, mine, my own Along Amidst 5 Like * rPoh! r J Pish! 1 1 Pshaw! a LTush! Thy, thine, thy own Among - Likewise ■§ His, his own Amongst Since u Her, hers, her own At So a Our, ours, our own Before That ^ , Bravo ! |^ L Huzza ! t- Your, yours, yonr own Behind Their, theirs, their own Below 'As | L Victory! Beneath But r Who, whoever, whosoever Beside Either £ , Heigh! f-jRealiy! v Which, whichever Between . Neither IH That [ever Betwixt §> Lest S LStrange! What, whatever, whatso- Beyond Or Then ^ iLo! (-Some Over a Therefore S 1 Other Out,outof l< When i r Hist! |«j Any Through ^ W hence ?^ Hush ! To 1 j Whenever % I Hail! ■*• No, none Towards B 1 Wherefore <° l Such Under ?j Wherever -/Allhail! Up 3 [Whether | [Welcome ! Upon With Within Without Homonymy of the above Table explained. Themes. Fronominally. Adverbially, like as Preposstively. Conjunctively. When, so — as As .... Either • • . one of the two ..... because of} instead of $ eitaer — or because neither — nor whereas Neither . • Since • • • not one of the two ■ • • since that time • • So That- • • • Then • • ■ cRel. who, which ■ • • IDem. that same • ■ • comparatively • • at that time • • • in such wise f thus that, or Ithat thus consequently Whether . • Note. 1- — Th which of the two b Pupil will have to consult me Acoueuce ror tlie Pronominal words not spccinec in the above Table, as tliey will be found in the decleusion of Pronouns. Jfrtt 1. — Prepositions used adverbiallv. that is. without a resinrrn. become adverbs of olaoe. Part II.] PARSING TABLE. [Table V. Some Principal Adverbs not endin g in ly. Principal Adverbs ending in /*/. r About l Arter Awry | Generally Abreast Afterwards Better .1 Particularly Along Again & Headlong 5^ Principally Apart Ago |J Rather a; Separately Ashore Already 3 Right Universally Aside Always Well Asunder Anew .Worse i Anciently Backward Aye Continually Below Afresh f First Directly Before Before £ J Once Formerly By Ever S] Twice ° LThrice Frequently Down Henceforth Immediately Downwar Henceforward Incessantly Elsewhere Hereafter i 'Again nt etymology according to its signification. Thus the word long may be an adjective, a verb, or a n adverb, according as it signifies continuation, desire, or distance. 24 ETYMOLOGY. OF RESOLUTION, OR ANALYSIS. In order to refer words to their proper classes or sorts, and to ascertain their various inflections and changes, the following rules, together with a competent knowledge of Syntax, will be useful. I. Commit perfectly to memory the Etymological Table of Articles, Pronouns, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections, and Adverbs, and refer to it as often as occasion may require. II. Make yourself master of the Accidence of Nouns, Pro- nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs. III. Attend also to the subsequent rules of Derivation. IV. The more numerous classes of words, namely, Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs, may be distinguished after this manner; viz. 1. A Noun will admit of a Preposition or the Interjection O ! before it, as with difficulty, O ! Sir ! 1. An Adjective makes sense when joined with the words man, woman, thing, or some other appropriate sub- stantive ; as, av. honest man, a virtuous woman, a good rule, a vitiated taste. 3. A Verb admits of a Personal Pronoun before it ; as also of a Noun, or the Preposition To; as, We beseech, they ure instructed, the men wonder, to see. 4. Words ending in cd are verbs, or participles ; such as end in ing are nouns, adjectives, or verbs ; and most words ending in ly are adveibs. V. The same word is often used in different senses, and con- sequently often belongs to different parts of speech, in a case of which kind it is best to consider whether the word in question expresses a name, a quality, an affirmation, or a circumstance, by which it will immediately appear whether the word is a noun, adjective, verb, or adverb, according to the Definitions. VI. When That is used for who, or which, it is a Relative Pronoun ; when it signifies the same, or the former, it is a de- monstrative Pronoun; and when it admits of the phrase in order, or of a short pause and the word thus before it, or when it sig- nifies because, it is a Conjunction. In like manner, by the sense, are distinguished the Pronouns and Conjunctions both, either, neither; and the Preposition and Conjunction for. VII. When Prepositions and Conjunctions are not use4 a* Connectives, they are Adverbs. 