OLD NEW ENGLAND TRAITS EDITED BY / GEORGE LUNT . . . this story's actually true. If any person doubt it, I appeal To history, tradition, and to facts, To newspapers, whose truth all know and feel. Byron ;«?■ COP V,i:&Hf% ■m NEW YORK J PUBLISHED BY KURD AND HOUGHTON 1873 F7f • . Nssbf Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the j'ear 1873, by George Lunt, in the OfEce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE: STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. INTRODUCTION. The Editor of this little volume does not deem it incumbent upon him to explain in what way the author's manuscript came into his possession. He hopes it may be enough for him to say, that the writer be- lieved himself to be the only person whose memory retained most of the incidents and anecdotes herein recorded ; and a long and familiar acquaintance with his charac- ter enables the Editor to state, that entire credence is due to his narrative of facts, written down as occurring within his own knowledge and to his relation of what- ever he alleges himself to have derived from others. A slight veil of mystery seems to have been originally thrown over the story ; especially in regard to the names of persons ; but, as all who are iv Introdicction. familiar with the locality will at once rec- ognize its general features, the Editor has thought it best, for the benefit of others not so well informed, to make all proper explanations on this point in the Index. Sometimes, New England has been spoken of as devoid of the elements of romance ; but perhaps this idea may be owing to the fact, that the means of pre- senting a different asjDect of the case have not been sufficiently investigated. A sim- ilar impression has prevailed in respect to Roman history and literature, whether fab- ulous or otherwise ; and the fathers of New England, at least, have been thought to have exhibited some of the traits, especially the simplicity and severity of character, which distinguished those more ancient worthies, whose names and deeds have been so long famous. But without making other citations, I may remark, that I am scarcely acquainted with a poem more thoroughly romantic in conception and sentiment, than Introduction, v " Galliis," the tenth eclogue of Virgil ; and Macaulay, in his " Lays of Ancient Rome," has turned some of its legends to fine poet- ical account. Where can be found, for in- stance, a prettier, or more suggestive pic- ture, than the passage in his "Virginia," which some inspired painter might make immortal upon canvas, as it is in verse : — " With her small tablets in her hand, and her satchel on her arm, Home she went bounding from the school, nor dreamed of shame or harm." Perhaps, the solemnities of the colonial history of New England may have over- shadowed much of whatever, poetical inter- est might be discovered in its private an- nals. It depends upon the reader, whether the present narrative may be thought in some measure to qualify the imputation in question. G. L. OLD NEW ENGLAND TRAITS. CHAPTER I. It was the winter of 1 8 — , between fifty and sixty years ago. Certainly the winters of New England began earlier and were more severe than they have seemed at a later period. After the fervid heat of sum- mer has become subdued by the progres- sive changes of the season, no atmosphere could be clearer, purer, more exhilarating than the prevailing tone of our October days, and this kindly influence, as if by way of preparing the human frame for the gradual approach of winter, generally ex- tends, with occasional stormy intermissions, through November, and often very far into the frosty domain of December itself And such snow-storms as we once endured ! It 2 Old New England Traits, may be alleged, that distance of time for- bids accuracy of comparison, and that masses of snow, which appeared vast to a child, would not seem so immense to a full- grown man, and were really no more huge than some of those with which winter now- adays envelopes the ground. But facts within my memory do not admit of such an explanation, for I distinctly recollect the driving storm which continued for days and piled its accumulating heaps against the front of our dwelling-place, so as entirely to cover the windows of the lower story of the house, and to rise above the main door which was of ordinary height, and that at length we were released from this impris- onment by means of an archway to that en- trance, dug through the drift by the friendly efforts of an opposite neighbor.^ 1 As I set down these reminiscences I obsen^e the fol- lowing paragraph in a Boston daily paper of November 27, 1872 : — " November Snow. Fifty-two years ago to-day there were twenty-eight inches of snow on a level in the vicin- ity of Portsmouth, N. H." A Snow-drift and Rescue, 3 Our deliverer was a superannuated sea- man ; inspired partly, no doubt, by the good- heartedness formerly, at least, thought to be characteristic of that class of men, and, partly, by respect for the memory of my father, who had been dead for some years, in the early prime of life, leaving behind him the best of reputations as a shipmas- ter and a man. Perhaps Tom Trudge had, at some time, sailed under him. I well re- member the triumphant air with which this ancient mariner introduced himself into the kitchen, where all the family was assembled, doffing his tarpauUn, flourishing his shovel, and cutting one or two capers, in token of his hilarity at the accomplishment of his somewhat arduous job. Of course, there were profuse thanks and congratulations on the occasion ; but I recollect only, that, after the second glass of grog furnished by my mother, — a refreshment to which Tom was only too partial, — he executed another spring from the floor, snapped his fingers 4 Old New England Traits, and cried, " Tired, ma'am ! — not a bit of it ! For all I've done to-day, by the blessed binnacle I should think nothing at all of jumping over a meetin-us, — yes, a meetin- us, ma'am ! " to the amazement, at the idea of such a feat, of certainly all the younger fry who were present at the ceremony. The town in which we lived was one of the very oldest of the New England settle- ments. Its situation is uncommonly beau- tiful, upon a slope descending from a mod« erately elevated ridge towards the bank of a noble river, which of late years has fur- nished more motive power to various man- ufacturing establishments in the towns and villages, which have sprung up on its bor- ders, than any other stream in the world. At the time of which I write, there was not a mill throughout its whole extent. It is told, that Louis Philippe, when a fugitive in this country, in his youth, passing up the road which leads mostly along the margin of the river to a point where the first falls A Remarkable Town, 5 interrupt the navigation, pronounced the scenery the most beautiful he had ever seen. The river was then chiefly famous for the rafts of admirable timber which it sent down from the primeval forests above, for the construction of the unsurpassed ships built near the town, and for the com- merce flourishing upon its bosom and ex- tending to every quarter of the globe. It was idle enough, in comparison, at a later period. Early in the present century, and for a long series of years in the past, no town on the American coast surpassed it in com- mercial enterprise and activity. The habits and traditions of the place were well calcu- lated to nurse a hardy race of seamen, and their reputation for skill and courage was well known throughout the maritime world. Persons are very apt to look at some direct circumstance, nearest at hand, for the cause of events, which may after all result from much more remote contingencies. So, at 6 Old New England Traits, first, in the days of the declining trade of the town, they said the obstruction to its commerce was owing to the sand-bar at the mouth of the river. But the bar had been there from time immemorial ; and though it is true that modern-built vessels, with their cargoes, could not pass that bar- rier, as ships of lesser tonnage were for- merly accustomed to do, yet the main cause for this decay of business was to be found in the growth of the capital of the State, and the greater facilities for the transaction of business which exist in larger than in smaller places. But the bar itself was always of very dan- gerous passage in boisterous weather, and often the daring pilots of the station, than whom none upon the coast were more com- petent and courageous, were exposed to ex- treme peril, in their small craft, in return- ing to the river, when they had been on the look-out for inward-bound vessels in the bay. A Bold Pilot. 7 It so happened that a schooner in which I was a passenger, when a youngster, was detained outside the bar, and was Ukely to be detained for several hours, waiting for the tide to make. A young pilot, accom- panied by his still younger brother, came alongside in their whale-boat, and having some acquaintance with me invited me to sail with them to town ; and, having been some time absent from home, I gladly ac- cepted their offer. Their boat was under a single low sail. The breeze was fresh and the day fair, though I could not but be aware, as we bowled along towards the bar, that a retreating storm had left some indi- cations of its past presence in the tossing foam that sprang upwards as the waves dashed upon that treacherous heap of shift- ing sand. The pilot sat in the stern-sheets of the dancing boat, steering steadily with an oar. His brother tended the sail, and I was crouched amidships. As we ap- proached nearer the scene of commotion, 8 Old New England Traits, our younger companion assumed a station in the bow of the boat and began to sound with an oar. This looked a little formidable to a landsman ; and soon turning his head in the interval of hastily pushing his imple- ment into the water, the bowsman called out to his brother, " Joe, are you going to try it ? " Joe made no sign, but steered steadily on. Again and again the sound- ing oar went rapidly down, and I suppose at last to the bottom, and again the young man cried out with renewed energy, " Joe, are you going to try it ? " Joe uttered no word, but chewing his quid, looked stead- fastly forward. In a moment a heavy wave struck the boat, drenching us plentifully, but not filling her, and bounding up, stag- gering a little, she dashed on, and with another like slap or two, we were over and i(n fairly smooth water. Had the boat struck bottom, she would have been in- stantly dashed to pieces and we should have met the sad fate of others who, before Thackeray s Expectations. 9 and since, have been drowned and lost to sight forever in that seething tide. In a conversation with a very eminent EngHsh novelist, of profounder skill and more permanent fame, in my opinion, than any other since Scott, he expressed his sur- prise at the solid aspect of the city of Bos- ton, in which we had met, on the day after his arrival in this country, upon his first lec- turing tour. He had enjoyed the best op- portunities of viewing " men and cities," not only in Europe, but in various parts of the farther East. I took the liberty of re- plying that Boston had been growing nearly two centuries and a half, and inquired if he expected to see wigwams, or even those slighter fabrics which betoken the earlier stages of advancing colonization. He said, " No, of course not ; but it had quite as substantial an appearance as an English city." But it is to be remembered that the persons who came to this country, at first, and from time to time, afterwards, were al- lo Old New England Traits, ready civilized, and brought with them and transmitted to their descendants much of the knowledge and many of the habits, peculiarities, and even the traditions of their ancestors " at home." Our town, too, looked old, though far from being so sub- stantially built as Boston. In fact, while reading the fragment of Scott's autobiography of his earlier days, and Dean Ramsay's " Reminiscences," one might almost think that their descriptions of character and manners, in so ancient a city as Edinburgh, were in many respects but a recapitulation of popular ways and .even of personal oddities in our own re- spectable American town. Especially, the great novelist's vivid narrative of the des- perate street conflicts between the lads of the several quarters of the "auld town," revives many boyish recollections. In my youth, the division was into Northenders and Southenders ; but as our own resi- dence was in the central part of the town. Boyish Conflicts, ii we stood, as it were, between two fires. The conflicts usually took place in the win- ter, when the snow was on the ground, and though heartily engaged in, and sometimes quite too rough for play, were generally good-natured enough to avoid any very serious danger to life or limb. In the higher schools, the lads were drawn from every quarter of the town ; but upon dis- missal for the day, or upon the afternoons of Wednesday and Saturday, when no school was kept, the partisans of the sev- eral sections offered combat which was sel- dom refused. The usual weapons were snow-balls, which were sometimes, I regret to say, dipped in water and frozen over night, and kept in some secure place to await the expected battle, and occasionally a peb- ble, the missile commonly used by the Scot- tish combatants, was inserted, — a practice which was almost universally condemned. Very seldom did we come to a hand-fight, for a spirited " rush," when either party felt 12 Old New England Traits, strong enough for it, was almost always followed by a rapid retreat on the other side. But woe to the luckless stripling whose headlong courage carried him far in advance of his companions ; for upon a sudden turn of affairs he was a captive, and down in an instant, and mercilessly " scrubbed " with snow by a dozen ready hands, until the rallying host of his com- patriots advanced vigorously to the rescue. The normal alliance of us middle-men was with the Southenders, though a good deal rougher than ourselves ; and in times of truce a solitary boy would walk a little gin- gerly through their quarter, as errands or family occasions led him that way. But the principal commercial interests centered in those parts of the town, and if, upon the breaking out of determined warfare, we could secure, in the capacity of leader, the services of some lubberly boy who had made a voyage, even a mere coasting trip, to sea, though I remember that these were Boyish Amusements. 13 sometimes far less adventurous in the field than those who had no experience of the perilous deep, the issue of the contest was not for a moment doubtful. The forces of our adversaries melted away, like the snow with which they fought, at the very pres- ence of a champion supposed to be of such redoubted prowess. The dependence of those adverse combatants was rather upon some of the younger hangers-on at the ship-yards, in their territory, for such a cas- ual auxiliary. Sometimes, the elements of military skill would be displayed. While the two forces were closely engaged, a flanking party would make a sudden rush up some short by-street, and then the com- plete demoralization and panic-flight of the warriors thus newly assailed was something truly disastrous to behold. Of course, we enjoyed the ordinary boy- ish sports of boating, swimming, and skat- ing in the season for it ; or, of a pleasant afternoon, would roam away " over the 14 Old New England Traits, hills," as the phrase ran, huckleberrying, perhaps, or gathering penny-royal and other wild herbs for the old folks at home ; to be dried and reserved for future occasions. For, in those days, a garret would hardly be considered complete, without bunches of these simples hanging from the beams by strings, or stored away in paper-bags. In the fall of the year, we had another re- source, long since interdicted by the owners of farms in the neighborhood of populous towns. This was the pleasure of nutting ; for the urchins of those days regarded these kinds of fruit, growing on trees in the fields, as a sort of ferce natura and free to every passer-by ; though the more surly proprietors, even then, took much pains to circumvent and capture the lads, as they returned with their poles for beating the branches and with their loaded bags, borne by two or three of them, hanging by the middle across those implements. Some- times, predatory bands proceeded in force The DeviVs Den, 15 and defied the farmer on his own ground. The story was told of one luckless individ- ual who went nutting alone and was caught and imprisoned, for a time, in the cellar of the farm-house, but mischievously contrived to set all the taps of the cider-barrels run- ning, before he was released. These excur- sions led us often to the Devil's Den, an excavation in an abandoned ledge of lime- stone, in a solitary situation at some dis- tance from the town, and guarded, now as then, by three rather spectral-looking Lom- bardy poplars, which to us boys had a sort of mystic and undefined significance. Here we procured bits of serpentine, interspersed with veins of rag-stone, as we denominated asbestos, which, strangely enough, we used to chew. I suppose that no boy ever went to that place alone, and a sort of solemn ceremony attended his first visit with his older playmates, to a scene bearing an ap- pellation ominous enough to call up every vague dread of his youthful heart. The i6 Old New England Traits, approach on these occasions was rather circuitous, through the pastures, until an elevated mass of stone, standing quite soli- tary, was reached, designated as " Pulpit Rock." To the summit of this, the neo- phyte was required to climb, and there to repeat some accustomed formula, I fear not very reverent, by way of initiation, and sup- posed to be of power to avert any malign influences to which the unprepared in- truder upon the premises of the nominal lord of the domain might otherwise be sub- jected. For these youngsters the ordinary means of education were abundantly sup- plied, and the girls, too, had their Academy for those who aspired to something beyond the common range ; and when, at a later period, I became conversant with their cir- cle, I must say that I have never known young ladies of better manners or more cultivated minds. As an evidence of more expansive benevolence than usual, and of profounder interest in the affairs of the great Handsome Houses, 17 world abroad, I remember that when the class of students in Goldsmith's Ancient History came to recitation, one young lady burst into a torrent of tears. The aston- ished teacher anxiously inquired into the cause of her emotion. In the midst of her sobs she ejaculated, " Oh, that good man, Socrates ! To think they should have treated him so ! " She was finally soothed ; but considering that the incident in ques- tion was of a rather remote date, this ebul- lition of feehng evinced a generous sym- pathy with a victim of past injustice, truly worthy of a philanthropic mind. It is still a town of stately mansions upon its principal street, and one more beautiful can scarcely be imagined. The magnifi- cent elms, of the graceful American kind, which line its borders, have always been reckoned a feature of extraordinary beauty. Of late years, special means for supplying and preserving this elegant and useful kind of embellishment of the streets have been 1 8 Old New England Traits, provided by the liberal bequest, for this purpose, of Mr. John Bromfield, a native of the town, but long a respected merchant at the capital of the State. A conspicuous house standing upon a gentle elevation, at some distance from the street, with pleas- ant grounds in its front and rear, was appropriately named by its original pro- prietor "Mount Rural," though not, per- haps, with the most exact observance of the requirements of grammatical construction. Still, it has some authority for being con- sidered idiomatic, for does not " Pilsfrim's Progress " tell us of the " Palace Beautiful ? " And doubtless many other instances might be cited of the substitution of an adjec- tive for a noun. At all events, the worthy owner, who built his house in the most approved style of former New England ar- chitecture, spacious, square, and with pro- jecting windows in the roof, made some pretensions to classical allusion ; for culti- vating extensive gardens in the rear of his An Ancient Farm-house, 19 dwelling, he placed for an inscription on his front wall, — " Miraturque novas frondes, et non sua poma," — a citation which, it is to be feared, would be taken rather as encouragement to mis- chievous urchins, if any of them understood it, rather than as a warning to abstain from the fruit. Near the extremity of the opposite quar- ter of the town still stands an ancient edi- fice of solid stone, with a couple of stories of porch of the same material, approached by a lane, bordered with trees, leading some distance from the highway, and con- stituting, with some modern additions, the dwelling-place of a considerable farm. It boasts an age of more than two centuries, as appears by the figures above its entrance, and was apparently built for defence, when precautions against Indian incursions were thought necessary, though afterwards used as a powder-house ; and tradition has it that, on one occasion, an explosion took 20 Old New England Traits, place by night, which blew away a part of the side wall, lifted the bed on which a ne- gro woman, the slave of the occupant, was asleep, bore her safely across the road, and planted her, bed and all, upon the spread- ing branches of an apple-tree, without in- jury. An early owner of the place was the ancestor of one of the recent Presidents of the United States, and it was known, until quite a modern period, as the Pierce Farm. Not many years ago, there still remained at the corner of a street, between the points just designated, one of those ancient houses not common in this country, the second story resting on heavy beams, which showed them- selves in the outside walls, and the walls of the long, low dwelling filled in with a coat of dark plaster braced by wooden cross-pieces, like those of Shakespeare's birthplace at Stratford. The handsome houses before al- luded to were the residences chiefly of mer- chants, or sea-captains, who had retired from their maritime or commercial occupations Wkai Riches memit, 21 with a competence, or of prosperous profes- sional persons.^ But a competence in those frugal days was an insignificant sum in com- parison with the fortunes of our own time, scarcely approaching the annual income of the shoddy-masters, who now regulate the avenues of social and so-called aristocratic life. Indeed, I was once informed by an old inhabitant, that the richest person in the town, near the close of the last century, was assessed upon only ten thousand dol- lars' worth of personal property. But I 1 The late Mr. George Wood, of Washington, a native of our town, in some highly interesting Memorabiliaj formerly published, says : " The aristocracy were not on High Street, as now, but on Water Street, and more at the South than the North end, as the old houses give evidence to this day. The Johnsons, Jacksons, Daven- ports, Coffins, Greenleafs, Bartletts, Pierces, Hoopers, Tappans, Todds, Carters, Lunts, Marquands, and others of wealth, were on Water Street or near it. There were their grand houses and fine gardens, and it was not till they thought of retiring from business that they removed to the West-end or up-town, as gradually as they always do in all places." 22 Old New Engla7id. Traits, think there must be some mistake in this statement, unless the rate of taxation was exceedingly low ; for this same prosperous merchant devoted twenty times as much as that reputed capital to certain pious uses, during his protracted life-time, and still left forty times as much at his decease. Doubtless in those better days, the inevita- ble "rates" ("death and rates," they used to say, " were certain ") were so small as to press but lightly upon the incomes of indi- viduals in moderate circumstances, and the means of getting at the exact measure of a man's worldly " worth," had not reached their present degree of perfection. Indeed I may state, upon unquestionable authority, that, late in the first quarter of the present century, a highly respected trader of the town, who lived genteelly and was taxed upon a supposed capital of eighteen thou- sand dollars, waited upon the assessors and blandly told them, " Gentlemen, I have been more than usually prosperous the last A Cunning Expedient, 23 year, and am willing you should tax me upon an additional thousand." Such com- bined integrity and disinterestedness was the theme of universal commendation ; but when the old gentleman went to another reckoning a few years afterwards, his heirs had the benefit of an estate nearer one hun- dred thousand dollars in value, than the limited capital which had contributed its quota to the public burdens. In a word, I have heard my Aunt Judith say, that in her youth it was usual for respectable young women to take service with more thriving neighbors or friends, for the annual allow- ance of their board and a single caUcd gown, at four and sixpence a yard, — as the price was before mills were estabUshed on our own ground. I cannot help referring more particularly to some of the families of the town, who imparted to it a well-founded reputation, not surpassed, if equaled, by that of any town or city in the land ; for instance, there 24 Old New England Traits, were the Lowells, who gave name, after- wards, to that wonderful city of spindles, which enjoys as world-wide a standing in the annals of manufacturing enterprise as the old-world Manchester of a long-ante- rior date, and one of whom, amid the des- olate ruins of Luxor, struck by the hand of fatal disease, conceived the idea of estab- lishing that noble Institute which bears his name, and will convey it to future grateful generations ; a name, too, which has so re- sounded in the popular literature of the day. Then, there were the Jacksons, famous in mechanics and in two of the learned pro- fessions ; Charles Jackson, the erudite and upright judge, and James Jackson, one of those skillful and truly benevolent physi- cians, whose memory is still in the hearts of many surviving patients. The Tyngs, too, resided there, long honorably connected with colonial history and still represented by descendants of national repute. Amongst other remarkable individuals was Jacob Ancient Schoolmasters, 25 Perkins, the famous inventor, who at an ad- vanced age ended his useful career with no Httle foreign celebrity in the great city of the world. I have read lately of his success- ful exhibition of his wonderful steam-gun, in the presence of the Duke of Wellington and other competent judges of the experi- ment, and know not what national prejudice, perhaps, or other casual reason, prevented its adoption.^ In science, too, we had Mas- ter Nicholas Pike, an ancient magistrate, whose arithmetic held its ground through- out the country, until it was superseded by that of Master Michael Walsh, which re- ceived the high commendation of so capital a judge, in matters of calculation, as the old land-surveyor and finally head of the 1 After resigning his office of judge, which he had held for only a few years, but administered with extraordinary ability ,and integrity, Judge Jackson went abroad for re- laxation, and a letter from a gentleman in London to a friend on this side the water says, — " Two of your townsmen, Judge Jackson and Jacob Perkins, now fill the public eye of England, and are the subjects of public and private conversation." 26 Old New England Traits. nation, Washington. Master Walsh was an Irishman by birth, though " caught young," as Dr. Johnson remarked, to account for any distinction acquired by natives of Scot- land ; and he displayed much of that im- pulsive temperament imputed to the people of Erin's Green Isle. He dressed in the old style, his gray hair gathered into a queue, and wearing top-boots to the last. He was an excellent classical scholar, as well as mathematician. The pupils he pre- pared for college did justice to his instruc- tions, and some have acquired great emi- nence in the several professions and in the conduct of important national affairs. As an instance of his patriotic attachment to his adopted country, upon casually meet- ing, late in life, a certain writer of the town, after a cordial salutation, he added with a slight dash of the brogue, " I thank ye for the Red and the Blue ! " The young person was a little taken aback, not remembering the allusion, for a moment, when the old The Red and the Blue, 27 gentleman repeated emphatically, — " The Red and the Blue, ye know — Tom Camp- bell." It was in reference to a couple of stanzas, addressed to the United States by that great lyric poet, scarcely equaled in his day, namely : — " United States ! your banner wears Two emblems : one of fame ; Alas ! the other that it bears Reminds us of your shame ! " The white man's liberty in types Stands blazoned by your stars : But what's the meaning of your stripes ? They mean your negroes' scars." To this the American had retorted : — "to the ENGLISH FLAG. " England ! whence came each glowing hue, That tints yon flag of * meteor ' light,i — The streaming red, the deeper blue, Crossed with the moonbeam's pearly white ? 1 " The meteor flag of England," etc. Campbell. " Ye mariners of England." 