' 
 
<+ '"'" 
 
 "o. *^7.V .<T> 
 
 
 *»° J ,v 
 
 
 : <$ 
 
 <; 
 
 & 
 
 & 
 
 
 ° " " * ' o 
 
 >bv u 
 
 s.^ *' 
 
 > 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 v 
 
 v ..... v / ^-X / .• 
 
 p- \ms^: ^q. 
 
 v* 
 
 K -f 
 
 «*©, 
 
 r^ 
 
 .» .,k 
 
 \ ***** 
 
 ^_ 
 
 1 ^ <V 
 
 V ^ 
 
 
 .0 
 
 o > 
 
 
 q. *«.•<* a? 
 
 ^<K • 
 
 r ^o^ 
 
 ,'r 
 
 m: ^ v 
 
 
 J ^v 
 
 A V ?> * N ° \* «*• A^ s • • , Y> 
 
 ^ , V ^ ,, fta'. ^ A^-° 
 
 0° . tt ^Ll*. °o ^ 
 
 ^-V 
 
 
 N x^ 
 
 •TV'' A° 
 
 
. . s .. v 
 
 o V 
 
 y ..• ^-. 
 
 "bV 
 
 
 .0' 
 
 Xs 
 
 ,-0 v o ° " ° * c> 
 
 
 oV 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?++ . 
 
 r ^0^ 
 
 40, 
 
 ^ v 
 
 * V ^ 
 
 "^ ***** 
 
 
 ***** ; W; *s*^ 
 
 * ^ 
 
 aO' 
 
* 
 
 ■I 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 ORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 A review of Important Events and Incidents which 
 
 occurred from 1736 to 1877; 
 
 Also a Record of Personal Reminiscences and 
 
 Political, Commercial, and Curious Facts, ' 
 
 BY H. W. BTTRTON", 
 
 "Harry Scratch" 
 
 OF THE NORFOLK VIRGINIAN. 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 Norfolk Virginian Job Print, 36 and 38 Roanoke Avenue. 
 
 1877. 
 
IV. 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 TO 
 M. GLENNAN, Esq., 
 
 Proprietor of the Norfolk Virginian, 
 
 This Volume is respectfully and affectionately dedicated — not 
 only as a mark of personal regard and lasting friendship, but in 
 admiration of his noble impulses, true patriotism, fidelity to duty, 
 unfaltering energy, strict integrity, and devotion as son, brother, 
 and friend — all of which good qualities are prominent in his 
 character, and have endeared him to the heart of the 
 
 AUTHOR, 
 
The City of Norfolk. 
 
 ITS EAELT HISTOEY AND SUBSEQUENT 
 
 PROGRESS; 
 
 INTERESTING FACTS AND INCIDENTS. 
 
 Norfolk, the chief shipping port and seaport town of good old Vir- 
 ginia, is situated in Norfolk County, on the North side of the Elizabeth 
 river, two hundred and twenty miles from the base of the Blue Ridge 
 mountains, and thirty-six miles from the point at which the boundary line 
 of Virginia and North Carolina intersects the Atlantic Coast. It is dis- 
 tant from Boston, Mass., (by water) about 620 miles; from New York, 
 300 miles; from Philadelphia, 270; from Washington, 1S5 ; from Bal- 
 timore, 178 ; from Wilmington. N C, 242 ; from Charleston, S. C, 350; 
 from New Orleans. 1,§26 ; from Lynchburg, Va., 204 ; from Richmond. 
 Va , 102 ; from Petersburg, 81 ; from Fortress Monroe, (Old Point Com- 
 fort), 1.6; from Hampton Roads, 8 ; "and it is almost within ' hearing 
 of the deep toned roar" of the Atlantic Ocean 
 
 The site of the city is a flat peninsular of about 850 acres of land, 
 bounded on the South and Southwest by the Elizabeth river and Smith's 
 Creek, and by Newton's Creek on the East; it is near the Southern ex-j 
 tremity of the State, in latitude 36°, 50', 50"; longitude West frorrA 
 Greenwich 76°, 13', 47"; and East from Washington 0° 42' 43". 
 
 The natural advantages of its harbor and its close proximity to the 
 Ocean and Chesapeake Bay, make it the best shipping port for Virginia 
 and North Carolina, and for a large portion of the trade of the South - 
 West, and the West. The Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio railroad, start- 
 ing here, passes through portions of Nansemond, Isle of Wight, South- 
 ampton, Sussex and Prince George Counties, to the city of Petersburg 
 (familiarly known as the " Cockade City" of Va.,) and onward through 
 IHnwiddie. Nottoway, Cumberland, Prince Edward, Appomattox, and 
 Amherst counties, into Lynchburg, the old " City of Hills," and thence 
 through the rich Counties of Campbell, Bedford, Botetourt, Roanoke, 
 Montgomery, Pulaski, Wythe, Smith and Washington, to Bristol Ten- 
 nessee, 408 miles from Norfolk, where it connects with the East Tennessee, 
 Virginia and Georgia railroad, which runs through the. best portion of 
 East Tennessee, and connecting with other roads at Knoxville,- Dalton 
 
and Chattanooga, penetrates a vast portion of the Western and Southern 
 country, giving direct and convenient access to our port as a shipping 
 poir^,. 
 
 The shipping and trade interests of North Carolina, are directly iden- 
 tified with Norfolk by means of the Seaboard and Roanoke railroad, 
 which begins at Portsmouth (just across the river from here), and ends 
 at Weldon, N. C, where it connects with Wilmington and Weldon, and 
 the v Raleigh and Ga ton railroads Tliereare also various line* of Steam- 
 boats, and trading vessels which run from our city into the " Old North 
 State," via the Albemarle and Chesapeake, and Dismal Swamp Canals, 
 about which we will write hereafter. 
 
 THE ANCIENT BOROUGH. 
 
 The history of the (; Ancient Borough of Norfolk" would fill volume 
 upon volume with interesting reading matter. It dates back to the " days 
 when people were honest;" when ?eligion was pure and u n defiled ; when 
 true chivalry was appreciated ; when poor men's wives did not spend all 
 of their husbands' surplus earnings in peacocks' feathers and fashionable 
 finery; when tyranny and oppression were hated and ''resisted even unto 
 death ;" when " Returning Hoards " were not created to rob the people 
 of their priceless liberty, and when " bull-dozing" was unkown in our 
 land. The valuable and very interesting history written by Mr. W. S. 
 Forrest, in 1853, entitled, " Historical and Descriptive Sketches of Nor- 
 folk and Vicinity," contains a full account of the early history of the city, 
 and is familiar to our people. Therefore this writer will not attempt to 
 lay before his readers a lengthy report of the town in the good old days 
 of yore, but will devote a few pages to some interesting incidents of the 
 past, in a condensed form. 
 
 In 1833, while some men were boring for water in this vicinity, a coin 
 was found thirty feet beneath the surface of the earth, and which was 
 supposed to be of Roman origin. From its singularity and antique in- 
 scriptions, it was thought to have been a specimen of money circulated 
 by unknown aborigines, who ceased to exist before the mysterious red men 
 inhabited this country. However, it furnished evidence that Norfolk 
 'couuty was a place of human habitation during or before the fifteenth 
 century." 
 
 Norfolk is a Saxon word, compounded from North and folk, and as 
 Mr. Forrest says, "may with some propriety, be rendered North people." 
 The name was given by Col. Thorogjod, one of the earliest settlers, in 
 honor of his native county in England. Norfolk county originally in- 
 cluded Princess Anne and Nansemond. It was laid off" in parishes, 
 known as Saint Brides', Lynnhaven, Klizibeth River Parish, &c. In those 
 days the local government erected Parish churches and supplied them with 
 pastors, and the people were required to attend church under penalty of 
 law. The first Court-house was built upon the stream now known as 
 Lynnhaven River, at the Ferry Landing; but the " seat of justice " was 
 aiterwards removed to "Newtown," at the head of the stream, now the 
 village of Kempsville. 
 
 On the 8th day of June in 1680, seventy-three years after the perma- 
 nent settlement of Va., at Jamestown, an Act of Assembly was passed, 
 
called an " Act for cohabitation, and encouragement of traae and manu- 
 facture/' which directed the purchase of filty acres of land for the town 
 of Norfolk. The land was purchased from one Nicholas Wise, a carpenter 
 of Elizabeth Piver Parish, in a Lower Norfolk County, for the «um of 
 "ten thousand pounds of good merchantable tobacco and caske " The 
 appointed trustees who made the purchase were Capt. Win. liobinson and 
 Lieut. Col. Anthony Lawson. 
 
 The land sold embraced all that from one end of Main street to the 
 other, bounded on the North by Back Creek, which, at that time, " flowed 
 from the river eastwardly (Bank street marsh) nearly to Church street," 
 and was navigable for lighters and small crafts to the point where the 
 City Hall now stands Most of the land south of Main street has been 
 since made by filli g up the river. The deed from Mr Wise for this 
 property is said to have been quite a curious, legal document, and in it the 
 location of the land is thus described : '"Situate and lying in Elizabeth 
 River Parish, north side of Elizabeth River bounied with said river to 
 the South and West, to the North with a Creek, and to the East with 
 several stacks, running partly across an old field and partly through some 
 points of woodland,'' &c The deed concludes thus "In the year of the 
 reign of our sovereign lord. King i harles the Second (by the grace of 
 God), over England, Scotland, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, 
 &c." 
 
 In October, 1705 the Assembly established Norfolk as a town ; and in 
 1730 the business of the place had greatly increased, and two dozen 
 vessels might have been se«m any day, loading at our wharves. Col. 
 Byrd, about that time, thus wrote about Norfolk. " The two cardinal 
 virtues that make a place thrive — industry and frugality — are seen here 
 in perfection ; and so long as the people can banish luxury and idleness, 
 the town will remain in a happy and flourishing condition." 
 
 ANCIENT COUNCILS. 
 
 On the 15th day of September, 1736, the Royal Charter was granted 
 to the Borough of Norfolk, and Sand. Boush, Esq., was appointed Mayor ; 
 Sir John Randolph (knight) Recorder, and Geo N:wton, Saml. Boush, 
 the younger, Jho. Hutchings, Kobt. Tucker, Jno. Taylor, Saml. Smith, 
 the younger, James Ivey, and Alex. Campbell, were appointed aldermen. 
 Provision was made in the charter for electing councilmen and other 
 officers. Soon after this charter was granted, Mayor Boush died, and 
 was succeeded in office by Mr Geo. Newton. The first council meeting 
 was held Nov. 18th. 1736. Sir Jno. Randolph, Recorder, administered 
 the oath of office to Mayor Saml. Boush. 
 
 At one time, as will be seen from the following extract from the pro- 
 ceedings of an ancieut council, every citizen was required to be armed 
 when he went to church, under penalty of a fine. Here is the extract : 
 
 " At a Common Council held the 7th day of July, 1741, it was Eesolved that 
 in future the (white male) inhahitants of this Borough (to prevent any invasion 
 or insurrection shall be armed at the church upon Sundays or other days of 
 worship or divine service, under the penalty of five shillings, to be recovered 
 before the Mayor, or any one of the aldermen." 
 
In those days, it is said, that the pastor of the only church in the 
 borough (St. Paul's) delivered his sermons with a pistol lying - upon his 
 Bible stand — for what particular reason, we are not informed. 
 
 SPECIAL EVENTS. 
 
 April 6th, 1746, the battle of Culloden was fought, and the Pretender 
 Was defeated by his Royal Highness, the Duke of Cumberland. So on 
 the 23d day of July, same year, the people of Norfolk, had a grand cele- 
 bration jubilee, and burned the Pretender in effigy. 
 
 From Forrest's history, and from old records, we condense such extracts 
 as may be interesting to the community, to-wit : 
 
 In 1765, Talbot street was opened by Capt. Talbot, the owner of the 
 land, from whom it derived its name. It soon became a fashionable 
 thoroughfare, and was the first street paved in the Borough. 
 
 March 31st, 1766, the people assembled at the Courthouse and formed 
 m organization called the Sons of Liberty. The object of this Society 
 vas to oppose the detestable Stamp Act. The resolutions adopted were 
 signed by fifty-seven of the most prominent citizens of the Borough. 
 
 In 1769, the imports of Virginia, principally of the Port of Norfolk 
 ind Portsmouth, amounted to £851,000 — about 3-1,300,000. 
 
 In 1775, the people of Virginia begun to prepare for war, and the 
 ittention of Lord Dunmore, Commander of the British fleet, was di- 
 rected to Norfolk, and our harbor was made the rendezvous of said fleet. 
 In October of that year, Dunmore destroyed Holt's printing office, and 
 the citizens protes^ ted against the act The British Commander replied 
 in a very insulting manner — saying, he " could not have done the people 
 a greater service than by depriving them of the means of having their 
 minds poisoned, and of exciting in them the spirit of rebellion and sedi- 
 tion " This greatly exasperated the citizens and united them in hatred 
 to the British. 
 
 It is not the intention of this author to give an account of the trials, 
 troubles, victories and defeats that came to the patriots of this section 
 during the Revolutionary war. That has been given in full and by abler 
 pens. But a few incidents of the great struggle of our forefathers will 
 prove interesting and convenient for reference. 
 
 The battle of Great Bridge (the first that occurred in our vicinity) was 
 fought Dec. 1 9th, 1775. Lord Dunmore's troops were defeated by the 
 Virginians, under command of Col. Woodford. It has been truly said 
 that the conduct of our troops on that occasion manifested " Noble dis- 
 position of soul and undying patriotism." 
 
 Five days after the battle of Great Bridge, the Virginians entered 
 Norfolk, and Cornel Howe assumed command next morning. And on 
 the first day of January, 1776, between three and four o'clock in the 
 morning, Lord Dunmore ordered the town to be bombarded. A heavy 
 cannonade was opened from the frigate Liverpool, two sloops of war, 
 and the ship Dunmore. The British Commander sent some sailors 
 ashore, under cover of the guns of the fleet, to fire the town. They 
 applied the torch to the houses on the wharves, and as the wind blew 
 from the water, the flames spraed very rapidly. The conflagration 
 raged for nearly three days, and nine-tenths of the town was destroyed . 
 
Norfolk was abandoned by Col. Howe, on the 6th day of February, 
 1776, and stationed his troops at Kemp's, at the Great Bridge, and at 
 Suffolk. The habitants of the ruined town mournfully marched away 
 with the soldiers, and all who were able, armed themselves to fight the 
 enemy that had so cruelly made them homeless. The first house erected 
 in Norfolk after the great fire, was built by Mr. Wm, Goodchild, on 
 the north sick of Main street, where Johnson's Hall now stands. In 
 the fall of 1776, and spring of 1777, business men and fortune hunters 
 seeing the peculiar advantages of this position, began to build stores, 
 dwellings. &c. Many of the former residents returned and built small 
 houses, or shanties, for they were so impoverished they could not afford 
 much comfort. From that time, the town of Norfolk begun to grow 
 to its present importance. 
 
 During the winter of 1779-80, our harbor was frozen across, and 
 the residents traveled between Norfolk and Portsmouth on ice for the 
 first time in their lives. January 14th, 1780, was the coldest day ever 
 known in the State up to that date, (people at that time walked across 
 the Chesapeake Bay, from Annapolis, Md. to Kent's Island.) 
 
 In 1782, the charter of this Borough was amended, so as to allow 
 Councilmen to be elected by the votes of the people.- 
 
 In 1785, a protracted and damaging drought distressed our people 
 and water was in great demand. Animals perished, flowers withered, 
 and vegetation was almost killed out. J 
 
 In 1787, the Lismal Swamp Canal was commenced under a joint 
 charter of Virginia and North Carolina. This canal is now a very 
 important work and a great feeder to the trade of the city. It con- 
 nects the Sounds and principal rivers of North Carolina, with the 
 waters of the Elizabeth River, Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean. 
 Jt passes through the Great Dismal Swamp, from which it takes its 
 name. The immortal Patrick Henry, was a champion of this great 
 work of internal improvement, and was one of the first subscribers to 
 its stock. 
 
 In 1788, a newspaper called the "Norfolk and Portsmouth Chronicle," 
 was started by Messrs. J. & A. McLean, from New York. It did not 
 live long, on account of the death of one of the proprietors. 
 
 In 1790, a Courthouse was built on Main street, east of Church 
 street. The population of the Borough at that time was nearly 3,000, 
 and the value of exports from Virginia, principally from Norfolk, 
 amounted to about three million dollars. 
 
 On the 13th day of August, 1794, the first number of the Norfolk 
 Herald was printed — a semi-weekly paper, published by Mr. Chas. 
 Willet. The name of the paper was afterward changed to The Nbrjolk 
 and Portsmouth Herald, and flourished for many years. 
 
 In 1798, the number of houses in the Borough had increased to more 
 than nine hundred; but in 1799, another disastrous fire occured, which 
 destroyed a large number of buildings on the eastern side of Market 
 Square, from Main to Union streets. This is truly an unlucky square, 
 destructive fires having occurred there nearly a dozen times since the 
 ona above alluded to. 
 
 January 25th 1800, the General Assembly passed an act authorizing 
 
the Governor to convey to the U. S. Government, the property called 
 Gosport, for the establishment of a Navy Yard. The yard was regu- 
 larly established about the middle of February following. 
 
 On the 22d of February, 1800, business was suspended and the people 
 of x^forfolk, with tearful eyes and saddened hearts, assembled to pay a 
 tribute of respect to the memory of George Washington, the '" Father 
 of his country, the first and greatest of Presidents," whqpe death had 
 cast a gloom upon the entire land. The solemn ceremonies took place 
 in St. Paul's church, Rev. James Whitehead, officiating at prayers. 
 The military procession, under command of Maj. Ford, or the U. S. 
 Army, comprised the following companies, viz : 
 
 Norfolk Cavalry, Capt. Jiio Nivision ; the Norfolk Light Infantry, 
 Capt. Saml. Smith ; Norfolk Volunteers, Capt. Moses Myers ; Norfolk 
 Artillery, Capt. P. Lugg ; the Ancient Artillery, Capt. W. P. Pollard. 
 The Masons also participated. 
 
 In 180-1, Norfolk was a busy place, and its population was nearly 
 9,000 souls. Wm. Wirt, a distinguished lawyer, who afterward became 
 the Attorney General of the U. S., moved here in that year and thus 
 wrote to one of his friends concerning the cost of living in the Borough. 
 "Norfolk is very expensive. I keep a pair of horses here which cost 
 me eight pounds ($10,) per month. Wood is four to eight dollars per 
 cord ; Indian meal, through the winter, is nine shillings per bushel : 
 flour, eleven and twelve dollars per barrel ; a leg of mutton, three dol- 
 lars ; butter, three shillings per pound ; eggs two shillings and three 
 pence per dozen, and so on." 
 
 During this year another fire destroyed many houses on the east side of 
 Market Square,near Main street. ' ; The Market house was pulled down 
 to save more valuable property;" it was situated then where the 
 Market Square water plugs now stand. This was also the year in which 
 Thomas Moore, the poet, visited Norfolk. 
 
 In 1809. the following places of amusement were conducted here, 
 to-wit: One Theatre, Botanical Gardens, Museum Naturae, the Wig- 
 wam Gardens, Vauxhall's Gardens and Baths, Rosainville's Bower and 
 Lindsay's Retreat. 
 
 In 1810, the Common Council favorably considered the propriety 
 of filling up the water lots in the town. (The Bank Street Marsh, we 
 presume ; but it stands there yet.) 
 
 January 5th, 1812, was set apart by the Mayor for an expression of 
 condolence from the citizeus, on account of the dreadful calamity oc- 
 casioned in Richmond, by the burning of the Theatre there, on the 
 26th of the preceeding month. Our people exhibited evidences of pro- 
 found sorrow for the mournful event. 
 
 The Congress of 1812, declared war against Great Britain, and a large 
 force was concentrated here. On the 22nd of June (1813) the British 
 fleet attacked Craney Island, and met a glorious repulse. The fortifi- 
 cations then on the Island were erected by order of Major Genl. Wade 
 Hampton — (father of the gallant Hampton now of South Carolina), 
 but at the time of this attack the troops there were commanded by 
 Col. Beatty. This District was then under command of Genl. Robt. B. 
 
Taylor, as gallant a Virginian as ever drew sword in the cause of 
 freedom ! 
 
 In March 1814, another fire occurred on Market Square, which 
 destroyed the Market House and several stores. 
 
 April 7th, 1815, the American Beacon was first published. It was 
 destroyed by fire in 1847. Its first owners were Capfc. Hamilton Shields 
 and Saml. Shepherd, Esq. 
 
 May J 5th, 1818 the Council authorized the borrowing of money, for 
 the purpose of building the Stone Bridge on Granby street, " across 
 Back Creek." 
 
 On the 20th of March 1821," two Spaniards, named Castilano and 
 Garcia, murdered a young Frenchman named Peter Lagaudette. The 
 heartless murderers dissected the body of their victim and hid it in a 
 trunk. They made their escape, but were, soon captured, and were hung 
 Frida June 1st, 1821. 
 
 The first steam ferry boat ever used between Norfolk and Portsmouth, 
 made its trial trip January 19th, 1822. The fare on the boat then was 
 the same as it is now — 5 cents for each passenger. 
 
 February 2nd, 1823, a destructive fire occurred on the West, side of 
 Market Square, and Mr. B. W. Talbot, a native of Baltimore, County, 
 Md., perished in the flames. A Mr. Barrett, of Norfolk County, was also 
 killed at this fire. | 
 
 Rev. Enoch M. Lowe, then pastor of Christ Church, died February 
 26th, and Major Geo. W. Camp, (father of our present esteemed towns- 
 man of same name) died September 7th ; and Col. Wm. Sharp, died 
 December 7th, of the year 1823. 
 
 On the 22d of October, 1824, Lafayette, the great friend to America 
 in her struggle for liberty, arrived in Norfolk on a visit, and was most 
 cordially received. Jno. E. Holt, Esq , was Mayor at the time, and or- 
 dered a grand procession of the people to receive the distinguished 
 visitor, whose pathway was strewn with flowers by the school children 
 of the Borough. 
 
 In February, 182 1, the old Courthouse and jail buildings, which stood 
 at the head of Market Square, were destroyed by fire. 
 
 On the 9th of March, 1827, a fire occured where the National Hotel 
 now stands, and proved very destructive. By it, the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church (where the First Presbyterian Church now stands) was des» 
 troyed — also, a block of buildings then known as Murray's Bow, and the 
 beautiful residence of Walter Herron, Esq., where the St Vincent Hos- 
 pital now stands. The latter house was fired by sparks from the burning 
 church. More than sixty buildings were destroyed by this unfortunate 
 conflagration. 
 
 The present Dry Dock at the Gosport Navy Yard, was commenced 
 January 1st, 1828. On the 5th day of April following, Midshipman 
 Wm. J. Slidele, Robt. M. Harrison and Frederick Rogers, of the U. S, 
 Navy, were drowned in our harbor by the capsizing of a pleasure boat 
 in which they were seated. During this year Christ Church was erected 
 under the direction of L. Swain, Esq., a skillful architect and builder. 
 
 January 20th, 1832, an act of Assembly was passed, granting the free- 
 holders of Norfolk the privilege of electing the Mayor of the Boi :>ugh ( 
 
- 
 
 which blessed privilege they continue to enjo\y, assisted by the votes of the 
 o-ood people who are not so fortunate as to be freeholders. 
 
 On the 13th of October, of this year Mayor Jno. E. Holt died. He 
 had been Mayor fur twenty years. On the 8th of December following- 
 Mr. Jno. Tunis, another valuable citizen, departed this lite. 
 
 In March 1 33. the Cumberland Street Methodist Church was built, 
 and formally dedicated to the service 'of God by Rev. Wm. A. Smith, its 
 chief founder. 
 
 Nov. 4th, 1833, another fire occured on the East corner of Main street 
 and Market Square, which destroyed about 20 buildings. 
 
 December 4th, 18*33, the Common Council subscribed $40,000 (in ad- 
 dition to $20,000 previously subscribed) to the stock of the Portsmouth 
 and Roanoke Railroad Company; and on the 19th of January, 183 t. 
 the people of this Borough reeeived#the joyful tidings that the Assembly 
 had passed the bill, authorizing the aforesaid road The bill had many 
 enemies, but finally triumphed. When the good news came, the inhabi- 
 tants of both places (the " cities by the sea,") rang their public bells 
 and raised a joyful noise over their important success. The road, how- 
 ever, failed, and was abandoned. 
 
 In the same year, April 14th. Juc'ge Robt. B. Taylor died ; August 
 27th, the shock of an earthquake was felt in the borough ; November 
 25th, the Council ordered the filling up of Back Creek, to make a public 
 square — (the present site of our City Hall.) February 29th, interments 
 in the "old burying ground" ^St. Paul,s Church-yard) were prohibited, 
 as the new ground (Elmwood) had been prepared for use. 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL YEAR. 
 
 1836 was the Centennial year of the " Ancient Borough." An hun- 
 dred long and eventful years had been consigned to oblivion, but the 
 old town still flourished. Mr. Forrest has truthfully said that " War 
 pestilence, storm, flood and fire had done their work of desolation, and 
 the Borough had shared largely in the calamities of the Revolution. 
 Once in ruins, she had nobly risen again, and with increasing strength 
 and beauty had already taken a respectable stand among the towns of the 
 Atlantic Coast. Many a severe blow had been leveled at her prosperity ; 
 but all seemed willing on this Centennial occasion, to acknowledge that 
 she had bravely and successfully contended with every difficulty, and 
 agreeably to the views of Jefferson and others, was surely, though slowly, 
 rising in the scale of commercial importance." 
 
 At sunrise, September 15th, a salute of twenty -six guns was fired, and 
 the Church bells rang for divine services. Later, a grand military and 
 civic parade was formed, and the entire day was spent honoring the an- 
 niversary day. 
 
 In October following, the first Presbyterian Church was completed. 
 It was dedicated on Sunday, November 20th, by Rev. Doctor Wm. S. 
 Plummer. 
 
 On the night of March 12th, 1837, another fireaccurred on East side 
 of Market Square, near Main street, which destroyed seven large brick 
 stores. After this fire, Newton's Row was built on the grounds. 
 
 On the 19th April of this yeaV, Louis Napoleon, Emperor of France, 
 
9 
 
 arrived in Norfolk, and was royally entertained. On the same day, 
 French's Hotel, (now the National) was opened, and the Emperor and 
 his suite were the first guests therein entertained. 
 
 In 1838, the population of Norfolk was about ten thousand souls ; the 
 value of the houses in the city that year was. according to the Commis- 
 sioner's books, $2,704,430. 
 
 November 12th, of this year a Commercial convention was held here, 
 which was presided over by Jno. Tyler, Esq., then Governor of the State. 
 The convention was held in the interest of direct trade, agriculture and 
 internal improvements. 
 
 In 1839, "the cove which extended east from Bank street, nearly to 
 the southern terminus of Cumberland street, was filled up, enclosed, or- 
 namented with shade trees, and denominated the " Public Square." 
 
 On the 25th of May, 1840, the corner stone of the Norfolk Academy 
 was laid (now used as the Norfolk Library.) "It is of the Grecian-Doric 
 order, the model having been copied from the Temple of Theseus,, at 
 Athens." The plan was drawn by a Philadelphia architect named Wal- 
 ter, and the building was directed by C. Hall, Esq., a prominent book 
 merchant in this city. 
 
 The population of the town in 1840 was nearly 11,000; that of the 
 county, to- wit: whites, 11,280; slaves, 7,845; free colored persons, 
 1,967— total (of county), 21,092. 
 
 On the 19th of November of this year, the Whigs of the Borough 
 had a grand jollification and illumination in honor of the election of Wm. 
 Henry Harrison as President of the United States. The glory of the 
 Whigs did not last long, for just one month from the date of his inaugu- 
 ration as President, the good old "hero of Tippacanoe" died, and was suc- 
 ceeded by John Tyler (Vice-President), who afterwards allied himself 
 with the Democratic party — however, Tyler was a good man and his 
 official acts were acceptable to all parties. 
 
 June 2d, 1842, twenty-five houses were destroyed by fire, on Little 
 Water street, Holt's and Woodside's lanes. One person was killed and 
 several wounded by the falling of walls. July 10th, the new Catholic 
 Church was dedicated, with Rev. Father A. L. Hitselberger as its 
 pastor. 
 
 In March, 1843, twelve houses were destroyed by fire on Little Water 
 (now Elizabeth) street. June 24th, W. D. Delany, Esq., was elected 
 Mayor of the Borough. 
 
 On the 24th of April, 1844, Hon. Henry Clay arrived in Norfolk and 
 was tendered a public reception. The military, consisting of the Light 
 Artillery Blues, under Captain R. W. Bowden ; the Junior Volunteers, 
 Captain F. F. Ferguson ; the Norfolk Riflemen, Captain Dunstan, and 
 the Virginia Guards, Captain L. W. Williams, paraded in grand proces- 
 sion. The Blues fired a salute of twenty-six guns. Mr. Clay was the 
 guest of our present esteemed, aged citizen, Col. Myer Myers, who resides 
 in his same old residence, corner of Bank and Freemason streets. 
 
 The Evening Courier, the first penny paper ever published in Norfolk, 
 made its appearance July 29th, 1844 — Wm. C. Shields, proprietor. In 
 1851 its name was changed to the Daily Courier, and it became neutral 
 in politics. 
 
10 
 
 NORFOLK A CITY, 
 
 By special Act of Assembly, Norfolk became a city on the I3th of 
 February, 1845, and her charter was very materially changed, to-wit : 
 the Council was divided into two bodies- (as it is now), Common andi 
 Select. The Councils to consist of thivty -seven freeholders, eleeted every 
 three years, and they to elect all city officers (except the Mayor aud 
 Sergeant) annually — choosing from tfceir own bodies one Recorder. The 
 Mayor and Sergeant to be elected triennially, by the qualified voters-. 
 These are only a few of the amendments to the charter. It has often 
 been amended since, and now (1877) all the City Officers (except the 
 Clerk of the Courts — six years' term) are elected every two years by the 
 voters and any qualified voter is entitled to hold office — if he can get 
 himself elected to it. ana: there's the rub. 
 
 From the time that the Borough became a city, it began to improve 
 rapidly and had it not been retarded in its growth by unwise legisla- 
 tion (of both State and General Governments), the ravages of the yellow 
 fever (1855) and the late civil war between the States (1861-2-3-4-5") 
 it would now be nearly as large as Richmond. But we will not dwell 
 upon this subject. Let us return to the special and important events 
 that transpired after it was dignified by the new title of A City. 
 
 By the Commissioner's books for the year ending February 1st, 1846, 
 it will be seen that the value of real estate in the city increased over the 
 previous year, 8122,048, which shows how rapidly the place was 
 growing. 
 
 On the 6th of March, 1845, the MethodistProtestant Church, on Fen- 
 church street, (formerly a theatre) was destroyed by fire. 
 
 In December, 1846, the Mexican war question excited the people of 
 this city, and a company of volunteers was raised; and on the 26th of the 
 month, 0. E. Edwards, Esq., was elected Captain of it. In January 
 following, this Company offered its services to the Government, and 
 served with distinction during the entire war. 
 
 January 16th, 1847, another fire occurred on the south-side of Main 
 street, next the east side of Market square, which destroyed about 
 $75,000 worth of property. 
 
 On the 10th of March, 1847, Rev. Upton Beall, then the pastor of 
 Christ Church, departed this life, and another saint was added to the 
 Kingdom of Glory. 
 
 On the 15th of May, the first number of the Virginia Temperance Ad- 
 vocate was issued — "a weekly paper, devoted to temperance, morality, 
 literature, health, &c," edited by Mr. W. S. Forrest, the gifted author 
 of Forrest's Sketches of Norfolk, and who, at present, is one of our use- 
 ful and highly esteemed citizens. 
 
 On June 13th, Rev. S. J. P. Anderson was installed as pastor of the 
 First Presbyterian Church. On July 10th, Rev. Geo. D. Cummins 
 (successor of Rev. Upton Beall) preached his first sermon as the Rector 
 of Christ (Episcopal) Church.' On the 24th of July, the U. S. ship 
 Pennsylvania left the Navy Yard and anchored off Smith's Point. This 
 was the largest ship in our Navy, and cost $800,000. She was built at 
 Philadelphia, and the only voyage she ever made was from that city to 
 Norfolk. (She was burned when the Confederates evacuated Norfolk 
 
11 
 
 Sm 1862.) August 5th, Hon. Thos. Newton died, and August 14th 'otiy 
 ■citizens mourned the death of Dr. Moseley, of the medical faculty of 
 Norfolk. August 23d, the corner stone of the City Hall was laid by the 
 Masons, in presence of a large concourse of people. A Masonic address 
 was read by Mr, J. C McCabe, and Rev, Father Hitselberger, of St* 
 Patrick's (Catholic) Church, the chosen orater of the day, delivered a 
 long, eloquent and patriotic speech, appropriate to the auspicious occa- 
 sion. On the 27th of November, the Norfolk. Beacon office and reading 
 . room was destroyed by fire. 
 
 January 8th, 1848, the first number of the Soutkem Argus was 
 issued by S, T. Sawyer, editor and proprietor. March 2d, the M. E. 
 Church, on Cumberland street, near Cove, was destroyed by fire, June 
 14th, a fire occured in the lumber yard of Messrs. Ferguson & Milhado 
 — extending to adjacent buildings and destroying nearly $200,000 worth 
 •of property. The Mariner's Bethel was destroyed by this fire, August 
 15th, the corner stone of the Freemason Street Baptist Church was laid 
 by the Masons, During the balance of this year the California fever 
 agitated the people of Virginia, and many citizens of Norfolk left for 
 that far Western clime ; some returned, poorer than when they left— * 
 others never more saw their loved ones at home. 
 
 The Cumberland Street M. E. Church having been rebuilt, it was 
 dedicated Sunday, January 8th, 1849, Rev. John E. Edwards (now of 
 Richmond) pastor. On the fourth Thursday in April of this year, 
 General John S. Millson was elected to Congress from this the (then) 
 First Congressional District. He was a well known and able Demo- 
 crat at that time. May 17th, the Asiatic cholera broke out in our 
 midst for the first time since 1832, and carried off many valuable citi- 
 zens. In July of this year — 1849 — the 'Norfolk Female Institute'* 
 was established. Dr. Wm. Selden, an eminent physician, aged 77 
 years, died in the same month. December 8th, Captain Miles King 
 died. He had often been Mayor of the Borough, and Representative 
 in the Legislature, and at one time was the beloved Captain of the 
 Norfolk Blues. 
 
 February 14th, 1850, the U. S. steamship Powhatan was launched 
 at the Gosport Navy Yard. "Commodore Sloat and his officers, 
 Captain Farragut and Lieutenant Glisson, threw open their houses 
 on the occasion and displayed a generous and whole-souled hospital 
 ity." (The keel of this ship was laid in 1847 ; she was constructed 
 under the direction of S. T. Hartt, Esq. — then Constructor of the 
 yard — according to the plans and specifications drawn by Francis 
 Grice, Esq.) On the evening of this day, the Mechanics' Hall, on 
 Main street, was first opened for inspection, and was visited by hun- 
 dreds of persons. On the morning of the 15th, between one and 
 two o'clock, the Avon Theatre was burned to the ground. On the 
 23d, the Lexington Cadets (V. M. I.) visited Norfolk and remained a 
 few days. Their military evolutions were the admiration of our citi- 
 zens. April 24th, General Winfield Scott visited Norfolk and was re- 
 ceived with a salute fired by the Blues' Battery. 
 
 On the 20th of May, 1850, "The Worshipful Court of the City of 
 Norfolk" convened for the first time in the new City Hall. On the 
 
12 
 
 30th the Freemason Street Baptist Church was dedicated — Rev. Dr, 
 Fuller of Baltimore, (died in the fall of 1876) preaching the dedica- 
 tory sermon. Rev. Tiberius G. Jones was installed as pastor. July 
 10th our people mourned the death of General Z. Taylor, President 
 of the United States. Flags floated at half-mast, bells were tolled and 
 business was generally suspended. September 26th, Hon. Henry A. 
 Wise, of Accomac county, (died in fall of 1876) delivered an eloquent 
 address to our citizens upon the subject of connecting Norfolk with the 
 interior by railroads and canals. 
 
 November 1st, Dr. Francis Mallory, of Elizabeth City county, (a 
 former member of Congress) located in Norfolk as Navy Agent of this 
 station. He was the successor of Geo. Loyall, Esq., who had held the 
 office for thirteen years, during which time he disbursed "more than 
 $14,000,000 of the public money without the loss of a cent to the Treas- 
 ury." November 9th, the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad was com- 
 pleted as far as Suffolk, and hundreds of our citizens enjoyed an excur- 
 sion trip to that town. The Granby Street M. E. Church was also 
 completed this month — Rev. D. S. Doggett (now Bishop) was the first 
 pastor of it. The population of Norfolk at that time was 14,320 souls, 
 an increase of 3,400 since 1840. 
 
 January 1st, 1851, the first number of a paper called "The Daily 
 News" was issued, T. F. Brotherly and C. H. Beale, editors and pro- 
 prietors. It was independent in politics at first, but soon espoused the 
 Democratic cause. 
 
 April 21st, of this year, two of Norfolk's oldest and most respected 
 citizens died, viz: Commodore James Barron, aged eighty-three years, 
 and Caleb Bonsai, Esq., a book merchant, aged seventy-six. The 
 Commodore was buried on the morning of the 23d, with naval 
 and military honors, and Mr. Bonsai in the afternoon of the same day. 
 
 Forrest's History of Norfolk gives a brief synopsis of the public ca- 
 reer of the gallant Commodore Barron — including an account of his 
 duel with Commodore Decatur, fought at Bladensburg, near Washing- 
 ton, D. C, March 22d, 1820, in which affair both principals were 
 wounded, Decatur fatally. But the facts concerning this unfortunate 
 meeting are so familiar to our people they need not be recorded here. 
 We will state, however, that the duel was fought with the pistols now 
 in possession of Col. Myer Myers, and which have been used so often 
 upon the "field of honor ;" they have gained great notoriety and are 
 very highly prized. 
 
 June 24th, Simon S. Stubbs, Esq., was elected Mayor of the city. 
 He was a good man, but not very popular as an officer. On this same 
 day, His Excellency, Millard Fillmore, President of the United States, 
 visited Norfolk and Portsmouth, and was tendered a public reception. 
 
 November 4th, Mr. John McPhail, an esteemed citizen and useful 
 Christian, died. November 27th, the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad 
 was completed to Weldon, N. C, and a large number of our citizens 
 enjoyed an excursion trip over the road. 
 
 January 23d, 1852, the Elizabeth River was frozen accross for the 
 first time since 1836. The ice, however, was not thick enough to seri- 
 ously obstruct navigation. April 8th, Norfolk and vicinity was 
 
visited by a destructive hail storm. May 12th, a large and important 
 meeting was held in Mechanic's Hall, to discuss the question of the 
 proposed railroad from this city to Petersburg. June 29th, our people 
 mourned the death of Henry Clay, and paid honor to the memory of 
 the great statesman. October 25th, Daniel Webster died, and the "citi- 
 zens paid puplic tribute of respect to his memory. 
 
 November 14th, Wm. B. Lamb, Esq., died at the ripe age of eighty- 
 nine years. " He was an alderman of the Borough from 1803 to 
 1810; and Mayor from 1810 to 1815," when he was elected Presi- 
 dent of the Virginia Bank. November 2Qth, Dr. Jonathan Cowdery, 
 died, aged eighty-five years. '* He was the oldest surgeon and the 
 oldest officer in the U. S. Navy." He was born in Massachusetts, but 
 came to Norfolk to reside about fifty years, previous to his death. 
 November 22d, the Norfolk Democrats had a grand jollification and 
 illumination in honor of their recent victory. In December of this 
 year (1852) a new line of packets was established between Norfolk 
 and New York. On the 10th of this month Norfolk subscribed 
 8200,000 to the stock of the 
 
 NORFOLK AND PETERSBURG RAILROAD COMPANY, 
 
 upon specified conditions, one of which was this : " if the road is built, 
 there shall be a satisfactory connexion with the Southside Railroad at 
 or near its terminus in Petersburg." (This was, of course, to afford a 
 continuous line of communication between Norfolk and the "Great 
 West " but strange to say, when a bill was proposed in the Legisla- 
 ure to consolidate the Norfolk and Petersburg, Southside, and Vir- 
 ginia and Tennesseee Railroads, making Norfolk the lap into which 
 the products of a vast country, would be poured, some of our citizens 
 opposed the measure. They no doubt see now the folly of their oppo- 
 sition, since the consolidation of these roads, more than doubled the 
 cotton business of the city in about four years after it was consumated). 
 An able writer, in treating the subject of this proposed road, and of 
 course anticipating its consolidation with other roads, (as effected by the 
 determined will, energy and perseverance of Genl. Wm. Mahone, its first 
 Engineer,) says : " The Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, when viewed 
 in its proper light, and its important bearing upon the railway economy, 
 not only of our own State but of the whole country, cannot but strike 
 the reflecting mind as one of the most essential lines of intercommuni- 
 cation which is now either in contemplation, or under actual construction, 
 to unlock those rich treasures so much needed to invigorate the com- 
 mercial enterprise — not only of our seaboard towns, and our own back 
 country, but of the whole South and West, from Memphis on the Mis- 
 sissippi, to Cincinnati on the Ohio. It is the last, but by no means the 
 least link in the grandest scheme of internal improvement ever projected 
 in the United States, forming, as it were, the trunk of a gigantic tree, 
 deriving soil for its nourishment at Hampton Roads, and ramifying 
 with its immensely long branches, portions of Western Virginia, Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, and even Missouri ; South Western Virginia, Ten- 
 nessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Ar- 
 kansas ; and it may at no very distant day, thrust one of its topmost 
 
14 
 
 leading limbs even to the Pacific Ocean, while its tap root is insinu- 
 ating its minute fibres into every European port. 
 
 " This road (the contemplated line from Norfolk to Memphis, via Petersburg), 
 will be one thousand and thirty miles long — of the same gauge throughout, with- 
 out break — and with only two regular termini : one being Memphis and the other 
 Norfolk. At Suffolk, it will cross the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, and take 
 a northwesterly direction toward Petersburg, and from that point will compare 
 favorably with any other road in the country in point of directness." 
 
 [This is only one extract from the many able articles written upon 
 the great importance of the proposed road and its multiplicity of 
 connections with the South and West. And yet there were blockheads 
 in our midst, who opposed the great scheme — who could see no good 
 to come from it, and even noiv in 1877, are foolish enough to say that 
 " the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad does Norfolk no good," 
 and that she would " be better off without it." But we congratulate 
 the city upon the fact that the counsels of such stupid asses did not 
 prevail, and Norfolk's great railroad scheme was successfully carried 
 out, and she has reaped the benefits of it. The greatest aim of her peo- 
 ple should now be to hold on to the consolidated line from Norfolk to Bristol ; 
 for if it should, once be broken, farewell to the best interests of our trade — 
 some of our people will never appreciate the wisdom of Genl. Wm. 
 Mahone, until such a calamity befalls this great railway line.] 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY THREE. 
 
 On Sunday the 2d of January, 1853, Mr. William Pannell.aged 63 
 years, departed this life. He was a native of Baltimore, but had 
 been an honored citizen of Norfolk for forty years. He attended 
 Christ Church in the morning and died the same afternoon. His 
 death was a great shock to the community. 
 
 January 24th and 25th, Norfolk was charmed with concerts by Ole 
 Bull. Mechanic's Hall was crowded to its fullest capacity and the 
 audiences were delighted. This great violinist was accompanied by 
 Adelina Patti, who was then only eight years old. She was at that 
 early age called the " musical wonder." Madame Strakosch also ac- 
 companied Ole Bull. 
 
 January 25th, the Steamer William Selden, of the Old Bay Line 
 (chartered in place of the steamer Herald, which was being repaired) 
 made a trip from Baltimore to Norfolk, in ten hours and forty-fiv/e 
 minutes, the quickest trip ever made between the two cities up to 
 that time. (We don't believe it has ever been beaten.) 
 
 February 22d, the Military of Norfolk, had a grand parade in 
 honor of Washington's anniversary. The Cadets of the Norfolk 
 Academy also paraded and made a very handsome display. Our 
 German fellow citizens gave a grand ball at night in honor of the 
 twenty -second, which was largely attended and well conducted. (That 
 ball will be remembered for years by some of the young folks present, for 
 it marked the begining of the earthly happiness of more than one 
 couple.) 
 
 February 25th, the Norfolk & Portsmouth Herald of this date pub- 
 lished a long editorial upon the bad condition of the city, and urged 
 upon the councils in forcible language the importance of thorough 
 
15 
 
 draining. The article particularly complained of the Cove street nuis- 
 ance, and ur^ed the authorities to act promptly in the matter, and thus 
 protect the health of the community. The article concluded as follows : 
 " Let sickness prevail within the limits of the city to a degree to excite 
 alarm abroad, avid our storekeepers may almost as well close their 
 doors." 
 
 February 28th, the " Law Greys," a splendid volunteer infantry 
 company of Baltimore, arrived here en a visit to our soldiers, and were 
 received with grand honors. The company numbered about fifty-five 
 men, and was commanded by Captain Richard France. They came 
 here on the steamer Herald, and were received by " The Blues," Captain 
 R. W. Bowden, and " The Juniors," Captain F. F. Ferguson. 
 
 The first meeting of the stockholders of the Norfolk and Petersburg 
 Railroad was held in the City Hall the 6th day of April, 1853. Chas. 
 Reid, Esq , was called to the chair, and George Blow, Jr., appointed 
 Secretary. A committee on organization was appointed, and reported 
 that a majority of the stock was represented. The meeting then pro- 
 ceeded to permanently organize the company and establish rules and 
 regulations for its government ; after which a President and two Direc- 
 tors were elected, viz : Dr. Francis Mallory, President; George W. 
 Camp and A. F. Leonard, Esqs., Directors. 
 
 April 11th, an adjourned meeting of the Railroad Company was held, 
 and the by-laws, rules, regulations, &c, reported by the committee 
 appointed f r the purpose, were adopted. The Board of Directors met 
 on the 12th instant, and appointed Mr. William Mahone, of South - 
 anii ton county, as Chief Engineer of the roal, with a salary of $2,500 
 per annum. Mr. George W. Camp, of Norfolk, was appointed Treas- 
 urer, with a salary of $500 per annum. The Board of Directors met 
 again on the 13th instant and elected William T. Harrison and John 
 Tunis, Esqs., as Directors, in place of A. F. Leonard and Greorge W. 
 Camp, resigned. 
 
 April 19th. About 200 citizens went to Raleigh to unite with the 
 North Carolinians in "jollifying" over the connection of the Seaboaid 
 and Roanoke and the Raleigh and Gaston Railroads. This excursion 
 party was joined here by a delegation from the City Conncil of Balti- 
 more. The citizens of Raleigh gave a grand banquet in honor of the 
 event, and the Norfolk people returned home full of praise (and " so 
 forth ") in regard to the splendid time they enjoyed. 
 
 May 14th, the Whigs of Norfolk had a " grand rally" meeting pre- 
 paratory to nominating candidates for the Legislature. Stirring speeches 
 were made by Messrs. L. H. Chandler, Robert E. Taylor and Dr. Francis 
 Mallory. 
 
 May 18th, the contracts for building the Custom-House were entered 
 into by the following parties : Messrs. Denby, Ridley and Burnham, of 
 Norfolk, and Mr. Kilpatrick, of Washington, D. C, for the stone work, 
 and Mr. John Holmes, of this city, for the plastering. Messrs. William 
 D. Roberts, Jr., and Isaac M. Smith also entered into contracts for work 
 on the building before Mr. Young, the Government architect. 
 
 May 20th, the Democrats held a " grand rally " meeting, and were 
 addressed in a very long and able speech by General John S. Millson 
 
16 
 
 in vindication of his Congressional record and in advocacy of his claims 
 to re-election. (He was opposed for the nomination in that contest by 
 Tim Rives, the " war-horse" of Democracy. Millson, however, secured 
 the nomination and was elected. The Whigs had no regular nominee 
 against him. 
 
 June 1st. The new Collector of Customs entered upon his duties 
 to-day. The following Democrats were appointed as Custom-House 
 officials, viz : Aaron Jeffrey, Inspector and Storekeeper; R. Q. Druni- 
 mond, Samuel L. Lightfoot, Thomas P. Chiesman, W. R. Woodend 
 and Charles H. Whitehurst, Inspectors ; Darius J. Hill, Collector's 
 clerk; Joseph Bunkley, Measurer ; George M. Lovett, Assistant In- 
 spector ; George S. Ferguson, Weigher and G-auger ; Joseph Deans, 
 Watchman ; C. C. Robinson, Naval Inspector, with Alexander W. 
 Martin as his clerk. 
 
 The 4th of July was celebrated here in grand style this year. All the 
 military and fire companies paraded, and many eloquent orations were 
 delivered. The " Old Street Fire Company," from Petersburg, paid a 
 visit to our firemen on this occasion, and many were the " bumpers 
 filled and drunk " to the health of the firemen of the " Cockade City " 
 and the " Cities by the Sea." (It takes old-time firemen to enjoy such 
 occasions.) 
 
 July 5th, a difficulty occurred between two young men named Geo. 
 J. Churchward and William Searles, in which the former was stabbed 
 and almost instantly killed. Searles was shot twice by Churchward and 
 was very seriously wounded. 
 
 July 9th, the resignation of Rev. Geo. D. Cummins, the pastor Christ 
 Church (for past 6 years), was accepted by the trustees of the church. 
 Mr. Cummins resigned to accept a call from St. James (Episcopal) 
 Church, in Richmond. 
 
 November 16th, the first exhibition of the Norfolk Agricultural Society 
 was held. The fair grounds were visited by over six thousand persons, 
 and the city was in a great state of pleasurable excitement. The ex- 
 hibition continued three days, and was a financial success for the city. 
 
 Wednesday, December 21st, Rev. Dr. Chas. Minnegerode arrived in 
 this city to assume charge of Christ Church as its newly elected rector. 
 He preached his first sermon to his new flock on the 25th (Christmas.) 
 
 December 26th, the new ferry freight steamer, Princess Anne, Capt. 
 Marshall Parks, arrived here from Wilmington, Delaware. She was 
 purchased by Capt. Parks, as agent for the city, to ply between the Nor- 
 folk and Portsmouth railroad depots. She had a railway track on her 
 deck, made of heavy rail, and cars were hauled in and out of the boat at 
 any state of the tide, by a pony engine, placed under deck. 
 
 December 29th, the citizens of Norfolk gave a supper at the National 
 Hotel, in honor of visiting members of the Legislature. Among the 
 speakers on the occasion was G. P. R. James, Esq., the British Consul. 
 
 December 30th, our young townsman, Virginius Freeman, was pro- 
 moted from Third Assistant to Second Assistant Engineer in the U. S. 
 Navy — he having passed a good examination before a Board of En- 
 gineers in Washington, D. C. (Our friend " Gincey," as he is familiar- 
 ly called, was again promoted ; but when the war came on in 1861, he 
 
17 
 
 resigned his position and tendered his services to the Confederate Gov- 
 ernment, as did many other patriotic Virginians, and was a gallant de- 
 fender of the lost cause ! He is still a resident of Norfolk, and is still 
 the " same old Gincey.") 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FOUR. 
 
 The Norfolk and Portsmouth Herald of February 18th, of this year, 
 thus speaks of Norfolk, editorially : "A new spirit has been infused 
 into our people, and through them it ha3 produced a quickening influence 
 upon the City Councils, who have nobly kept the ball in motion and 
 brought about the present salutary change in the condition of the city. 
 The business establishments have nearly doubled in number, within the 
 last seven years. New streets have been opened, paved and partly built 
 up. Elegant public and private edifices, becoming a flourishing com- 
 mercial city, are to be seen now where recently there were sunken 
 grounds, vacant lots and dilapidated buildings ; and still the work of 
 improvement, and preparations to meet the demands of business enter- 
 prise, are steadily progressing. In short, wherever we go we are glad- 
 dened by the neat, cleanly and thriving aspect of our city, and we are 
 almost ready to exclaim — "Behold a new town and anew people! 
 
 "Of the future, our auguries cannot be overstrained. With a back 
 country extending to the Mississippi and all the South, and brought 
 in immediate inter-commercial relations with the flourishing cities at 
 the head of tide-water in Virginia, who can set bounds to the destiny 
 of such a sea-port as Norfolk ? Nor is the period of its fulfillment as 
 distant as some may imagine. As her prosperity rolls onward its ac- 
 cumulation will increase until all will be astonished at its rapidity." 
 This was all true enough, no doubt, at the time it was written ; but 
 man proposes and God disposes. That writer doubtless felt the force of 
 the old saying that "more frail than frailty itself are man's calculations 
 for the future," when he saw the desolation and prostration of Norfolk, 
 just eighteen months after he had penned the above encouraging edito- 
 rial — when the terrible fever scourge came to blight the hopes and dim 
 the future of our city. 
 
 March 20th, Wm, Wallace Davis, editor of the Daily Courier, de- 
 parted this life. He attended divine service at the Freemason Street 
 Baptist Church the day previous, apparently in good health. 
 
 March 30th, a convention of the soldiers who served in the war of 
 1812, was held in the gun room of the Light Artillery Blues — Chas. 
 H. Shield in the chair, and Chas. A. Grice, Secretary. The conven- 
 tion numbered just seventy-six persons, and it was gratifying to witness 
 the social reunion of these old veterans after a forty years' separation 
 at the close of a war in which their patriotism and valor made them 
 renowned. 
 
 The Merchants' and Mechanics' Savings Bank was revived this month 
 and started business under favorable auspices, with upwards of seventy 
 stockholders. On Thursday (30th of March) the following Directors 
 were elected, viz: Wm. D. Egberts, Jr., President; Geo. W. Farrant, 
 Dr. Maurice Fitzgibbon, Geo. W. Bluford, Edward Delany, Wm. 
 Johnson, Jr., and John R. Ludlow. 
 
 April 5th, Robt. E. Taylor died. He was a fine lawyer and a 
 
18 
 
 distinguished citizen. He always manifested a deep interest in the affairs 
 of Norfolk, and several times represented the city in the State Legis- 
 lature. 
 
 April 13th, the second annual meeting of the stockholders of the 
 Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad Company was held in this city. 
 James M. Smith, Esq., was called to the chair, and interesting reports 
 were read from the President, Dr. F. Mallory, and the Chief Engineer 
 of the road, Wm. Mahone, Esq. Mr. Geo. W. Camp, Secretary and 
 Treasurer of the road, read his financial statement, which was highly 
 satisfactory. Dr. Mallory was re-elected as President, and Messrs. Win. 
 I. Hardy and Wm. T. Harrison were elected as directors fthe other three 
 directors being appointed by the State Board of Public Works). At 
 this meeting the President's salary was raised from SI, 500 to $2,000 per 
 annum. 
 
 April 26th, the corner-stone of the Methodist Protestant Church was 
 laid by the Masons, according to ancient rites and customs. The Odd 
 Fellows, Rechabites, Sons of Temperance, Masons, volunteer companies 
 and citizens generally, participated in a grand procession on this occasion 
 and beautiful addresses were delivered by L. H. Chandler, Esq., and 
 Rev. John Whitfield, pastor of the church. 
 
 April 27th, Peter Brown, Esq., the porter (or runner" 1 ) of the Farmers' 
 Bank, committed suicide by taking poison. On the next day a young 
 woman of this city (name not known to this writer) attempted to kill 
 herself by taking laudanum, but her life was saved by Dr. Manrice Fitz- 
 gibbon, who was at that time one of Norfolk's best physicians. (The 
 Doctor is now one of our enterprising capitalists, and is a public spirited 
 and useful citizen.) 
 
 August 1st, the Democrats of Norfolk held a meeting and nominated 
 Hon. Henry A. Wise as their candidate for Governor — subject to the 
 ratification of the State Convention to be holden at Staunton, November 
 30th. 
 
 October 23rd, the Board of Commissioners appointed by the Hustings 
 Court to value the property at the east end of Main and Widewater 
 streets, which has been selected as the site of the Norfolk and Petersburg 
 Railroad Company, reported the assessment at $11,250. The depot 
 buildings are soon to be erected. " Work on the road is progressing rapidly 
 under the skillful management of Chief Engineer Mahone, who is one 
 of the most practical and accomplished business men in this section." 
 
 October 25th. This was the Agricultural Fair Week. Large crowds 
 of strangers were present from all parts of the State. The articles on 
 exhibition embraced a greai, variety. The trotting horses attracted a 
 great deal of attention — a 2:40 trotter at that time was a wonder of the 
 age. 
 
 During this month the Democrats of Norfolk (and the county) 
 addressed a letter to Hon. Henry A. Wise, Democratic candidate for 
 Governor, asking him if he was a member of the " Know Nothing " 
 organization. Mr. Wise replied, "No;" he said : "The present state of 
 affairs is not such as to justify the formation, by the people, of any secret 
 political society." His letter created much comment, and concluded in 
 the following characteristic style : 
 
19 
 
 "In every character, in every relation, in every sense, with all my 
 liead, and all my heart, and all my might, I protest against this secret 
 organization of Native Americans and of Protestants to proscribe Roman 
 Catholics and naturalized citizens ! Now, will they proscribe me ? 
 That question weighs not a feather with your obedient servant." [This 
 letter effectually broke up the Know Nothing organization, and was the 
 chief cause of Mr. Wise's success over his Whig competitor, Mr. W. L. 
 Ooggin, in the Gubernatorial contest.] 
 
 October 30th, the city was excited over a balloon ascension by Prof. 
 Ellott. The descent was made on Bell's farm in Princess Anne county, 
 six miles from the city. 
 
 November 8th, the Internal Improvement Convention of Virginia, 
 met in this city, in Cumberland Street Baptist Church, Capt. Samuel 
 Watts, of Portsmouth, acted as temporary chairman ; prayer was offered 
 by Rev. Mr. Winston, of the Baptist Church ; James A. Cowardin, 
 Esq., of Richmond, was appointed temporary Secretary ; the Conven- 
 tion being organized, Messrs. Watts and Cowardin were elected as 
 permanent President and Secretary. This convention was in session 
 two days. Some fine speeches were made upon the subject of uniting 
 the waters of the Ohio River and Chesapeake Bay, and upon the estab- 
 lishment of Ocean steamers between Norfolk and European ports. 
 
 November 9th, the new steamer Louisiana, Captain Gr. W. Russell, of 
 the " Old Bay Line," arrived here on her first trip from Baltimore. On 
 Friday, the 10th instant, she made an excursion trip to Old Point and 
 the Capes, carrying a large number of ladies and gentlemen from the 
 two cities and surrounding country. While on this pleasure trip a 
 magnificent silver speaking-trumpet was presented to Captain Russell by 
 his friends of Norfolk and Portsmouth. 
 
 November 16th, the Norfolk and Portsmouth Herald published an 
 interesting letter written on board the U. S. steamer Powhatan at 
 Victoria, Hong Kong, August 22d, 1854. [The "Old Powhatan " is 
 still in the Service, and at this writing — February, 1877 — she is lying 
 at our naval anchorage.] 
 
 Sunday, the 10th November, Dr. Joel Martin died. He served 25 
 years in the United States Navy as a surgeon, and died at the age of 
 sixty-eight, loved and honored in our midst. 
 
 Nothing of importance transpired during the balance of this year. 
 The political fever was at a high pitch throughout the State, and the 
 Whigs made a vigorous fight against the Democrats for the State 
 offices. The winter was remarkably cold, and navigation upon the rivers 
 was greatly impeded by ice. 
 
 We now arrive at the beginning of 1855 — a year that will never be 
 forgotten in Norfolk. We shall not trouble the reader with a synopsis 
 of minor events, but will pass directly to a brief notice of the dire 
 calamity that befel the people in the Summer. 
 
20 
 THE YELLOW FEVER. 
 
 TERRIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF THE EPIDEMIC IN 1855. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that Norfolk is one of the healthiest cities 
 in the United States, she was visited by that terrible disease, Yellow 
 Fever, in the Summer of 1855. The dreadful malady was brought to 
 our harbor early in the month of June by the ocean steamship Benjamin 
 Franklin. The first case discovered was that of a workman on board the 
 ship ; he afterwards died in Gosport, which is the southern end of 
 Portsmouth. The disease begun to spread rapidly from that moment, 
 and of course was brought to Norfolk. 
 
 This writer not being a resident of Norfolk at that time (thanks to 
 God !) can only repeat what others have said and written concerning: 
 the great pestilence, and will therefore condense an account from the 
 very interesting work by Mr. W. S. Forrest, entitled " The Great 
 Pestilence in Virginia." After the fever got beyond the control of 
 the health authorities of the two cities, the citizens began to leave town ; 
 they fled in all directions " from the frightful scenes of disease, wretched- 
 ness and woe — amazed and horror-struck at the ravages of the unsparing 
 agent of destruction." Many escaped, though not a few of the unhappy 
 refugees sickened and died, and found graves in the midst of sympa- 
 thizing strangers, away from their deserted homes. 
 
 "Families that left in one unbroken, fond and cherished circle, 
 earnestly hoping to elude the vigilance of the pursuer, were overtaken 
 and deprived of one or more of the most loved and endeared members. 
 The strongest link in the golden chain of affection, that bound them in 
 close union and held inviolate the sacred family compact, was suddenly 
 severed, and fell, shivered to the ground, and deep and festering wounds 
 were inflicted in many a true and trusting heart, that time can never 
 heal." 
 
 It is a well known fact that previous to the arrival of the steamer 
 aforesaid, there was no yellow fever in this section ; consequently its 
 presence cannot be attributed to the climate, nor to the sanitary condi- 
 tion of the " Twin Cities by the Sea." It should be remembered that 
 " with the same sanitary laws and regulations, with similar weather, 
 and with far greater apparent local cause of sickness, Norfolk and 
 Portsmouth had long been uniformly healthful — the bills of mortality 
 comparing very favorably with those of other places known and 
 acknowledged to be exceedingly free from epidemic maladies, and fully 
 entitled to their claim to salubrity of climate." 
 
 With a feeling of sympathy which will never be forgotten, the people 
 of the neighboring counties, particularly of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, 
 threw open their doors to those of our citizens who fled from the 
 dangers of the dreadful pestilence, and extended them true hospitality 
 and kindness during the continuance of the scourge, which lasted until 
 the frosts of October came. Never since the time of the great fire in 
 1776 had such a calamity befallen our beloved city, the results of which 
 were felt by our business men for years and years ; and by its ravages 
 the hearts of many persons now living were saddened for life with 
 sorrows which Heaven alone can heal. 
 
21 
 
 When the fever was in its worst stage, Norfolk attracted the sympathy 
 •of the entire country. Public meetings were held in a majority of the 
 cities of the Union, and money was liberally contributed to the relief of 
 the sufferers. Nurses came from various parts of the land to offer their 
 services to the sick, and many of them lost their lives in the cause of 
 humanity. " On the 16th of August (wheu the danger was fearful) 
 Mis3 Annie M. Andrews, a young lady from Syracuse, New York 
 (formerly of Louisiana), arrived here and offered her services to Mayor 
 Hunter Woodis as a nurse. She immediately entered upon her martyr- 
 like labors at the hospital in the true spirit of self-sacrificing, generous 
 and heroic devotion ; ana hither she was soon followed by others, whose 
 kind attention to the sick and suffering will ever be gratefully remem- 
 bered." Nurses came principally from the cities of New Orleans, 
 Charleston, Mobile, Savannah, Richmond, New York, Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore. 
 
 "The Howard Association, of Norfolk, and the Relief Committee, of 
 Portsmouth, had been fully organized, and had commenced their career 
 of great usefulness. The utility of these timely organizations was 
 strikingly apparent. The citizens of Norfolk were soon falling at the 
 fearful rate of 60, 70, and even 80 per day, and of from 20 to 30 per 
 day in Portsmouth. It was then that some were appalled and chilled 
 with fright, while others were apparently callous, careless and reckless, 
 and went about the work of boxing up and removing the dead, with but 
 little appearance of fear or agitation. 
 
 "About the first of September the fever attained its most appalling 
 fury. Long will that period of terror and death be remembered by 
 those who had not fled from the pestilence. Bermuda street was like 
 one great hospital ; every house had its sick, or dead ! On Brigg's 
 Point, the most eastern portion of the city, the people were dying by 
 the dozen per day, and in a space of considerable width, and extending 
 thence across to the western limits, people of every class were falling 
 like withered leaves shaken by the winds. It was a time of intense 
 excitement and consternation. It was too late to fly ! for those who 
 fled as certainly fell as the bird fatally wounded by the fowler's ?hot. 
 They had gone to Richmond, Petersburg,. Hampton and elsewhere; but 
 the venom had entered the blood, and they lay down but to die ! Here, 
 there were five hundred cases, and the number of deaths at one time 
 reached eighty in twenty-four hours, in our small remaining population. 
 The corpses accumulated so rapidly that coffins could not be supplied 
 for them. Hearses were driven rapidly out to the grave-yards with two, 
 three and often four at a load, and the coffined dead were piled upon 
 the ground awaiting the opening of the graves and pits, by the insuf- 
 ficent force at work. In that memorable week, four hundred of the 
 citizens of Norfolk were buried !" The work of burying the dead went 
 on hastily and fearfully by day and night. " But the heart shudders 
 at the thought of the appalling scenes that were witnessed during the 
 months of August, September and October. No pen can adequately 
 portray the horrors of that dark period, which, brief as it was, has 
 sufficed to produce an age of misery and woe, unprecedented in the 
 records of similar visitations." 
 
23 
 
 Tlie many sad scenes and incidents of the " fever months of Norfolk/ 7 
 which have already been written and published, and which are so well 
 remembered by a great number of oar people, would fill a large volume 
 of interesting reading matter ; but this writer does not propose to go 
 into such details, and will conclude his writing upon this sad subject by 
 giving the names of some of the prominent citizens who fell victims to 
 the terrible disease. , 
 
 Among the thousands of persons who died with the fever, Mr. 
 Forrest particularly mentions the following : Jno. G. H. Hatton, 
 President of the Select Council ; Alex, Feret, of the Exchange 
 Bank ; Ignatius Higgins, teller of the Virginia Bank ; W. E. 
 Cunningham, Senior Editor of the American Beacon; Win. D. 
 Roberts, delegate elect to the Legislature ; Richard Gatewood, Jr., 
 of the Norfolk Beacon ; Wilson B. Sorey, U. S. Deputy Marshal - T 
 Bray B. Walters, proprietor of the National Hotel ; R. S. Bernard, 
 druggist ; Archibald Briggs, an extensive merchant; John Tunis, 
 of the Board of Health ; Josiah Wills, an extensive merchant and 
 President of the Virginia Bank ; Ex-Mayor Wm. D. Delany ; 
 Alex. Gait, postmaster ; Wm. B. Ferguson, an extensive merchant 
 and President of the Howard Association ; Wm. Reid, a ship- 
 broker ; Chas. H. Beale, a former editor of the Daily News ; Caleb 
 Bonsai, one of the proprietors of extensive flour mills ; John D. 
 Gordan, banker ; Joseph Murden, of the Exchange Bank ; Rev. 
 Wm. M. Jackson, pastor of St. Paul's (Episcopal) Church ; Rev. 
 Messrs. A. Dibrell and Wm. Jones, of the Methodist Church ; 
 Rev. Wm. C. Bagnall, of the Baptist Church ; Rev. Vernon 
 „EskrLdge (M. E.) chaplain in the navy ; and Hunter Woodis, Esq., 
 Mayor of the city. 
 
 The following resident physicians died in the discharge of their 
 professional duties — 1st, Dr. Richard W. Sylvester ; 2d, Dr. 
 Thomas F. Constable ; 3d, Dr. George I. Halson ; 4th, Dr. R. J. 
 Sylvester ; 5th, Dr. Francis L. Higgins ; 6th, Dr. Junius A. 
 Briggs ; 7th, Dr. Thomas Nash ; 8th, Dr. George L. Upshur ; 
 9th, Dr. Richard B. Tunstall ; 10th, Dr. Henry Selden. 
 
 Of the forty-five physicians who came here from other places to 
 attend the sick, twenty-five died with the fever, to-wit : four from 
 Richmond, seven from Baltimore, four from Philadelphia, one 
 from Sussex county, Va., one from Pennsylvania, two from Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, three from New York, one from Georgia, one 
 from Tennessee, and one from Alabama. 
 
 The following resident physicians were all severely ill with the 
 fever, but recovered : Drs. Wm. Selden, Wm. J. Moore, Robt. B. 
 Tunstall, E. D. Granier, H. M. Nash, G. W. Cowdery, F. S. 
 Campos, Thomas I. Hardy, Robt. H. Gordon, D. M. Wright, V. 
 Friedeman, and D. W. Todd. 
 
 Dr. J. J. Simpkins was called to Hampton during the fever to 
 
23 
 
 attend his sister, who was dangerously ill with the disease. He 
 escaped an attack. Dr. Wm. M. Wilson was Health Officer of the 
 city, and was appointed chief physician at the Julapi Hospital, at 
 Lambert's Point, where he labored faithfully. He also escaped 
 an attack, having had ihe disease in the South in 1852. Dr. Robt. 
 W. Rose also worked faithfully for the sufferers. He had a slight 
 attack of the malady and soon recovered. 
 
 One of the most lamentable deaths from the fever in this city 
 was that of His Honor, Hunter Wood is, the Mayor. He was a 
 gentleman of fine talents and culture, a faithful friend, a genial, 
 sociable companion, an able lawyer, and the best of Mayors. He 
 died on the 25th of August-of that memorable year, in the very 
 prime of life and usefulness ; and around his memory will cluster 
 those feelings of admiration and regret of the people that will 
 make his name immortal in the annals of our history. He was 
 not content with performing the mere duties of his office as the 
 Chief Magistrate of the city during the fever, but was indefatigable 
 in his efforts to afford comfort and relief to the sick and the dying, 
 to the poor and needy. He was everywhere he could see a chance 
 to do good, and when the news was spread that he was prostrated 
 with the disease, the entire community was stricken with new grief; 
 and when his noble spirit had fled to the God who gave it, a 
 darker shade was added to the sombre pall of sorrow that enshroud- . 
 ed the city, and deep were the pangs of regret that saddened the 
 hearts of the people. The shaft of death never struck a brighter 
 mark — Norfolk never mourned the loss of a better friend, a nobler 
 man. 
 
 The following ministers took the fever while actively engaged 
 in nursing the sick, and were dangerously ill, but were spared to 
 continue their usefulness : Rev. D. P. Wills, Methodist Episco- 
 pal ; Rev. Father M. O'Keefe, Catholic; Rev. Dr. George D. 
 Armstrong, Presbyterian ; and Rev. Louis Walke, Protestant 
 Episcopal. 
 
 A. F. Leonard, Esq., editor of the Southern Argus, whose labors 
 among the fever sufferers are well remembered, thus wrote about 
 the scourge after it had abated : " We have seen our lately flourish- 
 ing mart reduced to the scanty number of 4,000 surviving souls. 
 In the short space of less than ninety days, out of an average popula- 
 tion of about 6,000, every man, woman and child (almost without 
 exception) has been stricken with the fell fever, and about 2,000 *" 
 have been buried, being not less than^wo out of three of the whites, 
 and one out of three of the whole abiding community of Norfolk, 
 white and black. One-half of our physicians who continued here 
 are in the grave, and not less than thirty-six, resident and visitant, 
 have fallen in Norfolk and Portsmouth. But the storm is over, 
 and again our good ship lays her course. Her sails are swelled to 
 
24 
 
 fullness in the crisp October wind, and anon, her flag is given to 
 the breeze, but it floats sadly at halt-mast ; and the call to quarters 
 reveals that wide havoc has been made in our crew ; our deck has 
 been swept by the pestilential billow. All have been disabled, 
 from the quarter deck to the forecastle, and one-half of our white 
 complement will never more greet us with the once-familiar smile." 
 The helpless dead, in their promiscuous groups, have proved 
 monitors of awe and condemnation to hearts that were callous 
 to other teachings ; and deep grief and untold sorrows have 
 worked changes that may in the last day be pleasing to Him who 
 doeth all things well. Thy will, not mine, O ! Lord be done; for 
 Thou hast the glory, and the power forever — amen ! 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SIX. 
 
 Once more our city enters upon a new stage of life. Her citizens 
 have returned to their once deserted homes, and again assume the 
 duties and responsibilities of a fresh career. They shudder when 
 they think of the past six months, and endeavor to shut out from 
 their minds the horrors and sorrows of the past. The future invites 
 them to press on and be encouraged, and their energies are once 
 more revived. 
 
 Thursday, January 17th, the employees of the Baltimore Steam 
 Packet Company (of the Norfolk and Baltimore Line), purchased 
 a set of silver as a present to M. i\ T . Falls, Esq., the popular Presi- 
 dent of the Company. The presentation took place in Baltimore. 
 The employees at this end of the line contributed liberally to the 
 purchase. 
 
 Sunday, January 27th, Rev. Mr. Posser preached a sermon in 
 the Gran by Street M. E. Church, upon the occasion of the death of 
 Pev. Anthony Dibrell, late pastor of that church, who fell a martyr 
 in the discharge of his high obligations of duty during the preval- 
 ence of the fever epidemic of last year. 
 
 March 7th, the Herald says ; "The ice has at last been broken 
 up the bay, and the coolness which has existed for so many weeks 
 between Norfolk and Baltimore is now, we hope, to be set aside for 
 a warm and cordial daily greeting." The Norfolk and Baltimore 
 boats this day resumed their regular trips between the two cities. 
 
 March 18th, Pight Rev. Bishop Johns preached the funeral of 
 Rev. W. M. Jackson, late pastor of St. Paul's (Episcopal) Church, 
 who died a victim of the fever. 
 
 March 21st, the Whigs held a large and enthusiastic meeting in 
 Ashland Hall, to ratify the nomination of Filmore and Donelson, 
 for President and Vice-President of the United States. Speeches 
 were made by A. Judson Crane, Esq., of Richmond, and others. 
 
 March 28th, the Norfolk L. A. Blues, 50 strong, under command 
 of Capt. T. J. Corprew, paraded through the streets of Norfolk and 
 Portsmouth, eliciting much admiration. 
 
25 
 
 June 2nd, the new theatre (now the Opera House) was opened 
 under the name of the ''Norfolk Varieties, by Mr. Henry C. Jarrett, 
 of Baltimore, as the manager and lessee. A large audience was 
 present and the play was greatly admired- Mr. John E. Owens, 
 the talented Baltimore com median, appeared in the characters of 
 Paul Pry and Horatio Pruggins, and was supported by the follow- 
 ing actors, some of whom were very good : T. B. Kemble, D. R. 
 Allen, C. Went worth, J. Procter and wife, A. F. Blake, P. Bryne, 
 Miss V. Kemble and Mrs. Cappell. Between the two plays, Miss 
 Salome danced a national medly. (This was the first theatrical 
 troupe that played in the city for about three years.) 
 
 June 9th, 10th and 11th, Robinson & Eldred's circus and 
 menagerie performed here to the great delight of the little folks and 
 darkies. 
 
 June 12th, Mr. James E. Murdoch, the eminent tragedian, 
 appearedat the Theatre in the character of Alfred Evelyn, in theplay 
 called " Money." Mr. John E. Owens assumed the amusing part 
 of "Graves." This was a "gala night" at the theatre. Mr. 
 Murdoch remained one week, and played some of Shakespeare's 
 favorite characters. During the whole of the succeeding week, 
 Mrs. Farren and Mr. J. B. Howe, delighted our play-goers with 
 some very fine acting. 
 
 Monday evening, June 23rd, a grand complimentary benefit was 
 tendered to Manager Palmer (of the theatre), and the audience 
 was the largest that had ever assembled in the new building. The 
 play selected for the occasion was Sheridan's brilliant comedy of 
 "School for Scandal." The principal characters were as follows : 
 Charles Surface, Mr. Jas. E. Murdoch ; Sir Peter Teazle, Mr. Geo. 
 Farren; Crabtree, Mr. John E. Owens; Lady Teazle, Mrs. Geo. 
 Farren. (Persons who remember that performance say it was the 
 best ever given in this city.) 
 
 July 19th, the community was greatly shocked to learn of the 
 death, this day, of Mr. Americus M. Morse. He was accidentally 
 drowned under the draw bridge, while fishing from a small boat, 
 in company with his friends, Bockover and Land. His funeral 
 was preached in the Granby Street M. E. Church (of which he was 
 a consistent member), Sunday afternoon, the 20th instant, by Rev. 
 D. S. Doggett. This melancholy accident cast a deep gloom over 
 the city. 
 
 July 21st, Dr. N. C. Whitehead, an useful and dearly beloved 
 citizen, departed this life, in the 64th year of his age. He was for 
 some time President of the Farmers' Bank ; he acted as Mayor of 
 the city during the fever, upon the decease of the lamented Mayor 
 Woodis, and was ever ready to do a kind act. He was a Ruling 
 Elder in the Presbyterian Church, and was an earnest and exem- 
 plary Christian. 
 
26 
 
 August 1st. Rev. Dr. Charles Minnegerode tendered to the 
 Board of Trustees of Christ (Episcopal) Church his resignation as 
 their pastor. He resigned to accept a call to St. Paul's Church in 
 Richmond. (This good man is still the pastor of St. Paul's 
 Church in Richmond, and is likely to continue as such as long as 
 he lives. The people of Norfolk parted with him very reluctantly.) 
 
 September. During the past Summer the people of Norfolk 
 were interested in but three public topics, to-wit: the proposed 
 City Water- Works, the new dog law T , and politics — each particular 
 topic being at times a subject of excited discussions upon the streets 
 and in private circles. The weather for two months was particu- 
 larly warm and dry, but the health of the community Mas unusually 
 good. 
 
 September 18th, the Odd Fellows' Hail (on Church street) was 
 formally dedicated in the presence of a very large congregation of 
 citizens and members of the time-honored Order. The dedicatory 
 address was delivered by Rev. Bro. J. C. McCabe, of Baltimore, 
 and it was pronounced a grand and brilliant effort. 
 
 September 20. The Norfolk and Portsmouth Herald this day 
 hoisted at the head of its editorial columns the Old Line Whig 
 flag, bearing the names of Millard Fillmore and Andrew J. Don- 
 elson, the National Whig nominees for President and Vice Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 September 30th, the celebrated actor Mr. Neafie appeared at our 
 Theatre for the first time. His debut was mads in the character 
 of Hamlet, Shakspeare's ideal Prince. The house was crowded, 
 and Mr. N. was well appreciated and applauded. He played here 
 nearly two weeks upon this engagement. 
 
 October 8th, Dr. E. C. Robinson was elected Captain of the 
 Norfolk Junior Volunteers, vice Capt. George G. Garrison, recently 
 resigned. 
 
 October 20th, a youth about 15 years of age, named Edgar 
 Beale, accidentally shot himself while gunning. He received 
 prompt and skillful treatment from Drs. Grauier and Tunstall, but 
 could not be cured. He died the following day. • 
 
 November 1st. Just at this time the Old Line Whigs were 
 having a glorious time. " Whig rallies " were the order of the day. 
 The citizens w : ere also making grand preparations for the annual 
 fair of the Seaboard Agricultural Society. 
 
 November 11th, the American newspaper office was destroyed by 
 fire. Messrs. Bisbie & Hathaway, the proprietors of the paper, 
 estimated their loss at $2,500. They were not insured. 
 
 November 12th, the Agricultural Fair was in full blast. A 
 large number of strangers were in the city, and the military and 
 fire companies paraded in full uniform through the principal streets, 
 and the fair grounds. 
 
27 
 
 November 26th, the Democrats had a grand torch-light proces- 
 sion in honor of the election of their candidate, James Buchanan, 
 as President. The Whigs looked upon the scene of rejoicing with 
 sad hearts, and no doubt thought how happy they would be if such 
 demonstrations had been given in honor of Mr. Fillmore's election. 
 [Wonder what would be the condition of the country now, had Mr. 
 Fillmore beaten Mr. Buchanan?] 
 
 Monday morning, December 8th, a fire broke out in a frame 
 house on Virginia street, and before the flames could be subdued, 
 they reached St. Patrick's Catholic Church. The firemen worked 
 gallantly, but their efforts were in vain ; the entire roof was soon in 
 a blaze, and the beautiful building, one of the finest architectural 
 ornaments of the city, became a mass of ruins ! The church had 
 been finished about fourteen years. It was insured for $10,000 — 
 all the church property, except the organ and a few valuable 
 paintings, was saved. One of the destroyed paintings represented 
 "the Assumption," and was a present from Adelaide, Queen of 
 France. Another burned painting represented " the Crucifixion," 
 and was presented to the church by Miss Herron. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SEVEN. 
 
 The Great Snow Storm and Freeze. 
 
 January 1st, a Corn Exchange was organized in the city and 
 the following officers were elected : President, James Gordon, 
 Jr.; Vice-President, John B. Hardy; Secretary, Solomon Cherry; 
 Treasurer, C. W. Granby ; Directors, C. W. Grandy, John B. 
 Hardy, Myer Myers, Alex. Bell, D. D. Simmons, E. T. Hardy, 
 Sol. Cherry and Kader Biggs. A committee was appointed to 
 draft by-laws and to make necessary arrangements for establishing 
 a reading room. 
 
 January 6th, Wm. Dey departed this life in the 49th year of his 
 age. He was a highly esteemed, useful and efficient member of 
 this community and a consistent member of the Baptist Church. 
 
 January 9th, Peter P. Mayo, one of the oldest members of the 
 Norfolk Bar, departed this life, in the 60th year of his age. On 
 the 10th instant the members of the Bar held a meeting, with 
 Tazewell Taylor, Esq., in the chair, and adopted resolutions of 
 respect to his memory. 
 
 January 15th, the Trustees of the Norfolk Academy held a 
 meeting and adopted resolutions of respect to th/e memory of John 
 S. Gamble, the former Principal of the Academy, who died a short 
 time previous to the above date. 
 
 January 17th, a terrible snow-storm begun and continued inces- y 
 santly for two days. The weather during the storm was the 
 coldest ever experienced by the oldest inhabitants, and the suffering 
 in this section was beyond the description of man. Our rivers 
 were tightly frozen from shore to shore, and wild ducks and geese 
 
actually froze to death upon the ice. This was the beginning' of 
 the severest winter that the people of Virginia (and in fact of the 
 whole United States) ever experienced. For the first time since 
 1836 the people of Norfolk and Portsmouth passed from one city 
 to the other upon the ice in the harbor. During the severe storm 
 on the 18th instant the porch of Colonel Myer Myers' house r 
 fronting on Freemason (corner of Bank), was blown down ; the 
 steeple of the Freemason Street Baptist Church received such 
 injuries as to cause serious alarm from residents of its vicinity j the 
 tin roofs of the City Hall and Odd Fellows' Hall were ripped 
 from their places and blown into the streets, and many chimneys in 
 various parts of the town were tumbled to the ground. 
 
 January 22d, the city ferry steamer " Hunter Woodis " succeeded 
 in forcing a passage through the ice from this city to Portsmouth. 
 
 January 25th, the weather was the coldest of the season, and 
 navigation in the harbor was completely stopped. The ice over 
 the deepest water between here and Portsmouth was ascertained to 
 be eight inches thick by actual measurement. Passengers from 
 New York by the steamer Roanoke, Captain Skinner, came from 
 Old Point to Norfolk on the ice. The lady passengers were drawn 
 upon a sleigh. During this freeze the distance (in a direct line) 
 from the ferry wharf at the foot of Market square to the ferry dock 
 in Portsmouth, at the foot of High street, was measured and found 
 to be exactly twelve hundred and sixty-one yards and two feet — 
 nearly three-quarters of a mile. 
 
 January 26th, two gentlemen embarked upon the ice at Stone 
 Bridge in a one-horse sleigh, and drove all around the vessels at the 
 naval anchorage. 
 
 January 28th, the weather had moderated considerably, and a 
 passage way was cut through the ice for the ferry-boats to run to 
 Portsmouth. The weather continued to grow milder after this 
 until this ice blockade was raised between here and Hampton 
 Roads. 
 
 March 24th, the corner-stone of the new Catholic Church (St. 
 Mary's) was laid at the corner of Holt and Chapel streets, Bishop 
 McGill, of Richmond, performing theaccustomed ceremonies, assisted 
 by Father Mathew O'Keefe, pastor of the church in this city, and 
 Father Plunkett, of the Portsmouth church. 
 
 April 9th, the third annual meeting of the stockholders of the 
 Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad was held, when Dr. Francis 
 Mallory was unanimously re-elected as President, and Messrs. 
 William T. Harrison and John E. Doyle were elected as Directors. 
 The President and Chief Engineer submitted their annual reports, 
 which showed that the work on the road was progressing rapidly 
 and satisfactorily. The Herald of the 10th of April said : " The 
 report of Chief Engineer Mahone was a luminous and able docu- 
 
29 
 
 ment ; not only valuable and interesting for the volume of infor- 
 mation it contained, but highly creditable as a composition." 
 
 April 17th, the Atlantic Flour Mill was destroyed by fire. 
 Dr. N. C. Skinner, its sole proprietor,' estimated the cost of the 
 building, machinery, &c, at $40,000. The property was insured 
 for only $20,000. 
 
 June 8th, Alexander A. Martin, aged 69 years, departed this 
 life. He was an upright citizen, and a faithful Christian of the 
 Methodist persuasion. 
 
 June 24th, there was much excitement in the city over the 
 municipal election. The Whigs and Democrats each had a full 
 ticket in the field, and the contest was stubborn and close. Victory 
 perched upon the Whig* banner, ana that party was once more 
 happy and contented. 
 
 October the 3rd, of this year, the Norfolk Day Booh, "a strictly 
 Neutral Daily Evening penny Paper," was first issued to the public 
 — John R. Hathaway, editor and proprietor, and Thomas O. Wise, 
 publisher. 
 
 November 13th, the stockholders of the Albemarle and Chesa- 
 peake Canal Company, met at their office in this city, and elected 
 the following officers : Marshall Parks, Esq., President. Directors, 
 
 B. T. Simmons, of North Carolina; Thos. V. Webb, of Virginia; 
 James Gordon, of Virginia; Addison M. Burt, of New York ; J. 
 Cary Weston, of Virginia ; L. H. Chandler, of Virginia. 
 
 At a meeting of the Seaboard Agricultural Society, held on the 
 12th November, Joseph T. Granbury, of Perquimons county, N. 
 
 C, was elected President ; Messrs. George W. Camp and G. F. 
 Anderson, Secretaries, and John E. Doyle, Esq., Treasurer; W. H. 
 C. Lovitt, Esq., chairman of Executive Committee. 
 
 November 18th, Maggie Mitchell, the actress, made her first 
 appearence before a Norfolk audience, and was received with great 
 delight. 
 
 December 1st, Ex-President Franklin Pierce and lady arrived 
 in the city. The following day they visited the United States ships 
 Pennsylvania and Powhatan, when a national salute was fired in 
 honor of the distinguished visit. 
 
 December 30th, the new Postoffice at the new Customhouse, was 
 duly christened by Postmaster A. M. . Vaughan. December 31st, 
 total number of deaths in the city for the month, 30 — 19 whites 
 and 11 blacks. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-EIGHT. 
 
 January 3rd, a colored woman named Jane Johnson, fell into 
 the river while attempting to get aboard the steamer Jamestown, 
 and came near being drowned. She was saved by her "Sunday 
 hoop skeart," which she said kept her "a swimmin' 'till dat dare 
 gemman (Mr. Roberts, second mate of the steamer) flung me de 
 
30 
 
 line, which I cotch and hilt on to 'tell dey pulled me on de land." 
 Jane was very much frightened, but was loud in her "blessings on 
 hoop skearts." 
 
 February 19th, Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, U. S. A., 
 arrived here in the steamer Coffee, Captain McCarrick, from Old 
 Point, and took quarters at the National Hotel. There was no 
 public demonstration made in honor of the distinguished Virginian, 
 as he had to depart for Richmond early the next morning. 
 
 February 19th, the rail of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad 
 were being laid on the depot grounds on " Bramble's Point," and 
 east end of Wide Water street. 
 
 February 21st, the N. L. A. Blues, under command of Captain 
 Thomas J. Corprew, left for Richmond in, the steamer Glen Cove, 
 to participate with the Richmond military in honoring the " glorious 
 Twenty-Second " and to attend the inauguration and unveiling of 
 the Washington statue. The Blues were escorted to the boat by the 
 Independent Greys, Captain V. D. Groner. On the morning of 
 the same day (Sunday) the Baltimore City Guards, Captain J. P. 
 Warner, arrived in this city on board the steamer Georgia. They 
 were met by the Norfolk Juniors, Captain E. C. Robinson, and 
 escorted to the Juniors' drill-room, where speeches and refreshments 
 were administered "in broken doses." At 11 o'clock a. m. ihese 
 two companies attended divine service in a body at the Freemason 
 Street Baptist Church, and then returned to the drill- room and 
 partook of an elegant dinner. At 3 o'clock p. m. the two companies 
 marched to the steamer Georgia and departed for Richmond. The 
 Independent Greys, Captain V. D. Groner, left for Richmond that 
 night on board the steamer Jamestown. Many of our private 
 citizens accompanied the military boys to Richmond on this trip, 
 and they will never forget the great crowd, bustle, confusion, bad 
 weather and inconveniences they encountered on that memorable 
 day. (Whenever this writer looks upon that equestrian statue of 
 Washington he remembers that it was the first time he ever saw a 
 Norfolk soldier in uniform. He also remembers how the ladies of 
 Richmond complimented the Norfolk companies upon their hand- 
 some and martial appearance as they marched through the town. 
 
 March 5th, the warehouse No. 11 Roanoke square, occupied by 
 J. G. Pollard, and the one No. 13, occupied by Messrs. Jesse Jones 
 & Co., were damaged by fire to the amount of about $15,000. Loss 
 nearly covered by insurance. (This was the fire at which the fire- 
 men had such an exciting " free fight.") 
 
 March 9th, the snow was over one foot keep and our citizens 
 enjoyed sleigh riding to their hearts' content. 
 
 March 18th, the Woodis Riflemen, a new military company, 
 perfected its organization and elected Wm. Lamb, Esq., as Captain. 
 Captain Lamb accepted the honor in a handsome speech. 
 
31 
 
 March 25th, the accomplished actress, Miss Mary Devlin (after- 
 wards married to Edwin Booth, Esq., and died in 1862) appeared 
 at our theatre as Grace Harkaway, in Bouccicault's beautiful 
 comedy of London Assurance. She was supported by the following 
 well known actors from Ford's Holiday Street Theatre, in Balti- 
 more, to wit : Messrs. Charles Bass, J. B. Studley, Jas. Harrison, 
 Stuart Robson, S. E. Browne and that most charming of " Old 
 Ladies," Mrs. Helen Muzzy. Miss Devlin's engagement lasted 
 two weeks, and her audiences were large and fashionable each 
 night. Her reception in London Assurance was a perfect ovation. 
 
