CANADA'S CLAIMS 
 
 i'U 
 
 BEFORE THE 
 ANGLO-AMERICAN JOINT HIGH COMMISSION 
 
 BY 
 
 AGNES CHRISTINA LAUT 
 
 PROM 
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW of REVIEWS 
 APRIL 18 9 9 
 
CANADA'S CLAIMS BEFORE THE ANGLO-AMERI- 
 CAN JOINT HIGH COMMISSION. 
 
 BV AC.XKS C. LAU' 
 
 [Mi^s Laut, who is o 
 ami affairs in all parts i 
 close attention. She w; 
 the benefit of the purely 
 
 IT may be taken for granted that Anuricaii 
 investment of foreign islands ami British 
 occupation of African regions have a higher pur- 
 pose than the gratification of national vanity by 
 spreading the Stars and Stripes and the Union 
 Jack over alien races. The shaping of events 
 beyond human control may compel the govern- 
 ment of the weak by the strong, but mere acces- 
 sion of territory is entirely secondary to the 
 motive underlying the forward movement of 
 Anglo-Saxondom. Benefits of the highest im- 
 portance to the cause of civilization and of mate- 
 rial weight with the countries absorbed, as well 
 as the countries absorbing, far exceed temporary , 
 loss to the United States and Great Britain and 
 prompt the policies of both nations. 
 
 Of the conference of the Anglo-. \merican 
 commission almost the same may be said. The 
 commissioners tried to obtain for the United 
 States and Canada all the advantages accruing 
 from extension of dominion without the expend- 
 iture of blood and money entailed by war. 
 Already the governments centered m Washing- 
 ton and Ottawa aie similar in the essentials of 
 fi'eedom ; but because a different flag floats on 
 each side of an imaginary dividing line, both 
 countries are denied all the benefits which result 
 from a merging of common interests. Accord- 
 ing to the most sanguine expectations, the arma- 
 ments of the United States and Great Britain 
 can only bring about the partial civilization of 
 small patches of the globe and slight additions 
 to the volume of each nation's foreign trade. In 
 all quarters it is acknowledged that the settle- 
 ment of those international difficulties which 
 have kept the two Anglo-Saxon races in quarrel- 
 some mood would do more for world-wide civ- 
 ilization than the most daring optimist ever 
 planned, and result in manifold incroasp of com- 
 merce between the United Staloaiid the country 
 which is now her fourth b''>t i-u-iiiiin-i-. The 
 policy of expansion has proved costly beyond 
 any estimate made beforehand. The policy of 
 conciliation embodied in the conference involved 
 not a single sacrifice and offered full equivalent 
 for every concession requested. A'ast military 
 
 ist of Canadian writers for the pre.ss ami who is conversant with politics 
 li America, has followed the work of tlie Joint High Commission with 
 ited in writing the following article to give readers in the United States 
 of view.— The Editor.] 
 
 t'xpcnditures, with their ominous possibilities of 
 bliMidshed, have received general approval in 
 the United States and Great Britain ; but this 
 international conference, with assurance of peace, 
 was subjected to all the haggling o'f market- 
 place hucksters, lest one party should emerge 
 from negotiations without a fat surplus of advan- 
 tages over the other. Emissaries from the repub- 
 lic and the Piiiiiiiiiiiii liavc 1 u scdiiring tlie 
 
 earth for trade I'lMsclyrrs. At tiie^ami' time, 
 both governiiu'iifs have licrn doing r\i-i-ytlung in 
 their power to blockade and shut oft' the nearest 
 and most natural avenues of trade. If any illus- 
 tration were needed to prove the wisdom of 
 Anglo Saxon cooperation in foreign dealings, 
 Canada's action when Spanish hostiles made 
 Montreal a basis of operations, and Great Brit- 
 ain's when European powers threatened to em- 
 barrass the United States in the Cuban war, 
 might be cited ; yet the aims of the international 
 commissioners to lay the foundations of perma- 
 nent harmony suffered every misrepresentation. 
 