28 Old New England Traits, " The blood and bruise, — the bhie and red, — Let Asia's groaning millions speak ! The white, — it tells the color fled From starving Erin's pallid cheek ! " The verses were at first circulated as above set down. Campbell afterwards al- tered the two first lines of the second stanza into : — " Your standard's constellation types "White freedom by its stars," etc., — .impairing it, as some will think, both in force and in whatever poetical expression it may have originally had. Poets are apt to make similar mistakes, frittering away the first glow of thought and language, in revision. Has not Tennyson thus injured " The ride of the six hundred } " and did not Campbell himself half spoil " Hohen- linden," by taming its phraseology down into a supposed superfluous accuracy ? For example, he first wrote, — " 'Tis morn, but scarce yon lurid sun Can pierce the war-clouds, rolling dun," etc. Saturday and Sunday Evenings. 29 It occurred to him, or some "stop-watch critic" suggested, that the sun itself was not actually " lurid," on that celebrated oc- casion, and he accordingly changed the ex- pression to " level," thus signifying a mere natural phenomenon ; and, besides the sac- rifice of a fine poetical expression, forget- ting that the sun must have appeared actu- ally "lurid" through the interposition of " the war-clouds, rolling dun;" Nor is this the only instance of misapplied fastidious- ness in that splendid and stirring piece. Then, there was the Rev. Dr. Spring, father of that celebrated clergyman, Dr. Gardiner Spring, of New York. He had been a chaplain in the army of the Revolu- tion ; and when I, as a boy, pulled off my cap to him in the street, I fancied there was something a little military in his polite salute in return. The good Doctor held to what were called Hopkinsian tenets, a spe- cial form of strict orthodoxy ; and it was al- leged that, differing from the ordinary prac- 30 Old New England Traits, tice of religious people in the town, and construing literally the record of the Crea- tion, " The evening and the morning were the first day," — the Saturday evening was observed with primitive strictness in the family, while on Sunday evening, after sun- set, the excellent matron assumed her knit- ting-work, or attended to whatever secular occupation she chose. I have often thought, and it seems likely, that the name of Swett — that of one of the most eminent and ex- cellent physicians of his day, in our com- munity, and who in fact fell a sacrifice to the faithful discharge of his professional duty — was the same as Schwedt, borne by the Prince de Schwedt, well known at the court of Frederick of Prussia (so called) the Great. The good Doctor examined the throat of a yellow fever patient, in a vessel lying at quarantine ground in the river, and inhaling his infectious breath, went home declaring he had taken the disease, of which he shortly died. The efforts and liberality of Literary Persons. 31 his son, the late Colonel Samuel Swett, in promoting the establishment of the Public Library of the town, though himself long a resident in the capital of the State, will for- ever endear his memory to the inhabitants. The daughter of another distinguished phy- sician, Dr. Sawyer, was Mrs. George Lee, who gained no little reputation by her " Lives of the Ancient Painters," and espe- cially by a book which attained great popu- larity under the title of " Three Experiments of Living." I should do great injustice to a list of noted personages — to some of whom allusion is made elsewhere in these pages, and which might be extended, if consistent with the objects of this work, were I to omit - mention of a lady. Miss Hannah F. Gould, whose poetical productions gained her well- deserved applause and many friends, and some of whose highly pleasing verses still retain their hold upon public esteem. Re- flectively, too, we might claim some share in the distinction of the most popular Ameri- 32 Old New England Traits, can poet of our own day ; for the direct an- cestors of Longfellow were natives of our immediate vicinage. I had no intention, certainly, of offering any tribute to the liv- ing in these memorials of the past ; but one name inevitably suggests itself, bet- ter known on 'Change, in London, than in the place of his birth. I speak of William Wheelwright, a lad, at the period to which these sketches refer, long resident abroad, though occasionally brought home by the obligations and affections of family ties, to whose enterprise, and arduous, untiring pursuit of his object are owing steam navi- gation and railway lines in the southern part of this Continent, and to whose praise the whole South American coast will re- j spond. There were others and many, of high personal character and local reputation, and not a few of strongly marked charac- teristics, whose names, perhaps, would scarcely sound familiar to modern ears ; Distinguished Men and Families, 33 but I cannot pass over one wealthy mer- chant, distinguished for his strong common sense and decided individuality, as well as for a success in business scarcely equaled in this country, in his day, — the well-known William Bartlett, to whose judicious bounty the chief theological seminary of the State and its principal Academy for the instruc- tion of youth owe so much toward the as- surance of their permanent foundation. Nor should the memory of Oliver Put- nam fail of a record, who, long absent from his native town, provided by his will for a generous bequest, upon which a Free School of the highest character has been long established. Nor should due tribute be forgotten in honor of George Peabody, who, remembering those days of his youth which were passed in acquiring habits of business in the place, distinguished its Pub- lic Library by a munificent gift. There had been many other men of marked character and great local influ- 3 34 Old New England Traits. ence : Tracys, Daltons, Greenleafs, Daven- ports, Hoopers, Bradburys, Johnsons, Cof- fins, Bromfields, Crosses ; and many more, doubtless, might be thought worthy of men- tion. Among those named above, Nathaniel Tracy was one of the wealthiest merchants of his day, elsewhere referred to in this nar- rative as suffering immense losses by his advances to the government, when its needs were great and its credit was low, and in other ways. Tristram Dalton was a Senator of the United States from Massachusetts, in the First Congress under the Constitution ; and Theophilus Bradbury, afterwards ap- pointed to the bench of the supreme court of the State, was a member of the Federal House of Representatives during a part of Washington's administration. Indeed, from some of the early inhabitants of the town are descended not a few of the principal families in the capital of the State ; and its representatives, by some tie of original or later connection, are scattered throughout the whole country. Former Gentility, 35 I linger somewhat longer and lovingly upon this preliminary part of whatever story I may have to tell, because I am aware of nothing in the literature of New England which furnishes precisely similar reminiscences, and because pictures of past manners, if truthfully portrayed, can hardly fail to be both interesting and useful. We heard plentiful stories, in our youth, of a higher style of living in colonial days, of coaches kept by the upper class of citizens ; of their slaves, whom we knew in their emancipated condition as gardeners and ■waiters in general ; of the cocked hats, the gold-embroidered garments, the laced ruf- fles of the gentlemen, and the highly orna- mented, but rather stiff garniture in which the ladies with their powdered heads saw fit to array themselves, as they now present themselves to us on the living canvas of Copley. It was in the handsome residence of Mr. Dalton, long after his decease, that I saw hangings of gilded morocco leather on 36 Old New England Traits* the walls of the principal room, — a substi- tute for the wall-paper in common use, and which I have never seen or heard of in any other instance, in the United States. Our collector of the customs was pecul- iarly one of this class of gentlemen of the old school. He was a person of very warm temperament and of remarkable character- istics ; an ardent Democrat, who, upon the accession of President Jefferson, had suc- ceeded Colonel W , the first collector of the port, appointed by Washington, under v/hom he had served with distinction in the Revolutionary War. The residence of the latter, and the office of customs itself, in those simpler days, were in the house which was afterwards the birthplace of the writer of these sketches. To that war the suc- cessor of the old soldier principally owed a large fortune, which he had accumulated as the result of his privateering adventures; and it is said that the prizes came in so plentifully, that once he lifted up his hand The Collector of Cttstoms, 37 and declared, " O Lord, it is enough ! " However this may be, it is certain that not long afterwards his riches gradually van- ished, and he was compelled to seek and ob- tained the office upon which he supported his declining days. Though "■ aristocratic " enough in his own personal character and demeanor, he was not naturally in much favor with the grandees of the old Federal town ; but they stood in awe of him, never- theless ; for he had been very rich, and in his less prosperous days was still a person of the most impulsive and resolute spirit. His appearance in public was very marked. His person was manly and his countenance singularly striking. He dressed in black, his small-clothes terminating in white cot- ton stockings down to his gouty foot. On his white head, decorated with a queue, was his three-cornered hat. He seemed to take a pride in walking up the principal busi- ness street of the town, at the time of high " 'Change," and paying attention to no one, 38 Old Neiv Eiiglmid Traits, to utter his not always very conciliatory thoughts aloud, in regard to his contempo- raries and matters in general, as he threw out sideways the gouty foot aforesaid, on his way to the one o'clock dinner, which was the fashion of the time. But the Revolutionary War exhausted the fortunes of many prosperous men of the day ; and the story is told of one very rich merchant, who could drive in his own carriage several days' journey — when such a journey over difficult roads was hardly so much as could be accomplished by " the hol- low, pampered jades of Asia," — and sleep in his own house every night. He lent immense sums, for the time, to the Revolu- tionary government, received what he could recover in depreciated currency, and failed. At the period of my narrative, the country was suffering from the consequences of another war, and the once active commerce of the old town was reduced to the lowest ebb. It was then that active emigration A Worthy Vermonter, 39 began from the sterile soil of New England — since rendered so much more productive by intelligent cultivation — to the fertile region known as " The Ohio ; " just as, not much more than half a century ago, peo- ple talked of " The Coos country " in New Hampshire, and within a few years we spoke of the " Far West," brought at length within the compass of ordinary travel and civilization. As a picture of the rigors and extremi- ties, I fear only too common, of early New England life, among its hardy agricultural population, I present extracts of a letter re- ceived, from a venerable friend, a few years ago, who from the depths of poverty, hav- ing emigrated in his youth to wild lands not very far West, had risen to comparative wealth, which he devoted to useful pur- poses. In fact, the son of an extremely poor Vermont farmer became, by his own energy and integrity, the possessor of a competent fortune, which enabled him, with 40 Old New Engla^td Traits, views far surpassing the immediate claims of this transitory world, to build a church and to establish a flourishing educational institution, destined long, I trust, to dis- pense infinite blessings to future genera- tions. Thus, after some preliminary mat- ter, he proceeds to say, under date of March i6, 1866: — " My father was one of the poor men of Ver- mont. When I was a small boy I have pealed many a birch broom for a sixpence.-^ My Fa- ther could get one shilling for what he made, take them on his back, carry them four or five miles, sell them, bring home a little meal, or a little bread, sometimes a half bushel Potatoes. My mother would go two or three miles, and do a washing, bring home at night a loaf of wry bread, and a small peace was all we had for supper and a smaller Piece in the morning. Sometimes we was allowed one Potato roasted in the ashes — no Hearth in the old log-House. 1 These brooms are made by peeling strips from the stump, which are fastened below. A Striking and Stiggestive Letter, 41 My mother has stirred butter in a tea-cup with the point of a knife, to keep her little children from starving. My Father had about half acre of oats — poor fence — the old cow got in the oats and died. Then came the pinch — we as little children had to flee to the woods to get something to sustain life — no schools, no meetings — nothing but hunger and despair. I lived with my Father until I was twenty-one years old. After I was sixteen my Father im- proved a little in living. When I was a little over twenty-one I got me a wife — we was both Poor — three knifes, three forks, three teacups, three chairs, a poor bed — hardly could we keep house. But our courage was good — my wife always standing by me, through all my trouble and trials — shoulder to shoulder — heart & hand, from the day of our marriage until the day of her Death. No man never had a better wife than I had — always kind to the Poor and to all her relations. She is now in the Grave Yard, and my judgment is, she is well prepared for the next world — and for the good feeling I have had for her for over fifty-six 42 Old New England Traits, years, I have Erected a monument over her grave weighing 7 tons, and twenty-one feet high — it is a splendid monument — cost me over $600.00. " On the Eighth day of last July the Bishop confirmed 28 in our Church at the every- thing in good order — the singing was com- plete — my Voice is still heard above all the singers and I still stand at the head of the choir — I am only 77. — On the i6th day of last October, Previous notice being given, the wardens and Vestry met at my house — one minister was also present, a Lawyer being called to do the business. At 2 o'clock, p. m. I com- menced handing over Deeds of land, Buildings, Bonds, mortgages, money & furniture, to the amount of nineteen thousand and five hundred Dollars, the use and interest only to be used for the Church and the Institute; but in case there should be a failure of the Church & school, for seven years, at any one time, then the Property to go back to my Heirs. *' I have been schooling from 7 to 1 1 Poor children, yearly — I am now not schooling as What the Letter indicates, 43 many — my school is doing well — we have a good minister and he is a good Preacher. The Church is doing well. I am now commencing one more building, 60 feet long, 30 feet wide, and three stories high, for the convenience of more room for Boarders in the Institute. " I wrung more Bells at the fall of Richmond than any man in the United States, which they was all purchased with one man's money — 7 was the number, 4 large ones & 3 small ones — it is true I was a little opposed to the War — but no matter. The Brick Church and the Buildings I built for the Institute now with Interest cost me now over $43,000. They are all Paid for and I am out of Debt. I have furnished every stick of wood for the Church, and have carried the most of it in since it was built. I still wring the Bells on all occasions." etc. etc. There is, perhaps, a touch of the garru- lity of age in this good man's recital ; but I consider his record of his early life, slight as it is, yet too strikingly suggestive to 44 Old New England Trails. be left to chances which might await a private letter. Indeed, the character thus displayed is surely equal to that of the best of the old Romans, in the middling class of life, enlightened too by a living faith of which they had no conception ; and the sketch gives fair warrant for the conclusion, that, in point of manly simplicity and in- tegrity, the traits and the trials of those elder worthies who helped to settle our republican institutions have not been over- drawn. CHAPTER II. I SHOULD scarcely deem it expedient to enter at much detail into the eccentricities of our good townspeople, though it seems to me that in our own street I could recall enough to make a pretty sizable volume. But one feature of the times deserves a passing notice. I refer to the inconsider- able number of insane persons, compared with the sad increase of that unfortunate class in our own day, and the manner in which they were treated. Of course, a more widely extended population multi- plies the sum of every description of dis- ease. Besides, our ancestors were a hardier race than their descendants, more inured to the regular routine of physical toil, less given than the men and women of the pres- ent day to hurtful indulgence, and far less exposed to the disturbing excitements of 46 Old New England Trails. business and pleasure. So far as I know, there were but two really insane persons in our population of some seven or eight thou- sand, though doubtless certain others were more or less " light-headed." One of those two was sullenly crazy, and accounted dan- gerous, and therefore subjected to physical restraint ; the other, generally harmless, roamed through the town at his own will, caUing occasionally upon the acquaintance of his better days, and making magnificent promises of the benefits he intended to bestow, " when his ship came in." If I had inherited only a moderate dividend of the proceeds of the successive ships and their cargoes, which he promised my mother, on the above favorable contingency, usually calling her out from dinner to whisper to her these magnificent promises, more to her alarm than satisfaction, though being a woman of spirit she put a brave face upon it — I should look down upon a Roths- child, an Astor, or a Vanderbilt with nat- Insane Persons, 47 ural contempt. Sometimes, incarceration was thought necessary, also, in his case ; and I have a vivid recollection Of the place of confinement allotted to each patient. This was in the yard of the almshouse, for state and county asylums had not then been thought of, and the strong wooden building in which they were placed con- sisted of two apartments, perhaps twelve feet square, one above and the other be- neath the surface of the ground ; the latter, in fact, a dungeon with one barred window on a level with the yard. Here they passed their gloomy hours as they might, in soli- tude and darkness, scarcely relieved by light from without, with nothing to alle- viate the horrors of their condition, and probably considered in a state too hopeless to admit of any remedy. The tenant of the upper cell was comparatively lively, on the occasion of resort to his window for conversation, or out of curiosity, which was freely permitted ; but his neighbor in the 48 Old New England Traits, dungeon was dangerous ; and I can never forget the terror inspired by a sudden and vicious attempt made by him to seize the legs of us children through the bars, as we stood conversing with the inmate of the room above. Science and humanity have done very much, in modern times, toward the restoration of such unhappy beings, who are in a majority of cases susceptible of cure, or of improvement enough to war- rant their return to domestic life. But it is to be feared we are yet far behind, in this country, the more enlightened and effectual methods pursued for this purpose in some other civilized nations. On one side of the street above alluded to lived for a long time, in my boyhood, an ancient shoemaker entirely alone ; and as he guarded his residence with great se- crecy and sold none of his wares, curious people were puzzled to understand how he supported existence. He was known to be partially deranged. Mischievous boys, A Scrupulous Shoemaker, 49 sometimes, gathered in numbers, would often assail his door with stones, standing ready for a start. But if they were on the watch, so was Pettengill, from previous ex- perience, waiting behind his door with a heavy wooden bar in his hand, and giving instant chase to the flying urchins, would send the bar rattling at their heels. One day, after a season of unusual quiet, one of our lads anxious to penetrate his mystery, ventured to knock gently at the barred por- tal, was admitted, and expressed his wish to purchase a pair of shoes. The old man opened several chests containing the arti- cles sought for, and finally selected a pair which proved a fit ; but upon his visitor's making known his readiness to buy, the maker deliberately returned them to their receptacle, locked it fast and gravely de- clared, that he did " not like to part with them, for fear of spoiling his assortment." The next building was occupied by a respectable English couple as a dwelling- 4 50 Old New England Traits, place, with a small grocer's shop in front. They had no children, except one strapping son of the old lady by a former husband, grown to man's estate, and whose business seemed to be to lounge about the premises in drab small-clothes ; for I never saw him do anything. The old lady might be seen of a morning, with iron pattens on her feet and her clothes tucked up, mopping the floor of the shop ; but in the afternoon much more genteelly attired in silks of an ancient fashion. Mr. Brown was a very quiet, inof- fensive person, the wife a little high-strung. It is certain that they had occasional do- mestic bickerings, perhaps about the young man in the knee-breeches ; for on one occa- sion it is alleged that the old matron was overheard to address her spouse, with a slightly Hibernian accentuation, — " Brune, Brune, ye case-knife looking son of a gun ! I married ye neither for love, nor for money, but the pure convanience of the shop ! " As these worthy people have long A Stcrprised Culprit 51 ago passed away, there seems no scandal in detailing this little family incident. Directly opposite these premises was a large old-fashioned house, still standing, and, a century before, the residence of the minister of the First Church. It was long afterwards occupied by a noted magistrate for the trial of small actions, who served many years as town -clerk, and was an en- ergetic orator at town-meetings and in par- ish affairs. A culprit was once brought before him for stealing a gentleman's set of new shirts. The fact was stiffly denied. " A pretty story," said the accused party, " that I should take his shirts ! " An offi- cial scrutiny, however, soon exhibited him standing with the half dozen articles of attire, one over another, upon his person. " What a villain ! " said the astonished jus- tice. " Why didn't you tell me you was a villain and save the time of the court, of the witnesses, and the spectators, by owning up you were a villain, in the first place .'' " 52 Old New England Traits, The citizens of the old town were pretty thorough Puritans, by inheritance and in- clination, at the middle of the last century. But the minister of the First Church was, in his day, a gentleman noted for his lib- eral tastes and accomplishments. He had a picture painted on a broad panel over the fire-place of his library, representing himself and several others of the cloth sit- ting around a table, in the full canonicals of wig, gown, and band, before each a foaming mug of ale, and each supplied with a tobacco pipe from which rolled volumes of narcotic fumes. At the top of the paint- ing was , a legend in the Latin language, of which the following is, I believe, a correct copy, — " In essentialibus unitas, in non-essentialibus libertas, in omnibus charitas." They appeared to be having a jolly time, and evidently considered the slight indul- gences to which they were addicted among the moral non-essentials, however neces- A Curious Painting, 53 sary to their physical comfort. In this pic- ture, which is still extant, the rules of perspective were not rigorously obeyed. In fact, the table is considerably tipped, whether supposed to result from some sud- den hilarious movement on the part of the reverend compotators or owing to want of skill in the artist, I am not able to testify. Indeed, the manners of the times had not then attained their present professed strict- ness in regard to the use of exhilarating liquors, and I have inspected a tavern-bill rendered to the principal citizens, for arti- cles of this sort consumed on some joyful public occasion, at a much later period, the amount of which in quantity, though not in price, would astonish a modern city council. At the corner of the street stood an ancient tavern, the principal establishment of the kind in the place, at which in stag- ing times all the stage-coaches from Boston and the eastward hauled up to change 54 Old New England Traits. horses. It was kept by the father of the popular host of one of the best known of the long-estabHshed New York hotels. I well remember seeing a considerable body of British sailors halted there for refresh- ment, under guard, on their way to some prison in the interior, during the War of 1812. They were true British tars of the traditional type, with immense clubs of hair, tied up with eel-skins and hanging short and thick down their necks. They seemed in no wise depressed by their con- dition and in fact were treated extremely well, for the general feeling of the town was decidedly adverse to the war. I also remember a gathering in front of the tav- ern, when the evening coach was expected, with the idea of mobbing an unpopular general officer who was to pass through by that conveyance. But a better sentiment was inculcated by the more orderly portion of the assembly, and the obnoxious warrior was not molested, otherwise than by ex- State of Parties. 55 pressions of dislike, either upon alighting, or when taking his place to resume his journey. Politics ran very high at the time, almost to the entire suspension of social relations between the differing par- ties, — the Federalists, who opposed the war, and were accused of unpatriotic sym- pathy with the cause of the enemy, and the Republicans, often stigmatized as Jaco- bins, who were charged with the principles and designs which had given impulse to the great French Revolution. Doubtless these parties shared, on the one side and the other, in the hereditary enmity, long since allayed if not altogether extinguished, between England and France. But what- ever might be the general turn of political sentiment, both sides felt a patriotic pride in the success of the American arms. Hence, it is probable, the temper of the crowd assembled to do dishonor to the un- lucky general. While the Republicans were indignant at a supposed needless national 56 Old New E^tgland Traits. disaster, the Federalists could scarcely re- joice at it ; and thus the moderation of the latter tended to restrain the former from the display of any actually violent demon- stration. At the same period, there was formed, among the older administration men of the day, a veteran military organ- ization, of those beyond the ordinary age of military service, well-known locally un- der the significant appellation of the " Sil- ver Greys." The corps was composed of elderly merchants and traders and retired sea-captains, and their drills manifested at least the ambition of military prowess. Their opponents alleged that their com- pany was formed for merely political pur- poses, and to overawe the town ; but their own doubtless more just solution of the matter was, that their object was to aid in repelling invasion, in the unlikely case that the British troops should land upon their own borders. They gave more promise, certainly, of efficient service, should dan- Damage of War, 57 ger arise, than could be expected of the su- perannuated Trojans chief of Priam's court, as their catalogue is translated by Pope from the living record of Homer : — " Here sat the seniors of the Trojan race, Old Priam's chiefs and most in Priam's grace ; The king the first, Tliymoetes at his side, Lampus and Clitias, long in comicil tried, Panthus and Hicetaon, once the strong, And next, the wisest of the reverend throng, Antenor grave and sage Ucalegon, Leaned on the walls and basked before the sun ; Chiefs who no more in bloody fights engage. But wise through time and narrative with age, In summer days like grasshoppers rejoice, A bloodless race, that send a feeble voice," etc. The town had suffered everything from the war and the interdiction of commerce in which it had been most actively en- gaged, preceding the event. Multitudes were absolutely ruined, and the gaunt wolf stood grinning at almost every other thres- hold. Among the memorials of that great struggle, it may be as well to mention the rusted cannon planted for posts at the cor- 58 Old New England Traits, ners of certain of the streets, the breech sunk in the ground and a bomb-shell fas- tened in the muzzle. At such a time, it is not strange that force occasionally took the place of law. I could recall not a few instances in which, under the impulse of political re- sentment, passion got the better of judg- ment. One day, the marshal of the United States, in his cocked hat and with other official insignia, entered the tavern I have mentioned, in quest of a fugitive from jus- tice. He inquired of a person whom he met in the public apartment, if he had lately seen one Captain E , who, it seems, on some supposed provocation, had only thrown a custom-house officer into the dock in one of our eastern harbors. The person addressed by the marshal said that Captain E had just passed down the street, and when the marshal turned to pursue the culprit, that individual, who was no other than the one just addressed, A Futile Chase, 59 slipped out of another door, ran by the stable in the rear of the tavern and called upon Jem Knox, the hostler, to harness a chaise with all speed and to follow him forthwith in his flight. It appears, that the story of the captain's adventure was already pretty well known in the public places of the town, and as a visit of the marshal from Boston was a very extraordinary event in a place usually so quiet, a prying character who was upon the spot asked him if he was not looking for Captain E . Upon re- ceiving an affirmative reply, — " That's the man," said he, " you have just spoken to." The marshal started in pursuit and the captain had called out to such persons of his acquaintance as saw him running, that he was chased by a United States' officer. Half way through the street, one Clement Starr, a stalwart Englishman, who lived at the spot and whose sympathies, political and otherwise, were with the weaker party, seized the marshal by the collar and in- 6o Old New England Traits, sisted upon knowing what was the cause of the considerable tumult which the out- cry — '' Stop him ! " had raised. Escaping this obstacle, the poor marshal was soon afterwards clasped in the vigorous embrace of a spirited matron, who stood on her door-step as he passed, and, besides being an acquaintance of the captain, was of the same political proclivities as those of the retreating mariner. While tearing himself away from this lively lady, Knox drove furiously by, pulled up as he overtook the fugitive, who, as a witness of the affair told me, tumbled into the chaise, and was soon out of the reach of the threatening danger. Whether he was ever taken afterwards, or what became of the prosecution, I have never heard. Not far from us lived a worthy widow, with a family of children, and on one oc- casion she was heard to mingle rather curi- ously an office of devotion with a somewhat severe threat of domestic discipline. It A Dangerous " Chief of Policer 6i was a day in summer, and the ^Yindows being open, a passer-by heard her objurga- tion. It seems the family had assembled at the dinner-table, and her oldest son began by making premature demonstrations to- ward the provisions, when his mother emphatically addressed him: "You Bob Barker, if you stick your fork into that meat before I've asked a blessing, I'll be the death of ye ! " There was a worthy shipmaster, also, who used to trade to Hayti, when that stal- wart colored person, Christophe, was the Emperor, who used to say, " Put a bag of coffee in the mouth of h , and a Yankee will be sure to go after it." On one occa- sion, so the story ran. Captain H com- plained of some insult from one of Chris- tophe's ragged soldiery. The fact reached the ears of that potentate, who desired to stand well with Americans, and our towns- man was summoned before him. He found in the presence of the monarch the whole 62 Old New England Traits, body of the scanty force on duty in the town. " Can you pick out the man who insulted you?" asked the sable autocrat. Captain H pointed him out ; but be- ginning to fear the infliction of some pun- ishment too severe, attempted to extenuate the offence. " Stop ! " cried Christophe, and called the soldier near him. " Do you say this was the man of whom you have told me } " " Yes, sir, it is," replied the alarmed captain ; " but " — In an instant Christophe had drawn his sword, and with one blow struck off the head of the unlucky culprit. The terror of the accusing party, at such a sudden and bloody consummation, may be partly imagined. He procured his clear- ance as soon as possible, and I believe made his future voyages to waters under a less summarily sanguinary domination. We had also a soi-disant nobleman, of really the humblest extraction, and ignorant to a singular degree, but known by his ec- centricities far and wide, who, on the score ''Lord'' Timothy Dexter. 