BR 
 
 V47 
 
 ag Sbort Catecbism 
 
 OF- 
 
 CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 FOR THE — - 
 
 Irigbcr $ra&es of CatboUc Scboote, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev, % 9* Oecbteritig* 
 
 ST. LOIJIS, MO., i«o». 
 Published by B. HERDER, 
 
 17 SOUTH BROADWAY. 
 
 MM 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 ChapZBJ? Copyright No. X^Q 
 Shelf-... .©3 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
Short Catechism 
 
 OF 
 
 CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Higher Grades of Catholic Schools* 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV- > f H, Oechtering. 
 
 Second Edition. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MO., 1899, 
 
 Published by B, HERDER, 
 
 1 7 South Broadway. 
 
43196 
 
 NIHIL OBSTAT. 
 
 F. G. Hoi/weck, 
 
 Censor Theologicus. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo., January 16th, 1899. 
 
 A 
 
 <\ 
 
 V 
 
 F& 
 
 IMPRIMATUR. 
 
 f John J. Kain, 
 
 Archbishop of St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo., January 18th, 1899. 
 
 Copyright, 1899, by Jos. GUMMERSBACH. 
 TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 
 
 SECOND COPY, 
 
 !IS 
 
 
 (n) 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 TTHE Catechism of Church History which is 
 * herewith presented to the public, will receive a 
 cordial welcome from our Catholic teachers. The 
 educational value of history is universally conceded, 
 and no history has such lessons of wisdom and con- 
 duct to teach as that of the Church, which is the 
 continuation of the life and work of Our Divine 
 Lord. It is His permanent, visible presence in the 
 world. It is the continuous verification of His 
 words that the gates of hell shall not prevail. It is 
 all-important, therefore, that the young be made 
 acquainted with the leading facts of Church History, 
 and a Catechism of Church History offers the simplest 
 and most effective means of imparting to them this 
 knowledge. The author of the present volume has 
 had long experience as a pastor and teacher, and it 
 is confidently believed that in publishing this work, 
 he renders a genuine service to our schools. 
 
 J. C7 SpIlding, 
 
 Bishop of Peoria. 
 Peoria, March 10, 1899. 
 
 (in) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Introduction. Page. 
 Christ and His Church V 
 
 Chapter I. 
 The Foundation of the Church and its Beginning 1 
 
 Chapter II. 
 The Persecutions by the Roman Emperors 7 
 
 Chapter III. 
 Constantine's Conversion. — The Great Heresies arid the 
 Fathers of the Church 13 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 Monastic Life 21 
 
 Chapter V. 
 The Church and the Barbarian Nations of Europe 23 
 
 Chapter VI. 
 Origin of Church Property and the Temporal Power of the 
 Popes 30 
 
 Chapter VII. 
 Mohammedanism. — The Greek Schism 33 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 The Crusades 37 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 Church and State in the Middle Ages 43 
 
 Chapter X. 
 Benefits which the Church bestowed upon the World during 
 the Middle Ages 50 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 The So-called Reformation, or the Apostasy of Protestantism, 51 
 
 Chapter XII. 
 Council of Trent, 1545-1563, and its Results 65 
 
 Chapter XIII.. 
 The Eighteenth Century 71 
 
 Chapter XIV. 
 The Nineteenth Century 77 
 
 L,ist of the Popes 85 
 
 (iv) 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Christ and His Church. 
 
 Q. What is the central and greatest event 
 in the history of God's dealings with man ? 
 
 R. The central and greatest event in 
 the history of God's dealings with man 
 is the Redemption of the world by Jesus 
 Christ, the Son of God. 
 
 Q. Had this event been foretold in ancient 
 times * 
 
 R. The coming of the Redeemer had 
 been promised by God to our first parents 
 after their fall, and this promise had been 
 renewed to the patriarchs of old. 
 
 Q. Did the hope of the coming' Redeemer 
 remain alive in the ancient world ? 
 
 R. The heathen nations, who had 
 apostatized from God and fallen into 
 idolatry, retained only an obscure and 
 distorted tradition of the future incarna- 
 tion of God and the Redemption. 
 
 Note. — Suetonius and Tacitus, writers of an- 
 cient pagan Rome, have left it on record that 
 about the time of the birth of Christ the world 
 was full of rumors about a mysterious power, 
 which, according to old traditions, was to rise 
 in Palestine and rule the whole world. 
 
 (J. Which people was chosen by God in 
 this general apostasy to preserve fully the 
 hope of the coming Redeemer I 
 
 R. The people of Israel was chosen 
 
 by God to fully preserve the hope of the 
 
 (v) 
 
VI 
 
 coming Redeemer, and to prepare and 
 foreshadow the coming kingdom of God 
 on earth. 
 
 Q. How did God sustain Israel in this 
 mission 2 
 
 R. God sustained Israel in this sacred 
 mission by frequent prophecies and His 
 miraculous protection and guidance of 
 the nation. 
 
 Q. When did God fulfill his promise of 
 the coming' Redeemer ? 
 
 R. God fulfilled his promise and 
 prophecies about the coming Redeemer 
 when he sent His only begotten Son, 
 who was conceived by the Holy Ghost 
 and born of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Q. How has Christ redeemed the world i 
 
 R. Christ has redeemed the world by 
 his passion and death on the cross. 
 
 Q. What has Christ done in order to insure 
 for all times to the world the fruits of His 
 redemption 2 
 
 R. In order to insure for all times to 
 the world the fruits of His redemption, 
 He established His Church. 
 
 Q. How did Christ establish His Church 2 
 
 R. Christ established His Church by 
 choosing and appointing His apostles as 
 bishops over His flock, and one of them, 
 
VII 
 
 St. Peter, as the supreme head. "Thou 
 art Peter, and upon this rock I will build 
 my Church." (Matt. 16, 18.) 
 
 Q. Which powers did Christ give to His 
 Church, in order to bring- the fruits of the 
 Redemption to mankind I 
 
 R. Christ gave to His Church a three- 
 fold power: 
 
 1. To teach all nations His divine 
 truth. (Matt. 28, 19-20.) 
 
 2. To administer His grace by the 
 Holy Sacrifice of the altar and the Sac- 
 raments. (St. Luke 22, 19; St. Matt. 28, 
 19; St. John 20,23.) 
 
 3. To guide and rule the lambs and 
 sheep of His flock. (St. John 21, 17.) 
 
 Q. How did Christ enable His Church to 
 fulfill this dhine commission ? 
 
 R. 1. He promised that He would be 
 with His Church even unto the consum- 
 mation of the world. (Matt. 28, 13.) 
 
 2. He sent the Holy Ghost to abide 
 with His Church for ever. (St. John, 
 14, 16.) 
 
 Q. What, therefore, is the character of 
 the Church I 
 
 R. The Church is a divine institution 
 consisting of men, but possessing the 
 abiding presence of Jesus Christ and the 
 continual assistance and guidance of the 
 Holy Ghost. 
 
VIII 
 
 Q. By what titles has the Church been 
 called in Holy Scriptures ? 
 
 R. 1. In the Old Testament the 
 prophet calls her the kingdom of the Mes- 
 sias, which is to be without end. (Is. 9,7.) 
 
 2. Jesus Christ calls her His Church, 
 against which the gates of hell shall not 
 prevail. (Math. 16, 18.) The one fold 
 under one shepherd. (John 10, 16.) The 
 light of the world, the city seated on a 
 mountain that cannot be hid. (Math. 5, 
 14.) The kingdom of heaven. (Math. 
 16, 19.) 
 
 3. St. Paul calls her the ground and 
 pillar of truth. (I. Tim. 3, 15.) The 
 flock of Christ wherein the Holy Ghost 
 hath placed the bishops to rule. (Act. 
 20, 28.) In his letter to the Ephesians 
 (Chap. 5) he describes her as the immac- 
 ulate spouse of Christ, and in I. Cor., 12, 
 as "the visible body of Christ, whose 
 members the faithful are." 
 
 NOTE.— The history of the Church is the 
 record of her career through time and of the 
 fulfillment of her divine mission on earth. Ac- 
 cording to His promise, Christ is with her, 
 teaches, gives grace, and rules through her; and 
 she shares with Him the hatred of hell and the 
 opposition of the world, as she is destined to 
 share his eternal glory in heaven. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Foundation of the Church and 
 Its Beginning:. 
 
 Q. Who founded the Church I 
 
 R. Christ founded the Church and 
 gave her the divine commission to lead 
 mankind to salvation by teaching His 
 divine truth and administering the means 
 of grace. On Pentecost day He sent the 
 Holy Ghost to abide with His Church, 
 forever, as her guiding and life-giving 
 principle. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the world 
 when the Church commenced her mission ? 
 
 R. All nations, except the Jews, 
 adored false gods, idols, and even beasts. 
 They worshipped them by foul crimes 
 and even human sacrifices. Immorality 
 prevailed and the rights of God and man 
 were spurned. 
 
 Q. What was the attitude of the Jews 1 
 
 R. They retained the belief in the one 
 true God, but rejected and crucified the 
 Son of God, the Messias, who had been 
 promised to them by God and announced 
 by their prophets. 
 
Q. What did the Apostles do after the de- 
 scent of the Holy Grost ? 
 
 R. They went to preach the gospel 
 to the whole world. St. Peter established 
 his see at Antioch, but later removed it 
 to Rome, where he was crucified during 
 the persecution of Nero in the year 67, 
 June the 29th. 
 
 St. Paul made four great voyages and 
 brought the gospel to Cyprus, Asia 
 Minor, Greece, Italy and Spain. After 
 a life of incessant apostolic labors he was 
 martyred at Rome. 
 
 St. James, the brother of St. John, la- 
 bored in Judaea, and as tradition states, 
 also in Spain. He was beheaded under 
 King Herod Agrippa (A. D. 43.) 
 
 St. John became bishop of Ephesus 
 and directed the churches of Asia Minor 
 until he died of old age about the year 100. 
 
 St. James, the Less, became bishop of 
 Jerusalem and was called the Just on ac- 
 count of his holiness. For professing 
 that Christ is sitting at the right hand of 
 God, he was cast from the wall of the 
 temple and slain with a fuller's club in 
 the year 63. 
 
 St. Andrew preached in Southern Rus- 
 sia and on the coast of the Black Sea. 
 He died, nailed to the cross, at Patras in 
 Greece. 
 
St. Philip died at Hierapolis in Phrygia, 
 Asia Minor. St. Bartholomew went to 
 Armenia, where he received the crown 
 of martyrdom, being flayed alive. 
 
 St. Thomas is said to have gone to 
 India; St. Jude Thaddeus,to Syria, Meso- 
 potamia, and Persia; St. Simon, to Egypt, 
 Northern Africa, and Babylon. St. Mat- 
 thias is said to have come into the 
 countries south of the Caucasus, and 
 St. Matthew, to the countries south of 
 the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Q. How was the preaching 1 of the Apostles 
 confirmed I 
 
 R. The preaching of the Apostles was 
 confirmed by their numerous miracles, 
 the holiness of their lives, their heroic sac- 
 rifice of all earthly things, and especially 
 by the shedding of their blood in testi- 
 mony of the truth. 
 
 Q. How did the Apostles succeed with the 
 Jews I 
 
 R. Although many were converted, 
 the majority and the leaders of the na- 
 tion not only remained obstinate, but 
 persecuted the Christians. Therefore, 
 God rejected them and delivered them 
 into the hands of their enemies. In the 
 year 70, Jerusalem was destroyed by the 
 Roman army under Titus. A million of 
 
_ 4 _ 
 
 Jews perished in the war, forty thousand 
 were crucified, many were sold as slaves, 
 and the rest were scattered throughout 
 the world. 
 
 Q. What was the Apostles' success among 
 the heathens ? 
 
 R. The Apostles converted great 
 numbers of heathens in many lands. In 
 the prominent cities of the Roman empire 
 congregations were formed over which 
 they placed their disciples as bishops and 
 priests, and from them the Christian re- 
 ligion spread in ever-widening circles. 
 
 For instance, St. Paul appointed his disciple 
 Titus as bishop of the island of Crete, and in- 
 structed him to ordain and send bishops to the 
 different districts. St. Peter sent his disciple 
 St. Mark to Alexandria, whence Christianity 
 spread over all Egypt. 
 
 St. Justin wrote about the year 150: "There 
 is no people, neither among the barbarians, nor 
 the Greeks, nor any known tribe, where pray- 
 ers and thanksgivings are not offered to God in 
 the name of Christ Crucified." 
 
 Q, From whom came this wonderful suc- 
 cess? 
 
 R. Such wonderful success could come 
 from God only ; for, to the proud and 
 immoral heathen the doctrine of Christ 
 Crucified seemed folly, and the practice of 
 humility and Christian virtue, a moral 
 impossibility. 
 
— 5 — 
 
 Q. Which of the Apostles hare left us 
 sacred writings I 
 
 R. St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John, St. 
 Matthew, St. James, St. Jude Thaddeus, 
 and two disciples of the Apostles, St. 
 Luke and St. Mark. 
 
 Their writings form the New Testa- 
 ment, and have been received by the 
 Church into her list of inspired books, 
 called the "Canon." 
 
 Four gospels by St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. 
 Luke, St. John. 
 
 The acts of the Apostles by St. Luke. Four- 
 teen epistles of St. Paul: To Romans (1), 
 Corinthians (2), Galatians (1), Ephesians (1), 
 Philippians (1), Colossians (1), Thessalonians 
 (2), Timothy (2), Titus (1), Philemon (1), He- 
 brews (1). 1 epistle of St. James, 2 of St. Peter, 
 3 of St. John, 1 of St. Jude. Apocalypse of St. 
 John. 
 
 Q. About what time were they written ? 
 
 R. The Church had been evangelizing 
 the world for about 17 years, St. James 
 and St. Stephen had been martyred, and 
 the persecution by the Jews had passed, 
 when the Apostles began to write. The 
 gospel of St. Matthew was compiled about 
 the year 50, and that of St. John, about 
 the year 96. The other books of the New 
 Testament were written during the time 
 intervening. 
 
— 6 — 
 
 Q, How did the Church receive the hooks 
 of the Old Testament into her canon 2 
 
 R. The Church received into her 
 Canon the books of the Old Testament 
 which were handed down by ancient 
 Jewish tradition, recognized by Christ 
 and the Apostles, and sanctioned by the 
 councils. 
 
 Q. Did the disciples of the Apostles leave 
 us any writings ? 
 
 R. Several disciples of the Apostles, 
 called also Apostolic Fathers, left im- 
 portant writings; for instance, St. Clem- 
 ent of Rome, fourth successor of St. 
 Peter, wrote a letter to the Corinthians; 
 St. Ignatius, bishop of Antioch and dis- 
 ciple of St. John, left seven letters to us; 
 and St. Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, and 
 also a disciple of St. John, left one letter. 
 
 NoTK. — The apostolic age has left upon the 
 Church the distinguishing mark of apostolicity. 
 Her popes hold the legitimate and unbroken suc- 
 cession in the apostolic see, which St. Peter, as 
 head of the Church, established in Rome; the 
 lines of her bishops can be traced with unde- 
 niable certainty to apostolic origin; she received 
 and guarded the writings of the Apostles and 
 thus formed the Canon of the New Testament; 
 the bodies and relics of the Apostles rest under 
 her altars. Of her, therefore, St. Paul says: 
 "Built upon the foundation of the Apostles and 
 Prophets, Jesus Christ being Himself the corner- 
 stone." (Eph. II, 20.) 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Persecutions by the Roman 
 Emperors. 
 
 Q. What did the pagan world do in order 
 to check the rapid spread of Christianity 2 
 
 R. The Roman emperors, who gov- 
 erned the world, decreed ten great and 
 bloody persecutions. 
 
 Q. Name these persecutions. 
 
 R. First persecution, under Nero, 
 about 64 He had set Rome on fire, but 
 cast the blame on the Christians. They 
 were killed by the thousands in the 
 streets; many were sewed in sacks be- 
 smeared with pitch, and burned alive in 
 the nightly garden feasts of Nero. St. 
 Peter and St. Paul died in this persecution. 
 
 Second persecution, under Domitian, 
 about 95. During this persecution, St. 
 John was cast into a caldron of boiling 
 oil, but was miraculously preserved. He 
 then was banished to the isle of Patmos, 
 where he received divine revelations 
 about the future of the Church and the 
 glory of Heaven, and wrote the Apoca- 
 lypse. 
 
 Third persecution, under Trajan, about 
 107. Pope St. Clement was one of the 
 
 (7) 
 
— 8 — 
 
 first victims; St. Ignatius, bishop of An- 
 tioch, was cast before the lions in the 
 amphitheatre at Rome; and Simeon, sec- 
 ond bishop of Jerusalem, was crucified. 
 
 Fourth persecution, under Hadrian, 
 about 130. In this St. Symphorosa and 
 her seven sons suffered martyrdom. He 
 profaned the holy places in Jerusalem 
 and erected statues of false gods on Cal- 
 vary and over the holy Sepulchre of our 
 Iyord. 
 
 Fifth persecution, under Marcus Aurel- 
 ius, about 167. St. Polycarp, a disciple 
 of St. John and bishop of Smyrna, suf- 
 fered martyrdom at the stake in the 86th 
 year of his life. The persecution was 
 terrible in Lyons and Vienne, France, 
 where St. Pothinus and Blandina were 
 martyred. Although the famous Chris- 
 tian legion called "Fulminatrix" saved 
 the army in a miraculous manner by its 
 prayers, the emperor remained unrelent- 
 ing towards the Christians. 
 
 Sixth persecution, under Septimius 
 Severus, about 202. This emperor had 
 been cured by a Christian; nevertheless 
 he turned against them. St. Clement of 
 Alexandria said of this persecution: "We 
 see daily many martyrs burned and 
 crucified before our eyes." St. Irenaeus 
 
— 9 — 
 
 suffered at Lyons, St. Perpetua and St. 
 Felicitas at Carthage, St. Leonidas at 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Seventh persecution, under Maximinus 
 Thrax, about 236. On account of re- 
 peated earthquakes which the heathens 
 ascribed to the neglect of their gods, they 
 demanded another persecution of the 
 Christians. The two popes, Pontianus 
 and Antherus, and many others suffered 
 martyrdom. 
 
 Eighth persecution, under Decius, 
 about 250. This most bloody and sys- 
 tematic persecution which was directed 
 especially against the bishops and the 
 clergy, was decreed by Decius under the 
 plea that Christianity and the Roman Em- 
 pire could never be reconciled. Among 
 the holy victims were the virgins St. 
 Agatha and St. Apollonia. 
 