 A frank statement of C'anada;s attitude toward 
 this conference should clear away much of the 
 misunderstanding which obscured the real issues 
 in the negotiations. The Dominion approached 
 each subject of dispute in a spirit of compromise. 
 Tliis scarcely requires proof. The unofficial 
 utterances of British and Canadian statesmen 
 testify that with them the conference was not 
 regarded as an end in itself. Through the Span- 
 ish war, which swept aside every vestige of ill- 
 feeling between the United States and Great 
 Britain, the Dominion became, as it were, the 
 meeting-ground for the two great Anglo-Saxon 
 nations ; and the negotiations, first arranged as 
 a purely colonial matter for the settlement of all 
 the international differences, became not only the 
 means toward an imperial end, but part of the 
 broader scheme for an Anglo-Saxon brotherhood. 
 The first requisite for the realization of the lofty 
 ideals was tlie removal of every cause of friction 
 between the republic and the empire — in other 
 words, the satisfactory settlement of all disputes 
 over Canadian affairs. This was no easy under- 
 taking, as the length of the conference has demon- 
 
■JlU THE AV.hRICAN MOSTHl. Y REt'lEH' OF REl/Elf'S. 
 
 Kirar.-i Imt throutf!... i! ri.. necotialioiis iIm- < « American markets fur Bj:ricultural ]<roducls. sold 
 
 • - 1 ,.,... .. ,.tily $5, 000,000 of farm products to tlie United 
 
 Slates ; and litlle Canada, whti — according to the 
 -aiiie autliorities— could never buy a^^ niucli from 
 
 die Unite.! >!;i-.-- ;,- >!ie Would Sfll, IwUgbt 
 
 jtlj, 000,1' Kis frt'iii the United 
 
 States an'i > manufactures as well. 
 
 I-a*t vear ' ' mte on dutiaiile iiii- 
 
 |«.rts for in the United St«- 
 
 averagitl ' in c<.>ni[>«ris<."ii to ..: 
 
 average vi . :.r luijH.rls froin Ei - 
 
 laud. 
 
 These are not one sided argunieiiis, but facts, 
 a.^eertaiuable by any one taking ilie trouble lo 
 „., - investigate; and with tliew facts tiiere w; 
 
 i„ . from Canada's joint of view, no need of ar>; 
 
 tr\ meuls to urge the readjustment of tariff relalii : 
 
 jH - ..i tii.r ui'>oiiile U-tween tlie I'liittni States and the Homini. : 
 
 in; .,e ln-eame a|>- If the pr»*s«'nt trade ri.hdnioiis could l>e ;: 
 
 >.. L.f the subjects definitely prt'loiiged ii might !>*■ eminently sai 
 
 factory and profitable to the United i^tates . i 
 .• on the conference the lio-^tility of Anieruaii tariffs has alre« 
 ;. .i!..l driven Canada abroad to sell, and the establi- 
 ment of preferential favors for (iR-at Krilaiii 
 evidence that the same inlliien.e may yet dr 
 her abroad to buy. A ijuarur of a ceiittiry n. 
 tireat Britain took only ;!o i*r cent, of Cana<i^ 
 e.xjxirts and tlie I'nited Stat«*s t«K>k CO. To d:i 
 1 of farm products alone Cireat Hrilain takes • 
 111 ttiiii .New Ki.i;iaiid i>''r cent, and tlie Unit«-<1 Slates less than : 
 ay. Tills a.*siim]fiioii •• Canada." wrote the American consul at Liv. 
 The trend of trade, J.ool, '• is the cyiiii..i i. : a; :. liie United StaL 
 iie siroiipst iirgumetii as a purveyor'to ' ■." Last year 
 
 ■1 Ik? adduce.!. Th.- the l>omiiiion"s • : Britain were 
 
 as much meichaudiso onelifth as larg. I'lilted States. 
 
 i...i.. liie riiii.-.l Si»i.> a> .Me.\i.-... South Allien- These figures ill . •.• irony of .- 
 
 ca. fei.iral America, ami tlie West Indies buy William Van Hor; .iingtoaqu. 
 
 all t..:.:ii. 1. >,..! ;. ..-:..i.,.i- it ini-l.i be alwut the things < i..- thankful f. : 
 
 he tersely answeiv.i : 1 :.i I'mgley tariff." 
 