3 ETYMOLOGY. ACCIDENCE. The Inflections of the English Language are but few. The Declinable Parts of Speech are three, viz. Noun, Pro- noun, and Verb. The Indeclinable Parts of Speech are seven ; viz. Article, Adjective, Participle, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.* ACCIDENCE OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. Definitions. I. Gender is the distinction of sex. 1. The Masculine Gender denotes the male sex, as a man, a lion, he. 2. The Feminine Gender denotes the female sex, as a woman, a lioness, she. 3. The Neuter Gender signifies neither male nor female, as a river, a mountain, it.f II. Number is the consideration of an object as one or more. 1. The Singular Number expresses but one object. 2. The Plural Number expresses more objects than one.J III. Case is the form whjch nouns and pronouns assume in consequence of their relation to other words. 1. The Nominative Case, Leading State, or Subject, sim- ply indicates the name of an object, or the subject of an affirmation, or address. 2. The Possessive or Genitive Case expresses the relation of property or possession. 3. The Objective, Accusative, Following State, or Case of Regimen, expresses the object of an action, or of a relation. IV. Person is the relation that subsists between the leading subjects of discourse. 1. The First Person is the person who speaks : the sign is I, or We. * The English Accidence, to speak grammatically, is said to treat of the Declension of Nouns and Pronouns, of the Comparison of Adjectives, and of the Conjugation of Verbs. The Accidents of Nouns and Pronouns are four, viz. Gender, Number, Case, and Person. The Genders are three, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter; the Numbers two, Singular and Plural; and the Cases three, Nominative, Possessive, and Objective; and the Persons three, First, Second, and Third. It may be doubted whether Person be strictly an Accident, as it never produces any change in the word ; but the name has been retained by Grammarians, to prevent an inconvenient accu- mulation ef technical terms. + Gender is sometimes r'igurative, as when we call the sun he, the moon she, a child it. % Number is Figurative when we and you are used instead of land thou. E 26 ETYMOLOGY. 2. The Second Person is the person spoken to : the sign is thou, ye, or you, or a noun preceded by an interjection. 3. The Third Person is the person spoken of, and is repre- sented by the Pronoun he, and all other words, ex- cepting the signs of the first and second Persons.* DECLENSION OF NOUNS. Declension, exclusive of the consideration of Gender, is the variation of words by Numbers and Cases. In English there is but one Declension of Substantives. RULES FOR THE GENDER. I. In English, the Gender of Nouns is determined by the sex. Except child) neuter. II. Many Nouns are of the common gender, that is, mascu- ine or feminine, as friend, enemy. III. Some Masculines have appropriate Feminines. 1. The Masculine and Feminine are unlike. 2. The Masculine and Feminine differ in termination. 3. The Masculine and Feminine differ by composition. — Thus, 1. The Masculine and Feminine are unlike. Masc. Fern. Masc. Fern. 1. Bachelor Maid Horse Mare Beau Belle Husband Wife Boar Sow King Queen Boy Girl Lad Lass Brother Sister Lord Lady Buck Doe Man Woman Bull Cow Master Mistress Cock Hen Milter Spawner Dog Bitch Nephew Niece Drake Duck Ram Ewe Earl Countess Sloven Slut Father Mother Son Daughter Hind Friar Nun Stag Gander Goose Steer Heifer Gentleman Lady Uncle 1 Wizard Aunt Hart Roe Witch * Remark. — The word Person has in Accidence three distinct meanings. 1st. it signifies the Person of the subject, or Nominative to the Verb, in which case it is common to all Nominatives, as in the above definitions. 2dly, it distinguishes Rational Beings from such as are Irrational, in ■which sense tcho is said to relate to Persons, and which to Inferior Animals, or Inanimate Things. 