 Ninth persecution, under Valerian, 
 about 258. In Rome, Pope Sixtus II 
 and St. Lawrence were martyred. In 
 Africa St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. 
 
 At Utica, Africa, 153 Christians were 
 cast alive into pits and covered with 
 quicklime. 
 
 Tenth persecution, under Diocletian, 
 about 303. In this St. Agnes, St. Sebas- 
 tian, St. Pancratius, St. Lucia, St. Anas- 
 
— 10 — 
 
 tasia in Rome, and St. Catherine in Alex- 
 andria, suffered martyrdom. 
 
 Q. What torments did the martyrs suffer ? 
 
 R. They were scourged, put to the 
 rack, cast before wild beasts, burnt at 
 the stake, crucified, and tortured in many 
 other ways according to the cruel cus- 
 toms of pagan times. 
 
 Q. What did these persecutions prove ? 
 
 R. These persecutions proved that a 
 religion which for three hundred years 
 passed safely through such trials and 
 victoriously withstood the bloody on- 
 slaught of the world's greatest empire, 
 must be from God. 
 
 Q. How did Almighty God avenge the per- 
 secutions of His Church ? 
 
 R. 1. Nearly all of these persecutors 
 
 died a miserable death. 
 
 2. Barbarian nations laid waste the 
 frontiers and the distant provinces of the 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 3. Earthquakes, floods, drouths, fam- 
 ines, and dreadful diseases visited the 
 nation. 
 
 Nero had to fly before the open revolt of the 
 people and stabbed himself in despair. Domitian 
 was assassinated. Hadrian became insane from 
 despair. Marcus Aurelius, heartbroken over the 
 ingratitude of his profligate and only son Com- 
 
11 
 
 modus, starved himself to death. Septimius 
 Severus, whose life had been attempted by his 
 own son, died in despair. Decius ended miser- 
 ably in a swamp during an unlucky battle with 
 the Goths. Valerian was taken prisoner by 
 Sapor, king of Persia, and flayed alive. Max- 
 en tius was drowned in the Tiber, and Diocle- 
 tian starved himself to death. 
 
 Q. What was the attitude of the first 
 Christians during these persecutions ? 
 
 R. While thousands of martyrs bore 
 torture and death with heroic fortitude, 
 the Christians worshipped in hidden 
 places (catacombs) with unflagging zeal, 
 and their learned men defended the faith 
 in numerous writings. 
 
 Q. Name some of these early writers or 
 apologists. 
 
 R. St. Justin, a philosopher and after- 
 wards martyr, wrote an excellent apology 
 and presented it to the Emperor, Marcus 
 Aurelius. 
 
 St. Clement of Alexandria and his great 
 disciple Origen refuted in profound works 
 the teachings of Celsus and other philoso- 
 phers, who had assailed Christianity. 
 
 Tertullian, formerly a Roman lawyer 
 and later a Christian, and St. Cyprian, 
 bishop of Carthage and martyr, showed 
 in learned works the emptiness of pagan- 
 ism and the just claims of the Christian 
 
— 12 — 
 
 religion to philosophical and political re- 
 cognition. 
 
 St. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons and dis- 
 ciple of Bishop Polycarp (who was a dis- 
 ciple of St. John the Apostle), wrote a 
 famous work against the heresies of 
 those times. 
 
 Q. What heresy afflicted the Church in 
 those times ? 
 
 R. The heresy of Gnosticism, which 
 claimed to possess the secret of a higher 
 knowledge and taught the eternity of 
 matter, its formation into the world by 
 an evil spirit, and the sinfulness of ma- 
 terial things. 
 
 NoTK. — Persecutions and martyrdom are the 
 distinguishing traits in the history of the Church 
 and will continue as long as time will last, be- 
 cause Christ has said: "The servant is not 
 greater than his Lord. If they have persecuted 
 me, they will persecute you." (St. John XV, 20.) 
 But from every persecution the Church has 
 risen in new, divinely infused vigor and sanc- 
 tity; and the blood of martyrs became, as Ter- 
 tullian has written, * 'the seed of Christians." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Constantine's Conversion. — The 
 Great Heresies and the Fa- 
 thers of the Church. 
 
 Q. How did God give peace to His Church ? 
 
 R. God gave peace to His Church 
 through the miraculous conversion of 
 Emperor Constantine, in the year 312. 
 
 Q. How was Constantine converted I 
 
 R. A cross, surrounded by the words, 
 4 'In this sign thou shalt conquer," ap- 
 peared in the heavens to him and his army. 
 Adopting the cross as his standard, he 
 marched against the pagan Emperor 
 Maxentius and gained a glorious victory, 
 by which he became the sole Christian 
 emperor of the world. 
 
 Q. What did Constantine do for the 
 Church I 
 
 R. He became the zealous protector 
 of the Church, gave full liberty to her, 
 honored the popes and bishops, and 
 built magnificent churches; so that, in a 
 short time, Christianity became the chief 
 religion of the Roman Empire. His 
 mother, St. Helena, brought the holy 
 cross and many sacred relics from Jerusa- 
 lem to Rome. 
 
 (13) 
 
— 14 — 
 
 Q. What happened after the external ene- 
 mies of the Church had been conquered 2 
 
 R. The Church of God, which is and 
 always will be the Church militant on 
 earth, had to conquer internal foes, i. £., 
 the false prophets of heresy, as Christ 
 had foretold. 
 
 Q. Name the prominent heresies. 
 
 R. I. Arianism. — Arius, an apostate 
 priest of Alexandria, about 320 denied 
 the divinity of the Son, the second Person 
 of the Blessed Trinity. His heresy, sup- 
 ported by several emperors of Constanti- 
 nople, spread far and wide and lasted till 
 the seventh century. 
 
 II. Macedonianism. — Macedonius, 
 bishop of Constantinople, denied the 
 divinity of the Holy Ghost, the third 
 Person in the Blessed Trinity. 
 
 III. Pelagianism. — Pelagius, a British 
 monk, about the year 400, denied orig- 
 inal sin and the necessity of grace. 
 
 IV. Nestorianism . — Nestor ius , patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, taught the ex- 
 istence of two persons in Christ, a divine 
 and a human, and that, therefore, Mary 
 should not be called the Mother of God. 
 
 V. Heresy of the Monophysites. — 
 Eutyches, abbot of a convent near Con- 
 stantinople, taught that there was but 
 
15 
 
 one nature in Christ, the divine; from 
 which it would follow, that Christ could 
 not have died to redeem us. 
 
 VI. Heresy of the Monothelites. — 
 Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople, and 
 his followers taught that there was only 
 one will in Christ, the divine and not a 
 human. 
 
 VII. Leo, the Isaurian, emperor of 
 Constantinople, attacked the use and ven- 
 eration of holy images. He and his 
 adherents w r ere called Iconoclasts or 
 image-breakers. 
 
 Q. How did the Church combat these 
 heresies \ 
 
 R. By general or ecumenical councils, 
 i. e. t assemblies of bishops under the 
 direction of the popes. 
 
 Q. Name some of these councils. 
 
 R. 1. The Council of Nice in Asia 
 Minor, opposite Constantinople, con- 
 demned Arianism, and declared that the 
 Son is true God, consubstantial — i. £.,of 
 the same substance — with the Father. 
 (A. D. 325.) 
 
 2. Council of Constantinople (381) 
 condemned Macedonius and declared the 
 divinity of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 3. The heresy of Pelagius was con- 
 demned by the provincial council of 
 
— 16 - 
 
 Carthage, and finally by Pope Innocent I. 
 (417). 
 
 4. Council of Ephesus (431) condemned 
 Nestorius and declared, amidst the re- 
 joicing of the whole world, that Mary is 
 truly the Mother of God. 
 
 5. The Council of Chalcedon (451) 
 condemned Eutyches, and declared that 
 there are two natures in Christ, a hu- 
 man and a divine, both in one person. 
 When at this council the letter of Pope 
 Leo I. was read, the assembled bishops 
 cried out: <k St. Peter has spoken through 
 Leo." 
 
 6. The Council of Constantinople 
 (called the Trullanum from the church 
 in which it was held, 680), condemned 
 the heresy of the Monothelites, and de- 
 clared that there are two wills in Christ, 
 the divine and the human, both under 
 the control of the one divine Person in 
 Christ. 
 
 7. Iconoclasm was silenced at the sec- 
 ond Council of Nice in the year 787. 
 
 Q. Who were the holy and learned men 
 that took a prominent part in these combats 
 against heresy? 
 
 R. The " Fathers of the Church," who 
 lived during these times, were the chief 
 opponents of these heresies. 
 
— 17 — 
 
 Q. To whom is given the title "Fathers 
 of the Church 2 " 
 
 R. The title ''Fathers of the Church" 
 is given to men of great holiness and 
 learning whom God sent to His Church 
 during the first centuries, to nourish the 
 faith of her children with their sacred 
 knowledge, and whose writings have for 
 all times become the standard sources of 
 Catholic truth. 
 
 Q. Who are the most noted among the 
 Fathers of the Church 1 
 
 R. The most noted among the Greek 
 Fathers are St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. 
 Gregory of Nazianzum, and St. John 
 Chrysostom; among the L,atin Fathers, 
 St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, 
 and St. Gregory, the Great. 
 
 Q. Describe the four great Greek Fathers. 
 
 R. 1. St. Athanasius, the Great, (293 
 to 373), bishop of Alexandria. — His long 
 life was a continual warfare against the 
 Arian heresy. Five times the Arian 
 rulers sent him into exile, but the great 
 confessor of the faith never flinched. 
 At his death, Arianism was also left in a 
 dying state. 
 
 2. St. Basil, the Great, (330 to 374), 
 bishop of Caesarea. — A saint as great and 
 2 
 
— 18 — 
 
 cultured in mind as he was ascetic and 
 frail in body. He defeated Arianism in 
 the larger part of Asia Minor and is the 
 author of the monastic rule which has 
 been followed by the religious Orders of 
 the East up to the present time. 
 
 3. St. Gregory of Nazianzum (330 to 
 to 390), the intimate friend of St. Basil. 
 — His writings were considered by his 
 age of such authority, that the historian 
 Rufinus wrote of him: "It is the general 
 verdict, that whosoever does not agree 
 with St. Gregory, cannot be right in his 
 faith." 
 
 4. St. John Chrysostom (344 to 407), 
 patriarch of Constantinople, called on 
 account of his wonderful eloquence "the 
 golden-mouthed."— His zeal against the 
 vices of his time brought him persecution 
 and banishment, which he bore with 
 heroic patience. He died on his way to 
 exile with the words on his lips: "Praise 
 to God for all this." 
 
 Q. Describe the four great Latin Fathers. 
 
 R. 1. St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan 
 (344 to 397), honored by rulers and 
 people. — Through his energy the last 
 remnants of paganism were removed and 
 Arianism destroyed throughout Italy. 
 
— 19 — 
 
 He is said to have composed the famous 
 hymn Te Dcum. 
 
 2. St. Jerome (331 to 424.)— He was a 
 man of vast learning and a personal 
 friend of Pope Damasus, at whose com- 
 mand he translated the Holy Scriptures 
 from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. 
 This translation, called the Vulgate, be- 
 came the official and standard textbook 
 of the Church. 
 
 3. St. Augustine (354 to 430), bishop 
 of Hippo, Northern Africa. — In his youth 
 he had fallen into heresy and immorality, 
 but, through the prayers of his holy 
 mother Monica and the preaching of St. 
 Ambrose, he was converted. He gave up 
 his brilliant career of lawyer and became 
 one of the greatest lights of sacred learn- 
 ing the Church ever had. He refuted 
 the heresies of the Donatists and the 
 Pelagians. 
 
 4. St. Gregory, the Great, (540 to 605). 
 — One of the greatest popes in the see of 
 St. Peter, and a true reformer of Church 
 discipline. He is the father of plain 
 chant, which is prescribed for the solemn 
 service of the Church and is called after 
 him the ' 'Gregorian Chant." 
 
— 20 — 
 
 Q. Which emperor tried to revive pagan- 
 ism ? 
 
 R. Emperor Julian, called the Apos- 
 tate, about the year 361, tried to revive 
 paganism and to suppress the Church, 
 but he failed and fell in a battle against 
 the Persians, crying out in despair: 
 "Galilean, thou hast conquered!" 
 
 Note. — Heresies and false prophets had been 
 foretold by Christ and His Apostles. Blinded by 
 passion or by the suggestion of the devil, men set 
 up their own teaching against divine truth and 
 the authority of the Church. But the Church, 
 guided by the unerring light of the Holy Ghost, 
 always detects and condemns these false doc- 
 trines, so that divine truth is vindicated before 
 the world and thus stands forever in clear and 
 distinct outlines before the Christian mind 
 (dogma). These constant victories of the 
 Church over the heresies of every age prove 
 her infallibility. 
 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Monastic Life. 
 
 Q. What remarkable form of religious 
 life originated during the third century 2 
 
 R. During the third century there 
 originated the Monastic L,ife, which is a 
 life led in seclusion from the world, and 
 devoted to the pursuit of higher Christian 
 perfection. (Monastic from the Greek 
 word monos, i. e., alone.) 
 
 Q. In which of Christ's teachings has Mo- 
 nastic Life its source 2 
 
 R. Monastic Life has its source in the 
 three evangelical counsels, which were 
 taught by Christ, illustrated by his life, 
 and continually practiced in the Church 
 from the time of the apostles. 
 
 The three evangelical counsels are voluntary 
 poverty, chastity, and obedience. 
 
 Q. How did the Monastic Life begin and 
 develop I 
 
 R. 1. Monastic life began with the 
 hermits, who had left the world and re- 
 tired to the desert, especially during the 
 persecution of Decius, 250. St. Paul, 
 the hermit of Thebes, died at the age of 
 115 years. 
 
 2. Soon the hermits formed congrega- 
 tions, living separately in cells but under 
 a common spiritual director, called 
 abbot. St. Anthony of Egypt, one of the 
 holiest fathers of the desert, was the chief 
 promoter of this form of monastic life. 
 
 3. Finally monasteries were founded, 
 wherein the monks lived under a com- 
 
 (21) 
 
— 22 — 
 
 mon rule. St. Pachomius established 
 such in Egypt, St. Hilarion,in Palestine, 
 St Basil, in Asia Minor. 
 
 4. In the West monastic life found its 
 chief patrons in St. Ambrose, St. Augus- 
 tine, St. Martin of Tours, and other 
 great and holy bishops. 
 
 5. St. Benedict (f543) became the 
 
 founder of the great Benedictine order, 
 
 and compiled his famous rule in which 
 
 prayer, study, manual labor, silence, and 
 
 mortification are harmoniously blended. 
 
 Pope Gregory the Great was an ardent 
 
 protector of the order. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of the awakening 
 of this monastic spirit upon the world ? 
 
 R. So great became the longing for 
 higher perfection that within a short 
 time the East and the West abounded in 
 monasteries, which became the homes of 
 holiness and learning. 
 
 The Benedictine Order alone produced 1,560 
 canonized Saints. 
 
 Note. — Holiness is the second mark of the 
 Church, and it manifests itself in a special man- 
 ner through the practice of the evangelical coun- 
 sels, by which the closest resemblance to the 
 life of our Lord is attained. By far the larger 
 number of Saints canonized by the Church have 
 sprung from Monastic Life, and throughout the 
 history of Christianity the religious orders have 
 produced the richest blossoms of sanctity, and 
 have been prominent centers from which faith, pi- 
 ety, and sacred learning radiated into the world. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 The Church and the Barbarian 
 Nations of Europe, 
 
 (j. What great event threatened to de- 
 stroy Christianity and ancient civilization in 
 Western Europe I 
 
 R. The migration of nations, which 
 occurred from the fourth to the seventh 
 centuries, threatened to destroy Christian- 
 ity and ancient civilization in Western 
 Europe. The Roman empire fell under 
 it in the year 475, and the barbarian 
 Goths, Franks, Vandals, Sueves, Lom- 
 bards, Saxons, and other German tribes, 
 founded new states over its ruins. 
 
 Q. Which was the most barbarous nation 
 of this epoch I 
 
 R. The Huns, a nation of Mongolian 
 descent that had come from Asia and 
 overrun Western Europe in the fifth cen- 
 tury. Their King, Attila, called himself 
 the ' 'scourge of God " and ravaged Ger- 
 many and France with sword and fire. 
 When he fell upon Italy, Pope Leo, the 
 Great, went to meet him. Struck by the 
 Pope's venerable appearance and threat- 
 ened by a heavenly apparition, Attila 
 agreed to leave Italy and returned to 
 Hungary. 
 
 (23) 
 
24 
 
 Q. What position did the Church assume 
 toward these savage nations ? 
 
 R. The Church, conscious of her di- 
 vine mission, undertook at once to be- 
 come the teacher and spiritual mother of 
 these barbarian nations. 
 
 Q. In what manner did she set about this 
 task? 
 
 R. The Church sent missionaries to 
 
 them, who preached the Gospel and 
 
 established churches and schools in their 
 
 midst. 
 
 Q. How did Divine Providence aid the 
 Church in this great work ? 
 
 R. About the year 500, St. Benedict 
 founded the great Benedictine Order, 
 which became the providential instru- 
 ment for christianizing and civilizing 
 these barbarian nations. 
 
 Q. How was this accomplished ? 
 
 R. The holy monks established con- 
 vents in the wild forests, cleared and 
 cultivated the land, taught the people 
 religion and morality, established schools 
 for their education, and instructed them 
 in agriculture, the trades, and the arts. 
 
 Q. Name some of the great missionaries 
 of this epoch, 
 
 R. St. Patrick converted Ireland about 
 the year 432. St. Columba, an Irish 
 
— 25 — 
 
 monk, and St. Ninian, converted Scot- 
 land (596). St. Austin, with forty Bene- 
 dictine monks, was sent by Pope Gregory 
 to England, about the year 596, where 
 he converted King Ethelbert and his 
 people with the help of the pious Queen 
 Bertha. 
 
 The Netherlands were evangelized by 
 St. Piatus and St. Servatius in the third 
 and fourth centuries; after the migration 
 of nations, St. Eligius, St. Amand, St. 
 Willibrord, and St. Eambert completed 
 the w 7 ork. 
 
 Q. How was France converted ? 
 
 R. France had been evangelized 
 during and shortly after the apostolic 
 times, by Eazarus, Martha, Magdalen, 
 Dionysius, and others ; but, through the 
 immigration of the pagan Franks, it had 
 been torn from the Church. 
 
