F 499 
 .C6 
 C655 
 Copy 1 
 
I 86i . 
 
 Out of the Norths the loyal Nurth^ 
 
 They came at the Chieftain s call ; 
 On fields of flame in Freedom' s name 
 They forced Rebellion s fall. 
 
 Shoulder to shoulder they pressed along^ 
 Thrilling the land with their marching song ; 
 Strident the drum with its pulsing beat. 
 Rhythmic the fall of the tramping feet ; 
 Sinews of manhood under the blue^ 
 Ready and eager ^ and fearless and true : 
 Loyalty s tide, with resistless flow. 
 Swept through the mists of the long ago. 
 
 I 90 I . 
 
 Slowly they come with throb of drum. 
 
 The flag with its scars above ; 
 In memory' s name the loyal flame 
 
 They feed from the cruse of love. 
 
 Shoulder to shoulder they come in view. 
 Side by side in the dear old blue ; 
 Halting and bent, and with faltering feet. 
 Onward they plod through the cheering street ; 
 Burdens of age under blouses of blue — 
 Many the dead, and the living so few ! 
 Loyalty's army, remnant of yore. 
 Drifts towards the mists of the silent shore. 
 
 William Russell Rose. 
 
WELCOME. 
 
 THE best host stands in the doorway to meet the coming guests : 
 in such a way alone can he show them truest honor. That 
 is why, then, this welcome is put here on the very threshold 
 of this book so that the old soldiers, some of whom, alas, come up 
 the walk with a pathetic tread that brings tears to our eyes when we 
 remember, may see how honestly glad Cleveland is to see them. Its 
 welcome is general : the whole city shares in the reception of the 
 veterans. The former comrades who marched and fought and suffered 
 by their sides ; the staid business men whom they made prosperous 
 by saving the Union ; those to whose families war brought death and 
 grief and whose tears will fall afresh at this meeting ; and the school 
 children whose study of national history will be made living hereafter 
 by the presence of the soldiers who made it ; all join in the greeting. 
 Cleveland is one great outstretched hand with all our hearts in its palm. 
 
 Time, which often obscures valor, scales down consequences and 
 deadens obligation, has worked the other way in this fair land of 
 ours. Everything has magnified in the flight of years. Contrast 
 with modern wars has shown how stupendous was the struggle ; how 
 magnificent the sacrifices ; how colossal the heroism. All was on a 
 gigantic scale. The skirmishes of those days would be the battles 
 of this. A mere disaster then would be a crushing defeat in this year 
 of our Lord 1901. 
 
 " There were giants in those days." So many and so great that 
 the deed had to be something phenomenal to stand out above the 
 general bravery. Each Napoleonic soldier had a marshal's baton in 
 his knapsack. Every private in the Union army was a potential 
 commander. And how many rose to that grand estate from the ranks 
 of the common soldier ! Had this country a reward of heroism, like 
 England's Victoria Cross, Cleveland streets would see almost as many 
 worn today as Grand Army buttons or Corps badges. The powers 
 at Washington, however, were too busy in guiding, and the men at 
 the front too much concerned in fighting. The nation was to be 
 saved and the soldiers were there to do it. That was all. To be a 
 hero was all in the day's duty. Besides, why single out a solitary act 
 
of bravery, when the comrades whose shoulders touched in the march 
 today would duplicate or surpass it in the morrow's battle. 
 
 As the appreciation of Union valor has thus grown through 
 comparison and the truer perspective of time, so have the consequences 
 of that bravery correspondingly multiplied. It is growing yet. It 
 will continue to grow. Each year will emphasize it. Every step that 
 the United States takes toward the front in the great procession of 
 nations makes more apparent the widespread relations of the result. 
 The growth of our commerce ; the aggression and victory of our 
 manufactures the wide world over ; the acceptance, in some form or 
 other, by foreign lands, of our great principle — the fellowship of 
 man ; the deference paid to our diplomatic policies ; all these things 
 and a hundred minor ones, almost as significant in their way, reveal 
 how universally important was the solution of the question. The 
 whole world would have been affected had that result been different. 
 That apple tree at Appomattox is really greater in the transfiguration 
 of earthly things than the oak of the Magna Charta. 
 
 With all this, then, there has inevitably come a deeper, truer 
 realization of national gratitude and individual obligation. There is 
 not a person throughout the whole stretch of this country but has his 
 honest share of this obligation. We are what we are, as man and 
 country, because these brave men we welcome put patriotism above 
 pelf, and held the future of the state far higher than their own. No 
 one with imagination to call up what might have been but thanks 
 God, deep in his heart, for our soldier guests today. 
 