 March 30th, the Chief Engineer of the Norfolk and Petersburg 
 Railroad announced that freight would be received for transporta- 
 tion to Suffolk and other points between here and there. 
 
 April 1st. " For several days past the "Peak Family, of Swiss 
 Bell Ringers," have been delighting the people of Norfolk, with 
 their elegant parlor enterments at Johnson's Hall. Notwithstand- 
 ing the attractions at the theatre, the Bell Ringers have had full 
 audiences every night during their stay here." 
 
 December 29th, the Councils met in joint session and adopted the 
 following resolution, to-wit : " Resolved, That the Finance Com- 
 mittee are hereby authorized to purchase from the Norfolk and 
 Petersburg Railroad Company any number not exceeding five 
 hundred and fifty shares of the guaranteed six per cent, stock of 
 said Company ; provided, such purchase can be made by any means 
 not involving increased taxation on the city of Norfolk." This 
 resolution was opposed by Councilmen Belote and Bluford, but was 
 finally adopted by a small majority. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-NINE. 
 
 January 4th, Ex-President John Tyler arrived here from his 
 nome in Charles City county, and took rooms at the National Hotel. 
 
 January 6th, the first boat passed through the Albemarle and 
 Chesapeake Canal. It was the barge Enterprise, from Wilmington, 
 Delaware. She was towed through by the company's steamer 
 Calypso. 
 
 January 12th, the remains of the people from Philadelphia, who 
 died here and in Portsmouth with yellow fever in 1855, were 
 taken up and sent to that city for burial. Those who died here 
 were Herman Kierson, M. D.; Thomas Craycroft, student ; Thomas 
 W, Handy, druggist ; A. J. Thompson, druggist. Those who died 
 in Portsmouth were Dr. Courtland Cole; E. R. Barrett, student ; 
 E. P. Miller, druggist ; Fred. Murfeldt, cupper and leecher ; R. 
 W. Graham, Singleton Mercer, Willian Herson, Mrs. Olive Whit- 
 tier and Miss Lucy Johnson, nurses. The remains of these noble 
 people were escorted to the steamer by the Howard Association, 
 the Riflemen, the Masons, Odd Fellows, and a large number of 
 citizens, who joined in the procession in testimony of their grateful 
 
32 
 
 rememberance of those who devoted their energies and gave their 
 lives to the cause of suffering humanity. 
 
 Sunday morning, January 30th, the steamer Georgia arrived in 
 our harbor and brought the startling intelligence of the burning of! 
 the steamer North Carolina, on the previous day, while on her 
 passage from Baltimore to this city. The unfortunate steamer had 
 26 passengers on board, all of whom escaped unhurt, save the Rev. 
 Mr. Curtis, a Baptist minister from South Carolina, and Isaac 
 Watters, the eqlored steward of the boat. The fire occurred about 
 2 o'cloek at night, in one of the upper state-rooms, while the boat 
 was about five miles below the Smith's Point Light-boat. Among 
 the passengers were seven ladies who barely escaped in their night 
 clothes. One of the ladies threw her infant overboard and jumped 
 after it — her husband at once plunged in to save them, and the 
 gallant Captain Henry Fitzgerald, of Norfolk, also went overboard 
 to assist the devoted husband and father in saving the lives of his 
 dear ones, who were drawn into the life-boats almost lifeless, bat 
 saved ! After Mr. Crapon and his wife and child were safely in 
 the boat, Captain Fitzgerald saw another lady jump into the water, 
 and he also saved her life. This heroic citizen was a passenger on 
 board the boat, and lost everything he had with him. The com- 
 mander of the boat was Captain James Cannon, who was the last 
 person to leave the scene of conflagration. 
 
 Mr. Wra. Denby, Jr., of this city, who was aroused from slumber 
 by the stopping of the steamer, jumped up and hastily awoke his 
 sister, who was sleeping in the next room ; they scarcely had time 
 to escape the flames — she having to leave all her clothes except 
 those in which she slept. Mr. Denby succeeded in launching a 
 boat from the hurricane deck, and as soon as it passed the guards, 
 eighteen persons jumped into it. Miss Denby was the last to get 
 in, having eourageously waited until her brother was ready to 
 receive her. Mr. Denby was highly complimented for his coolness 
 and presence of mind in that trying time, and to him many persons 
 were indebted for saving their lives. 
 
 When the passengers and crew were safely in the boats, they 
 pulled for the Light-boat, where they remained until the steamer 
 Locust Point came along aud took them to Old Point, where they 
 embarked on the Georgia and were brought to this port. Rev. 
 Mr. Curtis and the steward, Watters, were supposed to have been 
 burned, as their bodies were never seen again. The steamer was 
 burned to the water's edge, and the total loss sustained by the 
 dreadful disaster was estimated at §85,000 — nothing was saved 
 excepted what the passengers bore on their persons. 
 
 The list of passengers on the ill-fated North Carolina, was as 
 follows : Dr. J. R. Troup and two daughters, Darian, Ga.; R. H. 
 Northrop, Pioneer Mills, N. C; Thomas W. Field, Gloucester 
 
33 
 
 Court-house, Va.; E. Clayton and lady, Beaufort, N. C; R. J. 
 Gregory. Goldsboro, N. C; J. Lurch (boy), Philadelphia; E. A. 
 Craig, John A. Green and Wra. B. Parks, Baltimore; John A. 
 Boyden, Salisbury, N. C; Dr. John G. Rieves. Edgecomb County, 
 N. C; E. H. Lively, Williamsburg, Va.; S. T. Harth, United 
 States Navy ; R. Mathews, Boston, Mass.; Peter Adams, Greens- 
 boro, N. G; Mat, W. Aylwin, Portsmouth ; D. A. Wicker, Raleigh, 
 N. C; H. Crapon, wife and child, and Miss Mary A. Bryan, 
 Wilmington, N. C; Rev. Dr. Curtis, Chester, S. C; Henry Fitz- 
 gerald, Wm. Denby and sister, and Miss Mary Thompson, ISorfolk. 
 The officers and crew of the boat were as follows : James 
 Cannon, Captain ; Lloyd B. Parkers, Purser ; James Marshall and 
 Thomas J. P. Walker, Mates ; Noah Bratt and James Brownley, 
 Engineers; Isaac Williamson, Mail Agent; Edward Chamberlalne, 
 Express Agent ; Isaac W x atters (colored), Steward ; and several 
 colored waiters and laborers — all of whom were saved — exeept 
 Watters. 
 
 Upon arriving in our port, the passengers of the North Carolina 
 were supplied with all necessaries, through the kindness and 
 sympathy of the ISorfolk and Portsmouth people, and for which, 
 resolutions of thanks were tendered in meeting assembled — thanks 
 were also voted to the officers and crew of the steamer, and to other 
 persons, for their services in saving so many precious lives. 
 
 February 11th, the Democrats met in Ashland Hall to ratify 
 the nomination of Hon. John Letcher and Hon. Robert L. Mon- 
 tague for the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor of the 
 State. William Lamb, Esq., presided over the meeting, and Wil- 
 liam E. Foster, Esq., acted as Secretary. The nomination of Hon. 
 John Randolph Tucker, for Attorney General, was also ratified. 
 
 February 18th, the (old) Odd Fellows' Hall on Wolfe street 
 (now Washington street), at the head of Avon street, was entirely 
 destroyed by fire. This building was erected in 1828 by William 
 H. Maxwell, Esq., and was arranged for and used for several 
 years as a Lyceum. In 1839 it was purchased by Washington and 
 Lafayette Lodges, I. O. O. F., for the sum of $2,000. This Order 
 spent about $5,000 in improving it, and then insured it for $5,000- 
 At the time it was burned it was used as a Jewish Synagogue and 
 Temperance Hall. Captain Young also taught a school in one of 
 the basement rooms, and all of his books and school fixtures were 
 destroyed. The lire was evidently the work of an incendiary. 
 
 February 22d. This anniversary was appropriately observed by 
 our military companies. It was also the first anniversary day of 
 the Woodis Riflemen, Captain William Lamb, and that company 
 gave a grand feast in the Blues' Armory, where a large number of 
 invited guests assembled and enjoyed the festive occasion. Among 
 
34 
 
 the many toasts offered during the evening was the following to 
 " Th e Ladies of Norfolk :" 
 
 " One toast to them is due — 
 
 Their virtues and their charms ; 
 Ever dear and true 
 
 In peace or war's alarms ; 
 Still admired, whenever seen, 
 In or out of crinoline." 
 
 (This sentiment was responded toby our good old friend Colonel 
 George Washington Camp, who was at that time, as he is now, a 
 great admirer of the fair sex). 
 
 Sarah Mallory, a colored woman who belonged to the estate of 
 Captain James Gilbert, deceased, died on the 22d instant at the 
 advanced age of one hundred and twenty years — this was known 
 to be her real age, and no mistake. She had always been a faithful 
 servant, and died respected and regretted by all who knew her, 
 both white and black. She had the largest fuueral procession that 
 ever took place from the Bell Church. 
 
 March 8th, Major Robert W. Bowden, one of our esteemed and 
 valuble citizens, departed this life in the 52d year of his age. At 
 the time of his death he was Cashier of the Bank of Virginia in 
 this city. He died at the residence of his brother, W. F. Bowden, 
 Esq., in Prince George connty, near Petersburg, where he had gone 
 to recuperate his failing health. He was a former Captain of the 
 Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, and his remains were buried with 
 military honors, in the presence of a large concourse of sorrowing 
 friends and relatives. 
 
 March 14th, Judge Vespasian Ellis, father of our esteemed and 
 talented townsman, W. H. C. Ellis, Esq., departed this life at his 
 residence in Washington. 
 
 March 30th, the new steamer Adelaide, of the Old Bay Line, ar 
 rived in this harbor to take the place of the lost steamer North Car- 
 olina, on the Norfolk and Baltimore route. All the officers of the 
 North Carolina were assigned to duty on her. 
 
 Monday evening, October 3d, 1859, a large audience assembled 
 at the Theatre to welcome the third appearance in Norfolk of the 
 talented actors, Mr. and Mrs. D. W. Waller. The play was Ham- 
 let, and the evening's entertainment was delightful. [As we have 
 previously stated, our theatre was first called "The Norfolk Varie- 
 ties." In 1857 the name was changed to "Odd Fellows' Hall," 
 and when the Wallers commenced the engagement above referred 
 to, the place was advertised for the first time as "The Opera House" 
 — by which name it is now familiarly known.] 
 
 Tuesday evening, October 11th, Mr. Frank Chanfrau, the cele- 
 brated comedian, commenced an engagement of six nights at the 
 Opera House. 
 
 October 18th, the military companies of Norfolk and Portsmouth 
 
35 
 
 offered their services to Gov. Wise, to aid in suppressing the John 
 Brown insurrection at Harper's Ferry, but their services were not 
 needed. 
 
 October 23d, Wm, W, Lamb, Esq., was appointed a director of 
 the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad Company, by the Board of 
 Public Works, vieeJno. B. Whitehead, Esq., resigned. 
 
 October 31st, "the wonderfully talented Marsh children delighted 
 the people of this city by their very extraordinary theatrical per- 
 formances. 
 
 November 12th. "The fifth annual exhibition of the Seaboard 
 Agricultural Society has been open since the 7th instant, and closes 
 to-day." On the 10th instant a tournament took place at the Fair 
 Grounds. Twenty Knights engaged in the friendly contest- The 
 charge was delivered by L. H. Chandler, Esq. Mr. Geo. K. Good- 
 ridge, Knight of Hiawatha, won the first honor, but resigned it to 
 Captain W. H. Morgan, of the Lexington (V. M. I.) Cadets, who 
 crowned Miss Lucy Walters, of this city, as Queen of Love and 
 Beauty. 
 
 Mr. R. B. Baylor, Knight of the Silver Star, selected Miss Cow- 
 dery, of Norfolk, as First Maid of Honor. 
 
 Mr. J. C. Friend, Knight of Petersburg, named Miss Ayres, of 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., as Secnod Maid of Honor. 
 
 Mr. F. E. Goodridge, Knight of the Old Dominion, named Miss 
 Webb, of Portsmouth, as Third Maid of Honor. 
 
 November 20th, our esteemed townsman, Col. N. C. King (of 
 King & Toy, druggists) departed this life. He had filled the posts 
 of Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, Chief Engineer of the 
 Fire Department, and various other offices of trust, with credit to' 
 himself and honor to the community. 
 
 November 26th, Col. E. C. Robinson (54th Regiment) received a 
 telegraphic dispatch from Gov. Wise, ordering one company of soldiers 
 from this city and one from our sister city of Portsmouth, to Charles- 
 town, Va., near Harper's Ferry, to do duty while the notorious John 
 Brown and his allies were being tried for treason and insurrection- 
 ary acts. Accordingly, Col. Robinson ordered the Woodis Rifle- 
 men, Captain Wm. Lamb, and the National Grays, of Portsmouth, 
 Captain Deans, to be ready to start for the scene of action. 
 This caused great excitement in the city — particularly among the 
 ladies. The next day (Sunday) the aforesaid companies left on the 
 steamer Louisiana for Baltimore, where they arrived that afternoon. 
 Col. Robinson accompanied his gallant little battalion, and when 
 they arrived in Baltimore he sought Captain Parks, of the Balti- 
 more City Guards, from whom he borrowed overcoats for "the 
 boys," and they proceeded on their journey, arriving at Charles- 
 town on Monday night, the 28th instant. The Riflemen mustered 
 
36 
 
 64 men, rank and file, and the Grays, 59 men — total number of 
 the battalion, 123. 
 
 ^ At noon of December 2d, John Brown was hng, and when the 
 news reached Norfolk our people became calm. But the diabolical 
 attempt of the blood thirsty fanatic upon the lives and liberties of 
 the people of Virginia created a spirit of revenge that lasted for 
 years. A martial spirit was aroused in the breasts of our young 
 men, every one of who*n wanted to be a soldier. New companies 
 were organized and warlike preparations were made in real earnest. 
 On the 30th of November, a new company called the Washington 
 Light Infantry Guards was organized, and Dr. W. N. McKenney 
 was elected Captain ; R. B. Wright, First Lieutenant, and J. F. 
 Wilkins, Second Lieutenant. Lieutenant Wright declined to serve, 
 when Wilkins was promoted, and B. K. Taylor was elected Second 
 Lieutenant. The Southern Guard was organized December 2d in 
 the reading room of the (new) Atlantic Hotel, and the following 
 officers were elected : E. A. Bradford, Captain; H. W. Williamson 
 and R. C. Taylor, Lieutenants; W. H. Taylor, First Sergeant. . 
 
 December 5th, a grand banquet was given at the new hotel (the 
 Atlantic, then recently built and opened by A. G. Newton, Esq.) 
 by a number of citizens in honor of Mr. Thos. Winans and party 
 from Baltimore, who was then on a visit to this city in his curious 
 little pleasure steamer. (This is the little boat that made a trip 
 from Norfolk to Old Point and back in one hour and forty 
 minutes.) 
 
 December 9th, the community was thrown into the most intense 
 excitement by the announcement that little Virgin ius Leonard, aged 
 11 years, and only son of Abram F. Leonard, Esq., editor of the 
 Norfolk Argus, had been foully murdered at the National Hotel. 
 "The damnable assassin had stabbed the innocent little boy in the 
 neck, in the broad day light, and left him to die at the very thres- 
 hold of his parents' door' ; — said one of the city papers. 
 
 December 10th, the Coroner's jury, after examining into the 
 facts connected with the supposed murder of Virginius Leonard, 
 „ame to the conclusion that the lad "came to his death by the acci- 
 dental discharge of a gun in his own hands." [There is yet and 
 probably will ever be a mystery connected with the untimely death 
 of this bright and promising child.] 
 
 December 20th, the Woodis Riflemen, of this city, and the 
 National Grays, of Portsmouth, arrived home from Charlestown. 
 When they left for home, General Taliaferro (the officer in com- 
 mand at Charlestown) ordered a salute of 15 guns to be fired in 
 honor of the gallant battalion. [The battalion was under com- 
 mand of Captain Wm. Lamb, acting Major. Col. E. C. Robinson 
 returned to his post of duty here, after parting with the two com- 
 panies at the Relay House, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
37 
 
 He expected that the remaining companies of his regiment (54th 
 Virginia) would be ordered to the scene of excitement ; this occa- 
 sioned his return to Norfolk.] 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY. 
 
 This year commenced with very cold weather, and on the 5th of 
 January navigation between this city and all the regular communi- 
 cating ports, except New York, was suspended on account of ice. 
 The Richmond, Baltimore, Washington and Fredericksburg boat' 
 
 were fast frozen in the harbors of those places, while our harbor 
 was perfectly free from ice. The Albemarle and Chesapeake and 
 the Dismal Swamp canals were frozen from end to end. 
 
 January 6th, the Boston Line of steamers, between this city, Bos- 
 ton and Providence, was established to run in connection with the 
 Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, and the steamer S. R. Spaulding 
 started on her first trip from Norfolk to Providence this date, with 
 a good cargo of freight and several passengers. 
 
 The financial condition of Norfolk on the first day of this year 
 was as follows, according to the Treasurer's renort : 
 
 Total receipts for past year .". f 136,829 23 
 
 Total disbursements $113,964 14 
 
 Cash on hand 22,865 09— 136,829 23 
 
 CITY DEBT AS FOLLOWS. 
 
 Eegistered stock $1,113,910 00 
 
 Coupon bonds 153,500 00 
 
 Bills payable ' 68,100 00 
 
 Total debt $1,335,510 00 
 
 March 20th, the new Market House (the present one) was com- 
 pleted at a cost of $1 9,000. It is 210 feet long and forty feet wide, 
 and contains seventy-two stalls, which are to be rented annually to 
 the butchers. 
 
 March 23d, the Southern Guard (Company F, of the 54th Regi- 
 ment) paraded yesterday for the first time. Captain E. M. Brad- 
 ford was in command, and the company made a fine appearance, 
 numbering 54 men, rank and file. 
 
 April 12th, the seventh annual meeting of the Norfolk and P& 
 tersburg Railroad Company was held in this city. At this meeting 
 it was resolved to consolidate the offices of President and Chief En- 
 gineer. William Mahone, Esq,, was then elected President and 
 Chief Engineer by a majority of 923 votes. The official reports 
 read at this meeting showed the road to be in a flourishing condi- 
 tion, considering the great disadvantages under which it had been 
 completed. 
 
 April 25th, Opera House theatricals were closed for the season — ; 
 Joe Jefferson, the popular comedian, having been the chief attrac- 
 tion for several weeks previous. But Robinson & Lake's circus 
 arrived here this date and the young people were all in a good hu- 
 
38 
 
 mor. (Everybody went to the circus in those days, and the per- 
 formances were better then than they are now.) Each performance 
 for two days and nights was witnessed by a large crowd. 
 
 May 2d, the 54th Regiment Virginia Militia was this day dis- 
 rupted by the withdrawal of several volunteer companies, who 
 formed a new battalion and selected William E. Taylor, Esq., as 
 Major of the same. A committee waited upon Mr. Taylor to ask 
 if he would accept the command, and he replied in the affirmative. 
 
 May 4th, James J. Cunningham, a member of the Norfolk Light 
 Artillery Blues, departed this life in the 29th year of his age. He 
 was highly esteemed, in the community. 
 
 May 7th, Ex-Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell died in the 
 86th year of his age. A meeting of the Norfolk Bar was held on 
 the 8th instant, when resolutions of respect were adopted in memory 
 of this great and good man. A resolution was also adopted request- 
 ing Mr. Hugh Blair Grigsby 10 write a discourse upon the life and 
 character of Mr. Tazewell, to be read to the Bar at some future day. 
 
 May 24th was election day, but there was very little excitement 
 attending it, and everything passed off very quietly. R. H. 
 Baker, Esq., was elected Circuit Judge of the First District without 
 opposition. W. W. Coke Esq., was elected Commonwealth's Attor- 
 ney of Norfolk, by a majority of 44, over George Blow, Jr., Esq. 
 George W. Steed, Esq., was elected Commissioner of the Revenue 
 without opposition. 
 
 During this month (May) there were half a dozen excursions to 
 Lake Drummohd, which were highly enjoyed by our citizens and 
 some distinguished visitors from New York and Baltimore. (This 
 Lake has ceased to attract the attention of our people now, and 
 strange to say, for it is a beautiful place.) 
 
 May 30, Mr. H. B. Reardon, an old an highly esteemed citizen, 
 died. His death was not a surprise, as he had been in feeble health 
 for some time. 
 
 June 4th, the new bell for Christ Church was raised to the 
 tower and placed in position. It was made in West Troy, N. Y., 
 and weighed twelve hundred pounds. 
 
 June 5th, the Merchants' and Mechanics' Exchange held its 
 annual meeting. John B. Whitehead, Esq., was elected President, 
 vice Kader Biggs, Esq., who declined a re-election. Upon being 
 notified of his election Mr. Whitehead declined to serve ; where- 
 upon, Mr. Biggs was unanimously re-elected, against his will. 
 
 June 25th (Monday) was the election day for municipal officers. 
 The Democrats got the inside track for the first time in many 
 years, and defeated some of the Whig nominees. Mr. William W. 
 Lamb (Dem.) was elected Mayor over F. F. Ferguson, Esq., 
 (Whig) by a majority of 130. (The number of votes polled for 
 Mayor was li088). The following gentlemen were also elected: 
 
39 
 
 Tbomas J. Corprew, Sergeant; R. A. Worrell, Collector; 3„ 
 Hardy Hendren, Register ; John B. Branham, Assessor ; William 
 Hawkins, Keeper of Almshouse; Dr. W. M. Wilson, Physician to 
 Almshouse; James M. Steed, Ganger; E. L. Young, Surveyor. 
 During the latter part of the day there was much excitement at the 
 polls, and several fights occurred, resulting in black eyes, bloody 
 noses, bruised heads and many arrests. (We do not think, how- 
 ever, from the accounts given in the papers next day. that the 
 fighting was a party affair. It was caused by whisky, and confined 
 to a certain element known as " election bummers "). 
 
 June 25th, at night a daring attempt was made to burn Johnson's 
 Hall, on Main street. The incendiary's torch had been applied, 
 but the flames died out before doing any damage. The building 
 and the goods in the stores on the ground floor were insured for 
 about $50,000 at the time. 
 
 July 4th was appropriately celebrated by the military. At night- 
 there was a grand display of fireworks on the Academy lot. The 
 Norfolk Light- Artillery Blues spent the day in Smithfield as 
 guests of the Smithfield Artillery Company. (Captain Jacob 
 Vickery was Captain of the Blues at that time). 
 
 July 11th, a boiler exploded at the marine railway and ship- 
 yard of William A. Graves, Esq., which demolished a valuable 
 engine and the building in which it was located. Mr. Graves and 
 four other persons were injured, but not dangerously. 
 
 July 14th, W. L. Walters, Esq., died. He had been proprietor 
 of the National Hotel ever since the death of his father in 1855, 
 and was widely known and respected. 
 
 July 15th, Governor Letcher and his excellent lady paid a visit 
 to this city and were the recipients of much attention. 
 
 July 19th, at 9 o'clock at. night, the steamship Pennsylvania, of 
 the Philadelphia, Norfolk and Richmond line, was burned in 
 James river while en route from this city to Richmond. She had 
 seven passengers on board, viz : G. D. Graham, Esq., Mrs. 
 McCleary, Mrs. Deitz and her four children, aged respectively 
 two, four, nine and eleven years. All of Mrs. D.'s children were 
 drowned except the infant, two years of age, by being washed from 
 a raft upon which they had been placed by the officers of the boat. 
 The other passengers and the crew were saved. This unfortunate 
 disaster occasioned much sorrow among our citizens. All the 
 passengers were natives of Philadelphia, but were residents of Rich- 
 mond, and were returning from a visit to their friends North. 
 
 Friday, August the 8th, the steamship Great Eastern — the 
 largest ship in the world — arrived at Hampton Roads from New 
 York, en route for Baltimore (or as near there as she could go). 
 A large number of our citizens went to Old Point to see this 
 " monster of the wave " come in. She anchored between Fort 
 
-40 
 
 Calhoun and Fortress Monroe, in fifty feet water. The crowd 
 of persons assembled on the beach at Old Point to witness the 
 arrival was estimated at ten thousand persons — people came from 
 all parts of Virginia and North Carolina to see the " big ship.' 7 
 The hotels of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and of Hampton and Old 
 Point, were literally packed with visitors, and yet there were hun- 
 dreds who could get no place to sleep each night that the ship 
 remained in the Roads. (She remained two nights and days). 
 
 August 25th, Hon. Stephen a Douglass arrived here from Balti- 
 more. At night he addressed a large congregation of citizens from 
 the City Hall steps. Mr. Douglass received many courtesies from 
 the people of Norfolk on that occasion. 
 
 August 31st, Mr. James A. Taylor, son of Mrs. Ann B. Taylor, 
 departed this life in the 28th year of his age. He was an honored 
 member of Company F, and was loved by a large circle of friends 
 and relatives. 
 
 September 3d, one hundred guns were fired by the Whigs in 
 honor of Hon. Win. L. Goggin, who came here to address the peo- 
 ple of Norfolk and Portsmonth in the interests of Bell and Ever- 
 ett, the Whig nominees for President and Vice-President. The 
 political campaign had then been fairly opened, and at different 
 parts of the city could be seen floating in the breeze the flags of 
 "Breckenridge and Lane," "Douglass and Johnson," and "Bell 
 and Everett." [That was the beginning of the ruin that was after- 
 ward brought upon the country by the division of the Democratic 
 party.] 
 
 September 13th, Benjamin Pollard, Esq., died in the 73d year 
 of his age. He was a native of this city and in his younger days 
 was a successful lawyer. He served as a Lieutenant in the 54th 
 Virginia Regiment during the war of 1812, and his subsequent life 
 Avas useful and honorable. 
 
 September 25th, the Third Battalion of Virginia Volunteers, 
 under command of Major Wm. E. Taylor, paraded for the first 
 time in public and presented a handsome appearance. Lieutenant 
 B,. C. Taylor, of Company F, acted as Adjutant. 
 
 September 28th, a political meeting was held in Ashland Hall 
 and a large audience was present. It was a joint discussion in which 
 all political parties were interested. During the evening a diffi- 
 culty occurred between one of the Bell and Everett electors and a 
 Breckenridge elector, which resulted in a fight. Just as the com- 
 batants had clinched, General Blow, the Douglass elector for this 
 district, interfered and separated them — thereby gaining for him- 
 self credit as a peacemaker between his political opponents. [Had 
 the Douglass men withdrawn their candidates from the contest 
 about that time and thus have united the Democracy, they would 
 have been the greatest peacemakers this country ever had]. 
 
41 
 
 The remainder of the year 1860 was spent in continual strife in 
 our midst between party politicians. The whole country became 
 alarmed at the threatening aspect of national affairs. It was well 
 known to the leading men of the country that if the Democratic 
 party was anything like equally divided the large vote of the 
 Northern and Eastern States would surely elect Mr. Lincoln, the 
 Abolition candidate for the Presidency ; and this fact occasioned 
 great alarm in the slave States, where the bulk of the people's 
 wealth consisted in negro slaves, which had been inherited from 
 their ancestors, and which they held as personal property under 
 the laws of the land. The people of Norfolk were not behind 
 their Southern brethren in predicting the results which would 
 follow Mr. Lincoln's election, and they worked day and night in 
 the interests of their favorite candidates. There were no aboli- 
 tionists here — at least none who were bold enough to avow such 
 political sentiments; but the policy of that party had been boldly 
 proclaimed from the rostrum throughout the North and published 
 in the Abolition papers throughout the country, and there was no 
 mistaking it. Mr. Lincoln had accepted their leadership upon a 
 platform which he was in honor bound to stand by and carry out, 
 if elected. 
 
 In the face of these important facts the Democrats, unfortunately, 
 could make no compromise between the Douglass and Breckenridge 
 factions of their party — each claimed an unconditional surrender 
 from the other, and thus the gulf between them daily grew wider 
 and wider. A large number of the Whigs in the North were also 
 opposed to slavery, and as soon as they saw the Democrats divided, 
 and knew that Lincoln's chances were good, they deserted the 
 standard of Bell and Everett and joined the abolition ranks, and 
 the whole country knows the sequel. Mr. Lincoln received (solely 
 on account of the split in the Democratic party) a larger number 
 of the electoral votes cast than did either one of his opponents, and 
 was consequently declared elected. Great was the excitement 
 throughout the country, and the extreme Southern men threatened 
 secession. Norfolk gave Bell and Everett, the Whig candidates, a 
 very respectable majority, and Breckenridge got a larger vote in 
 the city than Douglass did. 
 
 [The writer must be pardoned for thus referring to political 
 matters; as they have a significance concerning the succeeding 
 pages of this book, and could not well be omitted. The facts 
 alluded to are familiar to a large majority of the people ; but there 
 are boys growing up to be men in our midst — boys who are to 
 make names for themselves, and who already give promise of future 
 usefulness and distinction; and when they read these pages they can 
 find enough in the foregoing political preface to interest them in 
 the causes which lead to our unfortunate civil war, and cause them 
 
42 
 
 to seek for information which may prove very valuable to them m 
 lime to come]. 
 
 We now pass to the most eventful year in the- history of our 
 country j but will only give a brief synopsis of events that occurred 
 In and around Norfolk;, according to the evidence in our possession 
 — and that is very limited. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-ONE. 
 
 January 1st, the U. S. brig Dolphin was put out of commission. 
 Her crew was paid off and discharged at this port. 
 
 Friday, January 4th , was "fast and prayer day/' ordered by 
 President Buchanan. It was very generally observed here. [There 
 was a great deal to pray for at that time.] 
 
 January 5th, there was an immense meeting of the citizens held 
 in Ashland Hall to take the necessary steps toward "organizing 
 effectively the military force of the city." Major F. F. Ferguson 
 was called to the chair and West wood A. Todd, Esq,, appointed 
 Secretary. "Attachment to the Union, with guarantees of our 
 safety and honor ; devotion to Southern rights, and a firm deter- 
 mination to maintain them to the last extremity — by force of arms 
 if necessary" — were the sentiments of all the speakers of the oc- 
 casion — some of whom were not so "gushing and rushing" in their 
 patriotism when the war came on. 
 
 On same day Lieutenant R. T. Chapman and Master Thos. B. 
 Mills, resigned their commissions in the U. S. Navy. Both were 
 from Alabama and were attached to the Brooklyn, then at our 
 Navy -yard. [These were the first Navy officers, as far as we can 
 learn, who resigned their positions on account of Southern sympa- 
 thy.] Lieutenant Pelote, of South Carolina, resigned a few days 
 afterwards, in this port, and tendered his services to his native 
 State. [He was well known in Norfolk, and was afterwards a 
 gallant Confederate soldier, and gave his life to the lost cause !] 
 
 January 10th, Company F, Captain Bradford, of the Third Vir- 
 ginia Battalion, was presented with Springfield muskets of the Har- 
 per's Ferry make. The muskets cost $8 each and were paid for 
 by our generous and patriotic fellow-citizen, Andrew Sigourney, 
 Esq., who presented them in person. 
 
 January 15th, F. F. Ferguson, Esq., late Mayor, was elected 
 Captain of the " Juniors." This was the second time he had been 
 Captain of the same Company. 
 
 January 24th, Ashland Hall was filled to overflowing with 
 secession citizens, to nominate a candidate to represent the city in 
 the State Convention. On motion of Captain James E. Barry, 
 Mr. James R. Hubard was elected chairman, and Messrs. W. S. 
 Forrest and William E. Foster appointed secretaries. Mr. W. A. 
 Swank addressed the meeting in favor of sending a man who would 
 certainly vote for secession. Major Thomas J. Corprew was nom- 
 
43 
 
 inated, but declined to serve — whereupon, Mr. James R. Hubard 
 was chosen, and accepted the nomination. (He was regarded as 
 the *' very man " for the Secessionists). 
 
 January 26th, the Union Conservatives held a meeting, with 
 Thomas C. Tabb, Esq., in the chair, and Mr. David D. Stone as 
 secretary. General George Blow was nominated for the Conven- 
 tion, and accepted the honor in an able speech. This meeting was 
 not half so large as the one held by the " seceders.' ; 
 
 P'ebruary 4th, the election for a delegate to the State Convention 
 took place with the following result in the city, to-wit : Blow, 
 Union candidate, 992 ; Hubard, Secession candidate, 442. Gen. 
 Blow's majority, 480. [The election for delegates to that Conven- 
 tion was held on the same day throughout the entire State, and a 
 majority of said delegates were elected as Union men. It was also 
 decided by a large majority vote that the action of the Convention 
 should be inferred to the people of the State for their ratification or 
 rejection. The hurried action of Mr. Lincoln, however, in call- 
 ing for troops from Virginia and other States to coerce South 
 Carolina, caused many of the Union men to change their tactics, 
 and they finally voted for Secession — and the action of the Conven- 
 tion was afterwards ratified by the people at the polls by a very 
 large majority, which plainly proved that Mr. Lincoln's war policy 
 was a death blow to the Union sentiment in Virginia, and partly 
 caused the adoption of the Secession ordinance by her Convention]. 
 
 February 18th, Jefferson Davis, Esq., was inaugurated at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama, as President of the Confederate States of 
 America, and when the telegraph brought the news to Norfolk 
 there was great excitement among the people, and hundreds of 
 (heretofore) Union men openly proclaimed themselves in favor of 
 the " New Southern Republic." [Some of our impatient young 
 men immediately set out for Charleston, S. C, and there joined the 
 Confederate Army]. 
 
 February 26th, Mayor Lamb received numerous telegrams from 
 Baltimore, in which distressed parents asked him to intercept their 
 sons (minors) who had left home to join the Southern Army. The 
 boys, however, had left here on the early Seaboard and Roanoke 
 train before the telegrams reached the Mayor, and he was utterly 
 powerless to stop them. 
 
 March 4th, news was received in the city of Lincoln's inaugura- 
 tion as President, and a synopsis of his address was published in the 
 papers next day. One of our daily papers, the Day Booh, thus 
 spoke of it : " Lincoln, the wild, political despot of the West, whose 
 head has been crazed by the doctrines and isms of Horace Greeley, 
 has proclaimed to those who had patience to hope better things of him 
 that they must hope no longer. Mis inaugural has gone forth to the 
 world — carrying with it the declaration of coercion, fully and expli- 
 
44 
 
 utly announced. It has told the millions of inhabitants of this country, 
 who hoped for peace from his lips, that they shall have no peace. He pro- 
 claims to the South war ! war ! ! icar ! ! ! He has exposed his cloven 
 foot plainly and openly to the gaze of ail, that they may be no longer 
 deceived ; and ice must say that henceforth we can have but. little patience 
 with any Southern, man who toould pretend that there is yet hope." 
 [Up to the time that the inaugural address was delivered, the Day 
 Book had been an able and persistent advocate of the Union and of 
 peace measures]. 
 
 April 2d, a Confederate flag was fiung to the breeze from the 
 house-top of a citizen residing on Wolfe (now Washington) street. 
 It was adorned with seven stars arranged in a circle, with " Va." 
 in the centre. [This was the beginning of a new sensation], 
 
 April 3d, George W. Steed departed this lii'e. He was tor sev- 
 eral years the faithful and efficient Commissioner of the Revenue 
 for this city. 
 
 April 4th, a large assemblage of citizens was addressed by Hon. 
 Roger A. Pry or at Mechanics' Hall. After the speaking was over 
 the meeting adopted a resolution instructing General Blow (delegate 
 to the Convention) to vote for Secession. 
 
 April 8th, the Woodis Riflemen, Captain William Lamb, paraded 
 in a drenching rain to pay the last tribute of respect to their deceased 
 comrade, Henry Holland, who died April 7th, of consumption. 
 
 April 10th, the U. S. steamers Pocahontas and Pawnee sailed 
 from the Navy- Yard with sealed orders. 
 
 April 11th, a night dispatch was received here stating that the 
 bombardment of Fort Sumter had been commenced, and that Gen. 
 Beauregard had demanded its surrender. This news caused great 
 excitement in the city, and increased the war feeling to " lever 
 heat." 
 
 April 12th, some young men from this city sailed down to 
 Craney Island and raised a Confederate flag upon the old block 
 house. It was pulled down by government employees soon after 
 the young men left the Island. 
 
 April 15th, the United Artillery Company, under Captain Thos. 
 Kevill, tired liftcen guns from Stone Bridge in honor of the reduc- 
 tion of Fort Sumter. [This Artillery Company was composed of 
 the members of the "old United Fire Company," and was already 
 for duty]. 
 
 Apiil 17th, Lieutenant James F. Milligan, First Lieutenant in 
 the U. S. Revenue Service, forwarded his resignation to S. P. 
 Chase, Esq., Secretary of the Treasury, at Washington. 
 
 April 17th, the "Independent Greys" held a meeting and re-or- 
 ganized their company by electing the following officers: \l. C. 
 Taylor, Captain ; W. G. Webb, First Lieutenant, and J.H. Smith, 
 Second Lieutenant. 
 
45 
 
 On the same clay Geo. Loyall, Esq., U. S. Navy Agent of this 
 station, sent his resignation to the Naval authorities at Washington. 
 
 April 19th, the "Old Dominion State Guard," under the super- 
 vision of Colonel Wm. Mahone, held a meeting and re-organized 
 with the following officers: Chas. B. Langley, Captain; W. W. 
 Barnes, C. H. Wilson and B, K. Taylor, Lieutenants, and Oscar 
 E. Edwards, Orderly Sergeant. [General W. B. Taliaferro, of 
 Gloucester county, was stationed here to re-organize the Virginia 
 troops in this section. He was ably assisted in that arduous work 
 by Col. Mahone.] 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF THE GOSPORT NAVY- YARD. 
 
 On Saturday night, April 20th, 1861, the Gosport Navy-yard 
 was evacuated by the U. S. Government troops. General Talia- 
 ferro, commandant of the Virginia militia at this place, made a 
 demand upon Commodore Macauley for a surrender of the Govern- 
 ment property at the yard, which was refused — the Commodore 
 assuring General T. that nothing would be removed and no vessel 
 should leave the yard without due notice being given him. This 
 assurance quieted our people for a while; but in a short time it 
 was observed that the hands in the yard were engaged in "cutting 
 down the shears, (which fell across the Germantown), scuttling the 
 vessels, spiking the guns and destroying everything they coiud lay 
 hands upon." 
 
 "At about 8 o'clock p. m. the U. S. gunboat Pawnee, crowded 
 with men, passed up to the Navy-yard. The information of her 
 coming was given by Capt. P. McCarrick, of the steamer North- 
 ampton, to the Virginia troops at Fort Norfolk, and was carried to 
 General Taliaferro by M. Glennan, (then a youth) ; the General, 
 appreciating young Glennan's promptness in delivering the news, 
 at once appointed him as his Orderly. General Taliaferro then 
 gave orders to blockade the channel, and a large number of volun- 
 teers proceeded to dismast and load with ballast two schooners 
 lying at Town Point for that purpose, and they were towed down 
 and placed in proper position." At midnight a lurid light shot 
 up from the Yard and it was discovered that the buildings had been 
 fired — a 1 so the ships Pennsylvania, Merrimac, Raritan, Columbus, 
 and the brig Dolphin, which were burned to the water's edge. 
 
 "The machinery and everything in the work-shops that could be 
 broken was rendered useless. An attempt was also made to blow 
 up the dry dock, but it fortunately failed." It is said that 500 
 men from the Pawnee aided in this work of destruction. The guns 
 at the yard were spiked with ten-penny nails, but were not much 
 injured by that operation. After destroying all they could, the 
 troops embarked at daylight next morning (April 21st) on board 
 the Cumberland and Pawnee, which steamed down to Fort Monroe. 
 In avoiding the obstructions the Cumberland got aground, but was 
 
46 
 
 soon gotten off with the assistance of the Pawnee and the Boston 
 steamer, S. R. Spaulding. The night previous to the burning of the 
 Navy-yard our troops took possession of Fort Norfolk, where they 
 found an immense quantity of ammunition, but no guns of any im- 
 portance. The Fort was soon afterwards fortified and presented a 
 bold appearance. [The destruction of the ships at the Yard was a 
 useless piece of work; they could have been saved to the Govern- 
 ment as easily as the Cumberland and Pawnee were, but perhaps 
 Commodore Macauley didn't know it — nevertheless, he should have 
 made an effort to save them.] 
 
 April 22d, a schooner laden with a cargo of pork, molasses and 
 gunpowder, for the Government vessels on this station, entered the 
 harbor and was taken possession of by the State authorities. 
 
 April 23d, General Walter Gwynn took command of the State 
 forces here, vice General Taliaferro transferred, and took quarters 
 in the Custom House. Mr. J. J. Simpkins, U. S. Internal Reve- 
 nue Collector here, this day resigned his position as such. On 
 same day, the Davis Guard was organized, by the election of 
 the following officers: Edward Dodd, Captain ; J. J. Foster ana 
 Robert S. Guyot, Lieutenants, and Nicholas Smith, Orderly Ser- 
 geant. 
 
 April 24th, several companies of infantry arrwed here from 
 Richmond, Petersburg, North Carolina and Georgia, to be assigned 
 to duty in this vicinity. 
 
 During the warlike preparations that were being made in and 
 around Norfolk in April and May, 1861, our ladies — God bless 
 them — bore themselves like heroes of old. They visited and enter- 
 tained the soldiers from our sister States in a manner that was truly 
 noble and encouraging. They furnished to the army everything 
 they had to spare that would aid our cause, and manifested a spirit 
 of patriotism and courage that had a telling effect upon the soldiers. 
 On the 25th of April, the Macon Volunteers, from Georgia, held 
 a meeting and "unanimously elected Mrs. John Hipkins, a noble 
 matron of the Old Dominion, as an honorary member of the com- 
 pany, conferring upon her all the rights and privileges of said 
 corps." [The action of the company was published in the daily 
 papers as a compliment to Mrs. H., who had been very kind to 
 this gallant band of Georgians.] 
 
 April 28th, the good people of Petersburg, "the gallant Cockade 
 City," presented General Walter Gwynn (our Commanding Gen- 
 eral) with a magnificent horse, which was duly received and thank- 
 fully acknowledged. 
 
 May 5th, the remains of the ships burned at the Navy -yard were 
 inspected, and a large force of workmen were employed to recon- 
 struct the same for the use of the Confederates. The sloop-of-war 
 German town and the Merrimac were the first repaired. 
 
47 
 
 Previous to the adjournment of the State Convention the follow- 
 ing military appointments by Gov. Letcher for our State were duly 
 confirmed, to-wit : Commander-in-Chief of State Forces, Major- 
 General Robert E. Lee; Walter Gwynn, Brigadier-General; Jos. 
 E. Johnston, Brigadier-General ; J. Bankhead Magruder, Briga- 
 dier General ; Phillip St. George Cocke, J. W. Allen, C. Q. Tomp- 
 kins, and Kenton Harper, Colonels of Volnnteers; R. S. Garnett, 
 Colonel and Assistant Adjutant-General; (the Adjutant-General of 
 the State, Brigadier-General W. H. Richardson, needed no confirma- 
 tion, as he had held the office for many years, and continued to hold 
 it until his death, which occurred in 1876]; Dr. Chas. Bell Gibson, 
 Surgeon-General; Michael Harrnan, Quartermaster-General. 
 [These were the officers of the Virginia forces who were appointed 
 while the State Convention was in session. There were many 
 others who held State Commissions — some in Norfolk — whose 
 names are not here published, and who tendered their services to 
 the Confederate Government before Virginia seceded. The names 
 above mentioned were confirmed by the "Secession Convention."] 
 
 The Norfolk soldiers read of the appointment of General R. E. 
 Lee as their Commander-in-Chief, and repeatedly asked, "Who is 
 he?" "Where did he come from ?" and other such questions — little 
 dreaming that future events would prove him to be "a second Na- 
 poleon in the science of war." 
 
 During the mouths of April and May, all the old companies of 
 the city were re- organized and several new ones formed, and they 
 were assigned to our local defences as soon as they reported for 
 duty. 
 
 May 11th, Captain Hunter, of the Virginia Navy, General Geo. 
 Blow, Col. H. Robertson, and Capt. Wm. N; McKenney, of this 
 city, went to Fort Monroe with a flag of truce, in the steamer Em- 
 pire, Lieut. James F. Milligan, commanding. The object of the 
 visit was to carry down the wives of several Jiaen "who left here on 
 the U. S. steamer Cumberland the night the Navy-yard was 
 burned — and also to demand the return of several negro slaves who 
 had left their owners and were loafing about the Fort. Commodore 
 Pendergrast immediately arrested the said slaves and delivered 
 them up to the gentlemen above named. 
 
 THE FIEST BATTLE IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 lhe Norfolk Soldiers Engaged at Sewell's Point. 
 
 The "Battle of Sewell's Point" (called a battle at that time) was 
 
 fought on the 19th of May, 1861, and we here give some extracts 
 
 from a letter written about that engagement by a member of the 
 
 Norfolk Light- Artillery Blues : 
 
 "At 11 o'clock A. m., Sunday, the 19th of May, the detachment 
 of N. L. A. Blues, stationed at this post, (Boush's Bluff) under 
 Lieut. Thomas Nash, Jr., and a detachment of Juniors, under Lieut. 
 
48 
 
 Holmes, received orders to march immediately to SewelPs Point 
 and report there for duty. Upon our arrival we found the Colum- 
 bus (Ga.) Light Guard, under Captain Colquit, and the Wood is 
 Rifles, just from Ocean View, under Capt. Wm. Lamb. Gen. Gwynn, 
 with his Aid, Major Wm. E. Taylor, was on the ground giving 
 orders. At 4 o'clock p. m. one gun was mounted on its carriage, 
 but not fastened. Two others were at that hour buried in the sand. 
 By 5 o'clock they also were mounted, and one of them fastened. 
 While the work of arranging the guns for action was hastily but 
 steadily progressing, a shot came whizzing from a U. S. Govern- 
 ment steamer and struck the battery, throwing the turf some dis- 
 tance in the air. 
 
 "All the Battery was now in confusion, but immediate prepara- 
 tion was made to return the fire with the two 32-pounders, and two 
 rifled cannon brought and manned b} 7 the Woodis Rifles. Captain 
 Colquit being in command of the forces at this time, called for a 
 Virginian to hoist the Georgian flag (that being on the spot) and 
 Major Wm. E. Taylor, of Norfolk, mounted the ramparts and un- 
 furled it to the breeze in defiance of the enemy, who had initiated 
 the battle. Orders were then given to open fire, and the first gun 
 was discharged by the detachment of Juniors, Thad Gray having 
 command of the gun. The Georgians who had worked manfully 
 in mounting the guns (in conjunction with the Juniors, Blues and 
 Rifles) took charge of the other two and fought bravely during the 
 whole engagement." 
 
 The Blues were then ordered back to Boush's Bluff, from whence 
 they came, to repel any land attack that might be made by troops 
 from Old Point. .The letter continues : 
 
 " Every man acted the true soldier, and though our forces only 
 numbered 250 men, every one stood at his post, whether in the 
 battery or out of it, ready to answer the call of his commanding 
 officer. Those present on that occasion will scarcely ever forget 
 the sound of a bomb or the whistle of a ball, and though they 
 cracked the trees and ploughed the ground around us, ' nobody 
 was hurt/ and ' every one remained to tell the tale ' of the first 
 battle in this State in defence of our liberties. 
 
 "Never was a battery worse prepared for such an engagement. 
 The guns were not in order; not a sight had been placed on them, 
 nor was there time even to think of putting them on, had they been 
 in place, consequently the fire was at random, and very few shots 
 were effective. It is enough for our friends to know that we did all 
 we could under such circumstances, and we are sure it will be sat- 
 isfactory to them. The soldiers suffered greatly during the night 
 on account of the rain and wind, especially those on guard." 
 
 Before day on the morning of May 20th Sewell's Point was again 
 reinforced by the Blues and a portion of the Georgia Regiment from 
 
49 
 
 the Cross-Roads, a Louisiana Regiment, a Petersburg Battalion, 
 and the Richmond Grays, which were sent from Norfolk, " but the 
 Lincolnites did not renew the attack again until the 21st, when 
 they made several ineffectual attempts to silence oi<r batteries." 
 
 A Georgia gentleman, upon returning to this city after the fight 
 took place at Sewell's Point, thus wrote to a friend : 
 
 " Norfolk, May 23, 1861. 
 
 " I must, in the beginning of this sketch, tell you that I am 
 writing in the room where the British spy was stationed — where 
 Lafayette stopped while in Virginia — where Tom Moore's American 
 poems were composed, including his ' Maid of the Dismal Swamp ' 
 — the chamber where G. P. R. James wrote most of his romances. 
 The table on which I write was the property of Lord Dunmore and 
 used by him as a private writing desk. So you see I have decidedly 
 the advantage of those who do their scribbling on camp stools. I 
 am indebted for this special favor to one of Virginia's most noble 
 ladies, and here I would take occasion to say that Virginia ladies 
 (particularly of Norfolk and Portsmouth) will live long in the 
 memory of the Georgia troops." 
 
 "The Monticello, now the Star, lay with her broadside to the 
 battery about three-quarters of a mile off. Our two thirty-two 
 pounders had been mounted, and two rifled cannon peeped through 
 their port-holes ; and while the third gun was being ' fixed up/ 
 Whiz-z-z-z came a shell, and bursted on our battery near Private 
 Oliver Cleveland, who had gone out in front of one of our guns to 
 shovel away sand. Captain Colquit (of Georgia, afterwards Gen. 
 Colquit, and was killed at Gettysburg,) in command of the forces 
 (consisting of parts of several Virginia companies and the City 
 Light Guard, of Georgia), ordered the men to their posts, and in a 
 few moments the welkin rang with the booming of our guns. 
 The Monticello fired rapidly and bravely, but the most of her shots 
 were wild. Some of them, however, were well directed, bursting 
 in our embrasures, over our heads, and all around us. We learn 
 that she has endeavored to make the impression that she passed the 
 ordeal of our iron hail without injury; but she is slightly mistaken. 
 Five holes are in her — the very best indication of which is her 
 dreadful limping as she turned her stern to our fire, and hitched on 
 a tug, which carried her off. We have no disposition to deal in 
 falsehoods, and we tell the Monticello that some of her shots were 
 well aimed, and furthermore, that she required heavy corking to 
 save sinking, and that she must have lost many of her men. We 
 hear but six are lost, but when the truth comes, it will be double 
 that number. If the Monticello is not crippled, we cordially invite 
 her back to her old stand, near the buoy in front of our little sand 
 bank. 
 
50 
 
 "I wish to make mention of the brave and gallant bearing of 
 Thad. Gray, of one of the Virginia companies (the Norfolk Juniors), 
 during the engagement of Sunday, the 19th. In his bare skin to 
 the waist, he worked like a Trojan — cool and self-possessed, unmoved 
 by the enemy's fire, he worked at his gun like a man and a brave 
 soldier. Some of the men acted very conspicuous parts in the 
 engagement, and deserve especial notice. Sergeant Larin, Privates 
 Mayo and Porter, in the hottest of the fire, took their spades and 
 walked out in full view of the enemy, and at the most exposed 
 points, and shoveled away sand which lay in front of two of the 
 guns, obstructing the effect of their fire, and rendering them useless. 
 Mr. J. Berrian Oliver, one of the most esteemed citizens of Geor- 
 gia, was once buried in sand by the bursting of a shell in the em- 
 brasure of the gun at which he was working. Before the smoke 
 and dust had cleared away, he was at his post unmoved and un- 
 daunted. Inexperienced in military life, he has won rich laurels 
 in this, the first battle on Virginia soil. A braver and purer spirit 
 never marched to meet an enemy. Lieutenant Maffit, who com- 
 manded one of the guns, acted with a degree of bravery and cool- 
 ness that would have done credit to an older and more experienced 
 soldier. 
 
 " Captain Lamb well sustained the reputation of Virginia's blood 
 and bravery. Captain Colquit, of the City Light Guards, com- 
 manding, acted with the most remarkable degree of self-possession, 
 wisdom and bravery, assisting under the thick hail of shell and 
 shot in planting the flag of Georgia upon the ramparts — the beau- 
 tiful flag presented to the City Light Guards by Miss Ellen Ingra- 
 ham, of Columbus, one of the most beautiful and lovely daughters 
 of Georgia. Well may she feel proud of that beautiful banner, for 
 it waved in triumph at the second battle of the Confederate States. 
 Major Taylor mounted the ramparts and waved it high in the air 
 as the Monticello moved off." 
 
 [We must be pardoned for giving our readers so much about this 
 little affair, as it was the first time our Norfolk soldiers were ever 
 under fire — and it was really the second engagement that occurred 
 in the late unhappy war between the States]. 
 
 The following article, taken from the Norfolk and Portsmouth 
 Herald of the 21st May (1861), will inform the reader who were 
 the first prisoners of war from this city : 
 
 " Captured.—Drs. T. B. Ward and A. T. Bell and Mr. Robert S. 
 Bell, of this city, who were out in a sail-boat on Friday afternoon 
 in the lower harbor, thought that as the wind was fair and the sail- 
 ing pleasant, they would make for Hampton and take a supper 
 before returning home. In this case, however, they reckoned 
 without their host ; for they were soon overhauled by a boat from 
 the Minnesota, and taken to that steamer, where they were treated 
 
51 
 
 as prisoners of war, and sent down into the cock-pit, with the con- 
 soling reflection, induced by a conversation between two of the crew, 
 that they were either to be shot or hung at the yard-arm the next 
 morning. Saturday morning came, however, without any such 
 unpleasant occurrence, and they were allowed to return to this city, 
 in their own boat, arriving here in the afternoon." 
 
 Tuesday, 27th. At 2 o'clock p. m. a transport passed out ; and 
 about 3 o'clock the Quaker City came down the Bay and also 
 passed outside the Capes. When off Cape Henry she landed a boat 
 and sent a marauding party to the shore. They tore down a small 
 tenement at the Lighthouse, broke some oars, and robbed a seine 
 crew often or twelve dollars' worth of rope, the property of some 
 Norfolk fishermen. 
 
 It may be interesting to many persons in Norfolk to know the 
 topography of Hampton Roads, which may be briefly stated as 
 follows : Hampton Roads is the name given to the broad expanse 
 of water between the mouth of James river and and the entrance 
 into Chesapeake Bay. Newport News Point, on the north side of 
 the river, and Pig Point on the south, at the junction of the Nan- 
 semond with the James, may be considered as the mouth of the 
 James. Between these two points the distance is about five miles. 
 Craney Island lies at the mouth of the Elizabeth river, some six or 
 seven miles east of Pig Point. Sewell's Point is about the same 
 distance north of Craney Island. These four points, therefore, 
 form very nearly a parallelogram. Old Point is five miles north 
 of Sewell's Point. 
 
 May 28th, General Walter Gy wnn left Norfolk to take command 
 of the State forces in North Carolina, having been appointed to the 
 position by Governor Ellis, of the Old North State. General 
 Gwynn was accompanied by his Aide, Colonel Robert R. Collier, 
 who served with him here. [Colonel Collier was a gallant and 
 whole-souled Virginian from Petersburg. He died in that city 
 since the war, loved and honored by all who knew him. He was 
 the father of Hon. Charles F. Collier, member of the Confederate 
 Congress from the Petersburg District]. General Huger succeeded 
 General Gywnn in command of Norfolk. 
 
 June 1st (1861), the Confederate States postal laws, stamps and 
 regulations went into effect in this city and in Portsmouth. Notices 
 of the change were published in the daily papers by Aug. M. 
 Vaughan and John K. Cooke, Esqs., postmasters in the respective 
 cities. 
 
 Total number of deaths in Norfolk for the month of May, 1861, 
 was 21 — whites 11 and blacks 10. 
 
 About the first of June in this year, the Norfolk L. A. Blues 
 were regularly mustered into the Army of Virginia, under the fol- 
 lowing officers: J. Vickery, Captain; John B. Branham, First 
 
52 
 
 Lieutenant; W. T. Peet, Second Lieutenant; W.J. Nimmo, Third 
 Lieutenant; R. B. Banks, Orderly Sergeant. At the beginning of 
 the war (when they first volenteered for duty) the company had 
 150 members; but as the State law restricted the number to 104, 
 (rank and file), they had to reduce the company to that number ; 
 consequently, another Artillery Company was then raised in Nor- 
 folk, called the "Norfolk Light Artillery," and was organized with 
 the following officers : Frank Huger, (son of General Huger), Cap- 
 tain; Thos. Nash, First Lieutenant; J. D. Moore, Second Lieu- 
 tenant; W. J. Parrish, Third Lieutenant; Wm. J. Butt, First 
 Sergeant. 
 
 June 4th, the following card was published in the city papers, 
 which showed what our ladies were willing to do for the Lost 
 Cause : 
 
 " The ladies of the Episcopal Churches take this opportunity of 
 informing the soldiers who are encamped in and near Norfolk that 
 they will be at Christ Church Lecture Room, on Freemason street, 
 corner of Avon, every morning from 9 to 12 o'clock, to receive any 
 work, either making, washing, or mending clothing." 
 
 On the 5th instant some of the Norfolk and Portsmouth sol- 
 diers were under fire at Pig Point (the junction of the James and 
 Nansemond rivers). Captain R. B. Pegram (our present esteemed 
 townsman) was in command, and sent the following dispatch to the 
 Flag Officer in this city : 
 
 Pig Point Battery, 9 a. m., June 5th, 1861. 
 
 To Flag Officer F. Forrest, Norfolk, Va. : Sir — We have just 
 had a smart brush with the Harriet Lane, and drove her off. I 
 think several shots were put into her hull. The engagement lasted 
 about twenty minutes. The Lane commenced the engagement, by 
 firing an eleven-inch shell. No casaulties on our side. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 R. B. Pegram, Commander, Virginia Navy. 
 
 [The Portsmouth Rifles did most of the work in this fight, and 
 were highly complimented by Commander Pegram]. 
 
 The following spicy letter was written by a Norfolk lady to the 
 Evening Day Book, and we cannot refrain from publishing it here. 
 It fully explains itself: 
 
 "Norfolk, June 9, 1861. 
 
 " Mr. Editor — I see by your paper, constant advertisements, 
 ' Attention, Home Guard.' Please, if you possibly can, inform us 
 who they are. Are they the fine silk-stocking gentry who we see 
 on our streets with ratan sticks in their hands and cigars in their 
 mouths, puffing their smoke in ladies faces as they go and return 
 from the stores to purchase for their friends who are in the defence 
 of our beloved city and State a few little necessities ? If these are 
 the Home Guard, tell them, Mr. Editor, that their services are 
 
53 
 
 needed in another and better cause. Yes, Mr. Editor, tell them 
 that monkey exhibitions are over, and we require men. If these 
 gentlemen are afraid to shoulder the rifle or musket, tell them we 
 have gallant and brave soldiers to fight our battles. We want 
 them to shoulder the hoe and spade ; we need batteries, and who 
 are to build them ? Can we expect our gallant soldies to do all 
 the work and fighting, too ? Away with your everlasting'Home 
 Guard ! All fudge. We have plenty of our old fathers and 
 uncles left yet, who number over fifty years, to protect our homes. 
 So, young men, rally to the entrenched camp, and finish what 
 brave and gallants hearts have commenced, and you will meet with 
 more pleasant smiles and happy hearts to welcome you from your 
 work than you will by making yourselves a nuisance in the street. 
 When this war is ended can you say, ' I did my duty ? ' When 
 time rolls around you can say, ' I assisted to erect that battery ; I 
 with many brave hearts routed the enemy here.' Your children 
 say ' my father assisted to defend this battery.' Again let me say, 
 Mr. Editor, to these gentlemen, away ! your city, your State, your 
 country calls. Rally to her rescue. 
 
 " Home Guard no more. I am a daughter of old Virginia, and 
 with me many brave daughters will guard your homes. Yes, we 
 will die by our husbands, fathers, brothers and devoted sweethearts. 
 So away, young men, to the batteries. Withers, Colston, Mahone, 
 Corprew, Lyon, Lamb and many brave leaders too numerous to 
 mention await you there. Away ! I hope no old friend of the 
 ladies will be offended at these lines, for they are not for them, but 
 to young men. Mattie." 
 
 Scarcely a day passed during the early part of June without a 
 " passage at arms " between the Federal gunboats and the Virginia 
 soldiers at Pig Point and Sewell's Point. Yet there were but few 
 persons injured on our side. Frequently the city would be alarmed 
 and excited by the heavy firing heard down the river, and by the 
 arrival of some " very reliable gentleman from the front," with a 
 " cock-and-bull story " of a " terrific battle ! " But when the truth 
 was known, " nobody hurt" was the verdict nine times out of ten. 
 
 June 12th, General Huger issued an order that all bar-rooms in 
 this city and Portsmouth must be closed at 9 o'clock p. m. Au- 
 thority for issuing sach an order was given to all military Post 
 Commanders in the State, by Governor Letcher ; in fact, a Post 
 Commander had authority to forbid the sale of ardent spirits at any 
 time and by any person — " licenses or no licenses ". 
 
 June 15th, John Southgate, Esq., an aged and well-beloved 
 citizen, departed this life at the ripe age of 88 years. He was a 
 kind, generous, plain, useful man, and many persons now living 
 will cherish his memory with deep gratitude. 
 
 On same day Charles Harris, Esq., a patriotic citizen of Norfolk, 
 
54 
 
 contributed fifty dollars to the " fund in aid and support of the 
 mother of Henry L. Wyatt," the brave Confederate soldier who 
 was killed in the battle of Bethel Church, June I Oth. 1861. 
 [Wyatt is said to have been the first Confederate soldier killed in 
 battle — he was certainly the first one that was killed in Virginia, 
 if the war records are correct. He was a private in the 1st North 
 Carolina Regiment of Infantry, Colonel D. H. Hill commanding, 
 and was a native of Edgecombe county]. 
 
 Some time during the early part of this month Colonel J. M. 
 Withers, of the 3d Alabama Volunteers (then stationed in Nor- 
 folk), was presented bv the people of Petersburg with a splendid 
 horse — the young, thoroughbred racing stallion, known as "Peg 
 Top." This was a valuable gift, and highly prized by the gallant 
 Withers. 
 
 June 17th, there were more than one thousand letters advertised 
 in the Day Booh as remaining in the Norfolk Postoffice — nine- 
 tenths of them were for soldiers stationed in this vicinity. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that the State Convention passed the 
 Ordinance of Secession on the 17th day of April, it was June 17th 
 before the vote was made public — it was not published in Norfolk 
 until June 19th. As the matter will probably be of interest to 
 many persons who will find time to read this volume, and as it was 
 a matter in which the citizens took such a livelv interest while the 
 Convention was in session, we will republish the list of the votes 
 upon that very important question, to-wit : 
 
 THE VOTE UPON THE VIRGINIA ORDINANCE OF SECESSION. 
 
 The Ordinance of Secession was offered in the Virginia State 
 Convention, by William^ Ballard Preston, Esq., April 17th, 1861, 
 and was adopted by the following yea and nay vote. Those who 
 voted in the affirmative were : 
 
 William M. Ambler, William B. Aston, James Barbour, August R. Blakey, 
 George Blow, Jr., James Boisseau, Peter B. Borst, Wood Bouldin, William W. 
 Boyd, Thomas Branch, James C. Bruce, Frederick M. Cabell, John A. Campbell, 
 Allen T. Caperton, William P. Cecil, John R. Chambliss, Manlius Chapman, 
 Samuel A. CofFman, Raphael M. Colin, James H. Cox, Richard H. Cox, John 
 Critcher, Harvey Deskins, James B. Dorman, John Echols, Miers W. Fisher, 
 Thomas S. Flournoy, William W. Forbes, Napoleon B. French, Samuel M. Gar- 
 land, H. L. Gillepsie, Samuel L. Graham, Fendall Gregory, Jr., William L. 
 Goggin, John Goode, Jr., Thomas F. Goode, F. L. Hale, Cyprus Hall, L. S. 
 Hall, Lewis E. Harvie, James P. Holcombe, John N. Hughes, Eppa Hutton, 
 Lewis D. Isbell, Marmaduke Johnson, Peter C. Johnston, Robert C. Kent, John 
 J. Kindred, James Lawson, Walter D. Leake, William H. Macfarland, Charles 
 K. Mallory, John L. Marye, Sr., Fleming B. Miller, Horatio G. Moffet, Robert 
 L. Montague, Edmund T. Morris, Jeremiah Morton, William J. Neblett, Johnson 
 Orrick, William G. Parks, William Ballard Preston, George W. Randolph, 
 George W. Richardson, Timothy Rives, Robert E. Scott, William C. Scott, John 
 T. Sewell, James W. Sheffey, Charles R. Slaughter, Valentine W. Southall, John 
 M. Speed, Samuel G. Staples, James M. Strange, William T. Sutherlin, George 
 P. Tavloe, John T. Thornton, William M. Tredway, Robert H. Turner, Franklin 
 P. Turner, John Tyler, Edward Waller, Robert H. Whitfield, Samuel C. Wil- 
 liams, Henry A. Wise, Samuel Woods, Benjamin F. Wysor — 88. 
 
55 
 
 Those who voted in the Degative were : 
 
 John Janney, President ; Edward M. Armstrong, John B. Baldwin, George 
 Baylor, George W. Berlin, Caleb Bogges, George W. Brent, William G. Brown, 
 John S. Burdett, James Burley, Benjamin W. Byrne, John S. Carlile, John A. 
 Carter, Sherrard Clemens, C. B. Conrad, R. Y. Conrad, James H. Couch, VV. H. 
 B. Custis, Marshall M. Dent, William H. Dulaney, Jubal A. Early, Colbert C. 
 Fugate, Peyton Gravely, Algernon S. Gray, Ephraim B. Hall, Allen C.LTam- 
 mond, Alpheus F. Haymond, James W. Hoge, J. G. Holladay, Chester O. Hub- 
 bard, George W. Hull, John J. Jackson, John F. Lewis, William McComas, 
 James C. McGraw, James Marshall, Henry A. Masters, Samuel McD. Moore, 
 Hugh M. Nelson, Logan Osborn, Spicer Patrick, Edmund Pendleton, George 
 McC. Porter, Samuel Price, David Pugh, John D. Sharp, Thomas Sitlington, 
 Burwell Spurlock, Alexander H. H. Stuart, Chatman J.Stuart, George W.Sum- 
 mers, Campbell Marr, William White, Williams C. Wick ham, W. T. Willey — 55. 
 
 At fifteen minutes past four o'clock the President (Mr. Montague 
 in the chair) announced the result of the vote, and declared the 
 passage of the ordinance. 
 
 Subsequently, the following members changed their votes from 
 the negative to the affirmative : 
 
 Williams C. Wickham, Alpheus F. Haymond, George W. Berlin, Hugh M. 
 Nelson, Algernon S. Gray, George Baylor, C. B. Conrad, Allen C. Hammond, Col- 
 bert C. Fugate— 9. 
 
 The following members, who were absent when the vote was 
 taken, asked and obtained leave to record their votes in the affirma- 
 tive : 
 
 JohnE. Kilby, Addison Hall, John Q. Marr, Eobert E. Grant, Alfred M. Bar- 
 bour, Paul McNeil. 
 
 Messrs. Thomas Martin and Peter Saunders were absent on account of sickness 
 when the vote was taken, and were not, subsequently, present. 
 
 The Norfolk delegate, General George Blow, Jr., voted for the 
 Ordinance, and the Portsmouth delegate, Mr. J. G. Holladay, voted 
 against it. [The above list is taken from the Richmond Whig of 
 June 17th, 1861]. 
 
 June 17th, Hon. Howell Cobb, of Georgia, arrived in this city 
 and stopped at the Atlantic Hotel. He came to visit his two sons 
 who were on duty here with the Georgia soldiers. 
 
 June 19th, a melancholy accident occurred at the Navy Yard, to 
 wit: 
 
 Mr. David Williams descended to the bottom of the river by 
 means of a diving apparatus, to stop the holes by which the sloop- 
 of- war Plymouth, had been scuttled in April; while thus engaged 
 it appears that the cap connected with the diving bell separated, 
 and he was drowned before the usual time of making the signal to 
 draw him up. It became necessary then to pull him up with 
 grappling irons, and when raised to the surface of the water, it was 
 found that life was entirely extint. He was a reputable and in- 
 dustrious man, and left a wife and three children. 
 
 The following card appeared in the city papers June 22nd : 
 " The 'Tuskegee Light Infantry, ' 3rd Regiment Alabama Volun- 
 teers, return their most grateful thanks to Mrs. W. H. Broughton, 
 
56 
 
 Miss E. P. Nash and other Norfolk ladies for the service which 
 they have performed in the making up of the company's uni- 
 forms. Such acts upon the part of comparative strangers indicate 
 the kindness of heart, as well as the spirit of disinterested patrio- 
 tism which characterize the fair daughters of Virginia. Although 
 in a distant land, and far removed from the overwatching care of 
 our own loved mothers and sisters, we are yet made to feel that 
 their places have been supplied. 
 
 " We can never forget such kindness, and trust that our conduct 
 will ever merit their consideration. " 
 
 June 24th, the following municipal officers were duly elected : 
 
 Mayor, William W. Lamb'; Register, J. Hardy Hendren ; City 
 Collector, F. F. Ferguson ; Commissoner of Revenue, John B. 
 Branham ; Assessor, T. G. Broughton, Jr. ; City Attorney, W. T, 
 Hendren; Street Inspector, R. B. Wright; Gauger of Liquors, 
 James M. Steed ; City Surveyor, Edward L. Young; Clerk of 
 Market, Eli Guthrie! ; Physician to Almshouse, Dr. Jas. D. Gait ; 
 Keeper of Almshouse, Wm, Hawkins; Weigher of Hay, Joseph 
 Bunkley ; Sealer of Weights and Measures, Thos. R. Lee; Keeper 
 of Magazine, W. H. C. Cheshire; First Wood Measurer, W. B. 
 Deggs; Second Wood Measurer, John Banks, Sr. ; Captain of City 
 Watch, El ias Guy ; Lieutenant of City Watch, David B. Dyer; 
 Constables, George W. Glenn, R. L. Nelson, Calvin Bell, Larkin 
 Davis, Miles S. Cox, Peter Moore. 
 
 The following is from the Norfolk Herald, of June 25th, 1861 : 
 " The Lee Guerillas have resolved themselves into an Artillery 
 Company, called the Lee Artillery, in honor of our esteemed Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, Gen. Lee. Only ten more are needed to make up 
 the requisite number and they hope to be mustered into service on 
 Sunday morning next. The commany is under the command of 
 Capt. Jas. Y. Leigh of this city. Their headquarters have been 
 established at the Blues' Armory, on Talbot street, which is open 
 from 9 A. M. to 6 P. m., daily." 
 
 June 27th, Col. J. B. Magruder received his Commission as 
 Brigadier General in the Confederate States Army, from President 
 Jefferson Davis. The news was joyfully received by the soldiers 
 here. 
 
 June 28th, Captain Wm. Morris Armstrong, of the United 
 States Navy, died at his residence on Bute Street, in the 64th year 
 of his age. He entered the Naval Service as a Midshioman in 
 1814. 
 
 During this month the Federal forces at Old Point and New- 
 port's News, were estimated at 25,000, with Major General Benja- 
 min F. Butler (more appropriately called, and better known as 
 " Beast Butler") in command. The Old Bay Line of Steamers ran 
 regularly between Old Point and Baltimore, carrying to and fro 
 
57 
 
 large cargoes of freight and many passengers, which paid the line 
 very handsomely. 
 
 June 29th, the Norfolk Herald contained the following ; " We 
 were shown yesterday a twelve pound conical ball which was re- 
 cently fired from the United States Steamer Quaker City, at the 
 residence of Jas. S. Garrison, Si\, near Lynhaven. It is a singular 
 looking projectile — in shape resembles somewhat the dome of the 
 City Hall. It has a very dangerous appearance, but nobody as yet 
 has been hurt by any of the missiles. ;; Also the following : 
 *' Gen. Butler recently sent word to Gen. Magruder that he hoped 
 the war would be conducted on principles of civilized warfare, and 
 Gen. M. replied, I have burried your dead and taken care of your 
 wounded in sight of the houses of widows and orphans whom you 
 have driven forth and whose property you have destroyed." 
 
 All persons temporarily residing in Norfolk or its vicinity, who 
 were from places inside the Federal lines and wished to return to 
 their homes, were promptly sent to Fortress Monroe under flag of 
 truce, upon applying to the proper authorities. But the same 
 courtesy was not extended to Southern people by some of the 
 Federal authorities, as the the following incident will plainly prove : 
 
 A married daughter of our townsman, Capt. Guy, with her 
 children, happened to be in a Northern town when the war broke 
 out; and it was not until about the middle of June, and after being 
 put to great trouble, risk and expense, that she obtained a permit to 
 return home, and she took the route via Baltimore and Fort Mon- 
 roe, rejoicing in the expectation of soon seeing and embracing once 
 more her kindred and friends. But on her arrival at Fort Mon- 
 roe her passport was disregarded, and she was ordered to return 
 in the boat to Baltimore, being positively forbidden to land on her 
 own shores; and she and her little ones were thus left to find their 
 way by some other route, as best they might. [The above is a 
 well authenticated fact.] 
 
 July 4th, a large crowd of persons, including many Norfolk 
 ladies, assembled at Camp Talbot (near the city) to witness the 
 presentation of a beautiful flag to the " Lynchburg Beau re- 
 gards." The flag was presented by Wm. S. Reid, Esq., (of the 
 Beau regards) in behalf of Miss Oriana McDaniel (the fair donor), 
 daughter of Col. Jno. Robin McDaniel, of Lynchburg — one of 
 Virginia's most honored sons. [Col. McD. was among the first en- 
 prising citizens who were instrumental in establishing direct trade 
 between Virginia and Europe]. 
 
 On the same day, a beautiful flag was presented Company F., of 
 Norfolk, by the lady friends of that Company. The presentation 
 took place at Craney Island, where the Company was then stationed. 
 Mayor Lamb delivered the flag with appropriate remarks, which 
 were happily responded to by "high private" Thomas, of the Co. 
 
58 
 
 Tuesday, July 9th, the troops in and around Norfolk (particu- 
 larly those from the Old North State) were deeply grieved to learn 
 of the death of His Excellency, Jno. W. Ellis, Governor of North 
 Carolina, which sad event occurred the 7th 'hist., at the Red Sulphur 
 Springs in this State. 
 
 During the early part of this month a " harbor police" was or- 
 ganized to cruise about the harbor. The Day Book of July 11th, 
 contained^the following item : " We understand some of the 'faithful' 
 of Old Abe's followers hereabouts, have been puzzling their wits 
 how to get information to the enemy, until they have hit upon the 
 plan of acting as fishermen, and while down the river for that pur- 
 pose, they avail of the opportunity of earning a little of Abe's 
 secret service money, by contriving dispatches to. his fleet in the 
 Roads, by means of putting such little favors as they may have in 
 a bottle, setting it adrift on the proper tide to be floated down. 
 They put a little flag or signal in the cork so as to attract the atten- 
 tion of the enemy who cruise about the Roads in pursuit of these 
 dispatches. Captain John Young, of the Harbor Police, however 
 has put a quietus on this amusement, as his operations in the 
 river and Roads will intercept all such dispatches." 
 
 A correspondent writing to a Virginia paper during this month, 
 under the caption, " Another Norfolk Boy," says : " Captain 
 Virginius D. Groner, of Norfolk, now attached to the War De- 
 partment, at Richmond, took an early stand for Southern honor and 
 independence, and left his Mother State to wield a sword in de- 
 fence of her beleagured sisters. His gallant devotion to our cause 
 has already found favor among his leaders in a strange land, and 
 the confidence thus won will be sure to bring a yet higher reward. 
 When loyalty to the South was first proclaimed as 'treason to the 
 Union,' he took the name of ' traitor/ and proved his readiness 
 to brave the penalty," &c. 
 
 July 11th, minute guns were fired by the North Carolina Navy 
 Steamers in our harbor in respect to the memory of the late Gov. 
 Jno. W. Ellis. 
 
 July 12th, a difficulty occurred on Main Street between some 
 Alabama and Virginia soldiers, during which, Messrs. Charles Rey- 
 nolds and Jessee Knight, of the Norfolk Junior's, were shot and 
 painfully wounded. The affair was deeply regretted. 
 
 July 15th, Captain James Barron Hope (now the accomplished 
 Editor of the Norfolk Landmark) was appointed Secretary to the 
 Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard. 
 
 During this month a N. C. Battery, posted at Hatteras Inlet was 
 attacked by Federal gun-boats, and it is said that the first shot from 
 the battery was fired by Lieut. Mathew Fatherly, a native of Nor- 
 folk, then a member of an Elizabeth City, (N. C.) Company. [This 
 was the first shot fired from North Carolina soil by Confederates]. 
 
59 
 
 Even the little girls of Norfolk were active in their efforts to aid 
 ihe Southern cause, as the following extract from one of the city 
 papers will show ; 
 
 " Three patriotic misses of our city, neither of them over twelve 
 years of age, held, recently, a fair for the benefit of the sick soldiers 
 in our midst, the result of which, taking all things into considera- 
 tion, was very good. 
 
 "The amount netted was $17, and has been paid over to the 
 proper person, as the following receipt will show ; 
 
 " Received from Miss Lelia Cuthrell, Mary Hall and Indy 
 Ashby, $17, for the benefit of the sick, the proceeds of a Fair for 
 the purpose of raising money for the above purpose. 
 
 " Robert Southgate, Surgeon in Charge of Hospital. 
 
 " Norfolk, July 15th, 1861." 
 
 Monday, July 15th, a little boy' about 8 years old, son of Mrs. 
 Hickey, residing on Bermuda street, fell from a boat in Newton's 
 creek and was drowned. 
 
 July 16th, George D. Parker, Esq., was elected Second Lieuten- 
 ant of the Harris Guards, 6th Virginia Regiment, Virginia Volun- 
 teers. Mr. Parker had been a member of the Woodis Riflemen 
 ever since the war commenced, and had proven his claim to pro- 
 motion. 
 
 July 17th, Captain Robert B. Pegram was transferred from the 
 Pig Point Battery to the Ordnance Department at Gosport Navy- 
 yard. 
 
 July 19th, news of the battle of Bull Run (July 18th) was 
 received, and the troops around Norfolk were greatly elated over 
 General Beauregard's success in repelling the attack of the Lin- 
 coln ites. 
 
 July 21st, at night, the following dispatch was received in Nor- 
 folk, and caused the greatest excitement and enthusiasm : 
 
 " Manassas, July 21st, 1861. 
 
 " We have won a glorious but dear-bought victory. The night 
 closed with the enemy in full flight, pursued by our troops. 
 
 " (Signed) Jefferson Davis." 
 
 This news awakened new courage in our midst, and even the 
 " petticoat dodgers " (the stay-at-home young men) assumed an air 
 of patriotism that made them bold and war-like. 
 
 July 23d, a difficulty occurred here between Lieutenant J. K. 
 Adams, of the Mobile (Ala.) Rifles, and Claiborne Hughes, of Nor- 
 folk, in which the Lieutenant was killed. The sad affair occurred 
 at the corner of Market square and Union street. Hughes was 
 arrested and lodged in jail to be tried for murder, and was refused 
 bail. 
 
 July 29th, the ladies of Norfolk presented a beautiful flag to the 
 Second Regiment North Carolina Volunteers, Colonel Williams 
 
60 
 
 commanding. The presentation address was delivered by General 
 Huger, at the Academy Lot, in presence of a large concourse of 
 citizens. 
 
 August 2d, the Southern Argus announced its discontinuance as 
 a daily paper in consequence of a deficiency of force, most of its 
 employees having gone into the army. 
 
 August 18th, Captain William Lamb having been promoted to 
 the rank of Major, Lieutenant Robert B. Taylor was elected to 
 succeed him as the Captain of the Woodis Riflemen. 
 
 During this month the weather was unusually pleasant, and the 
 soldiers around Norfolk were blessed with good health. Of course 
 there were many fights between the land forces in this vicinity and 
 the Federal war vessels, but none of the Confederates suffered much 
 from the shots of their enemies. When the Federals evacuated 
 the Navy-yard, the Southern authorities took possession of the place 
 and vigorously pushed forward the work of" increasing the navy " — 
 there were no idlers at the Yard at that time. 
 
 September 5th, the lady friends of the Norfolk Light Infantry 
 Volunteers, Captain John R. Ludlow, presented that corps with a 
 handsome Confederate flag at the Courthouse. Mayor Lamb pre- 
 sented it, and J. E. Ford, Esq., received it in behalf of the 
 command. 
 
 Among the many Norfolk ladies who exerted themselves to aid the 
 Southern soldiers were Mrs. Baker P. Lee", Jr., and Mrs. Anna 
 Goffigan, who deserve special mention. These ladies, forwarded to 
 the Hampton Grays, stationed at Yorktown, and to the Wythe 
 Rifles, at Williamsburg, a large supply of clothing and other accept- 
 able articles during the month of September, 1861. Mrs. G. D. 
 Armstrong, Mrs. S. M. Sheppard, Miss M. L. Pannell, Mrs. Kader 
 Biggs, Mrs. Samuel Borum and Mrs. R. Capps, were also constant 
 and kind in their attentions to the sick soldiers, and their names 
 were frequently published in the papers in connection with some 
 generous and praiseworthy act. 
 
 September 25th, First Lieutenant William T. Nimmo, of the 
 Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, died at Sewell's Point. His remains 
 were brought home for interment. 
 
 During this month some of the soldiers in and directly about the 
 city gave a series of concerts for the benefit of their sick and needy 
 comrades, and handsome sums of money were realized for the cause. 
 These very pleasant entertainments were given in the Opera House 
 under the direction of the Ladies' Aid Society, and drew large and 
 fashionable audiences. 
 
 The Lynchburg, Petersburg and Richmond companies contained 
 some very fine musical talent — also the Louisiana Regiment, then 
 stationed here; and these, with our Norfolk boys, gave concerts 
 that were very profitable to our hospital cause. 
 
61 
 
 October 1st, a ^arge number of citizens flocked to the landing of 
 the "flag of truce boat" to greet the return of some exchanged Con- 
 federate prisoners, who were captured in the baftle of Rich Moun- 
 tain. Most of them were natives of Southwest, Va., and some 
 were very badly wounded. They were quartered at the Atlantic 
 Hotel, and received kind attention while there. 
 
 Died Tuesday, October 15th, Mrs. Rebecca Newton Boush, in the 
 80th year of her age. This estimable lady was well known and 
 dearly loved. 
 
 October 28th, the Brig Dolphin, which was sunk by the Federals 
 when the Navy-yard was abandoned, was raised. On the same day, 
 divers examined the guns of the Pennsylvania, and found her sixty- 
 eight pounders in good order ; her 32-pounders were all burst. We 
 have no record of any very important events that occured this 
 month. The military and naval forces about Norfolk were greatly 
 increased and the soldiers were "spoiling for a fight." The large force 
 of workmen at the Navy-yard made wonderful progress in manu- 
 facturing war implements and in repairing the ships which the 
 Federals had rendered useless. News of several battles was received, 
 but as this work is not intended as a history of the war, we omit 
 the particulars. 
 
 During the early part of November 1861, a man named Henry 
 Davis left Norfolk for his Northern home. He had been a citizen 
 here about ten months, and was a shoemaker. Upon his arrival in 
 New York he furnished the Tribune with the following account of 
 affairs in this section, which we believe is mainly correct. The ac- 
 count was written under date of November 2d, and says : 
 
 " A few days ago flour rose in Norfolk from 6 to $8 50 a barrel 
 on account of the outbreak among the Union men of Tennessee. 
 Coffee is 50 cents a pound, and very scarce. Sugar of the com- 
 monest kind is 15 cents a pound. Fish is plentiful, and most people 
 live on that diet, with corn bread ; salt pork, 30 cents ; lard 25 cents 
 a pound; potatoes, $1 a bushel; candles, common tallow, 25 to 30 
 cents a pound, and sperm, 10 cents each. 
 
 "Clothing of every kind is very high. Common black panta- 
 loons, 12 to $18 ; vests, from 12 to $20; black frock coats, $50. 
 Dry-goods of all kinds have advanced from 500 to 1,000 per cent. 
 Most of the goods are brought from New Orleans at present. 
 
 " Of materials for boots and shoes, sole leather sold at $1 a pound 
 with not a pound left in Norfolk, except what little the shoemakers 
 held ; upper leather, calf, $100 for a dozen skins. No materials 
 for ladies' shoes to be had. Ladies' shoes sold at 5 to $6 a pair ; 
 very common, $3.50. Men's laced boots, $8 ; long 12 to $20. All 
 kinds of business was very good, many people having started small 
 manufactories for various necessities, giving poor people employ- 
 ment. 
 
62 
 
 "It is difficult to tell how many soldiers are at Norfolk, so many 
 are encamped about the town. The estimated number varied from 
 10,000 to 20,000. Most of the troops have gone into winter quar- 
 ters, having built themselves huts for that purpose. 
 
 "Norfolk is well defended. On the Portsmouth side are miles of 
 embankment, with heavy guns from the Navy-yard, at intervals of 
 100 yards. The camps are about a half mile distant from each 
 other. On the Norfolk side, for five or six miles, batteries run along 
 Princess Anne road, with similar armament. The troops in and 
 about Norfolk are from North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, 
 Georgia, and three regiments from Petersburg, Va. The soldiers are 
 well clothed in gray cloth suits. The Confederate Government 
 could not supply the men with shoes, and they were constantly 
 writing home for money, shoes and other comforts, their \)&y being 
 too small to allow them to pay $10 a pair for feet coverings. The 
 newspapers are arguing that the pay of officers should be curtailed, 
 and that of the privates advanced. The ladies had been getting up 
 concerts and exhibitions to raise money for the relief of their 
 soldiers, but their efforts did not avail much. 
 
 " The Merrimac has been transformed into a great battering 
 ram, with a steel nose, for running down vessels. All her internal 
 works are completed, but her plating is only partially effected as 
 yet. She is to be sheathed from the water line upward with iron 
 plates one foot wide and two inches thick, the same way as her 
 planks, and then again sheathed with simple plates over that, run- 
 ning up the same way as her ribs, the whole to be bolted through 
 and through. They expect to get her finished by the 1st of January, 
 but, from the scarcity of the plates and the slowness of the work, it 
 will probably be nearer the 1st of June before she is ready for sea. 
 When completed, she is to run down some dark rainy night to the 
 Roads, and smash up and sink the fleet. Her engines are four feet 
 below the water line, and her sides slope inward. She is to be 
 covered overhead with a bomb-proof network of railroad iron. She 
 is not to have any decks, except forward and aft for the big pivot 
 guns, with galleries for her broadside armament. Its is thought 
 that she will be so hot inside, from want of ventilation, that very 
 few persons are willing to ship in her. Her armament is to be 
 of the heaviest and best rifled cannon known, and there is no 
 doubt, if she has a chance, she will do an immense amount of 
 damage to our fleet." 
 
 We have nothing else of interest to record in this month (No- 
 vember). The papers were filled with war news from various parts 
 of the country, and contained but very little local matter of im- 
 portance. 
 
 December 1st, Capt. Vickery resigned the Captaincy of the Nor- 
 folk Light Artillery Blues, owing to the bad condition of his 
 
63 
 
 health. The Company was stationed at Sewell's Point, at the time, 
 and at a meeting held for the purpose suitable resolutions were 
 adopted expressing affection and esteem for Capt. V., and deep 
 regret on account of his resignation. 
 
 The following card, published in the Day Booh of December 
 5th, fully explains itself, and is but another evidence of the devo- 
 tion of our ladies to the Southern cause : 
 
 Entrenched Camp, near Norfolk, "I 
 November 18, 1861. / 
 
 " The ladies of the Granby Street Methodist E. Church, will 
 please accept my grateful acknowledgments for their very liberal 
 and opportune donation of sixteen blankets and fifteen comforts, 
 which have been distributed among the most needy in the Com- 
 pany under my command. 'Tis true that none of my men are 
 prepared to encounter the cold blasts of the approaching winter, 
 yet the knowledge that there are in Norfolk those who feel for them, 
 and are disposed to contribute to their wants, will enable them the 
 more cheerfully to bear the hardships incident to a soldier's life. 
 
 I indulge the hope that each of you may fully realize the bless- 
 ing pronounced upon the merciful. 
 
 I am very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 William N. McKenney, 
 Capt. Company A, 6th Reg't Va. Vols." 
 
 The fair held by the ladies of St. Mary's Catholic Church, during 
 the latter part of November, for the benefit of the indigent fami- 
 lies of our city volunteers, netted $1,744.30. 
 
 December 23d, JohnCaffee, keeper of an eating saloon on Water 
 street, was killed in an affray with some soldiers on Church street. 
 He was shot in the breast and died instantly. 
 
 During the early part of this month Norfolk made handsome 
 contributions (money) to the people who were made destitute by 
 the great fire in Charleston, S. C. Soliciting committees were ap- 
 pointed by Mayor Lamb to wait upon the citizens and the response 
 was prompt and liberal. 
 
 eighteen hundred and sixty-two. 
 
 We have but to give the following extract from a Norfolk paper 
 of January 4, 1862, to show how mild the winter was at that time : 
 "We were presented yesterday by Alexander Bell, Esq., of this 
 city, with a couple of pears taken from a tree on his premises on 
 Thursday last. They are small, it is true, but in other respects the 
 fruit is perfect. The tree which bore them blossomed in Novem- 
 ber. Only think of pears in January." 
 