 What. then, did ("ana. la desire ri'garding 
 reciprocity at the confeniue ? Not all she could 
 jr,-ab — noi by any iii.ans. A mivlicuin of the 
 tariff favors which she ^rnints woul.l have sent 
 her commissioners home with siirpris«'d delight 
 For instance, if the I'niled Stales acconied i • 
 as favorable a fn>e list — lumlH-ranit pulpindu.: 
 —lis she gives the Unit.ti States, the wli. 
 Dominion would l>e more than salistie<l an<l will 
 iiig lo throw a few tariff concessions on manufac 
 tares into the Iwrgain. 
 
 The allegation that the D.iniinions pivfen-ntial 
 tariff for CJn'at Itritain stoo.i in the way of reci- 
 pr.^ity arrangiMiients and pivju.iiced Canada's 
 case is too al)sur>l for consuleration. The tariff 
 c.mcessions sought from the United States were 
 for farm products. How British iiianufactuie.i 
 g.KHls could gam access to American markets 
 iimier tariff reductions on farm products — I'ggs, 
 
 
 ll..l.-.l.i.-U .-. ill- 
 
 
 l>..ininioii tra.le 
 
 
 ;.• tariff or n-.t, 
 
 
 ...ly .ii.sjustrous to Can- 
 
 
 II annually buys soiih- 
 
 
 \mernan e.\|Mirls, the 
 
 
 somi- (ilo.iioii.OiMl of 
 
 
 • n country of only 
 
 
 v.'s free n«iiiiission lo 
 
 
 |.ro.iucts, the bigcoun- 
 
 
 ' inhabtlanls gives free 
 
 
 "iHi ..■: 1 ahiidiaii pro.l- 
 
 
 ■t,.m the 
 
 
 - ales" /irr 
 
 
 'lO cents. 
 
 I'u.h:!..: 
 
 11. wi.,..-.. i.i:!i..i-s — acconl- 
 
 . prol.M- 
 
 l.ilUHlH. -w..ul.l ^wainp the 
 
CANADA BEFORE THE JOINT HIGH COMMISSION. 
 
 447 
 
 for example — has never been explained b}' the 
 objectors to the preferential tariff. 
 
 On the subject of reciprocity Canada's conten- 
 tion can hardly be described as unreasonable. 
 Indeed, it has been indorsed by the chambers of 
 commerce in all the leading cities of the Union : 
 and who opposed it ? Not the consumers in both 
 ■ountries — and tliey constitute the majority if 
 he greatest good to the greatest nunil)er be a 
 consideration. A few rings and trusts and two 
 or three coal kings and lumber barons were the 
 real obstacles in the way of reciprocity. The 
 lumber and fisheries disputes were but different 
 i,ii;i-;es of the reciprocity question. Canada ad- 
 - American lumber free of duty, and almost 
 'III 000 of forest products annually enter the 
 .\,j:ihwest 'lerntories and other parts of the 
 Dominion from Minnesota and adjacent States. 
 The Dingley tariff, imposing a two-dollar duty 
 on Canadian timber and spiking Canada's guns 
 Ijy stipulating that the amount of our export 
 duty on logs should be added to this tariff on 
 lumber from countries where an export duty pre- 
 vailed, caused a decrease in the lumber exports 
 of the Dominion to the extent of $5,000,000 in 
 one year. The provision against export duties 
 rendered a Dominion export tax ineffective ; 
 so the province of Ontario took matters into her 
 o\vu hands and passed a law compelling all own- 
 ers of timber limits to saw logs cut from crown 
 lands within the province. The British North 
 America Act, which is the Dominion's constitu- 
 tion, gave Ontario full power to enact such a 
 measure, and Quebec tlireatens to follow her sis- 
 ter province's example and to pass a similar 
 measure regarding pulp-wood. Both provinces 
 are acting on the supposition that Canadian logs 
 are indispensable to the American consumer. 
 The supposition would seem to be sustained by 
 fact ; for nearly thirty mill owners of Michigan 
 threaten to appeal to the imperial government 
 against Ontario's law, and out of 1,500,000 acres 
 of spruce lands owned by the International Paper 
 Company of the United States, more than 
 1,250,000 lie in Canada. The protest of the 
 American Newspaper Publishers' Association 
 against the commissioners '-furnishing protec- 
 tion to a combination [the paper trust] organized 
 in restraint of trade and intended to extort excess- 
 ive prices from a representative industry " is to 
 the same effect — that Canadian logs are a neces- 
 sit\' for the American consumer. While the 
 American manufacturers and consumers look to 
 the Dominion for their log supply, the United 
 States Government has placed practically a pro- 
 hibitive duty on lumber and pulp. In other 
 words, Canadian forests are to be stripped for 
 the profit of the United States, and the Dominion 
 