3dly, it distinguishes Animate from Inanimate Objects, as when we say that an Impersonal Verb i* that which has its Nominative always a Thing, and never a Person. ETYMOLOGY. 27 2. The Masculine and Feminine differ in termination. Masc. Abbot Actor Administrator Adulterer Ambassador Arbiter Author Baron Bridegroom Benefactor Caterer Chanter Conductor Count Deacon Duke Elector Emperor Enchanter Executor Governor Heir Hero Hunter Fern. Masc. Fern. Abbess Host Hostess Actress Jew Jewess Administratrix Landgrave Landgravine Adultress Lion Lioness Ambassadress Margrave Margravine Arbitress Marquis Marchioness Authoress Mayor Mayoress Baroness Patron Patroness Bride Peer Peeress Benefactress Poet Poetess Cateress Priest Priestess Chantress Prince Princess Conductress Prior Prioress Countess Prophet Prophetess Deaconess Protector Protectress Duchess Songster Songstress Electress Sorcerer Sorceress Empress Sultan Sultan -a or -ess Enchantress Tiger Tigress Executrix Traitor Traitress Governess Tutor Tutoress Heiress Viscount Viscountess Heroine Votary Votaress Huntress Widower Widow The Masculine and Feminine differ by composition. 3. A cock-sparrow A hen-sparrow A peacock A peahen A dog-fox A bitch-fox A he-boar A she-bear A he-cat A she-cat A he-goat A she-goat A man-servant A maid-servant A male child A female child RULES FOR THE PLURAL. I. The Plural of English Nouns terminates in s, es, ies, or ves. 1 . The Plural is generally formed b} T adding 5 to the singular. 2. If the singular end in c h soft, 5, ss, or x, the Plural is formed bv adding es. The termination o has some- times s and sometimes es. 3. The termination y is changed into ies, and f or fe into ves in the plural, as enemies-, loaves, wives. Bat y pre- ceded by a vowel is not changed, as boy, boys. II. The Singular and Plural are sometimes alike; as, Alms, amends, deer, means, news, pains, riches, sheep, swine ; also ethics, mathematics, metaphysics, optics, pneumatics, politics. III. Some Nouns are defective, having only one number, as 1. Singular — gratitude, zoisdom, wheat, pitch, gold, #c. 2. Plural — scissors, bellows, lungs, ashes, thanks, fyc. IV. Proper names want the plural. V. Several foreign, ancient, and indigenous names, vary from the preceding rules, and form their plurals irregularly, as Grief, griefs; relief, reliefs; reproof, reproofs; child, children; brother* brothers, or brethem ; man, men ; woman, women ; alderman, aldermen ; ox, E 2 oxen; 28 ETYMOLOGY. oxen; foot, feet; goose, geese; tooth, teeth; mouse, mice; die, dice, or dies \ penny, pence or pennies ; brother-in-law, brothers-in-law ; daughter-in-law, daughters-in-law; son-in-law, sons-in-law ; cousin-german, cousins-german. Antithesis, antitheses; apparatus, apparatus; appendix, appendices or ap- pendixes ; arcanum, arcana; automaton, automata; axis, axes; basis, bases ; beau, beaux; cherub, cherubim; calx, calces; crisis, crises; criterion, criteria ; datum, data; diagresis, diaereses; effluvium, effluvia; ellipsis, ellipses; em- phasis, emphases; encomium, encomia; erratum, errata; genius, genii or geniuses; genus, genera; hypothesis, hypotheses; hiatus, hiatus; index, in- dices or indexes; lamina, laminae; , literati; magus, magi; medium, media; memorandum, memoranda; metamorphosis, metamorphoses; minu- tia, minutiae; Monsieur, Messieurs ; phenomenon, phaenomena ; radius, radii ; seraph, seraphim ; series, series; species, species ; stamen, stamina ; stratum, strata; vortex, vortices. RULES FOR THE CASES. I. The Possessive Case is formed by adding 's or ' to the Nominative. 1. The Possessive Singular generally ends in ? s ; but when the Nominative ends in s, x, or z, and especially in ss, the s is sometimes omitted, but the apostrophe ' retained. 2. The Possessive Plural adds only an apostrophe ' to the Nominative in s ; when the Nominative does not end in s, the Possessive has 's. 3. The Possessive Case is generally wanting in Common Nouns which have but one number. 4. The Possessive Case is most commonly supplied by the Preposition of before the Noun. II. The Objective Case is always like the Nominative. EXAMPLES. 