 (}. How was France brought back to the 
 Church I 
 
 R. Clovis, the king, was led to the 
 faith by his holy wife Clotilda. In the 
 battle with the Allemanni, being nearly 
 defeated, he called upon Christ, the God 
 of Clotilda, and gained a miraculous vic- 
 tory. He was baptized by St. Remigius 
 in 496, and brought his people with him 
 into the Church. 
 
26 
 
 Q. How was Spain christianized? 
 
 R. Spain had received the faith from 
 St. Paul, St. James, and the disciples of 
 the Apostles; but, during the migration 
 of nations, the Arian Visigoths tore Spain 
 from the Church. Through the martyr- 
 dom of Prince Hermenegild and the teach- 
 ing of St. L,eander and St. Isidore, King 
 Reccared was converted and brought the 
 country back to the Church under Pope 
 Gregory about 595. 
 
 Q. How was Germany christianized ? 
 
 R. The countries along the Rhine 
 and Danube were converted by the dis- 
 ciples of the Apostles. St. Helena, 
 mother of Constantine, lived at Treves in 
 325, and bishops resided there, and at 
 Cologne, Mayence, and in many cities of 
 southern Germany. But, after the sav- 
 age nations had overrun Germany, holy 
 missionaries, mainly from England and 
 Ireland, preached the gospel to them. 
 St. Severin preached in Austria, St. Fri- 
 dolin in Baden, St. Gall in Switzerland, 
 SS. Kilian and Rupert in Bavaria. 
 
 Q. Who was the greatest apostle of Ger- 
 many 2 
 
 R. St. Winfrid, an English Benedic- 
 tine monk, to whom Pope Gregory II. gave 
 the name of Boniface, converted middle 
 and northern Germany. (8th Century). 
 
— 27 — 
 
 Q. How did he overcome the stubbornness 
 of the savage Germans 2 
 
 R. With an ax he cut down the fa- 
 mous sacred oak of their god Donar, and 
 built out of its wood the first Christian 
 Church. He founded many bishoprics, 
 built convents and schools for the educa- 
 tion of young men, and brought into the 
 land holy women like St. Thecla, St. 
 Lioba, and St. Walburgis, who estab- 
 lished convents for the education of the 
 daughters of the nation. 
 
 Q. How were Sweden, Norway, and Den- 
 mark converted 1 
 
 R. The great Apostle St. Ansgar 
 sowed the seed of the gospel in Sweden 
 about 850. King Canute, at the inter- 
 cession of the holy Queen Emma, com- 
 pleted the conversion of Denmark. King 
 Olaf completed that of Sweden, and King 
 Olaf, the Holy, that of Norway, about 
 the tenth century. 
 
 Q. What about the Lombards in northern 
 Italy I 
 
 R. The Lombards had destroyed the 
 Christian religion in northern Italy, but 
 were converted through the iufluence of 
 Pope Gregory, the Great and the holy 
 Queen Theodolinda, a daughter of the 
 Duke of Bavaria. 
 
— 28 — 
 
 (J. What about the Slavonic nations 2 
 
 R. St. Cyril and St. Methodius, sent 
 by the Pope in 870, converted a large 
 number of Slavs. King Borzivoi and 
 his holy Queen St. L,udmilla, with the 
 help of missionaries from Germany, 
 established Christianity in Bohemia. St. 
 Adalbert of Prague became the apostle of 
 Prussia about the year 1000. Poland was 
 evangelized about the same time through 
 the influence of its Prince Miesko I. 
 St. Stephen, the holy king of Hungary, 
 completed the conversion of his country 
 with the help of apostolic missionaries 
 from Germany about the year 1000. 
 Russia was received into the Church 
 under Czar Wladimir (1000). 
 
 Q. Who was the emperor that exercised 
 the greatest influence in forming a Christian 
 commonwealth in western and middle Europe? 
 
 R. Charles the Great, emperor of the 
 Frankish empire which comprised the 
 larger portion of western and middle 
 Europe. He was crowned by Pope Leo 
 III. on Christinas day (800), as Roman 
 emperor and protector of the Church. 
 He pacified Europe, built cities, colleges, 
 schools, and churches, erected bishoprics, 
 protected popes and bishops, and was the 
 great ideal of a Christian statesman, 
 
— 29 — 
 
 whose equal the world has never seen 
 since. 
 
 Note. — Before the Church converted and civil- 
 ized these barbarian nations, they were steeped 
 in gross idolatry, ferocious in war, enslaved to 
 great vices, and roamed the forest in a savage 
 state. The civilized and cultured Christian 
 nations, which to-day rule the world, are their 
 descendants. They owe their greatness chiefly 
 to the Catholic Church. But the process of 
 their education required patient toil and firm- 
 ness, tempered by charity, and these the Church 
 bestowed upon them with motherly care during 
 the Middle Ages. 
 
 The spirit of our modern times is different. 
 In spite of professing "humanity," its advanc- 
 ing step brought to the Indian population of 
 the North American continent, not civiliza- 
 tion, but extirpation. Such is the difference 
 of results between the Church which works for 
 the sake of God, and modern thought which 
 works for the sake of man. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Origin of Church Property and 
 
 the Temporal Power of 
 
 the Popes. 
 
 Q. In what manner did the Church ac- 
 quire temporal possessions among the newly 
 converted nations ? 
 
 R. 1. The early missionaries, bishops, 
 and especially the religious Orders, who 
 settled down among the barbarian na- 
 tions, cleared and cultivated the soil in 
 the wild forests, which they had either 
 bought or received as gifts. 
 
 2. In gratitude for the gift of faith, 
 the boundless charity, and civilizing in- 
 fluence bestowed by the Church, princes 
 and people made frequent gifts of lands 
 to her for the foundation and endowment 
 of institutions devoted to religion, educa- 
 tion, and charity. 
 
 3. Around cathedrals and abbeys people 
 settled down, forming counties, villages, 
 and cities, and freely chose the temporal 
 government of bishops and abbots, pre- 
 ferring their mild rule to that of secular 
 lords. Emperors and kings favored this 
 as conducive to the stability and order of 
 the realm, and made bishops and abbots 
 
 (30) 
 
— 31 — 
 
 feudal lords over their bishoprics and 
 lands. 
 
 Q. What was the origin of the temporal 
 power of the popes or the pontifical states 2 
 
 R. 1. Since the first centuries of the 
 Christian era, the popes have received 
 frequent donations of estates in and 
 around Rome through the generosity of 
 devout wealthy Christian families. Up 
 to the seventh century, the possessions of 
 the Holy See had grown to such an 
 extent that they comprised a large portion 
 of middle Italy. They were called the 
 Patrimony of St. Peter. 
 
 2. After the seventh century, the em- 
 perors who resided at Constantinople, 
 had virtually abandoned their rights and 
 left Rome and Italy exposed to the in- 
 vasions of barbarian nations. In this 
 distress the people turned to the Holy 
 See for protection and the popes re- 
 peatedly saved Rome from destruction 
 and acted as rulers chosen spontaneously 
 by the people. 
 
 3. Finally, when the Lombards at- 
 tempted the conquest of Rome and all 
 demands for help were left unanswered 
 by the emperor, Pope Stephen II. appealed 
 to Pepin, king of the Franks. The 
 Lombards were defeated and Rome de- 
 
— 32 — 
 
 livered. Pepin restored the Patrimony 
 of St. Peter to the Pope and laid the 
 keys of the cities taken from the Lom- 
 bards on the tomb of St. Peter, in token 
 of their donation to the Holy See. 
 Charlemagne, his son, confirmed this 
 donation. Thus the temporal power of 
 the pope originated and rests on most 
 just and legitimate titles. 
 
 NoTK. — This property, in the hands of the 
 Church, became a great blessing to the people of 
 the Middle Ages. It was not devoted to the sup- 
 port of religion alone, but by far the larger por- 
 tion of its revenues was applied to public charities 
 and to promote elementary and higher educa- 
 tion, so that universities, colleges, and common 
 schools were almost free and state taxation for 
 public charities,unnecessary and unknown. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Mohammedanism.— The Greek 
 Schism. 
 
 Q. What great dangers arose to threaten 
 Christian civilization in the seventh century % 
 
 R. Mohammed, a native of Arabia, 
 arose about the year 622 and taught a 
 false religion, which he compiled from 
 old pagan ideas and from the Christian 
 and Jewish religions and embodied in the 
 Koran. He was an imposter and an im- 
 moral man. He preached fanaticism, 
 bloodshed, and the grossest immoralities. 
 The great tenet of his faith is: "God 
 alone is God, and Mohammed is his 
 prophet." 
 
 Q. How did his religion succeed 2 
 R. It preached bloody war against 
 all nations, promised paradise to every 
 Mohammedan who would fall in such a 
 war, and thus his adherents conquered 
 and plundered the countries of the East. 
 
 Q. How did they treat the Christian 
 countries ? 
 
 R. They took Palestine, Syria, Persia, 
 Asia Minor, Northern Africa, and Spain, 
 and reduced the Christian population to 
 the lowest condition of poverty and 
 oppression. 
 
 3 ^33) 
 
34 
 
 They would have conquered all Europe 
 had not the Franks under Charles Mar- 
 tel beaten their immense army in the 
 battle of Toulouse (744). 
 
 They finally took Constantinople and 
 the Balkan peninsula, and would have 
 conquered Germany, had they not been 
 overcome by Austria and Poland. 
 
 Q. What did the conquest of Jerusalem 
 by the Mohammedans cause 2 
 
 R. The conquest of Jerusalem caused 
 the great crusades of European chivalry 
 for the deliverance of the Holy Sepulchre 
 of the Iyord. 
 
 Mohammedanism with its conquests and op- 
 pression became a scourge to the countries of 
 the East that had rebelled so often by heresies 
 and schism against the divinely instituted au- 
 thority of the Church. At the same time Divine 
 Providence used it as a means to unite the 
 Christian nations of Europe and to direct their 
 warlike energies from internal feuds to enter- 
 prises of heroic faith and charity. 
 
 Q. What is schism ? 
 
 R. Schism is the separation from the 
 Church through rebellion against the 
 authority of the Pope; it differs from 
 heresy in this, that it retains the doctrines 
 of the church. 
 
 Q. What schism happened in the Church ? 
 
 R. About the middle of the ninth 
 century, Photius, who, through intrigues, 
 
— 35 — 
 
 had become patriarch of Constantinople, 
 refused allegiance to the papacy, and, 
 supported by the emperors, drew the 
 church of the Greek empire, of Asia 
 Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, into 
 schism. After the twelfth century, the 
 Russian empire also became schismatic. 
 
 Q. Were the Greeks ever united again 
 with the Church I 
 
 R. Yes, they were united again by 
 submitting to Pope Formosus about 900. 
 Q. When did they relapse into schism ? 
 
 R. Patriarch Michael Cerularius re- 
 belled again and was excommunicated by 
 Pope Leo IX. in the eleventh century. 
 In 1439, at the general council of Flor- 
 ence, the Greek bishops submitted again 
 and were received into the Church. But 
 a few 3'ears later the schism was renewed. 
 Then God gave them into the hands of 
 the Turks, who took Constantinople in 
 1453 and made the Greek church a slave 
 to the Turkish Sultan. 
 
 Q. What does history teach about the 
 patriarchs of Constantinople who claimed 
 equality with the pope I 
 
 R. The patriarchs have been involved 
 in most all the heresies of the first 700 
 years, — for instance, Macedonius, Ser- 
 gius, Nestorius. The popes on the con- 
 
— 36 ~ 
 
 trary defended the truth and have never 
 failed, because they are the infallible 
 successors of St. Peter, to whom Christ 
 said: ''Thy faith shall never fail," and 
 "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I 
 will build my Church." 
 
 Note.— Since the Greek Church has been sepa- 
 rated from the center of Catholic unity, it has be- 
 come stagnant and barren. Subject to the state, 
 with an ignorant, married clergy, it has lang- 
 uished within its old confines, has not evangel- 
 ized or converted a single nation, nor produced 
 an ecclesiastical literature. Like a cut-off branch 
 it lies withering, while the parent tree, the 
 Catholic Church, grows and spreads over the 
 world with undiminished vigor. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Crusades, 
 
 Q. What were the crusades I 
 
 R. The crusades were sacred wars, 
 undertaken by the chivalry of Christian 
 nations for the deliverance of the Holy 
 Land and the Sepulchre of Our Lord 
 from Mohammedan oppression. 
 
 The name crusader is derived from the cross 
 which the warriors wore on their breasts as a 
 sign of their undertaking. 
 
 Q. Xaine the principal crusades. 
 
 R. The First Crusade was preached 
 by Peter, the Hermit who had returned 
 from the Holy Land. He had wit- 
 nessed the desecration of the holy places 
 where Our Lord had suffered and died. 
 Riding on a donkey through Europe, he 
 aroused the Christian people by his fiery 
 eloquence. At the great assembly of 
 Clermont, under Pope Urban II., princes, 
 knights, and people took the cross with 
 the enthusiastic cry, "God wills it. 1 ' 
 Duke Godfrey of Bouillon led the im- 
 mense army, and on July 15, 1099, 
 Jerusalem was delivered from the Turks 
 and became a Christian kingdom, with 
 Godfrey as its king. 
 
 (37) 
 
— 38 — 
 
 The Second Crusade was under the 
 leadership of Emperor Conrad III. of 
 Germany, and Louis VII. of France, in 
 1147. It was preached by St. Bernard. 
 
 The Third Crusade, in 1189, was led 
 by the emperor of Germany, Frederick 
 Barbarossa, who gained brilliant victories 
 over the immense armies of the Turks, 
 but died suddenly at Tarsus while swim- 
 ming on his horse through the Kalykad- 
 nus river. Philip Augustus, king of 
 France, and the chivalrous Richard Lion- 
 heart, king of England, continued the 
 crusade against the famous Sultan 
 Saladin. 
 
 The Fourth Crusade took place in 1203 
 under Baldwin of Flanders. It ended 
 with the capture of Constantinople and 
 the erection of the so-called Latin Em- 
 pire on the Balkan Peninsula. 
 
 The Fifth Crusade took place in 1217 
 under King Andrew II. of Hungary and 
 Duke Leopold of Austria. 
 
 In 1212, thousands of children formed 
 an army and went singing and praying 
 through Europe for the deliverance of 
 the Holy Sepulchre. It was called the 
 Children's Crusade. 
 
 The last two crusades were undertaken 
 by St. Louis IX., king of France. 
 
39 
 
 When about to enter upon his last voyage 
 (1270), St. Louis stood on the deck of the ship, 
 holding in his hand the banner of France, and, 
 looking once more towards his country and 
 then up to Heaven, he s_iid: "Now I have no 
 other kingdom but that of Heaven." He died a 
 holy death during the siege of Tunis in Africa. 
 
 Q. What were the results of the crusades ? 
 
 R. 1. The crusades caused a great re- 
 vival of religious fervor and Catholic 
 unity. 
 
 2. They elevated the standard of Chris- 
 tian knighthood. 
 
 3. They advanced knowledge, science, 
 and art. 
 
 4. They developed commerce and nav- 
 igation. 
 
 5. They improved the condition of the 
 lower and middle classes and increased 
 the spirit of liberty and public charity. 
 
 Q. What great orders of Christian knights 
 were founded in the Middle Ages for the de- 
 fense of the Holy Sepulchre ? 
 
 R. 1. Knights of St. John (1099). 
 Their military cloaks were black, with a 
 large white cross. After the fall of 
 Jerusalem, they moved to the Island of 
 Rhodes and finally to Malta. Theirs is 
 a record of grand faith, heroic bravery, 
 and unstained honor. 
 
 2. Knights Templars (1118), so called 
 
40 
 
 because their fortified convent stood on 
 the site of Solomon's Temple. Their 
 cloaks were white, with a red cross. 
 Their order was abolished in 1311 by 
 the council of Vienne at the urgent re- 
 quest of King Philip, the Fair, of France. 
 3. German Knights (1143). Their 
 cloaks were white, with a black cross. 
 In 1226 they moved from Palestine to 
 Prussia, where they defended the Chris- 
 tians against the inroads of the heathens. 
 
 Q. What did these knightly orders do 2 
 
 R. The orders of knights protected 
 and defended the pilgrims who came to the 
 Holy L,and, and fought the Turks in de- 
 fense of the Hoty Sepulchre. 
 
 Q. Did the Turks continue to be a grave 
 danger to Europe and Christianity ? 
 
 R. The Turks continued to be a grave 
 danger to Europe and Christianity. In 
 1453 they took Constantinople and the 
 Balkan peninsula, and threatened Europe 
 by continual attacks. The Angelus prayer 
 was introduced to invoke God's help in 
 the wars between the cross and the cres- 
 cent. 
 
 Q. In which great battles was the Turkish 
 power finally reduced ? 
 
 R. 1. Through the zealous efforts of 
 Pope Pius V., a great fleet under Don 
 
— 41 — 
 
 Juan d' Austria was formed, and it anni- 
 hilated the Turkish navy in a miraculous 
 manner at L,epanto in 1571. Thus the 
 Turkish power, on sea, was broken for- 
 ever. 
 
 2. In the year 1683, the Turkish land 
 army was completely routed before the 
 city of Vienna by Christian forces, com- 
 posed of Poles under King Sobiesky, and 
 of Germans under Charles of Lorraine. 
 
 3. In the year 1717, Prince Eugene, 
 famous as a Christian general in the songs 
 of the people, destroyed in the battle of 
 Belgrade the Turkish power on land. 
 
 Q. How was the Mohammedan power bro- 
 ken in Spain and Portugal 2 
 
 R. From the time of the conquest of 
 Spain and Portugal by the Mohammedans 
 in the 8th century, the Christian chivalry 
 fought them by continual crusades and 
 with heroic bravery, until, in the reign of 
 Ferdinand and Isabella (1492), the last 
 Mohammedan ruler was forced to sur- 
 render and left the peninsula. 
 
 Q. To whom principally is due the de- 
 struction of the terrible Turkish power I 
 
 R. The destruction of the Turkish 
 power is due, mainly, to the popes who 
 rallied the Christian nations to the de- 
 fense, bore the greatest expense of the 
 
42 
 
 wars, and obtained divine help, through 
 the recital of the Rosary and the Angelus 
 in all Christian lands. 
 
 NOTE. — Chivalry or Christian knighthood of 
 the middle ages owed all its grandeur to the ele- 
 vating influence of the Church. Before her altar 
 the candidate for knighthood had to bind himself 
 by a solemn vow to defend the faith, the weak, 
 and his country. Thus the warlike and indom- 
 itable spirit of the barbarian nations, which she 
 had converted, was softened and consecrated to 
 noble and ideal aims. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Church and State in the Middle 
 
 Ages. 
 