 i': to be shut (iff from all participation in that 
 profit. This kiml of an aiTangcnient appears 
 somewhat one-sided to the people of t 'anada. Is 
 it surprising that their commissionci-s held out 
 stoutly on the lumber question, expecting noth- 
 ing less than free lumber for free logs ? To the 
 manufacturers of lumber and paper tlio Domin- 
 ion's stand on this subject may seem obstinate to 
 the extent of frustrating negotiations ; but to 
 the 157 daily newspapers of the United States 
 and to the consumers from whom the lumljer and 
 paper rings extort excessive prices Canada does 
 not seem so unreasonable. 
 
 "Related to reciprocity, the Atlantic fislieries 
 were, perhaps, the most complicated subject 
 before the commissioners. Newfoundland, not 
 yet a part of the Dominion, the bearing of old 
 treaties as well as the present modus vivendi, and 
 the prospect of American bounties to deep-sea 
 fishermen handicapping rivals had all to be taken 
 into account. Newfoundland holds the vantage- 
 ground in this dispute. Her inshore fisheries 
 have an exhaustless supply of bait — herring, 
 squid, and capelin — without which deep-sea fish- 
 ing would be paralyzed. Under the modus vi- 
 vendi from 60 to 80 American vessels annually 
 have entered Newfoundland harbors for herring, 
 and thousands of tons of frozen herring, bought 
 from Newfoundland fishermen, have been sent 
 to the United States duty free as the product of 
 American industry. These facts seem to show 
 that the island colony had something to offer for 
 the concessions desired by the Canadian and 
 Newfoundland commissioners — namely, remis- 
 sion of the American duty on fish. Canada and 
 Newfoundland based their claims on the treaty 
 of 1818, which provided that American fisher- 
 men should not have access to the inhabited 
 coasts of the north Atlantic, except for wood, 
 water, shelter, and repairs. By removing the 
 duty on fish in the treaty of 1854 the United 
 States purchased the rights to the inshore priv- 
 ileges of buying bait in Canadian ports, shipping 
 and bonding the catch, and obtaining supplies. 
 These rights were again purchased by the con- 
 cession of free fish in the Washington treaty of 
 1871. Both treaties virtually recognized Can- 
 ada's interpretation of the 1818 treaty as rea- 
 sonable. 
 
 When the Bayard-Chamberlain agreement of 
 1888 was rejected by the United States Senate 
 the present modus vivendi was established. This 
 permits American fishing- ve.ssels inshore priv- 
 ileges in Canadian and Newfoundland waters 
 on payment of a license fee of $1.50 per ton 
 register to the colonial government ; but the 
 modus vivendi was only a temporaiy device 
 until a comprehensive fisheries treaty could be 
 
THE AMERICAK MOMH/.r REilEit' OF RE^/EHS. 
 