 Cleveland shows her obligation and her thankfulness openly and 
 gladly. Behind the smile, the handclasp, the welcoming flutter of 
 bunting, the decorations and illuminations, aye, even the festivities, 
 there is but one thought : glory to God, gratitude to the saviors of 
 the nation. It is expressed inadequately, of course, but it is there. 
 
 * 
 
Officers of 
 The Grand Army of the 
 
 Republic. 
 
 Commander-in-Chief, 
 
 Leo Rassieur, 
 
 St, Louis : 
 
 Adjutant-General, 
 
 F. M. Sterrett, 
 
 St, Louis ; 
 
 Ouartermaster-General, 
 
 Charles Burrows, 
 
 St. Louis ; 
 
 Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, 
 
 E. C. MiLLIKEN, 
 
 Portland, Me, ; 
 
 Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, 
 
 Frank Seamon, 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn. : 
 
 Surgeon-General, 
 
 John A, Wilkins, 
 
 Delta, O. ; 
 
 Chaplain-in-Chief, 
 
 Rev. August Drahms, 
 
 San Quentin, Cal. ; 
 
 I nspector-General, 
 
 Henry S. Peck, 
 
 New Haven, Conn. ; 
 
 Judge-Advocate-General, 
 
 James H. Wolf, 
 
 Boston ; 
 
 Senior Aide-de-Camp and Chief of Staff, 
 
 Edward N. Ketchum, 
 
 Galveston, Texas. 
 
Citizens' Committee of One Hundred. 
 
 J. G. W. Cowles, 
 Luther Allen, 
 
 A. T. Anderson, 
 Herman C. Baehr, 
 Webb C. Ball, 
 Geo. C. Barnes, 
 P. S. Beakel, 
 John H. Blood, 
 Louis Black, 
 
 B. F. Bower, 
 Arthur Bradley, 
 R. E. Burdick, 
 Theo, K. Burton, 
 James Barnett, 
 W. H. Canniff, 
 Chas, W. Chase, 
 Charles W. Chesnutt, 
 W. R. Coates, 
 
 W. T. Clark, 
 J. W. Conger, 
 Edgar Couch, 
 F. A. Cress, 
 
 E. W. Doty, 
 William Downie, 
 John Dunn, 
 
 A. C. Dustin, 
 
 C. C. Dewstoe, 
 M. R. Dickey, 
 Wm. A. Eckerman, 
 H. C. Ellison, 
 
 F. H. Eggers, 
 F. A. Edmonds, 
 E. W. Fisher, 
 
 A. B. Foster, 
 J. W. Francisco, 
 Chas. Fries, 
 James R. Garfield, 
 W. H. Garlock, 
 Geo. A. Garretson, 
 H. D. Goulder, 
 C. A. Grasseli, 
 T. H. Graham, 
 Sol Halle, 
 J. B. Hanna, 
 M. A. Hanna, 
 C. D. Harrington, 
 S. F. Haserot, 
 James Hayr, 
 M. T. Herrick, 
 P. M. Hitchcock, 
 L. E. Holden, 
 James H. Hoyt, 
 W. H. Hunt, 
 O. J. Hodge, 
 L. H. Jones, 
 Emil Joseph, 
 P. H. Kaiser, 
 F. A. Kendall, 
 C. K. Kennedy, 
 W, A. Knowlton, 
 Ira A. McCormack, 
 L. A. McCreary, 
 C. W. McCormick, 
 T. D. McGilHcuddy, 
 M. A. Marks, 
 Ed. S. Meyer, 
 
 John Meckes, 
 W. J. Morgan, 
 S. P. Mount, 
 Chas. W. Maedje, 
 O. L. Neff, 
 G. E. Needham, 
 W. H. Newman, 
 Walter Norton, 
 S. T. Paine, 
 
 E. L. Patterson, 
 
 F. H. Palmer, 
 R. E. Paine, 
 J. C. Roland, 
 Felix Rosenberg, 
 Thos. H. Rodgers, 
 Ryerson Ritchie, 
 
 J. B. Savage, 
 E. J. Siller, 
 Alva J. Smith, 
 J. L. Smith, 
 Louis Smithnight, 
 A. L. Somers, 
 O. M. Stafford, 
 Abraham Stearn, 
 Ambrose Swasey, 
 Chas. F. Thwing, 
 J. C. Trask, 
 Geo. P. Welch, 
 Thos. H. White, 
 J. O. Winship, 
 W. R. Woodford, 
 
 G. H. Worthington, 
 J. B. Zerbe. 
 
SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT. 
 