63 of a little money accidentally amassed, pro- claimed himself, by an inscription beneath a wooden statue of himself, in front of his residence, — " Lord of the East, Lord OF THE West, and the Greatest Phi- losopher IN THE Western World." He decorated his court-yard with an extraordi- nary amount of lumber of this sort, in the shape of human beings, and dumb creatures of many sorts, each statue standing upon its separate pillar, to the intense admira- tion of the gaping rustics who visited the town to inspect it ; and he fairly beat the Scottish Earl of Buchan, who was infected with a similar mania. Upon an arch di- rectly opposite his front door, he had placed Washington, Adams, and Jefferson. Adams, on the right, was bareheaded, and upon an inquiry by some one why this distinction was made, since Jefferson's chapeau was in its place, the great " lord " replied : " Do you suppose I would have anybody stand at the right hand of Washington, with his 64 Old New England Traits. hat on ? " He was said, also, upon certain hilarious occasions, celebrated in a tomb which he had constructed under a summer- house in his garden, to have indulged in the mastication of bank-bills between slices of bread and butter, doubtless to the envy of his boon companions ; not, as might be inferred, of the better or richer classes, though, considering all things, it is perhaps needless to hope that these current sym- bols of value were a little cleaner than most of those of modern date. All this statuary rubbish, however, was long ago removed ; and the house and grounds, by the taste of the present owner, have since ranked among the most pleasing objects of inspection in the town. This notably low and singularly eccentric character, as I have remarked, fairly beat that other oddity, — in a different class of life and contemporary with him, — the Scot- tish Earl of Buchan, elder half-brother of Lord Chancellor Erskine. That nobleman A Contemporaneous Collector. 65 was possessed with a passion for the busts of persons, eminent or otherwise, not dissim- ilar to that of our New England " lord " for wooden statuary, and perhaps was actuated by equal vanity, though a person of real literary accomplishment, and in no sense, except as mentioned, to be put in compari- son with the other. He displayed to his visitors a large and most incongruous col- lection of these objects of art in a sort of grotto excavated in his garden, thus rever- sing, however, the more conspicuous pro- cedure of his brother connoisseur, who ex- hibited his assemblage of rarities in his front yard. The Scottish Earl, certainly, had some literary pretensions, while the "lord" Timothy, who could neither read nor write with ordinary expertness, hon- ored the Muses, also, by affording counte- nance to a poet. Whether this patronage extended to much material sustenance may be considered doubtful, since this son of Apollo generally stood in the market- 5 66 Old New England Traits, place, when not wandering away to other parts, for the disposal of his wares, dressed in semi-clerical habiliments, himself being of a singularly grave aspect, and retailed , frightful ballads of his own composition, and small wares of various kinds from a basket on his arm. It is questionable -whether any of these literary productions survive to the present day ; and I fear that not one of them had any spark of that vital- ity, potent to influence popular sentiment, which Fletcher of Saltoun attributed to the songs of the people. In the centre of this market-place — a space inclosed on all sides by various shops or stores, and for some unaccount- able reason styled " Market Square," since •its irregular outline much more resembled a truncated triangle — stood the town pump, on the spot originally occupied by the meeting-house of the First Church, already mentioned. On two sides of the pump were set the wonted hand-carts of two Market Sqtiare and Thanksgiving. 67 superannuated individuals, whose ginger- bread, candies, and apples were the delight of such urchins as were lucky enough to have coppers to buy with ; for those con- venient mediums of exchange were not too plentiful among boys in 18 — , and frequent- ly not with their parents either. These old men were the undisturbed possessors of the ground, wheeling their vehicles to the spot at early morning, and standing by them all day, though they never seemed to me to be driving a very thriving busi- ness. But the glory of the Square was during the week before Thanksgiving, — then, as now, appointed for a day late in November, when it was often difficult to make one's way through the throng of teams, and es- pecially sleighs, loaded with poultry fat- tened for the occasion, and sometimes ven- ison and abundance of other commodities for domestic use. The mention of sleighs leads me to recur to a former remark 6S Old New England Traits, upon the earlier approach of winter in those times ; for the employment of sleighs implies the presence of snow upon the ground ; and the farmers had frequently driven from a great distance, " up country," from parts of New Hampshire and Ver- mont, even from the borders of Canada, perhaps a hundred and fifty or two hun- dred miles and more away, to attend the market in our town ; sometimes as many as a hundred loaded country sleighs, or on other occasions as many wagons, in a sin- gle day. The construction of the Middlesex Canal, connecting the waters of the Mer- rimack with those of the Charles, diverted the main part of this traffic to Boston ; and railways finally conveyed to the capital most of the remainder which came from any considerable distance. Wistful eyes, in the presence of these heaping dainties, were sometimes averted, no doubt, from a consciousness of empty pockets ; yet there were always generous hearts and bounte- A Remarkable Legend, 69 ous hands to meet the exigencies of every neighborhood ; and we may be sure that no householder of decent repute, however poor or unlucky, and probably few others, even if a little tarnished in the moral world's esteem, lacked some kind friend who saw to it, that the accustomed turkey or chick- ens smoked on the board before the eyes of his hungry children on that day, at least, of all the year. But, unless respectable legends are to be peremptorily discredited, an incident once took place in this Market Square, of which I doubt if any other New England town can show the parallel. I am about to relate a statement made to me, not many years ago, by an elderly gentleman of excellent character and standing, a jus- tice of the peace and of the quorum, and a devout member of the Orthodox Church. The story was told with all gravity and imphcit confidence in its truth ; and some may think it exhibits in a striking light 70 Old New England Traits, the extent of human credulity and the imperfection of human testimony : '' My father," said this worthy person, " has often told me of being in Market Square when a man, a woman, and a little dog appeared, and soon collected quite a crowd by the exhibition of feats of jugglery. At length, after a due collection of tribute from the standers-by, the man produced a ball 'of cord from his pocket, threw it into the air, and began to ascend it, hand over hand. The woman followed, and after her the lit- tle dog. While the crowd was gaping, in expectation of the return of this mysterious trio, some one drove into the market-place and inquired the occasion of this unusual congregation. Upon being informed, he said, that he had just met such a party on the road, about a mile from the town." I had read the most extraordinary accounts, by British officers and others, of exhibitions like this, which they alleged they had often witnessed in India. I remembered one, in Strong Faith, 71 particular, where tigers and other unwel- come guests, and even the somewhat un- wieldy bulk of an elephant, had seemingly been brought down, before their eyes, upon a cable fastened by some mysterious agency far aloft ; for I suppose it behooved to be made fast in some inconceivable re- gion of the upper air. But that a similar demonstration could have been made in a sober New England town, at noonday, could scarcely fail to "put me from my faith." It impressed me, however, as at least an extraordinary relation, coming from such a source ; and happening to meet another ancient and equally reputable friend on the same day, one, too, who had been much about the world in the capacity of a nav- igator to foreign climes, I took occasion to relate to him the strange narrative which I had just heard. " Oh," said he, " there is no doubt about it; my mother has often told me she was present and saw the whole transaction." "In the mouth of two or 72 Old New Engluiid Traits, three witnesses," says the Scripture, " shall every word be established." In this case, it will be observed, the witnesses were two, but both at second-hand. I shall not vouch, therefore, for anything except that, as Scott says, " I tell the tale as 'twas told to me," — and it may be set down as one of these veritable legends which all persons are at liberty to reject or accept, as they please. I expect to try the faith of the reader still further before I have finished this historical sketch. People often tell us, nowadays, that vulgar superstitions are al- together things of the past. This may be so in public ; but I imagine that in private there is a lurking tinge of it in every hu- man bosom. CHAPTER III. In maritime towns, at a season of the year when there is no inducement for them to wander into the fields, boys who have nothing else to do, on play-days, are very apt to lounge, more or less, on the wharves and in the Market Place. When quite a youngster, I witnessed a scene on the spot last named, the incidents of which are as vivid in my. memory as at the moment when they occurred, more than half a cen- tury ago. Though the commerce of our town had very materially declined from its former condition of wonderful activity and enterprise, it was still kept up with con- siderable semblance of its former spirit, and, besides our native vessels, a foreign ship occasionally sailed up our beautiful river. A few miles beyond the stream, in the neighboring State, dwelt a population 74 Old New England Trails, chiefly agricultural, a portion of which, pursuing the avocation of small farmers and fishermen, alternately, for they were directly on the borders of the sea and somewhat isolated in their position, be- sides, were certainly a httle wild in char- acter and habits ; though I am told that great improvement among them, in these respects, has taken place of later years. We called them " Algerines," from which epithet, more opprobrious than probably just, our estimate of their pretensions to civilization may be inferred. It was the practice of these people to bring their fish in whale-boats to our market, which was the nearest to their homes, and to dispose of this fruit of their often perilous labors either for money, or for such commodities as they required. I was standing, one af- ternoon, near a group of foreign sailors, believed to be Spaniards, with the natural curiosity of a boy, and rough -looking spec- imens of humanity they certainly were. It A Veteran Good at Need, 75 seemed that they had fallen into dispute with the crew, some three or four men, of an Algerine boat, and though the language on one side and the other was altogether unintelligible to the parties, the tones were uncommonly high. Doubtless, the Span- iards were resenting some insult offered by the Algerines, — prompted by that sort of jealousy and dislike with which the lower classes of English blood have been in the habit of regarding those of other national- ities. The quarrel seemed especially at its height between one of the Spanish crew and a young man of remarkable stature in coarse seaman's dress, with a great bush of long yellow locks hanging over the col- lar of his jacket, whose name it appeared was Souter. The Spanish champion had drawn an ugly looking knife, from which unfamiliar weapon, flourished so near his person, the Algerine instinctively flinched. At this critical moment, the patriarch of the Yankee crew, a tall, gaunt old man, 76 Old New England Traits, with grizzled hair, stepped into the arena, and, seizing the foreigner by the collar, cried out, — "Now I'll bet Tom Souter'* (pronounced Saouter) " could take this 'ere fellow right here by the collar and shake every g right aout of him," — using a more vulgar phrase, and suiting the action to the word so vigorously that the reeling and astounded Spaniard was glad enough to relinquish the field and to slink away crest- fallen with his companions. As a further illustration of the ways of our neighbors, I will give one more anec- dote of an affair which occurred years af- terwards. Not far from the hamlet of our friends, the Algerines, but within the bor- ders of Massachusetts, was another settle- ment, on the outskirts of a thriving village, the male inhabitants of which also followed the calling of small farmers and fishermen, some of them diversifying these pursuits by the occupation of shoemaking, at the ungenial season of the year. They were An Interesting Case. 77 industrious, and far less rude than their compatriots, to whom reference has just been made. At this point lived three young men, hard by each other, and broth- ers, of the name, I will say, of Lowe. One day a tall and respectable looking old gen- tleman called upon the writer of this his- tory, announcing himself as Colonel Lowe, and the father of the three young men in question. He had formerly commanded, it seems, a regiment of miUtia, and had a sort of semi-miUtary bearing. He was now in great agitation and distress, occasioned by some trouble in which his sons were in- volved, through forcible resistance to the civil authorities of the Commonwealth, and he required the professional services of the writer for their defence. He justly regarded it as a case likely to lead to very serious consequences, and particularly dreaded for the young men the disgraceful punishment of the State Prison. It was a case to elicit every degree of sympathy for yS Old New England Traits, the worthy Colonel, and to prompt every effort for his relief The facts, as they appeared at the trial before the Court of Common Pleas, were quite picturesque. A constable had appeared with an execution against one of the young Lowes, in the matter of a claim which he disputed as un- just ; but without giving the peace-officer opportunity to discharge his duty, he was driven from the ground by the trio, in mortal terror of his life. The execution of the process was then undertaken by a somewhat fantastic country deputy sheriff; who was ordered off as he attempted to approach the parties in defence, and be- tween them and the officer there was a good deal of raillery, which had an impor- tant bearing upon the final result of the trial. At length, the elder brother Lowe drew a line with a stick across the road and defied the officer to pass it, which he declined to do, but at once made good his retreat, smothering his indignation at such Attack and Defence. 79 a rebuff, until he could give it vent in more safety than the existing circum- stances warranted. Such reckless conduct was not to be endured, and no doubt the deputy was laughed at by his neighbors for his failure to carry his purpose into effect. The majesty of the Commonwealth had been insulted in his official person, and he determined to summon a posse comitatus, to vindicate the power and dignity of the law. Stories in the country, especially those involving any extraordinary incidents, sometimes fly faster than in town, and ac- cordingly these young rebels forewarned, no doubt, of the peril in prospect, prepared themselves, as well as they could, to resist the more formidable invasion presently to be expected. Before daylight, one morning, the mustered force of some twenty men, variously armed, led by the valiant sheriff's officer, cautiously drew near the premises, in the hope of catching the culprits asleep. The brothers were too quick for their visit- 8o Old New England Traits. ors, however, and evidently having been on the watch had retreated to a barn, se- curely fastening the door, and awaited the approach of the enemy. They had with them certain weapons, which were exhibited in the court, consisting of ancient rusty halberds and spontoons, probably borne in turn by their gallant father, in his several gradations of military service. As they were summoned to surrender, a musket was discharged out of a window of the barn, over the heads of the assailants, occasioning considerable confusion in their line. As- suming courage, at length, axes and crow- bars were brought into requisition, and the door was forced. As the attacking party entered, however, the Lowes let down the stairs leading to the story above a heavy broad cart-wheel, and as it bounded clatter- ing towards the floor below, the assailants fled out of doors in a panic, and taking advantage of their disorder, the Lowes, disregarding the vast disproportion of num- A Light Sentience, 8i bers, rushed upon them, and a regular melee began. It is thought, that the smaller party would have been victorious, but for an ugly blow on the head of the youngest brother, which felled and disa- bled him ; whereupon his associates es- caped unmolested and he was taken help- less into the house, where he remained until the time of the trial. Of course, the jury found him guilty, for the facts of the case were patent ; but it was taken up, by exceptions to the ruling of the Judge, into the Supreme Court, in which, though it would be irreverent to intimate that the justices entered at all into the humor of such a Donnybrook Fair sort of scrim- mage, yet, after argument, and it is pre- sumed in consideration of some provoca- tion on the part of the sheriffs deputy, especially the needlessly warlike and really ridiculous aspect he impressed on the affair, leading the young men to look upon it rather as an invitation to play their part, 6 82 Old New England Traits. than as a serious purpose to violate the law, the sentence imposed was only a few months* imprisonment in the common jail. The prosecution was never enforced against the brothers, and never was more lively gratitude displayed, than at the escape of the convicted culprit from sentence to the ignominious seclusion of the State Prison. CHAPTER IV. A TERM of the Court of Common Pleas was always held in the town in the month of September, and "court week" was a regular time of holiday for the pupils of the higher schools. Some of us attended upon these solemn proceedings with ex- traordinary interest, especially when crim- inal cases were before the court. I know not how it is, but suppose it to be the ex- pected revelation of incidents, as in the plot of a novel, which draws crowds together, in most uncomfortable contiguity in a court- room, whenever a culprit, especially one of more than usually notorious antecedents, is put upon his trial. While most of the old- fashioned lawyers of the Essex Bar were more than respectable for professional ac- quisitions and legal skill, there were per- sons among them of distinguished ability 84 Old New England Traits. and character ; and real eloquence seldom fails to prove peculiarly fascinating to youthful hearers. Who could forget, for example, with what rapt attention he lis- tened, at a somewhat later date, to the glowing language and was stirred by the honest warmth of Salton stall, incapable by nature of attempting to make the worse appear the better reason ; or watched that marvel, the matchless ingenuity of Choate, whose faculties shone brightest, the more apparently hopeless was the cause at stake ; or thrilled with profound admiration, under the resistless influence of Webster's force and closeness of argument, rising, with due occasion, to the highest point of eloquent illustration, when some more than usually important matter for adjudication by the court called him from the ordinary sphere of his great practice to the forum of a comparatively inferior tribunal. Years afterwards, when I had the honor of a place at that Bar, I was much struck Social Security, 85 with the testimony of a respectable witness, a farmer named Sheldon, who lived near Beverly Corner, upon an indictment of a fellow for burglary, in entering Mr. Shel- don's house by night and taking the money from his pockets in his sleeping chamber without disturbing the occupants. One of the earliest questions proposed to him was, — " How did the robber gain entrance to the house } " and, by the way, the man had been previously employed as a laborer by the farmer. " I suppose he came in by the usual way," was the answer. " He came in by the door, do you mean } " " Yes." " How did he get it open } " " I suppose he lifted the latch." " Do you mean to say, that the door was not fastened } " " Yes I do ; we never fasten it." The cul- prit was convicted upon various satisfactory testimony ; but the incident betokens a state of security, at that period, and a rarity of flagitious offences, which puts to shame the demoralization of our own day. S6 Old New England Traits, For the house in question stood on the high road and was scarcely more than half a mile distant from a populous neighbor- hood, and within less than three miles of a town with many thousands of inhabi- tants. Strangely enough, considering the want of precaution on the part of the farmer, coming down, doubtless, from a still sim- pler period of social life, not half a mile from Mr. Sheldon's house stood a solitary habitation upon a desolate tract of land, and also near the highway, which at a time not long subsequent had acquired a very evil reputation ; and with this house became connected circumstances which some may think scarcely admit of the solution of merely accidental occurrence. At the autumnal term of the court just in- dicated, when I had become a young prac- titioner at the bar, a certain vixenish old beldam was put upon trial for the offence of maintaining this ill reputed establish- A Wicked Old Termagant. Z'] ment. Her demeanor was singularly ex- ceptional ; for she did not scruple to inter- rupt the proceedings with the most fluent billingsgate, and upon receiving sentence berated the presiding judge in language betokening an extraordinary depth of des- perate hardihood. Inquiry revealed the fact, that her solitary house, standing upon an elevated plain of some extent, the ground rising from the shores of Wen- ham Lake, in front but little removed from the road, and the space in its rear inter- spersed with scattered groups of funereal pines, had been the resort of various des- peradoes, several of whom had suffered punishment for their crimes, and one of them had not long before committed sui- cide in jail, to escape pubhc execution for a most atrocious murder. Late one day, in the beginning of the following Spring, I happened to be called upon to proceed to Boston, distant some forty miles, upon the sudden requirement 88 Old New England Traits, of certain business to be transacted the next morning in the city. It was before the railway was in operation, and to ac- complish the object in view I was to drive this considerable distance in a chaise, at night and alone. I was accustomed to this mode of locomotion, in my attendance upon the several sessions of the courts in the county, and the idea of fear never entered my mind. Accordingly, starting about dusk, at half past ten o'clock of a starlit night, I had reached a point in the journey where the road rises by a gentle ascent to the plain, on which stood " the house of evil counsel." All at once, the scene and the narrative of the previous Fall flashed upon my mind. Before leav- ing home, I had bethought myself of a brace of pistols in my possession, which I had loaded and placed in the pockets of my overcoat. And now comes the remarkable circumstance to which I have already re- ferred. These weapons had been borrowed A Night Adventure. 