 arrari;^. i With ilu- pr...-iH-<t of bounties for 
 
 i]'-'-. •! li-ii.-iihi!; •■ ■:.■ United Stales Ijaii'ii- 
 
 lUKJlamJ i'oniiH'tit<.r< 
 
 :: to the Anicrii-ali 
 
 :ire in Kiiroije, wi.ui 
 
 '-•an I'iiijaij ai. 1 Newfoiiniilarid liav.- in 
 
 ling tlie iii;,l„.i livruili ? L'niler it Umiity 
 
 vals woiiM reap all the a-ivantafrcs. aii<l 
 ' iHiadianand Newfuuiulland fisliernieii lind lliciii- 
 selves crij)|iled by lufaiis of the liall whii-h lliey 
 sup[)lied. Were the British coiniiii^-;iuniTs wroiijc 
 ill deiiiaiidiii;: free fish for all inshore privileges? 
 Who Would suffer by such an arranjLreiiu-nt '! 
 Not Aineri.jiii consumers, for they would obtain 
 cheajK'r fish : not the American fishing-fleet, fur 
 bounties wouhl give it an advantage over all 
 comers. ( 'heaper fish would mean smaller profits 
 for the fish trust. Hence an arrangement which 
 would have forever removed the ]K<ssibility of 
 armed conflict on the Atlantic fishing-ground, 
 and Ijenefited the fishermen of three countries 
 and 70,000,000 consumers, was opposed in the 
 interest of fish mono|jolists. The declaration of 
 Gloucester re|)resentatives at the conference, that 
 bait privileges were not desired, but only the 
 right of transshipment in bond, may very soon 
 be tested. Newfoundland threatens an aggres- 
 sive fishing policy. The %1.»,U00 accruing to 
 her ireajiury from American licenses is not re- 
 garded as adequate compensation, and the colony 
 IS considering the advisability of enforcing as 
 dra-stic measures against American fishermen as 
 against the French. in the cause of jx-ace it is 
 to Ih" hoj»ed that Canada may never feel con- 
 strained to resort to her 'spirited cruiser" policy 
 on tlie Atlantic coast ; but as long as the fisheries 
 remain in dispute, wliat guarantee is there that 
 the friction of past years may not Ik- repeated ? 
 
 Allied to the trade questions are the bonding 
 privileges, wliich consist, in brief, id argument 
 between the I'niied States and (.anada whereby 
 the tralTic of one country is allowed to li-averse 
 the territory <d the other. The system had 
 formal beginning in I7!M. when a treaty pro- 
 Vhl.ii that no <liity shoiil.l Uncharge.! on goods 
 111 liniisit through ('aniida to the fiiiled ."^tates 
 ■ T tVr..ugli the I'liili-d .<i!ites to Cimaila. Sub- 
 
 •\\ the pu.ssage of goods through the 
 Stales fnnii the .\llanlic .seaboard to 
 
 I and fi-oiii Caiiadu t..lhe .\llantic seaU.ard 
 
 ua- :■;-.. p.-rmiiti d. The treaty of \Va.>.|iingtoii in 
 
 l.sTl provided for traflic from State lo Stale 
 
 llii'<>'i;;h ( 'anada and fi'in ir. \ i,..- •.jiiovim-e 
 
 J. thel-niied > - -ation 
 
 • lalisi- iKTln ^'. the 
 
 has re>ied ,,■ , .le at 
 
 ai.\ inni-. Two geo^Tal ih:. al !a.; - r .ii.i.T Uilld- 
 
 ing iiere..v-<ary. I >iie Is the dovetailing of west- 
 
 ern Ontario and the Idock of States Ix-tween 
 Lake Huron and the Northwest Territories. 
 I'he other is the early closing of nuvigation 
 on the St. Lawreui-e. wliirh c<.impels Canada to 
 s<^vk an outlet to tli. -a - .• ■ : the U>undary. 
 Ontario's western — across the 
 
 most direct jwth ■■: i>etween the 
 
 uorthw.->;.-ri, S:a:. - _ nd. It is to 
 
 the a.: .• West and 
 
 the fa ale with eacll 
 
 other a IS the route 
 
 by 300 mil.,-, li a i vantage of 
 
 eastern Canada to .•-' .k of States 
 
 lietween Ontario ai. Territories. 
 