 Q. What great principle ruled the relation 
 of Church and State during' the Middle Ages I 
 
 R. The principle that Church and 
 State should be in friendly union, both 
 independent in their own spheres, but 
 protecting and helping each other in 
 order to promote the honor and glory of 
 God and the eternal and temporal wel- 
 fare of the people. 
 
 Q. How was this principle realized ? 
 
 R. 1. The nations, grateful to the 
 Church, that had converted and civilized 
 them, protected her through their con- 
 stitutions in her divine mission. 
 
 2. They used her powerful and willing 
 help for promoting order and law, higher 
 and elementary education, public works 
 of charity, and whatever tended to the 
 welfare of the people. 
 
 3. United by the bond of Catholic faith 
 and charity, they formed one great 
 Christian commonwealth of nations, of 
 which the Pope was the spiritual head, 
 while the Roman Emperor of the German 
 Nation acted as his anointed protector. 
 
 (43; 
 
_ 44 _ 
 
 Q. Give some prominent examples of this 
 relation. 
 
 R. England. King Alfred raised Eng- 
 land from ruin and disorder with the 
 help of the Church, and throughout the 
 Middle Ages the kings of England, with 
 few exceptions, followed his example. 
 England was called the dowry of Our 
 Blessed Lady. 
 
 Scotland. Kings like Malcolm III. and 
 his queen St. Margaret, in union with 
 the Church, led their country to religious 
 and temporal prosperity. 
 
 Ireland. From the time of St. Patrick 
 to the disastrous invasion of the Danes 
 the princes of Ireland were in closest 
 union with the Church and Ireland 
 flourished as a free nation, the island of 
 Saints, and the cradle of learning for 
 Northern Europe. 
 
 The Frankish Empire became the 
 greatest and most admired of all nations 
 through Charles the Great, the friend 
 and anointed protector of the Church. 
 
 Norway under rulers like St. Olaf and 
 St. Erich, Sweden under Olaf and 
 Magnus, Denmark under Canute, the 
 Great, and St. Canute flourished as Chris- 
 tian and civilized nations of the North, 
 which was formerly the home of savage 
 pirates. 
 
— 45 — 
 
 Poland became one of the greatest 
 Christian nations during the Middle 
 Ages, and, ever grateful and true to the 
 Church for her blessings, was the bulwark 
 of Christian civilization in Europe against 
 the fierce Turks. 
 
 Spain and Portugal, aided by the 
 Church, shook off the Mohammedan 
 yoke, grew in strength and wealth, and 
 extended their power to America, Africa, 
 and Asia. 
 
 France, called the oldest daughter of 
 the Church, was, under rulers like St. 
 Louis IX, a great Christian nation, the 
 cradle of the crusades, and blessed in its 
 religious as well as its temporal affairs. 
 
 Hungary. From the time of King St. 
 Stephen, it remained in close union with 
 the Popes, who favored it as the bulwark 
 of Christian Europe against the inroads 
 of the heathens. Thus the former home 
 of the barbarous Huns had become the 
 land of the chivalrous nation, called the 
 Kingdom of Mary. 
 
 Germany was a great Catholic empire. 
 Its emperors were anointed and crowned 
 by the Popes, and its national unity was 
 strengthened by the bond of the one 
 Catholic faith. 
 
 Switzerland, the ancient free republic, 
 
46 
 
 found its liberty blessed and safeguarded 
 by its union with the Church. 
 
 The republics of Italy, Venice, Genoa, 
 Florence, and others, testify by their 
 history and the monuments of their 
 former greatness, that they prospered in 
 their union with the Church. 
 
 Q. How did the people judge of the eccle- 
 siastical power and its influence ? 
 
 R. The people loved the influence of 
 ecclesiastical power, which defended the 
 rights of the governed and the down- 
 trodden, checked the excesses of princely 
 rulers, and governed its own subjects 
 with mildness. Hence the proverb, "It 
 is good to live under the crosier.' ' 
 
 Q. Was this union never disturbed I 
 Yes; emperors and kings repeatedly 
 encroached on the sacred rights of the 
 Church, in order to increase their own 
 power. 
 
 Q. Name some examples. 
 
 R. 1. Emperor Henry IV. of Germany 
 dared to appoint bishops and sold eccle- 
 siastical offices; but Pope Gregory VII. 
 vigorously defended the rights of the 
 Church. Henry had to yield and did 
 penance for this sacrilege at Canossa, 
 1076. 
 
— 47 — 
 
 2. Emperor Frederic Barbarossa of 
 Germany not only infringed on the 
 rights of the Church, but even undertook 
 sacrilegiously to enthrone an anti-pope 
 and depose Alexander III.; but a terrible 
 pestilence broke out and destroyed his 
 army. Terrified by this judgment of 
 God, he sought and obtained reconcilia- 
 tion with the Church. 
 
 3. King Henry II, of England passed 
 laws (Articles of Clarendon, 1164,) arro- 
 gating rights of the Church to his crown 
 (For example, appointment of bishops, 
 appeal to Rome, etc.). St. Thomas a 
 Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who 
 opposed such proceedings, was assassin- 
 ated. But the excommunication of the 
 Pope and the indignation of the people 
 forced the king to sue for peace. 
 
 4. Philip, the Fair, king of France, 
 made similar claims, detrimental to the 
 liberty of the Church, which were de- 
 veloped by his successors and called 
 Gallican liberties. Pope Boniface VIII. 
 was insulted and made prisoner by the 
 king's minions, but set free by his own 
 faithful subjects. The last days of the 
 king's life were sad and he died an ob- 
 ject of hatred to his people. His three 
 sons died in quick succession and the 
 royal family of the Capets became extinct. 
 
— 48 — 
 
 Q. What was understood by the dispute 
 about the Right of Investiture ? 
 
 R. It was a dispute between the 
 popes and the princes about the right to 
 invest the newly elected bishops and 
 abbots with ring and crosier. While the 
 popes claimed this right on account of 
 the spiritual power, which they conferred 
 upon these prelates, the princes claimed it 
 on account of the temporal power, which 
 the prelates received from them as their 
 vassals. 
 
 Q. How was this dispute settled ? 
 
 R. This dispute was finally settled 
 between Pope Calixtus II. and Henry V., 
 emperor of Germany, by the Concordat 
 of Worms (1122), so that the pope should 
 invest the prelates with ring and crosier 
 as emblems of their spiritual power, and 
 the emperor should confer the temporal 
 power by the imperial sceptre. 
 
 Q. Which was the most dangerous heresy 
 of the Middle Ages 2 
 
 R. The heresy of the Albigenses, 
 which during the 13th century had 
 secretly spread over the countries of 
 Europe. They denied the Incarnation 
 and Redemption, taught that the world 
 had been created by the evil spirit, and 
 
— 49 — 
 
 held doctrines destructive of marriage 
 and of order in Church and State. The 
 Church excommunicated them and the 
 State punished them as criminals. 
 
 Note. — The Church is God's kingdom ou earth 
 with a divinely instituted hierarchy, constitu- 
 tion, and laws. Hence she loves order, and this 
 also in the State, be it republican or monarchical. 
 Where, as in our country, Church and State are 
 separate, she is always on the side of the con- 
 stitution, law, and order, and teaches her chil- 
 dren to cherish and uphold them. 
 
 Worldly power and success, commercial pros- 
 perity, development of science and art, rank 
 infinitely below the spiritual blessings of divine 
 faith and its graces for the salvation of im- 
 mortal souls and their eternal happiness. To 
 bring the latter to the nations is the great 
 mission of the Church of Christ Crucified. If 
 temporal blessings have come so richly to the 
 nations through their union with the Church, 
 they came as Christ has said: "Seek ye first 
 the kingdom of God, and all these things shall 
 be added unto you." 
 4 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 Benefits which the Church be- 
 stowed upon the World during 
 the Middle Ages. 
 
 Q. What did the Church do for the nations 
 in the Middle Ages 1 
 
 R. She bestowed innumerable bless- 
 ings upon the nations which had been 
 pagan savages, and which became civil- 
 ized, Christian peoples through her labors. 
 
 Q. Name some of these blessings. 
 
 R. Under her influence the wise laws 
 and constitutions of the people were 
 framed (e. g. Magna Charta in England). 
 She abolished slavery, founded hospices 
 for travelers, hospitals for the sick, or- 
 phanages and foundling asylums; she es- 
 tablished schools, colleges, and universi- 
 ties in all Christian countries and endowed 
 them ; she fostered arts and science. 
 Architecture flourished in the Roman and 
 Gothic styles. In her convents countless 
 books were written or copied ; painting, 
 sculpture, and music were developed. 
 
 Q. What great religious orders were 
 founded during this epoch? 
 
 R. The two great orders of the Fran- 
 ciscans and Dominicans were founded in 
 
 (50) 
 
— 51 — 
 
 the beginning of the thirteenth century, 
 and became beacons of holiness and learn- 
 ing to the world. 
 
 St. Francis of Assisi, the saint of 
 seraphic love, founded the Franciscan 
 order, whicii gave to a worldly age the 
 great example of evangelical poverty and 
 missionary zeal. 
 
 St. Dominic founded the Dominican 
 order, which gave to the Church great 
 missionaries and theologians. 
 
 St. Robert founded the Cistercian or- 
 der, of which St. Bernard, the great ser- 
 vant of Mary, became the shining light. 
 
 St. Bruno of Cologne founded the 
 Carthusian order, famous for its practice 
 of lifelong penance and silence. 
 
 St. Norbert, one of the most holy and 
 eloquent men of his time, founded the 
 Premonstratensians. 
 
 Berthold, the crusader, built a convent 
 on Mt. Carmel in Palestine, and founded 
 the order of the Carmelites, which spread 
 the devotion of the Scapular of the Blessed 
 Virgin over the whole world. 
 
 St. John de Matha founded the order 
 of Trinitarians, which delivered innu- 
 merable Christians from Mohammedan 
 slavery. 
 
— 52 — 
 
 Q. What monuments are left to testify to 
 the work of the Church during the Middle 
 
 Ages? 
 
 R. The great cities, magnificent ca- 
 thedrals, convents, universities, countless 
 works of art, and especially immense li- 
 braries, have been left imposing monu- 
 ments of the works of God's Church dur- 
 ing the Middle Ages. 
 
 Q. What illustrious and holy doctors flour- 
 ished in this age ? 
 
 R. During this age flourished the 
 great doctors of the Church, St. Anselm, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, St, Bernard, 
 St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Bonaventure, 
 and many other great teachers of sacred 
 learning, called scholastics or schoolmen. 
 
 Q. What great discoveries mark the close 
 of the Middle Ages ? 
 
 R. 1. Tlie invention of the art of 
 printing by Johann Guttenberg (1450) 
 at Strasburg, Germany. The first book 
 printed was a L,atin Bible. 
 
 2. The invention of the mariner's com- 
 pass by Flavio Gioja in Italy about the 
 same time. 
 
 3. The invention of gunpowder by a 
 German monk, Berthold Schwarz, at 
 Freiburg, about 1370. 
 
— 53 — 
 
 4. The discovery of the New World by 
 Christopher Columbus in 1492. 
 
 5. The revival of the ancient literature 
 and arts of Greece and Rome, which, 
 after the fall of Constantinople, spread 
 over Europe, and were fostered, mainly 
 by the Popes. 
 
 Renaissance, Michael Angelo, Raphael, etc. 
 
 6. The revival of the study of ancient 
 Roman law, which developed the science 
 of law; though some of its principles 
 were often abused by princes in the in- 
 terest of absolute power. 
 
 Q. What does this show ? 
 
 R. This shows that the Catholic 
 Church had educated the once barbarian 
 nations to a high degree, and that to her 
 belongs the merit of the great discov- 
 eries, which changed the world and in- 
 troduced the modern age. 
 
 Note. — The nations of Europe had been con- 
 verted and civilized, the soil was under cultiva- 
 tion, commerce and traffic expanded over land 
 and sea, arts and science flourished, higher and 
 elementary education were provided for by nu- 
 merous universities, colleges, and schools, insti- 
 tutions of charity covered the land, the trades 
 were protected by guilds, and all men and na- 
 tions were united by the one great bond of 
 Catholic faith and charity. This was the work 
 of the Holy Catholic Church. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 The So-called Reformation, or the 
 Apostasy of Protestantism. 
 
 Q. Can the Church of God he reformed 2 
 
 R. No; a divine institution like the 
 Church, cannot be reformed by men. 
 The work of man and the morals of man 
 can be reformed, but not the work of 
 God. 
 
 Q. What do we call the teachings of men, 
 who undertake to change the doctrines of 
 God's holy Church 2 
 
 R. We call such teaching "heresy." 
 (For instance, heresy of Arianism, or 
 Nestorianism.) 
 
 Q. Name some of the men who taught 
 heresy in the beginning* of the modern age. 
 
 R. Wy cliff e in England, and John 
 Huss in Bohemia, taught private inter- 
 pretation of the Bible, denied the divine 
 institution of the hierarchy, and pro- 
 claimed doctrines destructive of State 
 and Church. This heresy was con- 
 demned at the council of Constance 1414. 
 
 Q. Which heresies haye become most 
 notable 2 
 
 R. The heresy of Martin L,uther in 
 Germany, that of Zwingli in Switzer- 
 
 (54) 
 
— 55 — 
 
 land, of Calvin in Geneva, and that of 
 the Anabaptists. 
 
 Q. Who was Martin Luther ? 
 
 R. Luther was born at Eisleben, 
 Saxony, of Catholic parents (1483). 
 Frightened by the sudden death of his 
 friend, he became an Augustinian monk, 
 without sufficiently probing his vocation. 
 His nature was passionate and soon led 
 him into religious errors. When in 
 1517 the Dominican monk, John Tetzel, 
 preached at Wittenberg the Jubilee in- 
 dulgence granted by Pope Leo X., 
 Luther challenged him to a debate. Soon 
 his heretical views betrayed themselves, 
 and, when he refused to submit to the 
 authority of the Church, he was excom- 
 municated. Then he publicly declared 
 his apostasy, broke his vows, and mar- 
 ried an eloped nun. 
 
 Q. TVhat were the false doctrines of 
 Luther I 
 
 R. 1. In consequence of original sin, 
 
 man has no free will, and is in his nature 
 
 totally depraved. 
 
 2. That therefore all his works are sin. 
 
 3. That faith alone, i. e. the belief that 
 Christ saved us, covers all sins and gives 
 eternal salvation; that good works there- 
 fore are useless. 
 
— 56 — 
 
 4. Private interpretation of the Bible 
 as the sole rule of faith. 
 
 Q. What principal Catholic doctrines did 
 Luther reject ? 
 
 R. Luther rejected the authority of 
 the pope and bishops, the Holy Sacrifice 
 of the Mass, the sacraments of Penance 
 and Confirmation, Extreme Unction, Holy 
 Orders, and Matrimony; fasting, prayers 
 for the dead, invocation of the saints, 
 and many other doctrines. 
 
 Q. How did Luther support his false doc- 
 trines ? 
 
 R. Rejecting the teaching authority 
 of the Church and divine tradition, he 
 claimed that the Bible alone contained 
 God's word and that his interpretation of 
 it was true and infallible. 
 
 Q. What does the Bible say to such a 
 principle ? 
 
 R. We read in the Bible that Christ 
 says : "He that does not hear the Church 
 let him be to thee as a heathen and a 
 publican; and St. Paul says: "The 
 Church is the pillar and foundation of all 
 truth.' ' Hence to discard the teaching 
 authority of God's Church, and to place 
 private interpretation in its stead, is a 
 heresy. 
 
— 57 — 
 
 Q. Who was Zwingli, and what was his 
 teaching ? 
 
 R. Zwingli was a priest in Switzer- 
 land, deposed by his bishop for immoral- 
 ity. He denied the real presence of 
 Christ in the Blessed Sacrament and 
 other Catholic doctrines, in a similar 
 manner as Luther. 
 
 . Q. Who was John Cabin, and what did he 
 teach I 
 
 R. John Calvin was a student at the 
 university of Paris who became tainted 
 with Luther's heresy. He taught salva- 
 tion by faith alone, the total depravation 
 of human nature through original sin, 
 and absolute predestination, i. e. that 
 God had predestined a certain part of 
 mankind for heaven and the other for 
 hell. John Knox, founder of Presby- 
 terianism in Scotland, was his disciple. 
 
 Calvin established himself in Geneva, Switzer- 
 land, which became the stronghold of Calvin- 
 ism, and where he ruled with tyrannical power 
 and intolerance. 
 
 (J. What did the Anabaptists teach ? 
 
 R. The Anabaptists taught that the 
 baptism of infants is invalid and there- 
 fore rebaptized every one. They an- 
 nounced another kingdom of Christ on 
 earth, in which neither government, nor 
 laws, nor property should exist. 
 
58 
 
 Q. Who was Henry VIII,, and how did he 
 apostatize 1 
 
 R. Henry VIII. was king of England. 
 He demanded a divorce from his lawful 
 wife, Catherine of Arragon, in order to 
 marry a young lady of his court. When 
 Pope Clement refused, he fell away and 
 forced all England into apostasy. He is 
 the founder of the Episcopalians or An- 
 glicans. He had in quick succession 
 six wives, of whom he beheaded two. 
 
 Q. What were the main causes that led to 
 the apostasy of princes and peoples to these 
 heresies ? 
 
 R. 1. The doctrine of salvation by 
 faith alone without good works was easy 
 and pleasant for sensual man; so also 
 divorce and the abolition of the religious 
 vows. 
 
 2. Princes, city governments, and the 
 nobility found through it an opportune 
 pretext for robbing the Church of her 
 possessions, lands, convents, universities, 
 and schools. 
 
 In Germany and England, the prop- 
 erty thus stolen amounted to about one- 
 fifth of the entire territory. 
 
 3. The governments forced the people 
 into their apostasy by establishing the 
 principle, that the prince who rules the 
 
— 59 — 
 
 territory also rules the religion and holds 
 supreme power in spiritual things as well 
 as in temporal. 
 
 Q. How was Sweden torn away from the 
 Church I 
 
 R. Gustav Wasa, who had freed his 
 country from the power of Denmark, be- 
 came King of Sweden in 1523, and, see- 
 ing that by seizing Church property and 
 abolishing the hierarchy, he would obtain 
 absolute power, he introduced I,utheran- 
 ism by force and deceit, and thus de- 
 stroyed what the great St. Ansgar had 
 founded. 
 