 A soldier from Louisiana, who died near Norfolk, about the 10th 
 of January, and whose name was not given by the papers at the 
 time, was said to be the author of the following verses, which were 
 found upon his person written with a pencil : 
 
64 
 
 i 
 
 Brother Soldier come up nearer, 
 
 For my limbs are growing cold ; 
 And thy presence seemeth dearer 
 
 When thy arms around me fold. 
 I am dying, Soldiers, dying, 
 
 .Soon you will miss me from your camp, 
 For my form will soon be lying 
 
 'Neath the earth so cold and damp. 
 II 
 Listen, brother Soldiers, listen, 
 
 I have something I would say 
 Ere my eyes are closed forever 
 
 From the lovely light of day. 
 I am going, surely going, 
 
 But my faith in God is strong 
 I die happy, willing, knowing 
 
 That He doeth nothing wrong, 
 ill 
 Tell my Father when you greet him 
 
 That in Death I prayed for him, 
 And I hope that I shall meet him 
 
 In the world that's free from sin. 
 Dearest mother, God assist her, 
 
 Now that she is growing old ; 
 Say her boy would glad have kissed her 
 
 When his lips grew pale and cold. 
 IV 
 Brother Soldiers catch each whisper, 
 
 'Tis my wife I speak of now, 
 Tell, Oh tell her how I missed her, 
 
 When the fever burned my brow ; 
 Tell her she must kiss my baby, 
 
 Like the kiss I last impressed ; 
 Hold her as when last I -held her, 
 
 Closely folded to my breast. 
 v 
 Tell my dear wife may God bless her, 
 
 She was very dear to me ; 
 Would ] could once more caress her 
 
 And her lovely face could see. 
 Tell my dear ones I remember 
 
 Every kindly parting word 
 And my heart has been kept tender, 
 
 By the thoughts their memory stirred. 
 
 January 13th, a soldier named Royal, of the 1st Louisiana 
 Regiment, fell from a fourth story window of the Atlantic Hotel 
 and was killed. 
 
 January 14th, Mrs. N. Taylor, relict of (the late) Judge Robert 
 B. Taylor, departed this life in the 87th year of her age. On the 
 15th of January Mrs. Harriet Martin, consort of Dr. C. F. Martin, 
 departed this life. These were estimable and well known ladies. 
 
 Died in Richmond, Wednesday the 15th of January, Lieutenant 
 Henry Woodis Hunter, in the 20th year of his age. His funeral 
 took place in this city Friday January 17th, from the residence of 
 his uncle, Wm. H. Hunter, Esq., No. 108 Main street. 
 
65 
 
 The Norfolk Day Book, of January 20th, contained the follow- 
 ing item : " Lieut. Chas. R. Grandy, of " Co. B," 6th Regi- 
 ment, Va., Volunteers, has been elected Captain of the Norfolk 
 Light Artillery Blues, stationed at Sewell's Point." 
 
 On the 20th of January, Dr. Geo. Blacknall, Surgeon of the 
 Naval Hospital of Norfolk, departed this life in the 58th year of 
 iiis age. He was one of the most esteemed and useful of our medical 
 officers, and after a service of more than thirty years in the Navy of 
 the United States, resigned his office upon the secession of Virginia, 
 and was soon after appointed Surgeon in the Confederate service, 
 to the duties of which he devoted himself with all the skill of a 
 physician, the zeal of a patriot and the gentleness of the Christian. 
 
 The kind sympathy of the people of South Carolina for Nor- 
 folk, during the terrible Yellow Fever epidemic in 1855, was not 
 forgotton when the occasion for reciprocation was presented, as the 
 following note to our Mayor will show : 
 
 "State of South Carolina, I 
 
 Mayoralty of Charleston, City Hall, Jan. 20, 1862. j 
 
 Sir: The very generous contribution of seventeen hundred and 
 ninety-five dollars from the citizens of Norfolk, came through your 
 hands, at proper time, but my duties prevented a response, until 
 now. 
 
 You will please extend to the people of your worthy city the 
 grateful sense of the sufferers by fire, and accept for yourself the 
 high regards of 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Charles Macbeth, Mayor. 
 To Hon. W. W. Lamb, Mayor of Norfolk, Va." 
 
 A soldier from the far South presented a friend in Norfolk with 
 the following poem which had been sent him by an affectionate 
 sister. It was written in December 1861, and was headed 
 
 A SOUTHERN SCENE. 
 
 "Oh ! mammy, have you heard the news ? 
 
 Thus spoke a Southern child, 
 As in the nurse's aged face 
 
 She upward looked and smiled. 
 
 "What news you mean, my little one? 
 
 It must be mighty fine 
 To make my darling's face so red, 
 
 Her sunny blue eyes shine. 
 
 "Why, Abram Lincoln, don't you know, 
 
 The Yankee President, 
 Whose ugly picture once we saw 
 
 When up to town we went ? 
 
*WeIl, he is going to free you all, 
 And make you rich and grand, 
 
 And you'll be dressed in silk andj^ohL, 
 Like the proudest in the land. 
 
 "A gilded coach shall carry you 
 
 Where'er you wish to ride ; 
 And mammy, all your work shall be 
 
 Forever laid aside." 
 
 The eager speaker paused for breath, 
 
 And then the old nurse said, 
 While closer to her swarthy cheek 
 
 She pressed the golden head : 
 
 " My little missus, stop and rest — \ 
 
 You'stalkin' mity fas; 
 Jes look up dere, and tell me what 
 
 You see in yonder glass? 
 
 "You see old mammy's wrinkly face, 
 ■As black as any coal ; X 
 
 And underneath her handkerchief 
 Whole heaps of knotty wool. 
 
 " My darling's face is red and white, 
 
 Her skin is soft and fine, 
 And on her pretty little head, 
 
 De yaller ringlets shine. 
 
 "My chile, who made this difference 
 Twixt mammy and twixt you ? 
 
 You reads de dear Lord's blessed book, 
 And you kin tell me true. 
 
 "De dear Lord said it must be so ; 
 And honey, I for one 
 With thankful heart will always say 
 His holy will be done. 
 
 " And as for gilded carriages, 
 
 Dey's nothin 'tall to see ; 
 My massa's coach what carries him 
 
 Is good enough for me. 
 
 "And honey, when your mammy wants- 
 To change her homespun dress, 
 
 She'll pray like dear old missus 
 To be clothed with righteousness. 
 
 " My work's been done dis many a day, 
 
 And now I takes my ease, 
 A waitin' for de Master's call 
 
 Jes when de Master please. 
 
 " And when at las de time does come, 
 
 And poor old mammy dies, 
 Your own dear mother's soft white hand 
 
 Shall close dese tired eyes. 
 
67 
 
 " De dear Lord Jesus soon will call 
 
 Ole mammy home to him, 
 And he can wash my guilty soul 
 
 From ebry spot of sin. 
 
 "And at his feet I shall lie down, 
 
 Who died and rose for me, 
 And den, and not till den, my chile, 
 
 Your mammy will be free. 
 
 "Come, little missus, say your prayers, 
 
 Let old mas Linkum 'ione, 
 De debil knows who b'longs to him, 
 
 And he'll take care of his own. " 
 
 February 10th, our people were depressed by the news that 
 Roanoke Island had fallen, and that the gallant, peerless Captain O. 
 Jennings Wise, son of our beloved Ex-Governor Wise, had met a 
 brave soldiers' death. Norfolk was also represented in that fight. 
 Captain Win. Selden, of this city, attached to the Engineer Depart- 
 ment, was also among the killed. His conduct on the field is spoken 
 of by those who witnessed it in the most exalted terms. Daring 
 and bold, he feared not the overpowering forces of the enemy, but 
 fought them bravely, disputing their right to every inch of ground. 
 
 A writer for the Norfolk Day Book under date of February 1 1th, 
 says : " In the midst of the distress and gloom cast over us by the 
 taking of Roanoke Island, we cannot help feeling a pride in the cool 
 and gallant endurance of our townsmen who were on the Island. 
 
 "Every returned person whom we have seen, bears sincere testi- 
 mony to the untiring efforts of these officers at their batteries. Capt. 
 Jno. Saunders Taylor has already been deservedly noticed in your 
 paper,and we feel that something is due to Lieut. B. P. Loyall. But 
 a few weeks since returned from the prison walls of Fort Warren, 
 he responded to the first call for help at Roanoke and labored un- 
 tiringly to make an effective battery, which he himself served most 
 splendidly to the very last, sinking three of the enemy's gunboats 
 and never surrendering till surrounded by an overpowering force." 
 
 February 21st, the bakery of Mr. James Reid, in rear of his 
 store on Main street, was burned. Through the strenuous efforts of 
 our firemen several other buildings which caught fire were saved. 
 
 February 24th, all the bar-rooms and retail liquor stores in the 
 city were closed by order of Major General Huger, Commanding 
 the Department of Norfolk. This caused quite a commotion among 
 the whisky sellers and drinkers, and they at once set their wits to 
 work to adopt plans by which the " martial law" could be evaded. 
 
 Friday, February 28th, was set apart by President Jefferson 
 Davis as a day of fasting and prayer, and all the churches in the 
 city were opened for divine services. Business was suspended and 
 the people seemed earnest and sincere in their religious devotions. 
 
68 
 OUR GREAT NAVAL BATTLE. 
 
 THE OLD "MERRIMAC" UNDER A NEW NAME. 
 
 Accounts of the Hampton Roads' Fight from those who witnessed it. 
 
 In preceding pages of "this volume we have mentioned the fact 
 that the old war vessel Merrirnac, which was burned and scuttled 
 by the Federals when they destroyed the Norfolk Navy Yard in 
 1861, was being repaired and fitted up for Confederate service. She 
 was converted into an iron-clad Monitor, of a rough but substantial 
 style, and was provided with a " battering ram," which boldly 
 ornamented her prow. Many persons predicted that the Merrimac, 
 or rather the Virginia, as she was christened when repaired, would 
 prove a failure on account of her heavy draught of water — which 
 prediction proved to be correct in the end, but not before the gallant 
 craft had played havoc with her ememy's fleet. 
 
 Many descriptions have been published concerning this naval en- 
 gagement, none of which seem to give much satisfaction to the 
 people who witnessed the affair; but it is natural to suppose that 
 the main facts, rather than minute particulars, have all been given 
 to the public, and in this work we shall produce several brief ac- 
 counts which, when consolidated, will give the reader very correct 
 ideas of the " Virginia's" great victory over the United States fleet 
 in Hampton Roads, Va., March 8th and 9th, 1862. 
 
 One account of the fight, says in substance as follows : " About 
 11 o'clock on Saturday morning, March 8th 1862, the Old Merri- 
 mac — then the Confederate States steam Monitor, Virginia, left the 
 Gosport Navy-yard and sailed down to Hampton Roads to interview 
 the United States blockading fleet then lying off Newport's News. 
 Upon arriving in the Roads she found the frigates Cumberland and 
 Congress. She then made for the Cumberland, as that frigate carried 
 the heaviest armament of any vessel in the United States Navy ; 
 and as she (the Virginia) passed the Congress she gave her (the Con- 
 gress) a broadside, by way of a salute and then begun to fire on 
 the other frigate, which gallantly resisted the attack for a while, 
 but in the short space of fifteen minutes she went down. The Vir- 
 ginia pressed upon the Cumberland as soon as the firing begun, and 
 when she got within point-blank range she fired several shots from 
 her bow gun and then ran into her — striking her squarely with her 
 ram, which made her reel to and fro and sent her speedily to the 
 bottom. But her gallant Commander was brave to the last : with 
 colors flying and his ship sinking he fired his " aft gun" several 
 times at the Virginia. 
 
 " The Virginia then turned her attention to the Congress, which 
 had been somewhat crippled by the broadside previously given 
 her. After fighting her formidable enemy for nearly an hour, the 
 Congress hauled down her flag and made for the beach where they 
 
69 
 
 run her 'high aground.' Our gunboats followed her and captured 
 her officers and crew. While she had her flag of truce flying, and 
 was delivering her prisoners to the Confederates, the Federals at 
 at Newport's News fired a volley into the vessels, which killed sev- 
 eral of their own men, and wounded Mr. Jno. Hopkins, one of our 
 pilots attached to the Beaufort. 
 
 "While the Virginia engaged the Congress with herbowgun,she 
 poured frequent broadsides into the Federal shore batteries at New- 
 port's News. A prisoner stated that one of the Virginia's shots at 
 the Congress dismounted two guns and killed sixteen of the crew — 
 taking off the head of Lieut. Smith, and literally tearing the ship 
 to pieces. . 
 
 " The enemy did not expect the attack that was made by the 
 Virginia, and it was not until the firing had continued some time, 
 that any effort was made to assist the Cumberland and Congress. 
 The first assistance sent them was the United States steam frigate 
 Minnesota, from Old Point. She bore well over toward Newport's 
 News, but not entirely beyond the range of our guns at Sewell's 
 Point, which opened upon her with unusual vim. The Minnesota 
 got aground, however, before accomplishing her object, and was 
 seriously peppered by shots from the Confederate steamers Patrick 
 Henry and Jamestown. The frigate St. Lawrence then came up to 
 assist her grounded companion, and she also got aground; the steam 
 frigate Roanoke then started from Old Point to assist her comrades, 
 but when she saw the havoc that the Virginia was playing, she 
 prudently put back, in order to save one more boat for Uncle Sam. 
 
 " The Congress was burned by the Confederates on (Saturday) the 
 night of her capture. She made a beautiful light-^-illuminating the 
 heavens and the country for miles around. About midnight her 
 magazine exploded with a tremendous noise. Her burning was 
 witnessed by thousands of spectators from our harbor and shores, 
 who never before saw a ship on fire. 
 
 "It is said that the first gun fired in this naval engagement, was 
 from the Confederate steamer Beaufort, and directed at the United 
 States frigate Congress — all of our gunboats were engaged when the 
 battle became hot, and their officers were highly complimented for 
 skill and courage. The enemy's loss cannot be correctly estimated 
 at this writing, but it was supposed to be heavy. The Confede- 
 rate loss was nine persons killed and twelve slightly wounded. The 
 gunboat Beaufort brought to this city twenty-three prisoners from 
 the Congress — one man died while coming up; he was shot by the 
 Federals when they fired on the Congress from Newport's News. 
 
 [The Virginia had two men killed (neither from Norfolk) and five 
 or six wounded. Commodore Buchanan, commanding the Virginia, 
 was slightly wounded, and Lieut. Robt. D. Minor, severely. The 
 vessel's armament consisted of 10 guns, to-wit: Six 9 inch Dahl- 
 
70 
 
 gren's; two 32- pounder rifles (broadside), aod two 7-inch rifled- 
 pivot guns — fore and aft. When she was ready to sail, General 
 Huger asked for volunteer artillerymen to man her guns, as she 
 lacked about thirty men to make up her required number, which 
 was about three hundred, all told. Capt. Thos. Kevill, and thirty 
 members of his company [the United Artillery from Norfolk,] vol- 
 unteered for the dangerous work, and during the fight two of the 
 guns had large pieces knocked off their muzzles. Capt. Kevill had 
 two men wounded, viz : Messrs. Andrew J. Dal ton and Juo. Capps. 
 The injured guns were not "immediately replaced by others," as 
 stated by one writer, but were used in the fight next day, in their 
 same damaged condition. [Capt. Kevill's company was in charge 
 of guns at Fort Norfolk when thirty-one of their number volun- 
 teered for duty on the Virginia]. 
 
 "The steamer Patrick Henry was also disabled in the action of 
 Saturday the 8th, and was compelled to haul off for repairs — she 
 had several men killed and wounded. The Confederate gun- 
 boat Raleigh was also in the fight and had one man killed — said to 
 have been Midshipman Hutter, but we cannot vouch for that fact 
 just now. During this naval engagement, several small prizes were 
 captured by our gunboats — one of which, the Reindeer, was brought 
 to the Navy-yard that night — two others were said to have been 
 carried to Pig Point. 
 
 The fight was begun again on Sundav, the 9th instant — the Mill- 
 nesota being still aground at the time. We here give another 
 extract from an account that was written about the engagements — 
 more particularly about the 
 
 BATTLE OP THE NINTH OP MARCH, 1862. 
 
 " On Sunday March 9th, 1862, faint cannonading was heard 
 down the river from Norfolk, and it was ascertained that Lieut. 
 Catesby Jones, in command of the Virginia, had begun another at- 
 tack upon the enemy. At JO o'clock A. m., the steamer Harmony 
 started from the dock-yard for the scene of the battle, and upon ar- 
 riving in the Roads, we saw a strange picture, at once novel and 
 beautiful. Our gunboats were lying in line of battle under Sewell's 
 Point, with thick masses of smoke floating lazily above them, and 
 occasionally firing shots at the enemy in the distance. The Virginia, 
 looking grim and mysterious as before, steamed off in pursuit of a 
 wonderful looking thing that looked like a prodigious " cheese box " 
 on a plank of Plutonian darkness. At first we could see the great 
 puffs of smoke jetting out from the Minnesota, the Virginia, and at 
 long intervals from the mysterious, black ' cheese box' ; but no 
 sound reached us, for the wind had risen and the warm calm of 
 morning was succeeded by a piercing North Easter. Onward we 
 sped in our boat of observation — across the Craney Island flats and 
 presently we could hear the guns as their booming grew louder and 
 
71 
 
 louder. But the strange loooking battery, with its black revolving 
 cupola, fled before the Virginia. It was, as somebody said, ' like 
 fighting a ghost.' Now she ran down towards Old Point, now 
 back towards Newport's News, now approached to fire and then ran 
 away to load, but evidently fighting shy, and afraid of being put 
 < in chancery,' as the pugilists call it, by her powerful pursuer. The 
 projectiles from her great piece of ordnance, a ten-inch solid shot gun, 
 came dancing across the water with a series of short, sharp pops, 
 which made a music more exciting than melodious. 
 
 "Now she overshot the Virginia, and the spray flew more than 
 thirty feet high. Now she shot to this side, now to that. Now she 
 steamed close up and hit her fairly. In one of these encounters we 
 thought her iron castle had been shot away, but, when the smoke 
 cleared away, there it was, and the long plauk-like hull in shore 
 again, driving along like the l Flying Dutchman.' Meanwhile 
 the Virginia crept up towards the Minnesota, crept up and paused 
 in that mysterious silence which fell upon her at all times — a silence 
 awfully impressive to us aboard the tug. Was she aground? One 
 thought yes. Another could make out that she was moving. 
 Another discovered that it was our forging a head which imparted 
 to her the apparent motion we had a moment before congratulated 
 ourselves upon. The minutes seemed like hours, as we stood watch- 
 ing the noble ship against which the combined batteries of the 
 Minnesota and Ericsson were now directed. The shot fell like hail ; 
 the shells flew like rain-drops, and slowly, steadily she returned the 
 fire. There lay the Minnesota with two tugs alongside. Here, 
 there and everywhere, was the black " cheese-box." There lay the 
 Virginia, evidently aground, but still firing with the same deliberate 
 regularity as before. Presently a great white column of smoke shot 
 up above the Minnesota, higher and higher, fuller and fuller in its 
 volume, and beyond doubt, carried death all along her decks; for 
 the red tug's boiler had been exploded by a shot, and that great 
 white cloud canopy was the steam thus liberated — more terrible than 
 the giant who grew out of the vapor unsealed by the fisherman in 
 in the fable. And now the Virginia moves again. There can be 
 no error this time, for we see her actually moving through the water 
 and can mark the foam at her prow — -and, strange to say, these long 
 .painful hours, measuring time by our emotions, are condensed by 
 the unsympathetic hands of our watches into fifteen minutes! At 
 12 m, she was steaming down for Sewell's Point, while the strange 
 looking battery bore away for the frigate ashore. 
 
 "We steamed down to meet her, mustered all hands, gave her three 
 cheers, which came from the bottom of our hearts, which were expres- 
 sions of our profound thankfulness, of benediction and delight. Her 
 company was mustered on the grating and returned our cheers. We 
 ran in closer, and there was her commander, Lieut. Jones, looking 
 
72 
 
 as calm and modest as any gentleman within the jurisdiction of 
 Virginia. The Commodore hailed the ship, heard the reply, com- 
 limented the quiet, thoughtful looking man, who had managed and 
 fought her from the time Flag Officer Buchanan was wounded up 
 to that moment, and then, with cordially spoken eulogies upon the 
 gallant men on board, we shot ahead. Here let us pause one moment. 
 Our task has been to speak of events rather than individual actors ; 
 but we should do violence to our own feelings and to the public 
 sentiment, did we fail to allude to the conspicuous services of the 
 gentleman who succeeded Flag Officer Buchanan, who was shot on 
 the grating of the ship on Saturday the 8th. He was known to all 
 members of his profession as a thorough and accomplished seaman. 
 As an ordnance officer he was of approved skill, and after the 8th 
 and 9th of March, this scholar-like, placid gentleman steps upon 
 the historic canvas of this great Revolution as one of its true 
 heroes. We leave him and his gallant shipmates to the generous 
 appreciation of their countrymen, and, asking pardon of his sensitive 
 modesty for what we have written, pass on with our narative. 
 
 " The same scene was enacted and re-enacted as she passed each 
 vessel, and, with Flag Officer Forrest in the van, the squadron 
 steamed cautiously along towards the barricades. 
 
 " As the ships, grouped against the soft hazy sky, followed by the 
 Virginia, the picture was one never to be forgotten ; the emotions 
 excited such as can never be described. As we looked up towards 
 Newport's News we saw the spars of the Cumberland above the 
 river she had so long insolently barred ; but of her consort there 
 was not even a timber head visible to tell her story. But this was 
 not all that the Virginia had done. The Minnesota lay there rid- 
 dled like a seive. What damage she sustained will never be known, 
 but it must have been frightful. And within eight and forty hours the 
 Virginia had successfully encountered, defied and beaten, a force 
 equal to 2,890 men and 230 guns, as will be seen by the following 
 
 table : Congress (burnt) 240 men 50 guns. 
 
 Cumberland (sunk) 360 " 23 " 
 
 Minnesota (riddled) 550 " 40 " 
 
 Koanoke (scared off) 550 " 40 " 
 
 St. Lawrence (peppered) 480 " 50 " 
 
 Gunboats (2 or 3 disabled) 120 " 6" 
 
 Floats (silenced) 200 " 20 " 
 
 Ericsson, Monitor 150 " 2" 
 
 Here, perhaps, in this short table is a better picture of what the 
 Virginia did and what she dared, than any painter could ever 
 give. That some of the makers of this, great piece of history may 
 be known to the public we append a list of the officers of the 
 Virginia : 
 
 Action of Saturday, 8th. Staff: Flag Officer, Captain Buch- 
 anan and Lieutneant R. D. Minor — both wounded. First Lieu- 
 
73 
 
 tenant Catesby Ap. R. Jones; Secretary and Aide to Flag 
 Officer, Lieutenant D. F. Forrest (Army) ; Lieutenant C. C. Simms, 
 1st Division ; Lieutenant H. Davidson, 2d Division ; Lieu- 
 tenant J. T. Wood, 3d Division ; Lieutenant J. R. Eggleston, 4th 
 Division ; Lieutenant W. R. Butt, 5th Division ; Captain R. T. 
 Thorn (C. S. Marine Corps), 6th Division ; Paymaster Semple, 
 Shot and Shell Division ; Fleet Surgeon, D. B. Phillips ; Assistant 
 Surgeon, A. S. Garnett; Chief Engineer, W. A. Ramsay; Master, 
 William Parrish ; Midshipmen, Foote, Marmaduke (wounded), 
 Littlepage, Long, Craig and Rootes ; Clerk to Flag Officer, A. 
 Sinclair ; Assistant Engineers, Tyrnans, Campbell and Herring ; 
 Paymaster's Clerk, A. Wright; Boatswain, C. Hasker ; Chief 
 Gunner, C. B. Oliver; Ship Carpenter, Lindsay; Pilots, George 
 Wright, H. Williams, T. Cunningham and W. Clarke. 
 
 Action of Sunday, the 9th — Lieutenant Commanding, Catesby 
 Jones; First Lieutenant C. C. Simms, and Lieutenant H. David- 
 son, commanding 1st and 2d Divisions. The other officers were 
 the same as those given in the first day's fight. [It has been pre- 
 viously stated that Captain Thomas Kevill, of this city, commanded 
 a gun (No. 7) in the fight ; he was on duty in that position both 
 days]. 
 
 SPECIAL INCIDENTS OF THE FIGHT. 
 
 Most of the Cumberland's crew, which numbered about 500 
 men, went down with her or were killed — not more than one hun- 
 dred being saved. 
 
 The scene on board the Congress, when the men boarded her, is 
 said to have been really sickening ; the deck was literally covered 
 with dead and dying seamen and marines. Blood was running in 
 streams, human limbs and brains were scattered about, and the 
 groans of the dying would have touched with sympathy the hardest 
 of hearts. Persons who witnessed the horrible sight were com- 
 pletely astounded at the damage the Virginia's guns had done, 
 both to the men and the ship. 
 
 On board the Confederate steamer Raleigh, Midshipman Hutter 
 was killed, and Captains Alexander and Tayloe wounded, the latter 
 very severely. 
 
 On board the Beaufort, Gunner W. Robinson and two seamen 
 were wounded — two Federal prisoners on board of her were also 
 struck by the shots of their friends at Newport's News ; one was 
 instantly killed by a minnie ball which penetrated his brain. On 
 bbard the Teaser only one man was wounded, and he very slightly. 
 
 On the Patrick Henry four men were killed and several others 
 wounded — all shot by the Federal infantry on the shore near New- 
 port's News. 
 
 During the two days fight the mainmast of the Raleigh and two 
 flag-staffs of the Virginia were cut down by the enemy's guns. 
 
74 
 
 Among the prisoners taken from the Congress was a negro man 
 named Sam, the property of the Drummond family in this city, who 
 had escaped from his owners several months previous to his capture. 
 
 The report that the Congress was " burned by the Federals to 
 prevent her falling into the hands of the Confederates," was purely 
 a fabrication, as the foregoing account plainly states that after she 
 was "run ashore," she raised the white flag and was boarded by 
 Confederates from the steamer Beaufort, <&c. She was certainly 
 burned by the Confederates. 
 
 When the Virginia arrived at the Navy-yard, after the fighting 
 was over, her men were mustered and addressed by the Command- 
 ing Officer in high terms of praise for their coolness and great 
 courage while under fire. 
 
 EXCITEMENT IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 The excitement caused in Washington by the news of the Vir- 
 ginia's victory may be imagined from the following extract from 
 an account written by Hon. Gideon Wells, Secretary of the U. S. 
 Navy in 1862. That gentleman says : 
 
 " On Sunday morning, the 9th of March, while at the Navy 
 Department examining the dispatches received, Mr. Watson, Assist- 
 ant Secretary of War, hastily entered with a telegram from Gen. 
 Wool, at Fortress Monroe, stating that the Merrimac had come 
 down from Norfolk the preceding day, attacked the fleet in Hamp- 
 ton Roads, and destroyed the Cumberland and Congress. Appre- 
 hensions were expressed by General Wool that the remaining vessels 
 would be made victims the following day, and that the Fortress 
 itself was in danger, for the Merrimac was impenetrable, and could 
 take what position she pleased for assault. I had scarcely read the 
 telegram when a message from the President requested my 
 immediate attendance at the Executive Mansion. The Secretary of 
 War (Mr. Stanton) on receiving General Wool's telegram had gone 
 instantly to the President, and at the same time sent messages to 
 the other Cabinet Officers, while the Assistant Secretary came to 
 me. I went at once to the White House. Mr. Seward and Mr. 
 Chase, with Mr. Stanton, were already there, had read the telegram, 
 and were discussing the intelligence in much alarm. Each inquired 
 what had been and what could be done to meet and check this 
 formidable monster, which in a single brief visit had made much 
 devastation, and would, herself uninjured, repeat her destructive 
 visit with still greater havoc, probably, while we were in council. 
 
 " Mr. Stanton, impulsive, and always a sensationalist, was terri- 
 bly excited, walked the room in great agitation, and gave brusque 
 utterances, and deprecatory answers to all that was said, and cen- 
 sured everything that had been done or was omitted to be done. 
 Mr. Seward, usually buoyant and self reliant, overwhelmed with 
 the intelligence, listened in responsive sympathy to Stanton, and 
 
75 
 
 was greatly depressed, as indeed, were all the members, who, in the 
 meantime, had arrived, with the exception of Mr. Blair, as well as 
 one or two others — naval and military officers — among them, Com- 
 mander Dahlgren and Col. Meigs. 
 
 " The Merrimac," said Stanton, who was vehement, aud did most 
 of the talking, " will change the whole character of the war ;" she 
 will destroy, seriatim, every naval vessel ; she will lay all the cities 
 on the seaboard under contribution. I shall immediately recall 
 Burnside, Port Royal must be abandoned. I will notify the 
 Governors aud the municipal authorities in the North to take instant 
 measures to protect their harbors." It is difficult to repeat his 
 language, which was broken and denunciatory, or to characterize 
 his manner, or the panic under which he labored, and which added 
 to the apprehension of others. He had no doubt, he said, that the 
 monster was at this moment on her way to Washington, and, looking 
 outof the window, which commandeda view of the Potomacfor many 
 miles, he said, " not unlikely we shall have a shell or cannon-ball 
 from one of her guns, in the White House before we leave this 
 room." Most of Stanton's complaints were directed to me, and to 
 me others turned, not complainingly, but naturally, for information 
 or suggestion that might give relief. I had little to impart except 
 my faith in the untried Monitor experiment, which we had prepared 
 for the emergency ; an assurance that the Merrimac, with her draft, 
 and loaded with iron, could not pass Kettle Bottom Shoals, in the 
 Potomac, and ascend the river and surprise us with a cannon ball, 
 and advised that, instead of adding to the general panic, it would 
 better become us to calmly consider the situation and inspire confi- 
 dence by acting, so far as we could, intelligently, and with discretion 
 and judgment. 
 
 "Mr. Chase approved the suggestion, but thought it might be 
 well to telegraph Governor Morgan and Mayor Opdyke, at New 
 York, that they might be on their guard. Stanton said he should 
 warn the authorities in all the chief cities. I questioned the prop- 
 riety of sending abroad panic missives, or adding to the alarm that 
 would naturally be felt, and said it was doubtful whether the vessel 
 so cut down and loaded with armor, would venture outside of the 
 Capes ; certainly, she could not, with her draft of water, get into the 
 sounds of North Carolina to disturb Burnside and our forces there ; 
 nor was she omnipresent to make general destruction at New York, 
 Boston, Port Royal, &c, at the same time; that there would be 
 general alarm created ; and repeated that my dependence was on the 
 Monitor, and my confidence in her, great. '■' What," asked Stanton, 
 "is the size and strength of this Monitor? How many guns does 
 she carry?" When I replied two, but of large calibre, he turned 
 away with a look of mingled amazement, contempt, and distress, 
 that was painfully ludicrous. Mr. Seward said that my remark 
 
76 
 
 concerning the draft of water which the Merrimac drew, and the 
 assurance that it was impossible for her to get at our forces under 
 Burnside, afforded him the first moment of relief and real comfort 
 he had received. 
 
 " Stanton left abruptly after Seward's remark. The President 
 ordered his carriage and went to the Navy-yard to see what might 
 be the views of the Naval officers. Returning to my house a little 
 before 12 o'clock, I stopped at St. John's Church, and called out 
 Commodore Smith, to whom I communicated the tidings we had 
 received, and that the Congress, commanded by his son, Commander 
 Joseph Smith, bad been sunk. "The Congress sunk !" he exclaimed, 
 at the same time buttoning up his coat, and looking me calmly and 
 steadily in the face — "then Joe is dead !" I told him this did not 
 follow, the officers and crew doubtless escaped, for the shore was not 
 distant. " You don't know Joe," said the veteran father, " as 
 well as I do; he would not survive his ship." (As he did not, 
 but mortally wounded, perished with her). 
 
 " At a late hour I received a telegram from Mr. Fox, stating that 
 the Monitor had reached Hampton Roads a little before midnight 
 of the 8th, and had encountered and driven off the Merrimac. The 
 submerged telegraph cable, which had been completed from Fortress 
 Monroe to Cherrystone the preceding evening, parted on Sunday 
 evening, and further communication ceased at this highly interest- 
 ing crisis until the arrival of the mail, via Baltimore, on Monday. 
 
 "It is not my purpose to narrate the particulars of the conflict, 
 which have been so well and accurately detailed in the official reports 
 of the officers, and are matters of record, and were published in the 
 day and time of that remarkable encounter. 
 
 " The Merrimac was a few days thereafter — on the 10th of May, 
 Avhile the President and party were at Fortress Monroe — aban- 
 doned and destroyed by the rebels themselves. The large steamers 
 that had awaited her advent, at an expense of several hundred 
 thousand dollars, were discharged, with the exception of the Van- 
 derbilt, which reinained a white elephant in the hands of the War 
 Department. Eventually she was turned over to the Navy, that 
 had declined to purchase and did not want her. She was too large 
 for blockade service, but as she was to be employed, the Navy 
 Department sent her off on an unsuccessful cruise for the Alabama, 
 under a very capable Commander, at a cost to the Government of 
 more than one thousand dollars per day without result. The War 
 Department had. paid two thousand dollars per day to her owner 
 for her use. 
 
 " The Monitor, which rendered such gallant service to the coun- 
 try and was the progenitor of a class of vessels that is to be found 
 in the navy of almost every maritime nation, was foundered on the 
 30th of December, 1862, in a storm off Cape Hatteras." 
 
77 
 
 j\Tust two months after the brilliant achievements of the Virginia 
 In Hampton Roads, the gallant craft was destroyed by the Confed- 
 erates — an account of which will be given in succeeding pages. 
 After the destruction of the Virginia the following poem was 
 written, and its author has kindly contributed it to this volume :] 
 
 THE MERRIMAC AND THE BLOCRADEES. — BY W, S. FORREST, 
 
 The sun looked forth in glory, 
 
 A day of joy it seemed ; 
 Of war-ships' decks all gory, 
 
 The fee but little dreamed. 
 
 Yet onward dashed a monster 
 
 That Nelson might have feared ; 
 The rattling drums announced her, 
 
 And the signal guns were heard. 
 
 And soon the flash and thunder 
 
 Bespeak her peerless sway ; 
 Huge timbers crash asunder, 
 
 And Ironsides rules the day. 
 
 The ambient air is trembling 5 
 
 Columbiads' echoing tones 
 Soil on — the while resembling 
 
 The earthquake's sullen groans. 
 
 The red-hot balls are flying 
 
 Like demons through the air. 
 And mangled men are dying 
 
 And screaming in despair I 
 
 Buchanan's voice is ringing 
 
 Like a trumpet-call to war, 
 While bleeding men are clinging 
 
 To broken mast and -spar. 
 
 The briny tide is flowing 
 
 O'er a proud old frigate's deck, 
 And still the shots are mowing 
 
 The ranks on a burning wreck. 
 
 And soon the red flames flashing, 
 
 The shores illuminate ; 
 And blazing timbers crashing, 
 Complete her awful fate. 
 
 Two others still are battered, 
 
 Though standing far away ; 
 Their hulls and bulwarks shattered,, 
 
 While others fear the fray. 
 
 Blockaders, where's your powet 
 
 To harm those iron walls 
 With hot metallic shower 
 
 Of shell and solid balls ? 
 
78 
 
 The furious fray has ended. 
 
 The echoes died away, 
 The work of death suspended 
 
 Until another day. 
 
 The moon lights up ?he scenery 
 Of blood and death and woe r 
 
 The work of man's machinery 
 To crush a mighty foe. 
 
 The sun-lit wavelets play there, 
 The sea-bird's scream is heard ; 
 
 The free winds hold their sway where 
 Those sentry ships appeared. 
 
 Again those shores are lighted — 
 
 Another deafening roar ; 
 Again fond hopes are blighted ; 
 
 The Merrimae is no more I 
 
 [Mr. Forrest, as well as the Northern people, called her the 
 " Merrimac,"'because she was better known by that title. Very 
 few persons called her the Virginia, although that was her Confed- 
 erate name]. 
 
 May 1st (1862) the Norfolk Independent Greys, stationed at 
 Craney Island, elected the following officers : 
 
 Captain, David Wright; 1st Lieutenant, J. H. Smith; 2d 
 Lieutenant, W. G. Wilbern ; Jr. 2d Lieutenant, Henry S. Rey- 
 nolds. 
 
 On the same day the Norfolk Juniors, at the "Entrenched Camp," 
 elected the following officers : 
 
 Captain, Thos. F. Owens ; 1st Lieutenant, Henry Woodhouse ; 
 2d Lieutenant, C. DeShields ; Jr., 2d Lieutenant, Charles Beall. 
 
 Amongthe gallant soldiers killed at the battle of Shiloh, in April 
 1862, was Mr. Robert J. Camm, of Norfolk. He was a member of 
 Company B, in the "Crescent Battalion" from New Orleans. News 
 of his death was not received here until May 2d. 
 
 May 3rd, a handsome sword was presented to Lieut. Woodhouse 
 of the Norfolk Juniors, by private E. Tompkins, in behalf of the 
 Company. 
 
 During the elections which were held by the various commands 
 during the first part of this month, we note the following officers of 
 the 6th Virginia Regiment : 
 
 Colonel, George Rogers; Lieutenant-Colonel, H. Williamson; 
 Major, R. B. Taylor. 
 
 The three Norfolk Companies attached to this Regiment elected 
 officers as follows : 
 
 Company A. — Captain, C. W. Perkinson ; 1st Lieutenant, C. W. 
 
79 
 
 Wilson ) 2d Lieutenant, Geo. Stewart ; Jr. 2d Lieutenant, J. Lee 
 Happer. 
 
 Company C. — Captain, John C. Hayman ; 1st Lieutenant, D. C> 
 Walters ; 2d Lieutenant, A. J, Denson ; Jr. 2d Lieutenant, James 
 Dashiel. 
 
 Company D. — Captain, Jno. R. Ludlow ; 1st Lieutenant, M. N. 
 Stokes ; 2d Lieutenant, Geo. F. Crawley ; Jr. 2d Lieutenant, Jas, 
 M. F. Wyatt. 
 
 May the 7th, the death of James W. Ghiselin was first pub- 
 lished. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh while gallantly 
 leading a charge. He was a promising young man, only 26 years 
 of age, and son of Mr. Jno. D. Ghiselin, Sr., of this city. 
 
 May 8th, heavy cannonading was heard down the river and great 
 excitement was caused by it in Norfolk. It was generally conceded, 
 from the fact of three Federal gunboats having passed up James 
 River in the morning, that they were shelling one of our batteries, 
 most likely the one at Dey's Point. 
 
 At a later hour in the day, about 12 o'clock, the bombardment 
 of Sewell's Point commenced. The enemy had two frigates, three 
 gunboats and two iron-clad batteries engaged in this work, and 
 they continued with great energy for several hours, until the Vir- 
 ginia, which was at the Navy Yard, got up steam and went down. 
 We learn that as soon as she turned the point at Craney Island, 
 the whole Federal fleet beat a hasty retreat back to Old Point, not 
 caring to encounter this object of their greatest terror. 
 
 THE EVACUATION OP NORFOLK BY THE CONFEDERATES. 
 
 The Confederate Commander of this department (Gen. Huger) 
 heard of the evacuation of Yorktown, by our troops, and at the 
 same time learned that the Federals had planned an attack upon 
 Norfolk, both by land and water, which, the insufficiency of our 
 defences and want of troops, could not successfully, repel without 
 great sacrifices. And also knowing that the enemy having posses- 
 sion of Roanoke Island, Hatteras, and Fortress Monroe, Norfolk 
 was not valuable to the Confederacy as a strategic point, and could 
 not be held except at very great loss of life and expense to the 
 Government, it was determined, after proper consultation with the 
 War Department at Richmond, to evacuate the place. Accord- 
 ingly, preparations were at once made to that effect, and the work 
 of destroying the public property that could not be carried way 
 was begun. 
 
 On the morning of the 10th of May, Gen. Jno. E. Wool, Com- 
 manding United States forces at Fortress Monroe, landed troops at 
 Ocean View, and commenced his march upon Norfolk. The troops 
 were organized during the night previous at Old Point, and were 
 conveyed to the point of landing in the Steamer Adelaide, of the 
 Old Bay Line, and several barges, which had been engaged for that 
 
80 
 
 purpose. As soon as this was known to the Confederates, the) 7 aban- 
 doned their guns at Sewell's Point and came to Norfolk to prevent 
 being captured by the forces in their rear. The Federal troops 
 approached very cautiously and slowly, and during the day 
 (the 10th) our forces destroyed the public buildings and vessels at 
 the Navy Yard, spiked all the guns, and quietly abandoned the 
 " Twin Cities by the Sea." The Craney Island and Pig Point 
 batteries were also abandoned (under protection of the Virginia) 
 and the guns at those places, as well as at Sewell's Point, were 
 spiked. 
 
 A correspondent of the Baltimore American thus wrote ta that 
 paper under date of Sunday, May the 11th. After giving a list of 
 the troops that were landed at Ocean View, he said : " Nothing of 
 interest occurred on the march until the troops got within three 
 miles of the city, when all the approaches were observed to be 
 extensively fortified by lines of earthworks full three miles in 
 length, mounted with heavy guns — all of which had been spiked, 
 and the amunition removed to Norfolk. Gen. Viele was the first 
 to enter the works, followed by the skirmishers, body-guard and 
 staff of Gen. Wool. Shortly after passing these harmless obstruc- 
 tions the line of march was again taken up for the city, the church 
 spires and prominent points of which could be occasionally seen 
 through the thick foliage of the trees. 
 
 " When about a mile from the suburbs, Mayor W. W. Lamb, of 
 Norfolk, accompanied by a committee from the City Councils, ap- 
 proached the advancing column under a flag of truce, and informed 
 Gen. Wool that Gen. Huger had evacuated the city, and that civil 
 authority had been restored ; that at that time there were no Con- 
 federate troops within several miles of Norfolk or Portsmouth ; and 
 that, under the circumstances, he was prepared to give the Federals 
 quiet and peaceful possession of the city, and all he asked in return 
 was that private property should be respected, and peacviable citi- 
 zens allowed to pursue their usual business avocations. 
 
 " A halt was then ordered and the men bivouacked on the field 
 for the night, outside the city limits. Gen. Wool begged Mayor 
 Lamb to rest assured that all he had asked should be granted. The 
 party then started for the City Hall to inaugurate the new military 
 authorities in control of Norfolk. The Mayor invited Gen. Wool 
 and Secretary Chase (who was with him) to seats in his carriage, 
 and they proceeded together, followed by the General's body-guard 
 and staff." After arriving at and entering the City Hall, General 
 Wool issued an order which appointed Brigadier-General Veile, 
 Military Governor of the city, and which concluded with the follow- 
 ing language : " General Viele will see that all citizens are care- 
 fully protected in all their rights and civil privileges, taking the 
 utmost care to preserve order, and to see that no soldiers be per- 
 
81 
 
 raitted to enter the city except by his order, or by the written 
 permission of the commanding officer of his brigade or regiment, 
 and he will punish any American soldier who shall trespass upon 
 the rights or property of any of the innabitants." [Every citizen 
 who remained in Norfolk after that knows how faithfully (f) Gen. 
 Viele executed this part of Gen. Wool's order ; but probably Gen. 
 Wool was not so wise]. 
 
 After issuing his order, General Wool at once departed for Fort 
 Monroe, and a large concourse of citizens assembled around the 
 City Hall and called upon Mayor Lamb for a speech. He ad- 
 dressed the crowd briefly, stating what he had done, and repeating 
 what General Wool had said in his order. The Mayor's remarks 
 were received with expressions of approval— some persons cheered 
 him when he concluded. 
 
 Some days after this General Wool, in a private letter to a friend 
 in New York, said ; " I found out, on Friday, the 9th, that I 
 could land troops without much trouble at Ocean View, six miles 
 from Fort Monroe. The Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Chase, 
 and my Aide-de-camp, Colonel Cram, were with me. I immedi- 
 ately organized a force of less than six thousand men, and embarked 
 them that night, under the direction of Colonel Cram. The Col- 
 onel constructed a bridge of boats from the steamer across the 
 shallow water, and we landed the troops at the point named early 
 Saturday morning, the 10th instant. As fast as they could form, 
 I put them in motion for Norfolk. Our route was by the New 
 Bridge over Tanner's Creek. On approaching the bridge, our 
 troops were fired upon from a battery of three six-pounders, when 
 our necessary halt enabled the enemy to burn the bridge. I then 
 ordered a countermarch, and proceeded to Norfolk by the old road, 
 where I arrived safe at 5 o'clock p. M., when the Mayor met me 
 and surrendered the city. 
 
 "The enemy, three thousand strong under General Huger, had 
 fled a short time before my arrival. The entrenchments through 
 which I passed had twenty-one guns mounted, which, properly 
 manned, might have made an effective defence. I turned over the 
 command to General Viele, appointed him Military Governor of 
 the city, and then returned to the Fort and reported to the Presi- 
 dent and Secretary of War, who awaited me, I think it a fair 
 inference that the occupation of Norfolk caused the blowing up of 
 the dreaded Merrimac, and secured to us the free use of James 
 river. The army may, therefore, claim at least some share of this 
 much desired naval success. 
 
 " In great haste, most truly yours, 
 
 "JOHN E. WOOL." 
 
82 
 THE DESTRUCTION OF THE VIRGINIA. 
 
 Official Report of Commodore Tatna.ll, C. S. N. 
 
 "Richmond, Va., May 14th, 1862. 
 
 " Hon. S. R. Mallory, Secretary Confederate States Navy : Sir — 
 In detailing to you the circumstances which caused the destruction 
 of the Confederate States steamer Virginia, and her movements a 
 few days previous 1o that event, I begin with your telegraphic 
 dispatches to me of the 4th and 5th instants, directing me to take 
 such a position in the James river as would entirely prevent the 
 enemy ascending it. 
 
 "General Huger, commanding at Norfolk, on learning that I 
 had received this order, called on me and declared that its execution 
 would oblige him to abandon immediately his forts on Craney 
 Island and Sewell's Point. I informed him that as the order was 
 imperative, I must execute it ; but stated that he should telegraph 
 you and state the consequences. He did so, and on the 6th instant 
 you telegraphed me to endeavor to afford protection to Norfolk as 
 well as the James river, which replaced me in my original position. 
 I then arranged with the General that he should notify me when 
 his preparations for the evacuation of Norfolk were sufficiently 
 advanced to enable me to act independently. 
 
 " On the 7th instant Commodore Hollins reached Norfolk with 
 orders from you to communicate with me and such officers as I 
 might select in regard to the best disposition to be made of the 
 Virginia under the present aspect of things. We had arranged 
 the conference for the next day, the 8th ; but on that day before 
 the hour appointed, the enemy attacked the Sewell's Point battery, 
 and I immediately left with the Virginia to defend it. There I found 
 six of the enemy's vessels, including the iron-clad steamers Monitor 
 and Naugatuck, shelling the battery. We passed by and headed 
 directly for the enemy for the purpose of engaging him, and I 
 thought an action certain. But before we got within gunshot, he 
 ceased firing and retired with all speed to the protecting guns of 
 Fort Monroe, followed by the Virginia, until the shells from the 
 Rip Raps passed over her. 
 
 " The Virginia was then placed at her moorings near Sewell's 
 Point, and I returned to Norfolk to hold the conference referred 
 to. It was held on the 9th instant, and the officers present were, 
 
 Col. Anderson and Captain , of the army, selected by Gen. 
 
 Huger, who was too.unwell to attend himself; and of the navy, 
 myself, Commodore Hollins, Capts. Sterrett and Lee, Commander 
 Richard L. Jones, and Lieuts. Catesby Ap. R. Jones and J. Pem- 
 broke Jones. The opinion was unanimous that the Virginia was 
 then employed to the best advantage, and that she should continue 
 
83 
 
 for the present, to protect Norfolk, and thus afford time to remove 
 the public property. 
 
 " On the next da} 7 (10th), at 10 o'clock A. M., we observed from 
 the Virginia that the flag was not flying on the Sewell's Point bat- 
 tery, and that the place appeared to have been abandoned. I 
 despatched Lieut. J. P. Jones to Craney Island, where our flag was 
 still flying, and he there learned that a large force of the enemy had 
 landed on Bay Shore, and were marching on Norfolk ; that Sewell's 
 Point was abandoned, and that our troops were retreating. I then 
 despatched the same officer to Norfolk, to confer with Gen. Huger 
 and Capt. Lee. He found the Navy Yard in flames, and that all 
 its officers had left by ihe railroad — Gen. Huger and the other army 
 officers had also left, and the enemy was within a short distance 
 from the city, treating with the Mayor for its surrender. On return- 
 ing to me he found that Craney Island and all the other batteries on 
 the river had been abandoned. It was then seven o'clock p. m., and 
 prompt measures were necessary for the safety of the Virginia. 
 
 " The pilots had assured me that they could take the ship, with a 
 draft of eighteen feet, to within forty miles of Richmond. This the 
 chief pilot, Mr. Parrish, and his chief assistant, Mr. Wright, had 
 asserted again and again ; and on the afternoon of the 7th, in my 
 cabin, in the presence of Commodore Hollins and Capt. Sterrett, in 
 reply to a question of mine, they both emphatically declared their 
 ability to do so. Confiding in these assurances, and after consulting 
 with the First and Flag-Lieutenants, and learning that the officers 
 generally thought it the most judicious course, I determined to 
 lighten the ship at once and run up the river for the protection of 
 Richmond. AH hands having been called on deck, I stated to them 
 the condition of things, and my hope that, by getting up the river, 
 before the enemy could be made aware of our designs, we might cap- 
 capture his vessels which had ascended it, and render efficient aid 
 in the defence of Richmond ; but that to effect this would require 
 all their energy in lightening the ship. They replied with three 
 cheers and went to work at once. The pilots were on deck and 
 heard this address to the crew. 
 
 " Being quite unwell, I retired to bed. Between one and two 
 o'clock in the morning, the First Lieutenant reported to me that, 
 after the crew had worked for five or six hours, and lifted the 
 ship so as to render her unfit for action, the pilots had declared 
 their inability to carry eighteen feet above Jamestown Flats, up to 
 which point the shore on each side was occupied by the enemy. On 
 demanding from the chief pilot, Mr. Parrish, an explanation of this 
 palpable deception, he replied that eighteen feet could be carried 
 after the prevalence of easterly winds, but that the wind for the 
 last two days had been westerly. I had no time to lose. The ship 
 was not in condition for battle, even with an enemy of equal force, 
 
84 
 
 and their force was overwhelming. I therefore determined, with the 
 concurrence of the First and Flag Lieutenants, to save the crew for 
 future service by landing them at Craney Island, the only road for 
 retreat open to us, and to destroy the ship to prevent her falling in 
 the hands of the enemy. I may add that, although not formally 
 consulted, the course was approved by every Commissioned Officer- 
 in the ship. There was no dissenting opinion. The ship was 
 accordingly run ashore as near the main land as possible, and the 
 crew landed. She was then fired, and after burning fiercely fore 
 and aft for upward of an hour, blew up a little before five o'clock 
 on the morning of the eleventh. 
 
 " We then marched to Suffolk, a distance of twenty-two miles, 
 reached there in the evening and came by rail to Richmond. It will 
 be asked what motives the pilots could have had in deceiving me. 
 The <»nly imaginable one is that they wished to avoid going into 
 battle. Had the ship not have been lifted so as to render her unfit 
 for action, a desperate contest must have ensued with a force against 
 us too great to justify much hope of success ; and as fighting was 
 not their occupation, they adopted this deceitful course to avoid it. 
 I cannot imagine another motive, for I had seen no reason to dis- 
 trust their good faith to the Confederacy. 
 
 " My acknowledgements are due to First Lieutenant Catesby 
 Ap. II. Jones, for his untiring exertions, and for the aid he rendered 
 me in all tilings. The details for firing the ship and landing the 
 crew were left to him, and everything was conducted with the most 
 perfect order. 
 
 " To the other officers of the ship, generally, I am also thankful 
 for the great zeal they displayed throughout. The Virginia no 
 longer exists, but three hundred braveand skilful officers and seamen 
 are saved to theConfederaey. 
 
 " I presume that a Court of Inquiry will be ordered to examine 
 into all the circumstances I have narrated, and I earnestly solicit 
 it. Public opinion will never be put right without it. 
 
 " I am sir, with great respect, your obedient servant, 
 " (Signed) JOSIAH TATNALL, 
 
 Flag Officer, Commanding." 
 
 The above report gives " the particulars " concerning the destruc- 
 tion of the most formidable and gallant ship that ever sailed upon 
 our waters. 
 
 FINDINGS OF THE COURT OF INQUIRY. 
 
 The Court of Inquiry asked for by Commodore Tatnall, and 
 convoked by order of the Secretary of the Navy, on the 20th of May 
 (18G2), in Richmond, and of which Captain French Forrest, of the 
 Navy, was President, adopted the following report: 
 
 1st. " The destruction of the Virginia was, in the opinion of this 
 Court, unnecessary at time and place it was effected. 
 
'2d. " It being clearly in evidence that Norfolk being evacuated, 
 and Flag-Officer Tat nail having beeen instructed to prevent 'tile 
 <enemy from ascending James River, the Virginia, with very little 
 more, if any lessening of draft, after lightening her to twenty feet six 
 inches aft, with her iron sheathing still extending three feet under 
 water, could have been taken up to Hog Island, in James River, 
 (where the channel is narrow) and could then have prevented the 
 larger vessels and transports of the enemy from ascending. The 
 Court is of the opinion that such a disposition ought to have been 
 made of her, and if it should be ascertained that her provisions could 
 not have been replenished when those on hand were exhausted, 
 then the proper time would have arrived for considering the exped- 
 iency or practicability of striking a last blow at the enemy, or of 
 •destroying her. 
 
 3d. "In conclusion, the Court is of opinion that the evacuation 
 of Norfolk, the destruction of the Navy Yard and other public 
 property, added to the hasty retreat of the military under General 
 Huger, leaving the batteries unmanned and unprotected, no doubt 
 conspired to produce in the minds of the officers of the Virginia 
 the necessity of her destruction at the time, as, in their opinion the 
 only means left of preventing her from falling into the hands of 
 the enemy ; and seems to have precluded the consideration of the 
 possibility of getting her up James River to the point or points 
 indicated." 
 
 It is a fact well known in Norfolk, and can be substantiated by 
 gentlemen now living here who were on board the Virginia) that 
 her crew wanted to attack the Monitor and were willing to fight 
 her even under the guns of Fort Monroe, if they had been allowed 
 to do so. We do not pretend to say that this would have been 
 proper, or prudent, but we mention it as a fact not mentioned in 
 Commodore Tatnall's report of the partieulars y &c. 
 
 UNDER FEDERAL MILITARY RULE. 
 
 We do not propose in this volume to give much of Norfolk's 
 history during the time she Was under- the rule of Ben Butler, 
 Viele, Bovey & Co. (names that were not born to die as long as 
 infamy lives), but will make brief mention of a few facts, and then 
 pass on to the " weak, piping times peace." In a future (enlarged) 
 edition of this work, the author proposes to call particular attention 
 to the events that transpired in this city while " Beast Butler " had 
 command and persecuted our people. 
 
 The evacuation of Norfolk by the Confederates caused a great 
 deal of anxiety, fear and heart-suffering among the citizens. Aged 
 fathers and mothers, affectionate sisters and daughters, weeping 
 wives and little children, saw their loved ones depart for scenes and 
 dangers unknown, probably never to return again ! It was indeed 
 
86 
 
 a trying hour; but the brave hearts who had undertaken the 
 defence of their native State recognized fidelity to no other cause, 
 and with tearful eyes an 1 farewell embraces they left their hearts 7 
 treasures in sorrow, and boldly marched forth to battle for the 
 homes the v loved so well. Oh! glorious hero is he who freely 
 offers his blood and his life for the sake of liberty and the land 
 which gave him birth. Vile traitor is he who turns his back upon 
 his native or adopted State to battle against the rights and princi- 
 ples which she calls npon him to defend. And yet more infamous,, 
 vile and cowardly is the man who has no principles dear to his 
 heart, no pride to make him brave, no holy cause to defend. There 
 are such men as these in the world — some in the North and some 
 in the South, and some in Norfolk as well as other places. 
 
 It was not until after the Federals took possession of Norfolk 
 that the honest Southern men and the sneaking hypocrites in the 
 city, were truly known. It was not until then that Ben Butler's 
 thieving propensities, and his impious and merciless acts as a mili- 
 tary commander, brought him to the scornful notice of the honest 
 and Christian people of the country. It was not until then that a "scal- 
 lawag " was known in Virginia — known by the untiring energy 
 he displayed in his efforts to humiliate, degrade and destroy the 
 very people with whom he had lived for life, and among whom he 
 had prospered — known by the bull dog tenacity with which he 
 clung to the skirts and licked the boots of the Federal officers, ever 
 whispering in their ears tales about honest men's loyalty to the 
 South, and ever trying to sow the seeds of discord and trouble. 
 
 Our people will remember that " Beast Butler " ruled them with 
 an iron will, and ordered the execution of Dr. Wright, one of our 
 noblest and best citizens, simply because he dared to shoot down 
 an insolent officer of a negro company, who had grossly insulted 
 him, and would probably have killed him if he had gotten the first 
 chance. This and other great outrages are fresh in the minds of 
 the citizens of our community, and they will be given in detail in a 
 forthcoming edition of this history. 
 
 Butler of course removed all good citizens of Norfolk and Ports- 
 mouth from office, and filled their places with " scallawags" and 
 "army bummers-" He took charge of our city gas works and ran 
 the same " on Government account" — which meant in plain Eng- 
 lish, for " Butler & Co." 
 
 As a sample of the Councilmen appointed by the " the Beast" we 
 have only to present our readers with the following preamble and 
 resolutions which were unanimously adopted by the Council of 
 Portsmouth, July 13th, 1863, and duly recorded. The said resolu- 
 tions were offered by R. G. Staples, who was then a conspicuous 
 member of the " Butlerized Council" in the " game cock" city by 
 the sea. Here is the document — it refers particular to the killing 
 
87 
 
 of the soldier by the brave and chivalrous Dr. Wright, in July 
 1863: 
 
 " Wherms, By the brutal murder of an officer of the United 
 States forces, by a rabid secessionist of the city of Norfolk ; and 
 whereas, we have convincing proof of the dispositions of men in 
 our midst of similar proclivities; be it therefore, 
 
 "Resolved 1st, That the Common Council of the city of Ports- 
 mouth has heard with regret of the death of Lieut. A. L. Sanborn, 
 while in the discharge of his officialduties, by the hands of a dis- 
 loyal man. 
 
 " Resolved 2nd, That the sympathies of this Board be extended to 
 the friends and connections of the deceased, and that the members 
 of this Council will attend in a body upon the funeral ceremonies 
 of the deceased. 
 
 " Resolved 3rd, That the Mayor be called upon to request a 
 general suspension of business from one to three P. M., and that the 
 bells of the city be tolled during that time. 
 
 " Resolved 4th, That we call upon the military authorities to bring 
 to speedy and condign punishment the author of this foul crime 
 and treasonable act to his country and his God. 
 
 " Resolved 5th, That this Council deem it the duty of the United 
 States forces to remove from our midst the foul mouthed traitors who 
 infest the street corners and market places of our city, plotting 
 treason and even contemplating such deeds of bloodshed as we are 
 now called to reflect upon. 
 
 " Resolved 6th, That the clerk be ordered to furnish copies of 
 these resolutions to the friends of the deceased, and the military 
 authorities of this Department." 
 
 [R. G. Staples, at this writing — February 1877 — is the Post- 
 master of Portsmouth ; and as it is naturally supposed that the new 
 President of the United States, R. B. Hayes Esq., will make many 
 changes in Federal offices in the South, and as he has evinced some 
 disposition to be governed by the wishes of the respectable citizens 
 of the various communities, the aforesaid Staples — ex-Councilman, 
 Postmaster, &c-, circulated a petition to be retained in office, and 
 asked some of the good people of Portsmouth — some of those 
 " foul-mouthed traitors" as he once denominated them, to sign his 
 petition. Verily, such unblushing impudence beats the devil him- 
 self. These facts are simply mentioned to show what kind of people 
 old Butler put in office — many of whom were retained by U. S. 
 Grant to reign over and misgovern the affairs of our dear old Vir- 
 ginia. Where such people first came from, no one knows ; where 
 they are to go at last, no body cares]. 
 
 THE NORFOLK SOLDIEES. 
 
 Some months previous to the evacuation of Norfolk, " Mahone's 
 Brigade" was formed — that gallant old brigade, which, under its 
 
brave and peerless Commander, Gen. Wm. Mahone, of this city 
 (now of Petersburg), won undying fame and imperishable glory I 
 It was composed of the 6th ? 12th, 16th, 41st and 61st Virginia Regi- 
 ments — each of which has a record in the history of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia, unsurpassed for true courage and deeds of 
 daring. All of the infantry companies from Norfolk were attached 
 to two regiments of this brigade, to wit : 
 
 The Norfolk Junior Volunteers were assigned to the 12th Va., 
 Regiment, as Company H. This gallant Company left here under 
 command of Capt. Thos. F. Owens. The officers of the regiment 
 at that time were, Col. D. A. Weisiger; Lieutenant-Colonel, J. 
 Richard Lewellen j Major, John May — all from Petersburg at that 
 time. 
 
 The 6th Regiment was under the following officers when it leffe 
 Norfolk : Colonel, Geo. T. Rogers ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Harry 
 Williamson ; Major, Robert Taylor ; Adjutant, Lieutenant Alex. 
 Tunstall — all of Norfolk and its vicinity. The following com- 
 panies from the city were assigned to the 6th, and left here under 
 the Captains named, to wit : The Independent Grays, (Co. H), 
 Capt. David Wright ; Woodis Rifles, (Co. C), Capt. Jno. Hayman ; 
 Co. G (old " Co. F"), Capt. Edward Hardy ; Co. D (jocularly called 
 " Ludlow's Pills"), Capt. John R. Ludlow ; Co. A, Capt. C. W. 
 Perkinson. 
 
 The Norfolk Artillery Companies attached to the Army when 
 the city was evacuated, were these : Norfolk Light Artillery Blues 
 Capt. C. R. Grandy ; Huger Battery, Capt. Frank Huger ; United 
 Artillery, Capt. Thos. Kevill ; Atlantic Artillery, Capt. J. Hardy 
 Hendren. The Blues were furnished with a field battery of six 
 guns a short time after they arrived in Petersburg. The Huger 
 Battery took their guns and horses from here. These two Com- 
 panies were assigned to temporary duty around Petersburg. The 
 United Artillery Company was assigned to duty at Drury's Bluff. 
 The Atlantic Artillery Company was sent to Richmond in the latter 
 part of May 1862, to man a battery of heavy guns near Fort Har- 
 rison. It was afterwards shifted to various parts of the Army as 
 were the Blues' and Huger batteries. 
 
 The companies mentioned in the foregoing list did not contain 
 all of the soldiers from Norfolk, for our brave boys were scattered 
 about in various other commands. Some were in companies from 
 the surrounding counties, and some were in commands from other 
 cities and States. We have mentioned in preceding pages of this 
 book the names of some of the gallant patriots from our midst who 
 entered the army in other States before Virginia seceded. To these 
 we would add a few more names which we now recall to memory : 
 the gallant Captain John S. Tucker (now the honored Mayor of 
 Norfolk) lost an arm in the battle of Corinth, (May, 1862,) under 
 
89 
 
 the matchless General Beauregard. West wood A. Todd (now 
 Deputy Clerk of our Courts) was a brave member of the Peters- 
 burg Rifles, 12th Virginia Regiment. John H. Sharp (brother of 
 Charles Sharp, Esq.), and Edward Sinclair Beall (son of the 
 lamented Rev. Upton Beall) were valuable members of the Otey 
 battery, a splendid company from Richmond — first commanded by 
 the fearless Captain G. Gaston Otey, of Lynchburg, and afterwards 
 by Captain D. N. Walker, an accomplished gentleman from Rich- 
 mond. Colonel William Lamb was in North Carolina ; Colonel 
 Walter H. Taylor was with the immortal Lee in West Virginia ; 
 Colonel V. D. Groner was on duty in Richmond, and Messrs. 
 Virginius and Robert Freeman were in South Carolina on duty 
 (the former in the navy) when Norfolk was abandoned to the tender 
 mercies of Viele, Butler & Co. 
 
 There were other brave soldiers from our town scattered about 
 the Confederacy, whose names we cannot now recall — some were 
 killed in battle, some died of disease, and others returned home 
 to their friends and families, proud with the satisfaction of know- 
 ing that they had bravely followed Lee, Jackson and Beauregard, 
 and had done their duty to Virginia and to their dear Southern 
 land. How was it with those who hearkened not unto Virginia's 
 call, but shirked duty by remaining at home, while the best blood 
 of our land was being shed in defence of their homes and firesides ? 
 How did they meet the brave Norfolk soldiers when they returned 
 home from their arduous campaign ? No answer can be given. 
 
 We cannot undertake to give a history of the valor, the hard- 
 ships, the sufferings, nor the battles of our brave companies, for it 
 would be too great a task. We are permitted, however, to give 
 the following account of the battle of the Crater, near Petersburg, 
 July 30th, 1864, in which a large majority of the Norfolk soldiers 
 were engaged. It was written by Lieutenant Colonel William H. 
 Stewart, of the 61st Virginia Regiment, " Mahone's old Brigade" — 
 as gallant a soldier as ever braved a bullet — a patriot and a gentle- 
 man with but few equals and no superiors : 
 
 BATTLE OF THE CRATER. 
 
 RECOLLECTIONS OF THE RECAPTURE OF THE LINES — SCENES AND 
 
 INCIDENTS. 
 
 As the wild waves of time rush on, our thoughts now and then 
 run back over the rough billows to buried hopes and unfulfilled 
 anticipations,and oft we linger long and lovingly, as if standing beside 
 the tomb of a cherished parent. Thus the faithful follower of the 
 Southern Cross recalls the proud hopes that led him over long and 
 weary marches and in bloody battles. These foot-sore journeys and 
 hard contested fields are now bright jewels in his life around which 
 the tenderest cords of his heart are closely entwined. They are 
 
90 
 
 monuments of duty ! They are sacred resting places for his baffled 
 energies ! They are rich mines from which the very humblest actor 
 gathers the wealth of an approving conscience ! He hears no peans 
 by a grateful country — no bounty rolls bear his name — yet these 
 are sweet choristers ever chanting priceless praises to the zeal and 
 manhood with which he faced his foe. The veteran of an hundred 
 battles always points with greater pride to one as the crowningglorv 
 of the many achievements. So the soldiers of Mahone's Old 
 Brigade look upon the great battle which I shall here attempt to 
 describe. 
 
 My little fly tent, scarcely large enough for two persons to lie 
 side by side, was stretched over a platform of rough boards, elevated 
 about two feet above ground, in that little grave-yard on the Wil- 
 cox farm, near Petersburg. I was quietly sleeping within it, 
 dreaming, perhaps, of home and all its dear associations (for only a 
 soldier can properly appreciate these), when a deep rumbling sound, 
 that seemed to rend the very earth in twain, startled me from my 
 slumbers, and in an instant I beheld a mountain of curling smoke 
 ascending towards the heavens. The whole camp had been aroused, 
 and all were wondering from whence came this mysterious explo- 
 sion. It was the morning of Saturday, the 30th day of July, 1864. 
 The long-talk- of mine had been sprung, a battery blown up, and 
 the enemy were already in possession of eight hundred yards of our 
 entrenchments. 
 
 Two hundred cannon roared in one accord, as if every lanyard 
 had been pulled by the same hand. The grey fog was floating over 
 the fields, and darkness covered the face of the earth, but the first 
 bright streak of dawn was gently lifting the curtain of night. 
 
 The fiery crests of the battlements shone out for miles to our left, 
 and the nitrous vapors rose in huge billows from each line of battle, 
 and sweeping together formed one vast range of gloom. 
 
 The sun rose brilliantly, and the great artillery duel still raged in 
 all its grandeur and fury. An occasional shell from aBlakely gun 
 would swoop down in our camp and richochet down the line to our 
 right, forcing us to hug closely the fortifications. 
 
 Soon after, Captain Tom. Bernard, General Mahone's courier, 
 came sweeping up the lines on his white charger to the headquarters 
 of Brigadier-General D. A. Weisiger. Then the drums com- 
 menced rolling off the the signals, which were followed by "fall in" 
 and hurried roll calls. We were required to drive back the Fede- 
 rals, who were then holding, and within, the very gates of the city 
 of Petersburg. It was startling news ; but our soldiers faltered 
 not, and moved off at quick step for the seat of war. 
 
 Wright's Georgia Brigade, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Hall, and our Virginia Brigade, the latter numbering scarcely eight 
 hundred muskets, constituted the force detailed to dislodge the 
 
91 
 
 enemy, who held the broken lines with more than fifteen thousand 
 men, and these were closely supported by as many more. I 
 remember that our regiment, the Sixty-first, did not exceed two 
 hundred men, including officers and privates, which I am quite sure 
 was the strongest in the two brigades. I suppose we had marched 
 the half of a mile when ordered to halt and strip off all baggage 
 except ammunition and muskets. We then filed to the left a short 
 distance to gain the banks of a small stream in order to be protected 
 from the shells of the Federal batteries by placing a range of hill* 
 between. These the enemy were already viewing within four hun- 
 dred yards with covetous eyes, and making dispositions to attempt 
 their capture, for they were the very keys to the invested city. 
 When nearly opposite the portion of our works held by the Federal 
 troops, we met several soldiers who were in the works at the time 
 of the explosion. Our men began ridiculing them for going to the 
 rear, when one of them remarked : " Ah, boys, you have hot work 
 ahead — they are negroes, and show no quarter." This was the first 
 intimation that we had to fight negro troops, and it seemed to infuse 
 the little band with impetuous daring, as they pressed onward to the 
 fray. I never felt more like fighting in my life. Our comrades 
 had been slaughtered in a most inhuman and brutal manner, and 
 slaves were trampling over their mangled and bleeding corpses. 
 Revenge must have fired every heart and strung every arm with 
 nerves of steel for the Herculean task of blood. We filed up a 
 ditch, which had been dug for safe ingress and egress to and from 
 the earthworks, until we reached the vale between the elevation on 
 which the breastworks were located and the one on the banks of the 
 little stream just mentioned — within two hundred yards of the 
 enemy. The ill-fated battery of six guns which had been demolished 
 by the explosion of eight tons of gunpowder, projected from the 
 line of earthworks for the infantry at an acute angle. It overlooked 
 the enemy's line of works which were on the northeastern slope of 
 the same elevation, distant about one hundred yards. 
 
 The " Crater," or excavation, caused by the explosion, was about 
 twenty-five feet deep, one hundred and fifty feet long and fifty feet 
 wide. About seventy-five feet in rear of the supporting earthworks 
 there was a wide ditch with the bank thrown up on the side next 
 the fortifications. This was constructed to protect parties carrying 
 ammunition and rations to the troops. Between this irregular and 
 ungraded embankment and the main line the troops had constructed 
 numerous caves, in which they slept at night to be protected from 
 the mortar shells. The embankment from the bottom of the ditch 
 was about ten feet high and commanded the outer or main line. 
 The space from the outside of the fortifications to the inner edge of 
 the ditch was more than one hundred feet wide. 
 
 The " Crater," and the space on both sides for some distance, 
 
92 
 
 were literally crammed with the enemy's troops. They were five 
 lines deep, and must have numbered between fifteen and twenty-five 
 thousand men. Their historians admit that their charge was made 
 by the whole of the Ninth Corps, commanded by General A. E. 
 Burnside, and that the Fifth and a part of the Second Corps were 
 massed in supporting distance. 
 
 Mahone's old Brigade, after being deployed, covered their front 
 from the centre of the " Crater" to the right. Their silken banners 
 proudly floating., on the breezes, supported by countless bayonets 
 glistening in the sunlight, might on an ordinary occasion have 
 daunted our little band and made them forfeit a trial at arms ; but 
 they were desperate and determined, and reckoned not the hosts that 
 confronted them. I recollect counting seven standards in front of 
 our regiment alone. Our column was deployed in the valley before 
 mentioned, in full view of these hostile thousands. As the soldiers 
 filed into line, General Mahone walked from right to left, com- 
 manding the men to reserve their fire until they reached the brink of 
 the ditch, and after delivering one volley to use the bayonet. Our 
 line was hardly adjusted, and the Georgians had not commenced to 
 deploy, when the division of negroes, the advance line of the enemy, 
 made an attempt to rise from the ditch and charge. Just at that 
 instant General Mahone ordered a counter charge. The men rushed 
 forward, officers in front, with uncovered heads and waving hats, 
 and grandly and beautifully swept onward over the intervening 
 space with muskets at trail. The enemy, sent in the ranks a storm 
 of bullets, and here and there a gallant fellow would fall ; but the 
 files would close, still pressing onward, unwavering, into the jaws 
 of death ! 
 
 The orders of Major General Mahone were obeyed to the very 
 letter, the brink of the ditch was gained before a musket was dis- 
 charged, the cry "No quarter !" greeted us, the one volley responded, 
 and the bayonet plied with such irresistible vigor as insured success 
 in the shortest space of time. Men fell dead in heaps, and human 
 gore ran in streams that made the very earth mire beneath the tread of 
 the victorious soldiers. The rear ditch being ours, the men mounted 
 the rugged embankment and hurled their foes from the front line 
 up to the very mouth of the "Crater." In the meantime, the 
 Georgia Brigade had charged, but were repulsed; and soon after it 
 was re-formed in column of regiments and again charged, but was 
 met by such a withering fire that it again recoiled with heavy 
 slaughter. 
 
 Our bloody work was all done so quickly that I have scarcely an 
 idea of the time it required to accomplish it, some say it was twenty 
 minutes. It was over I am sure about noon, and then for the first 
 time we realized the oppression of the scorching rays of that July 
 sun, and many almost sank from exhaustion. The brigade captured 
 
m 
 
 fifteen "battle- flags, and our own regiment owned five of the sevett 
 that I had counted in its front. How many men had rallied to each 
 of these captured flags I have no means of ascertaining ; but the 
 Ninth Corps had been recently recruited, and its regiments must 
 have been well up towards the thousands, and from these captured 
 ilags alone the reader mav form an idea of the numbers we had 
 overcome. In that supreme moment, when exulting over j& great 
 victory, how great I shall leave for others to judge, as our eyes feel 
 upon the bleeding comrades' around us, our hearts sickened within, 
 for more than half our members lay dead, dying, wounded and 
 writhing in agonies around us. 
 
 The wonderful triumph had been won at the price of the blood 
 of the bravest and best and truest. Old Company " F," of Norfolk, 
 had carried in twelve men, all of whom were killed or wounded. 
 The Sixth Regiment, to which it was attached, carried in ninety- 
 eight men, and mustered ten for duty at this time. The Sharp- 
 shooters carried in eighty men, and sixteen remained for duty. 
 Nearly half of our own regiment had fallen and the Twelfth, Forty- 
 first and Sixteenth Regiments had suffered in like propoition. Up 
 to this time only an inconsiderable number of prisoners had been 
 captured. 
 
 Mention of special acts of bravery would, perhaps, be out of 
 place here, for all who marched from that vale crowned themselves 
 heroes, and need no encomiums from my feeble pen. 
 
 During the charge, about fifty yards from the ditch, Captain 
 John W. Wallace, of Company C, Sixty-first Virginia Regiment, 
 was stricken down with a broken thigh. He lay upon his back, 
 refusing to allow his men to take him from the field till the battle 
 was over, waving his hat and urging his men to u Go on ; go for- 
 ward." 
 
 Lieutenant St. Julian Wilson, of the same company, was mortally 
 wounded, and died the next day. He was a young officer, generally 
 admired for his gallant conduct on the field and manly Christian 
 virtues in camp. 
 
 Captain John T. West, of Company A, encountered two burly 
 negroes at the brink of the ditch, and while parrying their thrusts 
 with his sword, was bayoneted in his shoulder by one of his own 
 men, who was too eager to assist him. Privates Henry J. Butt, 
 Jeremiah Casteen and D. A. Williams, three of the bravest of the 
 brave, from the same company, were instantly killed. 
 
 Private John Shepherd, a noble soldier of Company D, was slain 
 just before reaching the main line of breastworks. 
 
 Captain W. Scott Sykes, of Company F, Forty-first Va. Regi- 
 ment, was wounded in the shoulder while gallantly leading his men. 
 
 Colonel Harry Williamson, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment, lost 
 an arm. 
 
94 
 
 Captain David Wright, Company H, Sixth Virginia Regiment, 
 was instantly killed while leading his men. He had been promoted 
 from the ranks to Captaincy on account of his gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct. 
 
 Our townsmen, Judge C. W. Hill and John T. Hill, (of Ports- 
 mouth) members of the same regiment, the Sixth Virginia, were 
 wounded almost at the same instant ; the former through the left 
 arm, which was afterwards amputated, and the latter through the 
 wrist. 
 
 Major W. H. Etheredge, of the Forty-first Regiment, displayed 
 great gallantry, as was always his custom on the field. As he 
 jumped in the ditch, a brave Federal in the front line fired through 
 the traverse and killed a soldier at his side. He immediately 
 dropped his empty musket and snatched another from a cowering 
 comrade to kill Major Etheredge. At this juncture the Major, 
 with remarkable self-possession, caught up two Federals who were 
 crouching, in the ditch, and held their heads together between 
 himself and his determined opponent, swinging them to and fro to 
 cover the sight of the musket, the Federal doing his best to uncover 
 it so as to unharm his friends by his bullet. Peter Gibbs, of the 
 Forty-first Virginia Regiment, rushed to the assistance of the 
 Major, and killed his foe. Gibbs was a gallant soldier, and fought 
 with great desperation. It was said at the time that he slew 
 fourteen men that day. 
 
 Captain W. W. Broadbent, the brave commander of the Sharp- 
 shooters, was mercilessly murdered ; his skull was broken in, and 
 almost every square inch of his body was perforated with a bayonet 
 stab. 
 
 Although our principal task was completed, yet more heavy 
 work remained to be done to fully re-establish our lines. Brigadier 
 General Bartlett, with about five hundred men, were cooped up in 
 the " Crater," and their capture was the crowning event of the 
 bloody drama. Our w T ounded were sent to the rear as fast as possi- 
 ble, and after piling the enemy's dead on each side of the trenches, 
 to make a path- way, our ranks were closed in proper order. We 
 were then ordered to keep up a sharp fire on the enemy's works in 
 front to keep them close, and on the " Crater " to our right to pre- 
 vent Bartlett's escape, as our position commanded his rear, while 
 Saunders' Alabama Brigade formed in the valley and charged. 
 The Alabamians made a grand charge under a terrible fire, reach- 
 ing the crest of the " Crater" without faltering, and here a short 
 struggle ensued. They tumbled muskets, clubs, clods of earth and 
 cannon balls into the excavation on the heads of the enemy with 
 telling effect. This novel warfare, as before stated, lasted only a 
 few minutes, when Bartlett ordered up the white flag, and about 
 five hundred prisoners marched to our rear. The negroes among 
 
95 
 
 them were very much alarmed, and vociferously implored for their 
 lives. One old cornfield chap exclaimed : " My God, massa, I 
 never pintedagun at a white man in all my life ; dem nasty, stinking 
 Yankees fotch us here, and we didn't want to come fus !" 
 
 The appearance of this rough, irregular hole beggars description. 
 It was estimated that it contained six hundred bodies. The 
 importance of reconstructing this broken line of earthworks at once, 
 prevented the removal of these bodies— therefore, they were buried 
 as they had fallen : in one indiscri mate heap. Spades were brought 
 in, and the earth thrown from the sides of the "Crater" until they 
 were covered a sufficient depth. By 3 o'clock in the afternoon all 
 was over, and we were enjoying a welcome truce. 
 
 The extreme heat of the sun had already caused putrefaction to 
 commence, and the bodies in our front and rear, and especially the 
 blood-soaked earth under our feet in the trenches, exhaled such a 
 nauseating smell that I was forced to abandon my supper, although 
 I had not tasted a morsel of food since the previous night. 
 
 There were thousands of captured arms around us, and during 
 the night some of our men would shoot ramrods at the enemy just 
 for the fun of hearing them whiz. One that was sent over drew 
 from a Federal the exclamation : " Great God ! Johnnie, you are 
 throwing turkey spits and stringing us together over here. Stop 
 it!" 
 
 A correspondent of one of the New York dailies, writing a 
 description of this battle from accounts obtained from wounded 
 officers, who had arrived - at Washington on the 2d of August, 1864, 
 uses the following language : " Often have the Confederates won 
 encomiums for valor, but never before did they fight with such 
 uncontrollable desperation. It appeared as if our troops were at 
 their mercy, standing helpless or running in terror and shot down 
 like dogs. No such scene has been witnessed in any battle of the 
 war. The charge of the enemy against the negro troops was ter- 
 rific. With fearful yells they rushed down against them. The 
 negroes at once ran back, breaking through the line of white troops 
 in the rear. Again and again their officers tried to rally them. 
 Words and blows were useless. They were victims of an uncon- 
 trollable terror, and human agency could not stop them." 
 
 Next morning was a bright and beautiful Sabbath, and nothing 
 of moment occurred. At least three thousand of the Federal 
 dead were still on the field, putrifying under the scorching rays of 
 the sun. I remember a negro between the lines, who had both 
 legs blown off, crawled to the outside of our woiks, stuck three 
 muskets in the ground, and threw a small piece of tent cloth over 
 them to shelter his head from the hot sunshine. Some of our men 
 managed to shove a cup of water to him, which he drank, and 
 immediately commenced frothing at the mouth, and died in a very 
 
short time afterwards. He had lived i a this condition for nearly 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 On Monday morning a truce was granted, and the Federals sent 
 out details to bury their dead between the lines. They dag a long 
 ditch 7 and placed the bodies- crosswise, several layers up, and refilled 
 the ditch, and thus ended the tragic scenes of three days in and 
 around the " Crater." 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-FIVE. 
 
 The return of our soldiers to their homes can be better imagined 
 than described. The terrible war through which they passed 
 is too well remembered by the people of Norfolk and of the entire 
 South, to be further described in this volume. Many a mourning 
 dress, broken spirit, saddened life, ruined fortune, withered hope, 
 empty sleeve, wooden leg, orphaned child, vacant chair, and name- 
 less grave in our dear old Commonwealth, silently attest its horrors 
 and terrors ! Norfolk lost her full share of men in the terrible 
 conflict, and suffered in many other respects. Her brave sons who 
 survived the great struggle settled down to hard work upon their 
 return to their homes, and labored faithfully, to earn an honest 
 livelihood. Those who perished in battle "fell where the shot came 
 thickest," and their names are recorded in the long list of heroes 
 " Who, vainly brave, 
 Died for the land they could not save." 
 
 But they yet live in the hearts of their comrades, and their glo- 
 rious deeds of valor will be remembered and cherished as long as 
 Southern hearts are true to Southern principles — as long as liberty 
 is prized, and independence appreciated. To the living comrades 
 of these fallen braves we here say in the language of Thomas Moore — 
 
 Forget not the field where they perished. 
 
 The truest, the last of the brave. 
 All gone — and the bright hope we cherish'd 
 
 Gone with them, and quench'd in their grave. 
 
 Oh ! could we from death but recover 
 
 Those hearts as they bounded before, 
 In the face of high heav'n to fight over 
 
 That combat for freedom once more. 
 
 Could the chain for an instant be riven 
 Which tyranny flung around us then, 
 » No, 'tis not in Man, nor on Heaven, 
 
 To let tyranny bind it again ! 
 
 But 'tis past — and, tho' blazon'd in story 
 
 The name of our victor may be, 
 Accurst is the march of that glory 
 
 Which treads o'er the hearts of the free. 
 
 Far dearer the grave or the prison, 
 
 Illumed by one patriot name, 
 Than the trophies of all, who have risen 
 
 On liberty's ruins to fame, 
 
101 
 
 April 11th, the remains of Captain Robert Marsh, who died in 
 North Carolina, arrived here for interment at Cedar Grove Ceme- 
 tery. 
 
 April 16th, the negroes of Norfolk and vicinfty had a grand 
 parade in honor of the passage of the Civil Rights bill by Congress ; 
 the result of this lawless jubilee, to-wit : — Robt. Whitehurst (white) 
 and his stepmother, Mrs. Charlotte Whitehurst, were deliberately 
 murdered by the infuriated and drunken mob, John Whitehurst, 
 son of the deceased lady, was dangerously wounded ; Wm. Moseley, 
 city policeman, badly beaten — his son beaten also ; W. Turner, 
 wounded by a sabre cut; Mark Bennett, negro, killed; Lawrence 
 Hampton, small negro boy, bayoneted in the abdomen by a negro 
 in the procession. Several other persons, white and black, slightly 
 injured. [It is said that this procession was headed and marshaled 
 by some renegade white men, who are now in our midst]. 
 
 April 19th, two negroes assaulted a white man on corner of Main 
 and Church streets and beat him severely. Result — negroes walked 
 off, and the bleeding white man was arrested and sent to the " Hard 
 Labor Prison." [Major P. W. Stanhope, U. S. A., was in com- 
 mand of this post at that time : is he proud of the honor he enjoyed ?] 
 
 The various disturbances created by insolent negroes in April 
 (1866), and which were winked at by the military authorities, caused 
 much excitement and indignation among the citizens — particularly 
 when Major Stanhope declared that if his command was " menaced 
 by white men," he would " arm the blacks to assist him in carrying 
 out his orders" — this was his language ; and at that time new 
 troubles begun in the State. 
 
 . April 20th, the ferry-boats between this city and Portsmouth, 
 were unconditionally surrendered to the Ferry Committee by the 
 military satf'aps, under special orders from Washington. [Probably 
 one of President Johnson's acts of justice]. 
 
 On the 19th day of November, Sylvanus Hartshorn died. He 
 was for many years a valuable member of the Councils, and was 
 honored and loved by all who knew him well. 
 
 November 21st, the Norfolk Virginian saw its first anniversary, 
 and changed hands. G. A.' Sykes & Co., the first publishers, sold 
 out to S. Hodges & Co. ; and J. Marshall Hanna, Esq., assumed 
 editorial control of the paper as successor of Captain William E. 
 Cameron, of Petersburg. 
 
 November 26th, Gens. Jos. E. Johnston, Jno. D. Imboden and 
 H. A. Wise, arrived in this city to close up the affairs of the 
 National Express Company, which was this day sold out under an 
 attachment in favor of Geo. Dey, Esq., for house rent. 
 
 November 27th, the Mayor, with numerous citizens and members 
 of the City Council, of Wilmington, Delaware, arrived in this city 
 on a visit. The distinguished visitors were met at the steamer by 
 
102 
 
 Mayor Jno. R. Ludlow, and Committees from both branches of 
 the Council, the Board of Trade, and of the Press. At the close 
 of Mayor Ludlow's happy salutation, Mayor J. S. Valentine, of 
 Wilmington, responded in behalf of the excursionists, returning 
 thanks for the kind and courteous greeting extended them. A pro- 
 cession was then formed, and with a band playing " Dixie" the 
 entire party marched to the Opera House,where the Hon. Jno. Goode 
 Jr., on T3ehalf of the city of Norfolk, delivered an eloquent and 
 appropriate address of welcome, which was responded to by S. M. 
 Harrington Esq., a prominent lawyer and former Secretary of the 
 State of Delaware. 
 
 The formal reception of the guests being over, the procession was 
 again formed, and after marching through the principal streets, 
 halted at the Atlantic Hotel, at 1 o'clock p. m., where they partook 
 of a lunch, "and so-forth" — particularly the latter, which may be 
 appropriately classed among "creature comforts" — [according to the 
 report of the Council Committee on expenses]. 
 
 After spending half an hour in " wooding up," the party pro- 
 ceeded to Portsmouth and the Navy Yard, from whence they 
 returned about 4 o'clock P. M., to partake of the splendid collation 
 prepared for theru at the hotel. The dining room of the Atlantic 
 was handsomely ornamented, by "mine host" A. G. Newton Esq., 
 with tables running the entire length of the room. The centre 
 table was presided over by Mayor Ludlow at the head, and Gilbert 
 C. Walker Esq., President of the Exchange National Bank, at the 
 foot. 
 
 The North table was presided over by Gen. Blow, President of the 
 Common Council, at the head, and Richard Wales Esq., Treasurer 
 of the Seaboard Railroad, at the foot. 
 
 At the head of the South table sat Col. W. W. Lamb, with Col. 
 V. D. Groner, Agent of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, at 
 the foot. After the substantials were duly discussed, " refreshing 
 beverages" were ordered and the following toasts were oifered and 
 happily responded to : 
 
 1. The President of the United States. — May he secure for the 
 country, peace at home and respect abroad. 
 
 2. — Delaware — 
 
 " Stand up, stout little Delaware, 
 
 And bid thy volleys roll ; 
 Though least among the ' old thirteen,' 
 
 We judge thee by thy soul." 
 
 3. — Pennsylvania — May she illustrate by her history that her 
 Penn is mightier than the Sword. 
 
 4. — New Jersey. — Always "True Blue." 
 
 5. — Virginia. — The Old Commonwealth " still lives." 
 
103 
 
 6. — The Mayor of Wilmington. — Our honored guest. Norfolk 
 will always be glad to receive such a Valentine. 
 
 7. — New Air Line To Wilmington. — May it more than realize 
 the brightest hopes of its enterprising projectors. 
 
 8. — Our Railroads. — Iron links which connect our noble harbor 
 with the fertile fields of the Carolinas and the rich plains of the 
 Great West. 
 
 9. — Our Canals. — Uniting the waters of Virginia and North 
 Carolina. May their Banks never break. 
 
 10. — Commerce. — The magic wand that builds cities in a day. 
 
 11. — Manufactures. — The triumph of mind over matter. 
 
 12. — Agriculture and Mining. — The source of all material 
 wealth. 
 
 13. — Women. — Heaven's last, best gift to man. 
 
 The first toast was. responded to with three hearty cheers and 
 music, the band playing " Hail to the Chief." 
 
 Delaware's toast was responded to by S. M. Harrington, Esq., of 
 Wilmington, who offered in return the following sentiment: 
 
 " God bless the Old Thirteen, that won 
 The heritage we call our own ; 
 God help the Thirty six to save — 
 The precious boon the Thirteen gave." 
 
 Music — "Auld Lang Syne." 
 
 The toast to Pennsylvania brought forth Heister Clymer, Esq., 
 the beaten, but not vanquished, candidate of the Conservatives at 
 the Gubernatorial election in that State. His remarks were mag- 
 nanimous and manly, and fully showed that Pennsylvania lost by 
 her choice of another. 
 
 Mayor Valentine, of Wilmington, responded to the sixtlv toast in 
 a happy and pleasing manner, which was appreciated and loudly 
 applauded. 
 
 The Press being toasted, Frank Wells, Esq., editor of the Evening 
 Bulletin, of Philadelphia, and Head Centre of the Press Delegation 
 which accompanied the visitors, replied in their behalf. 
 
 There were other speakers, both from home and abroad, who 
 entertained the company until 10 o'clock at night, at which time the 
 visitors departed on board the Steamer City of Norfolk, of the new 
 line, which had just then been established between Norfolk and 
 Philadelphia. They all seemed to be perfectly delighted with our 
 city and the courtesies extended them. 
 