1. Without an Article. i{ Norn. Man . p-AW Men Poss. Man's ^ << Poss. Men's Obj. Man * Wbj. Men 2. With the Indefinite Article. Norn. A King fi rNom. Kings Poss. A King's ~§ -< Poss. Kings' Obj. A King * Wbj. Kings 3. With the Definite Article. . rNom. The Mother . rNom. The Mothers Si Poss. The Mother's J\Obj. He His Him . rNom* MJ Poss. *Wbj. It It's It . rNom. M < Poss. They Their's Them . r Nom. &i Poss. *> IObj. Who Whose Whom ^ rNom. -3 ■) Poss. *■ [ Obj. Who Whose Whom . r Nom. * I Poss. * IObj. Which Whose* of which Which . rNo?n. J < Poss. * l Obj. Which Whose, of which Which . r A r o??j. ^ Poss. 83 Wbj. One One's One . rNom. jj < POSS. * Wbj. Ones Ones' Ones . r Nom. %>J Poss. * Wbj. Other Other's Other ~ rNom. •3 < Poss. * [ Obj. Others Others' Others f • Note.— That whose is seldom used as the Possessive of which. i ZVbfe.—That one and other are declinable when used substantive!^ but indeclinable when used adjecUvely, so ETYMOLOGY. The Pronouns variable on account of Number, are the following : viz. Singular. Myself Thyself Himself 3 I Herself £ [itself Each Every t Either & < Neither This That Whether Plural. Ourselves Yourselves Themselves Themselves Themselves All All Both These Those 3. The Indeclinable Pronouns are, 1st. all the Possessives, viz. my, mine, or my own ; thy, thine, or thy oxvn ; his, or his own ; her, hers, or her own ; our, ours, or our own ; your, yours, or your own ; their, theirs, or their own ; 2dly the Relatives, that and zvhat ; and 3dly the Indefinites, any, some, none, such ; to- gether with same, Demonstrative. OF ADJECTIVES. Adjectives are Indeclinable; but some of them have only a Singular, and others only a Plural signification ; as 1. Singular. — One, single, infinite, universal, much. 2. Plural. — Two, three, four, &c. few, many, several, more. Adjectives admit of comparison ; except such as signify im- mensity, supremacy, perfection, or an absolute quality. I. The Positive Degree does not change the form of the Adjective. II. In general, Adjectives are compared by prefixing to them the words more or less, to form the comparative ; and most, very, or least, to form the superlative. III. Adjectives, being Monosyllables and Dissyllables, end- ing in y, also form the Comparative, by adding r or er, and the Superlative, by adding st or est to the Positive. IV. Indefinite Comparison is made by prefixing the words somewhat, little, still, nearly, almost, so, too, exceedingly, and others, to the Adjective. Also by adding the termination is* to the Positive. V. Double Comparisons are improper. ETYMOLOGY. SI IRREGULAR COMPARISON. 5. Positive. Comparative, Superlative* Good Better Best Bad Worse Worst Much, many More Most Little Less Least Late Later, Latest, last T.atfpr Last Eldest, oldest Old Elder, older Former Hinder Uppei First Hindermost Uppermost Nether Inner Outer Nethermost Innermost Outermost T /HB«rmn!f * T nivpr The following Adjectives admit not of Comparison. Almighty Free Reverend Certain Full Right Chief Godly Royal Circular Golden Safe Conscious Gratuitous Serene Continual Heavenly Solid Dead Human Sound Earthly Infinite Square Empty Lawful Subject Extreme Leaden Supreme Eternal Living Triangular Everlasting Natural True False Paternal Universal Filial Perfect Void Fluid Perpetual Note. — That latter seems to be positive, becausa it is never used in compariaon, and becaus* adverbs in ly, as latterly, are never derived from comparatives in er. 32 ETYMOLOGY, ACCIDENCE OF VERBS. Definitions. I. Voice is that form of the verb which distinguishes action from passion, or doing from suffering. J . The Active Voice shews the doing of an action. %. The Passive Voice shews the suffering of an action. II. Mood, or Mode, is a particular form of the verb, shewing the manner in which the being, action, or passion, is represented. 1. The Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares the attribute or quality of the verb, or it asks a question. 2. The Potential Mood implies possibility, liberty, power, will, or obligation. 3. The Subjunctive Mood, so called because it is gene- rally preceded by another verb, as well as by a con- junction, expresses a condition, motive, wish, doubt, or supposition. 4. The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, ex- horting, in treating, or permitting. 5. The Infinitive Mood expresses the meaning of the verb indefinitely, that is, without any immediate re- ference to number or person.