89 of a friend, months before, when in the midst of an unusually exciting election for a member of congress, continuing some two years, and stirring up extraordinary rancor in the minds of some of the par- tisans of the several candidates, I had been threatened with violence, if I should attend the polls. I had notified my op- ponents that I should vote at a certain hour, on the appointed day, and placed these pistols in my pocket, by way of de- fence ; but nothing inconsistent with my freedom of political action in fact occurred. This was the only time in my life that I had carried such implements, which were then put aside in the drawer of a bureau, and I have never thought it worth while to take them since, except on the occasion now referred to. I had thus provided myself with them, on an entirely different occasion, and took them with me, on a sudden thought, as I was about to pro- ceed on my journey, more in the spirit of 90 Old New Englaiid Traits, youthful bravado, than with any other mo- tive ; for the roads, at that period, were considered perfectly safe, by night as well as by day. As I have remarked, the thought of the shrewish and abandoned old woman, of her house and its evil compan- ions, occurred to me, as my horse slowly ascended the rising ground towards the plain. In a few minutes I was in the neighborhood of a habitation which I looked upon rather with detestation than any emotion of alarm ; when what was my astonishment to behold a man — the sound of the wheels of the chaise being doubtless audible at some distance in the clear, still night — come out of the gate in front of the house and station himself in the middle of the somewhat narrow highway. In fact, the stranger was within a rod of the vehi- cle, and must either be driven over or move out of the way. At this unexpected en- counter, I own that my heart, as the say- ing is, jumped into my mouth ; but I A Dangerous Resort, 91 instantly drew and cocked my pistol, and the click probably disturbing the nerves of my proposed assailant, he turned aside without offering further molestation. In a few minutes, the lamps of the mail-stage, as it turned Beverly Corner on its way eastward, were a grateful spectacle, and my onward journey was pursued without other adventure. The driver of that stage afterwards informed me, that the trunks strapped to the rear of their coaches had more than once been cut off in that very neighborhood, and that on one occasion beams had been placed in the road so that the carriage would have been overturned, unless they had been discovered in time, and doubtless had been so placed for pur- poses of robbery. I inquired, why inves- tigation did not take place on the spot; but the reply was, that the passengers were in haste to get on, were unarmed, and perhaps timid, and preferred to remove the obstacles and proceed upon their way. 92 Old New England Traits, The contrast, however, is striking, be- tween the habit of a farmer to leave his door unfastened at night and the machi- nations of rogues not a quarter of a mile distant, who could be guilty of such crimes. I believe, however, that the existence of such a nest of villains was quite excep- tional at that period, and unknown to the farmer, and that his sense of safety, with- out the most ordinary means of protection to his premises, was at that time the rule. The reader may draw what conclusions he pleases from the facts of my own personal narrative. I have remarked that politics, never stagnant in our ancient communities, at the period of my story, oftentimes grew extremely warm, and then every leading citizen took his personal part. Nor is it strange that the survivors of those who had borne their share in the Revolutionary War, who had the traditions, at least, of their fathers who served with the New Former Public Spirit, 93 England troops, and followed the gallant and generous Wolfe up the formidable heights of Abraham, and after the victori- ous field which cost that true hero his life, stood triumphant, under the Red Cross banner, upon the subjugated ramparts of Quebec, should exhibit marked peculiar- ities of character ; should hold fast to strong opinions ; and indeed should mani- fest that individuality and originality of thought and action which is scarcely wit- nessed in the promiscuous crowd of our own tamer times. Instead of that indiffer- ence, the bane of a republic, among the upper class, the result of accumulated wealth and luxurious habits, the chief men of both parties stood at the door of the Town Hall, on days of election, distribut- ing votes, and encouraging the timid and the doubtful, and their influence was effec- tively felt in the direction of public affairs, which now seem mostly to be left to the management of the least competent, and 94 Old New England Traits, often the most ignorant, mercenary, and corrupt. I firmly believe that the equal, if not preeminent position long maintained by Massachusetts, among rivals vastly su- perior in territory and population, was ow- ing to the active interest formerly taken by her leading men of all professions and occupations in the politics of the day, and that thus the sources of political well be- ing were kept comparatively pure. At present, these men take their political opinions from the newspaper they read, and trouble themselves very little further about a matter in which their own stake, one would think, would rouse them to exertion, •from the promptings of enlightened self- interest, if not from the more generous emotions of public spirit. On one occasion, when some eager dis- pute had arisen, as to which of the two parties actually preponderated, for the bal- ance sometimes wavered from one side to the other, it was determined to poll the A Hesitating Politician. 95 town ; that is, to assemble all citizens en- titled to vote in the Town Hall, to divide them personally according to their several politics and by actual count to ascertain which was the strongest in point of num- bers. I happened to be present, as a boy who heard poHtical questions discussed with animation at home, and was curious to witness the scene, which was one really of the intensest interest. The selectmen occupied their tribune, at the head of the Hall, and the meeting was presided over by their chairman, a man of imposing height and general personal development, with flowing white locks, who commanded the respect of all parties. His father had been a soldier of Wolfe, and he and his as- sociates were on the Federal side. When the parties were arranged for the enumer- ation, one worthy individual, who kept the principal tavern of the town, stood hesi- tating, at the end of the hall, between the two files ; for, in fact, both parties of ne- 96 Old New E7tgland Traits, cessity made use of his house, by turns, in commemoration of some pubhc event, or for festive purposes, which, to tell the truth, were frequently coming round ; for the liquor was both better and cheaper than in these degenerate days. I shall never forget the start which the sonorous voice of the chairman gave me, as he bawled out, — *" None of that, Jenkins ; we can't have any shirking here ; you must take one side or the other," — and he did, amidst the tumultuous laughter with which the Hall resounded. The contest was a good-natured one, and I have no doubt which party proved victorious, considering that the prevailing sentiment of the town was pretty well evidenced by the political leanings of the Board ; but at this late day it is of little consequence to authenticate the fact. The father of the sturdy chairman had set up the tavern, after returning from the expedition to Quebec, which he called the A Host and Gtcest. 97 Wolfe House, in memory of his com- mander, General James Wolfe, who is pre- sented in such a pleasing light in Thack- eray's " Virginians," and, as a noble-minded man and true hero, deserved all which could be said in his praise. In after days, and I believe it is still there, the sign was sus- pended in front of the hotel, which took the place of that destroyed by the " Great Fire." The brave general wore his red coat and cocked hat, all through the War of the Revolution and that of 181 2-14, without molestation from colonial rebels, or Yankees fighting against the mother country, by land and by sea. The tavern was kept for a long time by a shrewd and active host, who had a keen eye to the main chance. Among his dinner guests were farmers who attended market, and others, content to take their meals at half price, after the chief company had finished that repast. Of these was one Major Muncheon, somewhat celebrated for his 7 98 Old New England Traits, remarkable powers of making away with whatever the table furnished. One day, Wilkins, the host, who was addicted to a slightly nasal intonation, addressed him, when he had just risen from his seat, — " Major, I can't dine you any more for twenty-five cents." " Why not } " asked the well-satisfied trencherman. "I tell you. Major," said his host, "the very veg- etables you've eaten cost two and three pence " (37I cents), " saying nothing of the meat and pies." " Pho ! Wilkins," remon- strated the farmer, " it's only the second table." " Second table ! " replied the host ; "why. Major, if you had sat down to the first table, there wouldn't have been no second." But if parties in those times were often hotly opposed, there was one occasion, every year, when a broader sentiment of patriotism warmed the hearts of all in the fellowship of a common cause. The An- niversary of Independence was duly com- A Remarkable Discourse, 99 memorated by appropriate exercises for considerably more than half a century in our spirited town, and with a general loos- ening of party ties on the occasion, until the War of 1812, when the parties con- ducted separate celebrations, though the orators were always only too apt to tighten them again by untimely political allusions, in the narrower sense of the phrase.-^ On one of these anniversaries, the orator expectant we will call Mr. Moses, a member of the Bar, who had already acquired dis- 1 Of all these productions I have seldom seen one equal to the printed sermon preached by Rev. Mr. Mur- ray, of our Old South Church, upon the Proclamation of Peace ; * for its array of various interesting informa- tion upon the condition and prospects of the country, and for soundly patriotic views, enforced with fervid and striking eloquence. In one respect, it could scarcely be surpassed. We have heard of the protracted discourses of the old Puritan divines, in both countries with which most of us claim origin, and like them Mr. Murray's sermon must have consumed at least two hours and a half in the delivery. He was educated at Edin- burgh and was no doubt a native of Scotland, * 1783. lOO Old New England Traits, tinction and was afterwards a leader in his profession, well known in the county of Essex. It was in reference to this gentle- man, that an ambitious colored person of that day instructed the shoemaker he em- ployed, that he wanted " his boots to have as much creak in them as Squire Moses's." On the day before the services were to take place, the orator repaired to the meeting- house appointed for the purpose, in order to rehearse his performance, and having mounted the stairs to the pulpit by a back- entrance, and probably wearing boots, at this time, of less distinctive resonance, did not attract the attention of an old wo- man who was on her knees scrubbing the broad aisle. The speaker had a melodious and ringing voice, and began, I suppose, — " Friends and fellow-countrymen ! " *' Oh, lud-a-mercy ! " cried the ancient female on the floor, starting to her feet, with uplifted hands. The occupant of the pulpit was a very polite person. "Oh, don't be ''Moses is come!'' loi alarmed, madam," cried he; "it's only Moses." " Moses ! " screamed the woman — " Moses is come ! Moses is come ! " and not much to the credit of a piety which ought to have felt so highly favored by a vision of the great prophet, rushed from the church into the street in an agony of terror, spreading consternation in the neighborhood by her outcries, until the mystery was speedily cleared up. CHAPTER V. I KNOW there are those who will kindly regard these reminiscences of things, tri- fling, it may be, in themselves, but afford- ing a glimpse of manners perhaps already forgotten by most or all of those who were formerly more or less conversant with them, and which may prove of some in- terest in the future. We had spent our Thanksgiving at home, in the year i8 — , but went all together to the farm of our uncle Richard, who was of the Episcopal Church, for the celebration of Christmas ; for many of his persuasion, at that time, regarded " Thanksgiving " pretty much as the Highlander, in Scott's novel, did "ta little government Sunday, tat tey call ta Fast." He was a well-to-do farmer, at a place within easy reach of the tawn in which we lived, and where very few were at The Way they once failed, 103 all rich, even according to the former mod- erate standard of wealth, and most people were poor, or at least depended on their daily labor for their daily bread. Those were very hard times following upon the war ; and that had followed fast upon the Great Fire, which reduced to ruin almost the entire central business part of the town. Our family had suffered private losses, too, by a swindling failure on an extensive scale, — a rare incident in those days;^ and again by the embargo and the war, most of my mother's limited means having been invested in one vessel after another, employed in the coasting trade, and this source of income at length stopped al- 1 When a trader failed, as was rarely the case at that primitive period, his sign was taken down at night, to the wonder of the public in the morning, and he re- mained fast locked from the sheriff, or too inquisitive callers, in his house, until the disposition of his creditors became known, — dependent upon their confidence in his good intentions, or their sympathy with his unexpected misfortunes. I04 Old New England Traits, together. Still, people bore up bravely against these misfortunes, and showed quite as much spirit and hardihood as in these latter times, and got along decently, after a fashion. To be sure, the proclamation of Peace, a few years before, had revived all hearts ; though I heard of a washer- woman engaged in her avocation, while the bells were ringing, who, on learning the cause of jubilation, peevishly exclaimed, — " Peace ! peace ! what's peace, when there's no water ? " ^ Our Thanksgiving 1 An anecdote quite parallel to this is to be found in the now late lamented Dean Ramsay's " Reminiscences." He relates, as a specimen of the cool Scottish matter-of- fact view of things, the following communication of a correspondent : — " The back windows of the house where he was brought up looked upon the Greyfriars' Church that was burned down. On the Sunday morning in which that event took place, as they were all preparing to go to church, the flames began to burst forth ; the young people screamed from the back part of the house, ' A fire ! a fire ! ' and all was in a state of confusion and alarm. The housemaid was not at home, it being her turn for the Sunday ' out.' Xkanksgivijtg Time. 105 had been a cheerful one, though colored, as such anniversaries are likely to be, with recollections of the absent, or the dead ; for the memory of my father was always present to my mother, then and during a long widowhood of almost half a century, and my older brothers were at sea. My mother was an excellent housekeeper, and we had plenty of the usual belongings of the festival, so eagerly looked forward to by the young, and something to bestow upon others not so well supplied. It was the practice of some of this class to knock at the doors of those thought to be better off, on the evening before, begging " some- thing for Thanksgiving ; " and, by way of Kitty, the cook, was taking her place, and performing her duties. The old woman was always very particular on the subject of her responsibility on such occasions, and came panting and hobbling up stairs from the lower regions, and exclaimed, ' Oh what is't, what is't ? ' * O, Kitty, look here, the Grey friars' Church is on fire ! ' 'Is that a'. Miss ? What a fright ye geed me ! I thought ye said the parlor fire was out.' " io6 Old New E^tgland Traits, a joke, the children of comfortable neigh- bors and friends would often array them- selves in cast-off bizarre habiliments, and come in bands of three or four to the houses of those whom they knew, prefer- ring the same request. Ordinarily, the disguise was readily detected. Some- times the little mimics would come in, and keep up the show and the fun for a while ; but for the most part their cour- age failed them at the threshold, and they skurried away, shouting for glee, almost before they got any answer to their mock petitions. It was a queer fancy, thus to simulate poverty ; but kings have some- times done so. Did not James of Scotland find amusement in roaming through a portion of his domain, as a " gaberlunzie- man } " Yes — and even composed a fa- mous ballad to celebrate his exploits in this humble way. In the evening, we had a lively company, regaled with nuts, apples, and cider ; and my grandmother, who in- Presbyterians and Episcopalians, 107 dulged in the old-fashioned practice, that is for females, of smoking a pipe, sat in the chimney-corner, where a genial wood-fire was brightly blazing, for coal was then a thing unknown in family consumption, duly furnished with the implement, and sometimes called out to us, — " A-done, children, a-done," when in anywise an- noyed by us, and occasionally would sing us an old song, of which I remember only " Robert Kid " and " A galliant ship, launched off the stocks, from Old England she came," etc. ; and, often when a storm was raging without, repeating to us the rhymes, — " How little do " (pronounced doe) "we think, or know, What the poor sailors undergo." But we had a livelier time at Uncle Richard's ; for there were more of us and merrier. Of course, those of the household who could be spared from domestic duties had attended service in the morning, and some of us from the town had also ap- io8 Old New England Traits, peared at church ; for though our branch of the family were now Presbyterians, we remembered that our common ancestor and the company who came over with him, a couple of centuries and more before that time, were of the Church of England, only protesting against the abuses which had crept into it ; and Uncle Richard carefully preserved, with the genealogy of the fam- ily on this side the water, the Orders in Council, prescribing for the passengers, by the " Mary and John," of which my ances- tor was one, then lying in the Thames, in the year 1633, amongst other regulations, the daily service to be observed on board, according to the ordinances of the Prayer Book. No doubt the dinner was all which the domestic celebration of the festival im- ports, for the farm was well stocked with every description of creature, and with most other things needful for the purpose ; but I may be excused if I remember none A Good Time at Hay-making, 109 of the particulars, now that so many years have intervened. I know that Uncle Rich- ard always prided himself upon his excel- lent cider, and there is little question that there was a due allowance of spirits, which most persons of fair means kept, in those days, in decanters openly ranged upon the parlor sideboard. Indeed, about the same period, while I was a student at a famous Academy not many miles distant from our own home, the English teacher, an ortho- dox clergyman of high repute, who cul- tivated a few acres of land at the place where he lived on the outskirts of the town, invited a few of the pupils, myself in the number, to assist him in making hay, one play-afternoon. The boys had a good frolic, and, after work was ended, our mas- ter treated us to milk-punch, a highly agreeable, but rather exhilarating bever- age. Our uncle's house was of the old- fashioned New England description, pleas- antly facing the south, with a high-peaked no Old New England Traits, roof, which descended, in the opposite quarter, to not much more than a man's stature from the ground. In front was a spacious green yard, leading on one side to the garden for vegetables and trees of the choicer kinds of fruit, and sprinkled here and there with bunches of gay flow- ers.; and at the entrance gate by the road two magnificent elms, of an age and height which denoted that they must have given shade to several past generations from the summer heat, flung out drooping branches which extended a very great distance from the parent trunks. After dinner, our host entertained us with a narrative of his re- cent visit to the capital town of Boston, to testify, in company with a form'er neigh- bor, now resident there, in behalf of his hired man, Jasper Towne, of English birth, who having, duly and at a long term be- forehand, declared his intention, in proper form, was at length, after a continuous residence of fourteen years in the United Naturalization Proceedings, iii States, admitted by the Federal Court to all the rights and privileges which free citi- zenship could confer upon him. The scene in court my uncle thought peculiarly sol- emn and impressive. The candidate for the franchise was strictly questioned by the presiding justice, in open court, with regard to his origin and his past life. The witnesses were subjected to a similar scru- tiny as to his character and habits, and their judgment of his fitness for the re- sponsible position and the new duties he was about to assume. When this part of the transaction was completed, the oaths of renunciation of allegiance to every for- eign power, prince, or potentate whatso- ever, and the oath to support the Consti- tution of the United States were adminis- tered to him by the clerk in a manner to fix it in his mind that it was a very serious business, indeed, in which he had just been engaged. Thereupon, the judge addressed him in language of congratulation and 112 Old New England Traits, counsel, and our newly-made fellow-coun- tryman respectfully departed from the tri- bunal, conscious that he had attained no mean privilege and had secured a safe- guard, like that, by the declaration of which the Apostle of the Gentiles stayed the up- lifted hands of his persecutors, and caused them to tremble at the thought of misuse or degradation inflicted upon a Roman citi- zen. Now, I believe, whatever is left of the ceremony upon such occasions is slurred over in a clerk's office, or the part per- formed in court scarcely attracts the at- tention of the magistrate upon the bench. The moral of this change of practice may be left to the reflection of the judicious reader. But it was something then to be, or to be made an American citizen. Not long before this, there had been an earthquake, which, though of brief duration, had caused no Httle alarm, — a terrific sound always, however slight the shock, — and in this instance makino: houses tremble The Cause of Earthquakes, 1 1 3 and shaking down various articles from their places of deposit. In the early days of the colony, these phenomena were not uncommon, and are said to have been of no little power in this part of New England. Uncle Richard described the recent one as rumbling under the frozen ground lead- ing to his barns, as if a line of heavily- loaded wagons had rolled over it. Being something of a philosopher, and better edu- cated than usual at the time, he explained the cause of such physical occurrences to us young ones, " The fact is," he said, " the water in certain parts of the earth becomes in- tensely heated and lets off a quantity of steam of amazing expansive power. It is like a tea-kettle, which if you shut the noz- zle tight, may either throw off the lid with great force, or the kettle itself bursts with the strain upon it So the steam, under the earth, heated by central fires, and gain- ing immense volume and power, seeks the S 1 1 4 Old New Engla7td Traits. hollows in its neighborhood, and rushes into them with a force which produces the concussion and the rumbling sound ; and the shaking of the surface which we per- ceive is really like the commotion in the tea-kettle and the trembling of the vessel when the steam has no vent. It is an awful thought that we thus live over the action of these subterranean fires ; but they are in the control of the Almighty, and all we have to do is to submit to God's will and merciful providence." St. Paul's Church, of which Uncle Rich- ard was a vestryman, owed its origin to the separation of certain persons from the Congregational mode of worship, and the formation of a society for the resumption of the Protestant Episcopal pattern, as long ago as the year 1712. Their place of wor- j ship they named Queen Anne's Chapel,^ " 1 It was, I believe, the oldest Episcopal Church in Massachusetts, with the exception of King's Chapel, in Boston, a small wooden structure, which stood upon Queen Annes ChapeL 115 in honor of the sovereign "at home," the last of the direct Stuart line, whose royal person, it is said, having grown too un- wieldy to permit horseback exercise, she was in the habit of following the hunt, of which she was passionately fond, driv- ing herself, helter-skelter, in a one-horse chaise. She has the credit of having be- stowed some endowment upon the Chapel, and the Bishop of London presented it with a bell ; which, if all accounts be true, still hangs in the steeple of a congrega- tional meeting-house within the precinct of the "Plains," where the Chapel once stood. For that edifice, probably not hav- ing been very substantially built, and being situated on a barren tract of land, after- wards known as " Grasshopper Plains," and, for the convenience of the scattered parishioners, placed at a distance from every one of them, and hence subject to various the place where the stone edifice of that name is now situated. ii6 Old New England Traits, causes of dilapidation, especially when St. Paul's, within the town, was in process of construction, at length fell to ruin ; and the bell was carried privately away — so runs the tale — and was long buried in the ground, but has now for many years sum- moned the people to a style of worship which would have appealed in vain to the good Bishop of London for any such dona- tion. It may be supposed that it could not be identified, after its interment, and perhaps the obliteration, naturally or other- wise, of its peculiar marks ; or the succes- sors of Queen Anne's at St. Paul's, built about thirty years after the former, would have reclaimed their property. The motives of those who thus revived the relation of their ancestors with the Established Church were not altogether pious ; but the fact incontestibly proves, that after nearly a century of separation from that establishment, the objections to it, in the minds of many of the children Reasons for Change, 117 of the colonists, were by no means insur- mountable. Indeed, it was about a ques- tion of parish taxation that they differed with their co-religionists. The place se- lected for the meeting-house was so far distant from the homes of many of the parish, that they could not attend with- out great inconvenience, and yet they were required to pay the parish rates for the support of the minister. They remon- strated and appealed in vain to the civil authorities in the colony and to those in England, for relief; for the law was clearly against them, unless they chose to conform to the doctrines and discipline of the Es- tablished Church. Finding nothing in the Thirty-nine Articles inconsistent with the faith they professed, they easily reconciled themselves to the ceremonies, and thus succeeded in their object of removing from their shoulders an involuntary burden. As may be imagined, at first and for years afterwards, they remained but " a 1 1 8 Old New England Trails, feeble folk," regarded with suspicion and dislike by the more narrow-minded of their contemporaries, though the days were long gone by, when an Episcopalian, especially if suspected of a leaning towards Popery, was set in the pillory or the stocks. The Church, however, had been long flourish- ing, in my youth, and I was always partic- ularly impressed when I attended service there, as I always did on Christmas Day, with the organ, an instrument utterly un- known in our other places of public wor- ship, and with the comfort diffused by the large Russian stove which projected from a corner of the building ; while we, for long years afterwards, shivered in our meeting- houses of a cold Sunday. To be sure, the younger children carried their mothers' hand-stoves, constructed of tin in a frame of wood and pierced with holes in the top, to let out such heat as could be communi- cated by a small pan of coals covered with ashes. But for the male part of the con- A Short Discourse, 119 gregation, who despised such a luxury, it was almost impossible to avoid occasionally- striking the benumbed feet together, and sometimes the clatter was almost as consid- erable, as in letting down the seats after the long prayer, especially if that proved to be a very protracted exercise. But I have known young ladies so indifferent to the severity of the weather, as to attend meeting, on very cold days of winter, with bare arms. What would delicate ladies, who, wrapped in warm furs, listen to ser- vice in a heated church, think of such ex- posure now ? On one particular occasion, however, our minister announced the text, — " Who can stand before His cold ? " and closed the services with the usual blessing, a little to the dissatisfaction, I think, of the more staid members of the congregation, who having come through cold and snow, or a furious wintry storm, it might be, to hear a sermon, were not altogether con- tented to miss the expected edification, or I20 Old New England Traits, perhaps the opportunity of criticising the discourse. Indeed, I know not what my respected great grandsire, an elder of the church in his day, would have said to such defection from spiritual needs towards in- dulgence in carnal comfort. For it is said, that when some less searching and thor- ough-going preacher of the word exchanged with our minister, or casually officiated for him, the old gentleman tottered out of the meeting-house, leaning on his staff, and with elevated eyebrows muttered pretty audibly to those near him, — " P^as in a bladder — thorns under a pot — no food to-day ! " And however it might be with many of his neighbors, not the minutest particle of the quality of original Puritanism had been shaken out of his system by the changes of the times. The family tradition is, that before the sunset of Saturday every- thing necessary for the support of nature upon the Sabbath was cooked and in readi- ness. Whether he allowed the accustomed Strict Family Discipline, 121 beans and rye and Indian bread to remain in the oven subject to the working heat, over Saturday night, I am not able to cer- tify. But in the intervals of public worship on Sunday, — a term, bv the way, which he would have scorned to employ, — the fam- ily was assembled and ranged around the walls of the room, and the reading of Scrip- ture, or of some well-worn book of devo- tion, was proceeded with, while the head of the family sat in the centre, with a stick in his hand long enough to reach the head and shoulders of any inattentive or unquiet child. CHAPTER VI. An aged friend, years ago deceased, who had seen much of the world, once observed to me, that he had never seen a more " scrupulous people," to use his expression, than our Presbyterian congregation. The clergy of the town were always distin- guished, at a period when to be a clergy- man was to be much more an object of reverence than in these latter days, and when a boy in the street would scarcely venture to pass one, on the opposite side- walk, without pulling off his cap. But they set their people an excellent example, though they did not always escape the censure of the over " scrupulous." For instance, Mr. Murray, the accomplished scholar and divine to whom reference has already been made, was known to take no dinner in the interval of public worship, The Minister and Gossip. 