 December 4th (1866) the first number of the Norfolk Journal 
 was started by a Company composed of the business men of the 
 city, with Colonel J. Richard Lewellen (the " wheel-horse " of the 
 press in Virginia) as Business Manager. The names of the editors 
 were not published at the time. 
 
104 
 
 December 7th, a young Frenchman named C. Jeanneret, board- 
 ing at Mr. George J. Oheim's restaurant, committed suicide by 
 blowing out his brains with a pistol. No cause was assigned for 
 the rash act. He was a watchmaker, in the employment of Mr. 0. 
 F. Greenwood, and was steady and industrious. 
 
 December 8th, early in the morning a fire occurred at corner of 
 Church and Cove streets, which destroyed Mr. R. O. James' grocery 
 store, No. 44 Church street, and No. 46, occupied by A. Ries as a 
 millinery and fancy store; also, a frame house on Cove street. 
 Several other stores between James' and the Opera House were 
 badly damaged. The conflagration was caused by the explosion of 
 a keg of powder in the grocery store. 
 
 December 8th, at half-past three o'clock in the morning (Satur- 
 day), the steamer Thomas Kelso, Captain Cralle, of the Old Bay 
 Line, while en route to Norfolk from Baltimore, exploded her 
 steam drum when about five miles north of Wolf Trap Light-boat, 
 in Chesapeake Bay, 45 miles from Norfolk, off mouth of the Rap- 
 pahannock river. The persons killed and wounded by this sad 
 accident were as follows : Thomas Ennis, Charles Adams, and 
 another man, name unknown, all colored coal-heavers, were 
 instantly killed. Herman Butts, fireman, mortally wounded — died 
 next day. 
 
 Passengers Injured. — Stephen Hayes, badly scalded ; James 
 Davis, slightly ; Major Eugene Carter, hands, slightly ; Mrs. James, 
 Southampton county, Va., slightly ; Edward Zoeller, slightly ; 
 George Pickett, slightly ; Dr. A. F. Osborne, Oxford, N. C, badly; 
 Charles W. Mixon, Chowan county, N. C, very badly ; John T. 
 Cowling, Nansemond county, Va., slight; L. A. Langteller, hands, 
 slight. 
 
 Officers and Hands Injured. — Charles Reeder, Baltimore, Chief 
 Engineer; V. Wilson, Assistant Engineer ; R. W. Waldrop, Baggage 
 Agent ; William Holt, Fireman ; John Rowan, slight ; Samuel 
 McKenny, badly ; Samuel Young, colored, slight ; Joseph Boston, 
 colored, slight ; John Thomas, colored, slight ; John Coburn, slight. 
 
 Captain Cralle, the commander of the Kelso, was slightly injured 
 in the hand. Rev. H. B. Cowles, of Dinwiddie county, Va., and 
 Rev. J. C. Granberry, wife and child were on board and escaped 
 unhurt. Dr. Purcell, of Baltimore, and Dr. Wilson, of Winton, 
 N. C, were on board, and did all they could for the scalded. The 
 steamer City of Norfolk, of the Annamessic Line, took the passen- 
 gers off the Kelso at 10 o'clock a. m. About twenty horses and 
 mules belonging to Mr. C. W. Mixon were scalded and ruined. 
 
 On board the City of Norfolk, the passengers assembled together, 
 and thanks were returned to Almighty God for His mercifnl deliv- 
 erance by Revs. M. B. Cowles and J. C. Granberry. W. B. Wel- 
 lons, a passenger on the City of Norfolk, conducted the exercises. 
 
105 
 
 Mr. Charles Reeder, who was badly scalded, escaped with his 
 life by holding his handkerchief to his mouth. A remarkable 
 instance of presence of mind. 
 
 On Saturday evening the steamers John Sylvester (Captain Z. 
 Gilford) and Eolus (Captain P. McCarrick) were despatched to the 
 scene of the disaster to extricate the Kelso and bring her to the 
 city. That duty was performed with the promptness that always 
 distinguished the movements of these two fine boats, and at day- 
 light next morning the Kelso was safely moored at the wharf of 
 the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad in Portsmouth. 
 
 The wounded persons were conveyed to the Hospital of St. Vin- 
 cent de Paul, and during the night the following physicians were 
 in attendance on the sufferers, viz : Drs. R. W. Rose, S. J. 
 Browne, S. K. Jackson, Samuel Selden, H. M. Nash and D. M. 
 Sterling, aided by John R. Todd, Esq., druggist, who furnished 
 the medical corps with bandages, lint, stimulants and dressing. 
 
 December 10th, an accident occurred on the Norfolk and Peters- 
 burg Railroad, at the drawbridge over the Albemarle and Chesa- 
 peake Canal, which, resulted in the death of Mr. George W. Glenn, 
 the draw-tender — a worthy man, and a native of Norfolk. On 
 the same day the remains of Harry Hill (of the United Fire Com- 
 pany) were buried, and the death of Ryland Capps, a member of 
 the Select Council, occurred. Mr. Capps' death was the result of 
 a chronic disease. 
 
 December 17th, the Washington and Lee Association, organized 
 by our dear ladies for the purpose of aiding in the support of 
 destitute Confederate orphans, held a meeting and elected the fol- 
 lowing officers, viz: President, Miss H. L. Hunter; Vice Presi- 
 dents, Mrs. F. Mallory and Mrs. L. M. Lee; Secretary, Mrs. 
 William H. Broughton ; Treasurer, Mrs. S. Bagnall. 
 
 On motion, the vote upon the election of Directresses was 
 taken separately, and the following ladies unanimously elected : 
 Miss H. L. Hunter, Mrs. F. Mallory, Mrs. W. H. Broughton, 
 Mrs. O. S. Barten, Mrs. M. Parks, "Mrs. A. G. Newton, Mrs. 
 George Dey, Mrs. Nock, Mrs. Cofer, Mrs. Godfrey, Mrs. John 
 Peters, Mrs. T. O. Gardner, Mrs. John B. Whitehead, Mrs. George 
 C. Reid, Mrs. E. A. Hallett, Mrs. E. Canape, Mrs. Wertheimer, 
 Mrs. Leroy M. Lee, Mrs. T. Bagnall, Mrs. A. F. Leonard, Mrs. 
 G. R. Wilson, Miss Sarah Leigh, Mrs. S. R. Borum, Mrs. J. Rich'd 
 Lewellen, Miss Virginia Fiveash, Mrs. K. Biggs, Mrs. S. S. Stubbs, 
 Mrs. J. C. Kendall, Mrs. W. D. Reynolds, Mrs. G. D. Armstrong, 
 Mrs. C. F. Mcintosh, Mrs. Seldner. 
 
 The office of Itinerant President and General Agent was abol- 
 ished, and the sum of one hundred dollars was directed to be paid 
 to Mrs. Dr. J. S. Farrar in consideration of her services. 
 
 December 21st, our policemen were first uniformed. The Vir- 
 
106 
 
 ginian of that date says : " The new police will be placed on duty 
 to-day — or at least eight of them — being the number chosen to 
 guard the city from harm while the sun shines. The Sergeants 
 appointed for the force by the Mayor, being four in number, are : 
 John Burke, C. C. Benson, William H. Frost and John Smith. 
 The entire force will be under the immediate charge of Captain 
 Guy and Lieutenant Gray. Sergeant Frost and eight men, viz : 
 William Mosely, Mathias Ward, Baker Ward, John Webber, John 
 Banks, Joseph Taylor, Joseph Evans and S. B. Gwynn will be 
 posted on their beats this morning by Sergeant Burke, and will be 
 in full uniform. It will be a novel sight to our citizens, but they 
 will soon get used to the new order of things." 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN. 
 
 This new year began very quietly in Norfolk, and the prospects 
 for an increase of trade were not at all flattering. 
 
 January 3d, the United Fire Company, Captain Edward Lakin, 
 enjoyed a magnificent banquet, prepared in honor of their anniver- 
 sary day. Speeches were made on that occasion by Mayor Ludlow, 
 ex-Ma) or Lamb, Colonel V. D. Groner, Dr. E. C. Robinson (then 
 State Senator), Colonel William Lamb, Captain Thomas Kevill, 
 Chief of the Fire Department, Captain James E. Barry and others. 
 A letter was read from General Mahone, expressing regret at not 
 being able to attend the banquet. Dan Knowles sang several songs, 
 and the evening was pleasantly spent. 
 
 January 8th, Tuesday morning at 1 o'clock, the Atlantic Hotel 
 took fire and was entirely consumed. [It was then situated on Main 
 street, between Gray and Bank streets — nearly opposite Roanoke 
 Avenue]. The stores under the hotel were also consumed, to wit: 
 Ludlow & Wilson's drug store ; Samuel R. Borum's liquor store, 
 and Vickery & Co.'s book store. The Banking-house of Messrs. 
 R. H. Chamberlain & Son, adjoining the hotel — (next to the First 
 National Bank), was also burned down. The property destroyed 
 was nearly covered by insurance, except that of Mr. A. G. Newton, 
 the proprietor of the hotel, who lost about $20,000, more than his 
 furniture, &c, was insured for — the total amount of his policies 
 being only $15,000, and his loss being about $35,000. Our fire- 
 men worked bravely at that fire, but the lack of water prevented 
 their efforts from being successful. 
 
 December 8th, the Ladies of St. Mary's Catholic Church Fair 
 raffled off a handsome gold-headed cane, which was made from some 
 of the timber of the Confederate Iron-Clad Steamer Virginia, as a 
 present to Hon. Jefferson Davis, (Ex-President of the Confederate 
 States) then confined as a prisoner of war in Fort Monroe by the 
 United States authorities. The person who won the prize had the 
 pleasure of presenting the same to Mr. Davis, and the lucky indi- 
 
107 
 
 viclual was our good citizen, John O. Gamage, Esq., who took the 
 cane down to the Fort anil presented it in person. 
 
 January 14th, Thomas Portlock, an aged citizen, departed this 
 life. He was a native of the county. 
 
 January 21st, a committee consisting of Messrs. John E. Doyle, 
 J. M. Freeman and Wtn. H. Turner, appointed by the Atlantic 
 Hotel Company, to solicit stock subscriptions for the purpose of 
 rebuilding the hotel, commenced their work. 
 
 January 25th, Wm. D. Bagnall departed this life in the sixty- 
 third year of his age. For thirty }'ears he had been an Elder in 
 the Presbyterian Church. " Blessed are the dead who die in the 
 Lord — Even so saith the Spirit, for they rest from their labors." 
 
 February 1st, the National Hotel again came into the possession 
 of Major J. M. Walters, as its popular proprietor. 
 
 February 16th, Wm. Roscoe Leigh, a generous and noble 
 citizen, departed this life. He was endeared to all who knew him. 
 
 February 28th, some excitement was created by the arrest (under 
 the Civil Rights Act) of our City Magistrates, to wit : Wm. W. 
 Lamb, A. L. Hill, John E. Doyle, Conway Whittle and S. Marsh 
 Esqs., on the charge of refusing (as a Court) to admit the evidence 
 of some negroes whom Chas. H. Porter (a radical attorney) desired 
 to introduce as witnesses in a larceny case. The order of arrest was 
 issued by B. B. Foster, United States Commissioner, and served by 
 U. S. Marshal Croft. After a hearing by the Commissioner, Mr. 
 A. L. Hill was discharged, on the grounds that he was willing to 
 admit the evidence of the colored people, and never refused to do 
 so. But the other four gentlemen were sent on for trial before the 
 notorious Judge Underwood, and were made to give bonds and 
 security in the sum of $500 each for their appearance. [Foster's 
 act needs no comment here]. 
 
 March 4th, the " Tazewell Literaey Association celebrated 
 its second anniversary, by an elegant supper and social entertainment, 
 which took place at the residence of Nat Burruss Esq., on Free- 
 mason street — Mr. B. being a valued member of the Society. 
 Guests were invited and the entire evening was pleasantly and 
 profitably enjoyed. The President of the Association, M. Glennan 
 Esq., presided, and did the honors with becoming dignity and in 
 his usual suave and easy manner. Speeches were made in reply to 
 various sentiments by Mr. Glennan, Mayor Ludlow, Col. Lewellen, 
 Messrs. Segar, Lamb, Rogers, Freeman, Burruss, and in fact by 
 nearly every member of the Society — all of which were replete with 
 wit and wisdom, and in every way worthy of the literary reputation 
 and good sense of the several gentlemen who spoke. 
 
 The following reminiscence of the days of slavery, when Sambo 
 was free to put away one wife and take unto himself another, like 
 
108 
 
 the Patriarchs of old, will be interesting, now that things have 
 
 changed so radically: 
 
 "Apiil the 20, 1862 Eastern-shore Va. 
 
 My Dear Wife I imbrace this opportunity to w/ite these few 
 lines to you in order I am Well And to Let you that Advertay Power 
 has keeps me Away from you So you is well to be deed From me 
 And so if you Can get any one That Will Take Care of you 
 and your Children you better do so my Dear Wife I Will be glad 
 to hear from you I give you this Write to have a husband my Self 
 You have bin a Lady to me all of Days I have got me a Wife my 
 Self is in deed for I was blist to do so your Dear be Love Husband 
 I hope the Lord Will Adhisblesing to those few line. 
 
 Frum Mr. Isaac Wise North Hampton County to his fust wife 
 Lizer in the city uv Norfolk Virginny." 
 
 [The above letter was published in March 1867, in the same 
 spirit which prompts its publication here; but it made some Yan- 
 kee philanthropists "awful mad" when they saw it — in fact, a 
 Northern lady denounced it asa"disgraceful lie!"] 
 
 April 7th, our esteemed fellow citizen, Edward P. Tabb, departed 
 this life in the 57th year of his age. He was a successful merchant, 
 an useful member of the Councils for many years, an honorable, 
 upright and praiseworthy citizen. H is death was a great loss to the 
 community. 
 
 April 15th, Monday night, the Union Hook and Ladder Com- 
 pany, C. T. Tooker, Foreman, held a meeting and unanimously 
 agreed to disband. On the 9th instant, the Company was re-or- 
 ganized at the office of Chief Engineer Thos. Kevill, and the follow- 
 ing officers elected : Captain, Wm. E. Foster; Assistants, G. R. 
 Hanfts and A. J. Manning; Secretary, James F. Milligan ; 
 Treasurer, Henry Jordan. 
 April 22d, G. R. Sneed, formerly of Portsmouth, departed this life. 
 
 April 23d, C, W. Trower, a citizen of Norfolk, was drowned by 
 falling overboard from the steamer Thomas A. Morgan, while off 
 Egg Island, blow the Pocosin river. The deceased was a great 
 favorite with the steamboat men. 
 
 April 24th, the the United Fire Company visited Petersburg, 
 under command of Captain Edward Lakin, and had " a glorious 
 time." 
 
 May 2d, Henry Rolland departed this life in the 84th year of 
 his age. He was a Frenchman by birth, and was for twenty-five 
 years connected with the Bank of Virginia. " An honest man, 
 the noblest work of God." 
 
 May 6th, the Washington Fire Company from Wilmington, 
 Del., arrived here on a visit, and were royally entertained by our 
 gallant firemen. 
 
109 
 
 May 8th, A. A. McCullough's warehouse at the foot of Church . 
 street, was destoyed by fire. Much of Mr. M.'s stock (lime, &c.,) 
 was saved by the efforts of our firemen, aided by their visitors,! the 
 Washington Fire Company, of Wilmington, Del. 
 
 May 14, the Hon. Jefferson Davis arrived in the city on the 
 steamer Niagara from Richmond, bound for Canada, to join his 
 family there. A large number of citizens paid their respects to the 
 unfortunate but dearly loved ex-President of the lost Confederacy. 
 [Mr. Davis had appeared before the United States Court in Rich- 
 mond, the day previous, on the charge of high treason to the United 
 States Government, and was admitted to bail in the sum of $100,000 
 to appear before the Court the following November. The United 
 States Judge (Underwood) required half of the bail to be given by 
 persons residing in the State of Virginia. Among his bondsmen 
 were the following well-known names: Horace Greeley, Esq., 
 Gerritt Smith, Esq., and Augustus Schell, Esq., of New York; A. 
 Jackman, Esq., of Philadelphia; Hon. John Minor Botts and 
 Franklin Stearns, Esq., of Richmond. Hon. Charles O'Connor, of 
 New York, appeared as counsel for Mr. Davis]. 
 
 May 30th, 1wo houses, Nos. 22 and 24, on the west side of Mar- 
 ket square, owned by the estate of John E. Tunis, deceased, fell to 
 the ground, caused by the digging of a foundation adjoining them 
 for the erection of Messrs. E. P. Tabb & Co.'s large warehouse. A 
 lady named Mrs. Cheshire, wife of William Cheshire, Esq., was 
 killed by the falling buildings, and several other persons more or 
 less injured. 
 
 June 18th, the funeral of our lamented citizen, Alexander Bell, 
 took place from Christ Church. 
 
 June 27th, early, in the morning,- an iron safe containing about 
 $2,000 in money and many valuable papers, was stolen from the 
 premises of Mr. Daniel Moloney, No. 32 Union street. 
 
 June 22d, Captain Elias Guy died. He had been Chief of 
 Police for a long time, and was ever faithful in the discharge of 
 his duty. An useful citizen, devoted husband, kind father, generous 
 friend, and a consistent and upright man, were the chief charac- 
 teristics of his nature. He was buried by the Odd Fellows, of 
 which Order he was a shining light. 
 
 July 24th, George Martin, alias Martin Madison, fireman on the 
 steamship Niagara, was killed by a man named George Smith, 
 residing on Water street, near Town Point. The faithlessness of 
 Smith's wife was the sole cause of the murder. Smith was sent on 
 for trial, and bail refused. 
 
 August 8th, the Bollingbrook Fire Company of Petersburg paid 
 a visit to Norfolk. They were received by the "Hope" Company 
 of this city, Chas. B. Langley, Captain. 
 
 August 29th, the building of the new Atlantic Hotel (the present 
 
110 
 
 handsome structure on Granby street), was begun by digging for 
 the foundation. Mr. Chas. Reid, President of the Hotel Company, 
 " broke the first ground and threw the first spade full of dirt into 
 a cart" at the new location. Messrs. Brown and Face received the 
 contract for the brick work of the building. [About that time a 
 large number of new buildings were going up in our midst]. 
 
 September 3d, the State's interest in the Dismal Swamp Canal, 
 660 shares, was sold by Messrs. Leigh Bros. & Phelps, auctioneers, 
 at $13.00 per share— Col. T. J. Corprew and Wm. H. C. Ellis Esq., 
 being'the purchasers. The par value of this stock was $250.00 per 
 share, and the sale of the State's interest at such a great sacrifice 
 was an astonishing event. 
 
 September 15th, Col. Thos. J. Corprew resigned his position as 
 Treasurer of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, much to the 
 regret of the President and Board of Directors. [The resignation 
 was afterwards reconsidered]. 
 
 September 16th, the Creigliton Base Ball Club went to Suffolk to 
 play the " home-and-homegame" with the Petersburg Independent 
 Club. These clubs had previously played two games — the Creigh- 
 tons winning the one played in Norfolk, and the Independents the 
 one played in Petersburg. The third game (at Suffolk.) was also 
 won by the Creightons by a score of 43 to 9. 
 
 September 18th, the Old Street Fire Company, from Petersburg, 
 visited Norfolk as the guests of the United Fire Company, and 
 were handsomely entertained. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Merchants' and 
 Mechanics' Exchange, held on Saturday evening, September 21, 
 1867-, it was 
 
 " Resolved, That a meeting' of the merchants and citizens gen- 
 erally be called on next Saturday evening, September 28th, at 8 
 o'clock, at the City Hall, to hear addresses from General George 
 Blow and Colonel William Lamb in behalf of the Norfolk and 
 Great Western Railroad, and to take such action as may then be 
 deemed expedient in regard to said road. 
 
 " General Tochman, the agent of the Virginia Immigration So- 
 ciety, being introduced, addressed the Board in behalf of the 
 Society, after which, on motion, it was 
 
 " Resolved, That we have listened with much interest to the 
 remarks of General Tochman in behalf of immigration to Virginia, 
 and in aid of the Polish exiles now in the county of Spotsylvania, 
 and we commend him to the favorable consideration of the mer- 
 chants and citizens of Norfolk. 
 
 " (Signed) J. R. RICKS, Secretary." 
 
 During the latter part of this month a new bank was formed 
 here, called " The People's Bank," and the following officers were 
 elected : President, J. C. Deming ; Cashier, W. S. Wilkinson ; 
 
Ill 
 
 Directors, J. C. Dealing, Washington Reed, A. L. Seabury, T. D. 
 Toy, W. J. Hardy, E. W. Moore, J. Vickery, James E. Barry, 
 Gilbert Elliott. 
 
 October 11th, Mr. Thomas Mehegan, an old and respectable 
 citizen of Norfolk, died at the residence of his son on Church street, 
 in the 70th year of his age. 
 
 October 15th, the corner-stone of the new Atlantic Hotel was 
 formally laid by the Masonic fraternity. It was a gala day with 
 our citizens. The buzz of preparation about the various Lodges 
 was a noticeable feature during the day, and towards the hour 
 appointed throngs of ladies, gentlemen and children might be seen 
 wending their way to the location of the building. Ample prepa- 
 rations had been made for the comfort of the ladies, by the erection 
 of a platform sufficiently roomy and secure, and the police were 
 stationed about the locality to preserve order and decorum among 
 the throng. 
 
 According to notice the various Lodges assembled at the Masonic 
 Hall at 3 o'clock. The Portsmouth Lodges arriving at the time, 
 proceeded to the Hall for the purpose of uniting with the city 
 Lodges in the ceremony. The procession formed at the appointed 
 hour, and under the direction of the chief marshal, J. G. Smith, 
 passed dowu Church street to Main, along Main to Bank and Cath- 
 arine, up these streets to Freemason, along Freemason to Granby, 
 and down Granby to the site of the Hotel in the following order: 
 
 Band of the New Hampshire. 
 
 Portsmouth Naval Lodge No. 100. 
 
 Mount Vernon Lodge No. 166, Portsmouth. 
 
 Owens Lodge, U. D. 
 
 Atlantic Lodge No. 2. 
 
 Norfolk Lodge No. 1. 
 
 Worshipful Master and Master of Ceremonies, Robert Santos ; 
 Orator of the occasion, James Barron Hope, and Chaplain, Rev. 
 Mr. Pettit. 
 
 Transient members of other Lodges. 
 
 At the scene of the ceremonies ihe crowd was very large. The 
 vast platform was thronged with the beauty of the two cities, and 
 the bright, beaming faces added much to the interest of the occa- 
 sion. The windows of the surrounding houses were also in use by 
 the fair ones. The trees in the neighborhood were occupied by 
 boys, and a vast crowd filled the street in front of the building. 
 
 The northeast corner of die new building, fronting on Granby 
 street, was the one selected for laying the stone, which was com- 
 posed of granite, having a cavity in it, in which the box, contain- 
 ing various articles, was deposited. Among the articles deposited 
 were the following from S. R. Borum, Esq. : 
 
 One bottle pale Hennessey brandy, and one bottle London Dock 
 
112 
 
 brandy — vintage of 1858 — imported' by Mr. Borum September, 
 1867. 
 
 One copy of the City Index, dated November 17, 1858, and pub- 
 lished by Borum & McLean. 
 
 One copy of the Wilmington, N. C, Journal, dated July 9, 
 1862, and containing the military operations of the war, during the 
 first year of its existence, from the "commission of the overt act " 
 by Major Anderson, December 26, 1860. Compiled by the Char- 
 leston Courier. 
 
 One copy each of t>he Norfolk Virginian, Journal and Day Book) 
 dated October 15, 1867, and onf copy of the Merchant* Weekly 
 Trade Circular, dated October 10, 1867. 
 
 The following paper was also placed in the box by the officers of 
 the Hotel Company : 
 
 . "The Norfolk Hotel Company, having for its object the erection 
 of a new hotel in this city, was incorporated by the Worshipful 
 Court of Norfolk county, on the 29th day of June, 1867. 
 
 The officers of the Company at the time of incorporation were : 
 W. E. Taylor, President ; R. H. Chamberlaine, Treasurer; Henry 
 Ghiselin, Secretary; Henry Irwin, F. F. Ferguson, John H. Row- 
 land, J. I. Bloodgood, Jas. H. Johnson and Chas. Reid Directors. 
 
 On the 19th of April, 1858, the company contracted with Wm. 
 Callis, of this city, to build a hotel on the corner of Main and 
 Gray streets, in accordance with plans and specifications prepared 
 by Lind & Murdoch, architects of the city of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 The house then contracted for was called the Atlantic Hotel, and 
 having been completed, was leased on the 14th day of July, 1859, 
 for a period of five years, to A. G. Newton, formerly of Alexandria, 
 Va. At the expiration of the term of lease, it was again rented to 
 Mr. Newton, who continued to occupy it until the 8th of January, 
 1867, when it was totally destroyed by fire. 
 
 The company, having increased its capital stock by new sub- 
 scriptions determined to erect another hotel in place of the Atlantic, 
 and contracted with V. J. Clutter, of the city of Richmond, Va., 
 on the 19th day of August, 1867, to build this house, which is to 
 be known as the " Atlantic Hotel." 
 
 The plan of this hotel was designed by E. G. Lind, architect, of 
 the city of Baltimore, (one of the firm which furnished the design 
 of the Atlantic) and, by the terms of the contract the house is to be 
 completed on the 1st day of July, 1868. 
 
 The officers of the company at this time were as follows : 
 
 Chas. Reid, President and Treasurer ; Henry Ghiselin, Secretary ; 
 F. F. Ferguson, S. R. Borum, Kader Biggs, C. W. Grandy, Cicero 
 Burruss, Thomas B. Rowland, Richard Dickson, Directors." 
 
 After singing a Masonic Ode, the Master of Ceremonies, R. W. 
 Santos, made the following address : 
 
113 
 
 "My Friends — Our ancient Masonic Order is assembled here at 
 this time, by invitation of the Norfolk Hotel Company for the 
 purpose of laying the corner stone of their new hotel with Masonic 
 rites. 
 
 Our fraternity, as Speculative Masons, is often called upon to 
 perform this work, which is properly the work of the Operative 
 Masons. We, as Free and Accepted Masons, have selected the tools 
 and implements of architecture as symbolic emblems most expres- 
 sive, to imprint on the mind wise and serious truths. For us all 
 the implements of Masonry have a beautiful moral signification, 
 and inculate an important duty of life. 
 
 To symbolize the one we are now about to perform — the Opera- 
 tive Masons tries each stone by the square, level and plumb — we 
 are taught to square every action of our life by the square of moral- 
 ity, seeing that no presumption or vain glory causes us to transcend 
 the level qf our allotted sphere of life, and no vicious propensity 
 lead us swerve from the plumb line of rectitude. And thus, as the 
 master workman proves every part of the building true and trusty, 
 so will our celestial Grand Master accord to us the plaudit of well 
 done, good and faithful servants." 
 
 After the address, Chaplain Pettit offered up a fervent prayer, at 
 the conclusion of which the band played, and the Master of Cere- 
 monies proceeded to lay the stone. 
 
 Turning to the architect, he asked the question, '* What is the 
 proper intrument used by a Master Mason ?" and was answered, 
 " The Trowel." 
 
 Then taking the plumb in hand, he remarked : "The plumb is 
 used by Operative Masons to try perpendiculars, the square, to 
 square the work, and the level to prove horizontals ; and having 
 tried this stone, I now pronounce it well formed, true and trusty." 
 
 The Masonic consecration then took place. Taking corn, wine and 
 oil, and pouring them on the stone, he remarked : "Corn is emble- 
 matical of health, wine of peace and oil of plenty ; and may those 
 who are engaged on this building be protected from accidents, and 
 those who are to occupy it enjoy health, nourishment, joy and glad- 
 ness." The assembled Masons then exclaimed thrice : "The will 
 of God accomplished, so mote it be; amen" — the band playing 
 joyful music. 
 
 The trowel was then handed to Mr. Linn by the master of cere- 
 monies, who remarked : "I now hand you the trowel, recognizing 
 you as a Master Mason, fully versed in the arts of Masonry." Then 
 turning to those assembled, he introduced Captain James Barron 
 Hope, the orator, as follows : 
 
 " It is customary on occasions similar to this to have a Masonic 
 address. Our Brother Hope has kindly consented to serve us in 
 this capacity, and I accordingly introduce him to the assembly." 
 
114 
 
 Captain Hope's oration was a grand one and delighted the vast 
 assemblage. The conclusion of the oration ended the ceremonies,, 
 and the crowd dispersed. 
 
 October 16th, the Norfolk Opera House was under the manage- 
 ment of Sardo & Co., with Mr. George Kunkel as director. Mr. E. 
 Eddy, a fine tragedian, delighted our play-goers in the great char- 
 actor of Damon, in Damon and Pythias. 
 
 October 18th, Colonel Gilbert C. Walker and Dr. W. W. Wing, 
 were nominated as Conservative candidates for election as the 
 Representatives of Norfolk in the Constitutional Convention of the 
 State — a Convention ordered by the United States Military Com- 
 mander of the State, under orders from Washington, for the purpose 
 of adopting a new Constitution upon which the old "Mother of 
 States and of Statesmen" was to be admitted " back into the Union." 
 [This was an admission that the State hadbeen out of the Union — a 
 virtual acknowledgement of the right of Secession, against which 
 the general Government had fought so long and earnestly]. 
 
 October 22d and 23d, the two delegates to represent the city in 
 the State Convention, were chosen by popular vote. To the blacks 
 it was indeed a joyous occasion, the day havingat length arrived upon 
 which they could exercise for the first time the long-coveted privi- 
 lege,theright of franchise. Long before the hour appointed for open- 
 ing the polls, dense crowds of them congregated at all the polling- 
 places, waiting with feverish anxiety until they could perform the 
 highest obligation known to freemen. 
 
 The police were stationed in strong force at each precinct, and by 
 their presence prevented any confusion and disorder that might 
 possibly have arisen under the unusual circumstances. Everything 
 passed off quietly and each voter, after depositing his iballot, was 
 required to make room for those behind him. 
 
 From the thorough organization of the negroes, they were enabled 
 to poll almost their entire strength before two o'clock, and their 
 carriages were kept busy, flying hither aud thither, wherever a vote 
 was to be picked up ; but the whites, on the contrary, exhibited a 
 strange apathy and listlessness, utterly unaccountable. 
 
 The Republican party in the city, composed then (as it is now) 
 almost entirely of negroes, with a slight addition of carpet-baggers 
 and scallawags, had two candidates in the field, viz : Henry M. 
 Bowden, white, and " Dr." Thomas Bayne,' colored. The result of 
 the election was a victory for the negro party, as the following vote 
 will show — [note the difference between the white and the black 
 vote — Hall, was an independent candidate] : 
 
 Total number of white votes polled for the candidates were: Col. 
 Gilbert C. Walker, 1,503 ; Dr. Warren W. Wing, 1,471 ; Bowden, 
 62; Hall, 71 ■ Bayne, 9. 
 
115 
 
 Total number of negro votes polled for the candidates : Bowden, 
 1,810;. Bayne, 1,768; Walker, 22; Wing, 6; Hall, 38. 
 
 Total number of white polled, 1,576 ; negro votes, 1,823. 
 
 Bowden's majority over Walker, 347 ; Bayne's majority over 
 Walker, 252; Bowden's majority over Wing, 395; Bayne's 
 majority over Wing, 300. 
 
 So, Bowden and Bayne were the elected delegates from the city 
 of Norfolk, to aid in the work of making laws for the people of this 
 State to live under — what laws they made, are well known to our 
 people. 
 
 October 26th, Francis F. Butt, a respected young citizen and 
 gallant Confederate soldier, died in the 36th year of his ayje. 
 
 October 31st, George Smith was tried for the murder of Martin 
 •Madison, and acquitted — Charles H. Porter, counsel for the Com- 
 monwealth, and Colonel J. W. Hinton, for the defense. ■ 
 
 November 9th, our esteemed fellow citizen Simon S. Stubbs 
 departed this life in the 59th year of his age, after a long and pain- 
 ful illness which he bore with Christian fortitude and resignation. 
 He was a distinguished member of the Norfolk Bar. 
 
 November 16th, the Southern Opinion, a newspaper publishedln 
 Richmond, thus spoke of the Norfolk members of the Virginia 
 House of Delegates : 
 
 " The Norfolk delegation, composed of Messrs. John Goode and 
 A. F. Leonard, is an able one; and what is better, they have no 
 antagonistic interests to sever their votes upon measures affecting 
 the welfare of the " city by the sea." 
 
 " Mr. Goode is a lawyer of methodical mind, that in its astute- 
 ness reminds us of Edmund Burke. He is emphatically an easy 
 speaker— not easy in the sense that such an expression usually 
 conveys — but easy as the flow of a strong current, that is not 
 broken, or obstructed or impeded by obstacles, but carries the 
 obstacles from their moorings resistlessly upon its tide. He is not 
 a studied orator, but nevertheless he is the most effective of orators 
 by the very force and correctness of his opinions. He possesses the 
 art of making converts of those who would otherwise remain 
 skeptics. Physically considered, Mr. Goode is a beau ideal of 
 legislators, and though the least presumptuous, is the most promi- 
 nent member of the body." 
 
 " Mr. Leonard is a deep thinker and planner, and some of the 
 most valuable measures affecting the interests of his section have 
 emanated from his brain. His intellectual weight is felt in the 
 House, though he speaks but little, and then only when the local 
 interest of bills calls him forth." 
 
 November 17 th, General B. F. Butler — alias, "Picayune," 
 "Beast," &c, arrived in this city. When he landed, an Irish 
 hackman named Adams, be it said to his credit, refused to allow the 
 
116 
 
 distinguished (!) General to ride in his carriage. On the 19th 
 instant, the Norfolk Virginian contained the following article : 
 
 " The Spoons, Forks and other articles of Silver Ware in the 
 city of Norfolk held a meeting on Sunday evening, in which the 
 Committee on Public Safety reported the following preamble and 
 resolutions as expressive of the objects of the Convention : 
 
 "Whereas, we are reliably informed that the immortal hero, B. 
 F. B., has arrived in Norfolk, with his eyes ingeniously adjusted 
 to look two ways at once ; and 
 
 "Whereas, it is reasonable to suppose that he meditates disturbing 
 our domestic tranquility, and breaking up our family relations ; and 
 
 "Whereas, under these circumstances it becomes our duty to 
 provide for our own safety and that of our families; therefore be it 
 
 "Resolved, That the presence of B. F. B. in Norfolk furnishes us 
 a warning which we should not disregard. 
 
 "Resolved, That the best way in which this danger should be 
 avoided is taught in the campaigns of B. F. B. himself. 
 
 "Resolved, That acting on hints thus furnished, we recommend 
 immediate flight and concealment. 
 
 "A jingle of approbation ran round the hall as the chairman 
 concluded his report. When this subsided, a massive Punch Ladle 
 arose and addressed the chair. The Ladle said that it approved 
 the report fully; it looked around the assembly and missed many 
 familiar pieces of plate ; it heard from all parts of the country that 
 B. F. B. had an inexorable animosity against spoons, which he 
 cruelly tortured over a fire, and reduced to the inferior condition of 
 ingots. [Applause]. ' Yes, Mr. Chairman,' continued the Ladle, 
 ' Yes, I understand that butlerization and vulcanization are synony- 
 mous terms. [Applause]. The question as to how we shall escape 
 so dreadful a fate has been well met by the Committee. [Sensa- 
 tion]. It only remains for us to decide what method we shall elect. 
 For my part, I prefer to be buried at midnight in an obscure 
 corner.' 
 
 "The Ladle then moved the adoption of the report of the Com- 
 mittee on Safety. The motion was seconded by a large and battered 
 Tea Pot. The Tea Pot concurred in all that had been said by its 
 friend, the Ladle. It spoke by experience, having remained a 
 whole year in the northeast corner of a capacious cistern. Its 
 present battered condition was to be attributed to that fact; but it 
 thanked Heaven it had escaped the perils of cold water and B. F. 
 B. combined, and trusted that its friends then present would 
 be equally fortunate. [Applause]. At this moment a bran new 
 Spoon, that glittered like a moonbeam, ran into the hall and cried 
 out, ' I saw a crossed-eyed man coming this way." A sudden 
 clatter shook the room. Ladles, Spoons, Forks, Tea-trays, Salvers, 
 Urns, Butter Knives, Dishes, and a thousand other articles sprang 
 
117 
 
 to their feet in the wildest confusion, and bolted for the door. 
 During the night an extraordinary series of plumps into neighbor- 
 ing cisterns were remarked on by the watchmen, and it is supposed 
 that the entire supply of domestic silver in Norfolk has betaken 
 itself to those old familiar haunts as a wise precaution against our 
 ' distinguished visitor.'' " 
 
 Butler left the city that afternoon — the 19th. 
 
 November 25th, Mr. John White, one of Norfolk's best firemen, 
 departed this life in the 33d year of his age. The entire Depart- 
 ment paraded at his funeral. 
 
 December 2d, at night a large and enthusiastic meeting of the 
 white citizens of Norfolk was held at the Courthouse, when the 
 Conservative party of the city was systematically organized. 
 Speeches were made by Governor Vance, of North Carolina, and 
 Messrs. C. W. Newton, J. W. Hinton and John Goode, Jr. Mr. 
 Newton presided over the meeting, and Messrs. W. S. Forrest and 
 W. A. S. Taylor acted as Secretaries. 
 
 December 30th, a terrible storm prevailed here, which prevented 
 the Baltimore and Philadelphia steamers from leaving their 
 wharves to make their regular trips up the Bay. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-ETGHT. 
 
 February 1st, the extensive barrel and stave factory of Messrs. 
 Storms, Baird & Roper was destroyed by fire. Over one hundred 
 persons were thrown out of employment by this destructive confla- 
 gration. 
 
 February 6th, occurred the funeral of Mrs. Blow, consort of 
 General George Blow. A large concourse of people paid the last 
 sad tribute of respect to themiemory of that estimable lady. 
 
 February 17th, Burruss & Rogers' row of houses on Roanoke 
 avenue was badly damaged by fire. The alarm was sounded at 2 
 o'clock in the morning, and the firemen were promptly on the 
 spot, but could not prevent a great destruction of property. The 
 whole district visited by the fire comprises a number of tenements, 
 which were occupied as follows, and all of which were more or 
 less damaged : 
 
 No. 8, frame building, was occi pied by negroes in the basement, 
 and the other floors by several white families. The furniture in 
 this building was partially saved. No. 10, on the first floor, the 
 telegraph office, and the floor above, Rice's job printing estab- 
 lishment. No. 12, S. R. Borum's liquor store, above which was 
 J. Parker Jordan's law office, in the rear of which was Colonel J. 
 Rich'd Lewellen's sleeping apartments, whereiu was stored a quan- 
 tity of household furniture, all of which was a total loss. No. 14, 
 Merchants' Exchange, over which was the law office of W. R. 
 Pearce, with a picture frame factory in the rear. No. 16, J. T. 
 Jones' auction rooms. No. 18, Journal office, with editorial and 
 
118 
 
 composing rooms up-stairs. No. 20, A. E. Smith's restaurant., 
 over which was the Journal job office. . No. 22, F. F. Ferguson's 
 auction house, with the Journal's job office also extended. Next to 
 this row was the store of W. G. Webber, whose stock was consid- 
 erably damaged by water. 
 
 The losses on the stocks contained in the several buildings were 
 verv considerable, principally from water, and were only partially 
 covered by insurance. The Journal office was somewhat damaged 
 by water. F. F. Ferguson, auctioneer, slightly damaged by 
 water. Messrs. S. R. Borum and W. G. Webber lost heavily by 
 water and damage in moving their stocks. Mr. Jordan's loss was 
 considerable in books and papers. Colonel Lewellen lost heavily 
 in furniture, upon which there was no insurance. Mr. Rice esti- 
 mated the damage to his job office at $3,000, partially covered by 
 an insurance of §2,000. The telegraph office was moved with only 
 trifling loss. 
 
 February 13th, the Virginian contained the following short but 
 sad story. It explains all except the name of the base man who 
 wrought the ruin spoken of: 
 
 " When the Forty-first Virginia Regiment was stationed here in 
 1861 and 1862, one of the members of Company B induced his 
 wife to leave her home in Petersburg and visit this city. She came, 
 and after remaining for a period, concluded to make Norfolk her 
 home, at least so long as her husband remained. After being here 
 some nine months the woman's husband" lost his life by being 
 drowned. Consequently she was left without a protector, with but 
 little money and few friends. However, summoning all her forti- 
 tude under the trying circumstances, she resolved to seek employ- 
 ment and earn an honest living. Accordingly a situation was 
 obtained in a very respectable family, and things went on smoothly 
 for some time. But an ' evil eye ' was in the family mansion, or at 
 least visited it — an Almshouse official. He became acquainted 
 with the widow, paid attention to her, addressed her, and report 
 says he engaged himself. All this, no doubt, to succeed in his base 
 intentions, which he finally accomplished. The woman, to hide 
 her shame, left her home, and sought refuge in the house of a negro 
 family residing in the upper portion of the city, who kindly gave 
 her shelter. A number of ladies, learning her condition, visited 
 the house, and administered to her wants. She still remains with 
 the colored family, and at present is in quite destitute circum- 
 stances." 
 
 February 19th, the American Hotel, on Main street, near Church, 
 kept by Benj. Peddle Esq., was partially destroyed by fire. Loss 
 several thousand dollars, not covered by insurance. 
 
 February 24th, George Loyall Esq., a former prominent and use- 
 ful citizen, departed this life in the 79th year of his age. In his 
 
119 
 
 youthful clays he represented the Borough of Norfolk in the Legis- 
 lature, and afterwards in Congress. His demise, though not unex- 
 pected, was greatly deplored. 
 
 Now comes again the vile military rule. The following order 
 from Virginia's Military Master, was the forerunner of a great deal 
 of trouble: 
 
 Headq'es First Military District, State of Virginia, | 
 
 Richmond, Va. 5 March 30, 1868. j 
 General Orders No. 33. 
 
 I. By an order issued from these headquarters on the 2d day of 
 April, 1867, all elections for State, county and municipal officers in 
 Virginia, having been suspended until the regulations prescribed by 
 act of Congress should be completed ; and it having been found ' 
 expedient to continue said suspension of elections, whereby certain 
 elective offices have become vacant by expiration of terms of service ; 
 and some of the officers whose terms have expired being ineligible 
 for re-election, appointments will be made by the Commanding 
 General as soon as suitable persons can be selected to fill all such 
 vacancies. 
 
 II. Military Commissioners will report, without unnecessary 
 delay, the names of all elective officers whose legal terms have 
 expired • stating whether such officers are eligible for re-election, 
 and if ineligible, they will also forward the names of suitable per- 
 sons to fill the vacancies, accompanied with satisfactory evidence of 
 character and qualifications. Petitions from citizens, registered 
 voters, for the appointment of any person to office will in like 
 manner be forwarded by the Military Commissioners, with endorse- 
 ments as to the character and qualifications. 
 
 III. All officers will continue to act after the expiration of their' 
 official terms as required by existing laws until their successors are 
 qualified. By command of Brevet Major General Schofield. 
 
 S. F. CHALFIN, A. A. G. 
 
 Of course the men appointed to office by the military powers, 
 were of the "black and tan" stripe, and had no respect for any one's 
 opinion except their own — and there was "the rub." 
 
 April 3d, the funeral of Captain Chas. R. Grandy took place, 
 and was attended by the members of his old Company (the Norfolk 
 Light Artillery Blues) the Masonic fraternity, the United Fire 
 Company, and a large concourse of citizens. The solemn rites were 
 performed at the family residence on Bute street, by Rev. Dr. N. A. 
 Okeson, of St. Paul's Church. The deceased was elected Captain 
 of the Blues in the latter part of 1861, while the Company was 
 stationed at Sewell's Point. He was re-elected in April 1862, and 
 was in command of the Company when Norfolk was evacuated. 
 
 During the seven days' fight around Richmond, Capt. Grandy 
 was engaged with his battery in guarding Appomattox river, and 
 
120 
 
 performed the service with which he was entrusted with credit to 
 himself and command and with honor to the State. 
 
 After the seven days' fight the battery was ordered to Petersburg 
 to recuperate. In October, 1862, the command was ordered to 
 Brandy station, to join Chambliss' Cavalry Brigade, under whom it 
 participated in the fights before Federicksburg, in December, 1862, 
 shortly after which it went into winter quarters in Caroline county. 
 In January, 1863, his battery was again ordered to the front, and 
 put on picket duty at United States Ford, on the Rappahannock 
 river, where he remained until May, 1863, when by overpowering 
 numbers he was forced to fall back in the direction of Fredericks- 
 burg, disputing gallantly every foot of ground. After reaching a 
 position on the Mine road, the battery fought one gun against 
 four of the Federals' and maintained its position at short range. The 
 same night the battery moved forward, and remained in line of 
 battle all next day, when it was relieved, and ordered to the rear. 
 Shortly afterwards the Blues followed Gen. Lee in his march to 
 Pennsylvania, and returning with the forces, were quartered for the 
 winter in Albemarle county, Va. 
 
 In the spring of 1864 they moved to the front at the Wil- 
 derness, and were actively engaged in every battle until April, 
 1865, when they were captured in front of Petersburg, near the plank 
 road, manfully maintaining their position against overwhelming odds. 
 One of the gunners was actually shot by a Federal soldier who had 
 his bayonet in his victim, while training one of the pieces to fire. 
 Here the battery of tour pieces, and fifty-eight officers and privates 
 were captured, the men being sent to Point Lookout, and the offi- 
 cers to Johnston's Island, in Lake Erie, at which place, while a 
 prisoner of war, Captain Grandy contracted the disease of which he 
 died. 
 
 A friend has justly and truly said that "the deceased in his 
 deportment was modest and unassuming, untiring and inflexible in 
 his duty. As a disciplinarian he was exacting but just, studying 
 always the interest of his men, and striving by every means in his 
 power to sustain their efficiency when called upon for service. Few 
 officers in the army of Northern Virginia had a brighter record 
 than our departed friend, and his heroic deeds and manly virtues 
 are indissolubly connected with the fame of that great army of 
 Northern Virginia, in whose exploits he bore so honorable a part, 
 and the battery he commanded was worthy to support such tried 
 and valiant infantry as the Juniors, Company F, Independent 
 Greys, Woodis Rifles, Ludlow's, Wilson's, and other companies 
 from this vicinity, who participated with glorious distinction 
 throughout the trying scenes of the late war." 
 
 April 9th, when the military authorities called upon Mayor Jno. 
 R. Ludlow for a list of the city officers, for the purpose of finding 
 
121 
 
 out who among them could take the test oath, His Honor furnished 
 Major Smith, United States Army, with the required list, and 
 opposite his own name made a note as follows : 
 
 " I cannot take the oath called the "iron-clad." 
 
 For this reason the Mayor received no written, inquiry as did the 
 other officials. 
 
 John Williams, Esq., the faithful and efficient City. Register, 
 replied to the military inquiry with the following : 
 
 Sir — In reply to your communication of the 7th inst., I beg 
 
 leave respectfully to say, that I am neither applicant for, nor an 
 
 expectant of office of any kind, and that I do not mean to ta*e the 
 
 oath of office prescribed by the act of Congress of July 2d, 1862. 
 
 Very respectfullv, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN WILLIAMS, City Register. 
 
 R. Q,. Drummond, the City Collector, replied as follows: 
 
 Sir — In reply to yours of the 7th inst., I respectfully state that I 
 cannot take the oath prescribed by act of Congress of July 2d, 
 1862. Although I have never borne arms against the United 
 States Government, or sought or held any office in any Government 
 inimical thereto, still I have countenanced, counselled and encour- 
 aged those who were. Respectfully, yours, &c, 
 
 R. Q. DRUMMOND, City Collector. 
 
 Dr. A. T. Bell, Physician to the Almshouse, returned the com- 
 munication addressed to him endorsed as follows : 
 
 Sir — I had the honor of serving in the Confederate service as a 
 surgeon during the whole war, and cannot take the iron-clad oath. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 ALEX. T. BELL, Physician to the Almshouse. 
 
 The replies of the Constables to their several notices were as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Norfolk, April 9, 1868. 
 Sir — In compliance with your communication of the 8th inst., I 
 would state that I have never borne arms against the United States 
 Government, nor encouraged persons engaged in armed hostility to 
 the United States ; but I cannot swear that I did not countenance 
 my own people who were in hostility to the United States. 
 
 Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, 
 GEO. H. MILLER, Constable City of Norfolk. 
 Adolphus Merchant's communication is the same as above. 
 
 Norfolk, April 9, 1868. 
 Sir — In compliance with your communication of the 8th inst., I 
 respectfully inform you that I cannot take the oath prescribed in 
 the act of Congress. 
 
 Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, 
 JOHN FORSYTH, Constable City of Norfolk. 
 
122 
 
 Norfolk, Va., April 9, 1868. N 
 
 Sir — In compliance with your communication of the 8th hist., I 
 would respectfully state that it is impossible for me to take the 
 "oath" required. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, 
 
 B. K. TAYLOR, Constable City of Norfolk. 
 
 The Street Inspector, in response to the inquiry, replied : 
 
 Norfolk, April 9, 1868. 
 
 Sir — I cannot take that oath. I have the honor to be, 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, &c, 
 N. B. LEE, Street Inspector. 
 
 The Second Wood Measurer made the following reply : 
 
 Norfolk, April 9, 1868. 
 
 Major H. E. Smith : Sir — In reply to your communication of 
 the 8th, I would say that I cannot take the oath prescribed by 
 act of Congress. Very respectfully, &c., 
 
 G. F. CLARK, Second Wood Measurer. 
 
 D. B. Dyer, Clerk of the Market, replied as follows : 
 
 Sir — I cannot comply with the conditions of the iron-clad oath, 
 under any circumstances, pretext or excuse. While not actively 
 engaged in the war, my sympathies were with the cause. 
 
 Yours, respectfully, 
 D. B. DYER, Clerk of the Market. 
 
 Edward Sales, City Gauger ; Jesse D. Ewell, Sealer of Weights 
 and Measures ; and John Campbell, City Weigher, all replied that 
 they "could not conscientiously take the oath reqnired." 
 
 These men were true Virginian's, and the noble stand they took 
 will never be forgotten by those who appreciate honor and truth. 
 
 April 29th, Samuel W. Paul, one of our most useful and 
 esteemed citizens, departed this life in the 66th year of his age. 
 He was a true, Christian gentleman, and by his death our commu- 
 nity sustained a loss not soon to be repaired. 
 
 April 30th, the following military appointees to office in this 
 city qualified, to-wit : J. J. Wood bridge, Street Inspector ; A. L. 
 Hill, City Collector ; J. W. Thompson, Lieutenant of Police. 
 
 May 1st, Caleb T. Mears, a well known citizen, committed 
 suicide by the means of poison. The deed was committed in a box 
 car at the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad depot. 
 
 May 5th, the Common Council appointed by the Military Com- 
 mander held its first meeting. This body was far more respectable 
 than the good people of the city first expected it would be. Mr. 
 William T. Harrison was chosen President of it. 
 
 May 11th, John Everett, Esq., of London, England, addressed 
 the citizens at the City Hall upon the subject of direct trade. On 
 the next day the Board of Trade held a meeting, with Colonel 
 William Lamb, President, in the chair, and Major William C. 
 Marrow as Secretary. 
 
123 
 
 The object of the meeting was stated by the President, where- 
 upon Marshall Parks, Esq., moved that a committee of seven be 
 appointed to tender the hospitalities of the Board to John Everett, 
 Esq., of London, and invite him to view the harbor. 
 
 The resolution was unanimously adopted, and the chair appointed 
 the following gentlemen as a committee to carry out the arrange- 
 ments in accordance with the resolution : 
 
 Marshall Parks, James Y. Leigh, VV. D. Reynolds, Thomas B. 
 Rowland, E. T. Hardy, S. Hamburger and E. C. Lindsey. 
 
 On motion, Colonel William Lamb, President, and Major W". C. 
 Marrow, Secretary, were added to the Committee. 
 
 Mr. E. T. Hardy moved that the Board of Trade heartily concur 
 in the thanks tendered Mr. Everett by the meeting on Monday 
 night for his excellent address in behalf of direct trade. 
 
 The meeting then adjourned, and at half-past 12 o'clock the 
 Committee of Arrangements and members of the Board of Trade 
 proceeded to General Mahone's rooms at the railroad office, on Main 
 street, and escorted Mr. Everett, General Mahone and other invited 
 guests to the wharf of the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Company 
 where the party embarked on board the barge Beauty. The barge 
 was taken in tow by a tug, and proceeded towards the Navy-yard. 
 After which the party viewed the harbor from the Navy-yard to 
 Craney- Island. Upon their return they landed at the Atlantic Iron 
 works, near Fort Norfolk, and fully inspected that extensive estab- 
 lishment. 
 
 The Committee appointed by the Board of Trade made ample 
 provisions for the inner man in the shape of " creature comforts." 
 Good cheer and sentiment prevailed. Speeches in response to tpasts 
 were made by Colonel Lamb, Messrs. Biggs, Robinson, Reynolds, 
 Everett and General Mahone. About 4 o'clock the party landed 
 at Todd's wharf, and escorted their guests through the city, visiting 
 the new Atlantic Hotel, and taking a bird's-eye view of the city 
 from its lofty roof. 
 
 After the party left the hotel they proceeded up Main street to 
 General Mahone's office, where Mr. Everett was bid adieu. He 
 thanked them kindly for the consideration and courtesy he had 
 received, and said "that his visit would ever be cherished with the 
 liveliest feelings of regard and esteem for the people of the South, 
 who had been, as before stated, so outrageously misrepresented in 
 England." 
 
 May 12th, the Select Council appointed by the military held its 
 first meeting. Mr. Cicero Burruss was elected President. 
 
 May 13, Mr. Francis DeCordy, who had been appointed Mayor 
 of the city by the military powers, qualified and took his seat. W. 
 P. Hennelley and S. D. Campbell, Esqs., were appointed, respec- 
 tively, as Clerk of the Market and Register (City Treasurer). 
 
124 
 
 May 17th, the steamship Isaac Bell, of the Old Dominion 
 Steamship Company;, arrived here on her first trip. She was com- 
 manded by Captain H. A. Bourne. Mayor Hoffman and many 
 other distinguished citizens of New York were on board as excur- 
 sion passengers. On the 20th of May (when the Bell returned 
 from Richmond) Commodore N. L. McCready, President of the 
 Company, extended invitations to the members of the Councils, 
 Board of Trade, the Press, and of the Pomological Society, and 
 many other citizens, to a splendid collation given on board the 
 new ship under the personal management of Colonel Thomas H. 
 Webb, the popular and efficient Agent of the Line. Speeches were 
 made by Mayors DeCordy and Hoffman, President McCready, 
 Messrs. VV. T. Harrison, G. F. B. Leighton, S. A. Stevens and 
 others, in compliment to the pleasant occasion. 
 
 June 7th, a destructive fire occurred on Main street, which almost 
 entirely destroyed the stores occupied by L. L. Brickhouse & Co., 
 shoe merchants, and Phillips & Zills' notion house. Mr. Thomas 
 Walter's photograph gallery in the upper part of one of the build- 
 ings, was totally destroyed. 
 
 June 8th, the steamer Nellie Jenkins was destroyed at Baird & 
 Roper's wharf. She was owned by Captain Robert Gwinn. 
 
 Sunday morning, June 28th, the Methodist Episcopal Tabernacle, 
 on Charlotte street, was dedicated to the service of God by Bishop 
 Levi Scott, of Delaware. Rev. C. S. Williams, the pastor, preached 
 in the afternoon. 
 
 July 4th, "Independence Day, " was joyfully celebrated by the 
 negroes of Norfolk and the carpetbag and scallawag element. 
 Sable excursionists from Petersburg and elsewhere spread over the 
 city like locusts in Egypt — and thus passed the once " glorious 
 Fourth ! " 
 
 July 27th, Mr. Alexander Tunstall (father of Dr. R. B. Tun- 
 stall) departed this life in the 82d year of his age. He was one of 
 Norfolk's oldest and best citizens. 
 
 July 28th, Mr. E. J. Myers, one of our aged and highly esteemed 
 Jewish citizens, fell upon the pavement and seriously injured him- 
 self. 
 
 The first Democratic pole raised in Norfolk since the war was 
 erected in the Fourth Ward on the night of July 29th (1868). A 
 large crowd assembled to hear the Seymour and Blair speeches 
 delivered by Colonel J. Rich'd Lewellen, Captain John S. Tucker 
 and others. 
 
 August 7th, the funeral of Colonel Simon Stone took place from 
 his (late) residence on Granby street, Rev. Father O'Keefe officia- 
 ting. Nearly all the city officials and a large number of our old 
 citizens attended, and paid the last sad tribute of respect to their 
 deceased friend. 
 
125 
 
 August 19th, a game of base ball was played between the Mary- 
 land Club, of Baltimore, and the Creightons, of this city. The 
 Norfolk fooys were defeated by a score of 87 to 10. 
 
 September 8th, Mr. Benjamin A. Barrom, a well known and 
 respected citizen of Norfolk, died suddenly at Fortress Monroe, 
 from the effect^ of a congestive chill. 
 
 September 19th, Mr. Wtn. S. Upshur, an old and valued citi- 
 zen, departed this life at the age of 65 years. He always enjoyed 
 the respect and implicit confidence of his fellow citizens. 
 
 September 26th, the proprietors of the Norfolk Virginian, gave 
 an annual reception supper to a number of invited guests, atMorri- 
 sett's Club House, on Bank street, Speeches weri' made by Hon. 
 John Goode, Jr., Gen. Geo. Blow, Col. J. Richard Lewellen, Col. 
 L. D. Starke, Capt. Jno. S. Tucker, Capt. Thos. F. Owens, Capt. 
 James Barron Hope,editor of the paper, and M. Glennan Esq., one of 
 the proprietors, and at that time the youngest newspaper man in the 
 State. [Mr. Glennan was also one of the youngest soldiers that left 
 Norfolk in defence of the Confederacy. He entered the army at 
 the age of sixteen years, and although he was legally exempt from 
 duty — -not only by age, but from being lame for life, he served 
 gallantly during the entire war. Early in 1861 he applied for 
 enlistment in a Norfolk Company, but was refused on account of 
 his age, and crippled condition. He afterwards went to North 
 Carolina, and joined the 36th North Carolina Regiment, under Col. 
 Wm. Lamb, of this city. He was captured at the fall of Fort 
 Fisher, and after the surrender of Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, was 
 brevetted as a Lieutenant for his gallantry. He returned home 
 after the war, and by his great energy and perseverance has gradually 
 worked himself up to be the sole owner of the Virginian, and one 
 of the best newspaper men in the State. Such an instance of patrio- 
 tism and merited success is well worthy of record.] 
 
 October 8th, the new Atlantic Hotel was formally opened to the 
 public by A. G. Newton, Esq., who gave a magnificent entertain- 
 ment to the Hotel Company (the stockholders of the building) and 
 many invited guests. 
 
 Monday October 12th, the Washigton and Lee Bazaar, a temple 
 of fancy, or fair, gotten up by the ladies of the Washington and Lee 
 Association, in Norfolk, for the support of Confederate Orphans, 
 was opened to the public. Everything fancy, useful and good to 
 eat, was exposed for sale in aid of the noble objects of the Associa- 
 tion. The following ladies were actively engaged in the good cause : 
 Mrs. S. Hodges, Mrs. J. Richard Lewellen, Mrs. E. A. Hallett, 
 Mrs. F. Mallory, Mrs. J. Vnkery, Mrs. Kader Biggs, Mrs. Wm. 
 H. Broughton, Mrs. Pinkham, Mrs. Duncan, Mrs. Roberts, Miss 
 Henrietta Hunter, Mrs. Timberlake, Mrs. Hall, Mrs. Moore, Mrs. 
 
12(y 
 
 Brickhonse, Mrs. Santos, Mrs. M. Wertheimer, Miss Kate Sarsfco 
 and many fair assistants whose names we cannot give here. 
 
 October 14th, was the first day of the assembling of the Railroad 
 and Commercial Convention. The city was gaily decorated with 
 flags, banners, mottoes, &c, and the great crowd present betokened 
 an era of great importance. The Convention met at the Opera 
 House, and was called to order by Colonel Wm. Lamb, President 
 of the Norfolk Board of Trade. Delegates were in attendance from 
 Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, 
 Kentucky, and other States. The Convention was held in the 
 interests of direct trade with Europe, with Norfolk as the shipping 
 port for the South and West. Col. George W. Boiling, of Peters- 
 burg, presided over the body, which was in session four days. Our 
 city was filled with visitors and they were royally entertained — it 
 was a regular jubilee occasion.' The number of delegates present 
 exceeded two thousand. 
 
 October 27th, two young men — George C. Devereux, and Thos. 
 Only, engaged in a friendly wrestling match, when Only was thrown 
 by his opponent and so badly injured that he died in a few hours. 
 The affair caused a great deal of sadness, as the young men were 
 good friends, and wrestled only for friendly sport. 
 
 December 17th, Miss Laura Keene, the New York Actress, 
 appeared at our Opera House, in the beautiful play of "Hunted 
 Down." She essayed the character of "Mary Leigh" and delighted 
 a large audience. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-NINE. 
 
 January 10th, James Woodhouse, an aged and respected citizen, 
 departed this life. 
 
 January 25th, Messrs. Burrow & White's drug store, on Church 
 street, w T as destroyed by fire. Loss not fully covered by insurance. 
 Several other stores in the vicinity were damaged. 
 
 February 1st, Charles F. McCoy, a printer by trade, and former 
 member of the Norfolk Independent Grays, departed this life. 
 
 February 9th, Mr. Andrew Sigourney, one of our public spirited 
 citizens, died in the city of Baltimore. His remains were brought 
 home for interment. 
 
 March 25th, Edward Lakio, the beloved and efficient Captain of 
 the United Fire Company, died. He was a gallant Confederate, a 
 brave fireman, a kind and generous man, and an useful citizen. 
 Peace to his ashes, and respect to his memory. 
 
 April 5th, Messrs. Pullen & Pierce's carriage factory, on Union 
 street, was destroyed by fire — the work of incendiaries. 
 
 May 12th, Colonel Gilbert C. Walker, addressed a meeting of 
 citizens upon the political issues of the day. This was his first 
 political speech in Virginia, and the commencement of his brilliant 
 and victorious campaign as the candidate for Governor, against 
 
12? 
 
 Henry Happy Wells, the carpet-bagger and Radical candidate. 
 
 June 21st, the Norfolk City and Princess Anne County Conser- 
 vative Convention, called to nominate a candidate for the State 
 Senate, met at the Courthouse. Colonel Lewellen called the meet- 
 ing to order, and Mr. Ethan Allen was made chairman. Major 
 Jas. F. Milligan nominated Mr. W. II. Burroughs, of Princess 
 Anne ; Mr, Charles Sharp nominated Col. Walter H. Taylor, of 
 Norfolk; whereupon, Major Milligan withdrew his nomination in 
 favor of Col. Taylor. On motion of Judge George S. Oldfield, the 
 nomination of Colonel Taylor was adopted by acclamation — unani- 
 mously. 
 
 June 28th, a Conservative Convention was held, by which, 
 Messrs. W. H. Burroughs and A. S. Segar were chosen as candi- 
 dates for election to the House of Delegates from Princess Anne 
 county, and this city. These gentlemen were also unanimously 
 nominated. [Norfolk city and Princess Anne county, together, 
 were only entitled, at that time, to one Senator and two Delegates.] 
 
 July 1st, the revision of the registration lists was finished, and it 
 was shown that the white majority in the entire city was only 84. 
 £" The boys" had hard work to do then, sure ; but it isn't 
 so now]. At that time Major General Canby was in command of 
 Virginia, and he did all he could to encourage the Radical party, 
 and to help Wells against Walker. 
 
 July 4th, a colored picnic was enjoyed by a large number of our 
 sable citizens below Fort Norfolk. While some of the party were 
 returning home in the afternoon, a row boat capsized and five little 
 girls and one boy were drowned. 
 
 July 6th was election day — the first State election that our people 
 were permitted to hold since the war. The State Constitution 
 framed by the "Black and Tan" Convention, was submitted to 
 the people for adoption or rejection, with certain very objectionable 
 clauses submitted to a separate vote. These clauses were defeated, 
 but the balance of the Constitution was adopted, and Colonel Gil- 
 bert C. Walker was triumphantly elected Governor, over H. H. 
 Wells, the negroes' candidate — and that was the death blow to 
 Radicalism in Old Virginia. [Oh! glorious day — brave, victo- 
 rious Walker! " Methinks I see thee still"]. Wells' majority 
 in the city over W r alker was 76 ; Colonel Taylor's majority (for 
 State Senate) in the city over Major J. N. Croft, was 15 ; majority 
 for the Constitution, 3,803 ; majority against the objectionable 
 clauses, 5. [The clauses stricken from the Constitution by the votes 
 of the honest people, were known as the " test oath " and " dis- 
 franchising" clauses]. Mr. A. S. Segar was elected as a Delegate, 
 and Colonel Walter H. Taylor, as Senator, by small majorities. 
 r oughs was defeated by Henry M. Bowden, Radical]. At 
 this election Norfolk, as well as the State, repudiated Radical rule. 
 
128 
 
 July 7th, onr people were called upon to mourn the death of 
 another old citizen — Mr. David Corprew, who died in the sixty- 
 first year of his age. 
 
 At night, July 7th, the city was illuminated, and a grand jolli- 
 fication procession marched to the Atlantic Hotel to congratulate 
 Colonel Walker upon his election. The Colonel addressed the 
 crowd in a happy and pleasant manner. Speeches were also made 
 by Hon. John B. Whitehead, Colonels Hinton and Blow, Mayor 
 DeCordy, S. A. Stevens, H. D. Ghiselin, Colonel L. D. Starke, 
 W. H. C. Ellis and Arthur S. Segar. 
 
 August 6th, some distinguished citizens of Georgetown, D. C, 
 made an excursion to Norfolk on the steamer W. W. Coit, and were 
 entertained at the Atlantic Hotel by onr city authorities. 
 
 August 21st, Mr. W. J. Hozier's grocery store, corner of Char- 
 lotte and Bute streets, was destroyed fire. Loss about $5,000 — not 
 insured. 
 
 September 2d, Dr. Robert S. Newton addressed the merchants 
 of Norfolk in the interests of the Mediterranean and Oriental 
 Steam Navigation Company of New York. 
 
 Departed this life September 2d, after a lingering illness, Purser 
 John Debree, one of our oldest and most esteemed fellow-citizens. 
 
 Sunday, September 12th, the Fire Department and Odd Fellows 
 escorted to their last resting place the remains of Richard L. Nel- 
 son, who died on Friday, the 10th instant. 
 
 September 18th, Officer George Scultatus, of the city police 
 force, shot and killed a soldier named Charles H. Smith, of Com- 
 pany K, 17th Regiment United States Infantry. Smith and his 
 comrades resisted the officer (while attempting to arrest them for 
 disorderly conduct) and threatened his life. Mr. Scultatus was 
 tried and acquitted on the grounds of having acted purely in self- 
 defence. 
 
 September 25th, Mr. Franklin G. Moore, another old citizen, 
 departed this life. He had been a faithful Customhouse officer 
 for a number of years. 
 
 October 8th, Rev. Father Farren, a former citizen of Norfolk, 
 died in Lynchburg, Va. He was educated in Rome, and was a 
 priest of great promise and popularity, and only thirty years of age. 
 
 October 11th, General J. B. Magruder delivered a lecture in 
 Tazewell Hall, on Mexico, Maximilian and Carlotta. His audience 
 was delighted with the historical and intellectual treat. 
 
 October 17th, the Hope Fire Company left this city on board the 
 Steamer George Leary, for Wilmington, Delaware, to pay a visit to 
 Washington Fire Company, of the city maned. The Company 
 returned October 23d, well pleased with their trip and the courtesy 
 extended by their Delaware friends. 
 
 October 27th, the funeral of George Bramble took place at Christ 
 
129 
 
 Church, Rev. O. S. Barten, officiating. The Church was crowded 
 with sorrowing friends of the lamented deceased. 
 • December 7th, the members of the National Board of Trade 
 (composed of distinguished men from the large cities of the North 
 and West) paid a flying visit to Norfolk. An elegant entertain- 
 ment was given to the visitors at the Atlantic Hotel, and next day, 
 the 8th inst., they were complimented with an excursion trip to 
 Old Point, on the Steamer George Leary, of the Old Bay Line, 
 which was greatly enjoyed. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY. 
 
 January 1st, the Steamer Astoria, the largest iron steamer ever 
 built here, was launched at the Atlantic Iron Works. The launch 
 was witnessed by a large concourse of people. 
 
 January 5th, the ladies of the Washington and Lee Association, 
 gave a calico ball, which was largely attended. The receipts were 
 applied to the support of Confederate orphans, in accordance with 
 the objects of the Society. This pleasant affair was under the 
 management of Miss Henrietta Hunter, the efficient and patriotic 
 President of the Association. 
 
 January 18th,. a large meeting of the citizens of Norfolk was held 
 at Tazewell Hall, to give expression to their views concerning the 
 consolidation of the railroads from here to Bristol, Tennessee, and 
 the Clifton Forge connection. Speeches were make by Hon. John 
 Goode, Hon. S. McD. Moore, Hon. Thos. S. Bocock, Maj. Jno. W. 
 Daniel, and others. The Committee on Resolutions then submitted 
 the following, which were adopted unanimously : 
 
 " Resolved, That we have listened with great interest and pleasure 
 to the able addresses of the distinguished gentlemen who have ad- 
 dressed us this evening on behalf of the proposed extension of the 
 Southside Railroad to Clifton Forge, on the line of the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 "Resolved, That we hail with lively satisfaction the movement 
 which has been recently inaugurated by our fellow citizens of 
 Lynchburg, and other communities in the Southside, which has for 
 its object the completion of the proposed connection between Clifton 
 Forge, by the most eligible route which may hereafter be indicated. 
 
 "Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting, the people of 
 Norfolk will be found ready and willing hereafter to co-operate to 
 the full extent of their ability in the completion of the proposed 
 extension. 
 
 "Resolved, That delegates be appointed by the chairman 
 
 of this meeting to represent the city of Norfolk, in the General Con- 
 vention, which has been called to meet in the city of Lynchburg." 
 
 After the adjournment, the delegation, escorted by the Board of 
 Trade, members of the Select and Common Councils and the invi- 
 
J 30 
 
 ted guests, proceeded to the National Hotel where a bountiful colla- 
 tion had been prepared. 
 
 January 23d, Lewis W. Webb was removed from the position of 
 Collector of this Port, and Luther Lee Jr., Esq., appointed in his 
 place. The on!}' cause of this change was Gen. Grant's preference 
 of a carpet-bagger to a native — [one of Grant's chief characteristics]. 
 February 2d, a fire occurred at the corner of Main street and 
 Loyall's lane, which destroyed B. Peddle's restaurant, D. P. Morris' 
 cigar store, E. Leithardt's shoe shop, Washington & Hunt's barber 
 shop, and Richard Lee's club room. A fireman named Charles 
 James was badly injured at this fire, by a portion of the front wall 
 of the burning building falling upon him. 
 
 February 10th, Miles & Creekmur's clothing establishment, No. 
 7 Market Square, was also destroyed by fire. 
 
 February 12th, Mr. Samuel H. Hodges, an honored citizen and 
 an upright Mason, died at his residence on Cumberland street. He 
 was buried with Masonic honors. 
 
 February 13th, Henry Carroll, an estimableyoung man, departed 
 this life. He was a former m -mber of the "Norfolk Juniors," and 
 was disabled by a wound received in battle May 8th, 1864. 
 
 February 28th, Seth March, a prominent merchant and respected 
 citizen, died in the 58th year of his age. He was buried March 
 2d, from the Cumberland Street Baptist Church. 
 
 March 19th, Lewis Rose, a former gallant member of the Nor- 
 folk Blues, departed this life. He was a faithful clerk in Messrs. 
 M. A. & C. A. Santos' drug store, and won the confidence and 
 esteem not only of his employers, but of all who knew him. He 
 left a wife and two young children to mourn his untimely death. 
 
 March 23d, Dr. Samuel J. Brown departed this life, after a brief 
 illness. He was a talented and popular physician, and his death 
 was deeply lamented. 
 
 March 31st, Governor Walker's "Message to Mayor DeCordy" 
 was received, and brought with it good tidings. Here is a copy 
 of it : 
 Commonwealth of Virginia, Executive Department, ) 
 
 Richmond, March 30, 1870. J 
 "Hon. Franeis De Cordy, Mayor of the City of Norfolk : 
 
 Dear Sir — Enclosed please find Commissions for the Council- 
 men of the city of Norfolk. I have to request that you cause the 
 same to be delivered to the several appointees to-morrow morning, 
 and summon a meeting of all the members to-morrow evening, at 8 
 o'clock, for the purpose of organization, after qualification. As soon 
 as organized, they will proceed under the charter to elect a Recorder 
 and Aldermen, and then a Select Council. The oaths of office 
 may be taken before a magistrate, Judge, or notary public, and the 
 14th Amendment oath may be forwarded by mail to the Secretary 
 
131 
 
 of the Commonwealth to-morrow. Please attend to this promptly 
 and oblige, "Your obedient servant, G. C. WALKER." 
 
 The following is a correct list of the names accompanying the 
 above, from which were selected the magistrates of the city and the 
 members of the Select Council : 
 
 J. B. Whitehead, John E. Doyle, J. Montgomery, E. Vance, R. C. Taylor, 
 Samuel R. Boruni, V. D. Groner, T. M. Wilson, Geo. E. Maltby, E. W. Moore, 
 S. A. Stevens, S. R. White, W. F. Allen, W. W. Wing, W. B. Deggs, C. H. Row- 
 land, M. Howell, G. R. Wilson, A. Oberndorfer, Wm. Rosson, P. Dilworth, C, 
 W. Grandy, S. G. Tuttle, W. T. Harrison, John A. Rosson, Thos. H. Webb, A. 
 A. McCullough, Jas. Reid, Wm. Lamb, (J. Billups, E.G. Robinson, A. G. Mil- 
 hado, G. W. Cowdery, W. W. Gwathmey, J. (J. White. 
 
 The Commissions were promptly delivered. A meeting of the 
 new Council took place on the evening of the 31st inst., and Mr. 
 Chas. H. Rowland, waselected Recorder. The following gentlemen 
 were then elected as Aldermen : Messrs. E. Vance, John E. Doyle, 
 T. M. Wilson, C. W. Grandy Sr., John B. Whitehead, Jas. Reid, 
 A. A. McCullough, and Wm. Lamb. Mayor F. DcCordy was then 
 unanimously elected Mayor to fill the unexpired term of that office. 
 
 This was a compliment which Mr. DeCordy scarcely expected to 
 receive, but which he really deserved, for he had been a just and 
 
 mpartial officer]. 
 
 April 1st, the Council held an adjourned meeting and elected the 
 following officers : 
 
 City Register, S. S. Dawes; City Collector, Andrew L. Hill; City Assessor, J. 
 C. Saunders ; City Attorney, Thos. W. Peirce ; Street Inspector, J. J. Wood- 
 bridge; City Gauger, Edward E. Sales ; City Surveyoi", John F. Dezendorf ; Clerk 
 of the Market, W. P. Hennelly ; Keeper of Almshouse, Wm. Hawkins; Physician 
 to Almshouse, Dr. E. D. Grainier; Weigher of Hay, Peter Powell; Sealer of 
 Weights and Measures, F. G. Storey ; Wood Measurers, M. J. Walker and G. F. 
 Clark ; Captain of the Watch, Edwin M Gray ; Lieutenant of the Watch, C. C. 
 Benson ; Captains Hipkins, Chamberlaine and Phillips, were elected as Port 
 Wardens ; Captain John Gibbs and A. Baum, were appointed Harbor Masters. 
 
 April 7th, the officers of the Danish Corvette, Tho", (then lying 
 in our harbor), were entertained at the Atlantic Hotel with a magni- 
 ficent dinner, given by our energetic young townsman, Samuel 
 Kimberly Esq., of the firm of Kimberly Brothers. The affair was 
 reeherche in every respect, and was duly appreciated by the visitors, 
 who united in proclaiming "Sammy" to be the "Prince of o-ood 
 fellows." 
 
 April 8th, the Methodist Episcopal Sunday School Convention, 
 which had been in session for four days, adjourned. Bishop D. S. 
 Doggett, D. D., was elected President of the State Sunday School 
 Association by this Convention. 
 
 April 9th, William H. Burroughs, Esq., qualified as Judge of 
 the Corporation Court, upon appointment by the Legislature, to 
 succeed Judge B. B. Foster, who held the position by military 
 appointment. On the 12th instant Judge Burroughs took his seat, 
 and " Mr. Foster" retired. 
 
132 
 
 April 12th, the Board of Trade held an important and animated 
 meeting in regard to the bill before the Legislature to consolidate 
 the line of railroads between Norfolk and Bristol. After much 
 discussion the following resolutions were adopted: 
 
 " Resolved by the Norfolk Board of Trade, That we heartily desire the consol- 
 idation of the Southside line of railroads, embracing the Norfolk and Petersburg, 
 Southside, Virginia and Tennessee, and Virginia and Kentucky Roads, believing 
 it presents the only means whereby we can successfully compete with the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Railroad for the trade of the great West, and defeat the cities 
 North of us, to draw the trade of Virginia and the States West and South of us, 
 through our own State, to markets further North. 
 
 " 2d. That we unequivocably advocate the consolidation of said Roads, and 
 earnestly request our Representatives in the Legislature to use their utmost efforts 
 for the consummation of such a policy. 
 
 "3d. That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to our Senator and Dele- 
 gates in Richmond." 
 
 Ayes : Messrs. Gwathmey, Rowland, Glennan, Taylor, Cowand, Underhill, 
 Hinton, Wright, Hamburger, Couper and Reed — 11. 
 
 Nays : Messrs. Lamb, Graves, Bell, Barna, Howell and Shanks — 6. 
 
 As we have previously stated in this volume, there was great 
 opposition to the consolidation of these railroads — especially by 
 persons who had no interest in Norfolk, and who sold themselves 
 for dollars and cents to the hired agents and lobbyists of the Penn- 
 sylvania and Maryland Railroad monopolies. There were persons 
 in Norfolk who opposed the 'plan of consolidation, but not the 
 consolidation in fact — and such men gave some reasonable excuses 
 for such opposition; but there were some people, here and else- 
 where, who opposed the entire bill on account of personal preju- 
 dice against General Mahone — [and these same " blockheads " 
 would to-day plunge Norfolk and the whole State into a common 
 ruin, in order to satisfy their " spite against Mahone," or any other 
 man]. 
 
 All the prominent business men of the State readily saw how 
 materially this Consolidated Line would aid in making Norfolk a 
 port of great importance, and, rising above petty prejudices and un- 
 scrupulous selfishness, they gave their aid to the great scheme — 
 working for the interests of Virginia and her only seaport city, 
 without halting to consider personal ends and insignificent animosi- 
 ties ; and such were the men who came to the rescue of Norfolk 
 and made their voices potent in advocacy of the Consolidation Bill 
 which the enemies of our State were striving with all their might and 
 means to defeat — and why did they desire its defeat ? Simply 
 because they had sense enough to know that by its passage 
 and fulfilment, they would be injured and Virginia benefitted. 
 . Philadelphia and Baltimore's opposition to it alone, was enough to 
 show how important the measure was to Virginia, but there were 
 many weak eyes that could "not see it in that light." But, thanks to 
 Intelligence, Norfolk saw it and sees it still. So mote it be. 
 
 April 18th, the monument erected at Elmwood Cemetery by the 
 
133 
 
 United Fire Company, to the memory of Edward Lakin, their dead 
 comrade, was unveiled in the presence of a large gathering of our 
 citizens. The Fire Department of this city and that of Portsmouth, 
 the St. Patrick's Societies of the two cities, the Norfolk Blues' Bene- 
 volent and Memorial Association, the Mayor and members of the 
 City Councils, all joined in the procession that marched to the 
 Cemetery to honor the memory of a gallant soldier and fireman. 
 Capt. John S. Tucker delivered the dedicatory oration, and Capt. 
 James Barron Hope delivered a beautiful poem to the memory of 
 the dead Captain — the brave Ned Lakin. 
 
 April 20th, the work of building the Norfolk city railway was 
 begun under the superintendance of Virginius Freeman Esq., Civil 
 Engineer. 
 
 April 30th, our noble old Confederate Commander, Genera 
 Robert E. Lee, arrived in this city via the Seaboard and Roanoke 
 Railroad. When it was known that he was on the train, the 
 Portsmouth boys borrowed the gun " Brick Pomeroy," belonging 
 to the Hope F\re Company, and as the train reached the depot, 
 they fired a salute to welcome the hero. The General, accompanied 
 by his daughter, was met by Colonel Walter H. Taylor, his former 
 Adjutant General, and was by him conducted through the dense 
 throng to the ferry-boat. The air, during his passage through the 
 assemblage, was vocal with shouts of welcome to the old chieftain. 
 It may be also remarked that those shouts were not of the measured 
 "hip-hip-hurrah" kind now in vogue, but were the genuine, old- 
 fashioned Confederate yells, which quickened the pulses at all the 
 battles in this State, from Big Bethel to Appomattox Courthouse, 
 and which doubtless awakened a host of memories in the breast of 
 him in whose honor they were uttered. On board the ferry boat 
 the cabin in which the General was seated was beseiged by a crowd 
 eager to catch a glimpse of the hero, but the door i was faithfully 
 guarded, and as far as possible he was relieved from the inconve- 
 nience of being enveloped by a multitude whose only wish was to 
 do him honor. As soon as the boat started, several Roman candles 
 signalled to the United Fire Company, of this city, that the General 
 was on board, and in a few minutes their cannon pealed forth a 
 warlike welcome, which was kept up until the arrival of the boat 
 on- this side Here another immense concourse was assembled, and 
 as the General and his daughter stepped on the wharf they were 
 greeted with another succession of the familiar yells of the battle- 
 field, which continued until they had reached a hack and were 
 whirled rapidly away. 
 
 The General remained in the city for several days, the guest of 
 Colonel Taylor, and received calls from a number of devoted friends 
 and brave comrades. 
 
134 
 
 May 9th, a tremendous Conservative mass meeting was held to 
 make preparations for the approaching municipal election. 
 
 May 11th, the registration of new voters was completed, and the 
 white majority in the city was only 171. 
 
 May 13th, the City Conservative Convention (Hon. John Goode, 
 chairman,) met and nominated the following city ticket, to-wit : 
 
 For Mayor, Hon. John B. Whitehead; Clerk of the Court, Mr. Thomas W. 
 Peirce ; Commonwealth's Attorney, Mr. Thomas T. Cropper; City Sergeant, 
 Colonel J. Rieh'd Lewellen ; City Treasurer, Mr. J. M. Freeman ; Commissiuner 
 <>f Revenue, Mr. John Branham ("old Braddox"); City Collector, Captain John 
 R. Ludlow ; City Attorney, Mr. John H. Nash ; Street Inspector, Mr. A. J. 
 Dalton ; City Surveyor, Colonel Harry Williamson ; Captain of the Watch, Ed. 
 Gray; Lieutenant of the Watch, 0. C. Benson ; Constables, Robert Steele, John 
 R.Morris, A. Merchant, James Reilley, James Butler and George H. Miller; 
 Clerk of Market, John Stavro; Physician to Almshouse, Dr. J. W. Leigh; 
 Keeper of Almshouse, E. N. Bobee ; Hay Weigher, R. A. Forbes; Sealer of 
 Weights and Measures.J. T. Ewell ; Wood Measurers, B. Roskam and G. F. Clark ; 
 Gauger, Frank vVood. 
 
 May 14th, the funeral of Benjamin D. Thomas occurred. The 
 deceased served gallantly during the war as a member of the Blues, 
 and was a favorite with all who knew him. 
 
 May 17th, the Radicals met in Convention and nominated the 
 
 following ticket, to-wit : 
 
 For Mayor, P. Dilworth ; City Sergeant, William H. Brooks ; Collector, John 
 T. Daniels; Treasurer, L. W. Webb; Clerk of the Courts, Henry M. Bowden ; 
 Commissioner of the Revenue, Dr. Thomas Bayne (negro) ; Assessor, W. T. Bell ; 
 Commonwealth's Attorney, George S. Oldfield ; City Attorney, John Parker 
 Jordan ; Street Inspector, R. T. Guinn ; Keeper of the Almshouse, James H. 
 Hall ; City Surveyor, John F. Dezendorf ; Health Officer, Dr. James YV. Leigh ; 
 Gauger of Liquors, Thomas F. Paige, (negro) ; 1st Wood Measurer, John Walker; 
 2d Wood Measurer, Ben Bailey; Clerk of Market, W. P. Hennellv ; Weigher of 
 Hay, D. B. Balsom. 
 
 Six constables, all negroes, were also nominated. [They put 
 some good men on their ticket to give it strength — also some black 
 ones, to make it stronger^. 
 
 May 22d, the Conservatives had a grand torchlight procession, 
 which created great enthusiasm. 
 
 Thursday, May 26th, was municipal election day, and Norfolk 
 was once more " redeemed, regenerated and disenthralled," by the 
 election of <her own citizens (with one or two exceptions) — white 
 men with white men's principles, to fill her city offices. The 
 triumph was a glorious one — it was a Waterloo to the Rads. The 
 only Republicans elected were the following : A. L. Hill, Esq., 
 Commissioner of the Revenue ; W. P. Hennelly, Esq., Clerk of 
 the Market (two good men) ; Robert T. Guinn, Street Inspector; 
 J. H. Hall, Keeper of the Almshouse. The balance of the officers 
 were the regular Conservative nominees, and all good men and true. 
 
 A large majority of the Counoilmen elected were Conservative 
 nominees, which of course gave that party entire control of the city, 
 once more, thanks to the good Lord above. 
 
135 
 
 May 27th, the funeral of James D. Gammon, a worthy and 
 popular citizen, took place from the Cumberland Street Methodist 
 Church, Rev. Mr. Cheatham officiating. 
 
 June 2d, the 47th Annual Session of the Baptist General As- 
 sociation of Virginia, convened in this city — Hon. Robert L. 
 Montague (a lay delegate) presiding. It was in session four days. 
 
 June 7th, the Railroad Consolidation bill (known as the "bill^to 
 authorize the formation of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Rail- 
 road") was passed by the House of Delegates, it having previously 
 passed the Senate. Upon receipt of the good news here (June 8th) 
 the people became jubilant with delight, and in the afternoon hand- 
 bills were circulated, stating that there would be a grand mass 
 meeting of the citizens at the City Hall, for the purpose of testify- 
 ing their approval and gratification at the result achieved. In the 
 evening a salute of one hundred and eleven guns (one for every vote 
 cast in the Senate and House for the bill) were fired, and at night 
 the streets were illuminated by flaming tar barrels. At the Norfolk 
 and Petersburg depot, the event was celebrated by a grand display 
 of fire works, and the locomotives and cars of the company, departing 
 and arriving, were gaily decorated with wreaths and flowers, and 
 flying steamers. 
 
 The grand ratification meeting was held according to announce- 
 ment, and it was a joyous occasion. Hon. JohnGoode addressed the 
 citizens upon the importance of the event. He gave an accountof 
 the opposition to t the bill. It had encountered a most violent, a 
 most bitter opposition. Heaven and earth, as it were, were moved 
 to defeat the measure, but, thanks to the patriotism and integrity 
 of your General Assembly, thanks to the untiring energy of your 
 Representatives in the Legislature, and thanks to General Mahone, 
 we have been able to route the enemy and achieve a victory as great 
 as the celebrated fight of the Crater. The speaker then explained 
 the bill as passed. He spoke of the great attempt made by Balti- 
 more to control the railroad system of the State and gain possession 
 of the entire trade of the magnificent country now tributary to 
 Norfolk by the passage ©f this bill. We will shortly have con- 
 tinued and uninterrupted travel to Louisville, and on to St. Louis, 
 to Cincinnati, Omaha and the Pacific. Have we not reason to 
 rejoice, especially when we consider the great advantages which are 
 to flow from the work performed — our great measure of State 
 policy — Norfolk's pet scheme — a scheme which is essentially Vir- 
 ginian, the only completed line that runs East and West, termina- 
 ting at Norfolk, and which must result eventually in building up 
 and establishing direct trade. He rejoiced as a Norfolk man, as a 
 Virginian, at the great prospect and the defeat of Baltimore in her 
 attempt to become mistress of all she surveys. 
 
 Other speeches were delivered, and after adopting suitable reso- 
 
13G 
 
 lutions, the meeting adjourned. [It is proper to state just here, 
 that the Consolidation Bill, as passed by the Legislature, was ap- 
 proved by the Governor and became a law on the 17th of June 
 (1870), and that the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad Com- 
 pany, was duly organized, under said bill, on the 12th day of the 
 following November, by the election of General Wm. Mahone, as 
 President, and the following gentlemen as Directors, viz : Thomas 
 J. Corprew and R. C. Taylor, of Norfolk; R. B. Boiling, J. A. 
 Johnston and R. D. Mcllwaine, of Petersburg ; C. W. Statham 
 and J. F. Slaughter, of Lynchburg; Wm. Watts, of Roanoke, 
 James A. Walker, of Pulaski, and A. Fulkerson, of Washington 
 counties]. 
 
 June 16th, the orphans of St. Mary's Asylum presented the 
 Hope Fire Company with a handsome flag. The presentation took 
 place at the Catholic Fair-room, on Market Square. Presentation 
 addresses were made by Misses Ellie Carr and Alice Corbett, and 
 were responded to by Dr. E. C. Robinson and Captain John E. 
 Doyle. 
 
 July 20th, the people of Norfolk voted upon the subject of sub- 
 scribing to the building of Norfolk and Great Western Railroad, 
 and^for want of a three-fifths majority the proposed subscription was 
 defeated. 
 
 August 2d, the cars for the street railway arrived, and were drawn 
 through the streets for the first time. Superintendent Virginius 
 Freeman had the track ready for their reception. 
 
 Saturday night, August 13th, our city was illuminated, cannons 
 were fired, and a grand jubilee meeting was held in honor of the 
 Conservative victory gained by North Carolina, our gallant sister 
 State, in their late State election. A multitude of our citizens — 
 many of whom were natives of the "Old North State," assembled 
 at the Courthouse to hear speeches in honor of the splendid victory 
 of the "tar heel" Conservatives. 
 
 About half-past eight o'clock the meeting was called to order by 
 Colonel J. W. Hinton, who called to the chair Col. Kader Biggs, 
 which nomination was ratified by tumultuous shouts. 
 