* III. Tense is the distinction of time. 1. The Present Tense represents an action or event as passing at the time it is mentioned. 2. The Imperfect Tense represents the action or event either as finished or past, or as remaining unfinished, at a certain time past. 3. The Perfect Tense represents an action or event as past or finished. 4. The Pluperfect Tense represents an action or event as finished or past antecedently to some other past action or event. 5. The First Future Tense represents an action or event as yet to come, the time of the action or event being either definite or indefinite. Note.— The Accidents of Verbs are five, viz. Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person. There ftre two Voices, the Active and Passive; rive Moods, the Indicative, Potential, Subjunctive, Impe- rative, and Infinitive ; six Tenses, the Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, and First and Second futures; two Numbers, the Singular and Plural; and three Persons, the First, Second, and Third. * See the Preface, which contains some remarks on the Infinitive Mood. ETYMOLOGY. 33 6. The Second Future Tense intimates that the action or event will be fully accomplished at or before the time of another future action or event. IV. Number is that form which Verbs have in agreement with the leading subjects of discourse, considered as one or more. 1 . The Singular Number is that form of the Verb which agrees with a Singular Nominative. 2. The Plural Number is that form of the Verb which agrees with a Plural Nominative. V. Person is that form which Verbs have in agreement with the leading subjects of discourse, considered as speaking, spoken of, or spoken to. 1. The First Person agrees with the Person or Persons speaking, and follows the sign I, or We. 2. The Second Person agrees with the Person or Persons spoken to, and follows the sign Thou, Ye, or You, or any Noun preceded by an Interjection. 3. The Third Person agrees with the Person, Persons, Thing or Things spoken of, and follows the sign He, or They, or any other word except I, We, Thou, Ye, or You, CONJUGATION OF VERBS. The Conjugation of Verbs is the rightly putting together of their several parts, according to Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person. The Conjugation of an Active Verb is termed the Active Voice, and that of a Passive Verb, the Passive Voice. A Regular Verb forms the Imperfect of the Indicative and the Perfect Participle in ed or d. An Irregular Verb forms the Imperfect of the Indicative and the Perfect Participle, or one of them, in some other ter- mination than ed or d. A Defective Verb is used only in some of its Moods and Tenses. An Impersonal Verb is used only in the third Person Sin- gular, and has its Nominative always a Thing, and never a Person. An Auxiliary Verb is that which is used, or assists, in the conjugation of other verbs, as do, have, be, will, shall, may, can. * The only Accidents common to Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs, are those of Number and Person, Verbs having no Accidents ot Gender and Case, and Kouns and Pronouns having none of Voice, Mood, and Tens«. ETYMOLOGY. RULES FOR THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 3. There is in English but one Conjugation of Verbs. The division of verbs into active, passive, and neuter, and into regular and irregular, forms no exception to the rule. The distinction of regular and irregular takes place only in the Active Voice or form. 2. All Moods have not an equal number of Tenses. The Indicative ha*, six Tenses, the Potential four, the Infinitive two, and the Imperative one.—. The Subjunctive Mood in its first form has six Tenses, and in its second four, analogically to the Indicative and Potential forms. 3. Those Tenses which have a simple form are the Present and Imperfect Tenses of the Indicative and 1st Subjunctive Moods/ iie Second Person of the Present of the Imperative, and the Present of the Infinitive. 