 During the winter, . raj'id ocean 
 
 transportation, I 'an lUst use the 
 
 cities of the I'nite.i - .\tlautic sea- 
 
 board. During ls'.<T. : a: - ■ i the Ih. tiding 
 privilege, 5,.iOO,noo i.,ii< ,.i .Xmerican nierchan- 
 di. SI' passed through tin- |i..ii]iiii..n. To this total 
 every State contributed a ijiiota. 
 
 That it |ia!d the AiiKncaii sluppi-r to employ 
 the shortest route w:is iiii.ily testified liy Boston 
 representatives liefori' ili<- American conunission- 
 ei-s. At least <;3j.0(Mi,(j(Mt of Cajiadian trade 
 passes through the .\iiierican coast cities every 
 year and is handled witii pn>fii by ten or twelve 
 Amencin roads. Si.x times more grain from 
 western Canada goes to Liverpool by way of 
 Buffalo than by way of .Montreal. That a pix>jjo- 
 sition should have come Ufore the coinmissionei-s 
 to tamper with a system so obviously lieneficial 
 to the people of the liiited States and Canada 
 requires some explanation. The fact that the 
 quantity of American - U ' aiii. d by Canadian 
 roads was twenty >. _ .ii.-r than the 
 
 quantity of Camniiai i.y American 
 
 roads, accounts for . -uggestion of 
 
 American railroads. !■ a.,- ;r..i.osed to j>lace 
 Canadian lines uiuler tin- Int.-rslate Coinmercc 
 Commission, a fon-ign trilmnal. Aln'ady they 
 yield voluntary oliedience to the rulings of the 
 commission. What was ilii- object of the 
 change? Simply ti>;- v ! '• American roads 
 are fined for violat: -ale law. the 
 
 Canaidan rivals \\i .1 under a 
 
 license, which — for - of an irre- 
 
 sponsible or briU-u k- n'voketl. 
 
 siiiitting them fn>ii. ;oiy. Can 
 
 adas refusal 'o con- -•■ i .-ourse 
 
 was indorsed by n-i in.r- 
 
 cant ile lussociat ions .■ .-n- 
 
 fore urgt' the Ainer'a ■ lii.- 
 
 imnding arrangeim i ■ : : [..ly into 
 
 the hands of the .\ii ■ • an- s«H'king 
 
 lo efface Canadian O' . 
 
 The Bering Sea siaiini; .li-j .'• |H>rhnps illus- 
 trates the spirit of compioiiiise in which Cana<la 
 
CANADA BEFORE THE JOINT HIGH COMMISSION. 
 
 449 
 
 entered the conference better than any oJier 
 subject on the programme. The American 
 proposition for the total abolition of pelagic seal- 
 ing meant the relinquishment of the entire in- 
 dustry by Canada and the wiping out of the 
 British Columbia sealing-fleet. Though by the 
 decision of the Paris tribunal pelagic sealing was 
 strictly within the Dominion's right, Canada 
 \\ as ready to compromise on this question if met 
 111 an equally fair spirit by the United States on 
 •! her disputes. For the British Columbia seal- 
 -. whose vocation would have been suppressed, 
 money compensation to the exact amount of 
 ; :;i'u- schooners' value would have been accepted; 
 and for the whole Dominion, which would have 
 been a general loser by the abolition of a leading 
 industry, nothing was expected but fair treat- 
 ment on the other subjects of negotiation. On 
 tlie Bering Sea matter Canada's attitude was 
 m<ire generous than worldly wise. 
 
 Failing to receive the consideration which had 
 1 leen expected regarding reciprocity and Atlantic 
 fisheries by way of compensation for the loss of 
 the sealing industry to the whole Dominion, 
 < 'anada was not prepared to make bootless sac- 
 rifices in the Alaska boundary dispute. The 
 ilauses of the treaty between Kussia and Great 
 liiitain in 1825 and Russia and the United 
 States in 1867 which describe the boundary 
 between Alaska and Canada are hopelessly am- 
 biguous. This was admitted by both sides of 
 I he conference. From Mt. St. Elias northward 
 the dividing line has been scientifically ascer- 
 lained and finally laid down. The uncertainty 
 