 Cols. George W. McGlauhon, J. M. S. Rogers, Major William 
 J. Baker, and. George H. Freer, Esq., were appointed Vice-Presi- 
 dents, and Messrs. George Arps, C. G. Elliott and Wm. G. Martin, 
 were appointed Secretaries. 
 
 Colonel Biggs, the chairman, in a few admirably appropriate 
 remarks, explained that the object for which the meeting was called, 
 was to tender to the people of North Carolina our hearty sympathy 
 and congratulations on their release from the thraldom of Radical 
 servitude. His remarks were listened to with deep attention, and 
 when he closed, he received a round of applause and a salvo of 
 artillery. 
 
137 
 
 He was followed by Colonel L. D. Starke, of this city, who was 
 unprepared for a speech, but nevertheless handsomely introduced 
 the following series of resolutions, which were read by him, to- wit : 
 
 " Resolved, That as friends and former citizens of the good old State of North 
 Carolina, we feel a profound interest in everything that affects the welfare and 
 happiness of her people. We know them for their manly virtues, their law-abid- 
 ing spirit, and patriotic temper. AVe mourn with them in their sufferings, and 
 rejoice With them in all things that tend to their well-being and prosperity as 
 individuals, and their honor and glory as a State. 
 
 " Resolved, That we have watched the progress of the recent political struggle in 
 that State with the deepest anxiety, and have been shocked and grieved at the 
 diabolical warfare which has been waged upon the rights and liberties of her peo- 
 ple by those who were bound by the most solemn oaths and obligations to protect 
 them. 
 
 " Resolved, That we heartily and sincerely rejoice with the good people of that 
 State in the victory of law and order which they have achieved through the 
 peaceful means of the ballot-box, and under circumstances which were well calcu- 
 lated to exasperate and madden them. 
 
 " Resolved, That we cannot too highly commend the spirit of calm and dignified 
 moderation with which the people have borne themselves during the trying 
 ordeal through which they have passed, and we trust and believe they will con- 
 tinue in well-doing, as well in this, the hour of their prosperity, as in adversity. 
 
 " Resolved, That we tender our most earnest and heartfelt sympathy to the good 
 and true men who are now suffering military imprisonment, and bid them be of 
 good cheer, in the confident hope that they will soon be restored to liberty through 
 the peaceful agency of the great writ of habeas corpus." 
 
 The resolutions were adopted with a deafening response of "aye !" 
 and after more speaking, the vast atseinblage dispersed. 
 
 August 13th, our street railway was put in operation. The cars 
 were constantly crowded during the day with persons anxious to 
 get a cheap ride "just for the novelty of the thing." 
 
 September 11th, Major Wm. E. Taylor died, in the 61st year of 
 his age. He was the second son of General Robert Taylor, the 
 heroic defender of Norfolk in the last war with Great Britain. He 
 was buried with military and civic honors. 
 
 September 25th, the steamship Wyanoke, of the Old Dominion 
 Line, arrived on her first trip to Norfolk. She was greeted at the 
 wharf by a large crowd of citizens. 
 
 September 28th, the census takers made their returns of the pop- 
 ulation of Norfolk, to-wit : total population, 19,284 — which was 
 generally considered " entirely too small." 
 
 October 4th, our young men indulged in a tournament at the 
 Fair Grounds for the honor of crowning a Queen of Love and 
 Beauty. The charge to the Knights was delivered by our talented 
 young townsman, Thos. R. Borland, Esq. The following Knights 
 were successful : 
 
 1. Knight of the "Sable Plume"— S. S. Gresham, Jr. 
 
 2. Knight of " Fra Diavolo "— J. M. Hardy. 
 
 3. Knight of " Norfolk "—Henry L. Turner. 
 
 4. Knight of the " Old North State "—Asa Biggs. 
 
138 
 
 The Coronation and Ball took place at the Atlantic Hotel, and 
 was a brilliant affair. Miss Sterling, of New York, was crowned 
 Queen of Love and Beauty, attended by her Maids of Honor, as 
 follows : Miss Jennie Taylor, Miss Lula Blow and Miss Mollie 
 Webb, who did honor to her Majesty's Court by their conspicuous 
 grace and beauty. [The Knight of " Norfolk" yielded his honor 
 to the Knight of "Sir William ofDeloraine" (Mr. Wm. A. Gresham) 
 who selected Miss Lula Blow as second Maid of Honor]. 
 
 "'-'tfftW— 
 
 October 12th, General Robert Edward Lee, the 
 Christian soldier and hero of an hundred battles, breathed 
 his last at Lexington, Va., and on the next day the 
 whole city of Norfolk was in mourning, inwardly if not 
 ostensibly. A meeting was called by Mayor Whitehead 
 on the afternoon of the 14th, and a large crowd gathered 
 at the Courthouse in sadness and sorrow, and adopted 
 suitable resolutions of respect to the memory of our great 
 and beloved hero. 
 
 October 20th, Major William P. Williamson departed this life in 
 the 61st year of his age. He was a Chief Engineer in the Confed- 
 erate Navy, and filled the position during the entire war with 
 distinguished ability. 
 
 October 22d, at " Tower Hill," his family seat in the county of 
 Sussex, Va., Colonel George Blow, Sr., departed this life in the 
 84th year of his age. He was buried from the residence of his son 
 (Judge Blow) in this city, on the 24th instant. Another good and 
 honest man gathered to his fathers. 
 
 November 1st, Hon. Mr. Robeson, Secretary of the United 
 States Navy, arrived in this city to make a political speech in 
 behalf of James H. Piatt, the Radical candidate for Congress from 
 this District. The speaking took place at the Courthouse, but did 
 not last long, as it was broken up in a row caused by the insolence 
 of the negroes and the incendiary utterances of their white leaders. 
 Pistols were freely used during the " scrimmage," and the Rads did 
 some "tall running to save their bacon." [We guess Mr. Robeson 
 will never attempt to make another political speech to the Norfolk 
 
139 
 
 negroes. If he does, he will probably use more respectful language 
 than he did upon the occasion of his last speech here]. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-ONE. 
 
 January 3d, Messrs. R. O. Epes & Co.'s crockery store, on Main 
 street, opposite the Customhouse, was destroyed by fire. 
 
 February 8th, Mrs. Martha Haynes Butt Bennett, died in the 
 city of New York, after a very brief illness. She was one of Nor- 
 folk's most gifted daughters, and was a great loss to our literary as 
 well as social circle. 
 
 February 23d, the carpenter shop of Messrs. Fletcher & Under- 
 bill, on Granby street, was entirely consumed by fire. Loss heavy 
 beyond their insurance. 
 
 February 24th, Carey Weston died in the 27th year of his age. 
 He was one of our most popular citizens, a devoted son, a kind and 
 affectionate husband and a father, a true and generous friend, a tried 
 and trusty soldier, an honored and upright Mason. He fell in the 
 bloom and vigor of manhood, smitten by a mortal disease, which, 
 in the short space of four days, wore out his young life and stilled 
 his warm heart in death ! Revered be his memory, for he was truly 
 an ornament to life. 
 
 March 20th, Mrs. Adelaide Robinson, beloved wife of Dr. E. C. 
 Robinson, departed this life. She was a consistant Christian, and 
 was distinguished for her noble and lovely character. Her death 
 carried sorrow to many hearts. 
 
 March 22d, Major Emanuel Myers died, in the 89th year of his 
 age. He was a man of great distinction — having received several 
 medals from the Great Napoleon for gallantry as a soldier. He was 
 for many years a respected merchant here, and had a large circle of 
 friends to grieve at his death. 
 
 March 23d, Messrs. T. A. Hardy & Son's warehouse on Wills' 
 wharf, was destroyed by fire. Loss about $6,000, and insured. 
 
 March 29th, B. N. Brickhouse & Co.'s shoe store, and Robert 
 Freeman's jewelry store, Nos. 21 and 23 Main street, were destroyed 
 by fire. Most of Mr. Freeman's valuable goods were saved by 
 being locked in a fire proof safe. 
 
 April 10th, Leon F. V. Schisano, Esq., the French Vice Consul 
 of this port, departed this life after a long and painful illness. He 
 was the eldest son of the late Pascal Schisano, who was the French 
 Consul here for many years. 
 
 April 13th, the funeral of Henry M. Bowden, Esq., late member 
 of the Legislature from this city, took place from his family resi- 
 dence on Freemason street. 
 
 April 18th, the Cornerstone of the Masonic Temple was formally 
 laid, by Thomas F. Owens, Esq., Grand Master of the State. It 
 was a grand occasion, and the Masons had a royal time. 
 
140 
 
 May 25th was municipal election clay for all city officers except 
 Mayor. The Conservatives again carried the day, but several Radi- 
 cals worked into office by the hypocrisy of weak-kneed men who 
 were persuaded to vote for them. [At this election Robert T. 
 Guinn was elected City Collector, over Captain John R. Ludlow, 
 through the influence of Conservatives ; and it was a lasting disgrace 
 to the men who voted for him, for he afterwards "embezzled" (stole) 
 a large amount of money from the city and "skedadled" to Yankee 
 land. It is a well known fact, that, but few white Radicals can 
 be trusted with money]. 
 
 June 5th, the United Fire Company, Captain Samuel Kimberly, 
 left for Baltimore on board the steamer Louisiana, Captain Darius 
 J. Hill. They went on a pleasure trip, which was extended to 
 Wilmington, Del. Dr. E. C. Robinson, then President of the 
 Common Council, accompanied "the boys ; ' on the tour. 
 
 June 9th, Mr. William W. Sharp died in the 70th year of his 
 age. He was an honored citizen, and his death was regretted by 
 our entire community. 
 
 June 15th, the first moonlight excursion of the season to Old 
 Point and the Capes was given by the Norfolk City Guard (which 
 Company has just been organized), under command of Captain 
 Robert Freeman. 
 
 August 3d, the Potomac Boat Club, of Georgetown, D. C, beat 
 the Undine Club, of Norfolk, in a six-oared race. A large number 
 of persons witnessed the sport. 
 
 August 9th, the Knights of Pythias had a grand parade and 
 banquet in honor of the presence of the Grand Chancellor of the 
 State and other Grand officers. 
 
 August 22d, a large number of citizens aecpted invitations ex- 
 tended by Colonel V. D. Groner, Agent of the Merchants' and 
 Miners' Transportation Company, to enjoy an excursion on board 
 the new steamer William Crane, which had just arrived here on 
 her first trip from Boston. The steamer left her wharf about 11 
 o'clock a. m., and returned about 5 p. m. The excursion, and the 
 handsome entertainment extended to the guests, were highly enjoyed 
 — particularly by the ladies who graced the occasion with their 
 presence. 
 
 August 31st, the Atlantic Hotel, which had been closed for 
 several months, was opened by Mr. R. S. Dodson, of Baltimore. 
 [This Hotel is still kept by Mr. Dodson, its owner, and is one of 
 the most attractive houses in the South]. 
 
 On the same day (August 31st) our people were grieved at the 
 death of John P. Leigh, E^q., one of our best citizens. He was of 
 the firm of Leigh Bros. & Phelps, and was a business man of fine 
 talents and strict integrity. His death was a great loss to the 
 community at large. 
 
141 
 
 September 14th, the Excelsior Hose Company, of Lowell, Mass. ? 
 arrived in this city on a visit to the Hope Fire Company. 
 
 September 16th, at night, some members of the United and Hope 
 Fire Companies had a row, in which pistols were freely used, and 
 several persons badly injured. There had been bad feeling between 
 these two companies for some time previous to this difficulty, 
 
 James Dernay, of the United Fire Company, died on the 18th 
 instant from the effects of a pistol-shot wound received in the 
 firemen's fight of the 16th. 
 
 September 19th, the visiting firemen from Lowell, Mass., left 
 for home on board the steamer William Crane, Captain Solomon 
 Howes, of the Boston Steamship Line. 
 
 November 2d, the City Conservatives held an immense mass 
 meeting to ratify the nomination of Messrs. Marshall Parks and 
 Thomas R. Borland, as Delegates to the Legislature from this city. 
 Among the brilliant speakers of the evening was Hon. A. M» 
 Keiley, Mayor of the city of Richmond. 
 
 November 8th, Messrs. Marshall Parks and Thomas R. Borland 
 were elected to the Legislature as Delegates from this city, over 
 Messrs. George S. Oldfield and John F. Dezendorf, the Republican 
 candidates. Here is the vote as officially recorded : Borland, 
 1,981; Parks, 1,976; Judge Oldfield, 1,750; Dezendorf, 1,728; 
 average Conservative majority, 377. 
 
 November 21st, the Norfolk Virginian entered upon its 7th 
 year of existence, under the firm of Glennan, Ruffin & Co., propri- 
 etors. Long may it flourish. 
 
 November 29th, our esteemed fellow-citizen, Judge Richard H> 
 Baker, departed this life, in the 83d year of his age. He was buried 
 from St. Paul's Church on the 30th instant, Rev. N. A. Okeson 
 officiating. The funeral was attended by a large congregation, 
 including the members of the Bar of this city and of Portsmouth. 
 Another good man gone from our midst. 
 
 December 4th, another good old citizen died in the person of 
 Mr. Nicholas Parker, a native of Isle of Wight county, but for 
 many years a faithful Customhouse officer in this city. 
 
 December 12th, the St. Joseph's Benevolent Society of Norfolk 
 was presented with a beautiful banner as a testimonial of esteem 
 from Rev. Father M. O'Keefe, pastor of St. Mary's Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 December 14th, the Norfolk City Guard paraded for the first 
 time in public. They were clad in the " old familiar gray," and 
 were commanded by Captain Nat. Burruss. The fine band from 
 the U . S. Receiving-ship New Hampshire furnished music for the 
 occasion. 
 
 December 20th, Mr. James Barry, one of our oldest citizens, 
 breathed his last, after a protracted and painful illness, in the nine- 
 
142 
 
 ty-eighth year of his age. He was the father of our esteemed 
 townsman Capt. James E. Barry, and was respected and honored by 
 our entire community. 
 
 December 30th, a frame building was burned down on the corner 
 of Hawk and Lodge streets, and this was the first fire that the paid 
 fire department ever worked upon in this city. [The paid depart- 
 ment was severely cried down for awhile after it was organized 
 (December 1871), but the, people soon saw the efficiency of it, and 
 their objections gradually died out]. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-TWO. 
 
 January 15th, Professor Donaldson made a balloon ascension from 
 the lot near the gas works. A large crowd of people witnessed the 
 daring gymnastic feats of the Professor as he gracefully ascended to 
 the clouds. He landed just twenty-two miles from the city. 
 
 January 22d, the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues (newly organ- 
 ized) were inspected by Colonel Thomas F. Owens, Aide-de-Camp 
 to Governor Walker. The Company passed inspection, and its 
 officers were recommended for Commissions — William E. Taylor, 
 Captain. 
 
 February 1st. Mr. Richard Walke, another old and highly es- 
 teemed citizen, departed this life in the 60th year of his age. He 
 had been of one most useful citizens of this community and was a 
 direct descendant of one of the first families that located in the 
 Borough of Norfolk. 
 
 March 14th, Mrs. Margaret Walke Allmand, relict of Albert 
 Allmand, Esq., died in the 77th year of her age. She was a 
 daughter of Captain and Mrs. O'Grady, the latter being a descendant 
 of Lord Baltimore. The funeral took place from the family resi- 
 dence on Boush street, Rev. Dr. Barten officiating. 
 
 March 22d, the Mercantile Bank of Norfolk was organized : Wm. 
 J. Baker, President ; Gilbert Elliott, Cashier ; Hon. John Goode, 
 Jr., Judge W. H. Burroughs, Messrs. Wm. J. Baker, C. G." Elliott 
 and W. D. Aydlott, Directors. 
 
 March 24th, Edward Tabb Griffith, son of our well known citi- 
 zen, E. J. Griffith Esq., departed this life in the 22d year of his 
 age. He was a member of the Norfolk City Guard, and of Charity 
 Lodge No. 10, Knights of Pythias. 
 
 April. During this month the ridiculous "Dolly Varden" lunacy 
 captured the ladies of Norfolk, and swept off its victims by the 
 hundred. It was revealed in linen, cotton, silk and woolen goods, 
 the dark ground of which was illuminated with figures of leaves, 
 vines and flowers, such as roses, hollyhocks, sunflowers, &c., of all 
 the beatiful hues of the rain- bow. A friend of our says that the 
 effect of this new style dress upon the masculine eye can only be 
 described by such adjectives as "loud" or "stunning." It gives to 
 lovely woman the appearance of a perambulating conservatory, and 
 
143 
 
 it only needs the appearance of an occasional snail, butterfly, cater- 
 pillar or hummingbird to complete the illusion. The Dolly Varden 
 is expensive. One couldn't expect to get all that richness of color 
 and profusion of design for the same price as vulgar Merri macs, but 
 one dollar a yard for calico is rather precipitous. But the Dolly 
 Varden must run its course, and we must make up our minds to 
 encounter it in parlor and kitchen as well as at Church and on the 
 streets. [When "Dolly Varden" dresses were the style, the ladies did 
 not hold them up to their waists to display "cardinal red" petticoats 
 and fluted underskirts (often dingy) as they do now — the dear 
 creatures were more modest then.] 
 
 April 5th, Mr. Edwin Booth delighted our theatre-goers with 
 his sublime rendition of "Iago," in Shakspeare's Othello. He 
 drew large audiences during the entire engagement. He was suc- 
 ceeded at the Opera House April 8th by the attractive " Berger 
 Bell dingers." 
 
 May 7th, the Undine and Chesapeake Boat Clubs of this city 
 rowed a match race in their six-oared gigs over the usual " three 
 mile course " (3^ miles). The race was won by the Chesapeake's 
 crew in nineteen minutes and 20 seconds. 
 
 In the Undine boat, " Norfolk," six-oared gig, were the follow- 
 ing men and weights : 
 
 Bow — William Webber 157 pounds 
 
 No. 2— J. C. Lynch 152 
 
 No. 3— -James O'Rourke.. 148 
 
 No. 4.— J. C. Carroll 141 
 
 No. 5 — James McMenamin 162 
 
 Stroke — John A. Hebrew 165 
 
 Coxswain — Ed. B. Lepage 130 
 
 Total 1,055 pounds 
 
 The Chesapeake's entered their six-oared gig " Vesta," with the 
 crew and weights as follows : 
 
 Bow — William C. Dickson 149 pounds 
 
 No. 2— L. W. Tazewell 14J " 
 
 No. 3— J. C. Baker 143 " 
 
 No. 4 — W.C.Hardy 169 " 
 
 No. 5— George Mcintosh 150 " 
 
 Stroke— Fred Hardy , 145 " 
 
 Coxswain — P. T. Moore 130 " 
 
 Total 1,027 pounds 
 
 On the day after this race the members of the Chesapeake Boat 
 Club, in order to testify their appreciation of the skillful manner 
 in which they had been trained by Mr. Faulkner, purchased a 
 
144 
 
 handsome gold watch and chain to be presented to him. The watch 
 was procured from Messrs. C. F. Greenwood & Bro., was an ele- 
 gant affair, and bore on the inside of one of the cases the following 
 inscription ; 
 
 GEORGE FAULKNER, 
 
 FEOM THE 
 
 CHESAPEAKE BOAT CLUB, 
 Norfolk, Va. 
 May the 7th, 1872. 
 Vesta — 19 minutes, 20 seconds. 
 At 4 o'clock in the afternoon a deputation from the Club, con- 
 sisting of Messrs. John C. Baker, P. T. Moore, William C. Dick- 
 son, W. C. Hardy, John White, Fred. Hardy and others waited 
 upon Mr. Faulkner, in his rooms at the Atlantic Hotel, and thanked 
 him for the skill and patience he had exhibited in training their 
 crew for a victorious race. After stating that they had paid him the 
 visit for the purpose of bidding him farewell, John C. Baker, Esq., 
 President of the Club, stepped forward and told Mr. Faulkner that 
 he had been deputed by the Club to present to him on their behalf 
 the watch he held in his hand, as a testimonial of their appreciation 
 of his efforts in giving their crew a thorough course of training, by 
 means of which they had been enabled to win a race which so 
 many considered hopeless. He concluded by wishing that this 
 might not be the last time he might have the training of the Ches- 
 apeakes, and assured him that whenever a race was in prospect he 
 would be called upon, and that the members of the Club would 
 place themselves under his guidance, with an assurance of victory. 
 Mr. Faulkner was surprised at this manifestation of kindness on 
 the part of his new made friends. He wished them success in all 
 their efforts, and received the watch as a token of their esteem. 
 
 May 22d, there was great excitement in the city over the approach- 
 ing municipal election. The Republicans made a desperate effort 
 to gain the victory, and used all manner of means to secure their 
 ends. They caused conspicuous placards to be posted up at night, 
 which contained the follows : 
 
 "True Republicans Vote Your Ticket Straight ! 
 
 No Compromise on account of Race or Color ! ! 
 
 Norfolk Expects Every Republican to Do His Duty ! ! I 
 
 No Cajoling with Conservatives ! 1 1 
 
 Equal Rights for all ! ! ! 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OPEN TO ALL WITHOUT DISTINCTION OF 
 
 COLOR!!! 
 We Know our Rights, and Knowing, Dare Maintain Them ! ! ! 
 By direction of (Signed) J. F. DEZENDORF, 
 
 Chairman of City Republican Ex. Committee." 
 
 This aroused the white men of Norfolk, and gave them new 
 courage in their fight against those who were trying to degrade 
 them, and their children. 
 
145 
 
 May 23d, the election came off, and the entire Conservative ticket 
 was elected, with the exception of the Councilmen in 4th Ward. 
 The persons elected were as follows : 
 
 MAYOR : 
 
 JOHN R. LUDLOW. 
 
 CITY SERGEANT : 
 
 T. J. CORPREW. 
 
 commonwealth's attorney : 
 WM. H. WHITE. 
 
 CITY COLLECTOR : 
 
 MERRITT T. COOKE. 
 
 CITY ATTORNEY : 
 
 WM. B. MARTIN. 
 
 COMMISSIONER OP REVENUE : 
 
 JOHN B. BRANHAM. 
 
 city surveyor: 
 VIRGINIUS FREEMAN. 
 
 [All other city officers were elected by the new Council]. 
 The following Councilmen were elected : 
 
 First Ward — M. Flanagan, Charles Reid, W. C. Marrow, H. Hamburger, F. 
 J. Robinson, W. E. Thomson, J. D. Proctor, C. B. Ackiss. 
 
 Second Ward— W. F. Allen, V. D. Groner, E. C. Robinson, W. J. Baker, R. 
 C. Taylor, Fred. Taylor, Thomas Hope, Gus. Hanfts. 
 
 Third Ward— E. W. Face, T. A. Williams, J. W. Gregory, C. G. Elliott, W. 
 E. Taylor, J. D. Conper, W. W. Gwathmey. 
 
 Fourth Ward, (Radicals) — V. O. Cherry, J. D. Eppes, A. H. Portlock, J. F. 
 Burwell, J. A. Riddick. 
 
 The defeated Radicals for city offices were as follows : For 
 Mayor, R. T. Guinn ; lor Sergeant, W. B. Deggs ; for Common- 
 wealth's Attorney, Ed. Spaulding ; for Collector, L. W. Webb ; for 
 City Attorney, J. Parker Jordan ; for Commissioner of Revenue, 
 A. L. Hill ; for Surveyor, J. F. Dezendorf. [This election vir- 
 tually put an end to Republican aspiration for office in Norfolk]. 
 
 May 31st, the funeral of our respected citizen, Mr. Jacob Um- 
 stadter, took place, and was attended by a large number of sorrow- 
 ing relatives and sympathizing friends. The services at the dwelling 
 consisted of a German prayer by Rev. Louis Harefeld, and an 
 address in the same language by Rev. Dr. A. S. Bettelheim, of 
 Richmond — after which the remains were conveyed to the Syna- 
 gogue, where Dr. Bettelheim delivered an impressive funeral 
 oration. 
 
 June 1st, a young man named Wilder committed suicide on 
 Church street. Upon his person the following letter was found, 
 which we publish as a solemn warning to all young men who drink 
 liquor to excess : 
 
146 
 
 " Dear mother, father and brother, good-bye, for you will not see me again, as I 
 have taken a close of laudanum, which the doctors say will kill any man. You 
 may think this is a rash act in me, but it is not so, as I have had it on my mind 
 for two years or more. 
 
 " Dear mother, my reason for doing this is that I have contracted a habit of 
 drinking liquor to such an extent that I cannot stop it, and rather than bring 
 disgrace on you and brother I would rather die. 
 
 "From your loving son, CHARLIE F. WILDER." 
 
 June 3d, the Vue de l'Eau Hotel (on Sewell's Point) was opened 
 for the reception of guests for the Summer season. The place was 
 opened by Mr. R. S. Dodson, of the Atlantic Hotel, who was ably 
 assisted in its management by Mr. Joe Sam Brown, of Portsmouth, 
 one of Virginia's most jovial and deservedly popular young men. 
 [The grand opening ball at this popular resort took place June 
 20th, and was well patronized by the Norfolk and Portsmouth 
 people]. 
 
 June 25th, Dr. W. H. Finch, a native of Portsmouth, but for 
 many years a resident of this city, departed this life in the 48th 
 year of his age. He was an honest and industrious man, and 
 universally popular. 
 
 July 10th, news was received here of the endorsation of Horace 
 Greeley for Presidentby the National Democratic Convention, which 
 assembled in Baltimore. There was some enthusiasm manifested, 
 but many staunch old Democrats in Norfolk "didn't enthuse worth 
 a cent." [The nomination of Greeley and Brown proved to be an 
 unfortunate event for the Democracy]. 
 
 July 22d, a Greeley and Brown ratification meeting was held at 
 the Courthouse by the Conservatives. Colonel J. W. Hinton pre- 
 sided over the meeting, and the large audience was addressed by 
 United States Senator J. R. Doolittle, of Wisconsin, and. other 
 speakers. A committee was appointed to organize the "Chappaqua" 
 Club (named in honor of Mr. Greeley's country residence), and 
 report suitable persons as permanent officers, when the following 
 were recommended : President, John B. Whitehead ; Vice-Presi- 
 dents, James Y. Leigh, E. W. Face, Francis DeCordy, J. F. Well- 
 born; Treasurer, T. B. Rowland; Secretary, H. P. McPhail ; 
 Corresponding Secretary, A. B. Cooke. 
 
 A motion by Colonel L. D. Starke that the recommendations of 
 the committee be adopted, was carried. 
 
 The following resolution was unanimously adopted and the meet- 
 ing adjourned : 
 
 " Resolved, That we, the Chappaqua Club, composed of citizens of Norfolk, 
 irrespective of past political differences, who are desirous of having peace and 
 good will between all sections of our country, do hereby ratify the nominations of 
 Horace Greeley, for the Presidency, and B. Gratz Brown, for Vice-Presidency of 
 the United States, and that we do cordially adopt the platform of principles 
 adopted at Cincinnati and reaffirmed at Baltimore." 
 
 July 24th, the National Hotel, with furniture and fixtures, was 
 sold by auction for the sum of $37,100. Mrs. E. L. Jenkins, the 
 
147 
 
 proprietress of the Mansion House, was the bidder, but afterwards 
 gave up the bargain to Messrs. Holt & Bro., two elegant gentlemen 
 from Lynchburg, Va., the former proprietors of the well-known 
 Norvell House, in that city. 
 
 August 7th, Mrs. Ann E. Woodbridge, wife of Mr. John J. 
 Woodbridge, was killed on the Ocean View Road, by a fish cart 
 running into the buggy in which she was seated. This terrible acci- 
 dent was the result of reckless driving. 
 
 September 19th, a Greeley pole was raised at the head of Market 
 Square by the " Chappaqua Club." The pole, 76 feet long, was 
 cut from Mr. Greeley's farm land at Chappaqua, New York, and 
 brought here on a New York steamer. 
 
 September 29th, Mr. N. B. Strong's livery stable, on Union 
 street, was destroyed by fire. Several mules and horses perished in 
 the flames. Several other buildings were badly damaged by this 
 fire. During the conflagration Mr. James Denny, one of our most 
 valuable firemen, saved Mr. Strong's watch and pocketbook from 
 the flames at great personal risk of life. The act was a brave and 
 daring one. 
 
 October 3d, Mr. Daniel Moloney's livery stable, on corner of 
 Union and Church streets, was entirely destroyed by fire. All the 
 horses and some of the vehicles, harness, &c. } were saved by the 
 employees at the stable, assisted by the firemen. Insurance on the 
 building was only $2,000. 
 
 October 7th, the good Sister Mary Agnes, of St. Mary's Asylum, 
 departed this life. She was a victim of consumption, and was a 
 great sufferer, but bore her misfortune with great fortitude, and 
 never faltered in her duties. 
 
 October 10th, Captain Adam Baum departed this life. He was 
 a brave soldier and useful citizen, and his death caused deep regret 
 throughout our whole community. His funeral was attended by 
 the Independent Order Mechanics, the Odd Fellows, firemen, and 
 many other citizens. 
 
 October 20th, Wright Southgate Whittle, one of our most 
 talented and promising young lawyers, departed this life in the 24th 
 year of his age. He was a member of Owens Lodge of Masons, 
 and was buried with Masonic honors. The death of this young 
 man cast a gloom over the entire community. 
 
 October 22d, the Virginia and North Carolina Agricultural 
 Society^ begun its fair, which lasted six days. The exhibition 
 would have been a grand success had it not been for bad weather. 
 "I October 26th, another explosion occurred at Capt. William A. 
 Graves' ship-yard, by which two men were killed and six or seven 
 wounded. Those killed were Peter Tines, and a colored engineer 
 named Peter Evans. 
 
 October 30th, Mr. Edward Glennan, another respected and ven- 
 
148 
 
 erable citizen, departed this life, in the 64th year of his age. He 
 was a native of Ireland, but came to Norfolk many years ago. 
 
 November 5th, the Presidential election occurred. The majority 
 for Greeley and Brown in this city was only one vote. Maj. Baker 
 P. Lee's majority over James H. Piatt for Congress, was sixty- 
 one. 
 
 The official vote of this (2d) Congressional District, was as fol- 
 lows : Grant, 15,621 ; Greeley, 10,081 ; James H. Piatt, 15,553 ; 
 Baker P. Lee, 10,339. Grant's majority over Greeley, 5,540 ; 
 Piatt's majority over Lee, 5,214. 
 
 November 29th, Mr. Thomas Smith, one of our leading dry 
 goods merchants and successful business men, departed this life, 
 after a short illness. His funeral took place from St. Mary's 
 Church, in presence of a large assemblage of former friends and 
 acquaintances. 
 
 During this month the horses of Norfolk were attacked with 
 Epizooty, a terrible disease, which killed many valuable animals 
 in our midst. Fully nine-tenths of the horses in the city were 
 afflicted with the malady. 
 
 December 16th, the Norfolk Virginian announced the retire- 
 ment of T. B. Ruffin, Esq., from the firm of Glennan, Ruffin & 
 Co. Mr. R. sold his interest in the paper to M. Glennan, Esq., 
 and the new firm-name was Glennan & Adkisson. 
 
 December 19th, the annual meeting of the Atlantic, Mississippi and 
 Ohio Railroad Company, was held at the Opera House. Hon. Thos. 
 S. Bocock, of Lynchburg, was chosen chairman of the meeting and 
 Captain N. M. Osborne, Secretary. The President's annual report 
 was submitted and received with much satisfaction to the stock- 
 holders. 
 
 December 20th, the Stockholders of the Atlantic, Mississippi & 
 Ohio Railroad, with many invited guests, were tendered a compli- 
 mentary excursion trip to Old Point Comfort, on the Steamer 
 George Leary, through the courtesy of Captain John M. Robinson, 
 President of the Baltimore Steam Packet Company. The trip was 
 very much enjoyed — particularly by the visitors from the Moun- 
 tains, some of whom were "never on board of a steamboat before." 
 After viewing the big guns and other sights at Fort Monroe, the 
 party returned to the city in the best humor imaginable. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-THREE. 
 
 January 10th, the Pythians' "Castle Hall" was formerly dedicated. 
 Addresses were delivered by Judge George S. Oldfield, and Rev. 
 R.M.Saunders. 
 
 January 13th, Madame Fannie Janauschek, appeared at our 
 Opera House, the first time in Norfolk, and created quite a sensa- 
 tion among the theatre-goers. She played "Mary Stuart," in 
 
149 
 
 Schiller's beautiful representation of the hapless Queen, and was 
 well supported by Mr. James H. Taylor. 
 
 February 4feh, a meeting of citizens was held at the Courthouse to . 
 adopt resolutions of respect to the memory of the late Commodore 
 Mat hew Maury. 
 
 February 8th, Mr. Joseph H. Jarratt, formerly of Sussex County, 
 died suddenly at the City Hall, while conversing with an official. 
 He was 58 years of age, and had been living in Norfolk about six 
 years. 
 
 March 3d, Captain Robert M. Balls died in the 55th year of his 
 age. He was paralyzed in 1869 and had been an invalid ever since. 
 His usefulness as a member of the Howard Association in 1855, 
 will not soon be forgotten. 
 
 March 8th, George W. Brown, a good citizen, died very sud- 
 denly while at work near the city. Mr. B. was a member of the 
 Fayette Artillery, from Richmond, during the war, and in one of 
 the engagements near his native city he was wounded in fifty-six 
 different places by the explosion of a shell from a Federal battery. 
 He was captured on Lee's retreat and sent to Point Lookout prison, 
 where he remained until the summer of 1865, when he was paroled 
 and came to Norfolk. 
 
 March 13th, Edward Walter Shelton, one of our rising young 
 merchants, departed this life, in the 33d year of his age. He was 
 a gallant member of the "Norfolk Juniors," 12th Virginia Regi- 
 ment, Mahone's Brigade, during the entire war, and was twice 
 wounded in defence of Southern Rights. Green be the grass that 
 grows upon his grave, that his virtues may be fresh in our 
 memory. 
 
 April 6th, Hannan & Kelly's livery stables, and several houses 
 adjoining, on Union street, were destroyed by fire. Horses all 
 saved. No insurance on any of the personal property destroyed. 
 
 April 9th, the corner-stone of the Protestant Episcopal Guild 
 (now St. Luke's Church, on Bute street), was formally laid — Rev. 
 Dr. O. S. Barten, of Christ Church, officiating. The chosen orator 
 of the occasion was Hon. John Goode, Jr., who delivered an ap- 
 propriate address. 
 
 May 20th, the exciting boat race between the Chesapeake Boat 
 Club of Norfolk, and the Seaboard Club of Portsmouth, took place 
 over the usual three mile course down our harbor. This race was 
 witnessed by an immense crowd of persons and was intensly exci- 
 ting, as it had been the subject of conversation for some months pre- 
 vious. The Chesapeakes had been victorious in all their races, and 
 they wore their laurels proudly and confidently ; but the "young- 
 sters" from "across the way," knowing what splendid talent they 
 had to contend against, worked with all their might to make them- 
 selves equal to the task before them, and tfhev sr.rvieprlpd — their 
 
150 
 
 victory was complete. They made the trip in eighteen minutes 
 and fifty-five seconds, against nineteen minutes and twenty-five 
 seconds, for the Chesapeakes. The Seaboard's crew consisted of the 
 following young men : 
 
 Age. Weight. 
 
 Bover Lemosey, bow, 17 133 
 
 Jas. H. Brown, Jr., No. 2, 17 128 
 
 C. H. Niemeyer, No. 3, 19 140 
 
 Herman C. Niemeyer, No. 4, 17 146 
 
 Jas. T. Burton, No. 5, 23 140 
 
 W. F. Lemosey, stroke, 19 141 
 
 N. A. White/coxswain, 19 108 
 
 Total 936 
 
 Their boat, a six-oared gig, was called the "Ripple," built in 
 
 New York. 
 
 The Chesapeake's crew was composed of the following well 
 
 known gentlemen : 
 
 Bow Oar— Wra. A. Graves, Jr., 137 lbs. 
 
 No. 5— F.B.Dornin 128 " 
 
 « 4— W. C. Dickson 151 " 
 
 " 3— L. W. Tazewell 144 " 
 
 " 2— J. C.Baker 146 " 
 
 Stroke— Fred. Hardy .145 '« 
 
 Coxswain— Wm. Waller 106 " 
 
 Total 957 
 
 Their gig was called the "Vesta," and was built in Boston. 
 
 May 22d, Edward Davis Hodges, a former associate of the Nor- 
 folk Virginian, and a good and useful citizen, departed this life. 
 
 May 24th, Colonel Thomas J. Corprew died. He was a man 
 well known for his great force of character — a true friend, full of 
 generous impulses, and a public spirited citizen, he drew around him 
 a large circle of devoted admirers, and no man ever died in our 
 midst who was more loved by his friends. Colonel Corprew had 
 for years been a true and faithful public servant. 
 
 June 2d, Colonel Robert L. Owen, formerly of Lynchburg, Va., 
 and Ex-President of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, died 
 at the St. Vincent de Paul Hospital, in the 53d year of his 
 age. In 1869 he was elected to the State Senate from Lynchburg, 
 and served one term. In 1871 he moved to this city and purchased 
 the well known Drummond farm, in Norfolk county, four miles 
 from town. He left a faithful and devoted wife, and two sons to 
 mourn his loss. Colonel Owen was a distinguished and patriotic 
 Virginian, a good man, and a worthy Master Mason. 
 
 June 4th, the Chesapeake Boat Blub of this city gained a victory 
 
151 
 
 over the Analostan Club, of Washington, in a three mile race on 
 the Potomac. The news of this victory (over the "crack club" of 
 Washington) cause much pleasurable excitement here. The crew 
 of the Chesapeake Club in this race was as follows : 
 
 Fred. Hardy, stroke, 145 lbs. 
 
 John Baker, three 146 " 
 
 L. W. Tazewell, two 142 " 
 
 W. C. Dixon, bow 149 " 
 
 The boat used by our boys was a four-oared shell, called the Ches- 
 peake. When the victorious crew returned home, they were received 
 by our people with an ovation not soon to be forgotten. An address 
 of " welcome home " was delivered by Col. J. W. Hinton, and a 
 grand banquet was given at Atlantic Hotel, in honor of the event. 
 
 June 21st, Mr. John Gormley, an aged and respected citizen, 
 departed this life. In all his transactions with his fellow men he 
 displayed the character of a Christian. 
 
 June 24th, the Old Street Fire Company, of Petersburg, Captain 
 Thelly Nugent, arrived in this city on a visit, and were received 
 with usual honors and courtesies by oiir firemen. 
 
 June 25th, the buildings at Captain Wm. A. Graves' ship-yard, 
 together with the shipping-house of Jacob Baum & Co., and Mr. 
 A. A. McCullough's stable, were destroyed by fire. Mr. Graves' 
 loss in machinery and lumber was estimated at about $30,000, and 
 not half insured. 
 
 July 20th, Mr. John Dodd departed this life, in the ninety-first year 
 of his age. The deceased was a native of Ireland, but had been an 
 esteemed and useful member of this community for more than fifty 
 years. He was conspicuous for his integrity and manliness of 
 character, and by his energy and industry, he had accumulated a 
 handsome fortune for the support of his family. His death was 
 deeply lamented, for the city could ill afford to lose such a man. 
 
 July 25th and 26th, the stores of Hof heimer, & Co., S. Frank, 
 W. R. Hudgins, & Co., L. Raphael, W. T. Harrison & Son., J. R. 
 Lewellen, and Taylor, Martin & Co., were destroyed by fire. 
 
 On the night of 26th, and on Sunday, the 27th, the fire broke out 
 again in the same row of buildings, and destroyed Weil & Ull- 
 man's shoe store, and Robert Nott's fancy store. J. D. Gale's 
 hardware store was also badly damaged, both by fire and water. 
 This was the largest conflagration that had occurred here since the 
 war — the loss being over $200,000 on the nine buildings and stocks, 
 which was mostly covered by insurance. 
 
 September 1st, the free letter-delivery system (by carriers) wag 
 put in operation here by the United States Postal authorities. 
 
 October 1st, Captain James Barron Hope retired from the 
 editorial chair of the Virginian, to enter another field of useful- 
 ness in the same line of business. 
 
152 
 
 October 4th, Captain Finley F. Ferguson died. He was an 
 honored citizen, and had filled many positions of trust in our com- 
 munity. He was truly a noble man. 
 
 October 7th, the second annual exhibition (since the war) of our 
 Agricultural Society was commenced under favorable circumstances. 
 The annual address was delivered on the 8th inst., by Gen. W. B. 
 Taliaferro, one of Virginia's brave and chivalrous sons. The fair 
 lasted four days and closed with a tournament. [It was at this 
 exhibition that Mr. John A. McCaull's trotting horse, "Orange 
 Blossom," was first brought to the notice of the Virginia people. 
 He afterwards proved to be a fast one. Mr. McCaull lives in Roa- 
 noke county, where he has a stud farm, and raises fine horses]. 
 
 October 13th, Gustavus R. Hanfts, a well known and popular 
 German citizen of Norfolk, died in the 33d year of his age. 
 
 October 15th, our City Councils met and appropriated fifteen 
 hundred dollars to be sent to the Yellow Fever sufferers of Mem- 
 phis, Tennessee. 
 
 October 16th, the booming of cannon and sound of fife and drum, 
 told the people that a grand Conservative Mass Meeting would be 
 held at the National Hotel, at 8 o'clock p. m. The hotel building 
 was handsomely illuminated, and the front portico was decorated 
 with flags. Major W. T. Taliaferro was selected as chairman 
 of the meeting, and addresses were delivered by Captain John 
 S. Wise, Ex-Governor Wm. Smith and Gen. Jas. L. Kemper — the 
 latter being the Conservative candidate for Governor, against Colonel 
 Robert W. Hughes, the Republican nominee. 
 
 October 19th, the Second Presbyterian Church (on Freemason 
 street) was solemnly dedicated to the service of God. The prelim- 
 inary services were conducted by Rev. Dr. Geo. D. Armstrong, 
 of the First Presbyterian Church, and the dedication sermon was 
 preached by Rev. Moses D. Hoge, of Richmond, from the follow- 
 ing text : 12th chapter John, and 32d verse — "And I, if I be lifted 
 up, will draw all men unto me." [The congregation of this Church 
 effected its organization in July, 1871, by the election of William 
 H. Broughton, William D. Reynolds, and David Humphreys, as 
 Elders ; and J. M. Freeman, Henry S. Reynolds and Luther 
 Sheldon, as Deacons. Rev. Neander M. Woods, of Kentucky, 
 accepted a pastoral call to the Church, and up to this writing (1877) 
 has faithfully ministered unto the growing congregation]. 
 
 October 18th, the Councils met in joint session and elected the 
 following Water Commissioners for the term of two years : Messrs. 
 George K. Goodridge, W. W. Chamberlaine, and Capt. John S. 
 Tucker. 
 
 October 2,1st was the occasion of another grand Conser- 
 vative rally, in the cause of Kemper and Withers, our candidates 
 for Governor and Lieutenant Governor. His Excellency, Gov- 
 
153 
 
 ernor Gilbert C. Walker, came to the city to address the 
 people upon the occasion, and he was met at the depot 
 by one of the largest torchlight processions ever seen in 
 Norfolk. The speaking took place from the front balcony of the 
 National Hotel ; Gov. Walker, Col. R. B. Berkley, of Farmville, 
 and Colonel William E. Cameron, of Petersburg, delivered suitable 
 addresses. This meeting was presided over gracefully by Thomas 
 R. Borland, Esq. 
 
 October 25th, Rev. Neander M. Woods, was ordained to the full 
 work of the gospel ministry, by the East Hanover Presbytery, 
 which was then in session at the Second Presbyterian Church — Rev. 
 W. A. Campbell, preaching the ordination sermon. Mr. Woods 
 was,ontho same day, duly installed as pastor of the Second Church — 
 Rev. Mr. Darnell, delivering the "charge to the pastor/' and Rev. 
 Dr. M. D. Hoge, the charge to congregation. 
 
 October 28th, the Conservative Nominating Convention of the 
 oity met, and nominated Major Wm. E. Foster, and Mr. Frederick 
 S. Taylor, as candidates to represent the city in the House of Dele- 
 gates, of the State Legislature. Colonel William S. Oswald, the 
 efficient City Superintendant of the party, presided over the Con- 
 vention, and the members of the press acted as Secretaries. [Major 
 C. B. Duffield, of Norfolk, had been previously nominated by the 
 Conservatives of the District for a seat in the Senate. Princess 
 Anne County and Norfolk City, composed the Senatorial D.strict]. 
 
 November 1st, another grand rally of the Norfolk Conservatives 
 took place at the National Hotel. Speeches were delivered by 
 Major William E. Foster, Major C. B. Duffield, and Fred. S. 
 Taylor, Esq., our candidates for the Legislature, and Colonel O. T. 
 Beard, a Northern Republican, who, since his residence in Rich- 
 mond, Va., had found out what class of men composed the Repub- 
 lican party in the South, and knowing that the ascendancy of such 
 a party, with negroes and carpetbaggers at the head of it, would 
 literally paralyze the commercial and mechanical industry of the 
 State, took the stump boldly and manfully against it, and advocated 
 the Conservative cause. This distinguished gentleman has endeared 
 himself to the Virginians who know him, and he was warmly 
 received upon the occasion of his first speech in our city. 
 
 November 4th, the election of General James L. Kemper as 
 Governor of Virginia over Colonel Robert W. Hughes, the Repub- 
 lican nominee, occurred. Kemper's majority in this city was 828, 
 the largest Conservative majority given in Norfolk since the war — 
 up to that time. Our candidates for the Legislature (Duffield, 
 Foster and Taylor) were also elected. Kemper's official majority 
 in the State over Hughes was 27,257. [We will state, in passing, 
 that Colonel Robert W. Hughes, at the time of his nomination, 
 was the strongest and most popular Republican in Virginia. He 
 
154 
 
 is at present United States District Court Judge (at Norfolk, Rich- 
 mond and Alexandria), as successor to Judge John C. Underwood, 
 deceased, and in this position he is honored and respected by the 
 best people of our State. Being "native here and to the manner 
 born," Judge Hughes is too noble and pure to act in any way not 
 consistent with the demands of justice and honesty. His political 
 opinions and associations have not yet lead him from the plain path 
 of official duty, nor have they been of such a nature as to compro- 
 mise him in the estimation of his political opponents. General 
 Kemper's victory over such a Republican was a double triumph, 
 and he may well be proud of it. There are no Republicans in 
 Virginia, and very few in the whole South, who can command the 
 respect that Judge Hughes enjoys]. 
 
 November 5th, Messrs. R. W Smith & Co.'s little bay mare 
 Nellie, a pacer, was matched against the New York trotting mare 
 Huntress, for a fifteen hundred dollar purse. The race came off at 
 the Cornpostella race track, near this city, and was won by Nellie, 
 the Norfolk mare — she winning three out of the five heats, viz : the 
 second, third and fifth, one mile each. Best time made was 2:32J. 
 A large crowd of people witnessed the sport, and were delighted at 
 Norfolk's victory. [Nellie afterwards paced a mile in 2:30, and at 
 this time (1877) can trot almost as fast as she paced then. She is a 
 remarkable little animal]. 
 
 November 11th, the fourth annual session of the Virginia Medi- 
 cal Society met in this city, in the lecture room of Christ Church. 
 An address of welcome was delivered by Dr. Samuel Selden, of 
 Norfolk. The annual oration was delivered by Dr. R. S. Hamil- 
 ton, of Staunton. Dr. Harvey Black, of Montgomery County, 
 presided over the meeting until the new President, Dr. Alfred G. 
 Tebault, of Princess Anne County, was elected. 
 
 December 13th, Judge Thomas C. Tabb departed this life in the 
 73d year of his age. He was a prominent and well-known gentle- 
 man, an able lawyer and a true friend. The members of the Nor- 
 folk Bar held a meeting and adopted resolution of respect to his 
 memory. 
 
 December 17th, Mr. Joseph Jefferson, the great American Com- 
 edian, played Rip Van Winkle for the first time in this city. A 
 large audience greeted him. 
 
 December 26th, Mrs. Lucy Ann, the beloved wife of Rev. Dr. 
 N. A. Okeson, rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, departed 
 this life after a long and painful illness. This excellent lady was 
 loved by all who knew her. 
 
 On same day, Mr. Elisha Pendleton died very suddenly at his 
 residence on Freemason street. He was over 75 -years of age, and 
 highly respected. 
 
155 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUR. 
 
 January 7lh, a splendid collation was given to the business men 
 of Norfolk, on board the magnificent new Iron Steamship Johns 
 Hopkins, upon this the date of her first trip to Norfolk. The 
 Hopkins is the finest boat on the Norfolk and Boston line — the 
 pride of the Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company. 
 
 January 24th, Mrs. James A. Oates, and her very popular com- 
 pany, played the amusing burlesque opera of "Fortunio," to a large 
 audience at our Opera House. 
 
 February 1st, Mrs. Annie Carter, the beloved wife of Rev. W. 
 E. Edwards, pastor of the Granby Street M. E. Church, departed 
 this life. Her remains were taken to Richmond, her former home, 
 for interment. 
 
 February 5th, Professor W. H. Donaldson, the iEronaut, made a 
 balloon ascension from Market Square. Mr. T. H. Johnson, 
 of Norfolk, accompanied the Professor on the airy trip. 
 
 February 9th, our respected townsman, Thomas T. Cropper, 
 Esq., departed this life in the 65th year of his age. He was a 
 popular and useful citizen. 
 
 d February 13th, Mr. Wm. J. Hardy, one of our most valuable 
 citizens, departed this life in the 77th year of his age. As a syste- 
 matic, upright and honorable business man he had but few equals ; 
 as a kind and devoted husband and father, he had no superiors. He 
 had been actively engaged in business here for many years, and at 
 the time of his death was the Norfolk Agent of the Peruvian Gov- 
 ernment, for the sale of its celebrated guano. When the broke out 
 Mr. Hardy retired from business, and devoted himself to his affec- 
 tionate family. 
 
 February 16th, a fire occurred near the corner of Water street 
 and Market Square, which nearly destroyed R. P. Lovitt's dry 
 goods store, B. Goodrich & Oo.'s liquor store, A. G Lyons' liquor 
 store, M. Puccini's fruit stand, and L. Hoffman's tobacco and cigar 
 store. 
 
 February 25th, Mr. John W. Barcroft, one of our most popular 
 restaurant keepers, departed this life in the 52d year of his age, 
 after a short illness. He was a kind and generous man, a warm 
 and faithful friend. 
 
 March 1st, General John S. Millsou, another of Norfolk's oldest 
 and most prominent citizens, breathed his last. He was born here 
 in the year 1808; was married in 1841 ; was one of the Polk and 
 Dallas electors in 1844; was a canvasser for the Democratic nominee 
 for the Presidency in 1848; was elected to Congress in 1849, and 
 kept his seat until the war broke out, when he resigned and came 
 home, to resume the practice of law. He was, at the time of his 
 death, the oldest member of the Norfolk Bar. 
 
156 
 
 March 18th, our people were called upon to mourn the death of 
 Mr. C. W. Grandy, Sr., who departed this life in the 66th year of 
 his age. He was one of our oldest merchants and was eminently 
 successful in business. He came to Norfolk in 1844, from Camden 
 County, North Carolina, and commenced the commission business, 
 establishing the house which now bears his name, in 1845. He was 
 at one time the beloved Captain of the Norfolk Blues, which com- 
 pany one of his sons commanded so gallantly during a portion of the 
 late war. The merchants held a mass meeting on the 20th instant, 
 and adopted resolutions of respect in memory of their deceased 
 friend. 
 
 March 26th, Hon. John B. Whitehead was presented with a 
 magnificent silver punch-bowl and ladle, bearing the following in- 
 scription, which fully explains itself: 
 
 " Presented to the Hon. John B. Whitehead, by the Clearing 
 House Association of Norfolk and Portsmouth, in testimony of their 
 high appreciation of the valuable services gratuitously rendered by 
 him while acting as Trustee and Custodian of securities during the 
 financial crisis of 1873." " Praesens absensque idem erit." 
 
 April 22d, Commodore T. Aloysius Dornin, another old and 
 highly esteemed citizen of Norfolk, died in the 74th year of his 
 age. His death took place in Savannah, Ga., at the residence of 
 his daughter. The deceased entered the United States Navy as a 
 Midshipman in 1815, appointed from the State of Maryland, and 
 rapidly rose to the rank of Captain. In 1856 he was made Com- 
 mandant of the Norfolk Navy-yard, and remained in that position 
 three years. He was next in command of the San Jacinto, on the 
 coast of Africa, where he remained until the late war begun, when he 
 was ordered home in command of the Constellation. In 1862 he 
 was made a Commodore, and was assigned to the command of the 
 Naval Station at Baltimore, where he remained during the entire 
 war. In 1837 he married Mrs. Thorburn, of Fredericksburg, and 
 to them were born six children — two of his sons served in the 
 Confederate Navy during the war. Commodore Dornin was a 
 native of Ireland, and his father was exiled in 1803 on account of 
 his friendship for Robert Emmett, the Irish patriot. 
 
 April 25th, at night, a disturbance occurred between some 
 drunken men on Church street, which resulted in a fight,and during 
 which, pistols were fired, and a young man named John W. Gay- 
 lord was instantly killed. It is said that the unfortunate young 
 man had nothing whatever to do with the row that was going on 
 at the time, and that he only went to the scene of it through excited 
 curiosity. It is generally supposed that he was accidentally shot, 
 or shot through mistake ; but some persons contend that he was 
 deliberately murdered. The truth of the case will probably never 
 be known. 
 
157 
 
 April 28th, Mr. John B. Upshur departed this life in the 44th 
 year of his age. He was a good citizen and served gallantJy^as^a 
 Confederate soldier during the late war. 
 
 May 5th, the first Grand Gift( oncert of the Masonic Relief Asso- 
 ciation of Norfolk, took place at the Opera House. The Navy-yard 
 Band discoursed excellent music, and the largest crowd that was 
 ever congregated in the house was present that night. This gift ex- 
 hibition was arranged upon the plan of a lottery. It was gotten up 
 to raise money to complete the Masonic Temple, then in an un- 
 finished state. The Relief Association was organized, and incor- 
 porated by the Legislature ; and their Gift Concerts were carried on 
 under a special charter. The capital prize in this, the first gift 
 distribution, was $25,000, and was drawn by our respected fellow 
 citizen, James Reid, Esq , proprietor of Reid's well known steam 
 bakery on Main street. 
 
 May 9th, Andrew Jackson Mellon, departed this life in Lynch- 
 burg, Va. He was a conductor on the Atlantic, Mississippi and 
 Ohio Railroad, and had many friends in this city, which had been 
 his home for about one year. In all stations of lite he was an honest 
 man, a sympathizing friend and genial companion. His noble heart 
 did often throb with sorrow for the misfortunes of his friends, and 
 beat with joy for their happiness and prosperity. The writer of 
 this knew him for many years, and never heard one word spoken 
 of " Jack Mellon" except in his praise. 
 
 May 15th, a complimentary benefit was tendered by~numerous 
 citizens to Harry and Rose Watkins, the popular actors, at the 
 Opera House. The night was inclement, but the crowd was good, 
 nevertheless. The play was called " Trodden Down ; or, Under 
 Two Flags." 
 
 May 25th, a warehouse on one of the wharves, belonging to Mrs. 
 Tunis, was discovered to be on fire. It contained a large amount 
 of cotton and guano, stored by Messrs. Hymans & Dancy — all of 
 which was slightly injured. [Since the city has had her water 
 works and paid fire department in operation, fires don't amount to 
 anything serious]. 
 
 May 28th was municipal election day, and there was great ex- 
 citement about it. The Republicans refused to put a ticket in the 
 field, and this fact so overjoyed the Conservatives that they had a 
 little family quarrel, and nominated two full tickets for the city 
 offices — one known as the Whitehead ticket, and the other as the 
 Kimberly ticket — the latter being defeated by about 400 (average) 
 majority. The following officers were elected, viz: Mayor, Hon. 
 John B. Whitehead ; Sergeant, W. Hunter Saunders ; Collector, 
 M. T. Cooke ; Commonwealth's Attorney, W. H. White ; City 
 Attorney, W. B. Martin ; Commissioner of Revenue, John B. 
 Branham; City Surveyor, J. C. Cooke. 
 
158 
 
 June 4th, Colonel William L. Oswald, the valuable and energetic 
 Superintendent of the City Conservative party, died suddenly at 
 his country residence, about four miles from the city. He was 
 about 43 years of age, and came here to live in 1864, from West 
 Troy, New York. He was an ardent Democrat, and was twice 
 elected to the New York Legislature. He took an active part 
 against the Radicals of Norfolk, and the Conservatives, seeing his 
 usefulness and good sense, elected him as their Chief — and a good 
 one he was. 
 
 June 8th, the grand opening ball of the season took place at Vue 
 de 1'Eau, under the management of Captain James Little, the new 
 proprietor of the place. A large crowd of ladies and gents from 
 Norfolk went down, and returned on the Steamer Banks at 12 P. M. 
 
 June 10th, the fourth annual session of the Catholic Benevolent 
 Union of this State, met in Norfolk, at St. Mary's Chapel on Holt 
 street. The body was in session three days, and the large number 
 of delegates were feted and otherwise honored by the local Catholic 
 societies and clubs. 
 
 June 16th, Mr. Jas. H. Johnson, another fine business man and 
 valuable citizen, departed this life. He was seventy-three years of 
 age. 
 
 July 14th, the 9th Annual Session of the Virginia Educational 
 Association, convened in this city. Professor B. L. Gildersleeve, 
 its President, delivered a fine address. The body was in session 
 four days. 
 
 July 28th, Mr. W. W. Hall, departed this life in the 77th year 
 of his age. He was well known as a kind and generous man. He 
 was buried by Lafayette Lodge, No. 9, I. O. Odd Fellows, from 
 the Cumberland Street M. E. Church. 
 
 August 6th, Colonel William W. Lamb, one of our oldest and 
 best loved citizens breathed his last. He was 70 years of age, and 
 had often served this comuuity in various places of trust, with 
 fidelity and satisfaction. His death caused a gloom to spread over 
 the entire city, for the people all loved him. 
 
 August 12th, the Conservatives reorganized their party by elect- 
 ing Mr. William F. Allen as Superintendent, vice Colonel W. L. 
 Oswald, deceased. The interests of the party could not have 
 been trusted to a better man than Mr. Allen, as subsequent events 
 plainly proved. 
 
 September 9th, an exciting boat race took place between two 
 Portsmouth clubs, viz : the Virginia and the Elizabeth. The 
 race was won by the latter club in nineteen minutes and fifty-eight 
 seconds. It was a six-oared gig contest for the championship of the 
 harbor, and was witnessed by a large gathering of Norfolk people. 
 
 September 17th, a large delegation of gentlemen from the Texas 
 Editorial Association, arrived in this city on a visit, and were hospi- 
 
159 
 
 tably received by the members of the Norfolk press and our chief 
 ■city officials. The visitors were taken to the Navy-yard and to 
 Old Point, and were extended many other courtesies. 
 
 November 3d, occurred the most exciting election ever held in 
 this Congressional District. It was the day on which the Hon. John 
 Goode, Jr., one of Virginia's noblest and most gifted sons, defeated 
 the notorious Vermont carpet-bagger, James H. Piatt, Jr,, for 
 Congress from this District. Piatt had been misrepresenting us in 
 the National Legislature for several years and the people concluded 
 that they had been disgraced quite long enough ; so they "put their 
 shoulders to the wheel," and gallantly overcome "Dr." Piatt's 5,000 
 negro majority, and elected Mr. Goode — thereby ridding this people 
 of the greatest nuisance they ever endured, viz : the presence in 
 their midst of so vile a man as James H. Piatt, Jr., of Vermont. 
 
 November 13th, the fine Steamer Louisiana, of the Old Bay 
 Line, collided with the steamship Falcon, of the Baltimore and 
 Charleston Line, and was sunk. The accident occurred in Chesa- 
 peake Bay. Captain W. R. Mayo, of this city, commanded the 
 Louisiana, and by his coolness and prompt action, all the passengers 
 and their baggage, all the Express and Mail matter, and many 
 valuable articles belonging to the boat were removed from her before 
 she sunk. The Falcon conveyed the Louisiania's passengers to 
 Baltimore, from which place the sad news was telegraphed to Nor- 
 folk. The lost boat was the finest one on the line, and cost more 
 than $150,000. 
 
 November 18th, Mr. Samuel R. Veale died in the 60th year of 
 his age. He was a prominent member of the Odd Fellows, and a 
 highly respected citizen. 
 
 November 25th, our esteemed fellow citizen, Mr. D. C. Crowell, 
 departed this life in the 47th year of his age. He left a large circle 
 of friends and relatives to mourn his loss to the community. 
 
 November 26th, (at night) Norfolk was brilliantly illuminated 
 in honor of the election of Hon. John Goode, Jr., to Congress, over 
 Piatt, the carpet-bagger. The demonstration upon this occasion was 
 the most enthusiastic ever witnessed in the city — the torchlight 
 procession was the largest and the fireworks the grandest. Never 
 in the history of the place was there such tumultuous rejoicing over 
 any event, as there was over Mr. Goode's triumph. 
 
 December 1st, (at night) the Norfolk Conservatives again formed 
 in a torchlight procession and marched over to Portsmouth, to aid 
 the gallant people of that place in honoring John Goode's election. 
 Our Sister City " fairly outrivaled" Norfolk in the brilliancy of 
 her illuminations. [This same kind of rejoicing was carried on all 
 through the District]. 
 
 December 16th, the upper part of the store-house of Messrs. 
 Heard & Bro., produce dealers, on Roanoke square, was destroyed 
 
160 
 
 by fire. The building was owned by Hon. John B. Whitehead, 
 and was insured. Loss of stock was very slight, as the flames did 
 not reach the lower floor of the building. 
 
 December 27th, Sunday night, Rev. Thomas Hume, Jr., was 
 installed as the pastor of the Cumberland Street Baptist Church. 
 The installation services were conducted by Rev. Messrs. William 
 E. Hatcher, of Petersburg, W. D. Thomas and Reuben Jonas. A 
 large congregation was present. 
 
 December 29th, the second (and last) Grand Gift Concert of the 
 Masonic Relief Association took place at the Opera House, in 
 presence of a vast audience. The brass band from the United 
 States Receiving Ship New Hampshire was engaged, and discoursed 
 excellent music. The capital prize of $7,500 was drawn jointly by 
 two gentlemen — one in Richmond, and the other in Chicago. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY- FIVE. 
 
 January 9th, a Roller Skating Rink was opened at Johnson's 
 Hall. Our young people of both sexes enjoyed the sport very much 
 for several weeks. 
 
 January 23d, Colonel James W. Hinton died suddenly, and 
 great gloom was cast upon our community. He was an eminent 
 lawyer, a patriotic citizen, an able and active vindicator of truth 
 and justice. His death was a great loss not only to this city and 
 District, but to the whole State of Virginia. The Norfolk Bar, 
 the officers of the Granby Street M. E. Church, and Owens Lodge 
 of Masons, adopted suitable resolutions in respect to his memory. 
 
 Thursday night, January 28th, the steamer Lady of the Lake, of 
 the Norfolk and Washington, D. C, Line, was destroyed by fire 
 while lying at her wharf in this city. She was a sidewheel steamer, 
 built in New York in 1866, cost $100,000, and was only partially 
 insured. 
 
 February 4th, a banquet was given at the Atlantic Hotel to a 
 delegation of gentlemen who visited Norfolk from along the line 
 of the Rappahannock river. The visitors were mostly merchants 
 and produce raisers, and they came here on business connected 
 with the proposed new line of steamers between Fredericksburg 
 and our city. 
 
 March 4th, Messrs. Baird, Roper & Co.'s three-masted schooner 
 " Lydia H. Roper " was launched from their ship-yard near Gil- 
 merton, on the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth river. A large 
 number of Norfolk people were invited to be present, and greatly 
 enjoyed the beautiful sight. 
 
 On the night of the same day, our city was thrown into a state 
 of excitement on account of the murder of a white woman named 
 Lizzie Stevenson, alias Alice Robinson, by a mulatto man named 
 James Bruce. [Bruce was afterwards tried and sent to the peni- 
 tentiary for 18 years]. 
 
181 
 
 March 8th, the United States Sloop of War Huron — name 
 afterwards changed to the Alliance — was launched at our Navy- 
 yard in presence of at least ten thousand persons. Among the 
 distinguished personages present was Mrs. Scott Siddons, the great 
 "Queen of Tragedy," who was in Norfolk at the time on a profes- 
 sional visit — giving public readings. 
 
 March 29th, Mr. William J. Taylor, a native of Norfolk, and a 
 former member of the Blues, died in Philadelphia. His remains 
 were brought here for interment. 
 
 April 5th, R.Joseph Drummond, another former member of the 
 Blues, and a popular young citizen, departed this life in the 35th 
 year of his age. He was buried with military honors — the Blues 
 firing a salute to his memory. 
 
 April 7th, another delegation of visitors from the vicinity of 
 Fredericksburg, arrived here on the steamer Eliza Hancox, and 
 were hospitably received and entertained by our merchants. 
 
 April 9th, the Norfolk City Guard, Captain E. V. White, cele- 
 brated their fourth anniversary by a grand parade — after which 
 they partook of a handsome collation at Mr. Charles Brown's 
 restaurant, on Hill street, where toasts and speeches were gracefully 
 enjoyed during the entire evening. 
 
 April 23d, Mr. William Grieves, a well known citizen, and a 
 Scotchman by birth, died very suddenly, in the 55th year of his 
 age. He was buried by the Odd Fellows, of Harmony Lodge. 
 
 May 8th, the members of the Norfolk and Portsmouth Bars, 
 held a meeting in this city and adopted resolutions of respect to 
 the memory of their recently deceased brethren, Judge E. P. Pitts 
 and Colonel Charles K. Mallory. Tazewell Taylor, Esq., presided 
 over the meeting. 
 
 May 24th, a Conservative primary election (the first ever held in 
 Norfolk) took place, to elect the candidates for the Council at the 
 approaching municipal election. A full ticket was chosen, and the 
 nominees gave very general satisfaction. 
 
 May 26th, the Norfolk City Guard made an excursion to Old 
 Point and were handsomely received by the United States soldiers 
 at Fort Monroe, under command of General W. F. Barry. While 
 en route for Old Point, the Guard, through First Lieutenant Robt. 
 Freeman, presented their gallant Captain (E. V. White, Esq.,) with 
 a very handsome sword. 
 
 May 27th, the election of City Councilmen took place, when a 
 full Conservative ticket was elected from each ward. The Repub- 
 licans made no opposition, except in 4th Ward, and were beaten 
 there. [This was the first time since the war that the Conserva- 
 tives elected all the Councilmen ; Fourth Ward always elected 
 " Radicals" previous to this time]. 
 
 June 4th ; Mr. Cornelius H. Mathias, a native and for nearly 60 
 
162 
 
 years a resident of Norfolk, departed this life. He was buried on 
 the 6th instant, from St. Paul's Episcopal Church. 
 
 June 14th, Mr. John Williams, one of our oldest citizens, died 
 in the 72d year of his age. He had filled many important positions 
 in our midst, and died as he had always lived, an honest man and 
 a consistant Christian. 
 
 On the same day, the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues departed 
 for Boston, Mass., to attend the Centennial anniversary celebration 
 of the battle of Bunker Hill. The following commissioned officers 
 went with the Company: James W. Gilmer, Captain; Samuel H. 
 Hodges, Senior First Lieutenant ; R. Frank Vaughan, Junior First 
 Lieutenant ; Henry V. Moore, Second Lieutenant ; Dr. Herbert 
 M. Nash, Surgeon. The Company mustered Jtfty-five men, besides 
 the officers named above. They were escorted to the Boston 
 Steamer William Lawrence, Captain F. M. Howes, by the Marine 
 Corps from the Navy Yard, and when they departed on their trip, 
 Commodore Stevens, of the Navy Yard, ordered a salute to be fired 
 in honor of the event. When the steamer passed Fort Monroe, 
 General Barry, the United States Commander there, gave them 
 another salute, which was duly returned by the Blues, who took 
 their guns along with them. 
 
 July 1st, the newly elected City Council held their first meeting 
 and elected the following city officers for the ensuing year : 
 
 H. W. Burton, Street Inspector; R. J. Barrett, Keeper of Alninhouse ; Dr. 
 Joseph B. Whitehead, Health Officer ; T. J. Hudgins, Clerk of Market ; B. T. 
 Camp, Janitor of City Hall ; E. L. Winder, W. T. Shippand John K. Hodges, 
 Wood Measurers ; Charles H. Kennedy and Robert Freeman, Hay Weighers ; J. 
 T. Ewell, Sealer of Weights and Measures; W. E. Mehegan, Fire Commissioner; 
 Frank Wood, City Ganger ; John F. Evans, John R. Lawrence, John H. Pumph- 
 rey and George PL Miller, Constables. These officers at once entered upon the 
 discharge of their respective duties. 
 
 Same day, the 9th Division, Uniformed Corps, of Knights of 
 Pythias, celebrated their first anniversary by a graod parade and 
 banquet. 
 
 July 3d, Mr. Jeremiah Kehoe, an aged citizen, who resided on 
 James street, was gored to death by an enraged bull. The deceased 
 was about seventy years of age. 
 
 July 5th, a horrible calamity occurred in Hampton Roads, near 
 the mouth of Elizabeth River, by which the steam tug-boat Lum- 
 berman was sunk, and ten citizens of Norfolk killed or drowned. 
 The tug was returning from Old Point with a party on board who 
 had been down to witness the annual holliday display of fireworks at 
 Fort Monroe,and just as she got nearly opposite Vue de l'Eau, she col- 
 lided with the Steamer Isaac Bell, of the Old Dominion Steamship 
 Line, and was instantly sunk. The victims of this unfortunate 
 disaster were as follows : Mrs. Elizabeth Hudgins, Mrs. G. W. 
 Baker, Mrs. Jesse Frederici, Miss Marion Borum, Mr. Harry 
 Borum, Mr. James C. Borum, Mr. Joseph T. Wilson, Captain 
 
163 
 
 Edward Cook, Mr. James Craft, and a colored woman named Clara. 
 This terrible disaster overwhelmed our people with a sorrow thai 
 will long be remembered. 
 
 July 30th, Major General George E. Pickett, the Confederate 
 hero of the battle of Gettysburg, departed this life at the St. Vin- 
 cent de Paul Hospital, in this city. The death of this noble Vir- 
 ginian and brave soldier, caused great sorrow — not only in Norfolk, 
 but throughout the length and breadth of the entire South. His 
 name had become a household word in Virginia, and his deeds of 
 daring while at the head of his splendid Division in the Confederate 
 Army, were the admiration of all good men. He was as generous 
 as he was brave, as kind and affectionate as he was true to his 
 people. General Pickett was born in Richmond in 1825. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1846, was assigned to duty as a Second 
 Lieutenant in the 8th United States Infantry, and fought in all of 
 General Scott's engagements in Mexico. He was promoted for 
 " distinguished gallantry and meritorious conduct" in the battles of 
 Contreras, Cherubusco and Chapultepec, and was Captain Com- 
 manding the post at Island of San Juan when Great Britain 
 demanded the withdrawal of the United States troops from the 
 Island — which demand he refused to comply with, and with his 
 small Company of forty men defied the whole British force until 
 the Governments settled the controversy. When Virginia seceded, 
 he resigned his commission in the United States Army and came 
 home; and in September, 1861, he was appointed a Colonel in the 
 Confederate Army, and assigned to duty on the Rappahannock 
 river. His subsequent gallantry and rapid promotions are familiar 
 to all Virginians. His remains were taken to Richmond for inter- 
 ment. Gone ! but not forgotten, " old chief." 
 
 August 5th, the survivors of the Third Georgia (Confederate) 
 Regiment, who had been on a visit to the people of Portsmouth 
 for a few days, paid a visit to Norfolk, and were handsomely enter- 
 tained by the Blues and other citizens. 
 
 August 16th, Mr. E. D. Smith, paying teller of the Exchange 
 National Bank, died suddenly of apoplexy. He was a genial and 
 elegant gentleman. 
 
 August 29th, Dr. J. W. Leigh, one of our popular physicians, 
 departed this life. He was buried with Masonic honors. 
 
 September 1st, the Undine Boat Club celebrated its fifth anniver- 
 sary by a collation served at the boat-house. 
 
 September 7th, the Lynchburg Home Guard, under Captain 
 Kirk Otey, paid a visit to Norfolk, and were courteously received 
 and entertained by our soldiers. A splendid banquet was given 
 the visitors at the Blues' armory. It was a splendid affair. 
 
 October 22d, Mr. Tazewell Taylor, the Nestor of the Norfolk 
 Bar, and one of the most highly esteemed citizens of the State, 
 
departed this life. He was a true type of the old Virginia gentleman. 
 
 On the same day, Mr. William Ward, another aged and highly 
 respected member of our community, died. He had been a citizen 
 of Norfolk for sixty-five years. 
 
 October 25th, the Norfolk Blues and the City Guard left for 
 Richmond to attend the unveiling of the Stonewall Jackson Statue. 
 Captain E. V. White commanded the Guard, and and Lieutenant 
 Samuel Hodges, the Blues 
 
 October 28th, Mr. John W. Lee, another good citizen, departed 
 this life. He was a native of Princess Anne County, and was in 
 the 44th year of his age. 
 
 November 2d, Major W. T. Taliaferro and Colonel L. D. Starke, 
 two of our talented and well known citizens, were elected to the 
 House of Delegates. They were the regular Conservative nomi- 
 nees, and had no opposition. 
 
 November 9th, the .Norfolk City Guard, numbering forty-two 
 men, left for Wilmington, N. C, to participate in the reunion of 
 the Fort Fisher veterans. 
 
 November 18th, the new Masonic Temple was formally dedicated. 
 The ceremonies were conducted by General William B. Taliaferro, 
 the Grand Master of the Slate at that time. The procession which 
 passed through the streets numbered several thousand persons, and 
 was an imposing sight — the Knights Templar, in their showy 
 regalia, looked perfectly grand. Masons were present from all 
 parts of the country. Among the visiting Templars were Morton 
 Commandery of New York and St. John's Commandery of Phila- 
 delphia. The banquet given at Johnson's Hall in the afternoon 
 surpassed anything of the kind ever gotten up in Norfolk on so 
 large a scale. It was prepared under the superinteudance of 
 Thomas Morrissett, Esq., a well known Norfolk caterer. 
 
 November 19th, Grice Commandery of Knights Templar gave a 
 grand ball and banquet to their visiting brethren from New York, 
 Philadelphia, Petersburg and Portsmouth, which was a grand 
 affair. The hall-room and banquet-hall of the New Temple were 
 handsomely christened upon the occasion. 
 
 December 1st, the new system adopted for sweeping the streets 
 of the city by the " chain-gang, " went into effect. The city pur- 
 chased and put to work on that day six mule-carts. (The new 
 system gives us cleaner streets, at less cost, than the old plan did]. 
 
 December 20th, Captain James L. Henderson, formerly of the 
 United States and Confederate States Navies, died in Charlestown, 
 West Virginia, at the residence of his sister, Mrs. Anna Forrest. 
 His funeral took place from the residence of his son, in this city. 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIX. 
 
 January 18th, the N. L. A. Blues gave a grand promenade 
 concert at Johnson's Hall in honor of their Boston visitors, who 
 
165 
 
 came here to present to them a " peace offering " — a beautiful 
 banner from the ladies of Boston. These Boston visitors consti- 
 tuted a special committee of ladies and gentlemen appointed to 
 present the banner to the Blues. 
 
 January 20th, the charming little Lotta, one of Norfolk's favorite 
 actresses, appeared at our Opera House in the beautiful character 
 of " Musette," in the play of " The Secret of Guilde Court." 
 
 On the same evening, our well known and popular old citizen, 
 W. H. C. Lovitt, Esq., died at the St. Vincent de Paul Hospital, 
 in the 63d year of his age. He was a noble man, and for many 
 years was one of the leading business men in Tide- Water Virginia. 
 
 January 24th, the Norfolk people contributed $1,139.12 to the 
 Lee Monument Fund. [This fund is being raised for the purpose 
 of erecting an Equestrian Statue to the memory of the lamented 
 General Robert E. Lee]. 
 
 January 30th, Sunday night, Mr. Lewis Salusbury, another old 
 and prominent citizen, died suddenly. He had been an invalid 
 for several years, but his friends did not believe him to be so 
 seriously ill. 
 
 February 7th and 8th, the Kellogg Opera Troupe appeared in 
 Norfolk, much to the delight of the large audiences that attended 
 the two Operas — Fra Diavolo and Faust. Miss Clara Louise 
 Kellogg was ably supported by Madame Jennie Van Zandt and 
 Mrs. Seguin, Messrs. William Castle and Joseph Maas — the latter 
 displaying an unusually rich tenor voice. 
 
 February 15th, the Norfolk Seamen's Friends' Society celebrated 
 its semi-centennial anniversary at the Cumberland Street Baptist 
 Church, where it was organized fifty years previous. Rev. E. N. 
 Crane, Chaplain of the Seamen's Bethel, delivered an interesting 
 address, in which he gave the history of this useful Society. 
 
 February 18th, Maggie Mitchell, another very popular actress 
 (not very young), delighted our play-goers with the play called 
 "The Pearl of Savoy," in which she played the part of Marie. 
 On the night of the 19th she played Fanchon to a large audience. 
 
 February 26th, Mr. Charles Jordan died in the 79th year of his 
 age. He was a well known and popular man, and left a large 
 circle of friends to mourn his death. 
 
 March 2d, was the day on which the "gay and festive" Mr. 
 Oscar Baring left Norfolk with so many articles of value belonging 
 to various citizens. This accomplished young thief came here a 
 month or two previous to his sudden flight, and bargained for an 
 interest in the Evening Times, a penny paper which was then being 
 published by some enterprising and honest young men. By this 
 business connection (upon a mere promise to pay) the cunning little 
 Jew soon became well acquainted, and at once laid his plans for 
 the wholesale robbery which he effected. Besides buying goods 
 
166 
 
 which were to be paid for in advertising, and borrowing money 
 from some of our most respectable Jews, he stole several gold watches, 
 ran up a large hotel bill, made love to some "ladies fair/' and 
 vanished like a sora. [This is one of the many results that accrue 
 from placing confidence in people we know nothing about]. 
 
 March 14, the news reached here that a bill of complaint had 
 been filed in the United States Circuit Court at Richmond, against 
 the Atlantic Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, by some of its New 
 York trustees under mortgage, and that they asked for the appoint- 
 ment of a Receiver for the road, and the foreclosure of the mort- 
 gage, upon the grounds that the R.R, Co. had failed to pay the in- 
 terest on its bonds, and to comply with other terms of said mortgage. 
 
 March 21st, our young townsman, Charles A. Smith, Jr., departed 
 this life— aged 29 years. During the late war he served gallantly 
 in the Norfolk Blues' Battery, although he was a mere youth. He 
 was buried by the Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, and the Blues' 
 Memorial Association, from the Cumberland Street M. E. Church, 
 Rev. E. M. Peterson pastor. 
 
 On the same day our community was grieved to learn of the 
 death of Mrs. Margaret K. Lamb, relict of the late Colonel Wm. 
 W. Lamb, and a prominent Christian lady. 
 
 March 29th, the City Council of Norfolk held a meeting to protest 
 against the appointment of a Receiver of the Atlantic, Mississippi 
 and Ohio Railroad (from Norfolk to Bristol, Tennessee,), but 
 adopted resolutions to this effect, viz : " That if the honorable 
 Court determines that a Receiver shall be appointed, the City of 
 Norfolk respectfully asks,throughits Attorney and associate counsel, 
 the appointment of General William Mahone as Receiver of said 
 road." [This resolution was adopted with only one dissenting 
 voice. The United States Court, however, (Judge H. L. Bond, 
 presiding), ignored the wishes of the Virginia friends and stock- 
 holders of the Road, and appointed two Receivers, viz : Mr. C. 
 L. Perkins, of New York, on part of the bondholders, and Major 
 Henry Fink, on part of the Railroad Company. The road is now 
 under the management of these two gentlemeu], 
 
 April 2d, the furjeral of the lamented Christian, Rev. A. Paul 
 Repiton, took place from the Freemason Street Baptist Church, 
 Rev. Dr. W. D. Thomas, officiating. His remains were taken to 
 Wilmington, North Carolina, under an escort from Grice Com- 
 mandery, Knights Templar, of which the deceased had been an 
 exemplary member. 
 
 April 5th, the Norfolk and Princess Anne Railroad Company 
 was organized by the election of the following officers : President, 
 Colonel W. B. Rogers; Vice-President, S. E. Fitch, Esq. ; direc- 
 tors, Messrs. A. G. Tebault, John H. Overstreet, Bennett Land, 
 Sr., Wm. Lamb, W. H. Burroughs, and Andrew S. Martin. 
 
167 
 
 April 6th, L. H. Chandler, Esq., mysteriously disappeared from 
 liis residence on York street, and on the 17th instant, his body was 
 found in the river, near the West end of the city. He had pre- 
 viously shown symptoms of insanity, and it is the general belief, 
 well founded, that he committed suicide. Mr. Chandler was a very 
 popular and prominent Whig politician before the war, but since, 
 joined the Republican party and lost many of his former friends. 
 He was, with all his fanlts, a kind, generous, polite and sociable 
 gentlemen. At the time of his unfortunate death he was United 
 States Pension Agent for this District, and during the last year of 
 his residence in our midst, had regained the confidence and friend- 
 ship of many former acquaintances who had been estranged from 
 him through political influences and prejudices. In preceding 
 pages of this volume we have frequently mentioned his name in 
 connection with public meetings, enterprises, &c. ; consequently 
 he will be no stranger to the reader at this time. He was a fluent 
 speaker, an able rlawyer, and well informed man, and his death 
 was deeply deplored by a large majority of our best citizens. 
 
 April 11th, the Norfolk City Guard celebrated its fifth anni- 
 versary by a parade through the pricipal streets of Norfolk and 
 Portsmouth. ■* 
 
 April 14th, the 'City Conservative Executive Committee met and 
 elected Mr. A. Gordon Milhado, as City Superintendent. This 
 selection was an admirable one, as subsequent events demonstrated. 
 
 April 18th, the funeral of the late L. H. Chandler took place. - 
 The burial service of the Episcopal Church was read by Rev. Dr. 
 Okeson, and a prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. W. D. Thomas, of 
 of the Baptist Church. Previous to the funeral, the Norfolk Bar 
 held a meeting, with Judge George Blow in the chair, and adopted 
 resolutions in honor of the memory and virtues of their deceased 
 friend and brother. 
 
 ^ April 22d, our well beloved friend and fellow citizen, John W. 
 Smith, departed this life in the 33d year of his age. He was a 
 gallant Confederate soldier in the Norfolk Blues during the war, 
 and was always ready for duty. He was a faithful friend, a kind 
 and loving husband and father, a patriotic and useful citizen. 
 
 April 26th, D. D. Simmons, Esq., one of our model merchants, 
 and Yice President of the Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Ex- 
 change, departed this life — aged 65 years. He was a native of 
 Currituck County, N. C, but had been a resident of Norfolk long 
 enough to endear himself to her citizens, and to receive their 
 implicit confidence and highest esteem. The Cotton Exchange 
 members held a meeting and adopted a series of resolutions expres- 
 sive of their respect for the deceased, their regret at his death, and 
 their sympathy for his bereaved family. 
 
 April 30th, Miles K. Bell departed this life at the St. Vincent de 
 
168 
 
 Paul Hospital. He was a well known veteran of the Mexican 
 War — having served with Captain O. E. Edwards in Company B, 
 1st Regiment of Voltigeurs, as a corporal, and was wounded at 
 the battle of Cherubusco. During the late war he was a member 
 of the United Artillery, Captain Thomas Kevill, and was noted 
 for his coolness in action and faithful discharge of his duty. 
 
 May 2d, the new steamer Florida, of the Old Bay Line, arrived 
 here on her first trip, and was visited by a large number of citizens. 
 This magnificent steamer is 265 feet long, and 38 feet broad ; she 
 has 68 splendid state-rooms and 64 open berths, and is fitted up in 
 the most splendid modern style. [The Florida is now commanded 
 by Captain Darius J. Hill, one of the most popular gentlemen ever 
 known to the traveling public]. 
 
 May 19th, the 2d primary election of Conservatives nominees for 
 the various city offices took place. For twenty-five offices there 
 were exactly one hundred and twenty-nine candidates. 
 
 May 25th, was the regular election day — 4th Thursday in May. 
 According to the amended city charter all city officers are now 
 elected by the people. The following Conservatives (or Democrats, 
 more properly) were elected this date, for the ensuing two years, viz: 
 
 Mayor, John S.Tucker; Treasurer, S. S. Dawes ; Collector of City Taxes, 
 Charles H. Johnston ; Commissioner of Revenue, J. T. Branham ; City Attorney, 
 W. B. Martin ; Commonwealth's Attorney, James E. Heath; Clerk oftheCourts, 
 W. H. Hunter ; City Sergeant, W. H. Saunders ; Physician to Almshouse, W. H. 
 Shepherd ; Inspector of Streets, William J. Butt ; Clerk of the Market, John 
 Walters ; Keeper of the Almshouse, George T. Keefe; Ganger and Inspector of 
 Liquors, Frank Wood ; Inspectors and Measurers of Wood, E. L. Winder, G. 
 Fred. Clark, Charles Ramsay, Sr. ; Weigher of Hay, Charles H. Kennedy ; Sup- 
 erintendent of City Cemeteries, Louis Bobee ; Sealer of Weights and Measures, 
 A. F. Leggett ; Constables, John F. Evans, George H. Miller, M. Frank Powell, 
 J. H. Pumphrey ; Justices of the Peace, J. D. Couper, C. W. Dozier, H. P. 
 McPhail, John A. Rosson. 
 
 June 2d, Colonel Richmond F. Dillard, a former citizen of Nor- 
 folk, and one of our most popular merchants, died at Nottoway 
 Courthouse. Previous to the war he lived in Sussex county, and 
 at one time was the honored Representative of that county in the 
 Legislature. He was about 63 years of age, and died from effects 
 of a cancer, which had pained him for years. His many friends in 
 Norfolk were deeply distressed upon hearing of his demise. 
 
 June 8th, the "Rescue" Steam Fire Company, from Raleigh, 
 North Carolina, Captain T. F. Lee, commanding, arrived in this 
 city on a visit. They were escorted through town by our firemen, 
 and afterwards entertained sumptuously at Brown's restaurant, 
 where the parade was dismissed. Next day the visitors were escorted 
 to Hampton and Fortress Monroe, on board the steamer Hampton, 
 commanded by the courteous Captain George Schermerhorn. 
 
 June 16th, the National Republican Convention, in session at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, nominated General Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, 
 
169 
 
 for the Presidency. The Norfolk Republicans were sorely disap- 
 pointed when the news came ; they wanted James G. Blaine, of 
 Maine. William A. Wheeler, of New York, was nominated for 
 Vice-President. 
 
 Sunday, June 25th, Rev. Dr. George D. Armstrong, the beloved 
 pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, preached his quarto-Cen- 
 tennial sermon — having been pastor of the aforesaid Church ever 
 since June 25th, 1851. On the next evening the members of his 
 congregation surprised the reverend gentleman with a handsome 
 present in the shape of a magnificent set of solid siver-ware, con- 
 sisting of a waiter, pitcher and two goblets, as a mark of their affec- 
 tion and esteem. 
 
 June 28th, the National Democratic Convention, in session in 
 St. Louis, Mo., nominated Hon. Samuel J. Tilden, Governor of 
 New York, for the office of President of the United States. On the 
 next day, the Convention nominated Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, 
 Governor of Indiana, for the Vice-Presidency. The news was joy- 
 fully received by the Norfolk Democrats. 
 
 July 1st, the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues departed for Phil- 
 adelphia, on board the Steamer Florida of the Old Bay Line, to 
 fill the position assigned to " Old Virginia" in the Legion of 
 Honor, during the Centennial parade which occurred on the 4th 
 instant. The following is a list of the officers and privates of the 
 Company who embarked upon this delightful Centennial trip to the 
 " Quaker City :" 
 
 Captain — Samuel Hodges. 
 
 Junior First Lieutenant — Henry V. Moore. 
 
 Second Lieutenant — H. G. Whitehead. 
 
 Surgeon — Dr. H. M. Nash. 
 
 Orderly Sergeant — J. A. Walton. 
 
 First Sergeant — George W. Gordon. 
 
 Second Sergeant — M. C. Keeling. 
 
 Third Sergeant — B. H. Jones. 
 
 Fourth Sergeant — S. S. Saunders. 
 
 Quartermaster's Sergeant — H. L. Turner. 
 
 Acting Paymaster — Nat. Burruss. 
 
 Corporals— C. M. Ferguson, W. C. Dickson, E. C. M. Wingfield, John W. H. 
 Porter, William A. Graves, Jr. 
 
 Buglers — J. P. Grandy and J. C. Deming. 
 
 Privates — Wm. H. Aborn, Wm. A. Boykin, E. H. Boykin, C. E. Brinkley, 
 Charles H. Buskey, C. F. Brooks, J. C. Baker, S. S. Bradford, J. C. Beekman, D. 
 Tucker Brooke, Wm. Camp, M. T. Cooke, S. J. Chamberlaine, C. A. Field, A. C. 
 Freeman, E. H. Gwaltney, J. W. Hunter, John Hart, D. W. Jordan, John Jack, 
 J. P. Kevill, J. B. Loughran, George Mcintosh, W. C.Nash, Patrick O'Connor, 
 C. C. Eichardson, Julian Eussell, P. N. Sanderson,T . M. Saunders, John E. 
 Shields, L. J. Savage, Henry Tuffts, Washington Taylor, F. S. Taylor, Wickham 
 Taylor, H. S. Vaughan, E. H. Wright, B. W. Palmer. 
 
 July 4th, a large number of bur citizens went to Fortress Monroe 
 to witness the usual Fourth of July display of fireworks, which was 
 by far the grandest entertainment of the kind ever witnessed, in the 
 State. No accidents happened. 
 
170 
 
 July 9th, 10th and 11th were the warmest days experienced in 
 Norfolk for many years. Many persons were made very ill from 
 sun stroke, four of whom died, viz : A. J. Dugger, W. H. White- 
 hurst, Mr. Sartorius and Samuel R. Reeder. [The l as ^ named was 
 an actor at Tooker's Varieties, well known by the name of Samuel 
 Orme]. 
 