4. The Compound Tenses are, the Perfect, Pluperfect, and First and Se- cond Futures, in whatever Mood they be. 5. The Simple Tenses may be changed into a compound form, but the Compound Tenses cannot be changed into a simple form. 6. The Signs do, shall, will, may, can, require to be followed by the Present of the Infinitive of the principal verb ; — the sign be is followed by either the present or perfect participle, and the sign have is followed only by the perfect participle. These signs are 7. Passive Verbs have no simple Tenses— they are conjugated with the help of the verb to be. 8; In Neuter Verbs the form of the conjugation generally agrees with that of Active verbs; — sometimes it is Passive. 9. The Second Person Singular of verbs ends in st, or t, except in the Im- perative, and first three Tenses of the 1st Subjunctive The third Person singular of the Present of the Indicative ends in s or th. The other Persons are like the first, in the several Tenses. 10. In the Compound Tenses of Irregular Verbs, the form of the Imperfect of the Indicative is sometimes improperly used for the Perfect Participle — as I have wrote, for / have written — / have shook, for / have shaken. 11. The Present Participle ends always in ing, the Perfect Participle in ed, t, or n. A few Participles end in w/and ?ik. The Participle of come is come — and a few others may be equally irregular. 12. The terminations ch, ck, p, x, 11, ss, of the Present, sometimes change ed of the Imperfect Tense, or of the Perfect Participle into t, as snacht, pluckt, snapt,fixt, dwelt, past. The same thing happens after the terminations /, m t n, p, preceded by a diphthong, the diphthong moreover being shortened, as in dealt, dreamt", slept. Likewise the termination ve is changed into ft, as bereave, bereft, leave, left. 13. Irregular Verbs are found to be for the most part monosyllabic— ori- ginally, perhaps, they are all so. ETYMOLOGY. 35 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TENSES OF ENGLISH VERBS. There are properly but three Tenses or Times, the Past, Present, and Fu- ture, although each of these admits of modifications in the signification, and generally in the form. 1. The Tenses, with respect both to time and action, are definite or indefinite, as t. I love I am loving I do love I have loved :. / loved I wp,s loving I did love I had loved I shall love I shall be loving I icill love I shall have loved. But that which is of itself indefinite may become definite by the addition of adverbs, or known circumstances, to the sentence. And sometimes defi- nites and indefinites are used promiscuously by the agreement of the Indica- tive and Subjunctive forms of the Verb or by the licence of rhetoric. 2. The Tenses Indefinite, by themselves, as to time and action, are these [ love I do love I loved I did love I shall love I will love The signs do, did, and will, are termed Emphatic. 3. The following Tenses are Indefinite, by themselves, as to time, but De- finite as to action I am loving I have loved I was loving I had loved I shall be loving I shall have loved The former shew the progress of an action, the latter its accomplish- ment. 4. The two forms of the First Future are not to be used indiscriminately. I shall love I will love Thou wilt love- Thou sbalt love He will love He shall love We shall love We will love Ye will love Ye shall love They will love They shall love The first form. 7 shall love, &c. affirmatively, denotes simple futurity; but interrogatively, it denotes futurity, with necessity, duty, or obligation. The second form, I will love, &c. on the contrary, used affirmatively, de- notes futurity, with necessity, duty, obligation, or choice—but interroga- tively, simple futurity. Lastly, Shall is used in all the persons, when they are represented as the subjects of their own thoughts or expressions, as do you think j ou shall fmd it V Does he say he shall come ? He says he shall come. 5. The signs may, can, shall, will, form absolute tenses ; might, could, would, should, form tenses sometimes absolute, and sometimes conditional. May and might, express liberty; can and could, power and ability. Shall and zcUl have been explained above, in Article 4, F 2 CONJUGATION of an ACTIVE VERB, TO LOVE. ijft L3. it £J2. 