123 substituting for that repast a slice or two of bread and a few glasses of wine. Why- such a fact, when everybody drank more or less wine, or something stronger, every day of the week, should have alarmed the con- science of Miss Betty Timmins, a maiden lady of a certain age, it seems difficult to conjecture. Nevertheless, she made a sol- emn call, one day, upon her pastor, and with such apology as she could muster for impertinence — at length out with it : "I must tell you, reverend sir, they do say you drink." " Drink ! Miss Timmins," said Mr. Murray ; " to be sure I do, don't you } How can anybody live without drinking.?" and the discomfited spinster retreated. Mr. Murray had a fund of humor. The parson- age was close by the house of his parish- ioner, the sheriff, and the adjoining jail and whipping-post in the charge of that officer, and in the last illness of the minister the official was in the habit of taking him to a drive. Once, as he was getting into the 124 ^^^ New England Trails, chaise, a friend passed by and he called out, " If you see any one inquiring for me, tell him the last you saw of me I was in the hands of the sheriff." But after his time, and at the period of which I am writ- ing, we had no less than three EngUsh ministers settled in the town, all educated upon the foundation of the celebrated Countess of Huntington. I recall, with vivid recollection, the figure of one of these worthies who called himself an " Indepen- dent," as he proceeded to meeting on a Sunday : his high cocked hat, his flowing, black curled locks, — more in the cavalier than the Puritan fashion ; his long blue cloak over his clerical gown, his bands, his knee-breeches, — objected to by a fastidious young lady, as *' short pantaloons," — his square shoe-buckles, and his ponderous cane. His person was somewhat short and thick, whence " lewd fellows of the baser sort " sometimes irreverently called him the " The Jack of Clubs." But he was Clerical Wit. 125 a really good man, with the most power- ful voice I remember to have heard, and he preached, always an unwritten sermon, but with heads set down, anything but smooth things to his numerous congrega- tion. Towards the close of his life he used to remark, that when he first came to this country, the topic of sermons was " Jesus Christ and Him crucified ; now it was nothing but niggers and rum." He was good at retort. Early one Monday morn- ing he was going home from the market, with some mackerel which he had j ust pur- chased strung upon his cane. " Mr. Mil- ton," said some passer-by, " them mackerel was caught Sunday." " Well," was the re- ply, " that ain't the fishes' fault." One burden of this worthy minister's Sunday prayer, during the sessions of Con- gress and of the State legislature, was, *' Counsel our councillors, and teach our senators wisdom." By many of the stronger faith of an elder day, his fervent supplica- 126 Old New England Traits, tions were believed to exercise a specific influence upon the atmosphere, particularly in bringing needed rain at a dry time. I have often heard it said, after the drought had continued a good while, — " Well, Mil- ton has prayed for rain and now we shall have it." This reminds me of an anecdote appropriate to the topic, in that very enter- taining book, Dean Ramsay's " Reminis- cences of Scottish Life and Character." At one time when the crops were much laid by continuous rains, and wind was earnestly desired in order to restore them to a condition fit for the sickle, — "A min- ister," he says, "in his Sabbath services expressed their wants in prayer, as follows : * O Lord, we pray thee to send us wind, no a rantin' tantin,' tearin* wind, but a noohin', (noughin T) soughin', winnin' wind.* " In like manner, I have heard of a prayer preferred by a somewhat simple New Eng- lander, who was overheard offering his pe- tition behind a clump of bushes in a field : An Amazing Contrast, 127 " O Lord, I want a new coat — good cloth — none of your coarse, flimsy, slimsy, sleazy kind of stuff, but a good piece of thick, warm, comfortable broadcloth — such as Bill Hale wears." It must be admitted that the reverend person was rather rough in manner ; but he had a truly kind heart. Like John Wesley, he was unfortunate in his domestic relations ; a circumstance which doubtless tended somewhat to lessen the amiability of an originally good disposition. But, not- withstanding his various trials and we fear conflicts at home, no one questioned his piety. Indeed, one well acquainted with his character and experiences, when his death was announced, at once exclaimed, — " What a change ! From pitching skillets, to hand- ling harps ! " There could be no greater contrast than in the person and character of our long and well-beloved Presbyterian minister, graceful in person, courteous and aflable in demeanor, accomplished in an- 128 Old New England Traits, cient learning and in that portion of Eng- lish literature which is styled classical ; a devoted and affectionate pastor, a most able and persuasive preacher ; of whom Presi- dent Dvvight, of Yale, is reported to have said, that there had been scarcely such a writer of pure English since Addison. With the exception of some failure of phys- ical powers, towards the close of his life, he retained these admirable characteristics and accomplishments to the end of his more than ninety years. He always preached in gown and bands, with black gloves upon his hands, his nether limbs encased in small-clothes and silk stockings, until in later life he adopted the prevailing mode. We always knew when he intended to preach, because through several interven- ing yards and gardens we could see from our house the light in his study, at a dis- tance, of a Saturday night. His morning discourses were usually admirable exposi- tions of Scripture delivered without notes ; Studies and Exercises 129 his afternoon sermons were written exer- cises, and we so depended upon both, that it was a disappointment when we discov- ered that he was to exchange, by the ab- sence of the usual Hght. He would descend from the contemplation of the highest themes, which address themselves to human reason and imagination, and from the relax- ation of reading "Tully," or Horace, or Pope, who was a special favorite with him, to the preparation of his fire-wood for do- mestic use, and doubtless this accustomed saw-horse practice tended very much to the promotion and continuance both of his bod- ily and mental health. In my childhood, he taught me and other, I fear, reluctant pupils all we were capable of learning of the West- minster Assembly's Shorter Catechism, contained, at that time, in a small but mis- cellaneous volume called the Primer. He was a great lover of the writings of Cow- per, which name, in the English manner, he always pronounced Cooper, and of the 9 130 Old New England Traits, Psalms and Hymns and the lyrical pro- ductions, in general, of Dr. Watts ; and long after I had grown up, he pointed out to me a verse in one of those Hymns, remarking upon a point which I do not remember to have seen noticed elsewhere, that it pre- sented the finest specimen of alliteration in the language, as follows : — ** How vain are all things here below. How false and yet how fair ! Each pleasure hath its poison too, And every sweet a snare." The eventual condition and standing of our Episcopal Church may be inferred from the fact, that its Rector, in early times, was chosen Bishop of the diocese, a dignity which he long piously and humbly enjoyed. Along the beautiful street on which St. Paul's stood, and in its immediate neigh- borhood, were some of the more elegant residences of the town, and an air of supe- rior gentility seemed to pervade the pre- cinct, so that some caviller saw fit to call A Liberal ''Exchanger 131 it St. James's, in allusion to the Christian name of the excellent Rector who suc- ceeded the venerable Bishop. He was, in- deed, a most devoted churchman, looking upon all persons outside of his communion as sheep wandering from the fold, and used to say, that he considered the whole town as really belonging to his parish. He was a person very highly esteemed for his piety and sincerity, and as evidence of this re- pute, and of liberality on both sides, he preached, by invitation, and read the ser- vice in the Presbyterian meeting-house, on one occasion, at least, when our minister was absent and his own pulpit was sup- plied. We were then under another pas- tor ; but some years before this mani- festation of truly Christian toleration a controversy arose between the Rector and our Presbyterian clergyman, in regard to the obligatory observance of Christmas. It was conducted in the newspaper of the town, then published only on two days of 132 Old New England Traits. the week, and to the multitude of readers appeared more spirited than edifying, as is the case with most polemical disputes. The worthy Episcopal Doctor had asserted on Christmas Day, that the observance of that festival was of universal Christian ob- ligation. The Presbyterian Doctor took up the cudgels to demonstrate, that, although it was proper and reasonable enough to keep the day, as a matter of religious edi- fication, like a lecture-day, for example, by those who saw fit to do so, yet there was no authority, in this respect, binding upon the consciences of those who chose to disregard it. Both of the disputants were acknowledged gentlemen and scholars ; but after much argument and learning wasted upon the subject, it is to be feared that the controversy, through the medium of a pub- lic journal, between two such highly re- spected controversialists, on a topic of religious practice, only gave too much oc- casion to the scoffer. Indeed, Johnnie Fa- A Refined Circle, 133 vor, the Episcopal sexton's helper, one of those persons, reputed half-witted, who sometimes make very apposite remarks, observed, — '* Well — Christmas here, or Christmas there, I'm not so narrer-con- tracted as to like to see the surplices of two such good men as your Doctor and my Doctor draggled in the dirt." Certainly, a tone of unusual refinement pervaded the better educated class of the community in the old town, at the period of this relation, and not a little stateliness of manner was kept up by some of the older families. Indeed, I think they would compare very favorably in point of intelli- gence and manners, with persons of a similar class, as described by the great authorities heretofore referred to, and others, who have given us vivid pictures of social life in the Scottish capital. To be sure, the colonial days of distinct social rank had long gone by. But, half a gener- ation before, the town had been one of the 134 ^^d New England Traits, most flourishing and wealthy in New Eng- land, and to the counting-houses of its prin- cipal merchants young men resorted, even from the capital of the State, to learn the art and practice of business. Those who filled the several learned professions were persons of the highest eminence in their several calhngs, — drawing pupils around them who afterwards, and on wider fields of action, attained great names and some of whom occupied the loftiest civil positions in the land. Among the students, for example, in the office of that great lawyer and judge. Chief Justice Parsons, while he practised- at the Bar, and who subsequently attained emi- nence, were John Quincy Adams, afterwards President of the United States, and Rufus King, afterwards Senator in Congress from the State of New York, and twice Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain ; and Rob- ert Treat Paine, so celebrated in his day, as A Mysterious Worshipper, 135 an orator and poet.^ Of one of these eminent persons I heard a story, formerly, from a friend of very high character as a man and a lawyer, the late Hon. William Baylies, of West Bridgewater, Massachusetts. It seems that while Mr. King, then a young man, was in the practice of his profession in Boston he was detained in attendance upon court at Plymouth, until late on Saturday even- ing. It was necessary for him to be at home seasonably on Monday morning, and accordingly he mounted his horse early on Sunday, the ordinary mode of travel, in those days, and proceeded leisurely on his way. It was summer time ; and in passing through the township of Hanover, in Plym- outh County, he approached a plain wooden 1 The late Mr. Edward Everett is authority (with me) for the story, that on the occasion of the visit of Washington to New England, in 1789, Parsons was appointed to de- liver the address of welcome, on the part of the town, and said to his students, " Well, boys, I am to make this address. Now, go to work and write it, and I will deliver the best." He chose the one prepared by Adams. 136 Old New England Traits, structure by the roadside, in which, as he could see by the assemblage within, the door and windows being open, that it was a time of religious service. Alighting, out of deference to the character of the day, he hitched his horse and quietly entered the building. It proved to be a Quaker meet- ting, and perfect silence prevailed. At length tiring of this state of things, Mr. King arose and began to address the as- sembly upon topics suitable to the day. He was an uncommonly handsome young man, and then and ever afterwards distin- guished for extraordinary powers of elo- quence. The Quakers listened with mute amazement and admiration to the discourse of some twenty minutes* duration, when the speaker slipped out, remounted, and proceeded on his journey. The incident was the occasion of great and mysterious interest, for a long time afterwards, in the quiet country neighborhood. No imagi- nation could conceive who the wonderful Mea7is of Instruction. 137 speaker might be, and many insisted it must have been, indeed, '*an angel from heaven." Some years afterwards, at the session of a Constitutional Convention in Massachusetts, Mr. King rose to make a motion. He had no sooner begun, than a Quaker member started up from a back seat, and, carried away by the first glimpse at solution of the long-standing mystery, cried out, " That's the man that spoke in our meetin'." Provision for the instruction of youth was liberal, and not long previously the most famous, and I believe the longest estab- lished academy of the day, flourished in the immediate neighborhood, in all its glory. Of the school-books then in use, I cannot but think that one in particular, Murray's English Reader, was a better manual than any other which has since been produced. For it was mainly made up of extracts from the writings of the best authors, in the best age of English literature, and I can 138 Old New E7igla7id Traits, answer that its lessons were calculated to make impressions on the youthful mind, never to be forgotten. But the prevalent idea, of late years, seems to have been to nationalize school-books, so as to narrow their teachings, and thus to make our future fellow-citizens partisans instead of men. But literature and learning are confined to no age or nation ; and meaning in no sense to say a word which could abate the ardor of manly patriotism in any bosom, it is certain that much is to be learned from the history of other people beside our own ; and I suppose there are standards of high intellectual attainment in the past, — in poetry and eloquence, and various ranges of thought and expression, — which never have been and are not likely to be sur- passed. The deluge of modern transitory literature had not then begun to flow. But, to say nothing of the " Scottish Chiefs," and " Thaddeus of Warsaw," over the pages of which, doubtless, millions of youthful Some of our Books, 139 eyes have formerly shed copious tears, we had Miss Edgeworth's writings, those of Mrs. Grant, of Laggan, the novels of Char- lotte Smith, the Memoirs of Baron Trenck, and, perused a little stealthily. Peregrine Pickle and Roderick Random ; and in poetry Henry Kirke White and Montgom- ery were favorites ; nor am I ashamed to say, that Cottle's '' Alfred " was read aloud at our fireside of evenings, with an interest due to the story, perhaps, as much as to its poetical ability. Original American pro- ductions were few ; the importation of new works from abroad was not large, and the demand for reprints a good deal limited. But we had the well-known books of ster- ling value at command, and our publishers occasionally favored us with new editions. One of my early studies was Guthrie's Grammar of Geography, a ponderous vol- ume of English manufacture, which be- longed in our family ; and I was fascinated with Pope at almost as early an age as 140 Old New England Traits, that in which he first " Hsped in numbers." I see, by the way, that Forster, in his Life of Dickens, quotes from a letter of Scott, in which he refers to the scarcity of books at Edinburgh in his time. In connection with this reference to our means of intellectual cultivation, I am re- minded of an incident illustrative of a fac- ulty commonly attributed to Yankees, that is New Englanders, though there is reason to believe that some other parts of the country are quite as liberally gifted with the qualities of " Yorkshire." It affords a striking instance of shrewdness on the one side, and of lamentable deficiency of it on the other. This was before the town had exchanged its original simpler mode of reg- ulating its municipal affairs for the form of a city government. On a certain occa- sion the School Committee became dissat- isfied with the master of one of the higher schools, after a brief trial of his qualities, and, as delicately as the subject permitted, A Shrewd Schoolmaster. 141 requested him to resign his place. The master was not a native of the town, or of the " region round about," so that it was a mere question of quaUfications, real or otherwise, between himself and his em- ployers. He demurred, unless his salary were paid him for the unexpired consider- able part of the year for which he alleged himself to have been engaged ; but finally consented, if the chairman of the commit- tee would only furnish him with a certifi- cate of honorable discharge. The chair- man, at this easy rate of saving the town's money, wrote it, without suspicion of its effect. Thereupon, the master read it, put it into his pocket, and by virtue of the document, demanded payment of the sum in question. It was paid ; and the triumph- ant master forthwith proceeded — " To fresh woods and pastures new." The state of things, in regard to our reading resources, was before the modern facilities for gadding about existed ; and 142 Old New England Traits, while those who find time lying heavy on their hands can now steam it a hundred miles to make a morning-call, journeying was then both more tedious and more expensive, seldom undertaken except as an affair of business, or with the deliberate purpose of a long-concerted visit ; and a good part of the day was consumed in travelling half that distance by public con- veyance. The consequence was, that peo- ple's pleasures, with their duties, laid mostly at home, or near at hand. Hence family and friendly ties were more closely drawn. The better feelings of our nature were, I think, deeper, than when scat- tered over a wide but thin social surface ; just as the water in a well is more con- centrated, than if diffused in the basin of a pond. To some extent, therefore, whole- somely isolated, besides the ordinary round of not very formal visiting parties, there were reading circles, for those who were prompted by intellectual yearnings, fre- Good Society, 143 quented by young ladies and gentlemen, married or single, at which passages from the better class of books were read aloud by such of the male members as felt com- petent to the exercise, by turns. In fact, taking into view the intelligence, the in- expensive accomplishments, and the unaf- fected manners of the fairly educated among us, it has not fallen to the lot of most per- sons to meet with any society more really agreeable. St. James's, however, and the congregation of the successors of those who founded the First Church, who had at length become what was called " liberal," in contrast with the orthodoxy of the rest of the town, aspired to a higher degree of gentility and accomplishment than the commonalty ; and, in evidence that we were not bigoted, my mother would some- times allow me, when a boy, and desirous of some change, to attend service of an afternoon, at the latter place of public wor- ship with some friends of the family who 144 ^^d New England Traits. waited upon its ministrations. Of the di- versions of the common people I particu- larly remember one under the curious name of a " Joppa Jine " (join) ; to which I allude from the oddity of its name, derived from a part of the town so called by the river- side, when several families of neighbors and friends contributed their respective quota of a common feast, and repaired to the island at the mouth of the river to enjoy a day of leisure and merriment. In a certain class, the ancient pronun- ciation of many English words was main- tained, doubtless brought by the ancestors of New England families from *' home," and transmitted to their descendants ; such as airth for earth, fairm for firm, sariain for certain, pint for point, ^wvy for envy, ax with the broad a for ask, housen for houses, his'n and her'n for his and hers, rare for rear ; as, for instance, the horse raves up ; and sounding the / in would. Common enough names, too, were clipped or con- 1 Old-fashioned Pronunciation. 145 tracted in English fashion. Thus, the names of Norwood and Harwood became Norrod in sound and Harrod in spelHng ; and the name of Currier, whether with any reference or not to the French Cuh% for leather, was not long since uniformly pro- nounced Kiah, with the long I ; Thurlow was strangely transformed into Thiirrill ; and Pierpont, often formerly spelled Pier- point, with entire neglect of its derivation, was pronounced Pearpint, by old-fashioned people, the first syllable approximating to the original formation of pierre. In connection with this modification of language, I observe in a daily paper how much a worthy old lady puzzled her minis- ter, for a moment, by inquiring the mean- ing of "silver shiners for Diana," in the Bible ; but a good deacon, at an evening meeting in the chapel of their house of worship, in our town, sadly disturbed the gravity of the religious assembly, by read- ing it silver shins for Dinah ! 10 CHAPTER VII. I TRUST it will not be thought inappro- priate to the allusion already made to our reading circles, if I here insert a jeit d' es- prit, the production of one of the members, indicating a certain forwardness in the sphere of literary investigation, and afford- ing a plausible solution of a literary prob- lem, which had been so long shrouded in mystery, namely, the true narrative of " Old Grouse in the Gun-room." This is the name of the story to which Goldsmith alludes in his comedy, " She Stoops to Conquer." Mr. Hardcastle, the host of the occasion, in preparation for the dinner he is about to give his guests, charges his rustic servants that if he should say a good thing at the table, they are not to burst out laughing, as if they were a part of the company to be entertained. Dig- A Literary Hiatus supplied, 147 gory, thereupon replies to his master, — "Then, ecod, your worship must not tell the story of * Ould Grouse in the Gun-room/ I can't help laughing at that — he ! he ! he ! — for the soul of me. We have laughed at that these twenty years — ha ! ha ! ha ! " Mr. Hardcastle admits, that this pet nar- rative of his may properly be considered an exceptional case. On the other hand, it has uniformly foiled the researches of critics and commentators to ascertain what this story really was which " Squire Hard- castle," in the exuberance of his own enjoy- ment of it, gave them the liberty to laugh at, if they liked. It has been generally sup- posed, indeed, that the story itself was, in fact, non-existent, and that the ingenious author of the play merely invented the title in order to show off the uncouth peculiar- ities which it was his object to display. Now, it so happens, that the means are not wanting for the solution of this mys- tery, and in illustration of the life of a 148 Old New England Traits, writer and a man so interesting as Gold- smith, I am glad to be able to clear up the critical embarrassment. Years ago, the writer of this article fell by chance into the company of Miss Goldsmith, grand- niece of Mrs. Johnson, who was house- keeper of old Mr. Featherston, of County Kerry, Ireland. She knew the story in question very well, and it is gratifying to be able to verify the authenticity of the allusion of a great poet and writer in gen- eral, of whom Dr. Johnson has said, in those familiar words in his epitaph, that he touched nothing which he did not adorn, and whose character has been very much misunderstood, chiefly by reason of the misrepresentations of Boswell. This par- asite of Johnson, who has given us one of the most entertaining books of biography ever written, was jealous not only of Gold- smith's literary reputation, so far as it might rival that of his special idol, but also of the real hold which Goldsmith, because Goldsmith and Bosivell. 149 of his simplicity as well as his genius, had upon the affections of the great moralist. While he was himself admitted to the high literary society which he frequented, on terms of sufferance chiefly, Boswell took every pains to disparage poor Goldsmith. The poet, whose writings possess a charm so seldom paralleled, it must be allowed, gave no little occasion for depreciation, by his want of firmness of character ; and Bos- well maliciously set forth all his singular- ities and weaknesses in the most ludicrous point of view. Whoever will take pains, however, to read his delightful " Life " by John Forster, will find the general impres- sions on the subject very materially cor- rected, and will see, that, if the hard-driven bard had many faults, he had also many virtues, which, as Lord Bacon remarks, is " the posy of the best characters." But to the veritable story of " Old Grouse in the Gun-room." It seems, according to the narrative of Mrs. Johnson, that the 150 Old New England Traits, family of Mr. Featherston were seated at the tea-table, at the close of a chilly day, a bright fire blazing on the hearth, and the servants, as usual, being in attendance. On a sudden, a tremendous crash was heard in a distant part of the ancient man- sion, followed by a succession of wails of the most lugubrious and unearthly charac- ter, which reverberated through the echo- ing passage-ways of the house. Whatever the cause of the sounds might be, there was no doubt they were of the most horri- fying description. The family, consisting of the 'Squire, a maiden sister, and one or two younger persons, jumped from their seats in the utmost consternation, while Patrick and the rest of the domestics rushed from the room in a state of terror more easily to be conceived than described, and huddled together in the kitchen, as far as possible from the occasion of their fright. Imagine a lonely country-house, a quiet A Strange Alarm, 151 and well-ordered family seated at their evening meal, after dark, of a somewhat gloomy day, the apartment imperfectly lighted by the glowing fire, and according to such conveniences for the purpose as old times ordinarily afforded ; the conversa- tion, perhaps, turning on such unexciting topics as the weather, past, present, and to come, or the thoughts reverting, it may be, to such mundane topics as the expected game of whist or backgammon, — and the scene suddenly broken in upon by the most startling and terrific sounds, which seemed to result from no intelligible cause, and for which it seemed impossible to ac- count by reference to any merely human agency. The young folks, after their first scream of terror, sat dumb, pale, and utterly helpless. " It's the Banshee ! " screamed Aunt Nelly, sinking back, in a faint, into her chair. " It's the devil, I believe," cried the 152 Old New Eiigla7id Traits. 'Squire, who, notwithstanding age and in- firmity, retained a good deal of that origi- nal pluck, which had formerly distinguished him as an officer in his Majesty's military service. " Yes, it is the devil, I verily be- lieve ; and there is no way but to send for the priest, to get him out of a house that never was troubled in this way before. Where are those sneaking curs } " as Pat- rick and the rest in a body peeped into the room through the door they had forgotten to shut in their flight, and too much fright- ened to stay quietly anywhere. " Patrick," called out the 'Squire, " go at once for Father O'Flaherty." At this moment, another preternatural yell, long-toned and of the most mournful cadence, burst upon their ears, and the dis- mayed servants fairly tumbled over each other and sprawled and scrambled through the passage, in their haste to get away. The 'Squire followed and ordered Patrick forthwith to mount Sorrel and hasten for A Great Fright. 