 July 17th, our well known townsman, John C. Rogers, died at 
 the St. Vincent de Paul Hospital. He was a high toned and 
 patriotic gentleman, a gallant and faithful soldier. At the time of 
 his death he was a partner in the well known crockery firm of 
 Martin & Rogers, and was numbered amongst our best businessmen. 
 
 July 27th, Mr. Thomas A. Hardy departed this life. He was 
 one of Norfolk's best merchants and most respected citizens. He 
 was born in Currituck County, N. C, in the year 1800, and when 
 at the age of 21, he commenced the study of medicine, but aban- 
 doned it for more active pursuits. In 1826 he came to Norfolk and 
 entered business as a clerk ; in 1828 he was one of the firm of Hardy 
 & Bros., and prospered in business. In 1861 he left Norfolk for 
 Granville Co., N. C., w T here he remained until 1 866 , when he return- 
 ed here and again entered into business. He lived an honorable and 
 useful man, and died respected and esteemed by all who knew him. 
 
 On same day (27th) the steamer Louise, Captain William Geog- 
 hegan, of the Peoples' Line between here and Baltimore (since 
 discontinued), made an excursion trip to Old Point and the Capes 
 for the special benefit of the Norfolk County Grangers, who were 
 invited to go. The trip was greatly enjoyed, and the party returned 
 — nearly all sober. 
 
 MAHONE'S BRIGADE. 
 
 July 31st, (anniversary of the battle of the Crater), was a gala day 
 in Norfolk. It was the occasion of the annual reunion of the veterans 
 of " Mali one's Old Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia" — that 
 gallant band of heroes who battled so nobly for the lost cause ! 
 whose arms are stacked and banners furled, whose drums are still, 
 whose muskets are dumb, but whose fame still lives in the hearts of 
 their countrymen. 
 
 " Like waving plume upon Bellona's crest, 
 
 Or comet in red majesty arrayed — 
 Like Persia' 's flame transported to the West, 
 
 Shall shine the glory of Mahone's Brigade.'" 
 
 " Not once in all those years so dark and grim, 
 
 Its columns from the path of duty strayed — 
 No craven act made its escutcheon dim, 
 
 'Twas burnished with the blood of the Old Brigade.'" 
 
 " Not once on post, or march, in camp or field, 
 Was their brave Leader's trust in them betrayed ; 
 And never yet has Old Virginia's shield 
 
 Suffered dishonor through Mahone's Brigade." 
 
171 
 
 The survivors of the command from Portsmouth/with those of 
 this city, were escorted to the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Bail- 
 road depot in the morning by the Norfolk Blues and the City 
 Guard, and received the vast crowd that came on the train at 11 
 o'clock. A procession was then formed and marched to the 
 refreshment hall where a lunch had been prepared. From 
 there the crowd marched to the Opera House, where the meeting 
 was called to order and a beautiful address of welcome was 
 delivered by Mayor John S. Tucker— after which, the Blues' 
 band under Professor " Pony" Armistead, played " Hail to the 
 Chief," when General Mahone arose amidst the wildest shouts of 
 applause, and returned thanks to the Mayor and the people of Nor- 
 folk for the generous welcome extended to his old command. 
 
 He then proceeded to address the Brigade in a speech of great 
 eloquence and feeling, and at each period was greeted with storms 
 of applause. When concluding his remarks, he said : 
 
 " My comrades, it is meet that we devoutly acknowledge our 
 gratitude to God that we aie spared to this occasion. We come to 
 celebrate the anniversary of an organization composed of the sur- 
 vivors of a Brigade whose record history will brightly trace from 
 our 'City by the Sea' to the end at Appomattox. 
 
 "It was here upon ground already historic by the deadly 
 presence of war that your service in the cause of your State 
 began. It was here that your honeymoon as soldiers was spent. 
 It was here you were the recipients of a generous hospitality and a 
 tender consideration at the hands of the fairest of God's creation, 
 which m your memories of joys past can never fade. 
 
 "It was here that many of you had your patriotism put to that 
 test beyond which it would be difficult to go. It was not the sep- 
 aration of the soldier from family and fireside in discharge of his 
 allegiance to the flag he had taken that you were called upon to 
 make and to witness. It was to forego these, and to commit your 
 household gods to the unknown mercies of the common foe, that 
 many of you were called upon to suffer and to endure. 
 
 " Nobly did you pass that trying ordeal, and only as patriots can 
 otter all of life dear to man upon the altar of country's cause, did 
 you accept and manfully bear the sacrifice. 
 
 " It was then that they were encouraged, and you were inspired 
 by that instinctive heroism of woman, whose love of courage and 
 fidelity to honor, make no compromise with duty. 
 
 "In tears and heart-burning sorrow many of those who are of 
 earth no more, but of history forever, took here their final leave of 
 those in life dearest to them — 
 
 ' For them to live or die.' 
 It is in the history of your unsullied record of duty well per- 
 formed, and of deeds of battle renown that your Newton and your 
 
172 
 
 Williams, and the long list of heroes who fought and fell by their 
 sides, now live — c who, with no dream of after life's reward, cared but 
 to do his duty to the end, and, in the strength of duty, dared to die/ 
 
 " It is to commemorate the historic estate which belongs to you 
 and to their memories, to yours and to theirs, and to enter it of 
 record, that constitutes now your duty and the sacred purpose of 
 your organization. 
 
 " To these ends let us address ourselves with a devotion which 
 shall never weary. Let us maintain steadily that touch of the 
 elbow in the line of this service, which made you invincible upon 
 the field, and won for you the abiding confidence and admiration 
 of our great Captain. 
 
 " Let us move on in this holy work with that determination and 
 solemn sense of duty which made this day conspicuous in the annals 
 of the war, when, by your matchless charge and the bayonet, our 
 lines at the Crater were redeemed, and the very safety of our army 
 for the time restored. The cause, my comrades, which you conse- 
 crated by your valor and the blood of a noble dead, is gone. The 
 azure cross and silver stars which you bore are furled, and you are 
 of one nation, a common country, and the same flag forever. But 
 for them and their glorious memories you are solemnly charged to 
 care, and by all the ties of battle, of hardships and of glory won, of 
 your hero dead, you are bound to cherish a comrade's life recol- 
 lection." 
 
 When he concluded the band struck up " Dixie," which brought 
 cheer after cheer. 
 
 General Mahone then introduced Captain James Barron Hope, 
 the editor of the Landmark, and the poet of the occasion. On 
 Captain Hope's stepping to the front of the stage he was enthusias- 
 tically greeted, and the delivery of his beautiful poem was received 
 verse by verse with the sympathetic applause of his audience, and 
 when at times the glorious deeds of " Mahone's Brigade " were 
 related in the stirring, nervous eloquence of the poet, a great cheer 
 would ring out an expression of irrepressible feeling. When the 
 poem was concluded, the General introduced Colonel William E. 
 Cameron, the orator of day, who delivered one of the most beauti- 
 ful and appropriate orations a soldier ever listened to, and closed 
 his remarks with the following thrilling and correct description of 
 the last days of General Lee's retreat : 
 
 " On the morning of the 2d of April Grant threw forward a 
 strong column against the lines immediately west of Petersburg, and 
 effecting an entrance, pressed vigorously towards the Southside 
 Railroad. To resist his advance no troops were to be had. Ander- 
 son had sacrificed the bulk of the army at Five Forks ; Heth's 
 thin line had been pierced and thrown off upon the right, and the 
 heroic Hill had lost his life in attempts to repair the disaster. 
 
173 
 
 Harris' Brigade of Mahone's Division stayed for a time the tide^of 
 ruin by the superb defence of an outlying post, in which the brave 
 command was annihilated. But by noon the situation was seen to 
 be irreparable ; the siege of Petersburg was over, and General Lee 
 arranged for a retreat by night from the works no longer tenable. 
 Then ensued a carnival of wreck and terror. 
 
 " Occupying the lines at Bermuda Hundred, between the Appo- 
 mattox and the James, Mahone's Brigade was spared the sights of 
 shame and horror that surrounded and filled the two devoted cities. 
 But while you stood in camp, waiting the signal to start upon your 
 last campaign, the glare of rockets, the roar of artillery, the explo- 
 sion of vast magazines — as fort and ship were given to the torch — • 
 formed fit accompaniments to the preparations for retreat; and in 
 the first gray light of dawn, the flames of burning Richmond lend- 
 ing a sun-set brilliance to the scene, began the march to Appomat- 
 tox; and to the westward sounded the musketry of the enemy's 
 advance — the ominous death rattle of the ill-starred nation. 
 
 " To abandon altar and fireside was no new sacrifice to some of 
 those who now prepared to go, they knew not whither, at call of 
 country. Scarce has the battle joined in earnest, ere this fair town 
 was given over to the enemy, and sons of Norfolk, of Portsmouth, 
 and of all this patriotic section, went forth in uncomplaining faith 
 upon that pilgrimage from which so many ne'er returned. And 
 now to those who still had household gods to guard, Gethsemane had 
 come. Those were your homes that blazed to Heaven in that April 
 morn, and you were leaving all that makes life dear to the mercies 
 of a hostile horde. What help sustained you in that supreme hour ? 
 only your God can know ; but this my throbbing heart attests, 
 that never shown your soldier truth so brightly forth as in that 
 time of trial and triumph. Full ranks turned out to answer sum- 
 mons of a worse than funeral drum, and as your footsteps tended 
 towards a future darker than the grave, the Flag, not home, ruled 
 in your brave hearts, and marched your ranks as cheerily forth as 
 though to hoped victory. 
 
 " And so throughout that dreadful week the old Brigade held on 
 its steady way. Nor would the truth be rightly told did I not 
 speak of those stout comrades under Roy ster, o Saunders and Brevard 
 who shared the dangers and should share the honor of all that 
 toilsome way. 
 
 " The roadside swarmed with drooping forms ; the signs of ruin 
 strewed the weary path ; organizations melted away, and discipline 
 gave way to license ; dismay and panic seized on headless masses, 
 whole corps were routed ; whole divisions captured. High officers 
 lost heart, and with it honor, and urged their troops to safety. The 
 route grew fierce as the days went by ; at last there was no army. 
 But through it all — through hunger, weariness and hopelessness— 
 
174 
 
 through all the demoralizing evidences of defeat — in the face of the 
 confident foe — this Brigade marched on as though the war were 
 young, as firm as when it held the pass in Maryland, as self-reliant as 
 when it rushed upon the flaming Crater, as ready to obey the words 
 of Lee, as though he still had ninety thousand men to do his will, 
 and still a Jackson on the flank. Presuming on the universal ruin 
 of things, the enemy made one attempt to break your stern array 
 and your last battle was a victory. Miles tried your steel at Cum- 
 berland, and all day long Mahone's Division held an army back. 
 But now the long attempt to avert the dread inevitable drew to a 
 close. But two divisions of the Confederate force remained intact 
 (Field's and your own,) and even the genius of Lee was powerless 
 to long postpone the stroke of fate. "Ready for duty" you reported 
 when the final trial came, ready to fight and fall with him, whose 
 lightest wish had come to be your law, or ready to share with him 
 a pang yet deeper than the sting of death. The verdict came. The 
 flags you furled at Appomattox bore no prouder inscription than 
 their presence there deserved and your paroles are passports sure to 
 glory's roll of honor. Some day a worthy hand will draw the veil 
 from all the tragic pathos that those days enclosed, and romance 
 will awake to read the tale and blush to find its history." 
 
 On the conclusion of the oration the band played the " Star- 
 Spangled Banner," which drew forth the enthusiastic and respon- 
 sive cheers of the audience. 
 
 General Mahone then called the Association to order for busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Captain T. A. Williams presented and read the following letter 
 from Capt. Robertson Taylor, the Adjutant General of Mahone's 
 Brigade : 
 
 Baltimore, July 29th, 1876. 
 Greeting — To my Fellow-Citizens of Mahone's Brigade : 
 
 I regret more than ] can express that my duties here absolutely prevent my 
 leaving, and I am again deprived of the pleasure which I so earnestly desired, of 
 greeting my old comrades. 
 
 Attention to duty was one of the first lessons taught me by my military pre- 
 cepter, Mahone, whose voice, if heard in your councils to-day, will be to the same 
 effect. 
 
 As I lookback to the years of our struggle I recall with pleasure the strict 
 adherence to duty of officers and men, the perfect discipline in camp and on the 
 march, the firm reliance of General Lee and his subordinates when "Mahone and 
 his command" were in action, or given hot and hard work to do. So now in the 
 pursuits of peace where can be found better citizens than those best soldiers whose 
 companionship, friendship and confidence, I treasure among the most pleasant 
 recollections of all my life. 
 
 Keep on my comrades. Strive to do your whole duty and the verdict of your 
 countrymen will be, " This is the way of Mahone's Brigade." 
 
 Yours, EOBERTSON TAYLOR, 
 
 Adjutant General Mahone's Brigade. 
 
 The letter was greeted with cheers. 
 
175 
 
 Captain W. A. S. Taylor moved that the rules be suspended and 
 that the Association re-elect the present officers by acclamation. 
 
 The resolution was unanimously adopted and the officers are as 
 follows : 
 
 President — General Wra. Mahone. 
 
 Vice-Presidents— Colonel George T. Kogers, of the Sixth; Colonel E.M. Field, 
 of the Twelfth ; Captain J. D. Gayle, of the Sixteenth ; Colonel Joseph P. Mine- 
 tree,*of the°Forty-first, and Captain John T. West, of the Sixty-first Kegiments. 
 
 Recording Secretary— Griffin F. Edwards. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary — Leroy M. Edwards. 
 
 Treasurer— T. A. Williams. 
 
 The following officers constituted the Staff of the Memorial 
 
 Association of the Brigade: 
 
 General — William Mahone. 
 
 General — D. A. Weisiger. 
 
 Adjutants — W. E. Cameron, Drury A. Hinton, Alexander Tunstall, 
 
 Surgeon— T. B. Ward. 
 
 Quartermaster — Captain F. M. Ironmonger. 
 
 Commissary — Captain William Sherwood. 
 
 Ordnance Officer — W. A. Todd. 
 
 Sergeant Major — James N. Bell. 
 
 Quartermaster's Sergeant — H. A. Tarrall. 
 
 The other members of this Association comprise all the survivors 
 of the old Brigade. 
 
 The business of the meeting being attended to, the procession was 
 again formed,and "the boys" marched for the dinner table. On leaving 
 the Opera House the Brigade was re-formed on Church street, and 
 headed by the band, proceeded down Church to Main, down Main 
 to Market Square, thence to the banquet hall. Here three 
 immense tables were extended nearly the entire length of the 
 spacious room, and another table at the head of the room for the 
 field officers and invited guests. The hall was handsomely 
 decorated with flags, and at the western end a large ban- 
 ner was stretched across the room, wtih the inscription " Wel- 
 come Mahone's Brigade," and on one corner of the same "Hello, 
 Jack," and on the other "I'm no Doctor — Weed Grass — Weed 
 Grass," both well known camp cries of the Brigade. Stretched 
 across Roanoke avenue from the banqueting hall to Burruss & 
 Rogers' block was a banner inscribed with the well known and 
 historic cry of "This Way, Mahone's Brigade." The tables were 
 loaded with all the substantial and creature comforts of life, well 
 looked out for and provided by Mr. Charles Brown, and that well 
 known caterer, Peter Pitts. Over five hundred were attended to, 
 and all had plenty, with plenty to spare. 
 
 When dinner was over the entire party took passage on the 
 steamer Hampton, and paid a visit to Fortress Monroe, where they 
 inspected the various objects of interest, and witnessed the dress 
 parade of the troops stationed there. Upon an invitation kindly 
 extended by Mr. H. Phoebus, proprietor of the famous Hygeia 
 
176 
 
 Hotel, the visitors partook of an elegant supper, after which they 
 returned to this city ; and thus ended the second reunion of the 
 veterans of Mahone's Old Brigade. 
 
 August 3d was issued the first number of The Pvblic Ledger, 
 a sprightly afternoon penny paper, published by Colonel J. Rich'd 
 Lewellen, Walter A. Edwards and Joseph G. Fiveash, Esqs., with 
 Colonel Lewellen as Editor in Chief, and H. W. Burton as Local 
 P^ditor. 
 
 August 9th, Hon. John Goode was again nominated as the Dem- 
 ocratic candidate for Congress from this District by the Convention 
 which assembled in Portsmouth. Election November 7th. 
 
 August 11th, a grand Tilden, Hendricks and Goode ratification 
 meeting was held at 8 o'clock P. M., at the Norfolk Academy lot. 
 Speeches were made by Hon. J. C. S. Blackburn, of Kentucky, 
 Hon. John Randolph Tucker, of Virginia, "our own loved John 
 Goode," and others. Colonel L. D. Starke presided over this grand 
 and enthusiastic gathering. 
 
 August 13th, Professor William B. Rodman died. He was a 
 gentleman of fine learning and noble characteristics. During the 
 terrible yellow fever epidemic here in 1855, he came from his home 
 in Norfolk county to nurse the sick, and braved all the dangers of 
 the fearful disease. This action endeared him to this people, and 
 he died deeply regretted. 
 
 August 22d, a game of base-ball was played at the old Fair 
 Grounds, between the Olympic Club, of Richmond, and the Red 
 Stockings, of Norfolk. The game was not finished on account of 
 darkness overtaking the players — Richmond was ahead when the 
 match was postponed. The Red Stockings gave their visitors a 
 banquet that night at the Mansion House, which was gotten up in 
 good taste by Mr. R. T. James, the proprietor. 
 
 September 6th, the negro Republican Convention met here to 
 nominate a candidate for Congress in opposition to Hon. John 
 Goode, the Democratic nominee. After the most noisy and dis- 
 graceful proceedings that ever characterized a deliberative (!) body 
 in Norfolk, the darkies "settled" on Hon. Joseph Segar, a native 
 white Republican, and nominated him as their candidate. [We 
 call it a " negro Convention " because out of the 85 delegates, there 
 were only seven real white men. All the officers were negroes 
 except three, viz : C. W. Lassiter and R. G. Staples, Vice Presi- 
 dents, and George E. Bowden, Secretary]. 
 
 September 12th, a small negro boy named John Thorowgood, 
 stabbed and killed one of his playmates named James Nash. The 
 act however was not a malicious one, and Thorowgood was only 
 slightly punished. 
 
 September 15th, a meeting of citizens was held at the Court- 
 house to adopt resolutions to the memory of that noble and devoted 
 
177 
 
 s-on of Virginia, Ex-Governor Henry A. Wise, who died on the 
 12th inst. Major W. T. Taliaferro called the meeting to order, 
 and on his motion, Judge Geo. P. Scarburgh was chosen to preside, 
 with Messrs. M. Glennan, C. E. Perkins and H. W Burton, as 
 Secretaries. Captain James Barron Hope, offered appropriate reso- 
 lutions,' and feeling addresses were made by Captain Jno. E.Doyle, 
 Hon. John Goode and Judge Scarburgh. 
 
 September 21st, the Councils met and appropriated one thousand 
 dollars to the relief of the sufferers from Yellow Fever, in the city 
 of Savannah, Ga. [The contributions of private citizens h -re, added 
 to the above amount, aggregated several thousand dollars. The 
 people of Norfolk will never fail to respond liberally to such a 
 <eause, for they know well what it means, and cannot forget the aid 
 extended to them when in the same sad condition]. 
 
 October 14th, Frederick Wilson, Esq., an old resident of Nor- 
 folk county, but who was intimately associated and indentified with 
 Shis city for many years, departed this life in the 72d year of his 
 age. He was a kind and generous man, a public spirited and 
 patriotic citizen — -a man of genius, of extensive information, of 
 great fondness for field sports, convivial and social gatherings, pro- 
 gressive enterprises, &c. ; in short, a man of great usefulness and 
 popularity. Every body in this section knew and liked Mr. Wil- 
 son, and his death caused general regret and sadness. 
 
 October 18th, the eighty-ninth annual session of the Presby- 
 terian Synod of Virginia met at the 1st Presbyterian Church,and was 
 in session four days. The opening sermon was preached by Rev. 
 Dr. J. J. Bullock, of Alexandria. Rev. Dr. H. C. Alexander, of 
 the Union Theological Seminary, was chosen Moderator. 
 
 Sunday, October 22d, the whole city was excited by a report that 
 an entire family had been poisoned on the previous day, and that 
 some members had died from the effects. A great crowd gathered 
 at the house of the family, No. 383 Church street, where the fol- 
 lowing facts were ascertained : A Mrs. Berry, her three children, 
 and two brothers, had partaken of poison, administered to them in 
 their food on Saturday, and one of the children — a bright little girl 
 named Nina Batten (a child of Mrs. Berry's first husband), died 
 that night. Circumstances pointed to Jordan Berry, Mrs. B.'s 
 husband, as the perpetrator of the horrible deed, and he was ar- 
 rested, and in due time tried, found guilty, and sentenced to be 
 hanged. [At this writing, Berry is still in jail, and his counsel are 
 trying to get him pardoned by the Governor, on the grounds that 
 he was convicted upon mere circumstantial evidence], 
 
 October 31st, John Bonfanti, one of the most gallant and dutiful 
 soldiers of " Mahone's old Brigade," departed this life. He was 
 in all the battles with the 6th Virginia Regiment, until captured 
 at Burgess' Mill, near Petersburg, October 27th, 1864, when he 
 
178 
 
 was sent to Point Lookout, where he manfully endured a long and 
 painful imprisonment. While confined in prison he contracted 
 rheumatism in his limbs, from which he never recovered. The life of 
 another brave man given to his country's cause. Let the memory 
 of all such heroes be forever honored by Virginians. 
 
 November 7th, the election for President and Vice-President of 
 the United States occurred — also, of a member of Congress from this 
 District. Norfolk city gave Hon. John Goode 691 majority, and 
 Tilden and Hendricks 958. Mr. Goode's official majority in the 
 District over his competitor, Hon. Joseph Segar, was 1,896. Tilden 
 and Hendricks' majority in the State was more than forty thousand — 
 [the largest Democratic majority ever given]. It is a well known 
 fact that in this Presidential election, the vote throughout the 
 country was close. Tilden and Hendricks honestly and fairly car- 
 ried all the Southern States except South Carolina ; but Florida 
 and Louisiana were stolen for Hayes and Wheeler, by the Radical 
 Returning Boards of those States, in defiance of all law, honor or 
 justice— and no one knows these facts better than the leading Re- 
 publicans themselves. This being the case, a great National dispute 
 arose, and the question of who was elected, was submitted to a selec- 
 ted "tribunal of justice" (!) composed of ten Congressmen and five 
 judges of the United States Supreme Court — who were to examine 
 into the questions disputed and decide who had been elected. Now 
 here comes the joke about that just tribunal : Eight of its members 
 were Republicans, and only seven were Democrats ; and as eight 
 was a majority, why, as a matter of course, Hayes was declared the 
 President, by a majority of one electoral vote — the Republicans of 
 the tribunal would gladly have given him more if they could have 
 found them ; but they had given him all the States that were in 
 dispute, and yet his majority was only one. The tribunal 
 ignored, law, justice, honesty, and investigation, and boldly, sham- 
 lessly and ignominiously decided in Hayes' favor upon every question 
 brought before them — not caring what the evidence or the facts 
 were — by the ever-to-be-remembered vote of eight to seven. This 
 was the grandest and most outrageous political swindle ever known 
 in the annals of our history — grand, because it was perpetrated upon 
 the Democrats of Congress while they were in a majority — out- 
 rageous, because it has robbed millions of freemen of the rights and 
 privileges guaranteed them by the Constitution. 
 
 November 8th, the funeral of Henry Cotton took place. Captain 
 Cotton (as he was familiary known) was one of Norfolk's oldest and 
 most useful policemen, and was a true Southern man. 
 
 November 12th, " Commodore" M. M. R. Todd departed this 
 life in the 76th year of his age. He was a well known and esteemed 
 citizen, and by his superior business qualifications and prudent 
 investments amassed a handsome fortune, upon which he lived in 
 
179 
 
 ease and comfort. Mr. Todd was born in the village of Smithfield, 
 Isle of Wight County, Va., October 17th, 1801 ; was married at 
 the age of twenty ; went to the West in 1833 and settled in Cin- 
 cinnati, where he became successful in the pork-packing business. 
 He became a citizen of Norfolk in 1843, and purchased the property 
 at the West end of Bute street, where he died. He was a most 
 enthusiastic sportsman, being an eager huntsman, and an excel- 
 lent yacthman — for both of which sports he retained a keen 
 relish, until a year before his death, when he received a blow in the 
 loss of his s wife, from which he never recovered — having been united 
 to the partner of his bosom fifty-four years, and after her death, life 
 seemed to have no further charm for him. He was the last of 
 three devoted brothers, John R. Todd, of Isle of Wight County, 
 and Mallory M. Todd, who died many years ago, being well remem- 
 bered by many of our old citizens. 
 
 During this month Morrissett's Hotel (on the European plan) 
 was erected upon the property of Mr. A. G. Milhado, on Main 
 street, next lot East of the Customhouse. It is a neat and hand- 
 some building, and a great improvement to that portion of our 
 principal thoroughfare. 
 
 November 29th, Mr. Robert DeJarnette, formerly of Caroline 
 County, but for several years an honored citizen of Norfolk, 
 departed this life. He was a brother of Hon. D. C DeJarnette, 
 and father of our beloved young townsman, Robert DeJarnette. 
 His remains were taken to his native county for interment. 
 
 December 8th, the body of Captain J. P. Fernandez, a well 
 known Norfolk pilot, was found in the river at Rowland's wharf. 
 It is supposed the old man was accidentally drowned. 
 
 December 25th, Mr. F. A. Karn departed this life. He had 
 been a resident of Norfolk for thirty years, and proved himself to 
 be a worthy and useful citizen. He was buried with Masonic 
 honors — having died as he had lived, a consistent and upright 
 Mason. 
 
 December 28th, Dr. W. J. Harris, our City Coroner, and one of 
 the most pious,exemplary and young talented physicians in the State, 
 died at the residence of his father in Nottoway County. He had 
 been a resident of Norfolk for several years, and gained the friend- 
 ship and esteem of our whole community. He was a real benefactor 
 to the poor people, and was always ready to administer to them 
 without hope of earthly reward. 
 
 December 30th, the Baltimore and Richmond steamers were 
 detained at their wharves on account of ice in the Bay and James 
 River. [This freeze continued to obstruct travel between Balti- 
 more and Richmond (by boats) for several weeks]. 
 
180 
 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SEVEN. 
 
 With the first part of this year, this record of events ceases. The 
 author will give in the succeeding pages a brief description of the 
 various secret orders, lodges, societies, institutions, etc. ; also, an 
 interesting account of the courtesies extended to our Royal visitor? 
 from Russia during the time they remained in Norfolk. 
 
 On Saturday morning, January 13th, the frigate Swetlana, of the 
 Imperial Russian Navy, arrived in our harbor. She was com- 
 manded by Rear Admiral Boutakoff, with the Grand Duke Alexis 
 as " ship's Captain," and Grand Duke Constantine (the youngpr) 
 Lieutenant. There were also on board several Princes, Barons, 
 and other members of Russia's royal family. Quite a number of 
 persons gathered at Chamberlaine's wharf (West end of Main street) 
 to see the landing of these " notables," but they did not come 
 ashore until about four o'clock in the afternoon, when the two 
 Grand Dukes and several other officers of the ship paid a visit to 
 Rear Admiral Crown and Baron Shishkin, the Russian Minister, 
 who were stopping at the Atlantic Hotel, having arrived there 
 from Washington a few days previous. 
 
 The arrival of His Imperial Highness, the Grand Duke Alexis, 
 caused a ripple of excitement in society, and it was not long before, 
 some of our prominent citizens called upon him, and were received 
 with that courtesy and dignified cordiality which marks the perfect 
 gentleman and true nobleman. There was no empty show, false 
 pride, cold formality or stiff haughtiness about any of the Grand 
 Duke's officers ; they were all courteous, pleasant, genteel and 
 sociable, and were at once invited into the best of Norfolk society. 
 During their two months visit they were treated with marked 
 courtesy by this people, and by the officers of our Navy who were 
 then on this Station. 
 
 THE COMPLIMENTARY GERMAN. 
 
 On Thursday night, January 25th, the Norfolk German Club, 
 composed of our best young ladies and gentlemen, gave a compli- 
 mentary German to Grand Duke Alexis, who honored the invita- 
 tion by his presence, accompanied by the following officers from the 
 .flagship Swetlana : Rear Admiral Boutakoff, Prince Obolinski, 
 Prince Nicholas Stcherbatov, Prince Baritinsxy, Sub-Lieutenants 
 Boutakoff, Schroeff and Ergomyschev, Baron Shilling, Flag Offi- 
 cer Alexier, and other officers of the Grand Duke's staff. 
 
 The following account of the very pleasant affair was written by 
 this author, and appeared in the Norfolk Virginian the next day : 
 
 "The ballroom floor and spectators' seats were thronged with the 
 elite, beauty and fashion of our " ancient Borough," and the scene 
 presented was of unusual splendor and brilliancy. The hall was 
 decorated with Russian and American Flags, and the music was 
 splendid. Beautiful belles, graceful and courtly gentlemen and 
 
181 
 
 stately matrons were present to mingle in the social festivities of 
 the evening, and never did Aphrodite, with her golden hair and 
 voilet eyes of Heaven's reflected sheen, appear more beautiful than 
 some of the dancers who "floated along like zephyrs" and whose 
 <eyes glittered as jewels fashioned to shine in some rare diadem* 
 Ne'er did valiant knight of olden time deport himself more man- 
 fully — more acceptably to his ladylove than did our gallant beaux 
 of last evening. 
 
 u They bore themselves as heroes of old, 
 
 When mail-clad they marched in the ranks of the bold.'* 
 
 At 9 o'clock the band played aud the German was begun. Beaux 
 and belles were paired as partners, places and positions were selected, 
 the usual conventionalities exchanged — "eyes looked love to eyes 
 that spake ag^in, and all went merry as marriage bell." 
 
 The German was led by Mr. Eugene Harris in a masterly man- 
 ner, and the following ladies were prominent upon the floor, hand- 
 somrly attired : 
 
 Miss Mary P , of Warreuton, Va., wore a blue silk, with 
 
 handsome lace trimming. Her ornaments were of etruscan gold 
 and diamonds. Miss H- , Delaware, blue silk with lace trim- 
 mings and muslin flounces ; gold ornaments. Miss S. H~ — - — , of 
 Delaware, wore a navy blue brocade silk, handsomely trimmed 
 
 with white lace and flowers. Miss W ■ , of Erie, Pa., white 
 
 tarlatan, beautifully trimmed with wreaths of " morning glories;" 
 very handsome pearl ornaments. Miss Eliza S - , of Char- 
 lottesville, Va., white tarlatan, trimmed with flowers; costly pearl 
 
 ornaments. Miss H , ofOharlottesville, Va., white tarlatan 
 
 with lace trimming ; pearl ornaments. Miss Verdie W ■ ■ ■■ ■ — , of 
 Petersburg, Va , wore a very handsome brown silk of two shades, 
 with white lace trimmings. Her ornaments were of diamonds and 
 
 gold. Mrs. McG -, of Nashville, Tenn., handsome black silk 
 
 with velvet trimmings ; gold ornaments. Miss N — *, of Ports- 
 mouth, Va., black silk with velvet and white lace trimmings; gold 
 
 ornaments. Miss Emma W , of Portsmouth, Va., blue silk, 
 
 with white lace overdress ; ornaments of coral and gold. Miss E. 
 
 M — — , of Portsmouth, Va., white tarlatan, with white satin 
 
 body and trimmings; ornaments of gold. Mrs. James Y. 
 L , of Norfolk, a handsome blue silk, with black lace trim- 
 mings ; diamond and gold ornaments. Miss Maria L— -, white 
 
 silk, with gauze overdress, blue satin stripes ; gold and diamonds. 
 Mrs. Samuel G , white silk, trimmed with lace and car- 
 dinal red ; diamond and gold ornaments. Mrs. W. D , pearl 
 
 silk, with pink and white lace trimmings ; diamond ornaments. 
 
 Miss Annie R — , light silk, crepe lace trimmings; pearl 
 
 ornaments. Miss Sa.ilie N , pink ' silk, and white muslin 
 
 overdress, with satin stripes — very handsome ; gold and diamonds. 
 
182 
 
 Mrs. C. H , white silk dress, with illusion trimmings; 
 
 pearl ornaments. Miss Hattie P , white tarlatan and feather 
 
 flowers; silver ornaments. Miss Nellie H -, pink silk, with 
 
 fringe trimmings. Miss Bettie W , blue and white berege 
 
 with white flowers ; pearl ornaments. Miss Ellen JB , blue 
 
 tarlatan dress, very prettily trimmed with daises ; gold and pearl 
 
 ornaments. Mrs. W. G. E , black silk with illusion and 
 
 cardinal red trimmings; gold ornaments. Miss Bettie T , 
 
 blue tarlatan, lace trimmings ; gold ornaments. Miss Nellie B 
 
 , blue silk with lace overskirt ; gold ornaments. Mrs. A. 
 
 C. F , pearl silk, white lace trimmings; ornaments of dia- 
 monds. Miss Mary McC , a gas-light green silk with 
 
 wreaths and flowers ; pearl ornaments. Miss Jennie B f 
 
 blue silk with white tarlatan overdress, trimmed with flowers; gold 
 
 ornaments. Miss Sallie W , blue silk with cream colored 
 
 overdress ; gold. Miss Belle T , white tarlatan with laven- 
 der sash ; gold and diamonds. Mrs. Dr. B , light silk with 
 
 cardinal red trimmings, gold. Miss Florence S , black 
 
 silk with black lace trimmings and pink scarf; gold and coral. 
 Mrs. G , black tarlatan, trimmed with buff of same mate- 
 rial; gold ornaments. Miss Lulie W— , black silk with vel- 
 vet trimmings and handsome Roman sash. 
 
 THE ROYAL SET. 
 
 "At 10 o'clock the Grand Duke and his staff entered the room 
 and were formally introduced by Captain B. P. Loyall to many 
 ladies and gentlemen. After a few minutes of pleasant conversa- 
 tion, Les Landers claimed the attention of the dancers, and part- 
 ners took their places. (Our Russian friends do not dance the 
 German.) The following couples formed the "Royal Set:" 
 
 Mrs. James Y. Leigh and the Grand Duke Alexis. 
 
 Prince Obolinski (Lieutenant and Aide to the Grand Duke) and 
 Miss Hattie Parks. 
 
 Lieutenant Shaw (U. S. Navy) and Miss Emma Williamson, of 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Lieutenant Russell (U. S. N.) and Miss Bettie Walke. 
 
 After this set was danced His Imperial Highness promenaded 
 the room, and was presented to a large majority of the members of 
 the club. He entered into the fun and spirit of the occasion with a 
 pleasing familiarity, and became a general favorite. 
 
 Admiral Boukatoff and Baron Shilling did not participate in 
 the dance, but made themselves very agreeable to the lady visitors 
 present. The other officers of the flagship shared in the festivi- 
 ties and greatly enjoyed themselves. 
 
 Refreshments, prepared at Mr. Thomas W. Henderson's saloon, 
 were served at 12 o'clock, and the company adjourned in the "wee 
 
183 
 
 sma' hours" of morning, well pleased with the pleasures of the 
 evening." 
 
 The Grand Duke Constantine being somewhat indisposed, did 
 not attend this German, He was sadly missed by several young 
 ladies, who had already learned to like the "darling little fellow." 
 January 22d, Max Strakosch, Esq., the well known Opera 
 manager of New York, brought the beautiful actress Miss Adelaide 
 Neilson to this city, and the citizens here were treated to a short 
 season of Shaksperean pleasures. Of course the Grand Dukes 
 were invited to the Opera Plouse, and were too kind and apprecia- 
 tive not to accept the invitation. The first night (22d) Miss 
 Neilson appeared as " Juliet," and this is what the Virginian said 
 of the play: 
 
 The largest and most fashionable audience of the season greeted Miss Adelaide 
 Neilson last night upon her first appearance in Norfolk. Every seat in the house 
 was occupied, and extra chairs were placed in all available places — even then 
 standing room was in demand, and the walkway in rear of the dress circle was 
 literally packed. 
 
 The auditorium was very handsomely decorated with the flags of all nations — 
 the front of the gallery being festooned with small foreign flags, and the private 
 boxes tastefully draped with large American and Russian flags. This unusual 
 display was in splendid contrast with the brilliant audience of ladies and gentle- 
 men who thronged the dress circle and parquette, and the Russian noblemen, 
 who, by special invitation, were seated in the private boxes. In the box to the 
 right of the stage sat the Grand Dukes Alexis and Constantine, accompanied by 
 Baron Shilling and others. In the opposite boxes were seated Admiral Bouta- 
 koff, Sub- Lieutenants Schroeff, Sivers and Boutakoff, Prince Stcherbatov and 
 other officers of the Imperial Russian Navy on board the ship Swetlana. These 
 distinguished guests of Manager Strakosch were the cynosure of all eyes, when 
 the curtain was down. The play was Shakspeare's sublime love tragedy of "Romeo 
 and Juliet," that beautiful representation of undying love which dies but to live 
 again, and which is so attractive to fair maidens' eyes, and touching to men's cold 
 hearts. In the character of the pure and constant Juliet, Miss Neilson, fully 
 sustained the reputation she had so justly won as the ideal of the immortal poet's 
 beautiful conception. Her bewitching beauty, artless movements and splendid 
 voice, combined with her perfect knowledge of the part she essayed, gained for 
 her the admiration and plaudits of all who could appreciate true genius. 
 
 Our Royal visitors were continually the recipients of courtesies 
 and honors from the people of Norfolk, but the most conspicuous 
 event that transpired while they were in our midst was the 
 
 GRAND NAVAL BALL AT THE NAVY-YARD 
 
 Thursday, February 8th, 1877, given in honor of the Grand Dukes 
 and the officers of the Russian frigates Swetlana, and Bogatyr — the 
 latter having just then arrived here. According to the Virginian's 
 account of the ball (written by this author and republished here 
 with many corrections and additions), it was not only the most fash- 
 ionable gathering that Norfolk had for a long time boasted of, but 
 it was most admirably and systematically conducted, and the pleas- 
 ant, courteous and social intermingling of friends and newly-made 
 acquaintances, of distinguished officers of the American and Russian 
 nations, of Northern and Southern ladies, of the gallant men who 
 
184 
 
 "ware the blue and the gray " in past bitter struggles upon bloody 
 fields of battle, brought vividly to one's mind the great blessing of 
 friendship and union, as expressed in the old adage — 
 
 " Peace hath her victories no less renowned than W3r." 
 
 In the brilliant scenes of that night it was pleasing to see the 
 noble and chivalrous sons of old Virginia, with their wives, sisters 
 and sweethearts clasping hands in friendship and social communion 
 with those whom political strife, sectional antagonism and unfortu- 
 nate circumstances had once brought together as enemies ; aye 'twas 
 refreshing to witness such an happy reunion — and in the presence 
 of distinguished guests from a foreign country, who, no doubt, if 
 they once thought of our past domestic troubles, were fully impressed 
 then with the truth that the people of this land were truly at peace 
 with each other, and that the enmities of the past had in good faith 
 been buried in oblivion to make room for the brotherly love which 
 now pervades the heart of every jjatriotic American citizen. 
 
 The arrangements and regulations for the ball were perfect and 
 admirable in every respect, and reflected great credit upon the fol- 
 lowing named officers of the Navy, who composed the Executive 
 Committee: Captain W. VV. Queen, Captain W. T. Truxton, 
 Chief Engineer Jackson McElwell, Lieutenant Commander F. E. 
 Chadwick, Ensign J. C. Fremont, Jr., Paymaster Rufus Parks, 
 Surgeon C. H. Burbank, Lieutenant R. T. Russell, Civil Engineer 
 P. C. Asserson, Lieutenant C. P. Shaw, and Paymaster W. N. 
 Watmough. Under the direction of this committee the dancing 
 hall was most handsomely adorned with the flags of all nations — 
 both sides and the ceiling being entirely covered with bunting of 
 various national colors. The ends of the hall were decorated 
 respectively with flags bearing the Russian and American coat of 
 arms, while around the music and reception stages (opposite each 
 other in the middle of the hall) pyramids were formed of muskets, 
 the burnished steel of which glittered brightly in the gas-light, 
 and looked beautiful. The walls in the rear of the aforesaid stages 
 were hung with swords and cutlasses, and each corner of the room 
 was occupied by a beautiful Gatling gun, mounted. 
 
 A private banquet hall was very handsomely furnished and dec- 
 orated with flowers and national colors, and set apart especially for 
 the use of the Grand Dukes, the Rear Admiral of the Russian fleet 
 (Boutakoft) and the senior officers of our Navy present. The gen- 
 eral banquet hall contained eight long tables, which presented a 
 beautiful appearance when ornamented with various delicacies, 
 exquisitely gotten up and arranged. Comfortable, spacious and 
 convenient dressing rooms were provided, and polite and attentive 
 servants were employed to wait upon the guests. Two bands were 
 in attendance, viz : the post band from Fortress Monroe and one 
 
185 
 
 from the flagship Hartford — the music was simply enchanting. 
 The invited guests were all in full dress, and the officers present 
 from the two Navies and our Army were in full uniform, except 
 swords. A majority of the guesis from Norfolk went over to the 
 Yard on the steamer N. P. Banks (kindly loaned by the Old 
 Dominion Steamship Company) at 9 o'clock, from Chamberlaine's 
 wharf, although many went after that hour on the naval launches, 
 which made regular trips during the night. 
 
 The set cards for the dancers were most exquisitely gotten up, 
 and were of double boards, gilt edged and handsomely printed. 
 On the outside they contained beautiful engravings of the Russian 
 and American ensigns, and were held by colored silk cords and 
 tassels. The following was the dancing programme : 
 
 GRAND OVERTURE AND MARCH. 
 
 1. Quadrille. 
 
 7 March. 
 
 2. Waltz. 
 
 8. Galop. 
 
 3. Polka. 
 
 9. Lanciers. 
 
 4. Lanciers. 
 
 10. Waltz. 
 
 5. Waltz. 
 
 11. Galop. 
 
 6. Quadrille. 
 
 
 
 INTERMISSION. 
 
 12. Waltz. 
 
 16. Galop. 
 
 13. Quadrille. 
 
 17. Polka. 
 
 14. Waltz. 
 
 18. Waltz. 
 
 15. Waltz. 
 
 19. Virginia 
 
 At 10 o'clock the Grand Dukes Alexis and Constantine, Rear 
 Admiral Boutakoff and other officers of the Russian Navy arrived, 
 and were received by the Executive Committee, which also acted 
 as a reception committee. After a short time spent in pleasant 
 converse, the Grand March was played, partners for the first set 
 promenaded the beautifully decorated and illuminated hall, and the 
 scene was lovely beyond description. The march being over the 
 dancing commenced, and the programme was carried out to the 
 letter. The ladies' costumes were of the most costly and beautiful 
 styles, of rich and rare fabrics. " Princesse dresses " prevailed with 
 their trained underskirts made with deep yokes, and a Spanish 
 flounce attached to a plain gored strip, so as to form a fan-shape 
 at the back, like the dress. These skirts, trimmed with Smyrna 
 insertion and lace, strictly follow the outline of the dress skirt. 
 This smoothness of outline, only broken by a double plaiting, a 
 row of buttons, a cascade of lace, and ruffled train at the back, dis- 
 tinguishes all the later styles of evening and ball dresses, and 
 separates them unmistakably from those which have done duty 
 during previous seasons. Some of the toilets had very long trains, 
 with bodices and sleeves anything but uniform. Some were made 
 very high with soft plaitings and inside lace runs, in the Eliza- 
 
186 
 
 bethian style. Others very low, and destitute of sleeves, a simple 
 band over the shoulder leaving the arm entirely bare. Fashion, 
 we know, runs to extremes, accepts no compromise, no half meas- 
 ures, but insists upon its votaries doing and daring all. 
 
 Among the dresses worn upon this grand occasion, we noticed a 
 dainty one of pale lavender faille combined with cream, and 
 and trimmed with pale jasamine flowers, and trails of autumn 
 leaves. The bodice was very high, and improved a shape slender 
 to fragility, by having puffs of the cream color arranged alternately 
 and strapped with lavender. 
 
 A handsome and appropriate dnss worn by a middle-aged 
 lady, was of black and pale pink faille with postillion basque and 
 trimming consisting of bands of black, corded with pink to repre- 
 sent an overskirt. Below these bands and upon sleeves and neck 
 were scant ruffles of beautiful black thread lace. 
 
 Another pretty dress was of pink silk, with ivory damassr, ar- 
 ranged in diagonal folds, three in a group, and fringed with daisies. 
 A pale green dress was attractively arranged with white and trim- 
 med with a profusion of roses. One elegant dress was of pale blue 
 and lemon color, with white lace trimmings and long white lace 
 sleeves. There were ivory silks trimmed with red, and many all- 
 white toilets worn by young ladies ; many also of pale blue, cream, 
 or pink, with lace overdresses; in fact, these last have become regula- 
 tion costumes, and appear with as much regularity and certainty as 
 the male dress coat. 
 
 We here insert the names of many ladies who were present, just 
 as they were published in the papers next day after the ball. All 
 those who have no residence specified were from this city : 
 
 Mrs. Arthur C. Freeman wore a pale green silk, en train, with 
 white lace flounces and trimmings, and cream tinted roses. Orna- 
 ments, diamond necklace and cross, ear-rings, and spray in her 
 hair. Miss Jennie Blow, handsome black crepe, elaborately 
 trimmed with pink flowers. Her hair was beautifully arranged, 
 her ornaments were diamonds. Mrs. James Y. Leigh, black 
 satin, point lace overskirt ; pearl ornaments. Mrs. Dr. Baylor, 
 lavender silk, point lace trimmings; diamonds and opals. Mrs. 
 Judge R. W. Hughes, black silk dress; point lace trimmings. 
 Mrs. General V. D. Groner, light silk. Ornaments, cameo and 
 pearls. Mrs. Robert P. Barry, Lavender silk, white lace over- 
 dress ; pearls and diamonds. Miss Mary Minor, University of 
 Virginia, Avhite muslin, cardinal trimmings ; gold ornaments. 
 Miss Bettie Taylor, black velvet and white lace, powdered hair; 
 silver ornaments. Miss Lilla Howard, white tarlatan, blue trim- 
 mings; carbuncle ornaments. Mrs. W. C. Marrow, pale blue silk; 
 diamonds, tea roses. Miss Aline Petty, blue silk and white lace 
 overdress. Mrs. Campbell, of Old Point, white silk ; gold and 
 
187 
 
 cameo. Miss Lucy Pegram, white silk ; pearls. Mrs. Calif, of 
 Old Point, violet silk, lace trimmings. Miss Lula Blow, white 
 Crepe with pink silk overdress, pink corsage and ornaments of 
 pearl. Miss Isabel Holmes, of Winchester, Va., white embroi- 
 dered tarlatan, white silk bodice, point lace trimmings ; pearls. 
 Miss Lizzie Southall, of Albemarle county, blue and white silk ; 
 pearls and diamonds. Miss Ve'rdie White, of Petersburg, white 
 silk, flower trimmings ; diamonds. Miss Florence Sharp, pink 
 silk, point lace trimmings. Mrs. Howard, of Old Point, blue 
 silk; pearl ornaments. Miss Annie Reid, white silk, lace trim- 
 mings; pearls. Miss Annie Branch, of Richmond, blue silk 
 point lace trimmings ; diamonds. Mrs. A. A. McCullough, black 
 velvet and lace ; diamonds Misses Ross, Washington, D. C, 
 pink and blue tarlatan. Mrs. Commodore Stevens, rich black 
 velvet ; diamond ornaments. Mrs. Captain Queen, mauve silk 
 and real lace ; ornaments, diamonds. Mrs. Dr. Kennedy, hand- 
 some blue silk and costly jewels to match. Mrs. Charles G. El- 
 liott, mauve silk, and pearl ornaments. Miss Carrie Hatton, of 
 Portsmouth, very handsomely dressed in white ; rich ornaments. 
 Mrs. Dr. Walton, charming pink silk and lace ; coral jewelry. Mrs. 
 W. T. Kilby, of Portsmouth, black silk velvet, lace overskirt; 
 ornaments, pearls and diamonds. Miss Eva Wilson, blue silk 
 dress, elaborately trimmed with white lace and illusion. Miss 
 Hertie Bain, very handsomely dressed in white, trimmed with rich 
 flowers ; ornaments, pearls and diamonds. Miss Mary Higgins, 
 blue tarlatan and diamonds. Miss Belle Holmes, whitetarlatan and 
 silk. Miss Ellen Camp, white silk and pearls. Mrs. W. W. Old, 
 blue silk ; handsome ornaments. Mrs. Captain S. P. Franklin, 
 very rich and stylish dress; elegant ornaments. Mrs. Commander 
 O. H. Stanton, very elegant party toilet ; diamond ornaments. 
 Miss Mary Goode, dress of peach blossom silk, trimmed with car- 
 dinal velvet en train ; pearls and diamonds. Miss Mary McCul- 
 lough, blue silk and diamonds. Miss Hattie Parks, blue silk ; 
 pearls. Mrs. Alice Stevens, elegant in white and velvet ; pearl 
 ornaments. Miss Wigg, black silk, orange blossoms ; pearl orna- 
 ments. Mrs. James G. Bain, of Portsmouth, handsome black 
 dress, elaborately trimmed with lace ; diamond and pearl orna- 
 ments. Mrs. J. G. San key, Chinese gauze, over white satin, elabo- 
 rately trimmed with cardinal satin ; diamond ornaments. Mrs. 
 O. W. Farenholt, handsome black silk, trimmed with with a beau- 
 tiful shade of pink and point-lace ; ornaments of diamonds. Miss 
 Fannie Bain, Portsmouth, white French tarlatan, blue silk over- 
 dress and diamond ornaments. Miss Jennie Camp, lilac silk, crepe 
 overskirt ; handsome silver ornaments. Miss O. Jackson, pink 
 silk waist, pink silk tarlatan skirt and pearl ornaments. Miss Nellie 
 Hunt, pink silk ; gold and cameo ornaments. Miss Mary Dickson, 
 
188 
 
 handsome blue silk, lace collar and pearl ornaments. Miss Maria 
 Lamb, handsome white dress, blue striped silk overskirt ; pearls. 
 Miss Minnie G. Hayes, of Gramarcy^ Park. New York, waist crepe 
 dechene, de colte sleeves, white silk, with lace rushings, corsage 
 bouquet of pink roses ; skirt en train, light blue crepe de chene over 
 petticoat. Mrs. S. Forrest, Portsmouth, rich black silk, overdress 
 black lace, collar and ruffles of white lace ; pearl and diamond orna- 
 ments. Miss Eliiza Blow, a beautiful white illusion dress, with 
 pink silk overskirt, tastefully trimmed; pearl ornaments. Miss 
 Bohrer, of Washington, white talatan, satin bodice ; diamonds. 
 Misses Downing, of Portsmouth, in whiteand pink tarlatan; looked 
 exquisite. Miss Dudie Webb, white tarlatan, very handsomely 
 trimmed. Miss Eulie Boush, white tarlatan, satin bodice; pearl 
 and gold. Mrs. Ollendorf, Washington, D. C, very handsome 
 white satin with point lace overdress ; very costly pearls — hand- 
 somest in the room. MissSallie Newton, blue silk, with pearl silk 
 overdress; diamond ornaments. Miss Emily Williamson, Ports- 
 mouth, white silk, with white lace trimmings, satin bodice. Miss 
 Lucy Spotswood, white illusion, white flowers in hair; gold orna- 
 ments. Miss Jennie Parks, canary-colored tarlatan, handsomely 
 ornamented with flowers. Mrs. George W. Johnston, black grena- 
 dine silk, with pink silk trimmings ; ornaments of gold and 
 diamonds. Mrs. W. G. Elliott, white tarlatan, with white satin 
 bodice and overdress; very handsome. Mrs. H. L. Turner, hand- 
 some black silk, trimmed with white lace, velvet bodice ; diamond 
 ornaments. Miss Effie Boush, of Alexandria, black silk, white lace 
 overdress ; ornaments, coral. Miss Lottie Hodges, lilac silk, white 
 tarlatan overdress; pearls. Mrs. W. C. Dickson, turquoise blue 
 silk, white lace trimmings; diamonds. Miss Ellen Boutelle, 
 Boutelle, of South Carolina, white silk, with canary satin overdress ; 
 diamonds. Miss Belle Tunstall, blue tarlatan, white lace over- 
 dress ; pearl ornaments. Miss Lucy Blacknall, very handsome 
 canton crepe dress ; diamonds and pearls. Mrs. C. Hardy, white 
 silk, figured white satin overdress with heavy fringe, hair powdered ; 
 pearl ornaments. Miss Polly Peters, of Portsmouth, maroon silk, 
 black crepe and velvet trimming ; gold ornaments. Miss Florence 
 Forrest, of Portsmouth, cardinal red satin, white tulle overdress ; 
 diamonds and garnet. Mrs. Dr. A. M. Owen, white silk. Miss 
 Sallie Jordan, of Portsmouth, white silk, tulle overdress ; coral 
 ornaments. Miss Mary Bain, of Portsmouth, white silk, tulle over- 
 dress ; amethyst ornaments. Miss Mamie Hodges, of Portsmouth, 
 white silk, adorned with flowers; gold ornaments. Miss Mary 
 Bilisoly, blue silk and tarlatan; pearls and garnet. Mrs. Captain 
 Russell, lovely pink silk and diamonds. 
 
 Miss Jennie Murdaugh, of Portsmouth, white tarlatan, blue silk 
 overdress ; gold ornaments. Miss Lou Wheeler, of Erie, Pa., white 
 
189 
 
 silk; pearls. Miss Annie Wheeler, of Erie, Pa., light silk, lace 
 trimmings ; diamond ornaments. Mrs. Judge Watts, of Ports- 
 mouth, white satin, point lace trimmings ; pearls and diamonds. 
 Mrs. Chauncey Thomas, of Boston, Mass., very handsome and 
 elegant white silk; pearls and diamonds. Mrs. C K. Curtis, white 
 silk, lace trimmings; diamond ornaments. 
 
 Mrs. A. B. Willitts, of Portsmouth, white silk with, tarlatan over- 
 dress. Mrs. Fabins, of Boston, light blue silk, lace trimmings; dia- 
 monds. MissChamberlaine, of Baltimore, blue silk; diamonds. Miss 
 L. Wood, of Washington, white silk, plain. Miss Lizzie Quacken- 
 bush, pink silk; diamonds. Miss Courtney Newton, elegant white 
 silk, flower trimmings ; diamonds. Mrs. L. J. Guilick, white 
 illusion, entrain, lace trimmings ; pearl ornaments. Miss Mamie 
 Garnett, of Richmond, corn-colored silk ; pearl ornaments. Miss 
 Jennie Pleasants, of Richmond, white tarlatan, flower trimmings ; 
 gold ornaments. Miss Annie Gait, pink satin and tarlatan, flower 
 trimmings ; pearls. Miss Nellie Bradford, yellow silk, lace over- 
 skirt; pearls. Miss Blanche Baker, white silk and tarlatan ; gold 
 ornaments. Miss Lizzie Moore, white silk and lace ; pearls. 
 Misses Keeling, ashes of "roses, and pink and blue silk ; pearl orna- 
 ments. Miss Lizzie Pleasants, of Richmond, yellow tarlatan, red 
 flowers ; pearls. Mrs. Col. John S. Saunders, Baltimore, handsome 
 blue silk, lace trimmings; diamonds. Miss Eva Hart, Portsmouth, 
 black crape en train. Mrs. John Goode, light silk, en train ; 
 diamonds. Mrs. Virginius Newton, Richmond, white silk, flower 
 trimmings; diamonds. Mrs. W. N. Watmough, white silk, lace 
 over dress ; gold ornaments. Miss Jennie Taylor, black grenadine, 
 very handsomely trimmed ; diamonds. Misses Sallie, Bettie and 
 Lulie Walke, handsomely dressed in white tarlatan, silk bodices, 
 flower trimmings ; pearl and diamond ornaments. Miss Richards, 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., handsomely attired in white tarlatan, with flower 
 trimmings; diamonds and pearls. Mrs. L. T. Gwathmey, white 
 silk, en train, lace trimmings ; diamonds. Miss Mamie Shields, 
 white tarlatan over white silk; gold trimmings. 
 
 The Grand Dukes Alexis and Constantine participated in nearly 
 every set that was danced up to the hour of 2 o'clock A. M., at 
 which time they departed for their ship. 
 
 Among the gay and lively old men present, we noticed particu- 
 larly Admiral Trenchard and Commodore Stevens, of our navy, 
 who were general beaux among the girls, and enjoyed themselves 
 hugely. The following officers from the different Government ships 
 on the station were also present, viz : 
 
 From the U. 8. Flagship Hartford. — Rear Admiral S. D. Trench- 
 ard, commanding North Atlantic squadron ; . Captain S. B. Luce, 
 commanding Hartford ; Flag Lieutenant C. P. Shaw ; Lieutenant 
 Commander P. F. Harrington ; Lieutenants C. H. Black, B. F. 
 
190 
 
 Tilly, W. T. Swinburne; Fleet Paymaster, Edward May ; Fleet 
 Surgeon, R. C. Deane; Assistant Surgeon, Ernest Norfleet ; 
 Masters, C H. Lyman and Chauncey Thomas ; Midshipmen, C. 
 H. A.msden, J. C. Gillmore, J. A. Shearman, C. A. Corbin, T. B, 
 Vinton and E. D. Bosticks. 
 
 The Powhatan. — Captain, J. H. Russell; Lieutenant Com- 
 mander, F. E. Chad wick ; Master, W. F. Bulkley; Master, H. 
 Osterhaus ; Ensign, J. C. Fremont; Ensign, C. H. Miles; Chief 
 Engineer, J. McElwell ; Surgeon, C. H. Bnrbank ; Assistant Sur- 
 geon, R. A. Urquhart ; Passed Assistant Engineer, T. Cooke. 
 
 The Worcester — Captain W. W. Queen, Lieutenant Commander 
 Horace Elmer, Master Charles Clarke, Assistant Surgeon T. C. 
 Walton, Assistant Paymaster W. N. Watmough, Passed Assistant 
 Entrinver W. Gragg, Assistant Surgeon Alfred E. Owen, Lieutenant 
 B. R. Russell, U. S. M. C. 
 
 The Ranger — Commander DeHaven Manley, Lieutenant J. M. 
 Grimes, Master H. F. Fickbohm, Master J. Allen Barbour, Passed 
 Assistant Engineer W. A: Windsor, Assistant Paymaster Z. T. 
 Brown, Pay Clerk W. J. Larkin, Cadet Engineer Robert J. Reid, 
 Cadet Engineer H. H. Stevens. 
 
 The Alliance — Commander T. F. Kane, Lieutenant Bradford, 
 Executive Officer ; Lieutenants Edward H. Green, Charles Sey- 
 mour, Ensign F. L. Cottman, Midshipmen F. J. Milligan and 
 Robert C. Ray, Chief Engineer L. C. P. Ayres, Assistant Pay- 
 master C. H. Bartlett, Lieutenant L. J. Guilick, U. S. M. C. 
 
 The Monitors — Lieutenant William Goodwin, Lieutenant T. C. 
 Terrill, Assistant Surgeon C. W. Deane, Assistant Paymaster 
 Plunkett. 
 
 The military arm of the service at Fortress Monroe was repre- 
 sented by Brevet Major General William F. Barry, Mrs. Barry, 
 Miss Barry, Miss Katie Barry ; Brevet Brigadier General Joseph 
 Roberts, Colonel 4th Artillery, and lady ; Brevet Brigadier Gen- 
 eral John C. Tidball, Major 2d Artillery, and lady ; Brevet Colonel 
 R. Lodor, Captain 4th Artillery, and lady ; Brevet Colonel S. S. 
 Elder, Captain 1st Artillery, and lady; Brevet Major Wallace 
 Randolph, Captain 5th Artillery, and lady ; Brevet Major J. H. 
 Calif, Captain 2d Artillery, and lady ; Lieutenants Verplank, 
 O'Hara, Rodgers, Eastman, Baldwin, Jefferson, Bridgeman, Otis, 
 Hunnicutt, Pashine, Wesser, Edgerton, Captain Mannix, United 
 States Marines,and ladies ; Lieutenant Roberts, Dr. H. O. Perley, 
 United States Army ; Lieutenant Cobb and lady, Lieutenant A. 
 B. Dyer. 
 
 The ball lasted until nearly daybreak, and everybody enjoyed it. 
 The supper was prepared with great taste, and comprised all kinds 
 of meats, game, fish, salads, fruits, sweets, wines and ices. Beauti- 
 ful flowers were sent in profusion from the Horticultural Departs 
 
191 
 
 ment at Washington by a thoughtful United States official, and 
 added much to the splendor of the decorations. The long prome- 
 nade halls were illuminated by locomotive head-lights, kindly 
 loaned by the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad' authorities, 
 and everything else was on hand to make the occasion a grand and 
 brilliant one. That ball will never be forgotten by those who had 
 the honor and pleasure of being present, and the courtesy and gal- 
 lantry displayed by the officers who gave it is here recorded to their 
 praise and lasting credit. 
 
 THE GEAND DUKE'S MATINEE ON BOARD HIS SHIP. 
 
 On the 13th day of February, (1877) the Grand Duke Alexis 
 and his companions gave a Grand Matinee Dansante on board the 
 Flagship Swetlana, of the Imperial Russian Navy, which was 
 attended by a large number of invited friends, including the beauty 
 and fashion of the "twin cities," the stationed officers of the United 
 States Navy, and their ladies. His Imperial Highness had every 
 arrangement perfected for the conveyance of his guests to the ship, 
 and the company assembled promptly on board, at (or near) 1 
 o'clock, P. M. — the genial host of the auspicious occasion, receiving 
 his guests ou the "quarterdeck" with an old Virginia shake of the 
 hand — (this author, " native here and to the manner born," can 
 testify to the shake.) A glowing account of this elegant reception 
 was written for the Norfolk Landmark, by Mr. C. E. Perkins, its 
 excellent Local Editor, and we condense from the same the fol- 
 lowing particulars, which will no doubt be read with interest: 
 
 "The magnificent band, numbering forty pieces, under the leader- 
 ship of Prof. Bayer, was discoursing the most exhilarating music, 
 to w r hich the feet of scores of beautiful ladies and gallant gentlemen 
 kept time as they whirled in the intoxicating mazes of the dance. 
 The scene on board presented many novel as well as elegant 
 features. The quarter-deck had been cleared of guns and all surplus 
 material and was covered with canvass of snowy whiteness. A large 
 space had been enclosed for danc-ng, the interior of which was 
 adorned with the flags of all nations, the American colors predomi- 
 nating. The music was partially concealed with evergreens, and 
 the tropies of arms were elaborately and artistically arranged, 
 representing, in a complete manner, the modern system of naval 
 warfare — mitrailleuse, conical percussion shells, blocks, hawsers, 
 &c, &c, all making a striking tout ensemble. The ceiling of the 
 improvised ball-room was formed of many colored flags, radiating 
 in all directions from a central point, crowned with a beautiful 
 group of evergreens. Graceful festoons of evergreens were also 
 suspended on all sides, and the mizzenmast was completely hidden 
 in living green. A soft light pervaded the whole, making a scene 
 which, for picturesque beauty, is seldom equaled. The grand 
 reception room was covered with rich Brussels carpeting and magni- 
 
192 
 
 ficently furnished with sofa?, divans, tables and numerous other 
 elegant appointments. One could scarcely imagine, while survey- 
 ing the gorgeous scene presented in this apartment, that he was not 
 in the elegant drawing-room of a millionaire instead of onboard a 
 vessel designed for naval warfare. This, like the ball-room, was 
 handsomely decorated with flags and artistically trimmed with ever- 
 greens. 
 
 " The Grand Duke Alexis, as Captain of the Frigate, received 
 the invited guests at the companion-way as they arrived, and the 
 other officers vied with each other in extending to all every courtesy 
 and attention. Scores of sailors, in neat uniforms, were stationed 
 throughout all portions of the ship set apart for the accommodation 
 of the visitors, and every want was attended to with alacrity. The 
 veteran Admiral Boutakoff, the young Grand Duke Constantine 
 and Baron Shilling also ably assisted the Grand Duke Alexis in 
 dispensing a royal hospitality. 
 
 " The officers of the United States Army present at this recep- 
 tion were General W. F. Barry, Major Calif, and Lieutenant How- 
 ard — all from Fortress Monroe. The officers of the Navy were 
 Admiral Stephen D. Trenchard, Commodore Thomas H. Stevens, 
 Captain S. P. Quackenbush, Captain William T. Truxton, Captain 
 Samuel R. Franklin, Captain Stephen B. Luce, Captain John H. 
 Russell, Captain Walter W. Queen, Fleet Surgeon Richard C. 
 Dean, Surgeon Theo. Wolverton, Surgeon Alfred M. Owen, 
 Surgeon Ashbridge, Lieutenant Commander Chadwick, Flag 
 Lieutenant Charles P. Shaw, Lieutenant William T. Swinburne, 
 Lieutenant Edward S. Jacob, Paymaster Z. T. Brown, Paymaster 
 Joseph T. Addicks, Paymaster Thomas T. Caswell, Master Chaun- 
 cey Thomas, Ensign John C. Freemoat, Jr., Ensign Charles R. 
 Miles, Midshipman Mathew G. Reynolds, Chief Engineer ; Edward 
 D. Iiobie, Civil Engineer Peter C. Asserson. 
 
 " Among the citizens and temporary residents of Norfolk who 
 were present we particularly noticed the following: Hon. John 
 S. Tucker, Mayor of Norfolk; Judge George Blow, of our Circuit 
 Court; Colonel William Lamb, Captain B. P. Loyal 1, and George 
 R. Wilson, R. P. Barry, Richard Goode, W. Thompson Barron, 
 Esqs. Also the following charming ladies: Mrs. Dr. William 
 M. King, Mrs. Captain Bishop, Mrs. Dr. Richard C. Dean, Mrs. 
 Lieutenant Swinburne, Mrs. Lieutenant Thomas, Mrs. General 
 William F. Barry, the Misses Barry, Mrs. Lieutenant Howard, 
 Mrs. Major Calif, Mrs. S. L. P. Avres, Mrs. B. P. Lovall, Mrs. 
 Guillick, Mrs. R. P. Barry, Mrs. Captain W. T. Truxton, Mrs. Col. 
 William Lamb, Mrs. Chamberlaine, Mrs. Commodore Stevens, 
 Mrs. John Goode, Mrs. J. C. Baylor, Misses Verdie White of 
 Petersburg, Bettie Walke, Lulie Walke, Sallie Walke, Mary Goode, 
 Lulie Blow, Hattie Parks, Jennie Parks, Florence Sharp, Aunie 
 
1'9S 
 
 -Reid, Nellie Hunt, Maria Lamb, Mattie Keeling, Pattie Keeling, 
 Mary Higgins, Dora Schwartzkopf, Lizzie Quackenbush, Ella 
 Brooke, Sallie Newton, Emily Williamson, Mary Milson, Eveline 
 "ftyison, Belle Tunstall, Belle Loney, of Richmond, Miss Cham- 
 feerlaine, Mrs. W. C. Dickson, Mrs. Paymaster Brown, Mrs. 
 Stevens. 
 
 When the dining hour arrived, the guests were ushered to the 
 ■elegantly prepared tables which were spread upon the gun-deck. 
 The carte was highly artistic in its appearance. It consisted of a 
 vignette representing a boat's mast, from which floated a Russian 
 pennon. At the top of the card there was a glimpse of St. Peters- 
 burg — appropriate devices surrounding the sides, with crossed oars 
 at the bottom. Upon the sail was printed "H. I. H. Prince 
 Alexis" — surmounted by a crown, beneath which appeared the 
 following; 
 
 DEJEUNER DTJ 2-13 FEVRIEK, 
 
 Consomme de Volailles. 
 
 Bouches aux Huitres, f Diables, 
 
 Petits Pates Pusses, 1 Pouillos aux Fromage. 
 
 f Sondaea la Provencales, 
 
 | Janibon de Norfolk, 
 
 j Eos Bif a I'Anglaise, 
 
 j-, ■-, ) Selle de Mouton de Virginia, 
 A voids. , D . nde Tru ^ eSj 
 
 I Chaud Froid de Pluviers, 
 
 j Pales de foi eras, de Strasbourg, 
 
 l_ Terrin de Sarcelles de Norfolk, 
 
 {Cotelettes Porjarski, 
 Cotelettes de Mouton, 
 Gelinottes rotis. 
 
 Gelee aux Champagne. 
 Pudding Diplomates. 
 
 Glace, Chocalat — Varrille. 
 Glace, Groseilles — Oranges, 
 
 Compote Fruits de France. 
 
 The collation was unique and elegantly arranged by the maitre 
 d'hotel of the Grand Duke, in the accepted Russian style. It may 
 not be generally understood that the modern fashionable style of 
 serving dishes and courses is of Russian origin. The menu being 
 generally printed in French has given rise to the idea that the 
 elegant mode of dining par excellence is French, but such is not the 
 case. Our Russian visitors have demonstrated that they are the 
 possessors of the secret of seasoning and collating in the most dis- 
 tinque and acceptable manner. 
 
194 
 
 After the collation, which occupied nearly two hours, dancing 
 was resumed and kept up until nearly six o'clock, when adieus 
 were spoken and the guests took their departure, highly delighted 
 with the magnificent reception and entertainment they had enjoyed. 
 
 OUR SHIPPING. 
 
 THE COASTWISE AND INLAND COASTING — STEAMBOAT TRADE OF 
 NORFOLK — LIST OF STEAMERS ENGAGED, &C. 
 
 Before giving other particulars concerning our harbor, we desire 
 to publish a list of all the Steamboats and Steamships which are 
 regularly engaged in the transportation business between .Norfolk 
 and various other places at this time — February, 1877. The lines 
 and boats mentioned do an immense business during the spring and 
 fall seasons, but some of them have to suspend navigation in a great 
 measure during the winter, on account of the ice in the rivers 
 through which they run. The first company on our list is the well 
 known Clyde Line, Wm. P. Clyde, of Philadelphia, President and 
 principal owner, with Captain James W. McCarrick, as general 
 agent of the Company in this city. The following is a list of the 
 Clyde Steamers : 
 
 The Vindicator, a wooden propeller, 1,200 tons burthen, Rogers 
 master, plys between Norfolk, Philadelphia and Providence. The 
 Everman, iron propeller, 696 tons burthen, Platte master, from 
 Norfolk to Philadelphia. The Norfolk, wooden propeller, Ford 
 master, Norfolk, Philadelphia and Fall River, Mass. The Fanita, 
 iron propeller, Howe master, 600 tons burthen, Norfolk and Phil- 
 adelphia. The Alliance, iron propeller, Carr master, Norfolk and 
 Philadelphia. The Defiance, wooden propeller, 400 tons, Tunnell 
 master, Norfolk, Philadelphia and Fall River. The Virginia, iron 
 propeller, 750 tons burthen, Hunter master, Norfolk and Philadel- 
 phia. The Stout, wooden propeller, 400 tons burthen, Pierce 
 master, Norfolk, Newberne and Baltimore. The Experiment, 
 wooden propeller; Pierce master, 300 tons burthen, Norfolk, New- 
 berne and Baltimore. The Tuckahoe, wooden propeller, 200 tons 
 burthen, Brown master, Norfolk, Newberne and Baltimore. The 
 John S. Ide, iron propeller, 200 tons burthen, James master, Nor- 
 folk, Edentou, Plymouth and Roanoke river. The Lamokin, iron [ 
 propeller, 150 tons burthen, Jester master, Norfolk, Edenton, Mur 
 freesboro, Franklin, Blackwater and Chowan rivers. 
 
195 
 
 CONNECTING STEAMERS, 
 
 The L. G. Cannon, wonden propeller, 2j0 tons, Minter master, 
 Norfolk, Edenton, Plymouth and Roanoke river. The Isaac D„ 
 Coleman, 150 tons, Williams master, -Norfolk, Edenton, Plymouth 
 and Roanoke river. 
 
 THE OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 
 
 The officers of this Company are to-wit: President, N. L. 
 McCready, Esq., of New York ; Vice-President, Isaac Bell, Esq., 
 of New York. The Norfolk agent of the Company here is Colonel 
 Thomas H. Webb, a well known citizen. Thesteamers of this line 
 are as follows : 
 
 v The Old Dominion, iron sidewheel steamship, for freight and 
 passengers, 2,222 tons burthen, George M. Walker master, Win. 
 W. Calwell, purser. She has 50 staterooms and can accommodate 
 200 passengers. The Wyanoke, iron sidewheel steamship for freight 
 and passengers, 2,068 tons burthen, Couch master, W. H. Meyer 
 purser. She has 50 staterooms and accommodates 200 passengers. 
 The Isaac Bell, wooden sidewheel steamship, freghtand passengers, 
 1,612 tons burthen, Lawrence master, Thos. L. McCormick purser. 
 She has 35 staterooms and accommodates 150 passengers. The 
 Richmond, iron propeller, for freight and passengers, 1,436 tons 
 burthen, Kelley master, T. A. Guillendeu purser. She has 30 
 staterooms and can accommodate 135 passengers. The Hatteras, 
 wooden sidewheel steamship, for freght, 868 tons, Mallett master. 
 The Albemarle, wooden sidewheel steamship, for freight and pas- 
 sengers, 871 tonsj Gibbs master, J. B. Lewellyn purser. All of the 
 above steamers of this line ply between New York, Norfolk, City 
 Point and Richmond. The N. P. Banks, wooden sidewheel steam- 
 boat, for freight and passengers, 338 tons, McCarrick master, runs 
 daily between Norfolk and Old Point, and tri-weekly between 
 Norfolk and Cherrystone, Mathews, Yorktown and Gloucester 
 Point. The Hampton, wooden sidewheel steamer, for freght and 
 passengers, 624 tons, Schermerhorn master, runs daily between 
 Norfolk, Old Point and Hampton, and four times a week to Smith- 
 field, Ya. The Mystic, wooden sidewheel steamer, for freight and 
 passengers, 196 tons, Wicks master ; runs between Norfolk and 
 landings on Nansemond river. The Newberne, iron propeller, for 
 freight and passengers, 400 tons, Southgate master ; runs between 
 Norfolk and' Newberne and Washington, N. C, via Albemarle and 
 Chesapeake Canal. The Pamlico, wooden propeller, for freight 
 and passengers, 252 tons burthen, Pritchard master ; runs between 
 Norfolk. Newberne and Washington, N. C. The next in order 
 are the Norfolk and Baltimore steamers, familiarly known as the 
 " Old Bay Line," but properly designated as. 
 
196 
 
 THE BALTIMORE STEAM PACKET COMPANY. 
 
 The President of this Company is Captain John M. Robinson, 
 a native of Virginia, but now a resident of Baltimore. Major- 
 William C. Smith, formerly of Richmond, Va., but now of Balti- 
 more, is the general Superintendent. The Norfolk agent of the 
 Company is Captain William A. Eldredge, a courteous and 
 popular young citizen. The steamers of the line are as follows : 
 
 The Florida, sidewheel passenger steamer, seventy-five state- 
 rooms, capacity for 500 passengers ; Norfolk to Baltimore, D. J. 
 Hill master. The George Leary, sidewheel passenger steamer,, 
 sixty-three staterooms, capacity for 350 passengers ; Norfolk to 
 Baltimore. The Adelaide, sidewheel steamer, W. C. Whittle 
 master, fifty-five staterooms, capacity for 300 passengers ; Norfolk 
 to Baltimore. The Petersburg, wooden propeller, Dawes master, 
 runs from Norfolk to Baltimore, via York river, for freight and. 
 passengers. Steamers Seaboard and Roanoke, iron propellers, 
 Craille and Geoghegan masters, run between Norfolk and Balti- 
 more, with freight for Philadelphia — connecting with the P., B. & 
 W. Railroad at Canton, Md. Steamer Transit, wooden propeller, 
 Dawes master, same as above (Canton Inside Line). The Shirley, 
 iron propeller, Travers master, freight, between Baltimore, Peters- 
 burg and Richmond, via Norfolk. The Westover, iron propeller, 
 Skinner master, freight steamer; runs same as the Shirley. 
 
 merchants' and miners' transportation company. 
 
 This old and wealthy company has seven steamships, which ply 
 between Norfolk, Providence and Boston, touching at Baltimore 
 for freight and passengers on each trip. The officers are as follows : 
 President, George D. Appold, Esq., of Baltimore ; Vice President, 
 H. Austin Whitney, Esq., of Boston. The agent of the line in 
 this city is General V. D. Groner, one of our most active and 
 energetic business men. The boats of the line are : the William 
 Crane, an iron propeller, 1416 tons burthen, commanded by Cap- 
 tain Solomon Howes. The George Appold, a wooden propeller, 
 1,456 tons burthen, commanded by Captain W. Loveland. The 
 McClellan, a wooden sidewheel steamer, 954 tons burthen, com- 
 manded by Captain J. C. Taylor. The William Kennedy, a 
 wooden propeller, 974 tons burthen, commanded by Captain H. D. 
 Foster. The Blackstone, a wooden propeller, 1,147 tons burthen, 
 commanded by Captain J. S. March. The William Lawrence, an 
 iron propeller, 1,049 tons burthen, commanded by Captain F. M. 
 Howes. The Johns Hopkins, an iron propeller, and the largest 
 ship of the line, 1,470 tons burthen, commanded by Captain Wil- 
 liam A. Hallett. 
 
197 
 
 THE WASHINGTON LINE. 
 
 This line of boats belong to the Inland Seaboard Coasting Com- 
 pany of Washington, D. C. — General V. D. Groner, Agent in 
 Norfolk. The boats of the company are as follows : The Lady of 
 the Lake, a sidewheel passenger steamer, with fifty-two staterooms, 
 which accommodate 240 passengers. She is commanded by Captain 
 Joseph White. The Jane Moseley, a sidewheel passenger boat, 
 with forty-one staterooms, which accommodate 150 passengers. 
 She is the extra boat of the line, and when running from here to 
 Washington is also commanded by Captain White. 
 
 BALTIMORE & ROANOKE STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 
 
 These steamers ply between Baltimore, Norfolk and the landings 
 on the Roanoke river — Captain Henry Roberts, agent in this city. 
 The steamers are the Louisa, wooden propeller, 279 tons burthen, 
 A. M. Walker, master ; the Commerce, wooden propeller, 200 
 tons burthen, W. Walker, master. 
 
 DISMAL SWAMP S. T. COMPANY. 
 
 This is a tri-weekly line from Norfolk to Elizabeth City and all 
 landings on the Dismal Swamp Canal. William B. Rogers, Esq., 
 is President of the line, and Captain Henry Roberts agent. The 
 following are the boats : The Helen Smith, wooden propeller, 
 Conklin, master; the Elizabeth City, wooden propeller, 
 and the Thomas Jefferson, wooden propeller. One of these 
 steamers leaves the company's wharf, foot of Commerce street, every 
 Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 7 o'clock a. m., and arrives 
 every Monday, Wednesday and Friday in the afternoon. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STEAMERS. 
 
 Under this head we class the lines or companies that have only 
 one steamer on their routes, and also the steamers engaged in the 
 towing business. The first on the list is the James River Steam- 
 boat Company's steamer John Sylvester, Captain J. A. Post, with 
 our esteemed fellow-citizen, A. I. Hume, Esq., as the Norfolk agent 
 and purser. The Sylvester is a copper-bottomed, sidewheel freight 
 and excursion steamer, running between Norfolk and Richmond, 
 touching at the various landings on James river, delivering and 
 receiving freight, mail and passengers. She leaves Norfolk Mon- 
 days, Wednesdays and Fridays at 6:30 A. m., and returns Tuesdays, 
 Thursdays and Saturdays at 5 p. m. 
 
 The Cygnet, a wooden sidewheel steamer, for passengers and 
 freight, Cain, master, runs between Norfolk and Currituck. She 
 leaves here Mondays and Thursdays A. m., and arrives Tuesdays 
 and Fridays p. m. 
 
 Steamer Keystone, wooden 'propeller, 250 tons, Mills, master, 
 runs between Norfolk, Baltimore and Philadelphia and other 
 points, for Messrs. Baird & Roper, owners and shippers. 
 
198 
 
 The Mary E. Roberts, wooden propeller, 150 tons burthen, W. 
 W. Walker master, Captain Henry Roberts agent, runs between 
 Norfolk, Hertford and points on the Scuppernong river. Leaves 
 Norfolk every Thursday, and arrives here every Wednesday. 
 
 The Lucy, iron propeller, for freight purposes, 116 tons burthen, 
 Taylor master. Runs between Norfolk and the landings on the 
 Roanoke river as far as Bridges' Ferry, N. C; she is owned by 
 Biggs, Taylor & Hardy. 
 
 The Rotary, wooden ^propeller, for freight and passengers, 186 
 tons burthen, Johnson master. She runs between Norfolk and 
 Fairfield, N. C, touching at Hertford and points on the Scupper- 
 nong river. 
 
 Captain Ed. Pickup owns four steam towboats — the Ben Minder, 
 the Chowan, the Croatan and Virginia, which are used for towing 
 barges, vessels, &c, through the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. 
 
 Messrs. Baird & Roper, lumber dealers, manufacturers, &c, have 
 several large steamtugs which are constantly used in towing vessels, 
 barges, &c, from their mills at Deep Creek to Boston, Baltimore, 
 Philadelphia, &c, laden with all kinds of dressed timber. 
 
 Messrs. B. & J. Baker & Co., wreckers, have several steamtugs 
 which are daily engaged in towing and assisting vessels in distress. 
 
 There are also many other steamtugs belonging to our harbor 
 which are not mentioned in this list, but which are very important 
 auxiliaries to our shipping interests and inland trade. Nearly all 
 of these boats land freight and passengers for Portsmouth as well as 
 Norfolk. 
 
 COTTON- 
 
 THE ASTONISHING GROWTH OF OUR TRADE — FACTS AND FIGURES 
 FROM TRADE STATISTICS, &C. 
 
 A sketch of the commercial history of Norfolk, with its strange 
 vicissitudes, would require more space than we can devote to it; but 
 it is proper, as a preliminary to a notice of our Cotton Trade, to 
 make a brief reference, at least, to the former condition of the city. 
 
 As far back as 1728 Norfolk was possessed of a valuable com- 
 merce, and had a brilliant destiny before her. At the date of the 
 Revolution she was rich and opulent ; but that barbarous incen- 
 diary, Lord Dunmore, whose act of vandalism is elsewhere described 
 in this volume, left the greater part of the Borough in ashes. Then, 
 
199 
 
 the expulsion of the Scotch merchants by the intemperate zeal of the 
 " patriots," struck another blow at her prosperity, and this was suc- 
 ceeded by the troubles with France. The Non-importation Act 
 and the Embargo were measures of policy peculiarly destructive to 
 the interests of Norfolk ; but the supreme cause of her first decay 
 was found in the Navigation Laws of the TJnited States, which 
 threw the coastwise and carrying trade into the hands of the Mari- 
 time States to the North of us. But this topic is too extended to be 
 discussed here. Finally, the Yellow Fever in 1855 and the four 
 years War between the North and South, beginning in 1861, in- 
 flicted losses upon the city which appeared to be almost irreparable ; 
 but it will be seen by the following facts that the native energy of 
 our people has again put Norfolk in an attitude to command the 
 respect of the commercial public. 
 
 At the end of the late war our trade was at zero, and the cotton 
 trade of the port did not then exist; but the tables we subjoin show 
 with what astonishing rapidity this has been developed. Before 
 examining these facts it is necessary to explain to the uninformed 
 reader the nature of our lines of connection with the fields of pro- 
 duction : 
 
 I. We have the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, which, 
 consolidated by the genius and labors of General Mahone, gives us 
 a base of supply in the Southwest. 
 
 II. The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, which, under the sa- 
 gacious management of Captain John M. Robinson, penetrates by 
 its connections the Cotton States of the South Atlantic and Gulf, 
 from which large quantities of the staple reach our market. 
 
 III. The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, managed by Mar- 
 shall Parks, Esq., one of the most experienced canal engineers in 
 the country, puts us in connection with all the tidewater regions of 
 North Carolina. 
 
 IV. And finally, the Dismal Swamp Canal, under the manage- 
 ment of Colonel William B. Rogers, its indefatigable President, 
 which, with that just mentioned, penetrates Eastern Carolina. 
 
 Thus it will be' seen that two extensive systems of railways that, 
 by their connections, reach nearly every portion of the Cotton- 
 growing country, and having " their termini on the wharves of Nor- 
 folk and Portsmouth, furnish ample facilities for the collection at 
 this market of a large share of the annual cotton crop. The Atlan- 
 tic, Mississippi and Ohio Road is a part of the great trunk line 
 from here to Memphis — passing through some three hundred miles 
 of the Cotton-belt in Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi, and 
 terminating as before stated, at the inland depot of half the Cotton 
 product; this road and its feeders, therefore, reach all of the West- 
 ern and Southwestern cotton fields. 
 
 "The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad is a portion of the At- 
 
200 
 
 lantic Coast lines of railway that penetrate every portion of the 
 Atlantic and Gulf Cotton States, and reach, as previously stated ? 
 fully 15-36ths of the annual cotton crop. The two ship canals 
 join the waters of this port with those of the Sounds of North Car- 
 olina, that branch into a productive cotton region. These lines of 
 internal improvements furnish communication by the shortest and 
 cheapest routes of inland transit between the gin-houses of the 
 planters and the warehouses and wharves of the factors and ship- 
 pers — and at a port where full provision is made for storing, com- 
 pressing, shipping or selling cotton. [The 1874 report to the U. 
 S. Senate on transportation routes (page 242) says : " The rates of 
 transit for cotton to Norfolk from the interior must continue to be 
 cheaper than to other ports, because the distances are shorter and 
 the lines of transportation diverging, as they do, rannot combine to 
 raise rates; at the same time, the facilities for traffic are ample."] 
 
 The requirements for the reception and distribution of Cotton 
 at this port are fully provided. Railway cars run out upon our 
 wharves, alongside of which the largest of merchant vessels may 
 lay and receive the bales into their holds — thereby obviating the 
 unnecessary handling, hauling;, &c, incident to many other ports 
 (particularly North of us); and thus great expense, waste and dam- 
 age is saved to the owner. We also have powerful hydraulic 
 presses at the wharves to compress the bales so that ships can carry 
 more than their registered tonnage. Large warehouses are pro- 
 vided for the storage of cotton at small cost, to await the orders of 
 owners. 
 
 That the enormous foreign cotton exportation of the country can 
 be best conducted through the port of Norfolk, hardly admits of 
 a doubt, in the light of the following statements (and figures). It 
 is of the first importance to a foreign consumer, like England, that 
 manufactures nine-tenths of the world's cotton goods and imports 
 all of its raw cotton, to obtain the raw material as cheaply as pos- 
 sible. To do that, it must employ the largest vessels ; load them 
 to their utmost capacity, and have them make the speediest of voy- 
 ages, after having obtained their cargoes from the port where the pro- 
 ducer can place them for the least money. It is clear that these de- 
 mands of the foreign cotton trade can be more fully met here than 
 elsewhere: 
 
 " What market can offer greater advantages to the cotton plant- 
 ers of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and 
 Tennessee, than Norfolk, occupying, as she does, a central position 
 on the Atlantic coast, and the starting point for the ships on the 
 high road across the ocean, as the voyage from America to Europe, 
 even if clearing from Northern or more Southern ports, is deflected 
 by the ocean currents, so as to pass closely by the gates of our har- 
 bor, which is open the whole year, accessible in all prevail- 
 
201 
 
 Sng winds, is sheltered, safe and tranquil, and sufficiently 
 deep and ample to float the navies of the world, and for ihese causes 
 is the natural entrepot and clearing point of the commercial marine 
 between Europe and this country? Ships can enter this harbor 
 drawing 30 feet water. (New York 27 feet, Baltimore 22 feet, Sa- 
 vannah 17 feet, New Orleans 15 feet, Charleston 15 feet, Mobile 21 
 feet, in the bay, where all cotton is loaded, having to be lightered 
 from Mobile out to the ships). Twenty -one (21) feet at low water 
 can be carried to the anchorage, and wharf at Norfolk, (Superin- 
 tendent United States Coast Survey) free from bars and other ob- 
 structions, and accessible, at all seasons of the year. From the 
 work, " Physical Survey of Virginia," by the gifted and world-re- 
 nowned Mathew F. Maury, we copy the following: "Norfolk, 
 with Hampton Roads at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay as its 
 harbor, and San Francisco, inside the Golden Gate in California, 
 occupy the most important maritime positions that lie within the 
 domains of the United States. ****** 
 Geographically considered, the harbor of Norfolk or Hampton 
 Roads, occupies the most commanding position on the Atlantic 
 coast. ***** ***** 
 
 The Chesapeake Bay is a * King's chamber in the basin of Virginia.' 
 * * Norfolk, be it remembered, with its deep waters, spa- 
 cious harbor, and free outlet through the capes of Virginia to the 
 sea, occupies, geographically, what the early discoverers thought 
 would be, and what physical geography claims is, the most com- 
 manding position along the whole Atlantic Seaboard of the United 
 States." 
 
 " And especially are the advantages and success of our port of 
 paramount importance and interest to the larger success and pros- 
 perity of North Carolina ; and if she were to consult her own self- 
 interest by giving the benefit of her entire shipments to this market, 
 which would not only return to her (as now) a larger net value for 
 her cotton, but, by the increased patronage of her planters in their 
 consignments would enable this port to enlarge and increase her 
 facilities for direct shipments to Liverpool and the Continent, and 
 thus build up a great mart here for her cotton and other produce, 
 and thereby have the effect of bringing English manufacturers, as 
 it were, to the very doors of her planters ; for Norfolk is nearer the 
 doors of her planters than any other port accessible to large ocean 
 steamers, and one hundred miles nearer to Liverpool than New York 
 is." 
 
 Operating by the valuable roads and canals mentioned, we find 
 that Norfolk has steadily increased in her cotton trade (from zero 
 in 1865) until its growth (we speak of our foreign bound cotton) 
 may be expressed in the following table : 
 
202 
 
 Exports of Cotton to Europe Direct from 1865 to 1876, inclusive: 
 
 1865 None. 
 
 1866 733 bales. 
 