3 18. si* ft. 13. INDICATIVE 3JOOD. Present Tense. . I love, or do love Thuu lovest, or dost love . He loveth, or does love . We love, or do love . Ye love, or do love . They love, or do love Freterimperfect Tense. . I loved, or did love Thou lovedst, or didst love He loved, or did love We loved, or did love , Ye loved, or did love They loved, or did love Preterperfect Tense. I have loved Thou hast loved He has loved We have loved Ye have loved They have loved Pretcr pluperfect Tense. I had loved Thou hadst loved He had lo\ed We had loved Ye had loved They had loved First Future Tense. WE • Is. It 1. 1 shall or will love , . Thou shalt or wilt love 3. He shall or will love 1. We shall or will love 2. Ye shall or will love 3. They shall or wiii love Second Future Tense. 1. I shall have loved hou wilt hi*;e loved e will have loved 1. We shall have loved 2. Ye will have loved *« L$: They will have loved l. is SpJ 2. Ti ^ 13. H ft s Is. POTENTIAL MOOD. Present Tense. . rl. I may or can love .k«J 2. Thou mayst or canst iove 60 ^-3. He may or can love . rl. We may or can love 1^2. Ye may or can love ^ ^3* They may or can love Preterimperfect Tense. . I might, could, would, or should love . ThotTmightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst love . He might, could, would, or should love . We might, could, would, or should love . Ye might, could, would, or should love . They might, could, would, or should love Preterperfect Tense. . rl.J may or can have loved .2J 2. Love thou, or do thou love I 13. Let him love . A. Let us love s J 2. Love ye, or do ye love ^ Is. Let them love INFINITIVE MOOD. Present Tense, Perfect Tense To love To have loved PARTICIPLES. Present Perfect Compound Terfect Loving Loved Having loved 38 CONJUGATION of a PASSIVE VERB. TO BE LOVED. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. •SI 2. «* IS. I am loved 2. Thou art loved -3. He is loved ,; 'r 1. We are loved -H *< 2. Ye are loved ** l 3. They are loved Preterimperfect Tense. „• pi. I was loved .£ C< j 2. Thou wast loved ^ "-3. He was loved . pi. We were loved .£ <; 2. Ye were loved ^ 1-3. They were loved Preterperfect Tense. f 1. 1 have been loved §P«j 2. Thou hast been loved £ L3. He has been loved ^ r 1. We have been loved 4j < % Ye have been loved ^ *-S. They have been loved Preterpluperfect Tense. rl. I had been loved jW 2. Thou hadst been loved £ «-3. He had been loved 1. We had been loved j^pj 2. Ye had been loved <2 13. Thev had been loved a, I: Ffrrf Future Tense. 1. I shall or will be loved 2. Thou shall or wilt be loved & 13. He shall or will be loved 1. We shall or will be loved e * L 3. They have done » Preter pluperfect Tense. 1. 1 had done Thou hadst done He had done .1. We had done 2* Ye had done - ' I s. They had done 01 is. £ fi- ll 2 - Few? Future Tense. 1, 1 shall or will do 2. Thou shalt or wilt do 3. He shall or will do We shall or will do Ye shall or will do 3. They shall or will do Second Future Tense. 1. 1 shall have done 2. Thou wilt have done 3. He will have done We shall have done have done ill have done rl. Wesha <^ 2. Ye will 1 3. Thev wi r 1 - POTENTIAL MOOD. Present Tense. • rl. I may or can do .* < 2. Thou mayst or canst do 00 ^3. He may or can do . rl. We may or can do ^ s 2. Ye may or can do ** 1-3. They may or can do Preterimperfect Tense. I might, could, would, or should do Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst d« '<% 13. He might, could, would, or should do 1. We might, could, would, or should do Ye might, could, would, or should do They might, could, would, or should do Preterperfect Tense. - rl. I may or can have done g< 2. Thou mayst or canst have done 00 ^3. He may or can have done ^ C 1 . We may or can have done ►S < 2 Ye may or can have done ^ ^3. They may or can have done Preterpluperfect Tense. 1. 1 might, could, would, or should 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst 2 2. He might, could, would, or should I -% . rl. We might, could, would, or should il < 2. Ye might, could, would, or should ** 1 3. They might, could, would, or should !{ Note. — As an Auxiliary, the verb to Do is used only in the Tenses, do and did, of the Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative, in which last it is Jouuued only in the Secoud Person. 41 IRREGULAR CONJUGATION. 1st SUBJUNCTIVE. Present Tense. *ri. ft?- I do Thou do 3. He do g rl.Wedo -2^2. Ye do * L 3. They do *5 J Preterimperfect Tense. 1. 1 did 2. Thou did 3. He did . A. We did 4