CLEVELAND 
 
 OFFICIAL SOUVENIR 
 
 OF TH E 
 
 THIRTY-FIFTH 
 
 NATIONAL 
 
 ENCAMPMENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE 
 
 REPUBLIC 
 
 September, 1901 
 
.CuCq.s'o' 
 
 THE LIBRARY OF 
 CONGRESS, 
 
 Two Copies Received 
 
 SEP. 3 1901 
 
 Copyright entry 
 CLASS <i^XXc. Ns 
 
 COPY 8. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, I9OI, 
 BY E. W. DOTY. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Poem — "1861-1901" .... 
 
 Welcome ...... 
 
 Officers of the Grand Army of the Republic 
 Citizens' Committee of One Hundred 
 History of the Grand Army of the Republic 
 National Encampments .... 
 
 Auxiliary Associations .... 
 
 How the Work Was Done ... 
 Standing Committees .... 
 
 The Story of Cleveland ... 
 
 Cleveland in the Civil War . 
 Cleveland in Other Wars 
 The Garfield Monument ... 
 
 Cleveland's " Federal Plan " Government 
 Cleveland's Schools and Colleges . 
 Commercial Cleveland .... 
 
 Cleveland's Libraries .... 
 
 Iron Ore that is Golden 
 
 The Building of Ships .... 
 
 Hospitals and Charitable Institutions . 
 Social Settlements ..... 
 
 Cleveland's Chltrches .... 
 
 The Homes of Cleveland 
 
 The Clubs of Cleveland .... 
 
 Cleveland's Park System 
 
 Cities of the Dead ..... 
 
 Ill 
 
 V 
 
 vli 
 viii 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 18 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 41 
 47 
 49 
 52 
 54 
 59 
 
 65 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
Copyrigbt, 1892, by Thomas Johnson. 
 
 ^y^Hyy^^xxi/y^ (k^C/^K-c-^"^ 
 
HISTORY OF THE GRAND ARMY OF 
 THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 THE Grand Army of the Republic is the brotherhood of battle. 
 It was born of the everlaf:ting kinship of a common love of 
 country, of dangers shared, of a mutual bravery, and of a 
 united, unfaltering purpose. Such association, continued for years 
 under the open sky and close to the great heart of nature, which robs 
 man of his veneer and sets him in honest communion with his fel- 
 lows, bred a clannishness of spirit that could not die when the war 
 that developed it was over. It had in it, too, not only the leaven 
 of life but of growth. It was planted in a single little tent. Today, 
 it blossoms in a monster encampment. 
 
 And it is a brotherhood of men as well as memories. The 
 necessary distinctions of war were swept away when that war ended. 
 All men are equal in its council and its work. They stand side by 
 side, shoulder to shoulder, in that final march of life which ends only 
 in the Eternal Bivouac. Privates jostle Generals ; all sorts and 
 conditions of men are there ; even the President of the United 
 States, himself, is in the ranks and glories in the fact. But no one is 
 there who did not dedicate his life to his country in those black days, 
 now happily past, or who has not since re-consecrated himself to the 
 interests of the men who fought by nis side or the sorrowing widows 
 and children they left behind. That is its purpose above all others : 
 the material comfort, the honest, unstir ted sympathy of spirit for 
 those who need it. Never before in the history of the order has its 
 
Leo Rassieur, 
 Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 influence been so great for this good 
 or exercised with such wise discrimi- 
 nation. 
 
 In 1869 the following article was 
 added to the rules and regulations : 
 " No officer or comrade of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic shall in any 
 manner use this organization for parti- 
 san purposes, and no discussion of 
 partisan questions shall be permitted 
 at any of its meetings, nor shall any 
 nominations for political offices be 
 made." Naturally, the evasion of 
 this excellent rule bred dissensions, 
 and out of them came disaster. The 
 order which had been 240,000 strong 
 in 1868 declined to 30,000 in 1871 
 and it only gained a petty 1,000 mem- 
 bers in the years that followed up to 1878. Wiser councils then pre- 
 vailed and the order went back to its noble first principles with a love 
 for them which chastening had multiplied and deepened. This return 
 not only brought abundant internal prosperity, but it restored the 
 Grand Army of the Republic to public confidence and favor. At no 
 time in all its long history has it held the popular esteem so largely 
 and so genuinely as today, and no organization in all the whole vast 
 sweep of the country is welcomed more cordially, treated with such a 
 universal kindness and remembered with such pleasure. 
 