153 the priest, at the village, a mile or more away. " O Lord ! your worship," cried that valiant man-of-all-work, — though aided in the day-time by two or three assistants from the village, — " O Lord ! your wor- ship ! only ask me anything but that " — as, of course, on such occasions people are ready to do all but the very thing which the exigency demands, — " O Lord ! your worship's honor ! I couldn't for the world go round that corner of the house, to get to the stable ; but if Nancy here — now Nancy, darlint, I know you will, honey — if she'll only go with me, I'll run for his reverence as fast as my poor legs, that's all of a tremble, will carry me " — shrewdly reflecting, as did Nancy also, that the farther they left the house behind, they left the danger, too. This affair being hastily arranged, as the two ready mes- sengers proceeded towards the door, a quick step was heard upon the gravel, fol- 154 Old New England Traits. lowed by an emphatic knock, and the em- bodied household fell back with renewed trepidation ; when fortunately who should it be but Father O'Flaherty himself, who found the 'Squire, his family, and servants all huddled together in the hall. " Good-evening to you, 'Squire," said he ; " and faix, what is the matter that you all look so pale ? The holy saints forbid that any ill luck has come to this house ! " Again, rang echoing through the open doors and empty rooms the same porten- tous sound, rendered none the less terrific that its tones were partly subdued by dis- tance. "Holy Father!" exclaimed the priest, crossing himself — "what is that? Has Satan dared to cross this blessed threshold ? " Upon this, half a dozen tongues began to relate the circumstances of terrors only too manifest ; but Mr, Featherston silenced them, and proposed to Father O'Flaherty to accompany him to the investigation of \ The Investigation. 155 the mystery. Accordingly they solemnly proceeded towards the scene of alarm, the 'Squire having provided himself with a long- disused sword which hung over his man- tel-piece, and the priest, more spiritually, brandishing his cross, and muttering " Vade retro, Satanas ! " and such other exorcisms as occurred to him on the way. The whole body of the inmates of the mansion followed, closely though tremulously, upon the foot- steps of the advanced guard, and, indeed, afraid to be left behind. As they reached the neighborhood of the door, whence the sounds appeared to come, there was a truly awful noise of scampering round the room and pattering, as it were, within. " The saints defend us ! " cried the priest, falling back, as this new demonstration was responded to by the screams of the females, who sank to the floor, in the ex- tremity of their terror, when another horri- ble yell sounded close at hand. " It's he, I verily believe," said the priest ; 1.56 Old New Englmid Traits, " the holy saints be about us ! It's he, I wager. Lord, forgive us ! for I heard the sound of his hoofs. But where's the dog ? " " The dog ! " cried the 'Squire. " Why didn't I think of that before ! Open the door, I say, Pat, you cowardly vagabond ! " At this instant, there was a tremendous bounce against the door, which forced the latch, and out tumbled Old Grouse, caper- ing among the party, who still screamed and scattered out of his way, not yet con- vinced that the Evil One was not loosed and bodily among them. The relieved household at length re- turned to their interrupted avocations, and Pat declared to the folks in the kitchen, that all the while he knew it was the dog, only he kept up the fright for the sake of the joke. It seemed that the 'Squire had been out with his gun that day, and had shut the big dog which accompanied him into the gun-room, upon his return. The dog, no doubt fatigued with his excursion. A Title finds a Story. 1 5 7 had stretched himself out in a corner of the room, where various articles tending to his comfort lay disposed. He had remained, until tired of his confinement he had risen, and fumbling about had thrown down an ancient heavy shield, which produced the first cause of alarm, no less to himself than to the household. The moon shining through the window had attracted his at- tention, and he began to bay, as dogs sometimes will. The sudden fright, and the distance of the gun-room from the family apartment, served to modify the in- tonation, and in his confusion of mind Mr. Featherston failed to recognize his voice. " Indeed," said he, " I never knew the whelp to bay before." As time wore on, and the story had often been told by him, it lost none of its original features, except, perhaps, the re- membrance of his own agitation. But the fright of the family and his domestics, the assent of the priest to their superstitious 158 Old New England Traits » fears, and the mortal terror which over- whelmed them, when out bounded the shaggy black monster of a dog and in an instant was pawing them all round, in his ecstasy of escape, and whatever else was ludicrous in the adventure, was oftentimes related by the 'Squire, with all the aid it could derive from a somewhat lively im- agination and considerable power of native eloquence. And now, if I have only invented this story of " Old Grouse in the Gun-room," for the entertainment of my readers, I have at least attached a tale, which may be thought to have some plausibility, to a famous title, which has run through the world, for so many years, without any tale at all. CHAPTER VIII. In a note at the end of Chapter V. of " Waverley," Sir Walter Scott remarks : — " These introductory chapters have been a good deal censured as tedious and un- necessary. Yet there are circumstances recorded in them which the author has not been able to persuade himself to retract or cancel." So if, in giving certain loose hints rather than sketches of characters and manners in a very interesting town, ardently beloved by all who have ever had any near connection with it, during a former generation of its inhabitants, I should be thought to have set down too many " unconsidered trifles," I can only shelter myself under the shadow of his great name, and plead that I had not the heart to leave them out, as they occurred to my memory while writing ; and how- i6o Old New England Traits. ever they may lack, as they necessarily must, the storied value of Sir Walter's fas- cinating fictions, they have at least this merit, — that every narrative and anecdote in these pages is a veritable fact. I should not wonder, however, if a couple of stories or so, which I am about to relate, were looked upon as purely fictitious by the philosophical reader. I do not pretend that the facts stated were within my own experience, only that I positively heard them related by persons of the strictest veracity, who were actual observers or actors in the transactions of which they professed to give an account. People rid- icule, nowadays, when in company, the su- perstitions of earlier times ; though it is not unlikely that the nerves of some of the boldest contemners of marvellous manifes- tations, once universally accepted as true, might still tremble, if alone and under cir- cumstances calculated to awaken apprehen- sion and to puzzle the understanding. Not- Christmas Evening, i6i withstanding the accepted theory, that the very pretence of witchcraft, for example, was exploded a hundred and fifty years ago, and the idea of an apparition, in spite of Dr. Johnson's belief, and that of others as wise and stout as he, would be scouted as preposterous in cultivated circles, I be- lieve that there are many places in New England where undoubting faith in both superstitions still prevails, and I know that within a third part of the period above mentioned, very many creditable persons in a certain place in New England accepted the strangest occurrences of both kinds, upon the supposed evidence of their sober senses. We will imagine, then, that we are sitting in a circle around the fire-place in Uncle Richard's spacious kitchen, on the evening of Christmas-day, the room lighted only by the blazing logs upon the hearth, the glow of which glanced along the walls and drew brilhant reflections from the brightly- II 1 62 Old New England Traits. scoured dishes and other utensils of metal, which stood ranged upon the shelves. We were quite a party, and had made merry, according to our fashion, during the day. Uncle Richard was himself the most con- spicuous of the group. I have said that he was well-to-do, and he was certainly a gentleman in spirit and bearing. The black dress which he assumed on Sundays, and other occasions of public importance, set off his figure well, and his white hair gathered into a pig-tail behind and tied up with a ribbon by some one of his daughters, of a morning, gave him a venerable appear- ance, at least in the eyes of us youngsters, beyond what the actual number of his years warranted. For I have observed that those who may have seemed to us ap- proaching the verge of old age, in our youth, begin to look almost like coevals again, as we ourselves have advanced in the stage of manhood. Aunt Judith, on the other hand, who was a maiden lady Christmas Hymn, 163 of a certain age, was dressed with all the care and neatness which somewhat scanty means enabled her to apply, and, as I am about to produce her as a witness, I feel it incumbent upon me to asseverate, that, being a devoutly religious woman, I have never met in my life with a more conscien- tious and scrupulously truth-telling person. After tea, my uncle had requested the young people present to sing a new Christ- mas Hymn, not to be found in the Prayer Book, but the production of a devout poet- ical acquaintance, in the performance of which he joined with a bass voice of singu- lar compass and melody. . THE CHRISTMAS HYMN. How hallowed grew the night, When the auspicious light Of heaven descending shone along the plain ; And wondering shepherds heard The soul-inspiring word, That swelled exultant the celestial strain I 164 Old New England Traits^ " Peace and good-will to earth, For, lo, a Saviour's birth ! " So the high song addressed the simple swains; " The gates of life again Open to guilty men. For God, the God of love, eternal reigns ! " What though all earth was still, And no ecstatic thrill In wakening lands the gracious message hailed ; Yet through heaven's highest cope Echoed immortal hope, And hell's dark caves beneath trembled and wailed. Let then creation sing, — Hail, sovereign priest and king ! Blest be thy holy name and holy Word ! Hail, Son of God Most High, Helper forever nigh, — Hail, Prince of Peace and universal Lord ! The conversation, at such times, is very apt to run into story-telling, among those who have any stores of memory, or are possessed of inventive faculties, and often turns upon such inexplicable incidents as might well bewilder the imaginations of A Brave Lad. 165 simple country folks. My uncle gave us an account of a lad not long before in his employ, who laughed at the idea of super- natural appearances, and was indeed afraid of nothing. " The young scamp," said he, " though I don't know why I should call him so, for he was as honest as he was bold, — appeared so thoroughly fearless, that it sometimes looked like mere bravado (I am afraid he pronounced it brave-ardor) ; and a companion who also lived with us resolved to put his courage to the test. Accordingly, at dusk one evening, when Jack was about to lead the horse to the pasture, he provided himself with a sheet, and placed himself on one end of the cross- beam which rested on the rather high posts of the gate. Jack came whistling along, leading the horse, and, opening the gate, slipping off the halter, gave the animal a slap with it ; and as he shut the gate cocked up his eye at the elevated figure. " And as for you, Mr. Devil," says he, "you may 1 66 Old New England Traits. sit there just as long as you please." A decent respect for the proprieties of his position kept the scarecrow quiet until Jack was well on his way to the house which was not far distant. Pretty soon the door was burst open, and, to our alarm, some one tumbled in upon the floor in an agony of terror, as we soon discovered, pale as a ghost and scarcely able to speak. As soon as he recovered some degree of self- possession, he could barely stutter out, — " When Jack got out of sight — I turned to get down — and there sat another one, on the other post — looking just like me ! " ^ A great deal was thereupon said about 1 Jack's composure has a parallel in that of an old- time Scottish clergyman, as the story is told by Dean Ramsay. On returning home late from a dinner abroad his way led through the churchyard, and some mischiev- ous fellows thought to frighten him. One of them came up to him dressed as a ghost, but the minister coolly inquired, ** Weel, maister Ghaist, is this a general rising, or are ye juist taking a daunder frae yer grave by yer- sel?" Witches. 167 the power of the imagination and the effect it was likely to have upon one who had placed himself in such an equivocal situa- tion, and the terrors which, under its influ- ence, might naturally revert to him, who in an excited state of his own nerves had endeavored to inflict such terrors upon another. Hereupon there was a general call upon Aunt Judith, from the youngsters present, to tell us something about re- puted witches in her younger days, — a sub- ject in regard to which she was said to be able to make some remarkable statements, though as yet we had never obtained from her any satisfactory information about it. She seemed a little reluctant to indulge our curiosity. " As to witches," said my uncle Richard, gravely, " I don't know. Whether the de- nunciations of them in Holy Writ are in- tended to apply to any actually supernatural power possessed by them, or only to the pretence of it, — and both are mischievous 1 68 Old New England Trails, in their effect on the popular mind, — I shall not undertake to say. It is certain that the poor old women who are thus stigma- tized seem to have little power to help them- selves in this world, or, if real tamperers with the powers of darkness, any enjoy- able expectations from the other. But this I do know, that I was riding, not many days since, with my lawyer, a man of con- siderable acuteness, though a little eccen- tric at times, coming from K — 's Island, where we had been on some business ; and as we neared the turn of the causeway to the main road, he pulled up the chaise, jumped out, and placing himself on a broad flat rock by the road-side, began violently to dance up and down and to shake his clothes. ' Good Heavens ! ' cried I, * are you mad ? ' * Oh, no,' said he, resuming his seat, * but my mother always told me, that whenever I was coming away from K — 's Island, I must stand upon that rock and shake the witches off ! ' " A Case of Witchcraft. 169 " But your story, Aunt Judith ! your story," we all cried out, and after a little more hesitation the good woman prit la parole, as Madame de Stael so often phrases it in " Corinne." " When I was a grown-up girl," said she, "I and my older sister, who had lost her husband at sea, lived with my mother, who was also a widow. We had few of this world's goods, but health and energy enough to take care of ourselves. At one time, we moved into half a house, in a de- cent quarter of the town, the other part of which was occupied by an old woman called by the neighbors * Granny Holt.' Coming from a street of the town at some distance, we had heard nothing that I remember about her ; but the day had not gone by, before it was made fully known to us by such acquaintances as we saw, that we had taken up our abode in the same house with a person of a very crabbed disposition, whom all the neighborhood looked upon as 170 Old New England Traits. a witch. This was not very agreeable news, but we tried to make the best of it. Our house was near the river-side, and we were surrounded by the families of those who followed the sea, and we endeavored to flatter ourselves with the idea, that idle tales of marvelous things are very common among that class of population ; and that the stories we heard were mere gossip, as we whispered to ourselves, for fear of be- ing overheard through the thin partition which divided us from the other tenant. But, * No ! ' said one of our callers in a low voice — one of the Pearse girls (a young lady, by the way, about seventy, but Aunt Judith was of a certain age) ; * I tell you it's as true as a sermon in the meetin'- house. You'll soon find out what she can do. Why, there's young Stout, as fine a lad as ever walked the streets, or stood by the helm of his vessel in a gale o' wind ; and look at him now, pale and cadaverous, and walking round people's gardens, on the edge Doubts and Fears, 171 of narrow fences where nobody but a rope- dancer, with a pole in his hands, could keep his balance, and a hundred more such antics; everybody knows she be- witched him/ " ' But what for ? ' we asked. " ^ Oh, they had a quarrel, and pretty soon he began to cut these capers.' "My sister Ann, the widow, however, who had always a brave spirit, declared that she did not care a fig for all the witches in Christendom ; but I must own that I was very much alarmed. You may be sure, we none of us much liked this sort of greeting, on the first day of our entering into our new habitation, and we prepared to retire early, my mother, who was a truly pious person, trusting to the only sure defence. Upon going to my chamber, I found there was no fastening to the door ; in fact the handle itself was quite out of kilter, and it could not be shut tight. I moved up to it, therefore, a chest of draw- 172 Old New England Trails, ers, putting some things on top, and thus brought the door close. I was just about to blow out the candle to get into bed, when I heard a scrambling in the chimney, and you may believe it or not, but it's the solemn truth — a black cat jumped from the fire-place, ran and leaped a-top of the things I had placed against the door, put her paw upon the handle of it, gave me one sidelong glance, opened the door itself and passed out. I was too frightened for any- thing but to wrap myself thoroughly in the bedclothes, and trembling with terror, at last fell into a troubled sleep." "Are you sure, Aunt Judith," said my uncle Richard, " that the cat did not go under the bed } " " I tell you, as plainly as I see you now, I saw her open the door, look round at me with that malicious kind of expression, go out and shut the door behind her ; and in the morning everything I had piled up against it was unmoved." Witchery, i73 '' It must have been the ghost of a cat, then," said my uncle ; " but did anything else happen, afterwards ? " " Yes, in a few days we had got a baking ready and the oven heated, when the old woman came in with an armful of wood, threw it down on the hearth, and said she wanted to bake. The oven was for the use of both parts of the house ; but we told her as soon as we had got through she should have it. She went off muttering, and when we thought our batch was done and went to take it out, it was burned just as black as a coal." " I am afraid," said my uncle, "you let it stay in too long, or the oven was too hot." " You may laugh as much as you please," replied Aunt Judith, with spirit, "but I tell you what I actually saw with my own eyes. We did not stay longer in that house than we could find another place ; but before we left something took place which per- haps you'll not find it so easy to explain. 174 ^^^ New England Traits, Young William Stout's folks had been so troubled about him, and the doctors said they could do nothing, that they deter- mined to try a * project.' " I may as well explain what Aunt Judith's modesty prevented her from doing ; that a "project" was to inclose a certain liquid emanation of the afflicted person in a phial tightly stopped, and to put it over the fire in a pot to boil. Of course, as in the case of the sympathetic remedies described by Sir Kenelm Digby and practised by him, as the contents of the phial boil, the witch burns, and she is inevitably detected by the scorching she gets and the scars it leaves behind. It is from this circumstance, undoubtedly, that the nursery rhyme de- rives its authority, — " Hinx minx, the old witch winks, The fat begins to fry," etc. This is precisely the operation of the process in question. "Accordingly," continued Aunt Judith, A ''Project:' 175 " the Stout folks made all their prepara- tions, in company with some trusty neigh- bors ; the doors were fastened, and exactly at twelve o'clock the ' project ' was begun. Everything went on well ; but, as often happens in such cases, something was for- gotten, or the witches' master interferes ; for it seemed, after a while, that more water was wanted, and one of the company took the pail to go to the well for it. As he cautiously opened the door, there to their horror stood Granny Holt, in the dark- ness of midnight ! She came in grinning and complimenting, and without expressing surprise at finding so many persons to- gether, at such an unusual hour, or making any inquiry as to the reason, she said, ' one of their folks was taken sick and seeing a light there, she had come over to beg some herbs.' There was the end of the project, and I don't know as it was ever tried again." *' Were you there, yourself.^" asked Un- cle Richard. 176 Old New Enola7id Traits, " No," I can only swear to the black cat and the burnt pies ; but everybody in our neighborhood knew all about the project and Granny Holt's breaking it up." We had become pretty well stirred up by this time, but as is likely to be the case under such circumstances, were eager for whatever other marvel might be forthcom- ing ; for no matter how intelligent or incred- ulous the circle of hearers may be, there is something strangely fascinating in these weird stories. People may affect indiffer- ence " amidst the blazing light of the nine- teenth century ; " but I think that of a dark night, in a lonely spot, the starting up of so familiar a creature as a white horse, for in- stance, would set the strongest nerves into perturbation, at the idea of something ghostly. Indeed, Addison declared in his day, that there " was not a village in Eng- land that had not a ghost in it ; the church- yards were haunted ; nor was there a peas- ant who had not seen a spirit." The Tops field Spectre. 177 " Well, Aunt Judith," said Uncle Rich- ard, " these wonderful things seem to have very much gone by, in our day, or else people, for some reason, take less notice of them than formerly. Witches, nowa- days, are characters entirely unknown, ex- cept," he gallantly remarked, " for the sometimes really inexplicable fascinations of members of your own sex ; and, except in one singular instance, I have known of no appearances which could not be ration- ally accounted for. I have heard my fa- ther, however, tell of one which, according to the tradition, manifested itself, one hun- dred years ago or more, upon a bridge, over the Ipswich River, in our Essex County town of Topsfield, and was the terror qf all the country round. He appeared in the shape of a monstrous hog, taking his station, at night, in the very centre of the bridge ; and those who had occasion to cross it, on horseback or on foot, were either fain to turn back, as he encountered 12 178 Old New England Traits. them, bristling and snarling, or rushed by, if their occasion demanded it, in a state of extraordinary trepidation. At length. Par- son Capen, the worthy minister of the town, riding up to the bridge one evening, saw the spectre in his usual position. Nothing daunted, in virtue of his holy of- fice, the good man thus accosted him : * You that were once an angel of light, ain't you ashamed to appear in the shape of a dirty swine ? ' This expostulation was too much for the foul fiend, who at once jumped over the railing of the bridge into the river, and was no more seen." Amongst others of the few guests of the evening was a young gentleman, a member of one of the learned professions, who was accounted an intellectual person and was of rather grave demeanor. Though known to have been the author of occasional verses which gained applause, he would not have been thought likely to be the subject of any extraordinary hallucination. A Remarkable Story, 179 He was an intimate friend of our family, and on certain occasions of unusual excite- ment, if not danger, in the midst of the various adventures of young people, had shown a singular firmness of nerve and presence of mind, and was thought to be in fact insensible to fear. He had listened to the story of the bold lad who saw the supposed apparition on the gate-post, and to that of the Topsfield spectre, with much the same interest as that which Marmion exhibited at Sir David Linde- say's narrative of the appearance of the beloved Apostle to King James in Linlith- gow. Apparently induced by a similar irresistible impulse to that which drew from the redoubted warrior of Scott's fasci- nating poem the rehearsal of his nocturnal adventure, our guest volunteered a relation quite as remarkable. " I will tell you a story," said he, " of something unaccountable which once hap- pened to me, though the circumstances i8o Old New England Traits. are still so vivid in my memory, that I look back upon it with a sort of superstitious dread, and feel a decided reluctance in ap- pealing to the sympathy of others, in re- gard to an incident which seemed exclu- sively addressed to myself and was confined to my own sole experience. " In my senior year at College, now as you know, not many years since, I was appointed by my class to prepare for deliv- ery, on what is called Class Day, a literary exercise, — in fact a poem, in anticipation of the usual Commencement performances, and was at home, during the preceding long vacation, making ready for this event. The writing of poetry for public recitation before a critical audience is a rather exacting occupation, and my ambi- tion was naturally excited to do the best in my' power. Indeed, the work absorbed all my faculties ; but I preferred to write during the still hours of the night, rather than amidst the ordinary distractions of the A Remarkable Story, i8i day, spending that period, usually, wander- ing in the neighboring fields and woods, or in other diversions. The season was sum- mer, and I was sitting one night at an open window, committing to paper such thoughts as occurred to me, by the light of a single candle, — for lamps were then not very common and gas was entirely unknown. Outside, there was not a sound, for the whole town was buried in profound sleep, and our own household was in the same state of repose. It was just on the stroke of twelve. Our house was a very ancient one, though I never heard that there was any- thing peculiarly remarkable in its history. Sitting thus, and thus engaged in serious, solitary contemplation, the sudden fall of something heavy in the garret overhead gave me a momentary start. I could com- pare it to nothing but to the effect likely to be produced by something as soHd as a smaller description of cannon-ball, though it afterwards appeared to have attracted the 1 82 Old New England Traits, attention of no one else in the family. Sup- posing that some article of furniture had ac- cidentally fallen, the noise of which had been rendered more noticeable by the per- fect stillness of the night, I pursued my oc- cupation, until I felt disposed for sleep. On the following night, while engaged in the same way, and at the same midnight hour, came the same heavy, sharp, distinct thud upon the floor directly above my head. I was disposed to philosophize on the subject, and, though the coincidence was certainly peculiar, I still conceived that this unusual sound, at such an unusual hour, might be attributed to some natural cause. Perhaps, a heavy cat might have jumped down from beams above, on both occasions, and the noise was magnified by the otherwise un- broken stillness, though so far as I remem- ber we kept no such cat of our own. I am sure that the idea of anything supernatural scarcely occurred to me, or was dismissed with derision. Nevertheless, the circum- A Remarkable Story, 183 stances were peculiar enough to induce me to make a thorough examination of the garret on the following morning, and I was struck by the fact, that it was perfectly bare of any article of furniture above my chamber, or in the neighborhood of that part of the attic, which could have fallen. I was naturally a good deal perplexed at an occurrence for which there seemed no rational means of accounting, but I kept my own counsel. On the third night, at the same hour, when the clear bell from the steeple of a meeting-house not far dis- tant had just tolled twelve, came the same sudden, single, distinct sound of a fall on the floor, directly over my head. I will not say as Marmion did, on the occasion above referred to, — " ' I care not though the truth I show, — I trembled with affright.' " On the contrary, though not a little dis- turbed by incidents so unaccountable, and rendered by the interruption quite unfit to 184 Old New England Traits, pursue my occupation further, I deliberately undressed, said my prayers, put out my candle, and went to bed. It was a bright starlight night, and the two windows of my chamber made objects within indis- tinctly visible. No sooner had I laid my head upon the pillow, than through a door at the foot of my bed appeared a slowly moving figure, turning the corner of the bed and approaching the side of it upon which I lay. I could distinctly see its out- lines, and it seemed to me apparelled like a monk, with a hood drawn over its features, and long trailing garments. As Eliphaz the Temanite, under similar circumstances, has related, — ' the hair of my flesh stood up.' But I did not quite lose my self- possession. As the figure came nearer, I instantly threw off the bedclothes and jumped towards it into the middle of the room, — and it was gone ! Though startled enough at so strange an occurrence, I re- flected that it must be an illusion produced Nervous Influences, 185 by some casual disorder of the natural faculties, and returned to bed and slept as usual until morning. But the next day I was much more disturbed in recalling the several circumstances of this extraordinary visitation. The repeated previous heavy blows upon the floor, and their apparent consummation in the vision I supposed myself to have seen, made me, as Othello says, ' perplexed in the extreme.' On that day I told my mother the story; she laughed at the idea of supernatural appearances, perhaps to quiet her son's emotion ; but she said she was afraid of no ghosts, pro- posed an exchange of chambers, and this accommodation at once took place. But though I finished and delivered the poem in question, I continued to muse by myself upon what had occurred, unwilling to speak to any one about it. It was many months before I recovered from the shock to my nervous system. Reflecting upon it at the time, again I summoned whatever phi- 1 86 Old New England Traits, losophy I had at command, as well as I could. I conceived that possibly in the ex- citement of verse-writing, in the silence of the night, some tenseness had affected the drum of my ear ; that hearing, or imagin- ing that I heard some unusual sound, amid the perfect stillness around me, a continu- ous disordered state of physical functions had produced a similar effect at a corre- spondent hour ; and that this experience not unnaturally culminated in the spectral visitation." We heard the story in terror, and put little faith in the theory of explanation. " But," said my uncle Richard, himself a good deal amazed at the narrative, " did anything happen afterwards, to account for what you have told us ? " '* Nothing whatever," replied our friend. "Did you ever sleep in that chamber again ? " Yes, some years afterwards. It so hap- pened that during several weeks in the Was it a Dove J 187 summer, our whole family except myself, was away. My mother was in close attend- ance upon sick members of my sister's family ? My brothers were at sea, and even our ordinary servant was dismissed for the occasion. When the time for rest arrived, it was my habit to let myself into the house, to proceed to the same chamber, usually without a Hght, and go to bed. One night, putting my hand upon the pillow, I felt something soft and started back, but again reaching forward, the object proved to be a dove that had flown into the open window, and securing it without difficulty I gave that symbol of innocence immediate re- lease. Perhaps, it was my former visitant in a less forbidding form. But this, as well as the other, passed into the course of ordinary events." I need not say, that we had listened to this extraordinary narrative with rapt at- tention and in breathless silence. Our friend had told his story with emotion, 1 88 Old New England Traits, certainly, but still with serious deliberation, and exhibiting no undue signs of excite- ment. No one seemed disposed to make any observation upon it, and indeed most of the company were utterly incapable of the effort of speech. In a few moments, he re- marked that he would quote to us a brief passage from Dante's great poem which was applicable to the subject, and did so as follows : — . . . . " Now, O reader ! mark, And if my tale thou slowly shalt receive, Thy doubt will cause in me no great surprise, For I, who saw it, scarcely can believe." ^ " But, Uncle Richard," was now the cry, "you said you had once seen an appari- tion, or something like one ; please tell us all about it." " I certainly saw something strange," said he, "on more than one occasion, which has never yet been accounted for ; and I suppose it is now too late to expect it. 1 Inferno, Canto xxv., Parsons's translation. I Uncle Richard's Story. 