 ■ ■xists only from St. Elias to Prince of Wales' 
 l.sland. With regard to the southern part of 
 the disputed territory, the treaties direct that 
 irum the point of commencement the line "shall 
 a-i'end to the north along the channel called 
 I'ortland Channel as far as the point of the 
 
 ■ ■'intinent where it strikes the fifty-sixth degree 
 "f north latitude." The following of these di- 
 rections is a geographical impossibility for two 
 n'asons : Portland Channel is from fifty to 
 stventy miles due east of the point of com- 
 mencement, and it does not strike the fifty-sixth 
 
 h'gree of latitude at all. Behra Canal is north 
 and reaches the fifty-sixth degree ; hence Can- 
 ada considers that the waters of the latter ratlier 
 than the former inlet were designated, the wrong 
 name being used in the clauses owing to the hazy 
 .Lii-,)grapliical knowledge of the treaty makers. 
 The difference in the names involves sovereignty 
 
 ■ ■ver 3,000 square miles of territory rich in 
 fisheries, if not minerals. 
 
 From Mt. St. Elias eastward the boundary 
 IS eqitally ill-defined. The treaties state that 
 '■wherever tlie summit of tlie mountains which 
 
 extend in a direction parallel to the coast, from 
 the fifty-sixth degree of north latitude to the 
 point of intersection of the one hundred and 
 forty-first degree of west longtitude, sliall prove 
 to be at the distance of more than ten marine 
 leagues from the ocean, the limit between the 
 British possessions and the line of coast wliich is 
 to belong to Russia as above mentioned shall be 
 found by a line parallel to the windings of the 
 coast, and which shall never exceed the distance 
 of ten marine leagues therefrom." What moun- 
 tains are intended ? The coast mountains are 
 not a continuous range, and the nearest continu- 
 ous range is further than ten marine leagues. 
 If the line follow the windings of the coast, sliall 
 it run from headland to headland or pursue the 
 innermost reach of each inlet ? The former 
 would give Canada independent access to the 
 Yukon ; the latter would confirm the American 
 title to Skagway and Dyea. Plainly, the differ- 
 ence here was too great for easy compromise and 
 was a proper subject for impartial arbitration. 
 The American commissioners thought that six 
 jurists, three on each side — without an umpire 
 in case of a deadlock — would constitute a proper 
 court of decision. Canada foresaw the same 
 balanced opposition in the proposed tribunal as 
 had occurred in the conference, and wishing the 
 matter finally and impartially settled, the British 
 commissioners requested that the whole question 
 be treated in the same way as the Venezuela dis- 
 pute. Was Canada unreasonable in this? Were 
 the rules governing the Venezuela dispute good 
 in one case and bad in another ? 
 
 Such were the leading subjects before the con- 
 ference. In trade Canada asked but a fraction 
 of the favors she bestows, and her position was 
 indorsed by the leading mercantile bodies of the 
 United States. In the matter of lumber and 
 pulp Canada expected a free market for free 
 logs, and 157 daily newspapers of the United 
 States seemed, by their protest, to think that 
 she should have it. In the Atlantic fisheries 
 Canada based her claims on a clause of tlie tieaty 
 of 1818 which has been repeatedly recognized il 
 formal compacts and negotiations by American 
 statesmen. In bonding Canada's interests were 
 identical with the shippers' of the northwestern 
 and New England States. In the sealing dis- 
 pute she was willing to wipe out one of her in- 
 dustries. In the boundary cmbroglio Canada 
 would have welcomed a settlement that was 
 fully satisfactory to the United States in the case 
 of Venezuela. In none of these things were the 
 Dominion's expectations excessive or exacting. 
 