 Q. How was Denmark separated from the 
 Church? 
 
 R. Christian II. and Frederic I. intro- 
 duced Protestantism into Denmark, Nor- 
 way, and Iceland against the will of the 
 people. Bishops were beheaded or im- 
 prisoned and Church property was con- 
 fiscated. 
 
 (J. How did Holland fall away ? 
 
 R. William of Orange led the people 
 into rebellion against their King Philip 
 II. of Spain, and became the head of the 
 Dutch republic in 1578. The Catholic 
 religion was forbidden and Calvinism 
 adopted as the state religion. 
 
— 60 — 
 
 Q. What happened in France 2 
 
 R. The heresy of Calvin seduced 
 many who were called Huguenots. They 
 conspired against the king in order to 
 bring one of their party to the throne, 
 and waged bloody wars against their 
 lawful sovereign. 
 
 Q. Grire some account of St. Bartholo- 
 mew's night. 
 
 R. In 1572 King Charles of France 
 was informed that the Huguenots had 
 conspired against his life. He then com- 
 manded that during the night (St. 
 Bartholomew's) his soldiers should fall 
 upon the Huguenots and kill them. 
 
 i 
 
 Q. Did the Church erer approve of such a 
 cruel act 1 
 
 R. No, she always has condemned 
 any such acts, which are contrary to 
 law, order, and Christian charity. 
 
 Q. What happened in Prussia ? 
 
 R. Prussia was a land, taken from the 
 heathens and civilized by German knights 
 in the name of the Church. But in 1522 
 Albrecht of Brandenburg, who was then 
 superior of the order, became a L,utherau, 
 broke his vows and married. He then 
 made himself prince of the land and intro- 
 duced IyUtheranism. 
 
— 61 — 
 
 Q. TVhat happened in Scotland 1 
 
 R. John Knox preached Calvinism 
 there and advised the nobility to join him 
 and take the property of the Church. 
 They followed his sordid advice and re- 
 belled against their Catholic queen, Mary 
 Stuart. She fled to England, where she 
 was beheaded at the command of her 
 treacherous cousin, Queen Elizabeth of 
 England, because Mary w r as the legiti- 
 mate heir to the English throne. 
 
 (J. .What happened in Ireland ? 
 
 R. Ireland refused to accept Protest- 
 antism from England. Cromwell came 
 with an English army and devastated 
 Ireland with sword and fire. About ten 
 million acres of land were confiscated and 
 twenty-nine thousand people sold as 
 slaves to America. The remaining Catho- 
 lics were driven into the poverty-stricken 
 province of Connaught with the words: 
 "To hell or to Connaught. " 
 
 Up to 1800, England treated Ireland in 
 a most tyrannical manner and declared 
 through the court: "For Catholics there 
 is no law" (that is in the land). Not- 
 withstanding all this, Ireland has always 
 remained faithful to the Church, and 
 finally in 1829 forced England through 
 
— 62 — 
 
 its great son Daniel O'Connell, to grant 
 religious liberty. 
 
 Q. What followed the establishment of 
 Protestantism ? 
 
 R. Bloody wars and revolutions. In 
 Germany, the 30 years' war between 
 Protestants and Catholics was waged, 
 through which Germany became a desert 
 and its former population of seventeen 
 millions was reduced to four millions. 
 In France, the four Huguenot wars laid 
 waste the land. In England, Mary Queen 
 of Scots and King Charles I. were be- 
 headed and bloody wars followed each 
 other in quick succession. War was 
 waged in the Netherlands and in Switzer- 
 land. Cities, convents and churches 
 were destroyed in countless numbers, 
 priests and nuns were massacred, and 
 libraries and the finest works of art 
 perished. 
 
 Q. What does this show ? 
 
 R. It shows that these new religions 
 were not of God; for Christ has said: 
 * 'Thereby the world shall know that you 
 are my disciples, if you love one another." 
 
 Q. What was the practical result of the 
 chief principle of Protestantism, priyate 
 judgment ? 
 
 R. The principle of private judgment, 
 according to which every one may frame 
 
— 63 — 
 
 his religion from his own understanding 
 of the Bible, resulted in the rise of 
 numerous sects. 
 
 Q. Did these sects remain unchanged ? 
 
 R. These sects have continually 
 changed and were split and subdivided 
 into other sects, so that at the present 
 time protestantism is a Babel of con- 
 flicting sects. There are about 150 sects 
 in the United States. 
 
 Q. Which are the more prominent among 
 the later sects ? 
 
 R. The Methodists, founded by John 
 Wesley, an Episcopalian preacher, at 
 Oxford, England, 1734. 
 
 The Baptists, founded by Roger Wil- 
 liams, at Providence, Rhode Island, 1639. 
 
 The Congregationalists, founded by 
 Robert Browne in England about 1600. 
 
 The Quakers, founded by George Fox, 
 in England, 1647. 
 
 One of the latest sects is the Salvation 
 Army, founded by General Booth of Lon- 
 don, England. 
 
 NOTE. — That the principle of private judg- 
 ment resulted in the rise of so many different 
 and conflicting se,cts, proves that it is false. 
 
 Protestantism has destroyed the great Chris- 
 tian commonwealth of nations, established dur- 
 ing the Middle Ages. It has driven the wedge 
 
— 64 — 
 
 of religious dissension between the -nations, 
 heretofore united by the bond of the same faith, 
 between rulers and subjects, even between the 
 inhabitants of the same country. 
 
 Having rejected the ancient hierarchy, 
 it transferred the ecclesiastical power to the 
 princes and made them almost absolute rulers, 
 supreme in temporal and spiritual things. 
 
 The sweeping confiscation of church property, 
 heretofore devoted to charity and to higher and 
 elementary education, retarded for a long time 
 educational and social progress, as Luther and 
 his friend Melanchton confessed. The bloody 
 wars and revolutions, which followed in its 
 wake, interrupted the development of science 
 and art. 
 
 The large number of contending sects, which 
 have sprung and still spring from the Protestant 
 doctrine of private judgment, has given to the 
 Christian world so sad an aspect of discord and 
 contradiction, that not only the minds of many 
 in Christian lands are unbalanced by doubt and 
 uncertainty, but also the conversion of heathen 
 nations has been rendered extremely difficult. 
 To the present day,this religious separation and 
 antagonism runs like a deep chasm between the 
 citizens of the same country and sorely affects 
 the equality of legislation, individual rights, 
 and national unity. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Council of Trent 1545—1563 and 
 its Results. 
 
 Q. What did the Church do to counteract 
 the spread of Protestantism I 
 
 R. Pope Paul III. convened a general 
 council at Trent, in Tyrol, in order to 
 condemn these false doctrines and to es- 
 tablish practicable rules for the promotion 
 of faith and morals. 
 
 Q. Did the council hare good results 2 
 R. Yes, the Council of Trent was so 
 blessed in its work that since then a new 
 life of sanctity, learning, and zeal has 
 pervaded the Church. Great popes and 
 bishops like St. Pius V. and St. Charles 
 Borromeo arose, and many new religious 
 orders were established to promote Chris- 
 tian education and charity. 
 
 Q. Xaine some of these newly established 
 orders. 
 
 R. 1. The Society of Jesus, which 
 was founded in the year 1540 by St. Ig- 
 natius, formerly a Spanish knight. It 
 gave to the Church a large number of 
 men, illustrious for their sanctity and pro- 
 found learning. It stemmed the flood of 
 Protestant heresy in Europe, founded an 
 5 «*) 
 
— 66 — 
 
 admirable system of higher education, 
 and sent out numerous missionaries to 
 pagan countries. 
 
 2. The order of Capuchins (1528), 
 which had for its aim the practice of se- 
 vere penance and poverty and missionary 
 labors for the salvation of souls. 
 
 3. The congregation of the Oratorians, 
 which was founded by the famous St. 
 Philip of Neri, the apostle of Rome. 
 
 4. The congregation of St. Maurus, a 
 branch of the great Benedictine Order, 
 which devoted itself to ecclesiastical 
 studies, and produced great authors, 
 like Mabillon, Montfaucon, Ruinart, and 
 others. 
 
 6. The order of the discalceated Car- 
 melites, established by the two seraphic 
 saints of Spain, St. Teresa and St. John 
 of the Cross. 
 
 6. The congregation of the Passionists, 
 founded by St. Paul of the Cross, de- 
 voted to the practice of penance, and to 
 missionary work. 
 
 7. The congregation of the Lazarists, 
 or priests of the missions, and that of the 
 Sisters of Charity. Both were founded 
 by St. Vincent de Paul, the immortal 
 hero of charity, who exhausted his life 
 in continual works of spiritual and cor- 
 poral mercy. 
 
67 
 
 8. The congregation of the Redemp- 
 torists, which was founded by St. Al- 
 phonsus Liguori, and became a great 
 missionary order. 
 
 9. The following religious orders were 
 founded to further the cause of Christian 
 education: The Christian Brothers of the 
 Schools, by John Baptiste de L,a Salle; 
 the Piarists, by Joseph Calasanctius; the 
 Sisters of the Visitation, by St. Francis 
 de Sales, bishop of Geneva, and St. Fran- 
 ces Chantal; the Ursuline Sisters, by St. 
 Angela de Merici; the Sisters of Notre 
 Dame, by St. Peter Fourier; the Sisters 
 of Providence; and many others. 
 
 Q. What other great consolation did God 
 give to His Church daring these times ? 
 
 R. A wonderful and numerous array 
 of Saints appeared during these times and 
 consoled with the lustre of their holy 
 lives the Church, the Spouse of Christ, 
 who had been robbed of so many chil- 
 dren and despoiled of her possessions by 
 the apostasy of the sixteenth century. 
 
 Q. Name some of the prominent Saints. 
 
 R. St. Ignatius of Loyola, whose 
 motto was: "All for the greater honor 
 and glory of God;" 
 
 St. Francis Borgia, formerly grandee 
 of Spain, who left the world and its van- 
 ity, to enter the convent; 
 
68 
 
 St. Francis Xavier, the great wonder- 
 worker, who, after a life of incessant 
 apostolic labors, died a solitary death on 
 the Island Sancian, looking toward 
 China, which he had longed to convert; 
 
 St. Aloysius and St. Stanislaus, youths 
 of angelic chastity; 
 
 St. Charles Borromeo, archbishop of 
 Milan, the hero of charity, who gave his 
 large inheritance to the poor, lived in 
 voluntary poverty, and, during the great 
 pestilence, became the father of the af- 
 flicted and the dying; 
 
 St. Philip Neri, burning with the love 
 of God and with charity for suffering 
 mankind; 
 
 St. Francis de Sales, bishop of Geneva, 
 the saint of meekness; 
 
 St. Vincent de Paul, the apostle of 
 mercy, who sold himself into slavery for 
 the deliverance of others; 
 
 St. Teresa, a virgin of seraphic sanctity 
 and wisdom, whose waitings the Church 
 has designated as heavenly; 
 
 St. John of the Cross, and St. John of 
 God, her countrymen; 
 
 St. Alphonsus L,iguori, the saint of the 
 confessional; 
 
 In our own hemisphere, many martyrs 
 in the Indian missions of North America; 
 St. Rosa of Lima, in Peru; St, Francis 
 
69 
 
 Solanus, called the apostle of Peru; St. 
 Louis Bertrand, who converted 150,000 
 Indians in New Granada; St. Peter 
 Claver, apostle of the negroes. 
 
 Q. Hoiv did God replace the losses which 
 the Church suffered through the apostasy of 
 the sixteenth century I 
 
 R. God raised up zealous missionaries 
 who went to heathen lands and converted 
 millions to the faith. 
 
 Q. Name some of these missionaries. 
 
 R. St. Francis Xavier, of the Society 
 of Jesus, went to India and Japan, con- 
 verted nations and kingdoms, and 
 wrought many miracles. This work was 
 successfully continued by other Jesuits, 
 and the faith of the converts was so sin- 
 cere and firm, that in the persecution of 
 Japan more than a million suffered mar- 
 tyrdom with heroic fortitude. 
 
 In China, the Jesuits Ricci, Schall, and 
 their associates, obtained by their holi- 
 ness and learning official recognition of 
 the Catholic religion from the emperor, 
 and erected a large number of churches. 
 
 In Mexico, where every year 20,000 
 human victims were sacrificed on the 
 altars of the false gods, Franciscan 
 Fathers from Spain established the faith 
 and brought peace and civilization to the 
 poor Indians. 
 
_ 70 — 
 
 Franciscan Fathers became the pio- 
 neers of the cross also in New Mexico 
 and California (Father Junipero). 
 
 In North America, Jesuits (Breboeuf, 
 Jogues, Marquette, and others) labored 
 among the savage Indian tribes, and 
 many of them won the crown of martyr- 
 dom. 
 
 In South America, the Jesuits con- 
 verted the barbarian population of Para- 
 guay and changed the wilderness into a 
 prosperous country. 
 
 All over South America, Central 
 America, and in the newly discovered 
 regions of Africa, Franciscan, Dominican, 
 and Jesuit missionaries evangelized the 
 heathen inhabitants. 
 
 NOTE. — The apostasy in the sixteenth century, 
 with the ensuing revolutions and wars, caused 
 such a decline of religion and morality in the 
 countries afflicted by it, that even I^uther had 
 to confess: "Under the Pope's rule, the people 
 were mild and generous ; but, under the new 
 gospel, nobody will give, but the one cheats the 
 other; and, the longer the gospel is preached, 
 the more the people are sinking into avarice 
 pride, and luxury. Verily, the devil has got 
 twice into them." Meanwhile, the Church of 
 God, which the blasphemous apostate monk had 
 pretended to reform, arose from the fire of afflic- 
 tion in renewed vigor, and stood forth as the 
 immaculate Spouse of Christ, exalted by the 
 sanctity, learning, and zeal of her children. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The Eighteenth Century. 
 
 Q. W&at was the Anal outcome of the 
 Protestant heresy I 
 
 R. After setting aside the authority 
 of God's Church, and making each indi- 
 vidual the interpreter of his own Bible 
 and the framer of his own religion, men 
 advanced from den}dng certain doctrines 
 of Christianity to the denial of all re- 
 vealed religion, and thus ended in infi- 
 delity. 
 
 Q. What did they call themselves ? 
 
 They called themselves "Free- think- 
 ers," i. £., men, who recognize no Divine 
 authority in matters of religion, — 
 
 Or "Rationalists," i. e. y men, who form 
 their religious ideas from weak human 
 reason and nature alone. 
 
 Q. Where did free-thought originate ? 
 
 R. Free-thought originated in Protes- 
 tant England and spread to Holland, 
 France, Germany, and the United States. 
 
 Q. Who hecame its most notorious pro- 
 moters ? 
 
 R. The so-called Encyclopedists of 
 France, a society of free-thinkers, who 
 were filled with satanic hatred against 
 
 (71) 
 
72 
 
 Christ and his Church and had sworn to 
 destroy it. Voltaire was their leader. 
 After a life of unspeakable immorality 
 and blasphemy he died in despair. 
 
 Q. What sect adopted free -thought as its 
 doctrine ? 
 
 Freemasonry, which was founded in 
 London on the 24th of July, 1717, adopted 
 free-thought as its fundamental doctrine. 
 Bound by oaths of secrecy, it spread 
 quietly but swiftly through the world, 
 and everywhere opposed the Church of 
 God. 
 
 Pope Clement XII. put the censure of excom- 
 munication on Freemasonry, and all succeed- 
 ing popes renewed it. 
 
 Q. Did the rulers and governments oppose 
 free -thought and Freemasonry ? 
 
 R. Many of the rulers and govern- 
 ments of Christian countries became not 
 only infected, but also upheld and fos- 
 tered them among their people. 
 
 Q. What false doctrines about the relation 
 of Church and State added to the dangers of 
 
 the age ? 
 
 R. The doctrines of Gallicanism and 
 Josephinism, which arrogated to the 
 princes undue power over ecclesiastical 
 affairs and tended to reduce the Church 
 to the condition of a mere servant of the 
 state. 
 
73 
 
 Q. Which Catholic countries became in- 
 fested with these doctrines ? 
 
 R. These false doctrines were put into 
 execution by Joseph II., emperor of 
 Austria, and other German princes. 
 (Josephinism). 
 
 The government of Portugal, and the 
 kings of the Bourbon family who ruled 
 in France, Spain, and ill several of the 
 Italian states, combined for the same 
 purpose. (Gallicanism). 
 
 Q. To what unfortunate measure did they 
 force the Pope ? 
 
 R. In the year 1772, they forced Pope 
 Clement XIV t to decree the abolition of 
 the Jesuit Order, which had been one of 
 the strongest bulwarks of the Church 
 and the rights of the Papacy since the 
 so-called reformation. 
 
 Q. What was the aim of these Catholic 
 rulers in their hostility to the Church ? 
 
 R. Like the Protestant princes who 
 had become supreme in spiritual things 
 as well as in temporal and thus obtained 
 absolute power over their people, the 
 Catholic princes now also sought abso- 
 lute power to the detriment of religious 
 liberty. 
 
- 74 — 
 
 Q. What were the consequences of these 
 destructive measures ? 
 
 R. 1. The absolute power of princes 
 severely curtailed the people's rights. 
 
 2. Unprincipled free-thought set loose 
 the spirit of rebellion and anarchy. 
 
 3. The Church, shackled by unjust 
 state laws, was unable to protect the 
 people against their oppressors, as she 
 did in the Middle Ages; nor could she 
 guard their just struggles for liberty 
 against the excesses of anarchy. 
 
 Q. What was the final result ? 
 
 R. The fearful French revolution 
 broke out in 1789 and filled France with 
 bloodshed and Europe with horror. 
 
 Q. To what excesses did free-thought lead 
 men in this revolution ? 
 
 R. 1. They declared publicly in their 
 assembly at Paris, that France had ceased 
 to acknowledge God, and then brought a 
 bad woman in solemn procession to the 
 church, where they placed her on the 
 altar and worshipped her as goddess of 
 reason. 
 
 2. They established the guillotine, and, 
 after having beheaded their King, Louis 
 XVI. and his wife, Queen Mary Antoi- 
 nette, they sent daily about two hundred 
 victims of all classes and sexes to the 
 
— 75 — 
 
 guillotine. Two millions of innocent 
 French people perished within a few 
 years in the name of reason and liberty. 
 
 Q. Who were the leaders of this fearful 
 terrorism ? 
 
 R. Robespierre, Marat, and Danton 
 
 were the leaders in this reign of terror. 
 
 Q. How did the revolution end ? 
 
 R. Trembling for their own lives, 
 Robespierre and his party announced 
 that the French nation should believe 
 again in God and in the immortality of 
 the soul. But they also fell victims to 
 the guillotine as they had deserved. 
 