 1867 14,168 " 
 
 1868 8,278 " 
 
 1869 7,527 " 
 
 1870 4,745 " 
 
 1871 5,142 •« 
 
 1872 '. 4,687 " 
 
 1873 8,282 " 
 
 1874 47,342 " 
 
 1875 87,753 " 
 
 1876... 106,421 " 
 
 Total 295,078 " 
 
 It appears from the above that in ten years our exports to Europe 
 direct increased in an unprecedented manner — some notion of which 
 can be formed from the fact that in 1865 we did not send a bale 
 "across the waters;" while in 1876 the money value of cotton 
 exported from Norfolk was $7,330,035 as is shown by the returns 
 of the Customhouse. In order still further to show the pro- 
 digious growth of this trade, we give the following additional 
 tables of receipts for the fiscal year 1876. In doing this our illus- 
 tration is made more forcible by a comparison with 1875, and our 
 analysis of the figures will speak more eloquently upon this subject 
 than the most adroit rhetoric. The tables to which we refer show 
 the following : 
 
 Receipts of Cotton from January 1st to December 2 1st, 1876. 
 Route. Bales to Order. Bales Local. Total. 
 
 A. M. & O. K. R 257,707 88,594 346,301 
 
 ,S. &R. K.R 283,771 130,569 414,340 
 
 Canals and otherwise 33,772 37,064 70,836 
 
 Total 575,250 256,227 831,477 
 
 Receipts from January 1st to December 31st, 1875. 
 
 Route. Bales to Order. Bales Local. Total. 
 
 A., M. &0. R. R 141,806 36,370 178,176 
 
 S. &R. R. R 152,492 71,811 224,303 
 
 Canals and otherwise 18,710 21,148 39,b58 
 
 Total 313,008 129,329 442,337 
 
 In favor of 1876 : Bales to order, 262,242 ; bales local, 126,898; 
 total, 389,140. 
 
 What an effect the cotton trade has had on Norfolk may be gath- 
 ered from the following : 
 
 Yearly Statement of Value of Exports from 1865 to 1876, inclusive, with Total Value 
 for the Eleven Years : 
 
 1865 $11,538 00 
 
 1866 411,450 72 
 
 1867 2,494,161 00 
 
 1868 ; 1,718,157 00 
 
 1869 1,173,095 38 
 
 1870 894,614 50 
 
203 
 
 1871 723,298 00 
 
 1872 958,312 60 
 
 1873 1,256,730 00 
 
 1874 3,701,008 00 
 
 1875 .. 9,243,971 00 
 
 1876 7,825,112 00 
 
 Total value of exports in 11 years $27,411,438 20 
 
 About four-fifths of the total value of our exports for the years 
 given here was for cotton alone. 
 
 The effect on theshipping interest has been one of steady improve- 
 ment. The coastwise movement of cotton employs large and 
 splendid fleets of steamers which run to Baltimore, Philadelphia, 
 New York, Boston and Providence, while the foreign bound vessels 
 represented enormous tonnage capacity for the years accounted for 
 in the table of exports. 
 
 The following local item, written for the Norfolk Virginian, by 
 this author, December 3d, 1875, will give some idea of the kind of 
 vessels engaged in our foreign trade : " On the 2d of December the 
 ship H. S. Gregory, drawing 21 7-12ths feet, was cleared by Messrs, 
 Reynolds Brothers from this port for Liverpool, England, with a 
 cargo consisting of 7,176 bales of cotton, weighing 3,221,971 ft***-«J 
 pounds ; 10,000 trenails and 3,000 staves. This was the largest 
 cargo of cotton that ever left Norfolk, and is thought to be the 
 largest ever shipped from any United States port. The tonnage of 
 the ship was 2,207 tons, and it had not the slightest difficulty in 
 clearing its moorings. On the same day Messrs. Ricks <fe Milhado 
 cleared the brig R. B. Grove, for Havre, with 1,817 bales of cot- 
 ton, weighing 830,898 pounds. The registered tonnage of this 
 vessel was only 463 tons ; the cargo, therefore, was the largest — 
 compared with tonnage — that ever left Norfolk. On a voyage from 
 New Orleans, two years previous, this same brig carried 1,545 bales, 
 weighing 707,316 pounds — 272 bales and 23,572 pounds less than, 
 she carried from Norfolk." 
 
 In addition to advantages mentioned, we have three powerful 
 cotton presses constantly at work in cotton season, which increase 
 the carrying capacity of vessels at least forty per cent, beyond their 
 ordinary tonnage for cotton, and the facts all show that Norfolk^'n 
 an inconceivably short time (commercially speaking), has risen to 
 be one of the chief cotton ports of the Union. There is ample 
 room on this topic for rhetorical display and pardonable hyperbole ■ 
 but we have preferred to present the facts as they exist, in their 
 naked simplicity rather than to indulge in what might be regarded 
 as extravagance of assertion. The facts we have given are per- 
 fectly authentic, and we leave them to speak for themselves. It 
 may be pardonable in us, however, to admonish our business men 
 and merchants, our property owners and mechanics, that this un- 
 paralleled growth of our trade renders it necessary for them to look 
 
204 
 
 as far as they can to the integrity of their lines of communication 
 and aid the State, as far as possible, in keeping alien, or unfriendly 
 hands, from interrupting this traffic, which, although in its infancy ? 
 reached the magnificent total of $7,330,035.00. 
 
 MORE INTERESTING TRADE FACTS. 
 
 A recent publication, speaking of Norfolk, says : " The grand 
 current of the Elizabeth (opposite Fort Norfolk) is so broad and 
 deep that the largest ship that floats can swing around there. * * 
 The trains of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad discharge 
 their freights of cotton and grain directly upon wharves at the 
 steamers' sides, and the unusual facilities are yearly increased and 
 improved. * * The importance of Norfolk as a port for the 
 future is certainly indisputable ; and it is not at all improbable 
 that in a few years it will have direct communication with Euro- 
 pean ports by means of ocean steamers owned and controlled in this 
 country. * * The Elizabeth river is not so lively now as when 
 at the beginning of this century the river could not be seen, so thick 
 was the shipping between the Norfolk and Portsmouth shores. In 
 the financial crash which came at that time sixty Norfolk firms 
 interested in maritime commerce failed. * * The eastern and 
 southern branches of the Elizabeth are superior in depth to the 
 Thames at London, or the Mersey at Liverpool. The depth of 
 water in the harbor of Norfolk is twenty-eight feet, or nearly twice 
 that regularly maintained at New Orleans, and the harbor is spa- 
 cious enough to admit the commercial marine of the whole country. 
 It has been estimated that thirty miles of excellent water-front for 
 wharfage can readily be afforded. * * Norfolk lies within 
 thirty two miles of the Atlantic, by the regular water course. 
 Northward stretch the Chesapeake and its tributaries, navigable 
 nearly a thousand miles ; westward is the James, giving com- 
 munication with Richmond, and five hundred miles of water 
 way ; southward runs the canals to Currituck, Albemarle 
 and Pamplico Sounds, communicating with two thousand miles 
 of river channel. She affords naturally the best seaport for 
 most of North Carolina and Tennessee, besides large sections of 
 Northern Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and the Southwest. A 
 thorough system of internal improvements in Virginia, giving lines 
 leading from tidewater in that State to the Northwest, would 
 enable Norfolk almost to usurp the commercial pre-eminence of 
 New York. Pittsburg, Wheeling and Toledo are geographically 
 nearer to the Capes of Virginia than to Sandy Hook ; and it is 
 almost certain that in the future many of the highways to the sea 
 from the West will run through Virginia, and the ports furnishing 
 outlets to the Western cities will be along the beautiful and capa- 
 cious Chesapeake Bay." 
 
 Lines of railways, canals, steamships and vessels of all kinds 
 
205 
 
 connect our port with all portions of the country. Its commercial 
 advantages — the results of its position — can hardly be overestimated, 
 and the growth of its cotton trade, already described, shows that it 
 may aspire to the first rank not only in this, but in all the export 
 and import trade of the country. 
 
 Hampton Roads, on account of its nearness to the sea, its acces- 
 sibility, the depth and expansion of its waters, the thoroughly 
 land-locked character of its situation, the condition of the surround- 
 ing land and its ample security in troublous times, may justly be 
 called the "The Harbor" of the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United 
 States. When the storm signals are up all the shipping at sea 
 along the Middle coast of the Union flies to Hampton Roads for 
 refuge, and it is no uncommon sight to see hundreds of vessels of 
 every class riding here at ease without a strain upon their anchor 
 chains, while in sight, without the Capes, a furious storm is raging. 
 Again, ships freighted with the precious cargoes of the tropics, but 
 cleared for other ports where the climate is damp and uncongenial 
 to their sensitive lading, come here to await orders and a favorable 
 season. 
 
 Norfolk has unrivaled advantages for doing a large portion of 
 the immense grocery trade of the country, so favorably is it situ- 
 ated fin reference to the ocean highways that lead to and from the 
 lands where sugar, molasses, spices, coffee, tropical fruits, &c, &c, 
 are the staple products, and being so much nearer to the centre of 
 population, and therefore of consumption in the United States, 
 than any other seaport can lay claim to, being in the " offing " for 
 this trade. 
 
 THE ALBEMARLE AND CHESAPEAKE CANAL, 
 
 with two cuts — first, the Virginia, eight miles long, connects the 
 Southern Branch of Elizabeth river (the harbor of the United 
 States Navy Yard, Gosport, a part of the harbor of Norfolk, deep 
 enough for any vessel afloat) with the North Landing river that runs 
 into Albemarle sound ; and second, the North Carolina cut, a ship 
 canal, from Norfolk to Albemarle sound, and all the tidal waters of 
 North Carolina. The last is a great work, in complete order : it 
 has but one lock, 220 feet long and 40 feet wide, and seven feet 
 deep, through which vessels of 400 to 600 tons burden pass ; it has 
 a capacity for more than thirty millions tons a year. Steam is the 
 motive power used. The freight brought to Norfolk by this canal 
 embraces large quantities of cotton, salt fish, turpentine, lumber, 
 shingles, staves, railroad ties, wood, juniper logs, bacon, peas and 
 beans, wheat, fresh shad, watermelons, &c. The forest products of 
 timber annually brought through the canal amounts to over sixty 
 million feet of board measure. 
 
 
206 
 
 THE DISMAL SWAMP CANAL 
 
 connects the same waters by another route, penetrating more of the 
 swamp region of the Norfolk peninsula, but having the same kind 
 of through trade. The receipts by this canal for 1872 will not only 
 give a good idea of the business of these ship canals, but also of 
 the trade and products of the " low country " : 1,365 bales cotton, 
 8,606 barrels fish, 204,470 bushels of corn, 61,298 cubic feet of tim- 
 ber, 3,708,980 shingles, 179,975 staves, 166 bushels flaxseed, 13,128 
 bushels potatoes, 257,200 railroad ties, 5,111 cords of wood, 4,994 
 bushels of beans, 6,419 bushels of wheat, 7,108 cords of logs, 117,- 
 134 fresh shad, 127,120 planks, 14,058 posts, 1 13 cords of reeds for 
 paper, 264,650 rails for fences, 604 head of cattle, 22,133 chickens, 
 53,523 dozen eggs. 
 
 By these canals there is a through route from North Carolina to 
 Norfolk, then up Chesapeake Bay to the Chesapeake and Delaware 
 canal, eight feet deep and fourteen miles long, to Delaware Bay ; 
 then by the Delaware and Raritan canal, seven feet deep and forty 
 three miles long, to Raritan river, and by that to New York har- 
 bor. Our State Board of Immigration says : " It is hardly pos- 
 sible to overestimate the importance of such a system of canals, 
 and the effect the cheap transportation they can offer must have upon 
 the coastwise trade of nearly all the Atlantic States. An example 
 of what may be done shows the probabilities of the near future. 
 Barges on the James River and Kanawha Canal may be loaded 
 with iron or coal in Appalachia, and without break of bulk be de- 
 livered in Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, and many 
 towns on the Great Lakes," &c. 
 
 OUR TRUCKING BUSINESS. 
 
 A large number of our people are engaged in the " trucking bus- 
 iness," which, with fair seasons, proves to be very profitable. The 
 soil in this vicinity is rich and moist, and all kinds of vegetables, 
 apples, pears, peaches, quinces, plums, cherries, nectarines, grapes, 
 figs, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, and other 
 fruits, thrive and produce abundantly, the quality of the products 
 being unsurpassed, as the awards of the American Pomological 
 Society attest. 
 
 The market gardens of tidewater shipped from Norfolk alone, to 
 other markets, in the spring of 1870, a million baskets of straw- 
 berries, 50,000 barrels of Irish potatoes, 40,000 barrels of green 
 peas, 10,000 barrels of snap beans, 650,000 heads of cabbage, 20,- 
 000 barrels of cucumbers, 160,000 barrels of tomatoes, 5,000 bar- 
 rels of squashes, 2,000 barrels of beets, 40,000 bunches of radishes, 
 
207 
 
 100,000 cantefoupe melons, and 100,000 watermelons, valued at 
 $1,043,000. This does not include $25,000 worth of apples, pears, 
 peaches, &c, shipped during the same season. The shipments of 
 1872 were valued at $1,500,000, and are steadily increasing every 
 year. The products of the " truck patches," or market gardens, are 
 mostly marketed from March to August. 
 
 No country can be better situated for market gardening than this 
 section of Virginia : — it is from 14 to 36 hours, by water, from 
 Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia, New York and Boston, the 
 centres of population of the Atlantic slope of the United States ; 
 at the ?ame time its seasons are from one to two months earlier, 
 giving an advantage of fully a double price for its garden products 
 over the country in the vicinity of those cities. 
 
 MARINERS' DIRECTIONS. 
 
 From an old but very reliable edition of the "American Coast 
 Pilot" the following information concerning entry into Norfolk 
 and Hampton Roads is taken ; and we will state that it has been 
 endorsed as reliable by the Virginia Pilots' Association : 
 
 " A ship from sea falling into the Northward ought not to go 
 nearer than seven fathoms on the shore until she is well up with 
 the middle of Smith's Island, when she may stand into five fathoms 
 without danger. 
 
 " If the Light on Cape Henry is to be seen, keep no further to 
 the Northward than for the Light to bear W.S. W. by the compass, 
 which course, after crossing the Middle in four or four and a half 
 fathoms, will lead you to the Channel- Way in 7, 8, and 9 or 10 
 fathoms, sticky bottom ; from thence a West course will lead you 
 to the tail of the Horse-Shoe, in five fathoms hard sand, the Light 
 bearing S.E. by E. If bound to Hampton Roads, in order to gain 
 with certainty the Southern shore, on which it is right to take 
 soundings, steer West or W. by S. until the Light bears E.S.E., 
 then, being in five fathoms or a quarter less five, a W.N. W. course 
 leads you up clear of Willoughby's Point — this being passed and 
 the water deepened into 9 or 10 fathoms, it is necessary to haul up 
 W.S. W., observing to come no nearer than 9 fathoms to the South 
 shore, least the bar off Se well's Point hook you in. Should you 
 (after passing Willoughby's Point) fall into 14 or 15 fathoms, Old 
 Point Comfort bearing W.N.W., steer up S.W. by W., but go no 
 nearer to Hampton Bar on the North side than 10 fathoms, it 
 being steep, until you pass Sewell's Point, when Old Point Com- 
 fort bearing N.E. you fall into 7, 8 and 9 fathoms good anchoring. 
 
 " As the setting of the tide varies much at different stages thereof, 
 attention should be paid as well to the bearing of the Light as the 
 
208 
 
 soundings when running up from the Cape to Willoughby's 
 least you cross the Channel and run on a lump of the Horse-Shoe 
 called the Thimble, which has only eight feet water on it, and is 
 also steep — say seven fathoms. This lump lies a little below Wil- 
 loughby's Point, on the opposite side. [The " Thimble " is now 
 (1877) designated by a lighthouse, with a revolving red light]. 
 To avoid the Thimble is the reason why it is necessary to take the 
 soundings, as the South side of the Channel is in general sticky 
 bottom, and on the Shoe it is hard sand. From Hampton Roads 
 to this place the Channel is too intricate for strangers to approach 
 without a pilot. 
 
 " The greatest depth of water that can be easily carried to Nor- 
 folk is 21 feet ; but if a ship should touch the mud, it being so very 
 soft she will not be subject to injury, and no sea runs where the 
 shoal water lies. A ship approaching from the Southward is to 
 keep in seven fathoms water and no nearer, her course varying 
 between N. JE. and JW., which will bring her up with the Cape, 
 when falling into 8 or 9 fathoms water, sticky ground, will show 
 her to be in the Channel-way." 
 
 The following table of distances from Norfolk to points on the 
 Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River is nearly if not quite accurate : 
 
 To miles. 
 
 Craney Island 5 
 
 Old Point Comfort 16 
 
 Back River Light 39 
 
 York Spit Light 41 
 
 Wolf Trap 56 
 
 Rappahannock 84 
 
 Smith's Point Lightship 92 
 
 Point Lookout Light 106 
 
 St. Mary's River 121 
 
 Piney Point 124 
 
 Blackstone Island Light 134 
 
 Great Wicomico Bay 143 
 
 Monroe's Creek 150 
 
 Rosier's Creek 152 
 
 Lower Cedar Light 154 
 
 Persimmon Point , 157 
 
 Matthias Point 161 
 
 Kedar Point Light ; ..164 
 
 Maryland Point 173 
 
 Acquia Creek 179 
 
 Smith's Point 181 
 
 Liverpool Point 183 
 
 Sandy Point 185 
 
 Qnantico Creek 187 
 
 Glymonfc , '.. 198 
 
 Mount Vernon 206 
 
 Fort Washington 209 
 
 Broad Creek 212 
 
 Rozier's Bluff. 213 
 
 Alexandria «•• -215 
 
 Washington City 220 
 
209 
 
 From Miles. 
 
 Hampton Roads to New York, via ocean 293 
 
 Hampton Roads to New York, via inland route 343 
 
 Hampton Roads to Philadelphia, via ocean and Delaware Bay 300 
 
 Hampton Roads to Philadelphia, via inland route 223 
 
 Hampton Roads to Baltimore, via Chesapeake Bay 200 
 
 Seventy miles of the length of Chesapeake bay, where its width 
 is from 14 to 30 miles, lies wholly within the territory of Virginia ; 
 it is not subject to violent storms, there are commodious harbors all 
 along its shores, its waters are deep and generally free from obstruc- 
 tions. A vessel bound up it, when once fairly within the " Vir- 
 ginia Capes," and following the "sailing directions," runs on an air 
 line of N. \° E. for over fifty miles. The exit and entrance can 
 always be easily made, and without any delay, through a deep and 
 clear channel, into this broad-armed bay, that drains more than 
 50,000 square miles of country. 
 
 OUR TEMPERATURE. 
 
 its remarkable uniformity — interesting facts and fig- 
 ures — statistics from 1856 to 1860, and 
 from 1872 to 1876. 
 
 The following article, published in the Virginian in February, 
 187 7 , will be found interesting : 
 
 " The atmosphere has its mountain ranges, peaks, tableaux, 
 slopes, valleys and plains, as well as the solid earth. The force of 
 gravity that causes water to run down hill also causes currents of 
 air or winds from the mountain regions of high barometer to the 
 valleys and plains of low barometer. The shifting conditions of 
 the fickle air are simultaneously found at all stations of observation 
 and transmitted by telegraph to the central station, where the serial 
 elevations and depressions are marked out by their defining and 
 dividing isobars or lines of equal pressure, and as a consequence 
 the gradients or slopes are evident. The wind always blows from 
 high to low pressure areas. Local causes and the earth's rotation 
 modify the direction of the wind, as expressed by the generaliza- 
 tions of Profs. Ferrel, of America, and Ballot, of Holland. 
 
 The general direction of winds in the northern hemisphere is the 
 reverse of that in the southern, for the same reason that a rifle ball 
 fired in the direction of meridian lines tends toward the right, 
 North, and towards the left, South of the equator. There is a re- 
 markable uniformity in the winds, rains and temperature of any 
 given place when one series of consecutive years is compared with 
 another. 
 
210 
 
 As an illustration we append results of observations carefully 
 taken at the Collegiate Institute in Portsmouth, Va., for the Smith- 
 sonian Institution during the years 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859 and 
 1860, and the results of the Signal Bureau observations in Norfolk, 
 Va., for the five years— 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875 and 1876. From 
 the well known accuracy of the instruments, skill in placing them, 
 and the fidelity and intelligence of the trained observers, the signal 
 results may be depended on. 
 
 It appears that during the five years of Professor N. B. Web- 
 ster's observations in Portsmouth the total rainfall was 260.92 
 inches, the annual average being 52.18 inches. The rainfall in 
 Norfolk during the five years of Signal Service observations was 
 261.36 inches, or an annual average of 52.27 inches, the difference 
 being only nine-hundredths of an inch. In both cases the snow 
 was estimated at its equivalent of water and included. The uni- 
 formity of average temperature during the five years from 1856 to 
 1860 inclusive, and from 1872 to 1876, at Portsmouth and Nor- 
 folk is most interesting. 
 
 In Portsmouth the average for five years was 58.61 degrees. In 
 Norfolk for five years, beginning sixteen years later, it was 58.26 
 •degrees. About one-half the difference of .35 of a degree is ac- 
 counted for by a difference of one minute and a half nearly in the 
 latitude of the points t»f observation. The coincidence indicates the 
 great care with which the more than 10,000 'observations were made. 
 The mean temperature at Old Point Comfort for thirty years 
 from 1825 to 1854, as reported by the Post Surgeon, was 59.9 
 degrees. Probably local causes influenced the mercury, for there 
 could hardly be 1.64 difference between the mean temperature at 
 Old Point and at Norfolk. The great care taken in fairly locating 
 the most accurate instruments, and in observing and recording 
 results, renders the Signal Officer's reports worthy of full con- 
 fidence. 
 
 The hottest month in the year is July. The hottest month 
 recorded in Norfolk or Portsmouth was July, 1876, the mean tem- 
 perature being 82.01 degrees, and the coldest month was January, 
 1857, the mean temperature being 27.13 degrees. The coldest day 
 was the 23d January, 1857, which started at 5 degrees below zero 
 at 7 a. m., and averaged 6.33 degrees above zero all day. On that 
 day the Elizabeth river, which for some days had been frozen over, 
 was so solid that more than 3,000 people crossed and recrossed on 
 the ice. For more than a week Norfolk was supplied with wood 
 hauled over the river, her railroad not being completed. Professor 
 Webster, with his surveying class, made several measurements with 
 the chain on the ice between prominent points on opposite sides of 
 the river. On the 8th of February, 1835, when the river was 
 frozen over, the extreme cold was four degrees above zero. 
 
211 
 
 The observations kept at Fort Monroe by order of the Medical 
 Department of the Array for nineteen years, from 1836 to 1854,, 
 give an annual average of rainfall of 45.18 inches. The extremes 
 were 74.16 inches in 1840, and only 19.32 inches in 1854. As 
 this latter result is less than half that obtained in Portsmouth, 
 there must be some error in the report. So evident is this error 
 that a note in Blodgett's Climatology of the United States says it 
 is not to be relied on. According to the Surgeon's report the 
 month of least rain in nineteen years was October, 1854, when* 
 half an inch fell, and the greatest precipitation was over eighteen 
 inches in July, 1840. By a diary kept in Portsmouth, Va., it 
 appears that it rained every day more or less during forty days of 
 the Spring of 1842. Over ten inches of rain fell in Portsmouth in 
 June, 1856, and in Norfolk in August, 1875. 
 
 In July, 1858, there were in Portsmouth, Va., seventeen rainy 
 days, generally showery, and in one shower on the 22d over three 
 inches of water fell in about two hours. The total rain of the month 
 exceeded 17 inches. In Octob< r, 1874, only a twenty-fifth of an 
 inch of rain fell in Norfolk. There were 23 rainy days in Norfolk 
 in August, 1875. 
 
 The meteorological conditions of a city are so important in a 
 sanitary aspect that we publish the following summaries of records 
 made in our cities by the sea. Persons who will compare these 
 notes with the pnblished tables of other cities and towns will find 
 that among those having an average temperature within one degree 
 of that of Norfolk, are Nashville, Tenn., Huntsville, Ala., Sacra- 
 mento, Cal., Marseilles, France, Madrid, Spain, Lisbon, Portugal, 
 Florence, Italy, Constantinople, Turkey, and Trebizond, on the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 Rainfall and Temperature in Portsmouth, Va„ by Professor N. B. Webster, and in 
 Norfolk, Va., by United States Signal Officers : 
 
 Year. PORTSMOUTH. Temp. Rain. 
 
 1856 59.38 55.08 
 
 1857 57.35 54.41 
 
 1858 59.26 44.45 
 
 1859 58.42 53.59 
 
 1860 58.67 53.39 
 
 Summary .293.08 260.92 
 
 Average 58.61. 52.18 
 
 Tear. NORFOLK. Temp. Rain. 
 
 1872 57.30 56.93 
 
 1873 58.19 55.77 
 
 1874 57.90 50.16 
 
 1875 57.60 50.97 
 
 1876 60.30 47.5S 
 
 Summary .291.29 261.36 
 
 Average 58.26 52.67 
 
212 
 
 The healthfullness of Norfolk will compare favorably with that 
 of any other city. The mortality for 1875, as taken from the 
 published report of the Norfolk Board of Health, was only 20 
 deaths to 1,000 population, in the aggregate. Of this mortality the 
 proportion was, for the whites, only 16 to 1,000, and for the blacks, 
 it was 25 to 1,000. For the last five years the mortality has been 
 between 25 to 26 to 1,000. In New York the deaths average over 
 29 to 1,000 annually ; in Berlin over 29 to 1,000 ; in Vienna over 
 31 to 1,000 ; in Philadelphia for five years the average has been 23| 
 to 1,000. The search has been in vain to find a city with a death 
 rate for the white population as low as 16 to 1,000. 
 
 OYSTERS. 
 
 THE PACKING BUSINESS OF NORFOLK THE GROWTH OF THE 
 
 TRADE — OYSTER PLANTING AND CATCHING THE 
 
 ENEMIES OF THE POPULAR BIVALVE. 
 
 In our general review of the business affairs of Norfolk we can- 
 not treat of a subject which is more rapidly becoming important to 
 our trade than the oyster business. It is a fact well known and, 
 acknowledged that Norfolk oysters (so called on account of the 
 shipments from this point) are the best and most popular of all 
 that are caught in the world; and in all parts of the country where 
 they are received they command higher prices than those of any 
 other section, and of this growing branch of our trade we propose 
 to give a brief account, which embraces important facts and figures, 
 and which will be read with interest by persons unacquainted with 
 the oyster's importance in the land, as well as by those who are en- 
 gaged in this particular line of business here and elsewhere. 
 
 The waters of Virginia furnish vast supplies to the oyster pack- 
 ing houses of Norfolk, and many very large firms, employing im- 
 mense capital, are now engaged in the packing business. In Balti- 
 more, the opened oysters, packed in tin cans and shipped to various 
 parts of the country, greatly exceed the amount shipped in the 
 same way from our city ; but those shipped by our packers are 
 better flavored, fatter and command higher prices. And then in 
 addition to those shipped from here in cans, a large business is done 
 in the barrel packing line. The oyster sellers in the cities of Bos- 
 ton, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Providence, Pittsburgh, 
 Harrisburg, Newark, Brooklyn and other cities having direct com- 
 munication with this city, send us large orders for oysters in the 
 shell, which are selected and shipped in barrels, to suit the trade 
 of those cities. Opened oysters, packed in pork barrels, are also 
 shipped to extensive dealers in the places above named. 
 
213 
 
 Oyster cans are made to hold quarts and half-gallons — quart cans 
 being mostly used, packed four dozen in a wooden case. The bulk 
 of the Norfolk canning business is done with the cities of Boston, 
 Providence, New York, New Orleans, Mobile, Memphis, Little 
 Rock, Nashville, Chattanooga, Knoxville, St. Louis, Chicago and 
 Cincinnati, but some shipments are also made to Liverpool, Lon- 
 don, and other foreign places. A shipment of the bivalves in the 
 shell was made to San Francisco, California, in December, 1876, by 
 one of our large firms. It consisted of 1,800 barrels, the freight on 
 the same- being $16,000. This lot brought the shippers the nice 
 little sum of $25,000. Being contiguous to the finest and, most 
 prolific oyster beds in the country, and having superior facilities for 
 direct shipments, Norfolk possesses many advantages over other 
 markets in this particular line of business, and the rapid growth of 
 her shipments is abundant evidence that these facts are appreciated. 
 
 It would be a difficult task for us to give just now the entire 
 number of persons engaged in the packing business of Norfolk ; 
 but there are nine large firms in operation here, who employ nearly 
 if not quite 600 openers, or " shuckers," as they are familiarly 
 called. Ten years ago there were only two, of any importance. At 
 the close of the late war, the estimated quantity of oysters packed 
 here for shipment, was just about one hundred thousand bushels ; 
 a safe and reasonable estimate now fixes the quantity at between 
 five hundred thousand and six hundred thousand bushels, and if 
 the business continues to improve as it has during the past two 
 years, this quantity will be more than doubled before 1885. The 
 number of schooners, sloops and other vessels engaged in the oys- 
 ter trade of Norfolk is estimated (carefully) at 545. Schooners 
 carrying from 1,500 to 2,500 bushels, and sloops from 200 to 800 
 bushels each. Thousands 'of men are engaged in the " catching 
 business," and although their work is hard it is profitable. They 
 only pay to the State fifty cents tax upon $100 worth of oysters 
 caught, and give in their own figures, generally. 
 
 A majority of the oystermen in our section catch with tongs, be- 
 cause there are so many shallow streams near us containing rich 
 beds, in which these instruments can be used. But those who are 
 largely engaged in the catching business use dredges with which 
 they make large hauls in deep water. The " best oysters in the 
 world " are caught in the Lynnhaven river, a few miles from Nor- 
 folk. They are common called " Lynnhaven Bay" oysters, but 
 this is a misnomer ; there are no oysters in Lynnhaven bay — they 
 are taken from the river of that name. The next best, in the esti- 
 mation of people who are judges, are the Horn Harbor, York 
 River, Sleepy Hole and Back Creek oysters, each kind having its 
 special champions. The packers are mostly supplied with those from 
 Chesapeake bay and Hampton Eoads ; the Elizabeth, York, Nan- 
 
214 
 
 semond, Pocosin, Ohuckatuck, Weir, East, Lynuhaven, Pianki- 
 tank and Rappahannock rivers, and Mason's, Tanner's and Back 
 creeks. There is an immense natural growth of oysters extending; 
 from Pool's island to Cape Henry, (at the mouth of th • Atlantic) 
 which may he considered inexhaustible, but they are not of a very 
 superior quality. 
 
 Planting grounds range from one acre upward in size, and are bought 
 and sold as any other real estate. A good ground consists of three 
 requisites for the successful growth of the spawn planted, viz : 
 shallow water, so that they may be easily taken, a free tide to afford 
 sustenance, and a firm bottom to prevent smothering. If oysters 
 are planted in still water they may live, but will never grow fat. 
 Four hundred bushels are generally planted to an acre, by being- 
 shoveled from boats. Any man has the privilege of "staking out" 
 and planting upon ground not already occupied ; the Chesapeake 
 Bay and its Virginia tributaries aiford splendid chances for energy 
 and enterprise in this line. There are thousands of persons in 
 Tidewater Virginia who could better their pecuniary condition by 
 engaging in the oyster- plan ting and catching business. Some men 
 have small beds of not more than half an acre, from which they 
 make a comfortable living for themselves, wives and numerous little 
 oyster eaters. Of course they catch other fish in the Spring and 
 Summer seasons. 
 
 In addition to the nine large packing firms mentioned, there are 
 many other persons who carry on the business in a small way. 
 They ship to the restaurants of Richmond, Petersburg, Lynchburg, 
 Abingdon, Bristol, Wilmington, Raleigh and other places which 
 can be quickly reached by rail. They also supply the bulk of the 
 family ti'ade in Norfolk, and with such patronage do a considerable 
 business. Our leading restaurants are 1 constantly buying "choice 
 stock" from the river planters with which to supply their daily cus- 
 tomers — some of whom are the fashionable caterers of New York, 
 Baltimore, Philadelphia and Washington. [No city inthecountry 
 can boast of better restaurants than are to be found in this city, and 
 this is the verdict of strangers who travel all over the land]. If we 
 should add the quantity of oysters sold by these small dealers to 
 that already given, it would probably swell our regular trade to the 
 enormous amount of at least eight hundred thousand bushels. 
 
 Oysters have their enemies as well as men. There are certain 
 monsters of the vasty deep of the fish kind that live upon them 
 and destroy many beds of private planting. The drum fish is one 
 of these destroying enemies, and an old sea captain who has weath- 
 ered many a storm says : " the drum is the wickedest and most 
 audacious of all. He is a big, coarse fish, sometimes weighing as 
 much as fifty pounds. His teeth are very large, and mash up 
 whole oysters without the least difficulty. Drum fish travel in 
 
215 
 
 schools, and frequent all the oyster grounds along the Chesapeake 
 Bay. Fortunately, however, they do not visit one locality regu- 
 larly, but come and go like an epidemic, generally appearing in 
 the autumn months. They get their name from the noise they 
 make, which sounds like a heavy muffled drum." Old oystermeu 
 say they can be heard sometimes beating a regular tattoo under the 
 bottom of a vessel. After destroying an oyster bed they have been 
 known to make an attempt to masticate the barnacles on the 
 schooners. They are very destructive in their depredations, and 
 have caused the loss of thousands of dollars. Another virulent 
 antagonist of the unoffending oyster is the lively crab, who "goes 
 for 'em" tooth and nail. He watches his opportunity, and when 
 the object of his desire commences to feed, begins the onset by 
 throwing sand in his mouth. While the oyster is vainly striving 
 to escape the discomfiture caused by this novel mode of warfare, 
 the crab seizes each half of the shell and pulls it apart as nimbly 
 as would a dexterous "shucker." 
 
 The star fish is another oyster enemy, but is seldom found in 
 Virginia waters. They are of a reddish color, and look somewhat 
 like a sea spicier. Their modus operandi is as follows : A school 
 will settle down upon a bed, each fish getting on an oyster and sur- 
 rounding it with his feelers. Then he will wait patiently until the 
 oyster commences to feed, when he quietly reaches in with his 
 fingers and pulls him out. He then mounts on top of another, and 
 as patiently bides his time for a fresh pull. It is very rare that an 
 oyster bed is found without one or two star fish in it, but a large 
 school will frequently sail in, destroy a bed, and leave one near to 
 it untouched. Their depredations are committed in the winter, but 
 as stated before, they are rarely found in the Chesapeake or its 
 tributaries. But of all the enemies an oyster has, man is the worst 
 — Captain Henry Josephs to the contrary, notwithstanding 
 
 The sum and substance of the above article was written by this 
 author for the Norfolk Virginian in January, (1877) and was en- 
 dorsed as being substantially correct by persons well posted in the 
 oyster business. We should have stated in connection with that 
 subject that many of our oystermen deal very largely in other shell 
 fish — clams and crabs, principally, which are caught in large quan- 
 tities all around Norfolk, and shipped in all directions. 
 
 In January (1877) last we wrote for the Virginian the following 
 account of our gas works, known as 
 
 THE CITY GAS LIGHT COMPANY. 
 
 This company was first incorporated by the Legislature January 
 11th, 1840. The charter was granted to the following well known 
 citizens : Tazewell Taylor, Fred. W. Southgate, A. T. M. Cooke, 
 
216 
 
 Thomas Newton, Richard Dickson, Cincinnatus W. Newton, and 
 Walter H. Taylor, Sr. — Messrs. C. W. Newton and Richard Dick- 
 son being the only incorporators now alive. The gas works were 
 originally built on Briggs' Point, at the intersection of Walke and 
 Mariner streets, and the gas was manufactured from rosin, and was 
 sold at $7 per thousand feet. 
 
 The city was first lighted with gas in the fall of 1849, Walter 
 H. Taylor, Sr„ Esq., being President of the company, and Finley 
 F. Ferguson, Esq., Secretary, at that time. The company was then 
 known as the Sylvic Gas Light Company of South Boston, but was 
 incorporated the following year under its present title. The sales 
 of gas the first month, under present name, amounted to 39,500 cu- 
 bic feet. Amount used at the works and lost by leakage was 18-,- 
 930 feet; this, with 12,000 feet on hand in gas metres, made 70,430 
 feet manufactured during the month. 
 
 During the spring of 1850 the gas company was prosecuted by 
 sundry citizens in the neighborhood of the works, for creating a 
 nuisance with smoke, soot, &c. This suit was in court for more 
 than a year. The complainants failed to get a verdict, but upon 
 threatening another suit the matter was settled by arbitration — the 
 company purchasing the property of complainants at valuation. W. 
 W. Sharp, Esq., was counsel for plaintiffs, and Messrs. John S. 
 Millson and Mordecai Cook for defendants. 
 
 From the use of rosin the gas works were burned down three 
 times — twice in 1852. The managers then decided to use coal, 
 and in March, 1853, the works being moved to the present loca- 
 tion, the manufacture of coal gas was first begun, and the company 
 re-organized with Captain A. T. M. Cooke as President. Gas $4 
 per 1,000 feet. 
 
 The first dividend (4 per cent.) was declared in 1854. The yellow 
 fever then came and greatly prostrated the company's finances, but 
 they struggled on and have continued to pay annual dividends 
 ranging from 8 to 12 per cent, up to the present time. 
 
 In 1852, when the new works were about being built, the stock- 
 holders met and Dr. Cooke offered a resolution soliciting the City 
 Councils to take $20,000 worth of stock in the company, as it was 
 a public as well as private enterprise. The Councils declined to 
 invest. Failing to get subscriptions to the stock, the additional 
 amount required had to be subscribed by those who had already 
 invested — much to the chagrin of some of them. When Gen. B. 
 F. Butler (the beast) took charge of Norfolk, he refused to allow 
 the company to bring coal to the city because the president and di- 
 rectors refused to take the oath of allegiance. He then declared 
 gas to be a military necessity, seized the works and put his friends 
 from Lowell, Mass., in possession of them to make gas on govern- 
 ment (!) account. In August, 1865, the works were turned over to 
 
217 
 
 the company, which was reorganized under the following Board of 
 Directors : C. W. Newton, Richard Dickson, John B. Whitehead, 
 Samuel Hodges, Tazewell Taylor, John D. Gordan. The military 
 price for gas ($6) was retained by the company until November 1st, 
 1866, when it was reduced to $5 per thousand feet, 10 per cent. off. 
 
 It then became necessary to build a new gas holder at an expense 
 of $40,000, and the Councils were again asked to subscribe $20,- 
 000 or $30,000 to the stock, and they again refused. 
 
 December 1st, 1868, gas was reduced to $4.50 per thousand — 
 fifty cents off for prompt payment. January, 1872, it was reduced 
 to $4 — 10 percent, off; and in December, 1875, the price was placed 
 at $3.20 net, which is the present price. 
 
 The present officers of the company are: Charles S. Allmand, 
 President ; J. H. Dawson, Secretary ; J. A. Thompson, Superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 Directors. — C. W. Newton, John D. Gordan, John B. White- 
 head, Richard Dickson, William S. Camp, F. S. Taylor. 
 
 The company now consists of sixty-four stockholders, all of 
 Norfolk and Norfolk county, embracing lawyers, doctors, preachers, 
 merchants, farmers, mechanics, widows and orphans* The annual 
 dividends since 1865 have been 12 percent.; gas manufactured 
 during the year of 1876, 23,154,700 cubic feet, as shown by the 
 stationed metre at the gas works; number of public lamps, 347. 
 The city pays to the company $30 per year for each lamp, which 
 includes the gas, lighting and cleaning. The company has had 
 many ups and downs since its organization and has suffered from 
 many very heavy losses; but it is now on a firm foundation 
 and its stock is very valuable — none on the market for sale. The 
 coal used at the works comes from the mines of Western Vir- 
 ginia, via Baltimore, and is the best gas coal that can be obtained. 
 The gas made will com pare favorably with any made in this country. 
 The light from a five-foot gas-burner is equal to that obtained from 
 seventeen sperm candles — this being the average of daily tests at 
 the office on Bank street during the past three months by an Eng- 
 lish jet photometre. 
 
 OUR POSTOFFICE 
 
 is very systematically conducted under Postmaster H. B. Nicholls, 
 and his popular assistant, Samuel E. Shipp, Esq. The following 
 is the official report of the business transacted in the office during 
 the year 1876 : 
 
 Number of money orders issued 6,550 
 
 Number of money orders paid 11,500 
 
 Amount of domestic money orders issued 21,500 
 
 Amount of domestic money orders paid 213,000 
 
218 
 
 Amount of foreign orders paid and issued, which included England, 
 
 Scotland, Ireland, Canada and Switzerland 113,200 
 
 Number of registered letters mailed at this office 8,000 
 
 Number of registered letters received for city delivery 7,600 
 
 Number of registered letters received for other offices 3,121 
 
 Number of registered package envelopes received and used 2,150 
 
 Amount of deposit received on money order account from other post- 
 offices 255,000 
 
 Numbers of letters, postal cards, newspapers, packages, &c, delivered 
 
 by carriers 1,859,000 
 
 Number of letters, postal cards, newspapers, packages, collected by car- 
 riers 1,021,000 
 
 Number of postal cards used 500,000 
 
 Number of three cent stamps sold 1,400,000 
 
 Since the population of Norfolk was ascertained to be over 
 twenty thousand (which was in 1873), we have had the " Letter 
 Carriers' system," which is very convenient, when honest carriers 
 are employed to deliver the letters. 
 
 OUR WATER WORKS. 
 
 The most judicious investment of money that the city of Norfolk 
 ever made was the building of our City Water Works, which are 
 located in the connty of Princess Anne, about five miles from the 
 city [the nearest accessible point to fresh water]. The expense of 
 erecting these works was enormous ; and as the money had to be 
 raised by taxation, the enterprise was vigorously opposed by a large 
 number of citizens — many of whom are now ashamed to acknow- 
 ledge that they did oppose such a valuable institution. However, 
 a large majority of the people voted "for the works," and the 
 scheme to build them was successfully carried out. The machinery 
 is of the Holly system, and works admirably. The water was 
 regularly introduced into the city in 1873, and up to the 1st of 
 January, 1874, the number of " taps" in use (connections with the 
 main pipes for family use) was 185; January 1st, 1875, there were 
 535 ; January 1st, 1876, 771 ; and on the 1st of January this year 
 (1877) there were over one thousand families taking the city water — 
 955 " taps " being in use. This shows how steadily the list of 
 water- takers has increased. It is also a well known fact that since 
 the Water Works have been in successful operation we have had 
 but few (if any) disastrous fires in the city — (but strange to say, the 
 rates of fire insurance have not been reduced). 
 
 The number of persons engaged in the conduct of our Water 
 Department is thirteen, to- wit : George K. Goodridge, W. W. 
 Chamberlaine and William J. Baker, Water Commissioners; 
 Charles H. Rowland, Superintendent ; John R. Todd, Registrar ; 
 William Wright, Chief Engineer; William Luck, First Assistant 
 Engineer; James Wright, Second Assistant Engineer; James F. 
 
219 
 
 Parker, Hue man and Inspector; John Armand, Chief fireman, and 
 
 two colored assistants ; also, one office boy. 
 
 The number of gallons of water pumped into the city each 
 
 month during 1876 is as follows: 
 
 January 15,278,889 
 
 February 14,143,494 
 
 March 15,263,446 
 
 April 14,449,602 
 
 May 16,016,730 
 
 June 17,388,862 
 
 Julv 19,407,182 
 
 August 18,053,874 
 
 September 17,155,752 
 
 October 16,560,646 
 
 November . 15,946,756 
 
 December 19,564,678 
 
 Total for year 199,229,401 
 
 Fire-plugs are stationed all through the city, and with 90 pounds 
 of steam pressure at the works (nearly five miles distant) a stream 
 of water, one inch in diameter, can be forced through 300 feet of 
 hose over any building in the city. (Our steam fire engines are 
 seldom used now.) 
 
 OUR PAID FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The present list of officers and men of the Norfolk City Fire 
 Department, is as follows : 
 
 Thomas Kevill, Chief Engineer; Robert W. Rhea, Assistant 
 Engineer ; Thomas Rowland, W. A. Mehegan, A. Gordon Milhado, 
 Fire Commissioners. 
 
 Steam Engine No. 1. — Frank Wood, foreman ; John S. Web- 
 ber, driver; P. A. Mannix, driver; John Anderson, engineer. 
 Extra men : W. H Rustic, William Hitchings, D. Cameron, J. 
 Bryant, R. L. Rolt, W. H. Kinch, James Lawrence, T. L. R. 
 Baker and W. Barret. Total amount of monthly pay roll, $325. 
 
 Steam Engine No. 2. — Wm. Britzel, foreman ; Geo. G. Grant, 
 fireman ; D. Hickey, driver. Extra men : H. L. Whitehurst, J. 
 F. Parker, Charles Davis, W. H. Wiles, C. Merton, A. Heckle, 
 W. Triford, W. H. Allen, James Carlan. Total amount monthly 
 pay roll, $240. 
 
 Steam Engine No. 3. — E. Vance, foreman ; W. White, driver. 
 Extra men : M. Costin, Benj. Watson, John Gillis, H. Rose, Ed. 
 Church, George Laylor, W. H. Wood, J. Robbins, Ed. Braith- 
 waite. Monthly pay roll, $180. 
 
 The salary of the Chief Engineer is $60 per month, and that oi 
 the Assistant Engineer, $30 per month. Foremen get $20, drivers 
 ), engineers J>75, and extra men, $10 each per month, making 
 
220 
 
 a total monthly salary account of $835 — money faithfully earned. 
 The property of the Department is as follows : Four splendid 
 horses, three steam engines, three improved hose reels, one hook and 
 ladder truck, 5,000 feet of serviceable hose, four sets harness, &c. 
 
 FIRES IN NORFOLK IN 1876. 
 
 The following is the list of fires in the city during last year, 
 which required the use of the City Water Works : 
 
 January 2 — Christ Church, Freemason street, 12 o'clock m. 
 
 January 6 — Frame house of Miss Hayes, Washington street, 4 
 o'clock A.M. 
 
 January 15 — Frame house, occupied by negroes, on Smith street, 
 11:30 A.M. 
 
 January 27 — W. T. Morrisett's brick building, Woodside's lane, 
 6.15 A.M. 
 
 January 30 — Brick store of P. Dougherty, Main street, (two 
 alarms) at 5:40 A.M. and 8:10 a.m. 
 
 February 12 — Brick store, Slade & Stevens, Commerce street, 
 6:50 A.M. 
 
 February 14 — Brick bakery, C. T. Cabler, corner Bank and 
 William streets, 5 A.M. 
 
 February 16 — M.W.Cobb's frame building just outside city 
 limits, 8.30 p.m. 
 
 March 6 — Brick stores of Epes & Polk and J. R. Briggs, Mar- 
 ket square, 9:50 p.m. 
 
 March 9 — Frame building on Hawk street, occupied by negroes, 
 4:10 p.m. 
 
 March 1 1 — Louis Balm's frame building, on Church street, 9 p.m. 
 
 March 21 — Brick building, occupied by negroes, Arcade lane, 
 7:45 P.M. 
 
 April 3 — Steamboat, Captain Dalton, 7:45 p.m. 
 
 April 7 — M. Holmes' frame building, Church street extension, 
 3:45 p.m. 
 
 April 10 — Mrs. Jones' brick house, Mayfield, 8:10 p.m. 
 
 April 12 — E. Leithardt's frame shoe-shop, midnight. 
 
 April 13 — Mrs. Miller's frame house, Mosely street, 2 p.m.; and 
 F. UnderhilFs frame building on Granby street, 5:10 p.m. 
 
 April 23 — William Stevens' frame building on Queen street, 
 1:45 a.m. 
 
 May 4 — John Corbitt's frame building on Bermuda street, 9:15 
 P.M. 
 
 May 24 — St. Luke's frame hall on comer Jefferson street, 5:30 
 
 P.M. 
 
 May 26 — Frame house, estate of John Leigh, 257 Main street, 
 2:15 a.m. 
 
 June 18 — Frame building occupied by negroes, No. 18 North 
 street, 1 a.m. 
 
221 
 
 June 20 — W. T. Harrison's frame house, Brown street, 1:05 a.m. 
 
 July 1 — William Shields' frame building, Washington street, 
 2:45 a.m. 
 
 August 8 — Frame building, Rudd's bakery, Church street — 
 alarm at 1:15 P.M. and at 6:20 p.m. 
 
 August 9 — Frame building, Banks, on Wilson avenue, 1:45 a.m. 
 
 August 12 — Miss Rowland's frame house on Granby street, 4 p.m. 
 
 August 13 — Mrs. R. T. James' brick house, No. 9 Union street, 
 3 A.M. 
 
 August 30 — Godfrey's frame building on Nicholson street, 2 a.m. 
 
 September 3 — William Stevens' brick store on Main street 5:30 
 
 A.M. 
 
 September 10 — Frame building (colored Masonic Lodge) on 
 Lodge street, 12:30 a.m. 
 
 September 26 — Turner and Whitehead's frame house, Nebraska 
 street, 12:30 p.m. 
 
 October 7 — Henry James' frame building on Church street, 
 12:30 a.m. 
 
 October 18 — James McDermitts' frame house, outside city limits, 
 11:30 a.m. 
 
 November 15 — Frame house on Hawk street occupied by 
 negroes, 1:20 A. m. 
 
 December — John Gamage's brick building on Elizabeth street, 
 3:42 A.M. 
 
 December 9 — English ship at Reynold's wharf, 3:45 a.m., and 
 W. H. Hunter's brick building in Allyn's court, 12:15 a.m. 
 
 December 17 — Wood's coal office, Chamberlain's wharf, 1:45 
 
 A.M. 
 
 December 19 — Robert Searl's brick stable, York street, 11:20 
 
 A.M. 
 
 Only two or three of the above mentioned buildings were de- 
 stroyed — most of them being saved with but little damage. Our 
 L^ire Department is considered to be as efficient as that of any city 
 in the Union. 
 
 OUR POLICE FORCE. 
 
 In Norfolk, as in all other seaport towns, the police have their 
 hands always full. Drunken and disorderly sailors and strangers, 
 from all parts of the world, are frequently arrested for violating 
 the laws and disturbing the peace. This class of our " floating 
 population," however, is confined to a certain part of the city, be- 
 yond which they are seldom seen, especially when drunk and dis- 
 orderly. They are nevertheless a great source of trouble and annoy- 
 ance to the policemen. 
 
222 
 
 The following is a list of the police corps, which is regulated by 
 the Board of Police Commissioners, consisting of Mayor John S. 
 Tucker, Chairman ex-officio ; General V. D. Groner, President of 
 the Common Council, and Dr. E. C. Robinson, President of the 
 Select Council : 
 
 Officers — C. C. Benson, Chief; E. M. Gray, Assistant Chief; 
 Joseoh A. Rolland, First Sergeant ; John E. Scribner, Second Ser- 
 geant. 
 
 Privates — From First Ward — George Pumphrey, Henry 
 Thompson, John D. Simms, John Clark, J. T. Cornell, Henry 
 Frasier, William Blanks, William Frost, George Graham, Henry 
 Brown. Total, 10. 
 
 From Second Ward — Frank Hatton, Joseph T. Evans, Thomas 
 Dalton, James Farren, John Lawrence, William F. Wood, J. F. 
 Talbot, John Lester, Peter Dixon. Total, 9. 
 
 From Third Ward — Henry Butt, George Sculfatus, Luther Deer, 
 J. R. Pettis, John Grook, Joseph A. Wright, A. J. Balsom, R. J. 
 Barrett, Jesse T. Ewell/fhos. C. Joynes, W. J. Hozier. Total, 11. 
 
 From Fourth Ward — R. M. Alley, E. P. Anderson, Thomas T. 
 Jones, Jacob R. Mowle, R. O. Walker, George W. Wise, Win. E. 
 Durfey, James T. Titmus, W. H. Crosby. Total, 9. 
 
 Grand Total — Four officers and thirty-nine privates. The pay 
 of the Chief is $3 per day ; pay of Assistant Chief is $2.75 per 
 day; pay of Sergeants $2.50 per day; pay of privates $2 per day. 
 The force is very efficient and systematically organized. 
 
 THE VALUE OF PROPERTY. 
 
 Below we give the value of real estate and personal property in 
 the city (exclusive of the property owned by the corporation, and 
 of that upon which no tax is assessed) according to the Commis- 
 sioner's assessment for the past five years. We also give the rate 
 of taxation on the same, which includes the special tax levied upon 
 property owners for the water works and known as the " water tax," 
 which, during the past five years, has ranged from 25 to 40 cents 
 on each $100. Here is the statement : 
 
 1872— Value of real estate, $10,392,843; value of personal 
 property, $1,606,549 ; total amount, $11,999,392. Total city tax- 
 ation, $2.05 on each $100. 
 
 1873— Value of real estate, $10,431,586; value of personal 
 property, $1,567,765 ; total amount, $11,999,351. Total city tax- 
 ation, $2.25 on each $100. 
 
 1874— Value of real estate, $10,600,424; value of personal 
 property, $1,567,765 ; total amount, $12,168,189. Total city tax- 
 ation, $1.85 on each $100. 
 
223 
 
 1875 — Value of real estate, $10,751,151 ; value of personal 
 property, $2,697,270 ; total amount, 13,448,421. Total city tax- 
 ation, $1.85 on each $100. 
 
 1876 — Value of real estate, $8,400,207; value of personal 
 property, $1,728,756; total amount, $10,128,963. Total city tax- 
 ation, $2 on each $100. 
 
 It will be seen that the assessment of real estate for the last year 
 was about two million dollars less than each previous year named. 
 This was caused by a new assessment which reduced the taxable 
 valuable of property in accordance with its general depreciation 
 throughout the country on account of the " hard times." The dif- 
 ference in the assessment of personal property for 1875 and 1876 
 was partly caused by general depreciation of value, and partly by a 
 different mode of taxing merchants and manufacturers. 
 
 THE ORPHAN ASYLUMS OF NORFOLK. 
 
 BRIEF HISTORY OF THEIR ORGANIZATION THOSE WHO CARE FOR 
 
 THE HELPLESS LITTLE ONES. 
 
 Probably there are no institutions in the country that effect as 
 much good as orphan asylums. They save many a helpless child 
 from idleness, want, disgrace, shame, misery and death, and make 
 the characters of many useful men and women. Without such 
 asylums society would suffer, prisons and workhouses would be 
 fuller, vice and immorality would increase, and hundreds of Jives 
 would be spent in wickedness and wretchedness ! Reader, when 
 asked to contribute your mite towards this great and good cause, 
 pause and consider a moment before you say no, and think of how 
 much good you may aid in accomplishing by a simple act of liber- 
 ality. Think of it. 
 
 THE NORFOLK FEMALE ORPHAN ASYLUM. 
 
 First upon our list of the asylums in this city is the institution 
 bearing the above title. It was organized in 1804 through the 
 instrumentality of Bishop Francis Asbury, who will be remembered 
 as " the pioneer Bishop of Methodism in America." It was incor- 
 porated by the Legislature in 1811. Between the period of its 
 organization and the year 1861 it was kept up and sustained by 
 contributions from the various Protestant churches of the city, and 
 annual appropriations by the City Councils. In 1856 the Episco- 
 palians, for reasons satisfactory to themselves, withdrew their sup- 
 port from the asylum, and organized one for their own denomination. 
 In 1855, during the yellow fever scourge, the Howard Association 
 established an asylum here, which was supported by said Association 
 until 1861, when it was discontinued, and the inmates of it, 29 in 
 
224 
 
 number, were turned over to the Norfolk Female Asylum to be 
 supported there until each arrived at the age of 18 years, or was 
 provided with a comfortable home, &c. — the Howard Association 
 agreeing and solemnly contracting to pay to this asylum the sum of 
 $2,500 per annum for its maintainance ?md support, and this 
 money, which is paid quarterly, is all that the institution receives, 
 except from private sources. The asylum owns its building and lot, 
 situated corner Holt and Walke streets. The house is admirably 
 suited to the purpose, being large and well fitted up with suitable 
 furniture, gas and water. The children have a good play ground 
 in the rear, and a nice flower garden on the western side of the 
 building. The girls are taught the rudiments of the English lan- 
 guage, and are carefully instructed in various household and 
 domestic duties. Number of inmates at present, 28 ; provided 
 with homes in 1876, 4 ; average number on hand during past five 
 years, 30 ; total cared for since foundation, 310. 
 
 The Asylum Officers — Mrs. M. F. Mallory, first directress; Mrs. 
 George D. Armstrong, second directress ; Mrs. John Peters, Secre- 
 tary ; Mrs. E. A. Hallett, Treasurer ; Mrs. Ogden, matron ; Miss 
 Virginia Fiveash, teacher. 
 
 Howard Association Representatives — ¥m. T.Harrison, George 
 Drummond, Wm. H. Turner and Wm. D. Reynolds, Esqs. 
 
 [financial Advisers — John Peters, Wm. H. Morris and George 
 K. Goodridge, Esqs. 
 
 Board of Managers — Mrs. Jane Broughton, Mrs. Kader Biggs, 
 Mrs. Fayette Jones, Mrs. Theo. Rogers, Mrs. C. E. Jenkins, Mrs. 
 P. Hammill, Mrs. Ryland Capps, Mrs. Alpheus White, Mrs. 
 Thomas H. Webb, Mrs. I. O. Gardner, Mrs. Greaves, Miss Lizzie 
 Cralle, Miss Lizzie Moore. 
 
 Orphans are admitted into the asylum between the ages of one 
 and twelve years, regardless of the creed or religious belief of their 
 relatives or friends. 
 
 THE JACKSON ORPHAN ASYLUM. 
 
 This institution, managed by representatives of the various Epis- 
 copal churches of the city, was organized and incorporated in the year 
 1856. It had its origin in the mind, and was named in honor of 
 that truly noble, heroic man of God, the Rev. Wm. M. Jackson, 
 a former rector of St. Paul's Church, who fell a martyr to his 
 religious duties, while ministering to the wants, spiritual and. 
 temporal, of his flock and of the community at large, during the 
 fatal fever epidemic in 1 855. The act of incorporation provides 
 that the institution shall be under the control and direction of a 
 president and seven managers, to be elected by the trustees and sub- 
 scribers to the fund of the said corporation, in general meeting 
 assembled, and who shall continue in office until their successors are 
 appointed . 
 
225 
 
 A committee of twelve or more ladies are elected by the man- 
 agers as aboard of visitors; and the immediate care of the asylum 
 is confided to the matron appointed by the managers. The children 
 are taught in the elementary branches of an English education, 
 and the female inmates in such industrial arts as may be prosecuted 
 within the asylum. 
 
 The payment of $50 or more at any one time, or of $10 an- 
 nually, constitutes the subscriber a member of the asylum, and 
 entitles him or her to participate in all annual meetings of the 
 managers and trustees. Children will be received into this institu- 
 tion upon the recommendation of any two members of the Board 
 of ^ isitors, (with consent of the managers) or that of either of the 
 rectors of the Protestant Episcopal Churches of Norfolk. 
 
 The building is located on Bute street, opposite Granby street — a 
 comfortable house, well arranged and fitted up, and which belongs 
 to the asylum. 
 
 Present number of inmates — 16 
 
 Total cared for since foundation 49 
 
 Number of deaths since foundation 1 
 
 Officers and Managers — Richard Dickson, President; Captain 
 B. P. Loyall, Secretary and Treasurer ; Dr. R. B. Tunstall, Sur- 
 geon ; Mrs. Mary Smith, matron. 
 
 B ..■> i d of Managers and Trustees — From Christ Church, Rev. O. S. 
 Barten, Richard Dickson and R. L. Page, Esqs. From St. Paul's 
 Church, Rev. N. A. Okeson, R. H. Baker, and Wm. Lamb, Esqs. 
 From St. Luke's Church, Rev. John B. Newton, and Walter H. 
 Taylor, Esq. 
 
 Board of Visitors — Mrs. James Cornick, Mrs. Marshall Parks, 
 Miss Martha Rowland, Mrs. E. Rose, Mrs. Robert E. Taylor, Mrs. 
 S. W. Sheffield, Mrs. J. S. Millson, Mrs. V. D. Groner, Mrs. Kate 
 McClean, Mrs. Charles Drummond, Mrs. John Goode, Mrs. M. W. 
 Jarvis, Miss Carrie Tunstall, Mrs. C. W. Grandy. 
 
 Committees selected from the above list of visitors keep strict 
 watch over the condition and welfare of the children, with the as- 
 sistance of the matron. The institution is well sustained by the 
 Episcopalians of the city, and they deserve great credit for the 
 good they are doing in this great cause. 
 
 st. mary's orphan asylum 
 is located on the southwest corner of Mariner and Chapel streets, 
 with a front of one hundred and twenty-eight feet and running 
 back seven hundred feet. This property, formerly owned by the 
 late J. Marsden Smith, was purchased by the Sisters of Charity 
 during the war in 1864, with funds raised at a fair which was held 
 for that purpose. It is now the home of the orphans — the house 
 on Fenchurch street, formerly their dwelling, being used exclusive- 
 ly as a select school, under charge of the sisters. 
 
226 
 
 The St. Mary's Asylum was established in the year 1837, through 
 the munificence, chiefly, of Mrs. Ann Herron, and of Mr. Thomas 
 Moran. At a later period, 1845, Miss Ann P. B. Herron, niece 
 of Mrs. Herron, became its principal benefactor. Since that time 
 the asylum has been supported solely by the revenue derived from 
 St. Mary's Select School, and the annual private contributions of a 
 few kind-hearted and benevolent subscribers. It is managed and 
 controlled by the Sisters of Charity, six in number. During the 
 past four decades of years this institution has received and reared 
 hundreds of helpless little ones belonging to our city. Of the 
 orphans made by the yellow fever alone in 1855, it received and 
 educated from fifteen to twenty. During the past five years the 
 average number of orphans has been thirty-five. Eight were placed 
 out, and twelve received into the asylum during the year 1876. 
 At present the number of orphans in the institution is thirty. Sis- 
 ter Mary Alice, the Sister Superior in charge, has faithfully 
 devoted herself to the care of these orphans, and has, as the princi- 
 pal directress of the institution, ably and successfully managed it. 
 
 We know of no cause that is more worthy of support than that 
 of caring for the orphans. It commends itself to every thinking man 
 and woman in the land, particularly to those who are the followers of 
 Him who said : " Suffer little children to come unto me, and for- 
 bid them not: for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven." 
 
 ST. VINCENT DE PAUL HOSPITAL. 
 
 AN IMPORTANT AND USEFUL INSTITUTION. 
 
 This hospital is located on Wood street, extending from Church, 
 nearly to Chapel street. The lot occupies about two acres of 
 ground, beautifully laid off. This property was formerly the 
 residence of Mr. Walter Herron, a native of Ireland,who bequeathed 
 the property to his niece and adopted daughter, Miss Ann Herron 
 Behan, known as Ann Herron. 
 
 Miss Herron died in 1855, and left her entire estates to her 
 brother, James Herron Behan, who came to Norfolk from Ireland 
 in 1829, and lived here with his uncle until 1861, when he went 
 to England, on account of the war. Previous to his departure for 
 Europe he made his will (one of the most remarkable documents 
 ever recorded in this State) and appointed Archbishop Hughes, of 
 New York, and Right Rev. Bishop McGill, of Richmond, as the 
 executors of the same. In that will this property was left to the 
 St. Vincent de Paul Hospital, which was then in existence as a 
 charity home. The will was dated April 10th, 1860, and Mr. 
 Behan died in Liverpool April 22d, 1864. After the war the will 
 
227 
 
 was admitted to record in our clerk's office, and the hospital 
 trustees received the title to the property, which they now hold. 
 
 This excellent institution is managed by the Sisters of Charity, 
 usually about fifteen in number, under the direct control of 
 
 SISTER ISADORE, 
 
 the Sister Superior in charge, who devotes the best energy of 
 her nature and the rare talents which God has given her, to the 
 good cause for which the hospital was instituted. The building 
 contains twenty first-class private rooms, three large wards for white 
 males, and one for females. A separate house in the rear of the 
 main building is comfortably fitted up for the reception of colored 
 patients and contains four wards. 
 
 Private patients are furnished with rooms at prices ranging from 
 $10 to $20 per week, which includes all medicines, special nourish- 
 ments, &c. Dr. Thomas B. Ward is the physician in charge, but 
 private patients can employ any physician they may desire. The 
 number of patients in the hospital January 1st, 1876, to- wit : Pri- 
 vate patients, 14; ward patients, 51 ; charity patients, 23 ; total, 88. 
 Admitted during 1876 : Private patients, 161 ; ward patients, 413; 
 charity, 72; total, 646. Number treated during 1876, 734. Died 
 during the year, 23 ; discharged during the year, 635 ; total, 658. 
 In hospital January 1st, 1877, 76. 
 
 Since 1866, the Sisters have added a beautful wing and a Man- 
 sard roof to the orginal building, and have so improved the entire 
 premises as to make it one of the handsomest places of the kind in 
 the State. It is acknowledged to be a very useful and important 
 institution, and is liberally supported by the patronage of the com- 
 munity at large. 
 
 MARRIAGES IN 1876. 
 
 The following is a list of the number of marriage licenses issued 
 from the Clerk's office in this city during the year 1876. Persons 
 interested in matrimony can see in what month the most marrying 
 was done and can govern themselves accordingly : 
 
 White. Colored. Total. 
 
 January 9 5 14 
 
 February 17 5 22 
 
 March 7 4 11 
 
 April 11 11 22 
 
 May 9 5 14 
 
 June.. 9 7 16 
 
 July ;.:.,. 8 5 13 
 
 August 6 5 11 
 
228 
 
 September 5 5 10 
 
 October 8 6 14 
 
 November 9 9 18 
 
 December 15 12 27 
 
 Totals 113 79 192 
 
 The youngest bride's age, 15 years; oldest, QQ years; youngest 
 
 groom's age, 17 years ; oldest, 74 years. 
 
 [The above is not important, but we insert it to give variety to 
 
 the contents of this volume. It will be interesting an hundred 
 
 years hence]. 
 
 THE MAYORS OF NORFOLK. 
 
 THEIR NAMES, TIME OF ELECTION AND TERMS OF SERVICE. 
 
 It may prove interesting to preserve the following list of the 
 Mayors of Norfolk, from the date of the original charter of the 
 Borough to the present time — 1877: 
 
 First Mayor was Samuel Boush, appointed by the charter of the 
 Borough under date of September 15th, 1736, in the tenth year of 
 the reign of King George II. Mayor Boush died in less than two 
 months after his appointment to the office. 
 
 Second Mayor was Geo. Newton, elected by the Council Novem- 
 ber 18th, 1736, and served seven months. 
 
 Third Mayor was John Hutchings, Esq., elected by the Council 
 June 24th, 1737, and served one year. 
 
 Fourth Mayor was Robert Tucker, elected June 24th, 1738, and 
 served one year. 
 
 Fifth Mayor was John Taylor, elected June 25th, 1739, and 
 served one year. 
 
 Sixth Mayor was Samuel Smith, elected June 24th, 1740, and 
 served one year. 
 
 Seventh Mayor was Josiah Smith, elected June 21st, 1741, and 
 served one year. 
 
 Eighth Mayor was Geo. Newton (second term), elected June 24th, 
 1742, and served one year. 
 
 Ninth Mayor was John Hutchings (second term), elected June 
 24th, 1743, and served one year. 
 
 Tenth Mayor was John Taylor (second term), elected June 25th, 
 1744, and served about five months. 
 
 Eleventh Mayor was John Phripp, elected November 14th, 1744, 
 and served nineteen months. 
 
 Twelfth Mayor was Edward Pugh, elected June 24th, 1746, and 
 served one year. 
 
229 
 
 Thirteenth Mayor was Thomas Newton, elected June 24th, 1747, 
 and served one year. 
 
 Fourteenth Mayor was John Tucker, elected June 24th, 1748, 
 and served one year. 
 
 Fifteenth Mayor was Robert Tucker (second term), elected June, 
 1749, and served one year. 
 
 Sixteenth Mayor was Durham Hall, elected June, 1750, and 
 served seven months. 
 
 Seventeenth Mayor was Wilson Newton, elected January, 1751, 
 and served seventeen months. 
 
 Eighteenth Mayor was Christopher Perkins, elected June, 1752, 
 and served nine months. 
 
 Nineteenth Mayor was Josiah Smith (second term), elected 
 March, 1753, and served fifteen months. 
 
 Twentieth Mayor was George A by von, elected June 24th, 1754, 
 and served eight months. 
 
 Twenty-first Mayor was John Hutchings (third term), elected 
 February, 1755, and served four months. 
 
 Twenty-second Mayor was Richard Kelsick, elected June, 1755, 
 and served one year. 
 
 Twenty-third Mayor was Josiah Smith (third term), elected 
 June, 1756, and served one year. 
 
 Twenty-fourth Mayor was John Phripp (second lerm), elected 
 June, 1757, and served one year. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Mayor was John Tucker (second term), elected 
 June, 1758, and served one year. 
 
 Twenty-sixth Mayor was Robert Tucker (third term), elected 
 June, 1759, and served one year. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Mayor was Wilson Newton (second term) elected 
 June, 1760, and served one year. 
 
 Twenty-eighth Mayor was Christopher Perkins (second term), 
 elected June, 1761, and served one year. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Mayor was Paul Loyall, elected June, 1762 ; 
 served one year. 
 
 Thirtieth Mayor was Archibald Campbell, elected June, 1763; 
 served one year. 
 
 Thirty-first Mayor was Lewis Hansford, elected June, 1764 ; 
 served one year. 
 
 Thirty-second Mayor was Maximillian Calvert, elected June, 
 1765 ; served one year. 
 
 Thirty-third Mayor was James Taylor, elected June, 1766 ; 
 served one year. 
 
 Thirty-fourth Mayor was Geo. Abyvon, (second term), elected 
 June, 1767 ; served one year. 
 
 Thirty-fifth Mayor was Cornelius Calvert, elected June, 1768 ; 
 served one year. 
 
230 
 
 Thirty-sixth Mayor was Maximillian Calvert, (second term), 
 elected June, 1769 ; served one year. 
 
 Thirty-seventh Mayor was Charles Thomas, elected June, 1770; 
 served one year. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Mayor was Geo. Abyvon, (third term),elected June, 
 1771 ; served one year. 
 
 Thirty-ninth Mayor was Paul Loyall, (second term), elected 
 June, 1772 ; served one year. 
 
 Fortieth Mayor* was Charles Thomas, (second term), elected 
 June, 1773; served one year. 
 
 Forty-first Mayor was George Abyvon (fourth term), elected 
 June, 1774 ; served one year. 
 
 Forty-second Mayor was Paul Loyall (third term), elected June, 
 1775. The records do not show how long Mayor Loyall served ; 
 they show, however, that the 
 
 Forty -third Mayor was James Taylor (second term), whose term 
 expired June, 1778. 
 
 Forty-fourth Mayor was Cornelius Calveit (second term) elected 
 June, 1778 ; served one year. 
 
 Forty-fifth Mayor was George Abyvon (fifth term), elected June, 
 1779 ; served one year. 
 
 Forty-sixth Mayor was Thomas Newton, Jr., elected June, 1780. 
 On account of invasion he served seventeen months. 
 
 Forty-seventh Mayor was Paul Loyall (fourth term), elected 
 November, 1781 ; served seven months. 
 
 Forty-eighth Mayor was Janes Taylor (third term), elected 
 June, 1782 ; served one year. 
 
 Forth-ninth Mayor was George Kelly, elected June, 1783; 
 served one year. 
 
 Fiftieth Mayor was Robert Taylor, elected June, 1784; served 
 one year. 
 
 Fifty-first Mayor was Cary H. Hansford (the first Mayor that 
 had a middle name), elected June, 1785 ; served one year. 
 
 Fifty-secor.d Mayor was Thomas Newton Jr. (second term), 
 elected June, 1786 ; served one year. 
 
 Fifty-third Mayor was Benjamin Pollard, elected June, 1787; 
 served one year. 
 
 Fifty-fourth Mayor was George Kelly (second term), elected June 
 1788. Served one year, and was the last Mayor that presided over 
 the Common Council. On the 9th of August, 1788, the Common 
 Council was presided over for the first time by its first President, 
 Richard E. Lee, Esq. A court of aldermen was then established 
 and the Mayor presided over it, and was thereafter elected by the 
 aldermen. 
 
 Fifty-fifth Mayor was Robert Taylor (second term), elected June, 
 1789 ; served one year. 
 
231 
 
 Fifty-sixth Mayor was James Taylor (fourth term), elected June, 
 1790 ; served one year. 
 
 Fifty-seventh Mayor was John Boush, elected June, 1791 ; served 
 four months. 
 
 Fifty-eighth Mayor was Gary H. Hansford (second term), elect- 
 ed October, 1791 ; served eight months. 
 
 Fifty-ninth Mayor was Thomas Newton, Jr., (third term), elect- 
 ed June, 1792; served ten months. 
 
 Sixtieth Mayor was Robert Taylor (third lerm), elected April, 
 1793; served one year. 
 
 Sixty-first Mayor was Thomas Newton, Jr., (fourth term), elect- 
 ed April, 1794; served two months. 
 
 Sixty-second Mayor was James Ramsay, elected June, 1794 ; 
 served one year. 
 
 Sixty-third Mayor was Seth Foster, elected June, 1795; served 
 one year. 4 
 
 Sixty-fourth Mayor was Samuel Moseley, elected June, 1796 ; 
 served one year. 
 
 Sixty-fifth Mayor was Geo. Loyall, elected June, 1797 ; served 
 one year. 
 
 Sixty-sixth Mayor was Baylor Hill, elected June, 1798 ; served 
 one year. 
 
 Sixty-seventh Mayor was John K. Read, elected June, 1799 ; 
 served one year. 
 
 Sixty-eighth Mayor was Seth Foster (second term), elected June, 
 1800; served eleven months. 
 
 Sixty-ninth Mayor was John Cowper, elected May, 1801 ; served 
 thirteen months. 
 
 Seventieth Mayor was Wm. Vaughan, elected June, 1802 ; served 
 one year. 
 
 Seventy-first Mayor was Thomas H. Parker, elected June, 1803 
 served one year. 
 
 Seventy-second Mayor was Miles King, elected June, 1804 
 served one year. 
 
 Seventy-third Mayor was Luke Wheeler, elected June, 1805 
 served one year. 
 
 Seventy -fourth Mayor was Thos. H. Parker, (second term) 
 elected June, 1 806 ; served one year. 
 
 Seventy-fifth Mayor was Richard E. Lee, elected June, 1807 
 served one year. 
 
 Seventy-sixth Mayor was John E. Holt, elected June, 1808 
 served one year. 
 
 Seventh-seventh Mayor was Miles King (second term), elected 
 June, 1809 ; served one year. 
 
 Seventy-eighth Mayor was Wm. B. Lamb, elected June, 1810 ; 
 served one year. 
 
232 
 
 Seventy-ninth Mayor was Miles King, Jr., elected June, 1811 ; 
 served one year. 
 
 Eightieth Mayor was Win. B. Lamb (second term), elected June, 
 1812 ; served one year. 
 
 Eighty-first Mayor was Miles King, Jr., (second term), elected 
 June, 1813 ; served eleven months and then died. 
 
 Eighty-second Mayor was Win. B. Lamb (third term), elected 
 June, 1814 ; served one year. 
 
 Eighty-third Mayor was John E. Holt (second term), elected 
 June, 1815; served one year. 
 
 Eighty-fourth Mayor was Wm. B. Lamb (fourth term), elected 
 June, 1816 ; served eight months. 
 
 Eighty-fifth Mayor was John E. Holt (third term), elected Feb- 
 ruary, 1817 ; served four months, less one day, and resigned. 
 
 Eighty-sixth Mayor was James Taylor, elected 23d day of June, 
 1817 , served one day and resigned. (The resignation of Mayor 
 Holt one day before his term expired, made him eligible to the of- 
 fice for the succeeding term.) 
 
 Eighty-seventh Mayor was John E. Holt (fourth term), elected 
 June 24th (regular election day), 1817; served one year less one day. 
 
 Eighty-eighth Mayor was John Tabb, elected June 23d, 1818 ; 
 served one day. 
 
 Eighty-ninth Mayor was John E. Holt (fifth term), elected June 
 24th, 1818 ; served one year less one day. 
 
 Ninetieth Mayor was Wright Southgate, elected June 23d, 1819, 
 and served one day. 
 
 Ninety-first Mayor was John E. Holt (sixth term), elected June 
 24th, 1819 ; served one year. 
 
 Ninety-second Mayor was Wright Southgate (second term), 
 elected June, 1820; served two days and resigned. 
 
 Ninety-third Mayor was John E. Holt (seventh term), elected 
 June 26th, 1820; served one year. 
 
 Ninety-fourth Mayor was George W. Camp, elected June, 1821 ; 
 served three days and resigned. 
 
 Ninety-fifth Mayor was John E. Holt (eighth term), elected June 
 27th, 1821 ; served one year. 
 
 Ninety-sixth Mayor was John Tabb (second term), elected June, 
 1822; served four days. 
 
 Ninety-seventh Mayor was John E. Holt (ninth term), elected 
 June 1822 ; served one year. 
 
 Ninety-eighth Mayor, was Wm. B. Lamb (fifth term), elected 
 June, 1823 ; served a few days and resigned. 
 
 Ninety-ninth Mayor was John E. Holt, (tenth term), elected 
 June, 1823; served one year. 
 
 . One hundredth Mayor was Wm. A. Armistead, elected June, 
 1824 ; served a few days and resigned. 
 
233 
 
 One hundred and first Mayor was John E. Holt, (eleventh term), 
 elected June, 1824; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and second Mayor was John Tabb (third term), 
 elected June, 1825 ; served three days and resigned. 
 
 One hundred and third Mayor was John E. Holt (twelfth term), 
 elected June, 1825 ; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and fourth Mayor was Isaac Talbot, elected June, 
 1826 ; served five days. 
 
 One hundred and fifth Mayor was John E. Holt (thirteenth 
 term), elected June, J 826 ; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and sixth Mayor was Daniel C. Barraud, elected 
 June, 1827; served three days. 
 
 One hundred and seventh Mayor was John E. Holt (fourteenth 
 term), elected June, 1827; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and eighth Mayor was George T. Kennon, elected 
 June, 1828 ; served four days. 
 
 One hundred and ninth Mayor was John E. Holt, (fifteenth 
 term), elected June, 1828 ; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and tenth Mayor was Thomas Williamson, elected 
 June, 1829 ; served two days. 
 
 One hundred and eleventh Mayor was John E. Holt (sixteenth 
 term), elected June, 1829 ; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and twelfth Mayor was Giles B. Cook, elected 
 June, 1830 ; served ten days. 
 
 One hundred and thirteenth Mayor was John E. Holt (seven- 
 teenth term), elected July, 1830; served eleven months. 
 
 One hundred and fourteenth Mayor was Wright Southgate (third 
 term), elected June, 1831 ; served ten days. 
 
 One hundred fifteenth Mayor was John E. Holt (eighteenth term) 
 elected July, 1831 : ssrved eleven months. 
 
 One hundred and sixteenth Mayor was also John E. Holt (nine- 
 teenth term). No record of any intervening election. He died in 
 office October 12th, 1832. 
 
 One hundred and seventeenth Mayor was Miles King (third 
 term), elected October, 1832 ; served till June, 1843 (charter amend- 
 ed), at which time he was defeated before the people 
 
 One hundred and eighteenth Mayor was W. D. Delaney, elected 
 June, 1843; served till June, 1851. 
 
 One hundred and nineteenth Mayor was Simon S. Stubbs, elected 
 June, 1851 ; served two years. 
 
 One hundred and twentieth Mayor was Hunter Woodis, elected 
 June, 1853 ; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-first Mayor was Simon S. Stubbs 
 (second term), elected June, 1854; served one year. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-second Mayor was Hunter Woodis 
 (second term), elected June, 1855, and died in office in the fall of 
 same year, a victim of the yellow fever. 
 
234 
 
 One hundred and twenty-third Mayor was Ezra T. Summers, 
 who was elected and qualified November 26th, 1855, and served 
 seven months. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-fourth Mayor was Finley F. Ferguson, 
 elected June, 1856 ; served two years. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-fifth Mayor was Wm. W. Lamb, 
 elected June, 1858, also* in 1860 and 1862, and was serving as 
 Mayor when the United States military authorities entered Norfolk 
 in 1863. He surrendered the city to Gen. Wool, United States 
 Military Commander ; was afterwards removed by the military ; 
 was imprisoned in Fort Monroe, and subsequently released andsent 
 back home. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-sixth Mayor was Wm. H. Brooks, 
 who served from June, 1863, to a period in 1864, but there is no 
 record of the date when he was superceded. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-seventh Mayor was James L. Belote, 
 who appears on the records as Mayor in 1864, but there is nothing 
 to show how or when he became Mayor or how long he served as 
 such. It is supposed that he was appointed by the military 
 authorities, who then had charge of the city affairs. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-eighth Mayor was Thomas C. Tabb, 
 elected June, 1865 ; was appointed judge and resigned the mayor- 
 alty May 8th, J 866. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-ninth Mayor was Wm. W. Lamb 
 (fourth term), elected by the Councils in May, 1866, and served 
 out Mayor Tabb's unexpired term. 
 
 One hundred and thirtieth Mayor was John R. Ludlow, elected 
 June, 1866, and served until March, 1868, when he was removed 
 by the military authorities. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-first Mayor was Francis DeCordy, ap- 
 pointed by the United States military in 1868, vice John R. Lud- 
 low, removed, and served until the " Walker Council " was ap- 
 pointed. He was then elected by the said Council to fill out the 
 unexpired term to July 1st, 1870. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-second Mayor was John B. Whitehead, 
 who served from July, 1870, to July, 1872. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-third Mayor was John R. Ludlow, who 
 served from July, 1872, to July, 1874. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-fourth Mayor was John B. Whitehead, 
 who served from July, 1874, to July, 1876. 
 
 The one hundred and thirty-fifth Mayor, John S. Tucker, Esq., 
 is our present efficient chief magistrate, who succeeded to the office, 
 July 1st, 1876, having been elected by the people in May, 1876 
 to serve for two years. 
 
!23§ 
 MASONRY. 
 
 THE MASONIC LODGES OF NORFOLK — A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE 
 
 OLDEST LODGE IN THE UNITED STATES LIST 
 
 OF PRESENT OFFICERS. 
 
 Nations pass away, empires decay, monuments of antiquity 
 crumble into dust; the bat wings its drowsy flight in the palace of 
 kings ; the spider weaves its web in the council chamber of Sena- 
 tors, and the owl hoots in the august temple of the Gods. Fallen 
 mountains sleep upon the bosom of the plains, green islands sink 
 into the embrace of mighty waters; the comet is lost in the wilder- 
 ness of worlds, and the sweet Pleiad leaves the arms of her dear 
 sisters to wander as an outcast in the boundless blue depths of ether. 
 
 But amidst these revolutions, Masonry still survives, and as the 
 dark ocean of oblivion sweeps along and engulfs passing events in 
 its inky waves, this time-honored Order, standing boldly upon her 
 watch towers with lamps trimmed and lights burning on her sacred 
 altars, unfolds her snowy banners to the breeze and shouts amidst 
 the gloom—-" All is well ! Glory to God in the highest! on earth, 
 peace, good will to men." 
 
 " Time writes no wrinkle on her spotless brow. 
 As creation's dawn beheld her, thus she is now." 
 
 "The Masonic fraternity is an old and honored institution. Its 
 history, so beautiful, striking, and replete with interest, takes us 
 back through the ages of the past, almost to the "time whereof the 
 memory of man runneth not to the contrary," and establishes for 
 it a just claim to great antiquity. Masonry — operative and specu- 
 lative — affords us many lessons of wisdom and instruction — from 
 the time of the building of Solomon's Temple, down to the present 
 period in its history, the members of the mystic tie have been bound 
 together by the strong cement of brotherly love and charity. With- 
 out making any parade of its charitable deeds, it has relieved the 
 disttess and assuaged the sorrows of scores and hundreds of the 
 needy, poor, and afflicted ones on earth. Fidelity to the true prin- 
 ciples of Masonry, and a strict regard for and adherence to its tenets 
 which are worthy of all commendation and praise, will guarantee to 
 the Order not only the respect and love .of all good people, but 
 great success in its efforts for the accomplishment of good." 
 
 The Masons of Norfolk have ever been zealous and active. The 
 * zeal and energy with which they grappled with adverse circum- 
 stances in the building of the magnificent Temple which they now 
 occupy in this city, was the admiration of their brethren through- 
 out the country. .During the raging of the fever herein 1855, they 
 dispensed charity in a truly commendable manner, and the soup - 
 house, which last winter appeased the hunger of hundreds of our 
 
236 
 
 suffering poor people, will be remembered by the community as an 
 honor to this ancient craft, whose charity established it. 
 
 There are in the city, at present, four Blue Lodges, one Chapter, 
 one Commandery and one Lodge of Perfection. They all meet at 
 the Temple, corner Freemason and Brewer streets. There is noth- 
 ing of special interest connected with the history of any of them 
 except 
 
 NORFOLK LODGE, NO. 1, 
 
 which is believed to be the oldest Lodge in this country, and thus 
 explained : 
 
 In the list of regular Lodges under the Grand Lodge of Scot- 
 land, printed in Edinburgh in 1765, is found St. John's Lodge No. 
 117, chartered for Norfolk, in Virginia, June 1st, 1741. The 
 early history of Masonry in Virginia is involved in obscurity from 
 the paucity of records and the destruction of important documents 
 during the Colonial wars; but it is established beyond all doubt 
 that St. John's Lodge was first to receive its charter. Other 
 Lodges were subsequently organized at different periods under 
 charters derived from the Grand Lodges of England, Scotland and 
 Ireland ; and accordingly, at the beginning of the Revolution in 
 1776, we find certainly not less than eight legal working Lodges. 
 After the declaration of war by the Colonies it became necessary 
 for their mutual benefit and protection to organize a Grand Lodge 
 of Virginia, and accordingly, after due notice, the representatives 
 of five of the eight Lodges met in the town of Williamsburg, 
 May 6th, 17 7 7. Mathew Phripp, Esq., a bright Mason and 
 devoted patriot, was the Deputy from Norfolk, and was com- 
 plimented in being elected President of the Convention. Owing 
 to the unsettled condition of the country, the Grand Lodge was not 
 formally instituted until the Kith of October, 1778, at which time 
 John Blair, Master of the Williamsburg Lodge, was duly installed 
 in that town Grand Master of Virginia. For reasons now unknown 
 an interval of twelve years elapsed before the committee appointed 
 to ascertain the ages and settle and regulate the rank of the res- 
 pective Lodges, reported, when the palm was awarded to Norfolk. 
 Accordingly, St. John's Lodge, No. 117, surrendered its charter to 
 the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and received in its place one from the 
 Grand Lodge of Virginia, under the date and title of Norfolk 
 Lodge, No. 1, October 29, 1790, signed by Thomas Mathews, 
 Grand Master • John R. Read, Deputy Grand Master ; B. Ward, 
 Grand Secretary. 
 
 " This ancient and honored charter is still in her possession, a 
 precious heir-loom, mildewed and dusty, but fragrant with memo- 
 ries of the past. Although more than a century and a quarter have 
 passed over her head, her eye has not lost its fire nor her arm its 
 strength. Born during a stormy period, and sprung from a vigor- 
 
237 
 
 ©us, earnest, and virtuous Scotch stock, she has witnessed the rise 
 and fall of Empires abroad, and survived the shock of three great 
 wars at home. Lafayette has been the guest of this Lodge, and its 
 seal and diplomas are respected in all foreign lands." 
 
 Present Officers— Isaac Moritz, W. M; R. W. Moreland, 8. Wj 
 R. G. Turner, J. W ; Geo. B. Jenkins, Secretary ; Henry Jordan, 
 Treasurer; E. J. Mann, S. D; J. E. Dunbar, J. D;C. B. Johnson, 
 S. L. Pullen, Stewards ; M. Engleberg, Tiler. Number of mem- 
 bers, 130. 
 
 ATLANTIC LODGE NO. 2. 
 
 This Lodge was chartered December 13th, 1854, upon the appli- 
 cation of Dr. George T. Upshur, W. M; James Y. Leigh, S. W; 
 and Wm. A. Graves, J. W. James C. Leitch was Grand Master of 
 the State at that time, and the lamented Dr. John Dove was Grand 
 Secretary. Being an offspring of No. 1, its history is wrapped up 
 in that of its " old mother." 
 
 Present Officers — W. N. Rogers, W. M ; John L. Roper, S. W ; 
 Charles H. Hey, J. W ; J. J. Sturdivant, Secretary ; M. H. 
 Stevens, Treasurer; Samuel W. Weaver, S. D; Fred. Greenwood, 
 J. D ; S. A. Stevens, Chaplain ; Frank B. Smith, Organist ; W. 
 F. Dann, George W. Black, Stewards ; James E. Wright, Tiler. 
 Number of members, 102. 
 
 OWENS LODGE NO. 164. 
 
 This Lodge was chartered December 11th, 1867, upon the peti- 
 tion of Thomas F. Owens, W. M ; Samuel P. Moore, S. W ; and 
 Walter H. Taylor, J. W. At that time General Wm. Terry, was 
 Grand Master of the State, and Dr. John Dove, Grand Secretary. 
 Although the Lodge is a young one, it is in a flourishing condition 
 and its w"ork is systematically and beautifully conducted. Upon its 
 roll of members may be found the names of Ex-Governor Gilbert 
 C. Walker, Ex-Mayor John B. Whitehead, Colonel Walter H. 
 Taylor, Colonel L. D. Starke, Captain James Barron Hope, Hon. 
 John Goode, Wm. R. Gait, Esq., Major Charles B. Duffielcl, and 
 other well known citizens who took a deep interest in its original 
 organization. 
 
 Present Officers— R. A. Dobie, W. M ; Norman Bell, S. W ; A. 
 C. Gale, J. W ; S. P. Moore, Secretary ; Wm. S. Wilkinson, 
 Treasurer; Fred. S. Taylor, S. D ; Adam Tredwell, J. D j 
 Revs. O. S. Barten and W. E. Edwards, Chaplains ; James E. 
 Wright, Tiler. Number of members, 60. 
 
 RUTH LODGE NO. 89. 
 
 This Lodge was organized and worked under a dispensation 
 December 7th, 1869, and was chartered December 15th of the same 
 year upon petition of James B. Blanks, W. M.; J. Albert Yancey, 
 S. W.; and W. B. Seal, J. W. It was solemnly constituted March 
 19, 1870. Colonel Thomas F. Owens, was Grand Master of the 
 
238 
 
 State when the charter was granted. The Lodge started with 
 only seven members, but its Master, James B. Blanks (now of 
 Petersburg), being one of the most active and zealous Masons in 
 the State, worked faithfully with his brethren, and its membership 
 soon increased to 50. It is the youngest Lodge in Norfolk, but 
 compares favorably with any other in its workings and devotion 
 to the tenets of the ancient Order. 
 