 These are only a few of the subjects of mutual 
 interest that interlink Canada and the United 
 States. Coasting laws, canal privileges, mining 
 
450 
 
 THE AMERICAN MONTHL Y REl^/EU^ OF REI^/EIVS. 
 
 re>.'uIations, coi.yritr' ' ineaisures, protection f 
 lal'or from alien coi.'.pi-litiun, educatiunal nii>':<-' 
 mints, pkilanihro]! 1.- efforts— all art- uiaticT< in 
 wliich both coni.irms could reaji incalcu^ii^le 
 advantage froin pulling togetlier. instoa i of 
 apart and ofti i,, imlft-d, again:;! each ■ ther. 
 < )p[K)8ing the I'loiK-ration of kindred ra.^-s in 
 national profrr. -^s stand the sectional intiT-.sts in 
 solid rank ; and when the si-ctional imcrests 
 clash with i);c general good who are i" be the 
 arbitrators ? Surely not the whooping jingo 
 journals, much less the elected representatives of 
 rings and trusts. These umpires would see all 
 Anglo-Saxondom sizzling in Haines of war before 
 they would compromise oii«- jot for the sake of 
 
 progress and j»e8<-< 
 as the difficu!' • ■ 
 Canada ren... 
 quarrels, tl • 
 ow^ners by i 
 labor laws, .: 
 the conflict 
 of undeterminei i 
 
 ■:::<Ienal. /..lell 
 
 reign niiu. rs, 
 
 :, remote areas 
 
 or many of these 
 
 causes may arouse international fri<tion and fan 
 all the old-time bitterness U-twe^n l^rother races. 
 Better, a thousand times L*tter tlian revert to 
 that blind stupid folly that each c^'untry should 
 l)ow — whether to ils loss or gain — to the impar- 
 tial decisions of a resi-onsiblc and permanent 
 international tribunal. 
 
 . good cigars, and good comfiaiiY, my dtcr Sir. Jonalkan, I shall ala-ays rttHrmhtr 
 loo A'rrtr txra- ecial a /r^-elass /elhar jvu arrr 
 
 Mr. Bull: What ailh good i 
 Ihis mttting with pitasurt 
 
 Mh. JoNATHA^ : ll'al, Mr Bull. / gufSf tif had a rtal good 
 lilt Ihis rvtmng. 
 
 M k Bull ■ /Ind now. Mr. Jonalhan, (an'i tit do a lilllt bmmtsi logttkir—soMtlkmg mutually adfanlagtoas ? Canadian 
 lumb<r iiou; /or inslanct, or a Iwf in liirijffs and op<n doors ' 
 
 Mh Jonathan- H'm, you're jusI Ikt Undo/ iiium / litt, Mr Bull, tut / ain't laiing any Canadian logs lust ho.t. <ind 
 It /ii<i/-i t nit lited to tool round Killi doors thai icon t shut. 
 
 Mr Buu . Oh, tome. Mr Jonathan, jusi /or Ihf. 'i4itf of tht good timt a.('if had t,'i.-rlhft You said jusi no:i Td been a 
 Attfi to you in that little .S/<iimA hisiHess—thir'll help us both 
 
 Mh. Jo.v 
 
 ;r.i/. 
 
 ! there i 
 
 lething in that ; and. Hess me, I xoant /<> he fner.dly ailh the old /,r 
 (Discusilon to be rrsuinrd) 
 Knim ilir tre.ilmtn»ter BuiiwI. 
 
Illustrated '^ '^^t« ^ April 
 
 ,.l^^ 
 
 Ldited by ALBERT SHAW 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 jO) Material Problems in the Philippines. ^ 
 
 By Samuel W. Belford. 
 
 The Czar's Peace Conference. 
 
 By Edwin Munsell Bliss. 
 
 M. Loubet, the New French President 
 The Election at Versailles. 
 
 By Lucy M. Salmon. 
 
 Canada's Claims Before the Joint 
 High Commission. 
 
 By Aj-ne.-; C. Laut. 
 
 American and "Malay" in Hawaii. 
 
 By Winthrop L. Marvin. 
 
 jWr. Kipling in America. 
 
 The Evolution of the College President. •' 
 
 By Henry A. Stims oAr .-• ,- ••.•'.•' ':' 
 
 Landscape Gardening for Factory rtoitifesV 
 
 By William Howe Tolman. 
 
 A Grou p of Native American Musicians. 
 
 A NUMBER OF TIMELY PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO., 13 Astor Place, New York. 
 
 ^/oi. XIX. No. 111. 
 
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