 Q. Who put an end to the revolution ? 
 
 R. Napoleon Bonaparte, who became 
 emperor of the French nation, put an 
 end to the revolution. 
 
 Q. What measures did he take in order to 
 give stability to his government ? 
 
 R. Knowing that without God and 
 religion no nation can prosper, he made 
 peace with the Church and gave religious 
 freedom. 
 
 Q. Did he persevere in his obedience to 
 the Church ? 
 
 R. Blinded by his worldly success, he 
 dared to attack the Pope, Pius VII., and 
 had him brought as prisoner to France. 
 
76 
 
 Q. How did God punish this sacrilege ? 
 
 R. On the snowfields of Russia, Napo- 
 leon's immense army, which had con- 
 quered Europe, was destroyed by the 
 elements, and of a million soldiers only 
 about fifty thousand returned. Napoleon 
 died a prisoner on the Island of St. 
 Helena, but Pope Pius VII. returned tri- 
 umphantly to Rome. 
 
 Note. — Twenty years of bloody wars followed 
 the outbreak of the French revolution and swept 
 with destructive fury over the countries of Eu- 
 rope. Finally, when, after a three days' battle at 
 Leipsic, the power of Napoleon had been over- 
 thrown and the allied rulers of Europe met on 
 the blood-stained battlefield, they recognized in 
 fear and trembling the judgment of God over 
 the infidelity of the eighteenth century, and, 
 kneeling down, they pledged themselves sol- 
 emnly: "We and our people will serve the 
 Lord." 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The Nineteenth Century. 
 
 Q. What great task awaited the action of 
 the Church at the beginning* of this century 1 
 
 R. The great task of reorganizing 
 church affairs in those countries where 
 the destructive teachings of the eight- 
 eenth century and the ravages of the 
 revolution had spread. 
 
 Q. In what respects had the Church suf- 
 fered most I 
 
 R. 1. Communications between Rome 
 and the bishops of the different countries 
 had been either severed or hampered by 
 unjust laws. 
 
 2. Episcopal sees had been abolished 
 or kept vacant by the governments. 
 
 3. Religious orders had been suppressed 
 and their property confiscated. 
 
 4. The losses in property and funds, 
 
 which the Church suffered through the 
 
 so-called secularization, were enormous 
 
 and left her almost destitute. 
 
 Q. Name the Popes who engaged in this 
 work. 
 
 Popes Pius VII., Leo XII., Pius VIII., 
 Gregory XVI., and Pius IX., who con- 
 cluded concordats or agreements with 
 the different governments, whereby the 
 
 (77) 
 
— 78 — 
 
 relations between Church and State were 
 peaceably settled. 
 
 While the Church always observed conscien- 
 tiously the rules of these concordats, different 
 states, such as France, Spain, Portugal, and 
 others, broke them whenever it was to their 
 advantage. 
 
 Q. What Pope had the longest and most 
 eventful pontificate in this century ? 
 
 R. Pope Pius IX., who ruled in the 
 see of St. Peter for thirty-two years. 
 
 1 . In his encyclicals and in the famous 
 syllabus, he exposed and condemned the 
 false doctrines of Gallicanism and Liberal- 
 ism. 
 
 2. In the year 1854, he solemnly de- 
 clared the dogma of the Immaculate 
 Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. 
 
 3. In the year 1869, he convened the 
 great Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, 
 in which the dogma of the Infallibility of 
 the Pope in the solemn decisions on mat- 
 ters of faith and morals was declared 
 
 Q. What illustrious Pope succeeded Pius 
 IX? 
 
 Pope Leo XIII. succeeded Pope Pius 
 IX. on the 20th of February, 1878, and 
 has governed the Church w T ith wisdom, 
 meekness, and energy to the end of this 
 century. 
 
79 
 
 Q. How (lid Divine Providence aid these 
 efforts of the Pontiffs for the Church 2 
 
 R. Divine Providence raised up in all 
 countries large numbers of great and 
 holy men and women, who labored with 
 wonderful success in the interests of re- 
 ligious liberty and piety, Christian science 
 and education, of charity and social 
 progress. 
 
 Montalembert, L,acordaire, Ozanam, and 
 others in France; Overberg, Witmann, Goerres, 
 Ketteler, Windthorst, and others in Germany; 
 Daniel O'Connell, Father Matthew, Archbishop 
 McHale, and others in Ireland; Cardinals Wise- 
 man, Newman, Manning, and others in Eng- 
 land; Donoso- Cortes, Balmes, and others in 
 Spain; Sterks, De Ram, Dechamps, and others 
 in Belgium; Lachat, Greith, Mermillod, and 
 others in Switzerland; and in the United States, 
 Bishops Cheverus, Carroll, Neuman, England, 
 Hughes, Spalding, and others, and laymen like 
 Orestes Brownson, the First Sister of Charity, 
 Mrs. Seton, and others. 
 
 Q. What about the religious orders in this 
 century ] 
 
 R. The Society of Jesus was solemnly 
 
 re-established by Pope Pius VIL (1814), 
 
 and soon grew to large dimensions. The 
 
 old religious orders, which had been 
 
 despoiled and persecuted toward the end 
 
 of the last and at the beginning of this 
 
 century, arose with renewed vigor and 
 
 have greatly increased in numbers and 
 
 influence. A very great number of new 
 
80 
 
 religious orders and congregations, work- 
 ing mainly in the cause of Christian 
 education and charity, have sprung up 
 and spread over the old and the new 
 world. 
 
 Q. How does the Church prosper in the 
 different parts of the world ? 
 
 R. 1. In the United States of North 
 America, the growth of the Church has 
 been surprising. In 1789 there was but 
 one bishop, John Carroll of Baltimore, 
 and 100,000 Catholics, and at the end of 
 this century there are ten million Catho- 
 lics, one cardinal, fourteen archbishops, 
 and seventy-three bishops. Three great 
 national councils have been held in Balti- 
 more, and churches, schools, and convents 
 cover the land. 
 
 Canada, which had in 1817 but one 
 bishop, has at present seven archbishops 
 and twenty-four bishops. 
 
 2. In Australia, the English govern- 
 ment had forbidden Catholic worship 
 with great intolerance up to the year 
 1820; since then Catholic priests were 
 admitted and there are now 600,000 
 Catholics in a total population of three 
 millions. 
 
 3. In Asia, Catholic missions are ex- 
 panding continually, in spite of repeated, 
 bloody persecutions. 
 
— 81 — 
 
 4. In Africa, new missionary fields 
 have been opened by the explorers, and 
 are now being evangelized by numerous 
 zealous priests. 
 
 5. In Europe, the Church is making 
 great progress, especially in those coun- 
 tries that were formerly exclusively 
 Protestant, such as England, Scotland, 
 Holland, Denmark, and Scandinavia. 
 
 Q. Has the Church passed through perse- 
 cutions in this century also I 
 
 R. Yes; she has passed through many 
 
 and violent persecutions: 
 
 1. In 1870, the Italian government 
 seized by force the Papal States, and 
 made the Holy Father virtually a pris- 
 oner in the Vatican. 
 
 2. In Germany, a violent persecution 
 broke out in 1873 (May laws), but the 
 Catholics, faithful to their bishops and 
 priests, bore it with patient fortitude and 
 by united political efforts forced the gov- 
 ernment to desist. 
 
 3. Russia, France, Italy, Spain, Swit- 
 zerland, and some of the South American 
 republics, also had periods of persecution. 
 
 i\. How did these persecutions affect the 
 Catholic people ? 
 
 R. These persecutions have increased 
 the faith and energy of the Catholic people. 
 G 
 
— 82 — 
 
 Everywhere they defend fearlessly the 
 rights of the Church; piety and religious 
 vocations are on the increase; charitable 
 and educational institutions multiply; 
 sacred and secular science are eagerly 
 cultivated; bishops, priests, and people 
 are united in loyal submission to the 
 Holy See. 
 
 Q, What has been the numeric develop- 
 ment of the Church from the day of Pentecost 
 to the present time ? 
 
 R. On the day of Pentecost, when the 
 twelve Apostles w 7 ent forth from the 
 Coenaculum to preach the Gospel, the 
 Church numbered but a few hundred 
 members within the walls of Jerusalem. 
 To-day, after a lapse of 1800 years, she 
 has expanded and is still expanding in 
 ever-widening circles over the whole 
 earth, and counts three hundred millions 
 of children among all races, nations, and 
 tribes of the world. 
 
 Thus the prophetic parable of our Lord, in 
 which He compares His Church to a grain of 
 mustard-seed, is being daily fulfilled. 
 
 Q. What dangers threaten Christendom 
 at the present time ? 
 
 R. 1. The spirit of infidelity, which 
 is fostered by godless education, a licen- 
 tious press, and secret societies. 
 
— 83 — 
 
 2. The spirit of anarchy, which threa- 
 tens authority, law, and order. 
 
 3. The spirit of liberalism, which pre- 
 tends to reconcile Catholic truth with 
 the false doctrines of modern thought. 
 
 4. The spirit of socialism and commun- 
 ism, which attempts to destroy the family 
 and the rights of property. 
 
 Q. What alone can save the world from 
 such dangers ? 
 
 R. The return of the world to the 
 teachings and graces which Jesus Christ 
 entrusted to His Church. This alone can 
 save the world from the grave dangers 
 w T hich threaten the very existence of hu- 
 man society. 
 
 Q. What is the future of the Church at the 
 end of the 19th century ] 
 
 R. The future of the Church will be 
 like the past. 
 
 She will pass on through time, blessing 
 the world with God's truth and grace. 
 
 She will suffer persecution for justice' 
 sake, like Him who founded her. 
 
 She can never perish, because she is 
 the work of God, and the Holy Ghost 
 dwells in her till the end of time. 
 
 In short she will be the Church mili- 
 tant on earth, and, finally, the Church 
 triumphant forever in heaven, 
 
— 84 — 
 
 Note. — Eighteen hundred years have passed 
 since Christ built His Church upon the rock of St. 
 Peter. The persecutions of hostile state power, 
 the slanders of lying heresy, the sneering of 
 infidel philosophers, the treason of some of 
 her own children, have combined against her 
 from century to century, but she stands forever 
 in serene majesty on the rock where her Divine 
 Master has placed her, while the angry waves 
 of human passions and hell's undying hatred 
 beat against it. She blesses the world, prays 
 for her enemies, and guides her children to 
 Heaven. She fears not, for she is ever con- 
 scious of the Divine promise : ''Thou art Peter, 
 and upon this rock I will build my Church, and 
 the powers of hell shall not prevail against her. ' ' 
 
 May we always love her, the benign mother 
 of our souls, and cling to her with unshaken 
 faith, whatever storms the dark powers of hell 
 and the pride of the world may raise against 
 her, and in her afflictions show her even greater 
 love, as Mary and the chosen friends showed to 
 Our I,ord under the cross. Let us remember 
 the beautiful words in which the English poet 
 Dry den has described her : 
 
 "A milk-white hind, immortal and unchanged, 
 Fed on the lawns and in the forest ranged ; 
 "Without unspotted, innocent within, — 
 She feared no danger for she knew no sin. 
 Yet oft was she pursued . . . was often forced to fly 
 And doomed to death, but fated not to die." 
 
List of the Popes. 
 
 (According to the Gerarchia Cattolica, official edition, 
 Dec. 23, 1898, Rome.) 
 
 Jesus Christ, the Son of God 
 
 aud Founder of the Church, said to 
 Simon : "Thou art Peter (a rock), and 
 upon this rock I will build my Church, 
 and the gates of hell shall not prevail 
 against it. And I will give to thee the 
 keys of the Kingdom of Heaven. And 
 whatsoever thou shalt bind upon earth, 
 it shall be bound also in Heaven, and 
 whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, 
 it shall be loosed also in Heaven." 
 St. Matt, xvi, 18, 19. "Feed my lambs, 
 feed my sheep." St. John xxi, 15-17. 
 In virtue of this divine appointment 
 
 St. Peter 33-67 
 
 became after the Ascension of Christ the 
 head of the Church, The First Pope. He 
 established his See in Rome, then the 
 capital of the known world, about the 
 year 42. The first council, held in Jeru- 
 salem, was presided over by him. He 
 died the death of martyrdom in the per- 
 secution of Nero. (67.) 
 
 (85) 
 
— 86 — 
 
 2. St. Linus 67-78 
 
 born at Vollatera, Italy, is mentioned by 
 St. Paul in the second letter to Timothy, 
 and succeeded St. Peter in the year 67. 
 
 3. St. Cletus 78-90 
 
 Rome, Martyr. 
 
 4. St. Clement I. 90-100 
 
 Rome, Martyr. He is mentioned by St. 
 Paul in his letter to the Philippians (I, 4). 
 He has left us a letter to the Corinth- 
 ians, full of pastoral wisdom, and is num- 
 bered among the apostolic Fathers. 
 
 Note. — The list of the Popes of the first and 
 second centuries has been left to us by St. Ire- 
 naeus, bishop of Lyons, who wrote about the 
 year 200. He says: " With the Church of Rome 
 all churches must agree on account of her 
 higher rank." (Adv. haereses 3, 3 .) 
 
 Century II. — 11 Popes. 
 
 5. St. Anacletus 100-112 
 
 Athens, Greece, Martyr, decreed that at 
 the consecration of a bishop at least 
 three bishops should assist. 
 
 6. St. Evaristus 112-121 
 
 Bethlehem, Martyr, prescribed that mat- 
 rimony should receive the solemn bene- 
 diction of the priest. 
 
— 87 — 
 
 7. St Alexander I. 121-132 
 
 Rome, Martyr, insisted on the use of 
 holy water in the churches and houses. 
 
 8. St. Sixties I. 132-142 
 
 Rome, Martyr. To him is inscribed the 
 insertion of the threefold Sanctus into 
 the Mass. 
 
 9. St. Telesphorus U2-15J+ 
 
 Greece, Martyr. Confirmed the lenten 
 fast and inserted the Gloria into the 
 Mass. 
 
 10. St. Hyginus 154-158 
 
 Athens, Martyr. Instituted Subdeacon- 
 ship and Minor Orders. 
 
 11. St. Pius I. 158-167 
 
 Aquileja, Italy, Martyr, insisted that 
 Easter should be celebrated on a Sunday. 
 
 12. St. Anicetus 167-175 
 
 Syria, Martyr. St. Polycarp, bishop of 
 Smyrna in Asia Minor and disciple of 
 St. John, came to Rome in order to con- 
 fer with him about the time of the cele- 
 bration of Easter. 
 
 18. St. Soterus 175-182 
 
 Italy, Martyr. 
 
— 88 — 
 
 U. St. Eleutherius ...182-193 
 
 Greece, Martyr. He sent priests to 
 Britain at the request of King Lucius. 
 
 15. St. Victor I. 193-208 
 
 Africa, Martyr. He convened a council 
 in Rome, in order to settle the dispute of 
 the bishops of Asia Minor about the 
 celebration of Easter. 
 
 Ckntury III. — 15 Popes. 
 
 16. St. Zephyr inus 203-220 
 
 Rome, Martyr, forbade metropolitans to 
 pass sentence on their suffragan bishops 
 without the consent of the Holy See. 
 
 17. St. Calixtus I. 221-221 
 
 Rome, Martyr. One of the largest cata- 
 combs of Rome bears his name. The 
 Church has always held his memory in 
 great esteem on account of his successful 
 combats against the heresies of his age. 
 
 18. St. Urban I. 227-233 
 
 Rome, Martyr. In his reign St. Cecilia 
 suffered martyrdom and left her large 
 property to the Church. 
 
 19. St. Pontian 233-238 
 
 Rome, Martyr. 
 
— 89 — 
 
 20. St. Anterus 238-239 
 
 Greece, Martyr, ordered the collection 
 of the acts of the martyrs. 
 
 21. St. Fabian 240-253 
 
 Rome, Martyr. The historian Eusebius 
 relates that the choice fell on him, be- 
 cause a dove had perched on his head at 
 the election. 
 
 22. St. Cornelius 254-255 
 
 Rome, Martyr. In his reign the clergy 
 of Rome numbered 200 and the faithful 
 50,000. He convened a council in which 
 Novatian, a schismatic and anti-pope, was 
 excommunicated. 
 
 23. St. Lucius I. 255-257 
 
 Rome, Martyr. 
 
 24. St. Stephanus I. 257-260 
 
 Rome, Martyr. He upheld against St. 
 Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, the ancient 
 custom of the Church, not to rebaptize 
 persons who had been baptized in due 
 form by heretics. 
 
 25. St. Sixtus II. 260-261 
 
 Greece, Martyr. The famous martyr- 
 dom of St. Lawrence took place three 
 days after his, according to his prediction. 
 
— 90 — 
 
 26. St. Dionysius 261-272 
 
 Italy. 
 
 27. St. Felix I. 272-275 
 
 Rome, Martyr. Prescribed the rite for 
 the dedication of churches. In his letter 
 to the bishop of Alexandria, he stated 
 the teaching of the Church on the Bl. 
 Trinity so clearly that the Council of 
 Ephesus (431) quoted from it. 
 
 28. St. Eutychian 275-283 
 
 Tuscany, Martyr. He forbade holy com- 
 munion to drunkards, until they had re- 
 formed, but ordered wine to to be blessed 
 on the altar in condemnation of the 
 Manichean heresy. 
 
 29. St. Caius ...283-296 
 
 Dalmatia, Martyr. 
 
 30. St. Marcellinus 296-304 
 
 Rome, Martyr. 
 
 Century IV. — 11 Popes. 
 
 31. St. Marcellus I. 304-309 
 
 Rome, Martyr, insisted that councils 
 need the approbation of the Holy See. 
 
 32. St. Eusebius 309-311 
 
 Southern Italy. 
 
— 91 — 
 
 88. St. Melchiades 311-314 
 
 Africa. The last of the Popes buried 
 in the catacombs. With the conversion 
 of Emperor Constantine the era of per- 
 secutions ceased. For two hundred 
 years, from St. Peter to St. Marcellus, 
 the Popes had died the death of martyr- 
 dom for the fundamental truth of Christi- 
 anity, that Christ is the Son of God. 
 
 Now the Church comes forth from the 
 catacombs and the spiritual supremacy 
 of the Popes over the w 7 hole Christian 
 world appears plainly as an acknowl- 
 edged fact. 
 84. St. Sylvester I. 314-337 
 
 Rome. Prescribed that the altars be of 
 stone and covered with linen. His legates 
 presided over the General Council ot 
 Nice (325), in which Arianism was con- 
 demned. 
 