 Present Officers — Joseph G. Fiveash, W. M.; Samuel Veale, S. 
 W.; H. S. Upshur, J. W.; J. A. Nicolson, Secretary ; D. S. Bur- 
 well, Treasurer ; Virginius Morris, S. D.; Joseph Pugh, J. D.; 
 Frank L. Blade and J. C. Beekman, Stewards ; Newton Fitz, 
 Organist; Rev. R. M. Saunders, Chaplain; James E. Wright, 
 Tiler. Number of members, 64. 
 
 NORFOLK UNITED ROYAL ARCH CHAPTER NO. 1 
 
 was organized and chartered March 10th, 1820, upon the petition 
 of Richard Jeffrey, H. P.; Robert Archer, King ; and Thomas L. 
 Robertson, Scribe. At that time Samuel Francis was Grand High 
 Priest of the State,and Thomas B. Griffin, Grand King. It is now 
 in a prosperous condition, and numbers about 125 members. 
 
 Present Officers— George S. Oldfield, H. P.; E. E. Guy, King ; 
 A. C. Gale, Scribe ; John Walters, Secretary ; Henry Jordan, 
 Treasurer; H. L. Turner, C. of H.; Walter A. Edwards, P. S.; 
 D. Husted, R. A. C; Babel Taylor, John O'Connor, E. Black, 
 Veil Masters ; James E. Wright, Janitor. 
 
 GRICE COMMA NDERY NO. 16 
 
 was chartered December 13th, 1866, upon petition of John G. 
 Smith, E. C.j John R. Todd, Generalissimo; and K. Cook, 
 Captain General. E. H. Gill was the. Grand Commander of the 
 State then, and William B. Isaacs, Grand Generalissimo. This 
 Commandery is extensively and favorably known among the 
 Knights Templar of the country, having been well represented at 
 all the regular meetings of the Graud Commandery of the United 
 States held during the past ten years ; it is particularly well known 
 to the Sir Knights of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Present Officers. — John L. Roper, Eminent Commander ; H. C. 
 Whitehead, Generalissimo ; A. C. Gale, Captain General ; Fred. 
 Greenwood, Prelate ; Henry Jordan, Treasurer ; W. R. Russell, 
 Recorder ; John Walters, Senior Warden ; E. E. Guy, Junior 
 Warden ; R. A . Dobie, Sword Bearer ; M. T. Cooke, Standard 
 Bearer ; D. Husted, Warder ; James E. Wright, Captain of 
 Guard. Number of members, 75. 
 
 m'daniel lodge of perefction no. 3 
 is of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, under the jurisdic- 
 tion of the Grand Consistory of the State of Virginia. It was 
 organized September 9th, 1874, and was chartered by the Most 
 
239 
 
 Puissant Grand Consistory of Sublfrae Prince of the Royal Secret, 
 33d degree of the A. and A. Rite, in and for this State. The or- 
 ganization of this Lodge was superintended in person by General 
 Albert Pike, and Colonel John Robin McDaniel, who are at the 
 head of the Grand Consistory of the World. 
 
 Present Officers. — John L. Roper, T. P. G. M.; E. E. Guy, G. 
 S. W.; M. H. Stevens, G. J. W.; John Walters, Grand Orator ; 
 D. Husted, Grand Almoner; H. S.Upshur, Grand Secretary; 
 Henry Jordan, Grand Treasurer ; F. Greenwood, Master of Cere- 
 monies ; A. Myers, Grand Senior Expert ; O. M. Etheredge, 
 Grand Junior Expert; T. W. Henderson, G. C. of H.; John T. 
 Heclmond and J. C. Rowe, Grand Sentinels; James E. Wright, 
 Grand Tiler. Number of members, 30 
 
 In addition to the Lodges named, our Masons have organized 
 the following permanent associations, to-wit : 
 
 THE MASONIC CHARITABLE ASSOCIATION 
 
 is for the relief of strange brethren who may need assistance while 
 in the city. Its officers are : George S. Oldfield, President ; S. P. 
 Moore, Secretary ; D. Husted, Treasurer, and three members from 
 each Lodge in Norfolk and Berkley. 
 
 THE MASONIC MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE ASSOCIATION 
 
 is conducted upon the most simple and economical plan of the or- 
 dinary life insurance business. Its officers are: John L. Roper, 
 President ; M. H. Stevens, Secretary ; F. Greenwood, Treasurer, 
 and a Board of Directors. 
 
 TRUSTEES OF THE TEMPLE. 
 
 The following gentlemen are the Trustees of the Masonic Tem- 
 ple, which belongs to the fraternity in Norfolk, and is entirely free 
 from any debt or other pecuniary incumbrances : John L. Roper, 
 President; D. Husted, Vice-President ; M. H. Stevens, Secretary 
 and Treasurer; L. D. Starke, S. V. Turner, W. H. Holmes and 
 James Y. Leigh. 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS. 
 
 CHIEF POINTS OF THE ORDER THE LODGES AND ORGANIZA- 
 TIONS IN NORFOLK. 
 
 The Odd Fellows is a charitable and benevolent Order, adapted 
 to the circumstances and conditions of men generally. It is of 
 ancient origin compared with many secret organizations of the 
 present century, and commands respect in most parts of the civilized 
 world. It is an order calculated to awaken those friendly feelings 
 which else might slumber in the human bosom. By it, men are 
 brought together as brethren, and rude emotions occasioned by the 
 vicissitudes of time are calmed, and thus are softened the asperities 
 
240 
 
 of life. Its members are bounfl together by ties too sacred to be 
 broken except by individual vices. 
 
 It emboldens its patrons to a persevering course of virtuous con- 
 duct — disheartened and discouraged as they may be at times by 
 the uncertainties of fortune; and the afflicted widow and fatherless 
 child, by the solemn obligations under which every Odd Fellow 
 acts, are not to be forgotten, although they are left desolate and 
 alone. 
 
 " Once on a time when earth was new, 
 
 I wandered forth in Eden's bowers; 
 And sought for emblems of the true, 
 
 Amid it varied sweets and flowers. 
 
 Quick from among the petals rare, 
 Appeared an Angel, pure and fair; 
 She plucked two flowers — Pink and White — 
 And vanished suddenly from sight. 
 
 Another came to cheer the scene, 
 And chose two others — Blue and Green ; 
 When she' had gone a third appeared, 
 And the bright Cardiualis reared ; 
 She plucked the Purple dahlia too, 
 And spread them all before my view. 
 
 Then all appeared, as pure as air — 
 Twined a bright chap let, rich and fair, 
 Bound it upon the brow of youth, 
 And called it Friendship, Love and Truth." 
 
 We present here a brief review of the Order in this city, which 
 will prove interesting to all who read it. 
 
 ODD FELOWS' HALL. 
 
 This building is situated on Church street, near the corner of 
 Cove, and is built of brick. The corner-stone was formally laid by 
 the Masonic fraternity (the Odd Fellows participating in the cere- 
 mony) July 4th, 1854, but on account of the yellow fever epidemic 
 in 1855, the house was not completed until the fall of 1856. The 
 first floor contains three large stores, and under the main entrance 
 to the upper stories there is a splendid cistern which holds about 
 50,000 gallons of water. The second is used as the Norfjlk Opera 
 House, so well known to our lovers of amusement — the stage of 
 which is of the following dimensions: Height from floor to 
 grooves, 14 feet ; height from floor to ceiling, 25 feet ; width from 
 groove to groove, 23 feet; width from wall to wall, 58 feet; depth 
 from front to back, 60 feet. The seating capacity of the auditorium 
 is as follows : Dress circle, 401 seats; parquette, 108 seats ; orches- 
 tra chairs, 78 seats ; galleries, 350 seats. Total, 937 ; besides four 
 private boxes which will accommodate twenty- two persons. The 
 third story is used by the Lodges, and contains three large meeting 
 
241 
 
 rooms. Under the stage of the Opera Honse there are nine dress- 
 ing rooms, one " green room/' and one wardrobe room. 
 
 THE ODD FELLOWS' LIBRARY 
 
 is also located in the building, and contains 1,259 volumes of read- 
 ing matter, besides various. papers, pamphlets and monthly periodi- 
 cals. The library is managed by an Association consisting of three 
 trustees from each of the three subordinate Lodges, who are ap- 
 pointed annually. Mr. John T. Redmond, the Treasurer of the 
 Building Association, is also the business agent of the Opera 
 House, and attends to the renting of the same. 
 
 The following is a complete list of the different Lodges in the 
 city, elate of organization, present officers, &c. Also of the Build- 
 ing Association, which was duly chartered by the State Legislature 
 previous to the erection of the hall. 
 
 WASHINGTON LODGE NO. 2. 
 
 This is the oldest Odd Fellows' Lodge in Virginia — No. 1 being 
 in West Virginia. It was chartered by the Grand Lodge of the 
 United States, September 3, 1833, and as soon as seven Lodges 
 were organized in the State a subordinate Grand Lodge was formed, 
 and Washington Lodge received its charter from this Grand Lodge 
 of Virginia July 14, 1837. The petitioners for the first charter 
 were John W. Wolf, John Spalding, Smith Rockwell, T. W. 
 Hayes, William P. Dunston and John Wilson. The petitioners 
 for the last charter were Dr. E. C. Robinson, John Odenhall, John 
 Carson, William Diggs and Jeffries Wilkinson. John D. Graff 
 was the M. W. Grand Master *of the State at the time. 
 
 Present Officers — James L. Winston, N. G ; Theo. Stroman, V. 
 G.; Joel C. White, Secretary ; J. T. Redmond, Treasurer ; John 
 T. Griffin, Chaplain. Number of members, 94. 
 
 LAFAYETTE LODGE NO. 9 
 
 was chartered January 8, 1838, and instituted February 6th of the 
 same year. The original petitioners for the charter were L. W. 
 Tazewell, Jr., T. M. Martin, M. Gregory, James Watters, Griffin 
 Barnes and William C. Nash. The by-laws were revised and 
 adopted February 19th, 1869, and approved by the Grand Lodge 
 on the 15th day of the following April. 
 
 Present Officers— B. F. Ward, N. G.; C. J. Colona, V. G.; 
 William Erxleben, Secretary ; E. Godwin, Treasurer ; John Pur- 
 nell, Chaplain. Number of members, 92. 
 
 HARMONY LODGE NO. 19 
 
 was chartered March 7th, 1840, upon the petition of John Morris, 
 William Ashley, Walter P'earce, James L. Hathaway, R. D. Bur- 
 russ, Thomas F. Constable, J. M. Freeman, William B. Thomas, 
 John N. Hall, James Jackson and Charles Burruss. Its by-laws 
 were revised and adopted in October, 1873. 
 
 Present Officers — Thomas W. Godfrey, N. G. ; Frank L. Slade, 
 
242 
 
 V. G. ; James E. McCoy, Recording Secretary ; Thomas C. Gale, 
 Financial Secretary ; R. W. Mooreland, Treasurer ; Wm. S. Copes, 
 Chaplain. Number of members, 170. 
 
 JERUSALEM ENCAMPMENT, NO. 4, 
 
 was chartered in October, 1837, upon the petition of Jacob Hull, 
 E. C. Robinson, Elias Guy, Thomas M. Martin and James L. 
 Belote, by the Grand Lodge of the United States, and was adopted 
 by the Grand Lodge of Virginia, in 1842. 
 
 Present Officers — Francis DeCordy, C. P. ; George E. Bowden, 
 H. P.; F. L Siade, S. W. ; John T. Redmond, Scribe; George 
 Groner, Treasurer ; George S. Old field, J. W. Number of mem- 
 bers, 78. 
 
 Of the above Lodges, Washington Lodge, No. 2, was the only 
 one which kept up its regular meetings during the entire period of 
 the war. As soon as the war ended, the other Lodges resumed 
 work and have been in successful operation ever since. 
 
 THE ODD FELLOWS 1 BUILDING ASSOCIATION 
 
 is composed of a President and eight Directors, who are charged 
 with the management and control of the Odd Fellows' Hall. The 
 present officers are: Wm. H. Turner, President; A. L. Hill, 
 Secretary; J. T. Redmond, Treasurer; Joel C. White, C. Borum, 
 Wm.' Erxleben, A. Jakeman, L. T. Blick, ami G. T. Williams. 
 The election of these officers occurs annually. 
 
 THE HEPT*ASOPHS 
 
 OR SEVEN WISE MEN — A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN AND 
 OBJECTS OF THE ORDER. 
 
 This Secret Order is one of the most flourishing in ourcity, con- 
 sidering the fact that it is new in this country. The first Conclave or 
 Lodge in the United States was organized in New Orleans, in 
 April, 1852, and as soon as three Conclaves were formed, they 
 organized a Grand Conclave for the State of Louisiana, from which 
 sprung all the Lodges now in existence in the Union. In 1856 the 
 Grand Conclaves of the various States formed what is now known 
 as the Supreme Conclave of the World, and to that body was given 
 jurisdiction over all other Conclaves, both Grand and Subordinate. 
 The Supreme Conclave was virtually broken up during the late 
 unhappy war, but was reorganized in May, 1869, in the city of 
 Philadelphia, Pa., and resumed its supreme jurisdiction. The Order 
 is very popular among the Germans, and Germany is the only 
 country, except the United States, where it is now kept up ; but 
 from its rapid growth there, as well as in this country, we may con- 
 fidently expect and anticipate its universal spread in all parts of the 
 world. 
 
243 
 
 The present officers of the Supreme Conclave are the following : 
 Major Win. E. Foster, Norfolk, Va., Supreme Archon ; Dr. 
 Heidensfelder, New Orleans, Supreme Chancellor; O. E. Dudley, 
 Esq., Brooklyn, N. Y., Supreme Provost; Dr. S. B. Wolf, Balti- 
 more, Supreme Secretary ; George S. Hubbard, Esq., Norfolk, Va., 
 Supreme Treasurer. 
 
 OEIGIK OF THE ORDER. 
 
 Almost every secret order has its traditional or historical origin, 
 and so has this one. They are called Heptasophs, or Seven Wise 
 Men of Greece. Heptasoph is a compound of two Greek words, 
 Ilepta, seven, and Sophos, wise. The Greeks were a nation whose 
 fame will never die, and whose deeds will ever shine upon the pages 
 of ancient history. The language of Greece holds the treasure of 
 Divine Truth. Her poets still sing in all climes of the earth. The 
 work of her sculptors still lives to show the genius of master hands. 
 Her philosophers preside in many important institutions of learn- 
 ing in the world. Her statesmen still excite the admiration of 
 nations, and the history of her warriors and orators will be read 
 with interest by thousands yet unborn. 
 
 The Seven Wise Men from whom the Order derives its name 
 were to- wit : Thales, of Miletus; Solon, of Athens; Bias, of 
 Priene ; Chilo, of Sparta ; Pitticus, of Mitylene ; Cleobulus, of 
 Rhodes ; and Epimenides, of Crete. Thales was considered to be the 
 wisest of them all, for he was a great philosopher who studied the 
 heavenly bodies and the elementary principles of nature. He 
 traveled in Egypt and taught its people how to measure the height 
 of their pyramids by the shadows they cast upon the ground at a 
 certain time of the day. He gave many other evidences of much 
 wisdom, which won for him great renown among his people and 
 brethren. He used to thank God for three things : first, he was a 
 human and not a brute; second, he was a man and not a woman; 
 third, he was a Greek and not a barbarian. 'Twas he who wisely 
 said : " The most difficult thing is to know thyself; the easiest 
 thing, to give advice to others." He also said that "friends absent 
 should be remembered as well as when present." 
 
 Solon was an Athenian philosopher and law-maker. He de- 
 scended from the King of Athens, but in his day was poor but not 
 obscure. He was also a poet, and it was through the inspiring 
 effect of one of his patriotic psalms that the Athenians captured the 
 Island of Salamis, after having been repeatedly repulsed by a neigh- 
 boring nation, in terrific battle. It was he who advised another 
 war in which the Athenians were successful, and by which their 
 wrongs were rectified and their people were satisfied. 
 
 Of Chilo but little is recorded, except that he lived to be very 
 old, and died for joy in the arms of his son when he returned vic- 
 torious from the Olympic games. 
 
244 
 
 Bias was noted not only for his wisdom, but for his great gen- 
 erosity and noble spirit. He died in the arras of a grandson while 
 pleading the cause of a friend. He left some wise maxims for his 
 people, among them the following : "Never desire impossibilties ;. 
 endure' misfortune with patience ; great mind's alone can properly 
 bear sudden reverse of fortune ; if you are handsome do handsome 
 things ; praise not a worthless man for the sake of his wealth ; do 
 all the good you can and give the glory to God." 
 
 Pitticus was the patriotic Greek who, when the Athenians were 
 about to attack his city, (Mitylene) challenged their General to 
 single combat, with the understanding that the result should decide 
 the war, and much bloodshed be thereby avoided. The challenge 
 was accepted, and he killed his enemy with a broad sword. He was 
 then chosen ruler of his city and governed for ten years, during 
 which time he made laws in poetry — one of which was to this 
 effect : " A crime committed by a person when drunk should 
 receive double the punishment which it would merit if the offender 
 were sober." His great motto was this : " Whatever you do, do 
 it .well." 
 
 Of Cleobulus very little is known, except that he was very wise. 
 
 Epimenides, the last of the Seven Wise Men, had a great reputa- 
 tion for sanctity, and was often called upon to perform some sacred 
 rite. The Cretians were superstitious enough to be believe that he 
 had communication with the gods. From the characters and 
 teachings of these Wise Men, it will be seen that justice and the 
 general welfare of the people were the subjects nearest their hearts, 
 and from the history of these sages originated this Order. 
 
 " OBJECTS OF THE ORDER. 
 
 The objects of the Order are to benefit mankind, to elevate the 
 moral standard, and to bring men into a closer relationship with 
 each other. The Heptasophs inculcate no special religious views 
 beyond the acknowledgment of Deity. They invade no sanctuary 
 of worship, and meddle with no sects, creeds, modes of faith, nor 
 politics. They strive to cultivate the moral and intellectual facul- 
 ties of their brethren, and increase in knowledge and virtue. The 
 perversity of human nature leads on to selfishness and distrust, but 
 this Order teaches charity, benevolence, confidence, true friendship 
 and brotherly love. The Grand Conclave of Virginia was organized 
 bv the Subordinate Conclaves, in March, 1869, and now has 
 specialjurisdictionover the following Lodges in this city to-wit : 
 
 VIRGINIA CONCLAVE NO. 1 
 
 was chartered by the Supreme Conclave, May 16th, 1868, upon 
 the petition of E. D. Langley, E. E. Hathaway, Geo. W. Walker, 
 Thomas H. Tucker, H. M. Hill, C. Lloyd, H. O. Hill, Robert 
 Steele, Herbert Hope and others. It was then organized with 
 thirty three members. 
 
245 
 
 Present Officers — F. DeCordy, Arehon ; D. D. Hitchings, C. ; 
 James Vickhouse, Provost; J. W Purnell, Prelate; Wm. Raw- 
 lins, Treasurer ; C. T. Davis, Recording Scribe; Wm, F. Britzell, 
 Financial Scribe; James F. Parker, Inspector-General; H. K. 
 Bell, Herald ; W. C. West, Warden ; James N. Peb worth, Sentinel. 
 Present number of members, sixty. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP CONCLAVE NO. 2, 
 
 was chartered by the Supreme Conclave January 4th, 1869, upon 
 petition of J. Richard Lewellen, J. P. Hodges, W. E. Foster, W. 
 H. Halstead, R. H. Kellinger, Henry C. Harrison, A. J. Dal ton, 
 W. A. Edwards, James Barron Hope, A. H. Cherry and others. 
 
 Present Officers — E. Wharton, Arehon ; W. F. Gregory, C; 
 J. Arrington, Provost; Miles Diggs, Prelate; James M. Black, 
 Treasurer ; P. H. Dann, R. S.; E. M. Solomon, F. S.; Amos P. 
 Jordan, Inspector General ; R. D. Satchell, Herald ; J. K. Barnes, 
 Warden ; W. C. White, Sentinel. Present number of members, 52. 
 
 Thes ; Conclaves are in fine condition ; the members are taking 
 fresh interest in the precepts and tenets of their beautiful Order, 
 and the day is not far distant when their membership will be 
 doubled. A higher branch of the Order has been organized under 
 the jurisdiction of the Supreme Conclave, called the Encampment, 
 which has nothing to do with the Grand Conclave of the State. A 
 member, however, has to pass through a subordinate Conclave 
 before he can become a member of it. 
 
 OLIVE ENCAMPMENT NO. 1 
 
 was chartered June 17th, 1868, by the Supreme Conclave, and is 
 the only one in the State. The names of W. E. Foster, Thomas 
 H. Tucker, William F. Britzell, William Baker, E. M. Solomon, 
 P. H. Dann, J. K. Barnes, Samuel Hofflin, J. J. Pullen, C. T. 
 Davis, A. H. Dudley, H. F. Lewis and others appear on the orig- 
 inal charter. 
 
 Present Officers— George S. Hubbard, E. C.j W. H. Wheeland, 
 C; J. F. Parker, P.; E. M. Soloman, R. S.; P. H. Dann, F. S.; 
 W. F. Britzell, I. G.; William Baker, T.; W. F. Edwards, P. 
 Present number of members, 35. 
 
 All of these Lodges meet at Heptasophian Hall, on Bank street. 
 The two Conclaves have weekly meetings, and the Encampment 
 holds semi-monthly meetings. 
 
 THE RED MEN. 
 
 ORIGIN, HISTORY AND OBJECTS OF THE ORDER — PRESENT OF- 
 FICERS OF WYANDOTTE TRIBE NO. 42. 
 
 Christopher Columbus, believing that there were undiscovered 
 and inhabited countries in existance, danced attendance upon 
 and sought the favor of the Spanish Queen Isabella, in the 
 
246 
 
 fifteenth century, beseeching her to fit out vessels anrl a command 
 in order that he might go into the drooping west and find another 
 continent. The noble Queen heard him, for his much speaking 
 and little fleet was fitted and rigged. Guided by the mariner's 
 faithful needle the bold adventurer set sail in search of other lands. 
 Days and weeks were spent in the dreary voyage,and still the same 
 wide expanse of water and sky greeted his anxious and despairing 
 crew. The monsters of the deep glared from out the depths of the 
 sea upon the frail barks which sailed above their beds. No friendly 
 sails of returning vessels hailed them in that vast expanse of water 
 to tell ol news in distant ports. All hearts sickened and sighed for 
 home save the hopeful and dauntless heart of Columbus, and he 
 alone, with prophetic knowledge and wishful eye, saw a Western 
 shore. Strange birds came twittering through the sky. The air 
 was changed from the salt and breezy smell of the sea, and soon 
 the sailor beheld the blessed land whereon he hoped to set his foot 
 once more, and as he neared the coast, he was greeted by the strange 
 red man of the forest — the solemn and mysterious child of the 
 Great spirit ! Who can give account of these red men ? 
 
 The Jewish Bible contains the history of the twelve tribes of 
 Israel, and furnishes knowledge of the Gentile nations with whom 
 they had been in contact. The Egyptian and Babylonish records ten 
 of their people and thenations with whom they had lived in peace and 
 striven in battle. Alexander the Great marched across Asia, and 
 beside the Indus, captured the Mongolian and the " heathen 
 Chinee." Roman and Grecian history speak of strange nations and cu- 
 rious people. But in all this vast record of time there was no word of 
 the Red Man of America — no type, no generation from which he 
 could be traced. Modern history and experience teaches us that 
 the Indian dies without fear and believes in the immortality of the 
 soul. He looks not for punishment in death, but for reward. To 
 him the " Kishe Maneto " — the Master of Life, is not fierce and 
 avenging, but is a kind, loving and tender father, who folds his poor 
 children to rest and happiness, when the chase of life is finished in 
 the forest of the earth. His religion teaches him unfaltering trust 
 in the Great Spirit. His honor demands that he keeps with un- 
 blemished faith the secrets and counsels of his Chief and people, 
 and no fear of death, no promise of reward, can induce a true In- 
 dian to betray or turn against his tribe. 
 
 THE IMPROVED ORDER. 
 
 The secret order of which we write is known as the Improved 
 Order of Red Men, and is founded upon beautiful traditions of the 
 original Indian Tribes. It is a secret society of men, formed to aid 
 in bearing one another's burdens, to comfort and cheer one and 
 another in distress and old age, to create happiness for each other 
 and to enjoy each other's society and true friendship. From all the 
 
247 
 
 evidence in our possession the Order was first organized at Fort 
 Mifflin, on the Delaware river, and the year 1813 was the time when 
 the first "Council Fire was kindled." None but soldiers were 
 admitted as members — it was intended for their benefit only. It 
 will be remembered u by some that during that period of our country's 
 history there were two parties — the war party and the anti-war 
 party. Between these factions there had arisen a bitter animosity, 
 which spread itself in such a manner as to cause alarm. It forced 
 its way into the fort and soon began to disseminate among the 
 soldiers. Then it was that Captain James W. Parker, (the Com- 
 mander of the post) and Lieutenant Williams, proposed and effected 
 among the soldiers the organization of this Order, and fortified it 
 by signs, grips and passwords, in order to dipel discord and en- 
 gender friendship. From this " Fort Tribe" the Order was carried 
 into other States, and after the war, civilians were admitted. 
 
 In 1817 the " Tribe of Columbia" was organized in Philadel- 
 phia, and the Order continued to grow until 1835, when a new era 
 marked its history, and it Avas placed upon a proper basis. The 
 Past Chiefs and other representatives of the various tribes met in 
 Baltimore, May 20th, 1835, and organized the " Great Council of 
 Maryland and the United States," when the society was announced 
 to the world as the Improved Order of Red men, and it is now 
 shorn of its political and military character, and has for its motto 
 " Freedom, Friendship and Charity." In this Order are adminis- 
 tered no oaths binding you to any political or religious creed; there 
 is no binding of hands or feet, and as you enter the wigwam so you 
 depart — a free man. Free indeed ! for there is recognized not the 
 arbitrary, but the necessary grades of the outer world. Socialistic 
 barriers are there broken ; birth, education and wealth must yield 
 the step to native honor and true nobility of soul ; and he is great- 
 est in the tribe — no matter how rugged the exterior — who is the 
 purest within, whose heart is the warmest, and whose love is the 
 most catholic. 
 
 WYANDOTTE TRIBE NO. 42. 
 
 This is the name of the only tribe in existence in this city. It was 
 chartered by the Great Council of Virginia, September 30th, 1873, 
 upon the application of E. W. Gaines and " twenty other pale 
 faces," and was duly organized and set to work. Since then it has 
 greatly prospered, and now numbers 100 members. 
 
 Present Officers.— E. M. Solomon, V. P.; W. C. West, W. S.; 
 A. J. Tarrall, Sr., S.j James F. Parker, Jr , S.; J. P. Epes, C. of 
 R.; James Wilson, K. of W. 
 
248 
 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE ORDER — A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TWO LODGES 
 
 IN THIS CITY. 
 
 " In faith and hope the world will disagree ; 
 But all mankind's concern is charity." — Pope. 
 
 In presenting a brief history of the early origin of this Order to 
 our readers, and in giving an account of the original organization 
 and present condition of the Lodges in this city we impart infor- 
 mation to persons not connected with the growing prosperity and 
 popularity of this established secret society. A writer well known 
 to this craft has justly said that our ancestors were wont to make 
 their holidays jubilant with merry meetings. The church, appre- 
 ciating the wants of our social nature, did not allow the Pagan world 
 to absorb the recreation of the times. She appointed the needed 
 festivals and consecrated them by religious authority. Thus, Merry 
 Christmas remains to exercise its beneficent influence upon old and 
 young. The Knights of Pythias have comprehended the moral, 
 social and physical wants of the times, and have adapted their 
 Order to these conventionalities. They have also appreciated 
 chivalry in its legitimate sense, making it a test for separating the 
 cultivated gentleman from the ignorant boor, the man of honor 
 from the trickster and charlatan, the genial-true-hearted friend who 
 would relieve our sorrows from those who labor for mercenary and 
 pecuniary ends. The Order cultivates the chivalry of true man- 
 hood — an union of hearts and hands, which infuses a new and 
 better life into the whole social system. The Knights do not 
 put their armor on to contend against imaginary wrongs, but to 
 combat the errors of prejudice and tradition which rob mankind 
 of many comforts and genuine friendship. The story of 
 
 DAMON AND PYTHIAS 
 
 affords a noble example of friendship and chivalry, and is familiar 
 to thousands. When we know how noble Pythias pledged his life, 
 and was ready to sacrifice it for the honor of his friend Damon, and 
 how the latter appreciated and rescued his faithful friend, 
 and thereby won the admiration of his enemies and saved 
 his own life and reputation, we naturally say, " there are 
 but few such men in these times." But this Order teaches the same 
 principles of true friendship, and illustrates these noble characters 
 by its works. If its members cannot easily attain the perfection of 
 such examples and teachings, they can at least strive for it. They 
 can weep with sorrowing friends and rejoice with those that are 
 happy. They can rest the weary head, smooth the pillow of the 
 dying, and lighten the afflictions of the broken-hearted. They can 
 
249 
 
 hush the voice of the slanderer, breathe peace to a distracted and 
 discordant land and to divided and estranged families and friends. 
 This is the mission of the Knights of Pythias, and when, by the 
 grace of God, it is wholly accomplished, they will receive the 
 plaudit of "Well done thou good and faithful servant ; enter thou 
 into the joys of thy Lord." 
 
 THE COVENANT 
 
 between Jonathan and David, as recorded in the book of Samuel, 
 chapter twentieth, was not a mere convenient arrangement for the 
 time being to meet the exigencies of the hour, but for all time, for 
 they swore both in the name of the Lord, saying, "The Lord be 
 between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed forever." 
 And upon this covenant is laid the foundation of the friendship and 
 brotherly love, taught by this charitable institution. 
 
 FOUNDATION OF THE ORDER. 
 
 The Order of Knights of Pythias, in which there blends so much 
 strength, beauty and symplicity in brotherly fellowship, with true 
 knightly friendship inculcated and maintained, was founded in its 
 present system of government at Washington, D. C, at which place 
 the first Grand Lodge was organized April 8th, 1864, with Joseph 
 T. K. Plant as the Grand Chancellor. The present Ritual of the 
 Order dates from that time, although the principles upon which it is 
 based are coeval with the oldest institutions of the world. During 
 the many great convulsions of olden times in the affairs of nations, 
 in which governments were overthrown and empires rose and fell, 
 the long established laws and customs of society were uprooted and 
 changed. Through all of these varied changes we have reasons for 
 believing that the principles of the Pythian Order remained intact, 
 although the forms and ceremonies of the opening and closing of 
 Lodges, together with the beautiful initiation service were lost, and 
 with them perished the unnumbered volumes of records of the 
 heroic deeds of men whose lives were spent in the service of Cove- 
 nanted Friendship — thousands of whom immolated themselves 
 upon that altar for the sakes of those with whom they were 
 Knighted Brothers. We have the story of Damon and Pythias 
 from profane history alone, and if 'twere only from one historian it 
 might be doubted ; but one after another of the great writers of the 
 past corroborate the story and dwells earnestly upon the strength 
 of the friendship that bound these two noble men together. 
 
 The Grand Lodge of Virginia was formed upon a charter granted 
 by the Supreme Grand Lodge at Washington, in 1868, and many 
 subordinate Lodges were authorized and chartered io this as well as 
 other States. The interest then taken in the Order fully established 
 its success, and it has continued to grow ever since. The first officers 
 of the Grand Lodge were Hugh Latham, V. G. P. ; W. H. Wade, 
 
250 
 
 Gr. C. ; James W. Mugan, V. G. C, and their subordinates. On 
 the 16th of April, 1869, they granted a charter to 
 
 NORFOLK LODGE NO. 9, 
 
 upon the petition of the following charter members, viz : Henry 
 Armstrong, J. W. Thompson, D. P. Morris, W. A. Edwards, J. 
 D. Parham, N. F. McCann, J. J. Sturdivant, Henry L. Turner, 
 W. R. Russell and J. B. Upshur. Soon thereafter the Lodge was 
 duly organized, and has prospered until now. The following is a 
 list of its 
 
 Present Officers— W. G. Wilbern, P. C; Walter A. Edwards, 
 CO.; E. T. Thomas, V. C.; R. W. B. Happer, Prelate; C. E. 
 Davis, M. at A.; W. S. Morris, K. of R. and S.; J. G. Spruill, M. of 
 Ex.; W. S. Rudd, M. of F.; George W. Hill, I. G.; Duncan 
 McLeod, O. G. Present number of members, 103. 
 
 CHARITY LODGE NO. 10 
 
 was chartered August 16th, 1869, upon the application of the fol- 
 lowing charter members, viz.: T. F. Rogers, T. R. Gary, John J. 
 Morris, A. W. Moise, J. C. Rowe, J. VV. Grandy, Jerome Baxter, 
 W. L. Broaddus, R. Evans and others. It was organized soon 
 after the organization of No. 9, and is likewise in a flourishing 
 condition. The following; is a list of its 
 
 Present Officers— E. W. Gaines, P. C; Jacob Anthonv, C. C; 
 J. L. Rogerson, V. C; W. S. Franklin, Prelate ; B. F. Crandall, 
 M. at A.;Chas. Pickett, K. of R. and S.; William Gibbs, M. of F.; 
 J, W. Grandy, M. of Ex.; M. W. Holmes, I. G.; R. R. Pitts, O. 
 G. Present number of members, 56. 
 
 TEMPERANCE. 
 
 the st. mary's total abstinence and benevolent society 
 of norfolk, va. 
 
 The St. Mary's Catholic Total Abstinence Society of Norfolk, 
 (No. 582, C. T. A. Union, of America,) was organized on the 23d 
 day of January, 1876, with twenty-one members. The officers 
 then elected were as follows : 
 
 Charles A. McCourt, President; William E. Glennan, Vice- 
 President; Thomas M. Barry, Treasurer; George W. Downing, 
 Recording Secretary ; John J. Hodges, Financial Secretary ; Thos. 
 McGlennan, Sergeant-at-Arms ; Rev. M. O'Keefe, Spiritual 
 Director. 
 
 Board of Investigation — C. A. McCourt, W. E. Glennan, Rev. 
 M. O'Keefe, G. W. Downing, John Doran and Mark Reynolds. 
 
 The pledge which each member is required to take is as follows : 
 " I promise with the Divine assistance, and in honor of the sacred 
 
251 
 
 thirst and agony of our blessed Redeemer, to abstain from all in- 
 toxicating liquors; to prevent as far as in me lies, by a Ivice and 
 example, the sin of intemperance in others, and to discountenance 
 the drinking customs of society." The pledge binds a member, 
 while he remains in the Society, to abstain both in public and in 
 private, from intoxicating liquors, except when in sickness he may 
 be ordered by a regular physician to use them ; and then only in the 
 quantity and for the time required and prescribed. 
 
 The constitution requires all members of the Society to receive 
 Holy Communion in a body four times a year, and on the days ap- 
 pointed by the By-laws. No person is admitted as a member who 
 is not of good moral character and standing, and who is not willing to 
 abide by the Constitution and By-laws ; nor any person who is in 
 any way unfit to earn a livelihood, or without visible means of 
 support, nor any one who sells or manufactures intoxicating liquors, 
 or permits his wife to do so; and no one is admitted as a beneficiary 
 member who is not of sound bodily health. If any member be 
 convicted of felony, or other disgraceful crime; if he follow any 
 unlawful or disreputable calling ; or if he or his wife commence to 
 manufacture or sell ardent spirits, or in any other manner become 
 interested in the sale of such liquors, lie shall cease ipso facto to be 
 a member, and it shall be the duty of the Investigating Committee 
 to strike hismamefrom the roll of the Society. Should any mem- 
 ber be so unfortunate as to violate his pledge, upon proof thereof, 
 he shall be reprimanded in full presence of the Society by the 
 Spiritual Director, and be fined such a sum as the Board may di- 
 rect ; but if a member violate his pledge a second time, he shall 
 forfeit the sum of $5, and be put on probation for three months — 
 during which time he shall be denied all benefits of the Society 
 If the pledge be violated the third time by any member, promp 
 and absolute expulsion is the penalty for the offence. In case of 
 sickness the Society allows a member $5 per week, provided he be 
 in good standing and fellowship, and the sum of $20 is paid to a 
 member upon the death of his wife, and $40 to the widow of a 
 member who dies while in good standing in the Society. 
 
 This Society was admitted into the Catholic Total Abstinence 
 Union of America, on the 13th of July, 1876. Its present mem- 
 bership numbers 65. The only losses to the body since its or- 
 ganization have been, to- wit; three members resigned and five 
 names stricken from the rolls. 
 
 Present -Officers. — Wm. Newstead, President ; Geo. B. Hart 
 Vice-President ; Chas. A. McCourt, Treasurer ; Geo. W. Downing' 
 Recording Secretary ; Jas. Ferris, Financial Secretary; Jas. Camp< 
 Sergeant-at-Arms ; Rev. Mathew O'Keefe, Spiritual Director. 
 
 The Board of Investigation consists of the President, Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Recording Secretary, and John Doran and Lawrence Fore- 
 
252 
 
 man. The Auditing Committee consists of the same officers, and 
 Robert D Parrott. 
 
 THE RECHABITES AND GOOD TEMPLARS. 
 
 The Independent Order o£ Rechabites is a temperance or total 
 abstinence organization, and has for its object the noble and glorious 
 teachings of " Temperance, Fortitude and Justice." The Order is 
 in a very prosperous condition in Norfolk aud no doubt accom- 
 plishes much good. The Tent here is designated by the title of 
 
 PALESTINE TENT NO. 40, 
 
 and was chartered by Columbia District Tent No. 2, Independent 
 Order of North America, August 12th, 1871, upon the petition of 
 J. P. Epes, L. Morris, J. M. Coleman, Frank Maitland, E. W. 
 Gaines, A. W. Fentress and others. 
 
 Present Officers. — W. H. King, Shepherd ; Richard Morris, P. 
 C. R.; George W. Black, C. R.; Cader R. Dozier, D. R.; John T. 
 Cross, R. S.; R. R. Morris, F. S.; E. Black, Treasurer ; James L. 
 Belote, Levite ; James H. Nottingham, I. G.; R. W. Barrett, O. 
 G.; Jerome P. Epes, Chaplain ; J. E. Coffman, R. S. to C. R.; A. 
 J. Dozier, L. S. to C. R.; Charles R. Oliver, R. S. to D. R.; J. F. 
 Dozier, L. S. to D. R. This Tent has nearly 100 members. 
 
 JUNIOR ORDER. 
 
 Arabian Tent No. 12, Junior Branch, Independent Order of 
 Rechabites, was organized January 25th, 1874, with the following 
 charter members : Jackson Gordon, Charles Plummer, Walter V. 
 Eustice, Charles W. Bain, William Pettis and others. It is com- 
 posed entirely of boys, and is in a very flourishing condition. It 
 has about fifty members. This Tent is under the control of the 
 members of the Senior Order, who are unremitting in their atten- 
 tions. 
 
 Present Officers. — Robert Morris, S.; James Brownly, P. C. R.; 
 William R. Dashield, C. R.; Thomas Dashield, D. R.; William R. 
 Johnson, R. S.; Leroy Oliver, F. S.; J. P. Epes, Treasurer; 
 Sidney Belote, Levite ; Owen Belote, I. G.; Charles Whitehurst, 
 O. G. 
 
 THE GOOD TEMPLARS 
 
 is another total abstinence Order upon the principles which govern 
 the Rechabites, with this difference : The Good Templars' obliga- 
 tion is taken for life, and he who breaks the oath, forfeits his honor 
 in the estimation of the brethren of the Order. 
 
 Harmony Lodge, G. T., of this city, was organized October 
 
253 
 
 15th, 1875, by Theodore N. Ramsay, Esq., of North Carolina. 
 The charter was granted by the Grand Lodge upon the petition of 
 William F. Gregory, Mrs. Mattie Gregory, W. S. Morris, Miss 
 Lnla Gale, J. W. Moore, Mrs. Susan Moore, E. Black, Miss Kate 
 Barrett and about twenty other members- 
 Present Officers — Duncan McLeod, W. C. T. ; Miss Cornelia 
 Thomas, W. V. T. ; Luther Edwards, W. C. ; Miss Cora Elling- 
 ton, W. T. ; Robert Morris, W. F. S. ; W. C. Small, W. R. S.j W. 
 F. Ingram, W. M. ; Miss Nettie Thomas, W. I. G.j John J. Jones, 
 W. O. G. ; W. F. Gregory, D. G. C. T. 
 
 Present number of members, 35. The ladies connected with 
 this Order in Norfolk take a great deal of interest in it and are 
 zealous in their efforts to save young men from the evils of the 
 " intoxicating cup." 
 
 OUR JEWISH CITIZENS. 
 
 THEIR SECRET ORDERS IN NORFOLK. 
 
 The Jewish population of Norfolk cannot be correctly given, 
 numerically, at this time, without much trouble", but may be esti- 
 mated at about seven hundred persons above the age of six years. 
 The general characteristics of this people, historically known as the 
 " Scattered Nation," are the same in Norfolk as in other cities ; and 
 when properly considered, these traits of character, hereditary na- 
 tional, reflect credit upon the Jews. They are peaceable, quiet, 
 industrious, frugal, smart, virtuous, and moral according to their 
 religious faith and precepts. Their success in the business pursuits 
 of life fully establishes their claim to be an industrious, economical 
 and energetic people. The absence of their names upon the records 
 of our courts, prisons, almshouses and public orphan asylums 
 proves that they are inoffensive and self-sustaining as a class. They 
 are kind and sociable in their nature, generous and affectionate to 
 their families, brotherly and charitable in their secret orders, and 
 remarkably liberal in their religious and political views. They are 
 not forbidden by their religion or their associations from joining 
 secret orders ; hence we find them here, as well as in other 
 places, prominent among the Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of 
 Pythias, Heptasophs and other brotherly and charitable organi- 
 zations. They also have secret orders peculiar to their own race, 
 and have Lodges in Norfolk. The oldest of these Orders is known 
 as 
 
 THE I. O. B. B., 
 
 or Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, which has for its object the 
 great work of uniting the Sons of Israel in promoting the highest 
 interests of humanity — especially to alleviate the wants of the poor 
 
254 
 
 and needy, to visit and attend the sick, to protect and assist the 
 widow and orphan, and to develop and elevate the mental and 
 moral character of the Jewish race, by a liberal support of science 
 and art, and the inculcation of the holiest and purest principles of 
 honor and patriotism : and above all, to promulgate the doctrines 
 and teachings of Judaism among its professors, and to defend, 
 preserve, and diffuse their faith into' society at large. The cardinal 
 principles of the Order are as follows : 
 
 1st. " All men are brothers, sons of one God, vested with the 
 same inalienable rights. 
 
 2d. " While nations and associations must be governed by law — 
 the incarnation of absolute justice — the social relations among indi- 
 viduals, should be regulated by the dictates of love. 
 
 3d. "Charity and enlightenment are for suffering humanity, and 
 are the choicest gifts of love. The Sons of the Covenant are 
 specially charged with the practice of the former, and the diffusion 
 of the latter. 
 
 4th. " The great interests of humanity are best promoted by the 
 combined efforts of associated philanthropists, and protected against 
 all undue interference of opponents, by wise measures and provi- 
 sions. 
 
 5th. "The divine and everlasting doctrines of Judaism, are the 
 basis of civilization, enlightenment, charity and fraternization; 
 therefore, their promulgation and observance are but the inculcation 
 and practice of all these great boons of humanity." 
 
 MAON LODGE NO. 172, 
 
 I. O. B. B., was chartered in January, 1871, upon the petition of 
 H. Hamburger, Z. Hofheimer, I. Goodman, S. Weil, E. Campe, 
 J. Adelsdorf, Charles Myers and fifteen other members. It was 
 formally instituted on the 3d of March following, and has now 
 about fifty members. The present officers are S. Weil, President ; 
 I. Hecht, Vice-President; S. Haas, Recording Secretary ; I. 
 Moritz, Financial Secretary ; T. Goodman, Treasurer; S. Moritz, 
 Mentor; E. Jacobs, Assistant Mentor; F. Selig, Warden ; J. 
 Fisher, Guardian. Meetings are held on the fourth Sunday of each 
 month at Castle Hall, Main street. The Lodge is in a flourishing 
 condition and is productive of much good. 
 
 O. K. S. B., 
 
 or Order Kesher Shel Barzel, is another secret order among the 
 Jews, which no doubt originated from the Order of B'nai B'rith, 
 as its objects are almost identical. This Order is very popular in 
 the United States. It has a Supreme Lodge, with headquarters in 
 New York ; the Supreme Body charters District Grand Lodges, 
 and they charter the subordinate Lodges. 
 
255 
 
 The cardinal doctrines of the O. K. S. B. are to-wit : 
 
 1. "The union of all Israelites upon the broad platform of Ju- 
 daism, for the furtherance and maintenance of its time-honored 
 principles. 
 
 2. " The moral support of all means tending to educate and ele- 
 vate the Hebrew race. 
 
 3. "The support and care of the widow, the orphan and the 
 aged, and the diffusion of the spirit of charity and universal be- 
 nevolence." 
 
 The motto of the Order is the following — " Truth, Love and 
 Justice." 
 
 twin city lodge no. 129 (o. k. s. b.) 
 was chartered by District Grand Lodge No. 3, of Pennsylvania, on 
 March 14th, 1875, upon the application of twenty-six members, 
 among whom were the following names of the prime movers in 
 perfecting the organization, to-wit: Bev. S. Mendelsohn, Jacob 
 Hecht, Moses E. Myers and C. S. Blun. The Lodge now has 
 thirty-six members, and though this is the smallest membership of 
 any Lodge in the District, its fund is the largest, comparatively 
 speaking. Its flourishing condition at this early stage of its ex- 
 istence speaks well, and points to a prosperous and successful future. 
 
 Present Officers — M. Umstadter, President; C. S. Blun, Vice- 
 President ; M. E. Myers, Secretary ; J. B. Lowenberg, Treasurer ; 
 E. Fishier, Assistant Secretary; Isaac Gutman, Conductor; Samuel 
 Haas, Assistant Conductor; Sol. Hecht, Outside Guardian ; J. 
 Whitlock, Inside Guardian ; E. Ball, S. W. Seldner, S. Jacobow- 
 sky, Trustees. 
 
 The stated meetings of the Lodge are held on the first and third 
 Sundays of each month, provided those days do not occur upon a 
 Jewish holiday. Quarterly meetings are held in March, June, Sep- 
 tember, and December. Independent of these secret organizations, 
 the Jews of Norfolk have two Synagogues with a large member- 
 ship of worshippers. They have schools for their children, and are 
 now talking of erecting an Orphan Asylum. 
 
 The Jewish ladies of the city also have a charitable and benevo- 
 lent Association which has been kept up for years, and is still in a 
 a prosperous condition — dispensing charity among worthy objects, 
 and doing good in many ways. 
 
 THE I. O. M. 
 
 The Independent Order of Mechanics is a benevolent institution, 
 more like Odd Fellowship than any other Order ; but it is not 
 founded strictly upon Bible texts, as are most of the ancient orders — 
 it is more of a practical and classical society, but, nevertheless, 
 
256 
 
 teaches Friendship, Morality, and Brotherly Love: also, harmony, 
 wisdom and unity of hearts in the bonds of peace and good fellow- 
 ship. There are only two Lodges now in operation in Virginia — 
 one in Alexandria and one here. However, the Order is very 
 prosperous in the Western States. The Grand Lodge of Virginia 
 was organized in 1872, and a charter was granted to 
 
 ATLANTIC LODGE NO. 8, 
 
 of Norfolk, in April of the same year, upon the petition of Major 
 Wm. E. Foster, M. H. Stevens, L. T. Blick, Joel C. White and 
 others. 
 
 Present Officers. -W. E. Foster, W. M.; James Bryan, J. M.; 
 Joel 0. White, R. S.; J. E. McCoy, F. S.; S. T. Oliver, Treasurer; 
 Aug. Peed, Conductor ; W. T. Owens, Chaplain. Present number 
 of members, 59. Meetings are held every Friday night in Castle 
 Hall, Main street. 
 
 The Grand Lodge of Virginia was disbanded in 1874, at the 
 time the several Lodges in Richmond, Va., were broken up. At- 
 lantic Lodge No. 8, of Norfolk, is working prosperously under the 
 jurisdiction of the Supreme Lodge of the United States, which 
 meets once a year at different places. 
 
 MEXICAN VETERANS. 
 
 The Norfolk and Portsmouth survivors of the Mexican War 
 have formed themselves into an Association, sociable and charitable 
 in its nature. They are petitioners to Congress for the removal of 
 the disabilities which were imposed upon t.hem by reason of their 
 being true Southern men, who espoused the Southern cause during 
 the late war, and it would be a simple act of justice to these gallant 
 "old men" if Congress would harken unto their appeal. It is not 
 right that they should be denied certain rights and privileges because 
 they gave aid and sympathy to their native State in time of war. 
 What they did in the Mexican war cannot be blotted from the 
 records ; and their devotion to the cause of Southern independence, 
 and principles which they thought right, is but another evidence 
 that they are entitled to honor and credit for their valor and 
 patriotism. 
 
 The Association here comprizes 71 members, and there are in the 
 two "cities by the Sea," 13 widows, who are justly entitled to pen- 
 sions if Congress will only remove the disabilities so unjustly 
 imposed. The Norfolk and Portsmouth Society was organized 
 October 22d, 1873. Its present officers are as follows : President, 
 James F. Milligan ; Vice-President, John Smith; Secretary, John 
 D. Simms ; Treasurer, Benjamin Peddle ; Chaplain, Rev. P. A. 
 Peterson ; Marshal, John Fullerton ; Attorney, George D. Parker. 
 
'257 
 ST. JOSEPH'S SOCIETY. 
 
 The organization bearing the above name is a charitable and be- 
 nevolent one, instituted April 9th, 1871, to promote the interests 
 of the Sunday School of St. Mary's Catholic Church. It is ben- 
 eficiary — pecuniarily and otherwise, to its members, who coutribute 
 a monthly sum of money as dues. The work of this Society has 
 been successful and productive of good results. Its present officers 
 are: 
 
 Joseph C. Carroll, President. 
 
 B. McNally, Vice-President. 
 
 Robert fe\ Lawler, R. S. 
 
 J. J. Burke, F. S. 
 
 J. B. Loughran, Treasurer. 
 
 Rev. John Hagan, Chaplain. 
 
 James Camp, Messenger. 
 
 ST. PATRICK'S SOCIETY 
 
 Is another beneficial and charitable Association, conducted bv 
 the Catholics of Norfolk. It was first organized January, 1852, 
 but was broken up by the yellow fever epidemic, in 1855, and was 
 not re-organized until June, 1868, when the following officers were 
 elected : M. Glennan, President ; M. Flanagan, Vice-President ; 
 Samuel Phillips, Recording Secretary ; John Samuel, Assistant 
 Secretary ; Daniel Maloney, Treasurer ; Rev. M. O'Keefe, Chap- 
 lain; W. Hannan, Messenger. 
 
 The teachings of this Society point out the duties of man, as 
 exacted by the requirements of religion, of morality and humanity. 
 Its present officers are to- wit : 
 
 Daniel Maloney, President. 
 
 ¥m. Newstead, Vice-President. 
 
 George B. Hart, Recording Secretary. 
 
 John R. Coleman, Financial Secretary. 
 
 Wm. P. Hennelley, Treasurer. 
 
 Dennis Mack, Sergeant-at-Arms. 
 
 THE NORFOLK PRESS. 
 
 The newspapers of Norfolk now in existence, are as follows, 
 according to age: 
 
 The Norfolk Day Book, a Republican afternoon penny- 
 paper, owned and published by John R. Hathaway, Esq., who is 
 also its Editor-in Chief. Local Editor, Maj. James F. Milligan ; 
 Bookkeeper and Portsmouth Reporter^ Thomas G. Minton,, Esq. 
 
258 
 
 The Norfolk Virginian, a daily and weekly Democratic 
 Journal, owned and published by M. Glennan, Esq. ; Editor-in- 
 Chief, Captain John S. Tucker Local Reporters, H. W. Burton 
 and Henry L. Brooke ; Portsmouth Reporter, J. H. Wilcox ; 
 Book-keeper, S. S. Nottingham, Jr. ; Collector and Solicitor, Wm. 
 F. Gregory ; Assistant Collector and Solicitor, J. A. Dalby. ■ 
 
 The Norfolk Landmark, a daiiy and weekly Democratic 
 paper, published by an incorporated Company, under the firm and 
 style of James Barron Hope & Co., (first issued October 1st, 1873). 
 Editor-in-Chief, Captain James Barron Hope; Business Manager 
 and Cashier, Joseph L. Youiiii, Esq. Local Editor, C. E. Perkins, 
 Esq. ; Portsmouth Reporter, li. E. Glassett, Esq. ; Collector and 
 Solicitor, W. Thompson Barron, Esq. 
 
 The Public Ledger, a Democratic afternoon penny-paper, 
 published by J. Richard Lewellen, Walter a. Edwards and Jos. G. 
 Fiveash. Editor-in-Chief, Col. J. Richard Lewellen ; Local 
 Reporter and Financier, Jos. G. Fiveash, Esq. 
 
 THE HUNTER WOODIS CLUB. 
 
 In the Fall of 1872, a Social Club, bearing the above name was 
 formed by a few young men of St. Mary's Catholic Church. The 
 name was given in honor of the memory of the lamented Hunter 
 Woodis, Ex-Mayor of the city, who died in 1855. 
 
 The first meeting of the Club was held December 22d, 1872, 
 when the By-Laws and Constitution were formed by a Committee 
 appointed for the purpose, and the following officers were elected : 
 
 James O'Rourke, President ; Robert D. Parrott, Vice-President ; 
 
 Thomas A. Farren, Secretary; Wm. Donovan, Treasurer. 
 
 Board of Directors — M. Glennan, Thomas Kevill, Samuel C. 
 Phillips, M. Flannagan, Frank O'Connor, and Wm. A. Power. 
 
 The Club was incorporated by act of the Legislature, in 1874, 
 and numbers now about sixty members. Its present officers are : 
 
 Robert D. Parrott, President. 
 
 Wm. Hart, Vice-President. 
 
 John R. Coleman, Treasurer. 
 
 Wm. E. Glennan, Recording Secretary. 
 
 J. J. Burke, Financial Secretary. 
 
 P. Magee, Librarian. 
 
 Directors — Samuel C. Phillips, J. J. Lawler, and Jas. Ferris. 
 
 THE VIRGINIA CLUB. 
 
 The Virginia Club is another social organization, instituted in 
 Semtember, 1863, and incorporated by the Legislature in 1874. 
 The Club Room is located on Main street, next door below the 
 
259 
 
 Customhouse, and continues to grow in the favor of its patrons. 
 The present officers of the Club are, to wit : 
 
 Walter H. Taylor, President. 
 
 Thomas Pinckney, Vice-President. 
 
 John R. Todd, Secretary. 
 
 Walter H. Doyle, Treasurer. 
 
 The business affairs of this institution are managed by an Execu-- 
 tive Committee, composed of seven members, appointed annually; 
 and this Committee acts by the advice of the Governors of the Club, 
 who. at present, are to-wit : Walter H. Taylor, Thomas Pinckney, 
 Walter H. Doyle, Thomas B. Ward, John T White, J. Gary 
 Weston,* Thomas B. Rowland, John S.Tucker, Wm. H.White, 
 Allen Saunders, Henry Chamberlaine, A. Meade Smith, L. W 7 . 
 Tazewell and Thomas R. Borland. Number of members, seventy- 
 eight. 
 
 THE NORFOLK TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION. 
 
 This organization needs no introduction to those who are chiefly 
 interested in its workings. We simply desire to state that there is 
 such an one in Norfolk, and that it is properly conducted. It was 
 instituted November, 1865, and chartered January 1866. Its 
 present officers are : 
 
 George T. Barrom, President. 
 
 Donald McLeod, Vice-President. 
 
 C. H. Sexton, Financial and Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 J. A. Crockett, Recording Secretary. 
 
 E. W. Gaines, Treasurer. 
 
 Trustees— C M. Loughlin, W. T. Fatherly, J. E. Sexton. 
 Meetings are held on the last Saturday in each month. 
 
 OUR CHURCHES. 
 
 Norfolk is well supplied with Churches as the following list 
 abundantly proves : 
 
 The First Presbyterian Church, Rev. George D. Armstrong, D. 
 D., pastor, is situated on Church street, near corner of Holt street. 
 Services on Sabbath, morning and night. 
 
 The Second Presbyterian Church, Rev. N. M. Woods, pastor, is 
 located on Freemason street, near Boush street. Services on Sab- 
 bath, morning and night. Seats free. 
 
 Atlantic City Presbyterian Chapel, (no pastor). Services every 
 Sabbath afternoon, by one of the Presbyterian ministers. Seats 
 free. 
 
260 
 
 The First Baptist Church, (Cumberland street), Rev. Thomas 
 Hume, pastor. Services on Sabbath, morning and night. Seats 
 free. 
 
 The Second Baptist Church, (Freemason street), Rev. W. D. 
 Thomas, D. D., pastor. Services on Sabbath, morning and night. 
 
 The Princess Anne Avenue Baptist Chapel, (Church street), no 
 pastor. Sunday School in morning, and preaching in afternoon, by 
 different Baptist ministers. Seats free. 
 
 Cranby Street M. E. Church, Rev. S. S. Lambeth, pastor. 
 Services on Sunday, morning and night. 
 
 Cumberland Street M. E. Church, Rev. W. H. Christian, pastor. 
 Services on Sunday, morning and night, at usual hours. Seats free. 
 
 Queen Street M. E. Church, was completed during the past few- 
 months, Rev. B. F. Lipscomb, regular pastor. Services are held 
 there on Sabbaths, both morning and night. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Tabernacle, Rev. John Ryan, D. D., pastor, 
 Services morning and night on Sabbath. Seats free. 
 
 Methodist Protestant Church, Rev. John Farrow, pastor. Services 
 every Sabbath, morning and night. Seats free. 
 
 The Disciples' Chapel, Rev. J. M. Tribble, pastor. Preaching 
 every Sabbath, morning and night. Seats free. 
 
 Christadelphian Chapel — Preaching both morning and night on 
 Sundays. Seats free. 
 
 Seamen's Bethel, Rev. E. N. Crane, chaplain, is located near the 
 corner of Water and Madison streets, for the benefit of seamen gen- 
 erally. Services are held both morning and night of each Sab- 
 bath. Seats free. \ 
 
 St. Mar if s Catholic Church, corner Chapel and Holt streets, 
 Rev. Father M. O'Keefe, pastor, and Rev. Father John Hagan, 
 assistant. Services every morning in the week and three times on 
 Sundays. 
 
 Cumberland Street Jewish Synagogue, Rev \ L. B. Fould, rabbi, 
 is opened for service every Saturday morning. 
 
 Fenchurch Street Synagogue, Rev. D. Levy, reader, is also opened 
 for service every Saturday morning. 
 
 Emanuel Episcopal Chapel, Rev. Robert Gatewood, pastor. Ser- 
 vice on Sundays, morning and night. Seats free. 
 
 St Luke's Church (Episcopal), Rev. John B. Newton, D. D., 
 rector. Services on Sabbath, morning and night. Seats free. 
 
 Christ Church (Episcopal), Rev. O. S. Barten, D. D v rector. 
 Services on the Sabbath, both morning and afternoon. 
 
 St Paid's Cnurch (Episcopal), Rev. N. A. Okeson, D. D., rector. 
 Services every Sabbath, both morning and afternoon. 
 
 [" Old St. Paul's Church," as it is familiarly called, is one of the 
 ancient landmarks of Norfolk, and is now, we believe,the only survivor 
 of the great fire which destroyed the town in January, 1776. " It 
 
261 
 
 is cruciform and built of imported bricks, the ends of which are 
 | glazed, and gives the edifice a checkered appearance." The lot 
 • upon which it is built is a large one, and was given to the people 
 of the "Borough" by Samuel Boush, in 1733, to be used as a bury- 
 ing ground. The building was erected in 1739, and on the side 
 facing Cove street this date is given, with the letters "S. B." in 
 large figures formed by projecting bricks. On the south corner, 
 next to Church street, may now be seen, half embedded in the 
 bricks, a small cannou ball, which was fired from one of the Brit- 
 ish ships, and struck the church in 1776, when the town was bom- 
 barded and destroyed. It is an interesting relict of the past, and 
 is permitted to remain there " as a mute relator of the malice of 
 the foes to liberty. A short, battlemented tower, built of wood, 
 is a modern addition to the building, but with this exception, its 
 exterior is the same as when Norfolk was destroyed by Lord Dun- 
 more." Its interior has been entirely changed and modernized. 
 
 Since the war it was by some persons thought best to tear down 
 the old walls and build a church upon a new plan ; but the idea 
 was speedily cried down by the people at large. About that time 
 the following verses were written on the subject, and published in 
 the Virginian : 
 
 A PLEA IN BEHALF OF THE ANTIQUE. 
 
 Workman spare those walls, 
 
 Break not the ancient pile ; 
 Oh, clothe, not old St. Paul's 
 
 In garb of modern style ! 
 
 A relict of the past, 
 
 We love it for its age : 
 Thus may it ever last 
 
 To grace our history's page. 
 
 Our citizens take pleasure in showing the old church of 1739 to 
 their friends from abroad who visit them.] 
 
 THE NORFOLK SCHOOLS. 
 
 The public school system of Virginia is equal in every respect 
 to that of any State in the Union ; and the public schools of Nor- 
 folk, both for white and colored children, superintended by Gen. 
 B. L. Page, an accomplished gentleman and ripe scholar, will rank 
 with those of any city in the entire South. The} are extensively 
 patronized and the rapid progress now being made in the education 
 of our youth is plainly perceptible and truly gratifying, and no tax 
 put upon the people of this city is paid more cheerfully than the 
 school tax. 
 
262 
 
 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 The private schools of Norfolk are also a pleasing feature in our 
 midst and we take pleasure in mentioning a few of them in this 
 volume, regretting that we cannot notice them all : 
 
 The Webster Military Institute, is properly a continuation of the 
 Virginia Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy, established in 
 Portsmouth, Va., in 1840, by the late Captain Alden Partridge, 
 formerly Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at 
 West Point, Chief of the North East Boundary Survey, and Presi- 
 dent of Norwich, Vt v University. Prof. N. B. Webster, a tutor in 
 the Norwich University, joined the V. L., S. & M. Academy in 
 December, 1840, resigned its superintendence in 1842; in 1843 
 conducted a similar school in Charleston, S. C; was re-appointed 
 principal of the V. L., S. & M. Academy in 1844, and continued 
 in charge till the sale of the property to the public schools, when 
 he taught a preparatory school in Richmond, Va., and in 1847-48 
 was lecturer in charge of the Natural Sciences in the Richmond 
 College. After discharging the duties of Civil Engineer in the 
 Norfolk Navy Yard, for about two years, Prof. Webster, re-opened 
 the Portsmouth Academy under the name of the Virginia Collegiate 
 Institute. This very flourishing school was discontinued in 1862 
 on account of the war, when its principal removed to Canada and 
 established a similar institution at Ottawa. In 1869 the Webster 
 Institute was opened at Nos. 45 and 47 Charlotte street, by the 
 former principal of the Portsmouth Academy and Collegiate Insti- 
 tute, and it has continued to flourish ever since. 
 
 The Norfolk Half •Academy (old Academy building on Bank street) 
 is taught by Rev. Robert Gatewood, an Episcopal minister of pro- 
 found learning. This school is well patronized and has an excellent 
 reputation. Mr. Gatewood has able assistants in his arduous duties 
 and has made his school a decided success. 
 
 Professor William B. Gait's school for boys, is also a well known 
 institution of Norfolk, and is annually growing in favor. Mr. Gait 
 is one of our most useful and intelligent citizens, and enjoys the 
 esteem and confidence of all who know him. 
 
 Rodman Collegiate Institute, No. 233 Bute street, is another very 
 excellent school. It was founded by the late Prof. Wra. B. Rod- 
 man, and is now conducted by John J. Morris, Esq., an able and 
 popular teacher. 
 
 St. John's Seminary, for young men — a Catholic school, taught 
 by Revs. M. O'Keefe and John Hagan, with competent assistants, 
 is also a fine institution of learning, with increasing popularity — 
 probably the best school in the city for the study of ancient 
 languages. 
 
 Misses Leach and Wood's school for young ladies, is an institution 
 second to none of its kind in the country. It has been established here 
 
263 
 
 just six years, and during that time some of the most talented and 
 accomplished ladies in our community have completed their studies in 
 it. The splendid success which has crowned the efforts of these 
 two highly cultivated teachers has been faithfully earned, and is 
 sufficient testimony of their competency. They teach the usual 
 branches of an English education, together with a complete course 
 of the languages, music, drawing, painting, &c, &c. 
 
 The Norfolk Collegiate Institute for young ladies, is another most 
 excellent and very popular school. Rev. R. M. Saunders, a Meth- 
 odist minister, loved and honored by our entire community, is 
 President of this Institute, and has for years been winning golden 
 opinions from his many patrons — both in this city and Portsmouth. 
 He employs an able corps of teachers, and has educated many young 
 ladies who now adorn society as maids and matrons. Mr- Saunders' 
 school is always full, and gives universal satisfaction. 
 
 There many accomplished ladies in Norfolk who conduct schools, 
 and are well and favorably known to the community — among them, 
 Miss Maggie Broughton, Miss Blanche Baker, Mrs. V. C. Fletcher, 
 Mrs. John W. Lee, Miss F. E. Hall, Miss M. E. Rowland, 
 Miss Julia Robertson, St. Mary's Select School (which has been 
 already noticed in this volume), and others. Surely, the city is 
 not deficient in 'her institutions of learning. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 In concluding this the first book we ever attempted to write, we 
 feel inclined to rob our " preface" of a few lines, by making some 
 apologies. This work was not at first intended to be so extensive, 
 and we admit that we have not given it the careful consideration, 
 particular pains and dignified tone, that should characterize an 
 historical volume. There has been much unsaid ; and a great deal 
 said, that would have been better, unsaid. Some of our reflections 
 and criticisms — both in regard to persons, events and measures, 
 may appear harsh, unjust, or out of place, and we may have been 
 too free at times in giving vent to our own opinions — but it cannot 
 be helped now. 
 
 We have labored hard to make this volume interesting to the 
 people of Norfolk, and have tried to be correct in the details given 
 herein ; and if we have failed, the error is of the head and not of 
 the heart. Excellence is not matured in a day, and the cost of it is 
 an old story. The beginning of Plato's " Republic," it is said was 
 found in an old tablet and written over in a variety of ways. Ad- 
 dison, we are told, wore out the patience of his printer; frequently, 
 when nearly a whole impression of the Spectator was worked off, 
 
264 
 
 he would stop the press to insert some new proposition. Lamb's 
 most spirited essays were the result of intense brain labor ; he used 
 to spend a week at a time in elaborating a single humorous letter to 
 a friend. Tennyson is reported to have written " Come into the 
 garden Maud/' more than fifty times over before it pleased him ; 
 and " Locksley Hall," the first draught of which was written in two 
 days, he spent the better part of six weeks, for eight hours a day, in 
 altering and polishing. Dickens, when he intended to write a 
 Christmas story, shut himself up for six weeks, living the life of a 
 hermit, and came out as haggard as a murderer. 
 
 Moore thought it quick work if he wrote seventy lines of " Lalla 
 Eookh" in a week. Buffon's " Story of Nature" cost him fifty 
 years of labor, before he sent it to the printer. " He composed it in 
 a singular manner — writing on large sized paper, in which as in a 
 ledger, five distinct columns were ruled, in the first column he 
 wrote down the first thoughts ; in the second he corrected, enlarged 
 and pruned ; and so on until he reached the fifth column within 
 which he finally wrote the results of his labor. But even after this 
 he would compose a sentence twenty times, and once devoted four- 
 teen hours to finding the proper word to round off a period." John 
 Foster often spent hours on a single sentence. Ten years elapsed 
 between Goldsmith's " Traveler" and its completion. So, if we 
 could afford the time, trouble and expense, this volume should be 
 rewritten and materially altered — in language, not in sentiment, 
 even though it took years to do it. Our apologies, therefore, are 
 for the style in which the book is written, and for the gramatical 
 and typographical errors it contains — but for nothing else " gentle 
 reader." 
 
56 and 58 Roanoke Avenue, 
 
 I©EF§UL ¥jL 
 
 THE VIRGINIAN is an unrivalled medium through which the public of 
 Eastern Virginia and North Carolina m;:y be reached. Its success lias been 
 without a parallel in the history of the press of Virginia, and it points to-day 
 with pleasure at the extensive patronage it receives from the hands of the busi- 
 ness men of Norfolk. 
 
 THE DAILY VIRGINIAN contains every morning a summary of the latest 
 Foreign and Domestic Intelligence by Telegraph, with a full transcript of Local 
 matters. Its Commercial Department gives accurate quotations of Foreign and 
 Home Markets, Receipts, Statistics, &c.; and its Marine Intelligence of the Ports 
 of Norfolk, Portsmouth; and Hunpton Roads, is complete and full. 
 
 The circulation of the Daily exceeds that of any other paper published in 
 Eastern Virginia. Its city circulation is nearly double that of any other, and its 
 Weekly is in excess of all the others combined. 
 
 The circulation extends through the Eastern Shore, the Peninsula, Eastern and 
 Southwestern Virginia, and all through Eastern and Central Norih Carolina. 
 This is so especially of our Weekly Edition. 
 
 Below will be found our Advertising Rates, to which we call special attention. 
 They will be found liberal. Merchants, business men and others will find it to 
 their advantage to make use of our columns. 
 
 ADVERTISING RATES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Daily and Weekly Norfolk Virginian. 
 
 RATES FOR THE DAILY: 
 
 1 week. 1 mo. 3 mo. 6 mo. 1 year. 
 
 One Square $2.50 $8.00 $21.00 $36.00 $"60.00 
 
 Quarter Column 15.00 42.00 80.00 160.00 236.00 
 
 Half Column 28.00 70.00 160.00 300.00 475.00 
 
 One Column 48.00 120.00 275.00 500.00 900.00 
 
 RATES FOR THE WEEKLY : 
 
 1 week. 1 mo. 3 mo. 6 mo. 1 year. 
 
 One Square $ 75 $ 1.75 $ 4.00 $ 7.00 $ 12.00 
 
 Quarter Column 4.25 8.00 18.00 32.00 48.00 
 
 Half Column 7. 14.00 32.00 60.00 90.00 
 
 One Column 13.00 24.00 55.00 100.00 175.00 
 
 JgilP A Square consists of ten lines Nonpareil. On advertisements inserted 
 every other day a deduction of one-third of the above rates is made; and on those 
 inserted twice a week a deduction of one-half. 
 
COTTON" WAREHOUSE OF 
 
 O. "VST". GKE^^lsriDir Ss SOlsTS, 
 
 '8®- ESTABLISHED 1845. cc ®g 
 OOTTOINT FACTORS, »TC3»H3E»C>XjSS:, Va-. 
 
A^WRENN, 
 
 Manufacturer and Dealer in 
 
 HARNESS, SADDLES, 
 
 BRIDLES, COLLARS, CARTS. 
 
 WHEELS, AXLES, 
 
 Farm Gear, Horse Clothing, 
 
 LAP ROBES, &c. 
 14, 16, 24 & 26 UNION STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Established 1835. 
 
 THOS. D. TOY & CO., 
 
 DRUGGISTS and CHEMISTS. 
 
 Our stock comprises 
 
 CHEMICALS, PAINTS and OILS, GARDEN SEEDS, &C 
 
 We are Proprietors of FORREST'S JUNIPER TAR, FINCH'S 
 CHOLERA REMEDY, FINCH'S 10— I— C. Correspondence soli- 
 cited in regard to WRIGHT'S COD LIVER OIL AND TAR, the 
 greatest remedy ever found for Diseases of the Lungs. We also call 
 attention to our VEGETABLE PURGATIVE CORDIAL. 
 
 BILLIARD SALOON. 
 
 THE 
 
 Cosmopolitan Billiard Saloon 
 
 Is the only one in the city containing 
 
 THE MODERN CAROM TABLES, 
 
 EDWARD L. CUNNINGHAM, Proprietor, 
 
 No. 185 (Up-Stairs) Main Street, NORFOLK, VA., 
 
 Over Adams' Express Co.'s Office. 
 
 Established in 1819. 
 
 DRUG, PAINT AND OIL STORE. 
 
 M. A. & C. A. SANTOS, 
 
 ATLANTIC BLOCK, 
 
 118 MAIN STREET, and 1, 2 and 3 ATLANTIC STREET, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 We offer a large stock at low prices for cash or approved credit. 
 
STERLING T. OLIVER, 
 
 OFFICE— CORNER COVE AND CHURCH STREETS. 
 
 RESIDENCE— 307 CHURCH STREET, 
 
 THE FINEST HEARSE SOUTH OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 SOLE AGENT IN NORFOLK FOR THE AMERICAN 
 
 METALLIC BURIAL CASES. 
 
 WALNUT and all styles of COFFINS, from the PLAINEST TO 
 
 THE MOST HIGHLY FINISHED, constantly on hand. 
 
 Jggl** All orders promptly attended to day or night. 
 
 Established in 1831. 
 
 S. MARCH & CO., 
 
 96 AND 98 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA., 
 
 Sole Manufacturers of the Celebrated 
 
 ATLAS'AID ItONEWlIIi PJbOWS. 
 
 The premiums below, together with the fact that 14,000 of them 
 have been sold since their introduction in 1873, are a sufficient 
 guarantee of their superiority. 
 
 First Premiums 
 
 at Raleigh, Wel- 
 don and Wilming- 
 ton, N.C., in 1873, 
 1874 and 1875. 
 
 First Premiums 
 at Laurel, Del., and 
 Bridge ville, Md., 
 in 1875 and 1876. 
 
 We manufacture and have for sale all Plows and other Farming Implements 
 suited to the wants of this market. We keep on hand the largest stock of IRON, 
 STEEL, AXLES, SPRINGS, HUBS, SPOKES and RIMS to be found in the 
 city, to which WE INVITE THE ATTENTION OF BUYERS. 
 
 GEORGIA FURNITURE STORE. 
 
 SOUTHERN, WESTERN AND EASTERN 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 HANDSOMEST WAREROOMS, BEST ASSORTMENT, 
 
 NEWEST DESIGNS. 
 
 184, 186 and 188 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 j£@°* Original Designs made to order. 
 
 J. B. PLATT & SON, FROM AUGUSTA, GA., Proprietors. 
 
LEIGH BROS. & PHELPS, 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 AD C T I Q N E E R S AN ft REAL ESTATE AG EHTS, 
 
 106 Water Street, and 34 & 36 Roanoke Avenue, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 REGULAR SALES— Dry Goods, Clothing, Boots, Shoes, &c, 
 TUESDAYS. Furniture, Glass and Crockery Ware, &e. 3 FRI- 
 DAYS. Real Estate, MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS, THURS- 
 DAYS. Carriages, Vehicles, Horses, &c, &c, SATURADYS. 
 CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED AND CASH ADVANCES MADE 
 
 W. H. BUKKOUGHS, Late City Judge. J. J. BURROUGHS. 
 
 BURROUGHS & BRO., 
 
 ATTORNEYS AT LAW, 
 
 No. 24 Bank Street, NORFOLK, VA. P. O. Box 152. 
 
 Htfjeg^ A specialty made of Questions arising under the Tax Laws 
 of the State or Municipalities, Customs and Internal Revenue. 
 
 Courts — Norfolk and Portsmouth Cities and Surrounding 
 Counties ; U. S. District and Circuit Courts, Norfolk ; Court of 
 Appeals, Richmond; United States Supreme Court, Washington, 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1843. ■ 
 
 YICKERY&CO., 
 
 Booksellers f Stationers, 
 
 And Dealers in 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUMS, PICTURE FRAMES, MUSIC, &C. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOL BOOKS A SPECIALTY. 
 No. 7 Bank Street, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
COMMISSION MERCHANT, 
 
 And Dealer in 
 
 HIDES, WOOL, FURS, FLAXSEED, BEESWAX, &C. 
 
 NO. 134 WATER STREET, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 WILLIAM S. JOHNSON, 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 
 
 Cigars and Tobacco. 
 
 SOLE MANUFACTURER OF THE WELL KONWN 
 
 "TRANSIT" CIGAR. 
 
 93 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 SLADE, STEVENS & CO., 
 
 Wholesale Dealers in 
 
 EGGS, BUTTER, POTATOES, APPLES, 
 
 And all kinds of 
 
 11 and 13 Commerce Street, NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 JOHN p. GAMAGE, 
 
 101 and 103 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Manufacturer of 
 
 SHELL LIME, 
 
 And Dealer in 
 
 Rockland, Rockport, Thomaston and Washington City Limes; 
 
 Hydraulic and Rosendale Cement ; Calcine and Land Plaster ; 
 
 Goat and Cattle Hair, Laths, Slates. Tar, Bricks, &c. 
 
 
FOR 
 
 SUMMER A.RR^Llsra'EMETSrT. 
 
 The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company are now 
 running their new and splendid first-class steamships 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS, Captain Hallett, 
 WILLIAM CRANE, Captain S. Howes, 
 GEORGE APPOLD, Captain Loveland, 
 WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Captain F. M. Howes, 
 
 Leaving Norfolk every Tuesday and Friday. The regularity, 
 safety and dispatch of these steamships cannot be surpassed. 
 
 A steamer leaves Norfolk for Providence every Wednesday and 
 Saturday. Freight not arriving here in time for shipment to 
 Boston by the direct line will be forwarded via Providence at same 
 
 rates. 
 
 VERPOOL 
 
 by the CUNARD LINE EVERY SATURDAY. For Liver- 
 pool, by WARREN'S & LEYLAND'S LINE twice each month. 
 For further information apply to 
 
 V. D. GRONER, Agent. 
 
NORFOLK STEAM BAKERY. 
 
 (established 1856). 
 
 JAMES REID & CO., 
 
 , &L 
 
 Manufacturers of all kinds of superior 
 
 BISCUITS, BREAD, Mm, 
 
 87 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 Factory — Holt's Lane and Elizabeth street. 
 JAMES EEID. W. T. NIMMO. A. W. EEID. 
 
 WM. A. GRAVES, 
 
 71V I 
 
 Ship MU .mv. «.,u wj,«, „i«,w,, 
 
 LUMBER MANUFACTURER, 
 
 Saw and [Planing Mills, Scroll Sawing, 
 No. 211 and 212 Water Street, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 IN os. 4 and 5 Campbell's Wharf, 
 NORFOLK, VA., 
 
 MERCHANT. 
 
 Wholesale Dealer in 
 
 Fish, Oysters, C*ame, Terrapins, and all kinds 
 
 Country Produce. 
 
 Packing for safe transit guaranteed. Orders solicited. 
 
THE 
 
 Virginia Cotton Press, 
 
 USED BY HAND, HORSE OR STEAM POWER, 
 
 HAS TAKEN FIRST PREMIUM AT ALL THE COTTON 
 
 STATES' AGRICULTURAL FAIRS. 
 
 (PATENTED JUNE, 1870), 
 
 WAS AWARDED THE GRAND CENTENNIAL MEDAL 
 OVER ALL OTHER COMPETITORS. 
 
 By an attach- 
 ment of wheels 
 and cranks, the 
 follower can be 
 run up in one 
 minute, and also 
 run down until 
 sticks have to b e 
 used. 
 
 This press has 
 no equal on 
 \ earth, and it is 
 simple, durable 
 and cheap. No 
 planter should 
 be without it. 
 
 jfgg^The above Presses can be used for pressing both Cotton and 
 Hay. Address, 
 
 TAPPEY & STEEL, 
 
 PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 Also, Manufacturers of Engines, Castings and General Machi- 
 nery, and of BALL'S COTTON PLANTER and IMPROVED 
 COTTON GINS and COTTON SEED CRUSHERS. 
 
 S@rORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 
 
(house established in 1845), 
 
 COTTON FACTORS 
 
 AND 
 
 General Commission and Shipping 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 LIBERAL CASH ADVANCES MADE ON CONSIGNMENTS. 
 
 gggr* When Cotton is sold currency will be sent as you may 
 direct, or proceeds held subject to your order. 
 
 CONSIGNMENTS OF COTTON ESPECIALLY SOLICITED. 
 
 AND 
 
 STANDARD BRANDS OF BAGGING 
 
 SUPPLIED AT LOWEST FIGURES, DIRECT FROM THE FACTORIES 
 TO OUR PATRONS, FREE OF COMMISSION. 
 
 We make the SALE OF COTTON A SPECIALTY, and 
 
 keep ourselves posted in the market by numerous telegrams daily 
 from Liverpool and New York. Our business is strictly com- 
 mission, to which we devote our entire time and attention. All 
 who favor us with the consignment of their Produce, are assured 
 that it shall receive our prompt and personal attention. 
 
^nnr<T^ t^t^ 
 
 9 
 DEALER IN 
 
 No. 132 Water Street, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Livery, Sale and Exchange Stables, 
 
 Nos. 37 and 39 Union Street, Norfolk, Ya. 
 
 PARTICULAR ATTENTION PaID TO 
 DROVERS. 
 
 CALL AND SEE US. 
 
 MARTIN & ROGERS, 
 
 . IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 Crockery, China, Glassware, 
 
 KEROSENE LAMPS AND TRIMMINGS, 
 
 17 Market Square, Corner of Union Street, 
 NORFOLK, YA. 
 
 A. A. McCUIXOUGH, 
 Coal Dealer 
 
 AND MANUFACTURER OF AND "WHOLESALE DEALER IN 
 
 ALL KINDS OF LUMBER. 
 
 OFFICE AND YARD ON 
 
 KIMBERLY'S WHARF, Foot of Church Street, 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
S. S. GRESHAM. WM. GAMP. S. S. GRPJSHAM, Jk. 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 AND 
 
 i a 
 
 ssaie rroviswn ueaiers, 
 
 NO. 9t WATER STREET. NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 11 JEj vV 
 (established 1860). 
 
 BOOKSELLERS^STATIONERS; 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUMS, PICTURE FRAMES, MUSIC, &C, 
 
 NO. 157 MAIN STREET, 
 
 IRON FRONT BUILDING, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 C. G. ELLIOTT, - J. T. WHITE. 
 
 ELLIOTT & WHITE, 
 Wines and Spirits 
 
 AT WHOLESALE, 
 104 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 \V. F. ALLEN. J. T. BORUM. 
 
 W. F. ALLEN & CO., 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS, 
 
 99 Water Street, and 18, 22, 26 and 30 Kothery's Lane, 
 NOKFOLK, VA. 
 
R. C. TAYLOR. 
 
 B. P. LOYALL. 
 
 TAYLOR & LOYALL, 
 
 IMPORTERS OF 
 
 FINE WINES, BRANDIES and OTHER LIQUORS, 
 PORTER, ALE AND CIGARS, 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 FINE FANCY AND FAMILY GROCERIES and SHIP STORES, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 S. HAMBURGER, 
 
 H. HAMBURGER. 
 
 HAMBURGER BROS. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 FACTORY, SECOND STREET, PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE, 93 and 95 WATER STREET, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1836. 
 
 CITY STOVE HOUSE. 
 
 D. S. CHERRY & SON, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 STOVES and TINWARE, 
 
 Corner Water Street and Roanoke Square, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
GTEL, 
 
 isro^iEnoiLjiK:, ya. 
 R. S. DODSON, Proprietor. 
 
 BOABD $2.50 and $3 PER DAY, According to Booms. 
 
 Jg@p a> Special rates by the week or month. Extensive improve- 
 ments have been made in all the departments of this Hotel since it 
 was purchased by the present proprietor, and it is now a FIRST- 
 CLASS house in every respect. 
 
 Gxmr Lo^nsr office, 
 
 NO. 16 BANK STREET, 
 
 Egg* Moneys Loaned on all kinds of Collateral Securities. Dia- 
 monds, Gold and Silver Watches, Charms, all kinds of Jewelry 
 always on hand, and at prices that defy competition. All articles 
 guaranteed. 
 
 ITEM PICKET NINirS 
 
 OLD BAY LINE 
 
 FOR BALTIMORE AND ALL POINTS NORTH, EAST & WEST. 
 THE ONLY DAILY LINE BETWEEN NORFOLK AND BALTIMORE- 
 
 The Steamers of this line leave Norfolk daily at 5 p. m., and 
 Portsmouth at 6:45 P. M., (Sundays excepted) for Baltimore, 
 touching at Old Point. These steamers, consisting of the FLOR- 
 IDA, GEORGE LEARY and ADELAIDE are the most com- 
 plete and comfortable and elegantly fitted steamers on the Chesa- 
 peake Bay, and in point of safety and speed are unsurpassed by any 
 in the United States. Their appointments and table are well 
 known to the travelling public. 
 
 In addition to the above-named steamers the Company's well 
 known freight steamers SEABOARD, WESTOVER, ROAN- 
 OKE, TRANSIT and PETERSBURG, are run daily or as 
 often as business demands, thus affording to shippers the quickest 
 and most valuable freight line between Baltimore aud the South. 
 
 For further information, apply to L. W. THOMAS, Agent, 
 Portsmouth; H. PHOEBUS, Agent, Old Point; or to 
 
 W. A. ELDREDGE, Agent. 
 
DEALER IN 
 
 s, ij^ps I 
 
 mm Firs 
 
 148 MAIN STREET, 
 Head of Market Square, Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 L. &pa*jlding. 
 
 Elias E, Guy. 
 
 SPAULDING & GUY, 
 
 PRACTICAL PLUMBERS 
 
 ' : : STEAM AND GAS FITTERS, 
 
 NO. 28 BANK STREET, NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, 
 
 W. H. Taylor. 
 
 T. E. Elliott. 
 
 J. IT. V/atters* 
 
 TAYLOR, ELLIOTT & WATTERS, 
 
 IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 i m 
 
 : T> 
 
 CUTLERY, GUNS, &C, 
 
 CORNER OF MAIN STREET AND MARKET SQUARE. 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
TEA _A_ SPECIALTY. 
 
 JOHN C. HAYNES & CO., 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 
 
 TEAS, COFFEES, FAMILY GROCERIES and SHIP STORES, 
 
 NO. 9 BANK STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 C. F. GREENWOOD. FRED. GREENWOOD. 
 
 "THE CASKET." 
 
 C- F. GREEt 
 
 WATCHMAKERS and JEWELERS, 
 
 NO. 158 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 LARGEST STORE AND STOCK IN THE CITY AND LOWEST PRICES. 
 Watches, Clocks and Jewelry repaired in the best manner. 
 
 E. V. WHITE, \ f Consulting and 
 
 CHAS. SHROEDER, j \ Marine Engineers. 
 
 E. V. WHITE & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS, 
 
 RAILROAD, STEAMBOAT AND MILL SUPPLIES, 
 
 IRON, STEEL, OILS, PAINTS, AND CORDAGE. 
 
 Steam Engines, Boilers, Tools and Machinery, Belting, Packing, 
 
 Lace Leather, Copper Rivets and Burs, Gum and Leather 
 
 Hose, Wrought Iron Pipe and Fittings. 
 
 Globe Valves, Steam Cocks, Whistles, Oil Cups, Waste, Files, Lamps, 
 Lanterns, White and Red Leads, Bolts, Nuts, and Washers. 
 
 NO. 12 COMMERCIAL ROW, NEAR FERRY WHARF, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
ARROW & CO, 
 
 ilUlJ 
 
 i 
 
 iHl 
 
 IK 
 
 UU 
 
 1 
 
 NO. 122 MAIN" STREET, 
 
 (Successors to BOTTIHOBEj MARROW & CO.) 
 
 Goods manufactured in the East expressly for our trade, 
 under the personal supervision of our senior parner. 
 Orders filled promptly and all goods guaranteed. 
 
 E. P. TABB &' CO., 
 
 Wholesale Tobacconists, 
 
 COR. COMMERCE AND MAIN ST8, 
 Norfolk, Va. 
 
 i|f| 
 
 T. P. S. CAEEY, 1 
 JNO. S. SHIPP, j 
 
 **#♦ 
 
 W@M MAM! MTMEMT, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
M. Umstadter. Established 1844. C. Myers. 
 
 M. UMSTADTER & CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 OR! GOODS, TRIMMINGS UNO LACES, EMBROIDERIES, 
 
 FANCY GOODS AND FURS, 
 
 INTO. 188 MA.HST STREET, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Orders for Samples or Merchandise Promply Filled, 
 
 PETEE SMITH. 
 
 "THE LEADER OF LOW PRICES;' 
 
 Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in Foreign &. Domestic 
 
 9 
 
 No. 144 Main Street, 
 
 NOEFOLK, V-A.. 
 
 The Welcome Restaurant, 
 
 No. 65 Main Street, 
 
 Norfolk, Va. 
 
 JAMES JONES, Proprietor. 
 
 The Finest Wines, Whiskies, Brandies, &c, 
 
 ALWAYS ON HAND. 
 
 LYNNHAVEN OYSTERS, AND ALL KINDS OF GAME IN SEASON. 
 
 HOUSE KEPT \U FIRST-CLASS STYLE. 
 
 The Proprietor can refer with pleasure to any respectable citizen 
 of Norfolk. fv 
 
•^ .r 
 
 T.** & 
 
 
 
 ,4°, 
 
 "oV u 
 
 -^^ /Alii®* "^ <£ *■" 
 
 A 
 
 
 ^ *'T73 
 
 ^ 
 
 »PV 
 
 Q^ 
 
 
 
 
 V i - t '-' 
 
 . » * A ^ 
 
 
 o V 
 
 2> 
 
 ^ 
 
 *•- 
 
 *b V^ ° «^^S^'" '^ ~* ^*- ^ ^ 
 
 'W ° JIBS'- °^s 9 
 
 
 ^o. 
 
 '-> 
 
 > 
 
 * ^ 
 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 ^ .^4:%% 
 
 ^o^ 
 
^°?r 
 
 iV-* 
 
 
 
 ^cy 
 
 l* 1 
 
 
 * <* 
 
 ■-j V H - A. V^ A ' 
 
 
 /v 
 
 # v % 
 
 ^ 
 
 £>-<> <& ^ °« 
 
 
 0" 
 
 o V 
 
 
 0* 
 
 4?^ '.