189 If it was really a matter of concert and collusion, the motive for it has never been discovered. You remember the open space in town, in front of the Reverend ]\Ir. 's meeting-house. Your house, as you know, Jemmie," addressing me, " looks directly up the street towards this square, and to the somewhat old-fashioned man- sion opposite the meeting-house. On one side of the square was a small dwelling, occupied by several distant relatives of ours ; Aunt Midkiff (Metcalf ), Aunt Fog- gison (Ferguson, so called), and her sister, Miss Samples (Mrs. Semple), with the daughter of our Aunt Foggison, Mrs. Lane, and her only child. You remember, sis- ter," addressing my mother, " that you have told me, that one night, after you had gone to bed, your lamented husband stood at. the window looking up the street towards the old house above, of which he had a com- plete view. Upon your asking what de- tained him, he called you up, and it was IQO Old New England Traits. evident to you both that one chamber of the house was in a light blaze. Persons appeared to be moving rapidly around it, and, as it were, pulling down the curtains of the bed, which looked as if on fire. After a little time the appearance gradually ceased, and your husband remarking that he would inquire in the morning of his neighbor, a highly respectable lawyer, who occupied the house, what was the cause of the extraordinary spectacle of the night before, he also retired. But upon putting the question to his acquaintance on the following morning, he seemed astonished, and utterly denied that anything unusual had taken place in the chamber, which was the one occupied by himself and his wife, or that they had been at all disturbed dur- ing the night. " Now all this," continued my uncle, " is quite consistent with the supposition, that this gentleman may have had some secret motive for concealing the fact of a threat- A Strange Narrative. 191 ened conflagration, pretty sure, if known, to become the town talk and perhaps to ex- pose him to inconvenient inquiries ; and though a strictly moral and religious man, he may have thought that the circum- stances warranted a direct denial of the matter, seeing it was, as it turned out, an affair of purely domestic concern." My mother, I thought, looked at my uncle a little anxiously, and seemed about to make a movement for our departure ; but we urged him to tell us to what strange thing he had referred, and why he had so particularly described the situation and characteristics of this square, as if there were something more in relation to it which it might interest us to know ; for you may be sure our mother had never mentioned to us children anything likely to alarm us. " I am afraid," said he, at last " that some- thing, which really did happen in front of the house I have spoken of will startle you young folks, and perhaps it is foolish 192 Old New England Traits. to relate it, as you seem already quite ex- cited enough ; but I will premise by saying, that I will only tell you what I saw my- self, or heard from those upon whose word I could implicitly rely ; and, moreover, that I do not believe in ghosts, however singu- lar the facts in question may appear. Of course, you know, sister," addressing my mother, " my calls at your house were sometimes in the evening, after attending the market or to other business during the day. It was during one of your husband's absences at sea, that we were sitting around the fire of a wintry night, when a lively neighbor, a lady who took much interest in whatever was going on, came in evidently in a state of agitation, and taking her seat, with very brief greeting, broke out with the exclamation, ' There he is again ! ' I did not understand what this meant ; but it was soon explained to us that, for a week or ten days past, some person, or figure, or whatever it might be, had been An Unsocial Pedestrian. 193 observed walking fore and aft, in front of the house opposite the meeting-house, at a certain hour of the evening, and though many had passed, no one had recognized him, nor did he take any notice whatever of any one whom he met. He was said to wear a pea-jacket buttoned to the chin, and a glazed hat, as if prepared for any kind of weather ; or, as the gossips afterwards said, indicating the fact that he was the forerunner of the loss of not a few masters of vessels residing in the neighborhood, who perished at sea during the storms of that season. I took my hat and went out to see if I could discover anything uncom- mon. It was a moonlight night, with a light fall of snow upon the ground. As I passed up the short street to the square. Aunt Foggison's chamber window was thrown open, and her daughter's voice was plainly heard berating the supposed spectral night- walker. ' What are you doing there, you good-for-nothing scamp, you ? ' cried she, in 13 194 Old New England Traits, a voice that must have reached any mortal ears ; ' why don't you go home to your fam- ily, if you've got any family, or wherever else you belong, instead of stalking up and down here, frightening honest folks out of their senses ? ' Overcome perhaps by the vigor of her expostulation, the window was shut down with a slam. As I advanced, though I certainly had a full view of a human-looking figure upon its round and at no great distance either, and my senses had been confirmed by the objurgations ad- dressed to it by our worthy relative, when I actually reached the ground of his peram- bulations, prepared to seize a single man by the collar and learn what he was about, it is certain that he was no longer visible. I returned to the house and made report of my unsuccessful doings, and unhitched my horse and drove home. I learned, a few days afterwards, that the figure regularly appeared, giving one sign of vitality by a regular tramp — tramp — tramp — upon the A Cordon for a Ghost. 195 frozen ground, so far as any one was dis- posed to listen, and spreading consterna- tion throughout the vicinity. The affair at length became unendurable. Women were afraid to go into the street, and, for that, a good many men too, and it was really so serious, that, as I learned, it was resolved to form what is called, I believe, a cordon, and gradually approaching the place simultane- ously from every avenue, so to inclose him that escape would be impossible. Be- ing much acquainted with the people of that part of the town, I was invited to join the company, and accordingly drove in sea- sonably for the purpose. Certainly, most sober people believed the whole was but some trick, which it only needed reasonable pains to discover and defeat. The myste- rious figure, it seemed, continued to walk, ignorant of or indifferent to our devices. " There were three main avenues, by streets, to the premises, together with a narrow passage way leading from one of the 196 Old New England Traits, streets to another. At the appointed hour we duly assembled on our several stations. Our director was *a rude and boisterous captain of the sea ' " — (for Uncle Richard could sometimes be poetical, at least in the way of quoting Shakespeare). " It had been arranged by him that, being on our posts, at a fixed moment, we should move rapidly up the several avenues and so join forces as to form a circle inclosing the open space, and gradually contracting our com- pany, if the rogue was then within our compass we should have him sure. The arrangement had been made in profound secrecy, and if any there were traitors, I was not aware of it. Sure enough there was our guest on his usual stroll. As our circle speedily drew in, and just as hands were stretched out to seize him — presto, as the jugglers say — he was gone ! " " By the jumping gingerbread ! " ex- claimed Thurlow, our uncle's hired man, springing from his chair by the wall, out- A 71 Elusive Ghost, 197 side of our family party, — seeing this was Christmas night. " Oh dear sus ! " cried Sally Bannocks, our own particular help of many years, from the hke position. " Our detective band," resumed my un- cle, " looked at one another in amazement, and after some hard swearing from a few of the roughest, and the exchange of a hasty ' good-night,' dispersed, as far as convenient in companies of two or three, and departed, a good deal disconcerted, to their several places of abode. The same experiment was tried on two or three other occasions, as I was informed by friends, with no better success. Spectre or not, he always found means to elude them ; and there were al- ways those who, having no other means of accounting for his evasion, insisted upon it that he must have had confederates among those who sought to arrest him." " Could he not have escaped slyly into the house t " asked some incredulous in- quirer. 198 Old New England Traits, "That was hardly hkely, with so many eyes upon him. Besides there was nobody there but women and children, excessively alarmed themselves, the husband. Captain Y , being at sea, and one of those who was afterwards known to have been lost with all his crew, upon nearing our dan- gerous coast." " But why did not the city government make a piece of work of putting an end to such a scandal ? " inquired a doubter in spectral visitations. " Well, I suspect a whole body of police could do little towards capturing an actual ghost ; and then, too, there was at that time no city and no such force. Our town gov- ernment consisted of mostly ancient citi- zens, and three or four constables, all of whom, probably, preferred to remain quietly and comfortably at home, instead of ventur- ing out into the wintry night air, to hunt up ghosts." " Why didn't somebody try the effect of a bullet } " inquired another. The Ghost on his Beat, 199 "Well, shooting was a rather violent remedy ; and as for firing at a ghost, I be- lieve every one was afraid." " Wasn't it strange, considering that he must have had some particular object in haunting that spot, and was likely, there- fore, to be found out by some of the neigh- borhood by his face, or dress, or figure, or gait, or in some way or other, if a real per- son, that he never was recognized ? " asked another of our evening guests. " It was strange enough," said my uncle ; " but few, if any, got very near him, and they perhaps, casual passers-by, who paid no attention to the fact. As for him, he only walked steadily backward and for- ward, turning neither to the right nor to the left, except at each end of his beat ; re- plying to no interrogatories, and appearing utterly unconscious of any epithets or rail- ings which from a distance were hurled at him. Only one man ever professed to have seen his face." 200 Old New Engla7id Traits. " Who was that, uncle ? " we all eagerly exclaimed. " Late one stormy night, when the sno\% was falling fast," continued my uncle, — " and one would suppose that any reason- able creature of flesh and blood would wish to be safely housed, — an hostler named Dobbin, who had charge of a stable at one end of the street, was trudging home, swinging a lantern in his hand, to the small house in which he lived, at a little distance beyond the now pretty notorious * Ghost's Walk.' As he approached the spot, there, to be sure, was the object of terror, taking his usual exercise. ' Now,' as Dobbin told the story, ' thinks I to myself, I'll play you a trick, mister, and find out who you are, if I can. So, jest slyly un- fastening the door of the lantern, as I met him, I flung the door wide open and held it up to his face, and I says, says I, "A stormy night, friend." I thought I should know him, and guess I should if ever I do The breaking tcp. 201 see him again, which I don't want to, I tell yotc ; and may I hope to die, if ever I saw that face before. He looked pale, and his eyes, as he fixed 'em on me, had what I call a sort of a stony glare. He never opened his mouth, but just looked. It was only a glance, as it were, for I never was so frightened in my life, and jest dropped lantern and scampered away home as fast as my legs could carry me.' " " Lud-a-massy ! " screamed Sally Ban- nocks, on the verge of hysterics, — and some of the rest of us were not far from that condition. We were mostly on our feet, and as my mother insisted upon our bid- ding "Good-night," Uncle Richard pro- posed, after a further trial of his capital cider, to harness his horse and drive us home in his covered wagon. But it was a fine night and, though getting rather late, we concluded that it would do us more good to take the air, in the mile or two of the walk to town. In the course of our 202 Old New England Traits, preparations for departure, and in answer to a variety of questions, our uncle informed us, that the mystery was never cleared up, nor the trick, if trick it were, ever discov- ered. As to the tale of such a person as Dobbin, we might place what reliance upon it we saw fit ; and though the motive seemed certainly difficult to see, it might have been, after all, a well-contrived piece of deception, to be sure, a very laborious and unaccountable one, concealed by the collusion of parties in the secret. How long the ghost continued to walk he did not know ; but it finally disappeared, and the house had been inhabited by respecta- ble people ever since, who had suffered no disturbance. We reached home after a brisk walk, cross- ing rapidly — and with now and then a fur- tive look — the very premises so haunted in other days, and " Thanks be to Praise ! " ejaculated Sally Bannocks, as we entered and closed the door. The house was cold, " Thanks be to P raiser 203 after having been shut up all day. We quickly separated to our several chambers, and as I laid my head upon the pillow and was soon sound asleep, I too, murmured to myself, " Thanks be to Praise ! " APPENDIX. The following papers, marked I., II., III. are copies of those discovered among family docu- ments in the house of Mr. H. W. S. Cleveland, of Salem, Massachusetts, several years ago. They were communicated by him to the late Mr. Henry Lunt, formerly a merchant of Boston, father of the late highly distinguished Rev. Dr. William Parsons Lunt, who died, much lamented, while on his travels, at Akaba, in Arabia. How these documents came to be deposited in Salem, it is not easy to say. It is probable, however, that copies were brought over by the " Mary and John," or the, " Elizabeth and Dorcas," which appear to have wintered in Boston, after their arrival, the passengers, or such of them as saw fit and were permitted, proceeding to Ipswich, the following year (1634) and thence to the plan- tation which they called Newbury. It is likely, therefore, that the papers which concerned the Appendix. 205 passengers of those vessels might be taken to Salem, perhaps during Governor Endicott's ad- ministration, and placed in the hands of some official person at that place, so as to be more ac- cessible to the home of the people in question, instead of being retained at Boston, the journey to which from Newbury was in those days a long and tedious one, to be made on foot through the wilderness. To many persons the abstract of the Charter of Charles I., which is a very liberal one, can hardly fail to be interesting. The Orders in Council, referred to in the text, are still more so j while the list of passengers by the " Mary and John" comprises many names still to be found in Newbury. Many more familiar names will be found among those of the company which came by the '^ Elizabeth and Dorcas." It will be seen that in the list given are the names of Thomas Parker, an eminent divine, and of James Noyes, his nephew ; the first the long respected pastor of the church and the other the " teacher " at Newbury. 2o6 Appendix, I. An Abstract of His Ma*^'" Charter for incor- porating the Company of the Mattachusetts Bay in New England in America, Granted in the 4th yeare of His Highness' Reign of England, Scot- land France & Ireland, Anno. Domini 1628 — And we do further of our especial Grace, cer- tain Knowledge & mere mocion for us our Heirs & Successors — Give and Grant to the said Gov- ernour & Company & their Sucessors for ever by these presents. That it shall be lawfuU & free for them & their Assigns at all & every Time & Times hereafter out of any of our Realms or Dominions whatsoev^, to take lade carry & trans- port for in & into their voyages, & for & towards the said Plantation in New England all such & so many of our Loving Subjects or any other Strangers that will become our Loving Subjects & live under our Alleigeance as shall willingly accompany them in the said Voyages & Planta- tions, And also Shipping, Armour, Weapons, Ordnance, Munition, Powder, Shott, Corn victuals & all manner of Cloathing, Implements, Furni- ture, Beasts, Cattle, Horses Mares, Merchan- dizes & all other things necessary for the said Plantation and for their use & Defence & for Trade with the People there & in passing & Appendix, 207 returning to & fro, any Law or statute to the Contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding — And without paying or yielding any custom or Subsidy either Inwards or Outwards, to us our Heirs or Successors for the same, by the space of seaven years from the Day of the Date of these Presents — Provided that none of the said Persons be such as shall hereafter by Especial name be restrained by us, our Heirs or Successors And for their further Incouragem* of our Especial Grace & favor — we Do by these pres- ents for us, our Heirs & successors yield & grant to the said Governour & Company & their suc- cessors & every of them their Factors & Assigns that they & every of them shall be free & quit from all Taxes Subsidys & Customs in New England for the space of seaven years, and from all Taxes & Impositions for the space of Twenty one years upon all Goods & merchandizes at any time or times hereafter Either upon Impor- tation there, or Exportation thence, into our Realm of England or into any of our Dominions, by the said Governour or Company & their suc- cessors, their Deputys, Factors & Assigns or any of them except only the Five Pounds p*" Cen- tum due for Custom upon all such Goods & Merchandizes as, after the said seaven years 2o8 Appendix, shall be expired, shall be brought or imported into our Realm of England or any other of our Dominions according to the Ancient Trade of Merchants, which Five Pounds p'^ centum only being paid it shall be thenceforth lawful! & free for the s*^ Adventurers the same Goods & Mer- chandizes to export & carry out of our Domin- ions into Foreign Parts without any Custom, Tax or other Duty to be paid to us our Heirs or Successors or to any other officer or officers or ministers of us our Heirs or Successors, — Provided that the said Goods & merchandize be shipp'd out within thirteen months after their first Landing within any part of the said Dominions — This is a true Copy of His Ma*^'' Letters Patent aforesaid — Custom House London 30th January 1633 Anno. R. Caroli Nono — John Wolstenholme, Collector. IL Orders in Council. New Eftgland, — At Whitehall the last of Feb- ruary, 1633. Present : Lo. Arch. Bp. of Cant. Earle of Kelley. Lo. Keep^ Lo. Cottington. Appendix, 209 Lo. Pi-ivie Seal. M'. V. Chamb'line. Lo. High Chamb^Iine. W. Compt'. M^ Secretary "Wyndibank. Whereas by a Warr*. bearing date 22nd of this Present, the sev'all ships following bound for New England, and now lying in the River of Thames were made staye of untill further order from their Lo'pps. viz., The Clement & Job, The Reformation, The True Love, The Elizabeth Bonadventure, The Sea Flower, The Mary & John, The Planter, The Elizabeth & Dorcas, The Hercules & The Neptune. Forasmuch as the masters of the said ships were this day called before the Board & several Particulars given them in charge to be performed in their said voyage, amongst which the said masters were to enter into several Bonds of One Hundred Pounds a piece to His ^laj'tys use before the Clarke of the Councell attendant to observe & cause to be observed and putt in Execucion these Articles following viz : 1. That all and every Person aboard their Ships now bound for New England as aforesaid, that shall blaspheme or profane the Holy name of God be severely punis'h't. 2. That they cause the Prayers contained in the Book of Common Prayers establisht in 14 2IO Appendix. the Church of England, to be said daily at the usual hours for Morning & Evening Prayers & that they cause all Persons aboard their said ships to be present at the same. 3. That they do not receive aboard or trans- port any Person that hath not Certificate from the Officers of the Port where he is to imbarke that he hath taken both the Oathes of Alleige- ance & Supremacy. 4. That upon their return into this King- dom they Certify to the Board the names of all such Persons as they shall transport together with their Proceedings in the Execu'ion of the aforesaid Articles — Whereunto the said M'■^ have conformed themselves — It was therefore & for diverse other Reasons best . known to their Lo^p'. thought fitt that for this time they should be permitted to proceed on their Voyage, and it was thereupon ordered that Gabriel Marsh Esq''. Marshalle of the Admiralty, & all other His Maj'ty's Officers to whom their said Warr*. was directed should be required upon sight hereof to discharge all & every the said Ships, & suffer them to depart on their intended Voyage to New England — Ex. Jon. Meantys. Appendix, 211 III. The names of such Passengers as took the Oathes of Supremacy, atid AlleigeaJice to pass for New England in the Mary &> John of Lofidon Robert Sayres Master, 24th Mar. 1633. William Trace (Tracy) John Bartlett John Marshe John LufF Henry Traske William Moudey Robert Sever Thomas Avery Henry Travers Thomas Sweete ]ohn Woodbridge Thomas West Thomas Savery Christopher Osgood Phillip Fowler Richard Jacob Daniel Ladd Robert Kingsman Robert Coker William Savery John Anthoney (left behind; Stephen Jurden John Godfrey George Browne Nicholas Noyce Richard Browne Richard Reynolds Richard Littlehall William White Matthew Hewlett (Hercuies) John Whelyer William Clarke Robert Newman Adrian Vincent. The 26th day of March. Nicholas Easton William Spencer Richard Kent Henry Shorte Abraham Mussey William Hibbens 212 Appendix, William Ballard Matthew Gillett William Franklin John Mussey Thomas Cole Thomas Parker James Noyce John Spencer Richard Kent Joseph Myles John Newman William Newbey Henry Lunt Joseph Pope Thomas Newman John Newman. For which we gave certificate, together with five others, which are said to be left behind to oversee the Chattle to pass in the Hercules viz. The names of the Passengers in the Hercules of London, John Kiddey Ma^ for New England. These six Passengers took their Oathes of Supremacy & Alleigeance the 24th March and were left behind the Mary & John, as intended to pass in y^ Hercules — viz : John Anthony Robert Early William Satcome Thomas Foster William Foster Matthew Hewlett. Cert, the six first to Mt'er Sayers as intended. Secondth to Mr. Kiddey to pass in the Hercules. 1 6th April, 1634. Nathaniel Davyes George Kinge Thomas Rider Appendix, 213 William Elliot William Fifeilde Henry Phelps. 18. These proceedings were Copyed out of an Olde Book of Orders belonging to the Port of South'ton but now remaining at the Custom house in Portsmouth the 6th Day of December 1735. Per Thomas Whitehouse. IV. In regard to the costume which prevailed, among persons of wealth and standing in New England, within a century, I quote a descrip- tive passage from a history of Newburyport, by Mrs. E. V. Smith, published in 1854, as fol- lows : — "With the incoming of the nineteenth cen- tury, garments more in conformity with present fashions took precedence of three-cornered hats, long coats with immense pocket-folds and cuffs, but without collars, in which the men of the eighteenth century prided themselves ; with their buttons of pure silver, or plated, of the size of a half-dollar, presenting a great superfluity of coat and waistcoat when contrasted with the short nether garments, ycleped " breeches," or " small-clothes," which reached only to the knee, 2 1 4 Appendix* being there fastened with large (?) silver buckles, which ornament was also used in fastening the straps of shoes. The gentlemen quite equalled the ladies at this period in the amount of finery, and the brilliancy of colors in which they in- dulged. A light blue coat with large fancy but- tons, a white satin embroidered waistcoat, red velvet breeches, silk stockings, and buckled shoes, with a neckcloth, or scarf, of finely em- broidered cambric, or figured stuff, the ends hanging loose, the better to show the work, and liberal bosom and wrist ruffles (the latter usu- ally fastened with gold or silver buckles), were usually considered a proper evening dress for a gentleman of any pretension to fashion. The clergy and many other gentlemen commonly wore black silk stockings, and others contented themselves with gray woollen. The boots had a broad fold of white leather turned over the top, with tassels dangling from either side. The clergy frequently wore silk or stuff gowns and powdered wigs. The ladies usually wore black silk or satin bonnets, long-waisted and narrow- skirted dresses for the street, with long tight sleeves, and in the house, sleeves reaching to the elbow, finished with an immensely broad frill ; high-heeled shoes, and always, when in full dress, carried a profusely ornamented fan. The Appendix, 2 1 5 excessively long waists, toward the close of this period, were exchanged for extremely short ones \ so short, that the belt or waist was inhumanly contrived to come at the broadest part of the chest. But no fashion of dress was so perma- nent as other customs clinging to particular eras. Anciently, as now, fashions were changed more or less extensively every ten years, though certain broad characteristics remained long enough to give specific character to the costum- ing of the eighteenth century." The writer is accurate enough, no doubt, in her general description ; but what lady could give an entirely correct account of a gentle- man's attire ? Knee-buckles, for instance, were almost necessarily small, instead of " large " ; it may be questioned whether top-boots were ever decorated with tassels, a single article of that sort often hanging at the front of a differ- ent kind of high boot, worn long after the be- ginning of the present century ; and as to the silk gowns of clergymen, it is but a very few years since they began to be disused in the pulpit by Presbyterian and Congregational min- isters. About forty years before the present period, many gentlemen wore dresses of the cut described by Mrs. Smith, though of a more sub- dued color, — black, blue, or drab. Not long 2 1 6 Appendix. after the beginning of the present century, a chief magistrate of Massachusetts, Gov. Gore, made a sort of progress through the State, in imposing style. His elegant, open carriage was drawn by four handsome and spirited horses, and he was attended by his aids and several outriders. The governor was a gentleman of fine personal appearance, and was attired in the highest style of contemporary civil costume, with his white hair gathered behind into a satin bag, and his aids were in undress military costume. He was a "Federalist," and this demonstration cost him his election the next time; for, though a man of brilliant ability and high personal character, he served but one year. At a date fifteen years later, I saw the '^ Democratic " governor of Massachusetts, Mr. Eustis, in attendance upon the Commencement exercises, at Harvard College, dressed much in the fashion of half a century earlier ; namely, coat and waistcoat with broad flaps, small- clothes, ruffles at his bosom and wrists, a cocked hat of the old style, and a steel-hilted rapier at his side. Ten years afterwards, one of the best governors the Commonwealth has ever had, Mr. Lincoln, who served the State in this capacity for nine several terms, wore also a distinguishing costume, but more conformable to modern fash- Appendix. 