 35. St. Mark 337-340 
 
 Rome. The first Pope who conferred the 
 pallium. 
 
 86. St. Julius I. 341-352 
 
 Rome, decreed the celebration of Christ- 
 mas on the 25th of December for the 
 whole Church. St. Athanasius, bishop 
 of Alexandria, appealed to him and was 
 upheld by him against the Arian bishops. 
 
— 92 — 
 
 37. St. Liberius . 352-866 
 
 Rome. He wrote to the Arian emperor: 
 "Do not interfere in Church affairs and 
 give not precepts, but rather learn them 
 from us. ' ' He bore his exile with for- 
 titude and returned an unconquered de- 
 fender of the faith. 
 
 38. St. Felix II. 
 
 Rome. During the exile of Pope Iyiberius. 
 
 39. St. Damasus I... 366-384 
 
 Spain. In his reign the Second General 
 Council (at Constantinople) was held 
 against Macedonius (381). Emperor 
 Theodosius suppressed by his famous 
 decree the last remnants of paganism. 
 At the command of Damasus, St. Jerome 
 edited the translation of the Bible, called 
 the Vulgate. 
 
 40. St. Siricius 384-398 
 
 Rome, held several councils for the sup- 
 pression of heresies. 
 
 41. St. Anastasius I. 398-402 
 
 Rome, censured the errors of Origenes. 
 
 Century V. — 12 Popes. 
 
 42. St. Innocent I 402-417 
 
 Italy. The bishops of northern Africa 
 sent the acts of their council, in which 
 
— 93 — 
 
 the heresy of Pelagius was condemned, 
 to hiin. He approved them and excom- 
 municated Pelagius. Then St. Augustine 
 wrote: "The acts have been sent to the 
 Holy See and the answer has arrived. 
 The case is finished ; let the heresy now 
 have an end." 
 
 43. St. Zozimus 417-418 
 
 Greece. Permitted the blessing of the 
 Easter-candle in all parish churches. 
 
 44. St. Boniface I. 418-423 
 
 Rome, admonished the bishops of France 
 to obtain for their councils the confirma- 
 tion of the Holy See. 
 
 45. St. Celestine I. 423-432 
 
 Campagna, Italy. In his reign St. Patrick 
 converted Ireland. He sent St. Palladius 
 from Rome to Scotland as its first bishop. 
 He convened the III. General Council at 
 Ephesus (431), in which the heresy of 
 Xestorius was condemned. When his 
 letter to the Council was read, the 
 Fathers answered: "This synod thanks 
 Celestine, the new Paul, the guardian 
 of the faith." 
 
 46. Si. Sixties III. 432-440 
 
 Rome. 
 
— 94 — 
 
 47. St. Leo I .;. 440-461 
 
 the Great, Rome. He saved Rome from 
 the disastrous invasion of the barbarian 
 Huns. The IV. General Council, which 
 condemned the heresy of Eutyches, was 
 convened at Chalcedon (451). When his 
 letter to the Council had been read, the 
 Fathers cried out as with one voice : 
 "This is the true faith; St. Peter has 
 spoken through the mouth of L,eo." 
 
 48. St. Hilary 461-468 
 
 Sardinia. From him dates the beginning 
 of the great Vatican Library. 
 
 49. St. Simplicius 468-483 
 
 Italy. 
 
 50. St. Felix III 483-492 
 
 Rome. 
 
 51. St. Gelasius I. 492-496 
 
 Rome. He held a council in Rome, by 
 which the canon of the Holy Scriptures 
 was decreed and a large number of apoc- 
 ryphal books was rejected. He intro- 
 duced the feast of the Purification of the 
 Blessed Virgin. 
 
 52. St. Anastasius II. 496-498 
 
 Rome. Conversion of Clovis, king of 
 the Franks. 
 
— 95 — 
 
 53. St. Symmachus 498-514 
 
 Rome, protected the Church in troubled 
 times against schism and heresy, and 
 supported 225 bishops, exiled during the 
 persecution, in Africa. 
 
 Century VI.— 13 Popes. 
 
 54. St. Hormisdas 514-528 
 
 Frosinone, Italy. He upheld the decrees 
 of the Council of Chalcedon against the 
 violence of Emperor Anastasius. 
 
 55. St. John I. 523-526 
 
 Tuscany, Martyr, The Arian Theodoric, 
 king of the Visigoths, commenced a per- 
 secution, during which the holy Pope 
 died in prison and the famous Christian 
 philosopher Boethius was beheaded. 
 
 56. St. Felix IV. 526-530 
 
 Benevent, Italy. 
 
 57. Bojiiface II. 530-532 
 
 Rome. Under him the learned Dionysius 
 Exiguus introduced the counting of the 
 Christian era, commencing with the birth 
 of Christ. 
 
 58. John II. 532-535 
 
 Rome. Emperor Justinian of Constan- 
 tinople addressed him in his letter as the 
 head of all churches. 
 
— 96 — 
 
 59. St. Agapitus 535-536 
 
 Rome. 
 
 60. St. Silverius 536-537 
 
 Italy, Martyr. Died in exile, whither 
 the emperor had sent him at the instiga- 
 tion of the monophysites. The bishops 
 of Patara defended him before the em- 
 peror, and said: "Remember, there are 
 many kings on earth, but only one Pope 
 over all the churches of the world." 
 
 61. Vigilius 537-555 
 
 Rome. Under him the V. General Coun- 
 cil was convened at Constantinople and 
 the famous dispute about the so-called 
 Three Chapters settled (553). 
 
 62. Pelagius I. 555-560 
 
 Rome. 
 
 63. John III, .....560-573 
 
 Rome. 
 
 64. Benedict I 574-578 
 
 Rome, in a period of war and famine a 
 benefactor of Italy. 
 
 65. Pelagius II. 578-590 
 
 Rome. Italy was visited by a fearful 
 pestilence during which the Pope turned 
 his house into a hospital and died a 
 victim of his self sacrificing charity. 
 
— 97 — 
 
 66. St. Gregory I. 590-604 
 
 the Great. One of the greatest Fathers 
 and Doctors of the Church. He sent 
 St. Augustine with 40 Benedictine monks 
 to convert England. He reformed the 
 plain chant, and developed a wonderful 
 activity in establishing ecclesiastical dis- 
 cipline and order in all parts of the 
 world. Though the head of the Church, 
 he styled himself "the servant of the 
 servants of God." 
 
 Century VII.— 20 Popes. 
 
 67. Sabinian 604-606 
 
 Italy. Introduction of bells. 
 
 68. Boniface III. 607 
 
 Rome. 
 
 69. Si. Boniface IV. , 608-615 
 
 Southern Italy. Dedicated the ancient 
 Pantheon, or temple of all pagan gods, 
 to the Blessed Virgin. Institution of 
 All-Saints day. 
 
 70. St. Adeodatus 1 615-619 
 
 Rome, displayed heroic charity during a 
 fearful pestilence. 
 
 71. Boniface V 619-625 
 
 Italy, took the young church of England 
 under his special care. 
 
 7 
 
— 98 — 
 
 72. Honorius 1 625-638 
 
 Italy. He has been censured for having 
 been remiss in condemning the heresy of 
 the Monothelites. But this remissness 
 was caused by the deceiving letter of 
 Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 
 their leader. 
 
 73. Severinus .640 
 
 Rome. 
 
 74. John IV. 640-642 
 
 Dalmatia, expended the treasures of the 
 Church to redeem captive Christians. 
 
 75. Theodore 1 642-649 
 
 Greece. 86 African bishops sent to him 
 a synodal letter, in which they had 
 written : " Since the earliest age it has 
 been law, that decrees, formed in the 
 most distant provinces, receive their 
 legal force only through the confirming 
 authority of the Roman See." 
 
 76. St. Martin I. 649-655 
 
 Italy, Martyr. For having condemned 
 the heresy of the Monothelites, he was 
 dragged a prisoner to Constantinople 
 and sent into exile, where he died a 
 martyr to the Faith. 
 
 77. St. Eugene I. 655-656 
 
 Rome. 
 
— 99 — 
 
 78. St. Vitalian 657-672 
 
 Italy. Sent the learned monk Theodore 
 to England, as archbishop of Canterbury 
 with jurisdiction over all England. 
 
 Introduction of organs into the 
 churches of Italy. 
 
 79. Adeodatus II 672-676 
 
 Rome. 
 
 80. Bonus 1 676-678 
 
 Rome. 
 
 81. St. Agatho 678-682 
 
 Greece. In his letter to the VI. General 
 Council (at Constantinople, 681) he says: 
 "It is a fact, that this See (Rome) 
 through the grace of God has never 
 strayed from the apostolic tradition and 
 has never been tainted by heresy, be- 
 cause it has been said to Peter: "I have 
 prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not." 
 
 82. St. Leo II. 682-683 
 
 Sicily. In his decree, confirming the VI. 
 General Council, he says: "We confirm 
 it with the authority of St. Peter." 
 
 83. St. Benedict II. 684-685 
 
 Rome. 
 
 84. John V. 685-686 
 
 Syria. 
 
— 100 — 
 
 85. Conon ,.686-687 
 
 Thrace. Ordained St. Kilian, apostle of 
 Franconia, Germany. 
 
 86. St. Sergius I 687-701 
 
 Sicily. Cedualla, King of East Anglia, 
 Britain, was baptized in Rome. Sergius 
 made St. Willibrord, the apostle of Fries- 
 land, bishop of that country. 
 
 Century VIII.— 13 Popes. 
 
 87. John VI 701-705 
 
 Greece. 
 
 88. John VII 705-707 
 
 Greece. 
 
 89. Sisinnius 708 
 
 Syria. 
 
 90. Constantine 708-715 
 
 Syria. 
 
 91. St. Gregory II 715-731 
 
 Rome. He gave apostolic faculties to 
 St. Corbinian, the apostle of Bavaria and 
 ordained St. Boniface, the apostle of 
 Germany, bishop, and made him primate 
 of Germany. 
 
 L,eo, the Isaurian, emperor of Con- 
 stantinople, began the dispute about 
 sacred images. (Iconoclasts). 
 
— 101 — 
 
 92. St. Gregory III 731-741 
 
 Syria, held a council in Rome against 
 the Iconoclasts. 
 
 93. St. Zachary 741-752 
 
 Greece. He saved Rome from the as- 
 sault of the Lombards, and ratified the 
 election of Pepin to the throne of the 
 Franks. 
 
 94. St. Stephen II. 752 
 
 Rome, died before his consecration. 
 
 95. Stephen III 752-757 
 
 Rome. He annointed Pepin, King of 
 the Franks at Paris. Pepin defeated the 
 troublesome Lombards, and gave the 
 provinces and cities, taken from them, 
 to the Holy See. 
 
 96. St. Paid I. 757-767 
 
 Rome. 
 
 97. Stephen IV 768-771 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 98. Adrian I. 771-795 
 
 Rome. Friend of Charles the Great. 
 VII. General Council (at Nice, 787), 
 which condemned the heresy of the 
 Iconoclasts. 
 
 99. St. Leo III. 795-816 
 
 Rome. Consecrated Charles the Great, 
 Roman emperor of the West, and pro- 
 tector of the Church. 
 
— 102 — 
 
 Century IX.— 20 Popes. 
 
 100. St. Stephen V. 816-817 
 
 Rome. 
 
 101. St. Paschal I. 817-824 
 
 Rome, showed great zeal for the conver- 
 sion of Denmark. 
 
 102. Eugene II. 824-827 
 
 Rome, held a council in Rome which 
 decreed that in all episcopal cities, in 
 parishes and fitting localities, schools for 
 common and higher education should be 
 erected. 
 
 103. Valentine 827 
 
 Rome, reigned 40 days. 
 
 104. Gregory IV 827-843 
 
 Rome, conferred the pallium on St. 
 Ansgar, and appointed him apostolic 
 legate over the northern nations. 
 
 105. Sergius II 844-847 
 
 Rome. 
 
 106. St. Leo IV. 847-855 
 
 Rome. The piratical Saracens, who 
 ravaged the coasts of Italy, were de- 
 feated by the papal army, and the port of 
 the Tiber and Rome protected by forti- 
 fications. 
 
— 103 — 
 
 107. Benedict III 855-858 
 
 Rome. 
 
 108. St. Nicholas I 858-867 
 
 Rome. A great and energetic Pope in 
 troubled times. He upheld the sacred- 
 ness of marriage against emperor Lothar 
 II., and enforced ecclesiastical discipline 
 and law everywhere. Beginning of the 
 Greek Schism. 
 
 109. Adrian II 867-872 
 
 Rome. VIII. General Council, held at 
 Constantinople, condemned Photius and 
 settled the Greek Schism. (869-870.) 
 
 110. John VIII. 872-882 
 
 Rome, received St. Methodius, apostle 
 of the Slavs in Rome, and granted spe- 
 cial faculties to him. 
 
 Ill Marinus 1 882-884 
 
 Friend of King Alfred of England. 
 
 112. St. Adrian III 884-885 
 
 Rome. 
 
 US. Stephen VI 885-891 
 
 Rome, a father of the poor. He distrib- 
 uted all his property among the needy 
 when he became Pope. 
 
— 104 — 
 
 1U Formosus 891-896 
 
 Italy. Crowned Arnulf, emperor of 
 Germany. The Greek schismatics sub- 
 mitted to the Pope. 
 
 115. Boniface VI 896 
 
 Rome. 
 
 116. Stephen VII 897-898 
 
 Rome. 
 
 117. Romanus 898 
 
 Italy. 
 
 118. Theodore II. '..898 
 
 Rome. 
 
 119. John IX 898-900 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Century X.— 27 Popes. 
 
 During this period the Holy See suf- 
 fered greatly from the disturbances 
 caused by contending and powerful 
 factions. 
 
 120. Benedict IV. 900-903 
 
 Rome. 
 
 121. Leo V 90S 
 
 Italy. 
 
 122. Christopher 903-904 
 
 Rome. 
 
— 105 — 
 
 123. Sergius III 904-911 
 
 Rome. 
 
 124. Anastasius III 911-913 
 
 Rome. 
 
 125. Landus > 913-914 
 
 Italy. 
 
 126. John X 915-928 
 
 Italy. 
 
 127. Leo VI 928-929 
 
 Rome. 
 
 128. Stephen VIII 929-931 
 
 Rome. 
 
 129. John XI 931-936 
 
 Rome. 
 
 130. Leo VII. 936-939 
 
 Rome. 
 
 131. Stephen IX. 939-942 
 
 Rome. 
 
 132. Marinus II ..943-946 
 
 Rome. 
 
 133. Agapitus II 946-956 
 
 Rome. Conversion of Harald, King of 
 Denmark. 
 
 134. John XII 956-964 
 
 Rome. The first Pope who changed 
 his name after election. He annointed 
 
— 106 — 
 
 Otto, the Great, of Germany, as Romaii 
 emperor, which dignity remained thence- 
 forth with the rulers of the German 
 Empire. 
 
 135. Benedict V „ 964-965 
 
 Rome. 
 
 136. John XIII .....965-972 
 
 Rome. 
 
 137. Benedict VI 972-973 
 
 Rome. 
 
 138. Bonus II 973 
 
 Rome. 
 
 139. Benedict VII 975-984 
 
 Rome, held several synods against the 
 sin of simony. 
 
 U0. John XIV 984-985 
 
 Italy. 
 
 141. Boniface VII 985 
 
 Rome. 
 
 142. John XV 985-996 
 
 Rome. 
 
 143. John XVI ... 996 
 
 Rome. Established rules for the canon- 
 ization of Saints. 
 
 1M. Gregory V 996 
 
 Germany. 
 
— 107 -- 
 
 US. John XVII. 996-999 
 
 Italy, 
 
 146. Sylvester II. 999-1003 
 
 France. Gave to St. Stephen, King of 
 Hungary, the title of "Apostolic Ma- 
 jesty." The celebration of All Souls 
 Day, which had been introduced by St. 
 Odilo of Cluny, was made by him general 
 for the whole Church. 
 
 Century XI. — 19 Popes. 
 
 147. John XVIII. 1008 
 
 Rome. 
 
 US. John XIX 1003-1009 
 
 Rome. 
 
 149. Sergius IV. 1009-1012 
 
 Rome. 
 
 150. Benedict VIII 1012-1024 
 
 Rome. The monk, Guido of Arezzo, 
 invented the system of notes, which 
 caused a new era in the development of 
 music. The Pope called him to Rome, 
 and appointed him teacher of music. 
 
 151. John XX 1024-1033 
 
 Rome. 
 
 152. Benedict IX. 1033-1044 
 
 Rome. Resigned in the year 1044. 
 
— 108 — 
 
 158. Gregory VI. 1044-1046 
 
 Rome. Resigned in the year 1046. 
 
 154. Clement II 1046-1047 
 
 Germany. 
 
 155. Damasus II. 1048 
 
 Germany. 
 
 156. St. Leo IX 1049-1054 
 
 Germany. Michael Cerularius, patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, renewed the 
 Greek Schism. 
 
 157. Victor II. 1055-1057 
 
 Germany. 
 
 158. Stephen X. 1057-1058 
 
 Germany. 
 
 159. Benedict X. ...1058-1059 
 
 Rome. 
 
 160. Nicholas II. 1059-1061 
 
 Burgundy. Established the rule that 
 the Pope should be elected by the 
 Cardinals. 
 
 161. Alexander II. 1061-1078 
 
 Italy. 
 
 162. St. Gregory VII 1078-1085 
 
 Italy. A great and holy Pope, whose 
 life was devoted to reforming the abuses, 
 
— 109 — 
 
 which had crept into the Church, and 
 resisting with heroic fortitude the en- 
 croachments of princely power on the 
 rights of the Church. When Henry 
 IV. of Germany, who had done penance 
 at Canossa and been absolved, rebelled 
 again and invaded Rome, Gregory had 
 to flee and died at Savona. The last 
 words of the great defender of the 
 Church were : "I have loved justice and 
 hated iniquity; therefore I die in exile." 
 
 163. Bl. Victor III. 1087-1088 
 
 Benevent, Italy. 
 
 164. Bl. Urban II. 1088-1099 
 
 Rheims, France. He held a large assem- 
 bly in Clermont, in France, in which the 
 first crusade for the deliverance of the 
 Holy Sepulchre of Our Lord was re- 
 solved on. 
 
 165. Paschal II 1099-1118 
 
 Italy. His reign was disturbed by the 
 struggle about the Right of Investiture 
 between the Holy See and the princes 
 (Henry I. of England and Henry IV. and 
 V., of Germany). These princes claimed 
 the right to transfer to the bishops and 
 abbots of their realms the temporal 
 power over their domains, i. e., to make 
 them feudal lords by investing them 
 
— 110 — 
 
 with crosier and ring; while the Pope 
 justly claimed that crosier and ring are 
 emblems ot the spiritual power alone, 
 and that this investiture belonged to him. 
 
 Century XII.— 16 Popes. 
 
 166. Gelasius II. ..1118-1119 
 
 Italy. The dispute about the Right of 
 Investiture continued. The Pope had 
 to flee before Henry V., and died in 
 Clugny, France. 
 
 167. Calixtus II. 1119-1124. 
 
 Burgundy. The dispute about the Right 
 of Investiture was finally settled by the 
 Concordat of Worms (1122), so that the 
 emperor should invest the prelates with 
 the temporal power by the sceptre, and 
 the Pope with the spiritual power by 
 crosier and ring. IX. General Council 
 held at the L,ateran in Rome (1123). 
 
 168. Honor ius II. 1124-1130 
 
 Italy. 
 
 169. Innocent II. 1130-1143 
 
 Rome. He held the X. General Council 
 at the L,ateran (1139) mainly about the 
 reform of Church discipline. 
 
 170. Celestine II. 1143-1144 
 
 Italy. 
 
— Ill — 
 
 171. Lucius II. 1144-1145 
 
 Bologna, Italy. 
 
 172. Bl. Eugene III. 1145-1153 
 
 Italy. He was a disciple of St. Bernard, 
 who preached the second crusade. 
 
 173. Anastasius IV. 1153-1154 
 
 Rome. 
 
 174. Adrian IV. ..1154-1159 
 
 England. 
 
 175. Alexa?ider III. 1159-1181 
 
 Italy. Emperor Frederic Barbarossa of 
 Germany besieged Rome, but a pestilence 
 destroyed his army. He made peace 
 with the Pope, and so did Henry II. of 
 England. XI. General Council, held at 
 the L,ateran, Rome, condemned the errors 
 of the Albigenses (1179). 
 
 176. Lucius III 1181-1185 
 
 Italy. 
 
 177. Urban III 1185-1187 
 
 Italy. 
 
 178. Gregory VIII. 1187 
 
 Italy. 
 
 179. Clement III 1187-1191 
 
 Rome. The third crusade under Fred- 
 eric Barbarossa. 
 
— 112 — 
 
 180. Celestine III 1191-1198 
 
 Rome. 
 
 181. Innocent III 1198-1216 
 
 Italy. Called the teacher of the world and 
 the father of kings. He worked for the 
 suppression of the Albigensian heresy 
 and peace between the princes ; held the 
 XII. General Council at the Lateran 
 against the heresies of the age and for 
 the reformation of morals (1215). The 
 commandment of the annual paschal 
 communion was framed at this council. 
 St. Francis of Assisi founded the Fran- 
 ciscan, and St. Dominic, the Dominican 
 Order. 
 
 Century XIII.— 17 Popes. 
 
 182. Honor ius III. 1216-1227 
 
 Rome, gave the papal approbation to 
 the Franciscan and Dominican Orders. 
 
 188. Gregory IX 1227-1241 
 
 Italy, a great and saintly pope, who de- 
 fended the honor and rights of the 
 Church against the tyrannical Frederic 
 II. of Germany. 
 
 184. Celestine IV. 1241 
 
 Italy. 
 
— 113 — 
 
 185. Innocent IV 1243-1254 
 
 Italy. He convened the XIII. General 
 Council at Lyons, France, by which 
 Frederick II., emperor of Germany, was 
 excommunicated and deposed (1245). 
 
 186. Alexander IV 1254-1261 
 
 Italy. 
 
 1S7. Urbanus IV 1261-1264 
 
 France. Instituted the Feast of Corpus 
 Christi. 
 
 188. Clement IV 1265-1268 
 
 France. Last crusade under Louis IX. 
 of France. 
 
 189. BL Gregory X. 1271-1276 
 
 Piacenza, Italy. Held the XIV. General 
 Council at Lyons (1279). Death of the 
 great scholastics and doctors of the 
 Church, St. Thomas Aquinas and St. 
 Bonaventure. Rudolf of Hapsburg, 
 king of Germany, restores order in the 
 disturbed empire with the help of the 
 Pope. 
 
 190. Innocent V. 1276 
 
 Savoy. 
 
 191. Adrian V 1276 
 
 Italy. 
 
 8 
 
— 114 — 
 
 192. John XXI 1276-1277 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 193. Nicholas III. ...,.1277-1280 
 
 Rome. 
 
 194. Martin IV 1281-1285 
 
 France. 
 
 195. Honorius IV 1285-1287 
 
 Rome. 
 
 196. Nicholas IV. 1288-1292 
 
 Italy. 
 
 197. St. Celestine V 1294 
 
 Naples. Resigned in order to become a 
 hermit. 
 
 198. Boniface VIII. 1294-1303 
 
 Italy. Mediated the peace between 
 contending princes, canonized St. Louis 
 of France, and proclaimed the first Jubi- 
 lee indulgence. He defended the rights 
 of the Church with great dignity against 
 the covetous King Philip the Fair, of 
 France, and suffered persecution and in- 
 sults from the king's minions with apos- 
 tolic fortitude. 
 
— 115 — 
 
 Century XIV.— 10 Popes. 
 
 199. Bl. Benedict XI. 1303-1304 
 
 Italy. When his mother visited him in 
 his pontifical state, the courtiers present- 
 ed her arrayed in a rich dress; but the 
 Pope would not recognize her until she 
 appeared in the dress of her humble 
 station. Then he arose, full of rever- 
 ence, and said: "This is indeed my 
 mother." 
 
 200. Clement V. 1305-1314 
 
 France. Under him the Knights Tem- 
 plar were suppressed at the urgent de- 
 mand of Philip the Fair, by the XV. 
 General Council held at Vienne, France 
 (1312). He established his residence at 
 Avignon, France, which was continued 
 by the five succeeding French Popes. 
 
 201. John XXII 1316-1334 
 
 France. A great scholar in canon law, 
 and protector of the universities. He 
 caused the erection of the universities, 
 Cambridge, England, and Cahors, France. 
 From him dates the tolling of the bells 
 for the evening Angelus. 
 
 202. Benedict XII. 1334-1342 
 
 France. Established peace between 
 Portugal and Spain. 
 
— 116 — 
 
 203. Clement VI 1342-1352 
 
 France. Cola Rienzi's revolt in Rome. 
 During the fearful black pestilence which 
 devastated Europe, the Pope protected 
 the Jews against the excited people. 
 
 204. Innocent IV. 
 
 France. Heresy of Wyckliffe in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 205. Bl. Urban V. 1362-1370 
 
 France. 
 
 206. Gregory XI 1370-1378 
 
 France. The residence of Popes in 
 Avignon ended with him, and was taken 
 up again in Rome. 
 
 207. Urban VI 1378-1389 
 
 Italy. Six months after his election be- 
 gan the so-called Western Schism, caused 
 by a number of cardinals, who claimed 
 that Urban's election had not been ac- 
 cording to the canons of the Church, 
 and then elected an anti-pope, Clement 
 VII., who was succeeded by Benedict 
 XIII. 
 
 208. Boniface IX. 1389-1404 
 
 Italy. 
 
— 117 - 
 
 Century XV. — 13 Popes. 
 
 209. Innocent VII. 1404-1406 
 
 Italy. 
 
 210. Gregory XII 1406-1409 
 
 Italy. A council was convened by a 
 number of cardinals at Pisa in order to 
 stop the schism, but resulted only in the 
 election of another doubtful Pope, called 
 
 211. Alexander V 1409-1410 
 
 Who died in 1409, and was succeeded by 
 
 212. John XXIII 1410-1415 
 
 Who resigned in 1415. 
 
 (These two Pisan Popes have been 
 counted in the list on account of the 
 doubts prevailing at the time.) 
 
 Gregory XII. resigned finally at the 
 Council of Constance, in 1415, under the 
 condition that the Council be first legit- 
 imately convoked by his authority, and 
 then should elect another Pope to suc- 
 ceed him. 
 
 213. Martin V. 11+11-1431 
 
 Rome. Was elected by the Council of 
 Constance. The schism ceased. 
 
 214. Eugene IX. 1431-1447 
 
 Venice. Convened the XVII. General 
 Council, which was held first at Ferara, 
 
— 118 — 
 
 then at Florence (1438). The Greek 
 Bishops submitted and were united with 
 the Church ; but five years later the 
 schism revived. Thus the Greeks them- 
 selves, having submitted three times to 
 the authority of the Church, have judged 
 and condemned their schism. 
 
 215. Nicholas V. 1U7-H55 
 
 Italy. Fostered arts and sciences, and 
 is one of the founders of modern science. 
 He formed the famous Vatican Library, 
 and gathered the greatest artists, scien- 
 tists, and learned men of the age around 
 him. During his reign Constantinople 
 was conquered by the Turks (1453). 
 
 216. Calixtus III. .... U55-U58 
 
 Spain. He preached and supported a 
 crusade against the Turks, who threat- 
 ened Europe. The Christians vanquished 
 the Turks' power in the famous battle 
 of Belgrade. He issued a solemn de- 
 cision that Joan of Arc died a martyr 
 for her religion and country. 
 
 217. Pius II. 1458-U64 
 
 Italy (Aeneas Sylvius). Condemned the 
 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, France, 
 which became afterwards the foundation 
 of Gallicanism. 
 
— 119 — 
 
 218. Paul II. 1464-U71 
 
 Venice. The first printing press was 
 established in Rome. 
 
 219. Sixties IV. 1471-1484 
 
 Italy. Received an embassy of the Czar of 
 Russia, which brought Russia's rejection 
 of the Greek Schism and submission to 
 the Church according to the Council of 
 Florence. 
 
 220. Innocent VIII. 1484-1492 
 
 Genoa. Mediated peace in England, dis- 
 tracted by the War of the Roses. Spain 
 was freed from Mohammedanism and 
 America discovered by Columbus. 
 
 221. Alexander VI. 1492-1503 
 
 Borgia, Spain. 
 
 Century XVI. — 17 Popes. 
 
 222. Phis III. , 1508 
 
 Italy. 
 
 223. Julius II 1503-1513 
 
 Italy. Laid the foundation of the Basilica 
 of St. Peter, was the patron of art and 
 the friend of Michael Angelo, Raphael, 
 and other eminent artists. He convened 
 the XVIII. General Council in the 
 L,ateran, Rome. 
 
— 120 — 
 
 224. Leo X, 1513-1521 
 
 Completed the Basilica of St. Peter, the 
 grandest cathedral of the world. He 
 excommunicated Luther. 
 
 225. Adrian VI 1522-1528 
 
 Holland. 
 
 226. Clement VII 1528-1584 
 
 Florence. Excommunicated Henry VIII. 
 for divorcing himself from his lawful 
 wife and marrying another. 
 
 227. Paul III.... 1584-1549 
 
 Rome. Convoked the XIX. General 
 Council at Trent, Tyrol. He approved 
 the newly-founded Order of the Jesuits. 
 
 228. Julius III 1550-1555 
 
 Rome. 
 
 229. Marcellus II. 1555 
 
 Italy. Reigned only 22 days. 
 
 230. Paul IV. 1555-1559 
 
 Italy. Published a bulla, in which he 
 forbade, under excommunication, to es- 
 tablish slavery among the Indians of the 
 West Indies. 
 
 231. Pius IV. 1559-1565 
 
 Italy. Ended and confirmed the Council 
 of Trent. He reformed the Church 
 
— 121 — 
 
 music with the assistance of the great 
 Palestrina. St. Charles Borromeo, the 
 great Archbishop of Milan and true re- 
 former of church discipline, was his 
 nephew. 
 
 232. St. Pitts V 1566-1572 
 
 Italy. Through his zeal, a Christian 
 fleet was put to sea and destroyed in a 
 glorious victory, under Don Juan D'Aus- 
 tria, the Turkish fleet at Lepanto. 
 
 233. Gregory XIII. 1572-1585 
 
 Italy. Corrected the calendar, which was 
 gratefully received by the whole Chris- 
 tian world and is to-day in general use. 
 
 23Jf. Sixtus V. 1585-1590 
 
 Italy. A great and just ruler, who made 
 the pontifical states the best governed 
 country in Europe and organized the ad- 
 ministration of ecclesiastical affairs in an 
 admirable manner. 
 
 235. Urban VII 1590 
 
 Rome. Died before his coronation. 
 
 236. Gregory XIV. 1590-1591 
 
 Italy. 
 
 287. Innocent IX. 1591 
 
 Italy. 
 
— 122 — 
 
 288. Clement VIII 1592-1605 
 
 Italy. Established peace between Spain 
 and France and between France and 
 Savoy. He published the revised edi- 
 tion of the Vulgate Bible, which has 
 been ever since the official text used by 
 the Church. 
 
 Century XVII.— 11 Popes. 
 
 289. Leo XI. 1605 
 
 Italy. 
 
 HO. Paul V. , 1605-1621 
 
 Rome. 
 
 241. Gregory XV 1621-1628 
 
 Italy. Founded the propaganda, and 
 canonized St. Ignatius and St. Francis 
 Xavier. 
 
 242. Urban VIII. 1628-16U 
 
 Italy. 
 
 248. Innocent X. ,.1644-1655 
 
 Rome. Condemned the errors of Jan- 
 senism. 
 
 244. Alexander VII. 1655-1667 
 
 Italy. 
 
 245. Clement IX. 1667-1669 
 
 Italy. 
 
— 123 — 
 
 246. Clement X. 1670-1676 
 
 Rome. Forced Portugal to close its 
 tribunal of the Inquisition. 
 
 247. Innocent XL 1676-1689 
 
 Italy. Condemned the four Gallican 
 articles and firmly opposed King Louis 
 XIV. of France in his attacks on the 
 rights of the Church. 
 
 248. Alexander VIII. 1689-1691 
 
 Italy. 
 
 249. Innocent XII. 1691-1700 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Century XVIII.— 8 Popes. 
 
 250. Clement XI . 1700-1721 
 
 Italy. 
 
 251. Innocent XIII. 1721-1724 
 
 Rome. 
 
 252. Benedict XIII. 1724-1730 
 
 Rome. 
 
 258. Clement XII. 1730-1740 
 
 Italy. Excommunicated Freemasonry. 
 
 254. Benedict XIV. 1740-1758 
 
 Italy. A man of profound learning and 
 author of important works on canon 
 law. 
 
— 124 — 
 
 255. Clement XIII. 1758-1769 
 
 Italy. 
 
 256. Clement XIV. 1769-1774 
 
 Italy. The conspiracy of the ministers 
 Pombal of Portugal, Aranda of Spain, 
 Tanucci of Naples, supported by Voltaire 
 and the Jansenists in France, had pre- 
 pared a storm of passion against the 
 Order of the Jesuits, who had been the 
 staunch defenders of the rights of the 
 Church against the encroachments of 
 absolute state power. The kings of 
 these respective countries, mostly of the 
 Bourbon family, combined to force the 
 Pope to decree the abolition of the Order. 
 The Jesuits submitted to the decision of 
 the Holy See with dignified obedience. 
 Shortly after the bloody French revo- 
 lution broke out and swept over Europe, 
 breaking the thrones of those absolute 
 rulers, who had throughout the XVIII. 
 century annoyed the Holy See and en- 
 deavored to enslave the Church. 
 
 257. Pius VI. 1775-1799 
 
 Rome. The army of the French revolu- 
 tion occupied the pontifical states. Pius 
 VI. was dragged into captivity and died 
 in Valencia. 
 
— 125 — 
 
 Century XIX. 
 
 258. Pius VII. 1800-1823 
 
 Italy. With apostolic courage, he de- 
 fended the rights of the Church against 
 the tyranny of the all-powerful Napoleon, 
 emperor of the French, although a cap- 
 tive at Fontainebleau. But Napoleon 
 lost his throne and the Pope returned in 
 triumph to Rome. His first act was the 
 re-establishment of the Order of the 
 Jesuits in compliance with the general 
 wish of the Christian world. 
 
 259. Leo XII. 1823-1829 
 
 Italy. 
 
 260. Pius VIII. 1829-1830 
 
 Italy. 
 
 261. Gregory XVI 1831-1846 
 
 Italy. 
 
 262. Piics IX 1846-1878 
 
 Italy. The revolution 1848 swept over 
 Europe and drove Pius into exile. After 
 his return, he promulgated the dogma of 
 the Immaculate Conception of the 
 Blessed Virgin, condemned the liberal- 
 istic errors of the age in his encyclicals 
 and syllabus, and convened the XX. 
 
— 126 — 
 
 General Council at the Vatican, in which 
 the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope 
 was proclaimed. 
 
 The King of Italy robbed the Holy 
 See of the pontifical states and Rome, 
 and since then the Pope has lived a 
 prisoner in the Vatican. 
 
 263. Leo XIII..... 1878 
 
 Italy. Who has reigned in the See of 
 St. Peter to the present day with mild- 
 ness and wisdom. 
 
 Note. — The number of the Popes from St. 
 Peter to Leo XIII. is 263, an imposing list of 
 great and venerable men, who succeeded each 
 other in the See of St. Peter for 1800 years. 
 While the dynasties of the greatest empires dis- 
 appeared in the lapse of time, this is immortal- 
 for the promise of the Eternal God is upon it. 
 
 In the fierce battles of faith, they bore the 
 first and greatest brunt— 35 obtained the crown 
 of martyrdom and about 40 suffered prison and 
 exile as Confessors of the Faith. 
 
 Eighty two are venerated as Saints on the 
 altars of the Church, and whatever was holy, 
 good, and true in the history of Christian na- 
 tions, found shelter and fostering care with the 
 great and universal shepherds of Christ's flock. 
 
 The See of St. Peter has ever been the center 
 of Catholic unity, as St. Cyprian called it; from 
 it the faith has continuously radiated into the 
 world and been safeguarded against error; for 
 our L<ord said to St. Peter: "And thou confirm 
 
— 127 — 
 
 thy brethren. " The children of the Church all 
 over the world look with reverence and love 
 upon the venerable Pontiff in the Eternal City, 
 the Father of Christendom. Of whatever race 
 or nationality they be, at his throne all aspira- 
 tions meet and are harmonized in the same 
 faith and charity, of which he is the divinely 
 appointed guardian ; for after Christ had asked 
 St. Peter three times, "Dost thou love me?" He 
 said to him: "Feed my lambs' and feed my 
 sheep." 
 
OCT ^ 1899 
 
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