2 1 7 ions. About the ruffles to his shirt-bosom I am sure, and feel much confidence, from memory, in regard to black small-clothes and black silk stockings, and his hat was always decorated with a black cockade. Nowadays a governor's appearance scarcely distinguishes him from any ordinary person in the crowd. The cocked hats, however, and much of the costume of the eighteenth century, continued to be worn by the survivors of Revolutionary officers and some others, during the first quarter of the present century and afterwards. V. The subjoined interesting sketch of an an- cient dwelling-house and of a family which has inhabited it for several generations, was fur- nished by a distinguished friend, Thomas Coffin Amory, Esq., of Boston, who traces his ancestry on the maternal side to the family in question. Nor, in producing this highly interesting sketch, could I overlook Joshua Coffin, the historian of Newbury and a resident of that town, from the originally extensive territory of which various adjacent towns were eventually formed. He was possessed of many amiable qualities and inspired by the true antiquarian spirit, and labo- 2 1 8 Appendix. riously pored among the not very carefully kept early records of the original settlement, and brought much out of chaos well calculated to illustrate its former history. Mr. Amory has, on various occasions, shown the spirit of a care- ful historical student and of an intelligent and zealous antiquary. His recent contributions to that excellent periodical, "The New England Historical and Genealogical Register," which has become of inestimable value, as a collection of facts illustrative of early New England history and biography, have given great pleasure to mul- titudes of readers, — especially his vivid and graphic descriptions of certain ancient and sto- ried mansions in Boston and Cambridge, and of their former inhabitants. Let us hope that researches of such abundant interest and value will soon claim and gain a still larger share of the public attention in a collected form. My dear Sir, — In your reminiscences of Newburyport you must not forget Joshua Coffin its historian, — one of the best of men, whom no one knew but to love. I see him now as he came to visit me several years ago, when he was representing his native town in the General Court, a fresh, hale, cheery gentleman, full of pleasant anecdotes relating to the past. He Appendix. 219 owned and occupied the Coffin mansion, which had been the abode of seven generations of his family and name. Out of its portals had issued numberless admirable men and women, and from among the former, a large share of college graduates, at Harvard and other New England colleges, of lawyers, clergy, and soldiers, to do good service in their day and generation. At his suggestion, I visited this ancient dwell- ing which was erected about 1649, by Mr. Som- erby, the widow of whose progenitor Tristram Coffin, Jr., married. This Tristram was the eld- est son of another Tristram, first of the race in America, who not many years before, in 1642, came over from Brixton, near Plymouth, in Dev- onshire, bringing with him his mother, and two sisters, — Eunice who married William Butler, and Mary who became the wife of Alexander Adams, of Boston. He brought with him also several sons and daughters, to whom were added others born to him on this side the ocean. His family in the home country had shown the same tenacity and steadfastness, exemplified by their long continued residence at Newburyport ; for at Alwington and Portledge in Devon, they had flourished, if not from the flood, from periods very remote ; for according to the historical state- ment, the Normans when they came over in the 2 20 Appendix, eleventh century found them there, and left them unmolested ; and there still dwell their de- scendants in the female line, who have assumed their appellation of Pine Coffin, one of the house of Pine having married the heiress of the fam- ily estates. Tristram the elder, and his sons James and Stephen, were among the nine who purchased the island of Nantucket from the Earl of Stir- ling in 1659, and went there to dwell. Their descendants have ever since been respectable and greatly multiplied, and not only on that island but all over the country, having since been estimated by thousands if not tens of thou- sands. Their usual average of children has been half a score, and from their numerous progeny and great longevity, we may judge what vigor was in the race. One of them, Wil- liam, son of Nathaniel, son of James, cruised over many seas, as commander of a merchant- man, and becoming interested in a Boston maiden, Ann Holmes, settled about 1720 in the provincial capital, where among other offices he filled widi credit to himself and his name was that for many years of warden of Trinity Church. He died before the Revolution, leaving many children ; most of his sons at that period becom- ing refugee loyalists, they and their descendants Appendix. 221 taking high rank in the British military and naval service. John, son of Nathaniel, was a dis- tinguished officer in the Carolinas, and after- wards became Major-general. His brother, Sir Isaac, early became distinguished on the ocean, was an Admiral, Member of Parliament, and created a Baronet, which latter rank was also bestowed on Thomas Astor, son of William, the eldest son of the warden. Several others of the name and blood then and since have filled with distinction posts of honor and respecta- bility in the civil service of the mother country at home, in Canada, and in India. But this is a digression. The only connec- tion of the Nantucket branch with Newbury is that old Tristram lived there for a brief period, before repairing to his island home, and his son (the younger of the name of Tristram, the family name of a grandmother) and his poster- ity occupied the old mansion down through seven or eight generations, and still dwell be- neath its roof. At the time of its erection the edifice must have been among the most elegant, as its good state of preservation proves it to have been one of the most substantial of its day, when the notion, prevailing in England, that oak was the most suitable material of the forest for dwellings, governed in their choice, 222 Appendix, with less reason, our American planters. It was built in the mode common to the period, round a vast brick chimney-stack, ten or twelve feet square. The principal apartment, now di- vided into two, possessed, as did also the kitch- en, one of those spacious fireplaces which are the marvel and envy of these degenerate days, when a hole in the carpet has superseded in many households the family hearth. It is pleasant to think of the groups that in the olden time clustered around them ; charming people, whom we know by tradition, and who are re- membered by many associations. The house possesses various other apart- ments of size and pretension, and has answered well the needs of the successive generations that have occupied it, not only as a spacious and commodious abode, but one sufficiently elegant to satisfy the advancing standards of taste and refinement. Among the marked feat- ures of the building are several small case- ments, lighting closets and staircases, which give variety to the monotonous symmetry of windows all of a size, one on top of another, and where all the openings for egress or light are in straight lines and of equal dimensions. It is many years since my visit, and I hope you will see it, for much that was peculiar, and made a Appendix, 223 weird impression at the time, has passed out of mind. If the trickles in my own veins do not mislead, the present proprietors will be glad to have pleasure afforded to the reading commu- nity, even by this inadequate description of a house which has such claims to be known, if, as you intimate, you purpose to place this account of it in your Appendix. They will not consider it a liberty if I repeat what some one not long since told me of an interesting relic of the past discovered on its walls, a statement which might be related almost in the same words of the house of MacPhaedrics at Portsmouth. Not many years since it was concluded to repaper the hall, the walls of which were covered with several thicknesses of paper which had from generation to generation been pasted one upon another. It was thought best to re- move them all, and when a large party of young people, home for the holidays, were gathered for a dull week of weather under its roof, they determined to amuse themselves by stripping off the various layers of previous decorations, preparatory to the new one intended to take their place. Underneath them all was discov- ered, painted on the wall, artistic designs of figures and foliage, such as were common in the days of the Stuarts. All antiquarians are 2 24 Appendix. familiar with the similar discoveries at Ports- mouth, to which allusion has been made. There are not many houses in America which have been so long owned and occupied by the same name. The old brick mansion near Portsmouth, of the Weeks family, the Curtis house at Boston Highlands, Fairbanks at Ded- ham, Pickering at Salem, were contemporaries in the period of the construction, and have de- scended from sire to son as has this of the Coffins. The house is pleasantly placed, and com- mands fine views from its windows. Even in winter it must be, if not a cheerful, an interest- ing abode to dwell in. In duller days, when skies are leaden, and the more you see around you the less you like it, its dreamy look of age and strangeness within and without may have a somewhat depressing influence. The aches and agonies of so many generations may gain an ascendancy over the exuberant joys that made their life worth living. It would sometimes seem that if fondness for the supernatural must be indulged, an old edifice like this would prove a haunt more attractive, and certainly more ap- propriate, for ghost and apparition than any school-room, however noted for its spells. Yet notwithstanding some lugubrious associations Appendix. 225 connected with the family patronymic, phan- toms would have to tread softly and whisper low if they invaded its precincts ; for the vigor- ous vitality of its occupants and their cheery tonesj if up to the traditional standard of their race, would exorcise the very king of spectres himself, should he venture to stalk about at the noonday, or revisit the glimpses of the moon in its ancient chambers. VI. I MIGHT have mentioned, as one of the amuse- ments of childhood, the throwing of a piece of paper upon the embers of our wood-fire, for we had no coal in those days, and w^atching the gradual extinguishment of the sparks, likening it to a congregation entering the meeting-house. *' There they go in," we would say. " There's the minister;" and as the final spark disap- peared, — " Now, the sexton has gone in and shut the door." I speak of this only as a curious illustration of English ways traditionally surviv- ing in New England. Thus Cowper tells us : — *' So when a child, as playful children use, Has burnt to tinder a stale last year's news, 15 2 26 Appendix. The flame extinct, he views the roving fire, — There goes my lady, and there goes the squire ; There goes the parson, O illustrious spark ! And there, scarce less illustrious, goes the clerk ! VII. Several allusions having been made in the text to the "Wolfe" Tavern, I am able to present the following original bill of lading, constituting an incident in relation to the famous expedition to Quebec, and evincing at least a more formal recognition of a superintending Providence, than is the custom of more modern days : — Appendix. 227 te)C/2hJ'T3KMOO>W "« t^. M £ "^ S ?^ ;;•" MOO vO 0^ M w 'S "^ O •■' «" 3 en !=i. CD O o -^ 8 ^. n s'^ O CU i-i- -/' f» o § o a, o ^ 5: o o o o o 3 o 3 '1 5' o K^ O p oi. i:5 ?1 w^ w 2 ? o C 3 < ?3 p o ir: o s ? ^ o ^ p O p CI, o 2 O 3 ^ o ^' 3 o 3 K ^ H 3- O OQ crq H- -. Co' O > !^ ^ a> 0^' rn 0=! 2. O 3 o crq O £^ o ^ 3 S 3 J= 3 ^ a- "" ^ 2 3 CL r^ O a, w I— I o to ■-») §9 n) 3 he fD ?. s <' K ■^ p CA5 r c p ^ ^ CD S - ^' "^ ?^ "S 8-^c/ S q' o r+ o P W^* _ - w ^ i-f o ^ S p P K^ 2. Slo g O O '-! p o O B dI § ^c "• 3 ^ ? o S ^ p s :i. 3^ p Cfi (T) en 2 28 Appendix, VIII. On my occasional visit to Boston, I usually put up at the Eastern Stage House, perhaps because it was there that the stage-coach by which I arrived at the city discharged its pas- sengers. It was an old fashioned establish- ment, which but for the absence of galleries, might remind one of the famous Tabard Inn, from which Chaucer's pilgrims set out. For its capacious yard, in which the passengers alighted, and where they remounted for their homeward journey, was approached through a narrow cross street, and in its ample stables the stage-horses took their rest and refreshment. The front en- trance to tlie tavern was under an archway on Ann street, loyally named for the old queen j for which title was not long ago senselessly sub- stituted the unsuggestive appellation of North street It has long since given place to more modern edifices. It was a comfortable place of temporary residence, and in illustration of former manners I remember one practice which I have never seen elsewhere. At the plate of each guest, at dinner, was placed a small de- canter of brandy, holding I suppose half-a-pint of that liquor, and for which no extra charge appeared in the bill, which account itself was Appendix. 229 moderate enough compared with the inordinate hotel reckonings of the present day. IX. In small matters, as well as in great, history repeats itself. Thus, the anachronic emotion of Miss (on page 17) finds its parallel in "Facetiae Poggii," written at Florence, in the year 1450, of which the following story is one : — " Cyriac of Ancona, a wordy man and much given to talk, was once deploring in our pres- ence the fall and ruin of the Roman empire,, and seemed to be vehemently grieved at it. Then Anthony Lusco, a most learned man, who also stood by, said, jeering at the silly grief of the fellow, ' He is very like a man of Milan, who, hearing on a feast day one of the race of minstrels, v/ho are wont to sing the deeds of departed heroes to the people, reciting the death of Roland, who w^as slain about seven hundred years before in battle, fell at once a-weeping bitterly, and when he got home to his wife, and she saw him sad and sighing, and asked what was the matter, " Alas ! alas ! wife," he said, " we are as good as dead and 230 Appendix, gone." " Why, man," she answered, " what dreadful thing has befallen you ? Take com- fort and come to supper." But he, when he went on sobbing and sighing, and would take no food, and his wife pressed him to tell the cause of his woe, at last said, " Don't you know the bad news I have heard to-day ? " *' What ? " asked the wife. " Roland is dead, who alone was the safeguard of Christendom." On which his wife tried to soothe the silly grief of her husband, and yet, with all her tenderness, could scarce get him to sit down to meat.' " ^ The effect of the ballad, however, upon the worthy man of Milan reminds one of the his- torical incident, recording the effect of song, celebrated anew in one of the stanzas of Childe Harold " : — " When Athens' armies fell at Syracuse, And fettered thousands felt the yoke of war, Redemption rose up in the Attic Muse, Her voice their only ransom from afar ; See ! as they chant the tragic hymn, the car Of the o'ermastered victor stops : the reins Fall from his hands — his idle scimetar Starts from its belt — he rends his captives' chains. And bids them thank the bard for freedom and his strains." 1 Quoted in Dasent's "Jest and Earnest." London, 1873. Appe7idix, 231 X. The ancestor of Colonel Edward Wiggles- worth, mentioned in the text, an officer of the Revolution, highly esteemed by Washington, was Rev. Michael Wigglesworth, author of " The Day of Doom," published in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, and reprinted in Lon- don j a dreadfully dismal, but edifying poem, and not without a certain horrifying merit. XL Were it within the scope of this work, I might furnish a catalogue, by no means meagre, of inhabitants formerly distinguished in their day and generation. For example, I have heard it stated as a curious fact, that, not far from the beginning of the present century, each of the three Professors of Harvard College, namely. Professors Webber, afterwards Presi- dent ; Pearson, and Toppan, were natives of Newbury. 232 Appendix, XII. I COULD hardly dismiss this volume from my hands without some reference to the means of public information furnished by the newspapers of the town. Of these, there have been, since " The Essex Journal," soon afterwards merged in " The Impartial Herald," and first published in 1773, between thirty and forty attempts to establish newspapers ; but the " Herald," the successor of those before-named, for many years conducted as a semi-weekly journal, and since the year 1832 as a daily paper, has alone steadily maintained its ground. It has always been distinguished for the editorial ability dis- played in its columns, and for a care bestowed upon its several departments, which gave it a high reputation, scarcely surpassed by that of leading journals in our larger cities. " The Essex Journal " was begun by Isaiah Thomas, who in the course of a year sold his interest in it to Ezra Lunt ; and he, after two years, obeying another call to public service, sold it to John Mycall. The first of these began life in the humblest condition, without schooling of any kind, it is alleged ; taught himself to read and write, and after a time re- moved to Worcester, became connected with a Appendix, 233 noted paper there, the " Massachusetts Spy,"' at length accumulated a handsome fortune, for the times, much of which, after a long life, he be- queathed to the Antiquarian Society of Worces- ter, and a portion to Harvard College, and other literary institutions. He was the founder, also, of the American Antiquarian Society. He be- came a writer and educator of much repute. Upon the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, Mr. Ezra Lunt was the first man who vol- unteered, in the meeting-house, when the min- ister. Rev. Mr. Parsons, exhorted his parishion- ers to military service ; was chosen captain of the company, with which he was present in command at Bunker Hill, and afterwards was raised to the rank of major. He took part in the battle of Monmouth Court House, when the British army, under Sir Henry Clinton, re- tired with much difficulty and loss before Wash- ington, and used to relate the particulars of the well-known rebuke administered by that great chief to General Charles Lee for his hasty re- treat from the advanced post, which had been assigned him. He declared himself to have been close by at the moment, and to have heard the energetic language used on the occa- sion. After the war, he received his allotment of land, and settled upon it, at Marietta, Ohio. 2 34 Appendix. Mr. Mycall was a person of much natural capacity and shrewdness, with certain eccentric- ities of character, and kept up a little politic mystery about himself. He once engaged a well-known carriage-maker of the day to build him a chaise, which it was agreed should be finished at a certain time. When the specified period arrived, the vehicle was not forthcoming. Enduring a similar disappointment several times, and expressing himself strongly about it to the offender, that individual promised it to him positively at a certain date, if he was alive. Even then, it w^as not delivered ; but what was the astonishment of the faulty party to read in his newspaper the next morning, " Died, yester- day, P. B., chaise-maker," etc. In a state of boiling indignation he rushed to the street, and on the way to the office of publication called the attention of various acquaintances to the wrongful statement, which, it appeared, no one had observed. Entering the office, he inquired, with much feeling, how Mr. Mycall could have published such a paragraph. " Did you not promise me," said the editor, " that my chaise should be sent home, on such a day, if you were alive ? " " Well, supposing I did ? " " AVhy, then, of course, you must be dead ! " Taking up a copy of the paper from his desk, Appendix. 235 and examining the obituary notices, " But," said the editor, " there is no such statement here." The bewildered chaise-maker hastened home to examine his paper anew ; and it appeared, on inquir}?, that tlie account of his decease was printed only in his own copy ; a gloomy jest, which was soon much relished by the commu- nity. Indeed, the town became for a time a noted place for the publication of standard works, and books of various descriptions. It was here that the well-known Mr. Edmund M. Blunt, who subsequently removed to the city of New York, published his valuable and famous "American Coast Pilot," and, afterwards, the no less useful '' Practical Navigator." XIII. In attestation of the remark, on page 144 of the text, that an antiquated pronunciation of many English words prevailed long in New England, after it was disused in Old England, and was brought by the colonists from the Mother Country, see the criticism of " Holo- fernes " upon innovations in pronunciation, in Act v., Sc. I, of " Love's Labor Lost," show- ing the state of the case in Shakespeare's time. 236 Appendix, XIV. In dosing this Appendix, which might be extended to almost any length, as recollections which did not occur to me in writing the body of the work come up, I cannot omit a remark- able use of the American language, let us say, since the Czar once so denominated the English tongue. It was upon the part of a town con- stable, perhaps as nearly of the Dogberry type as could be imagined. I was standing in the town hall, at a moment preliminary to a public meeting. A knot of youngsters had been jok- ing one another, when this authoritative official approached. All but one speedily retired be- fore the awful presence. " Master Constable " addressed the lingerer : " Disperge^' — a diffi- cult operation for an individual, — " disperge, I say ; we can t have no burlash here ! " Even Shakespeare might have been glad of such an opportunity to enlarge the cacology, by actual hearing, of some of his most amusing -characters. INDEX. — *— Page Academy, of good standing .... 137 Adams, J. Q. ... .... 134 Addison on English Superstition . . . 176 Adventure of American Sea-captain with Christophe, Emperor of Hayti 6 1 " Algerines ; " their Quarrel with Foreign Sailors 74 Ancient Elder 120 Ancient Episcopal Church ; its former Rector, Bishop of Massachusetts 114, 130 Apparition, an 184 Aristocracy 21 Aunt Judith 23 Aunt Judith's Narrative of Witchcraft . . . 169 Balaklava Charge ...... 28 Bar, dangerous 6 Bartlett, William 33 Beggars, mimic 106 Beverages, formerly 96 Bishop Bass 130 Bold Youngster 165 Books, some that we read .... 138, 139 Borderers 74 Boyish Sports 14 Bradbur}', Judge 34 British Orders in Council 108 Bromfield Legacy 18 Buchan, Earl of 6^ 238 Index, Campbell, " Tom " 27 Cannon for street posts 58 Capen, Parson 178 Characteristic Letter 40 Christmas Evening 161 Christmas Hymn 163 Christophe of Hayti 61 Clergy of the town 122 Clergyman, Scottish 166 Collector Marquand 37 Collector Wigglesworth 36 Comparative value of money 21 Congregation, " Scrupulous " . . . . 122 Consequences of war and embargo . • • 57 Court of Common Pleas ..... Z^y Cunning expedient 22 Dalton, Tristram 34 Damage of war 38 Dana, Rev. Dr. 128 Dangerous bar 6 Devil's den ........ 15 Dexter, " Lord " 63 Dexter's poet 66 Dinah for Diana 145 Discourse of Rev. Mr. Murray .... 99 Dissatisfied washerwoman 104 Dogberry and Verges 198 Domestic, Scottish 104 Earl of Buchan 63 Earthquakes in former times 1 13 Edinburgh, similar habits in ... . 10 Elder, an old-fashioned 120 Index, 239 Emperor of Hayti 61 English Clergymen 124 English Reader. Are modern text-books as useful ? 137 English superstition 176 Enterprise, Maritime and Commercial ... 5 Extraordinary images 63 Failure, swindling 103 Favor, Johnny : his opinion of polemics . . 133 Few insane persons, and the treatment of them formerly 45 Fights of boys 10 Fine trees 17 Fire, strange 190 Fire, the " great " 103 Foot-warming process 1 18 Former Rector of St. Paul's a Bishop . . . 130 Former severe winters i Former solemn proceedings in naturalization . . no Fourth of July 98 Fright of an old woman 100 Fugitive Sea-captain and a lively chase . . 58 Ghost, reputed 180 Gould, Miss Hannah F. . . . • . 31 Gourmand, a 98 Great Fire 103 Greys, Silver 56 Grouse, Old, story of 146 Growth of Episcopal Church 130 Habits in Edinburgh lO Habits, jovial, of old times 96 Hardships of early times 40 240 Index, Hay-time treating 109 " Hinx-minx," origin of 174 Hohenlinden 28 Holt, Granny . , . . . . . 169 Home, return to ..... . . 202 How they used to ** break " .... 103 Huntington, Countess of, and her Seminaiy . .124 Hymn, Christmas 163 Images, extraordinary 63 Indifference to cold 119 Inquisitive spinster ....... 123 Insane persons, few 45 Internal trade 67 Introductory chapters to Scott's novels . . 159 Jackson family 24 James, King of Scotland 106 Johnson, Samuel, Dr 26 "Joppajine" 144 Jovial habits of old times 109 Judith, Aunt 23 July 4th 98 King James of Scotland 106 King Louis Philippe 4 King, Rufus 135 Lee, Mrs. George 31 Longfellow 32 Lowells, The 24 Magistrate and culprit 51 Mansions, remarkable . . . . . .18 Index, 241 Manufacturing establishments Maritime enterprise Market Square, triangular Marquand, Collector . Massachusetts, Diocese of Meeting-houses — stoves and organs Merchant, rich .... Milton, Rev. Mr. Mimic beggars .... Money, comparative value of " Moses is come ! " Murray, Rev. Mr. Murray's Reader .... 4 5 66 37 130 118 34 124 106 21 100 99 137 Naturalization, etc. . New England pronunciation New England superstition, of old Novelist, English, his surprise Nutting, etc no 144 160 9 14 Old-fashioned hospitality in beverages " Old Grouse," story of . Old Peddlers . . . . Old Woman, fright of . . . Orders in Council, British . Organ of St. Paul's Origin of " Hinx-Minx " . . . Our Town 109 146 67 100 108 118 174 5 Paine, Robert Treat . Parson, Capen Parsonage and its curious picture Parsons, Chief Justice . Particular Shoemaker 16 134 178 52 134 48 242 Index. Peabody, George . . . . . , '33 Peace of 1783 99 Peddlers, old 67 People of St. James's 131 Perkins, Jacob 25 Personal part of leading citizens in politics . 94 Persons, distinguished 34 Picture, curious 52 Pike, Nicholas 25 Polemics 132 Political hostilities 55 Poultry in profusion 67 Practice, modern, of naturalization . . .110 Professional persons, etc 83 " Project," what it is 174 Putnam, Oliver 33 Quaker meeting 136 Queer contrast of language 61 Railways and their influence 142 Ramsay, Dean, and others. Reminiscences of . 10 Reader, Murray's English 137 Reading parties 142 Refinement of certain classes 133 Reputed apparition 192 Respect for the clergy 29 " Retort courteous " 27 Rev. Dr. Dana 128 Rev. Mr. Milton 124 Rev. Dr. Morse 131 Rev. Mr. Murray 122 Rev. Dr. Spring 29 Richard, Uncle 162 Index, Sabbath, how kept ... Sailing adventure " Salt," ancient . . . , Saturday and Sunday evenings . Sceneiy on the river School books, etc. Schoolmaster, a shrewd Scott's Autobiography Scott's reply to certain critics Scottish domestic, cool and faithful *' Scrupulous " congregation . Scrupulous shoemaker Severe winters . . . . Shipbuilding, etc. Silver Greys Singular companion Singular night adventure Snow-storm in old times Social security . . . . Stage-house .... St. James's Story of an apparition Story of bold youngster . Stove in Church .... Street fights of boys Striking adventure of Rufus King Surprise of Thackeray Swett and Schwedt Swindling failure . . . . Sympathetic young lady 120 7 3 30 5 140 10 159 104 122 48 I 5 56 168 87 2 85 53 143 179 165 118 10 135 9 30 103 17 Tennyson's "Charge at Balaklava' Text instead of sermon . " Thanks be to Praise ! " . 28 119 202 244 Index, Thanksgiving 105 Timber and shipbuilding 5 " Tom " Campbell 27 Topsfield spectre 177 To^Yn-meeting and resolute chairman . . .96 Trade, internal, of the town .... 67 Traders, small 67 Treating in hay-time 109 Trees of great beauty 17 Triangular Market Square 66 Tyng Family 24 Uncle Richard . ^ 162 United States after a runaway .... 58 Unterrified clergyman 166 Verges and Dogberry 198 Vulgarian of the nouveaiix riches ... 62 Wages, low rate of 23 Walsh, Michael 25 What a " project " is or was 174 Wheelwright, William 32 Whipping-post 123 Wigglesworth, Colonel 36 Winters, severe formerly i Witchcraft, and Uncle Richard's opinion of it . 167 Wood's account of the aristocracy . . . .21 Yankee acuteness 141 Young persons sent to the town for education . 134 '"j 92 8