 The Grand Army of the Republic 
 owes its existence to Major B. F. 
 Stephenson and Chaplain W. J. Rut- 
 ledge of the 14th Illinois Infantry. 
 The war had made them tent-mates 
 and under the canvas one night in 
 February, 1 864, the grand idea came to 
 them to form a society that would 
 perpetuate the friendship and the valor 
 of the war. They discussed it on 
 the weary marches, in camp, as they 
 lay on their arms waiting for battle, and 
 the seriousness of these situations, 
 which heightened their mutual reliance, 
 emphasized, also, the beauty of an 
 organization that would bring into the 
 peaceful pursuits of life similar qualities 
 of love and helpful cooperation. 
 
 6 
 
 E. C. MlLLIKEN, 
 
 Senior Vice-Commander-in-Chief. 
 
F. M. Sterrett, 
 Adjutant General. 
 
 They did not work out the proj- 
 ect to their entire satisfaction while 
 in service and after they were mustered 
 out they kept in touch with each other 
 on the subject through correspond- 
 ence. Finally, in March, 1866, a 
 meeting was held at Springfield, Illi- 
 nois, at which this noble organization, 
 unprecedented in the annals of his- 
 tory, was given to the world. It is 
 interesting to note the names of the 
 founders. They were Col. John M. 
 Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Major 
 Robert M. Woods, Major Robert 
 Allen, Chaplain William J. Rutledge, 
 Col.Martin Flood, Col. Daniel Grass, 
 Col. Edward Prince, Capt. John S. 
 Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, 
 Capt. B. F. Smith, Brevet Major A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. Howe 
 and Lieut. R. F. Hawkes. At this meeting, a ritual was prepared and 
 the members sworn to secrecy. Although the organization had its 
 birth in Springfield, the first Post was organized in Decatur, 111., April 
 6th, 1866, with the following charter membership of twelve: Col I. 
 C. Pugh, Lieut. Joseph M. Prior, I. N. Coltrin, M. F. Kanan, 
 George R. Steele, Dr. B. F. Sibley, J. T. Bishop, J. W. Routh, 
 John H. Nale, George H. Dunning, C. Riebsame and I. A. Toland. 
 This was known as " Post Honor." Those who met at Springfield 
 had, in the meantime, organized 
 themselves into a provisional De- 
 partment Encampment, electing Dr. 
 B. F. Stephenson as the first Depart- 
 ment Commander. A State Encamp- 
 ment was held in Illinois July 12th, 
 1866, at Springfield, and General 
 John M. Pahner was elected Depart- 
 ment Commander. The first Na- 
 tional Encampment was held on No- 
 vember 20th, 1866, at Indianapolis, 
 Ind. Founder B. F. Stephenson pre- 
 sided. General S. A. Hurlbut of 
 Illinois was elected Commander-in- 
 Chief and Major Stephenson, Adju- 
 tant General. 
 
 At first these National Encamp- p,^^,^ s,^,,^^.^ 
 
 mentS were of a business nature, junior Vice-Commander-in-Chief. 
 
Major B. F. Stephenson, 
 Founder of the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 but as the order grew and the encamp- 
 ments were held at remote places the 
 needs of something lighter was appar- 
 ent and social customs were grafted 
 on. Now they have become de- 
 lightful reunions, looked forward to 
 by the veterans and their families. 
 Yet they have lost nothing in dignity 
 or in capacity for business thereby, 
 and have gained immensely in popu- 
 larity. 
 
 The National Woman's Relief 
 Corps Home is not a Cleveland in- 
 stitution, but it should have due 
 recognition here. It is the only one 
 in the country and is supported by a 
 per capita tax on each member of the 
 Woman's Relief Corps in the United 
 States. Mrs. Anna Wittenmeyer 
 founded it and made her home there until her death a few 
 months ago. It is located at Madison, O., not many miles east 
 of Cleveland, and, should occasion offer, would repay a visit from 
 visiting veterans. Just now, there are sixty inmates, all of whom 
 did noble work during the war. Some of them have daring deeds to 
 their credit as spies or special messengers. Others were nurses. 
 
 Cleveland first saw the Grand Army of the Republic in 1872. 
 In those days, as has been previously stated, encampments had little 
 general interest. They had no social features and were attended 
 
 only by the offi- 
 cers and delegates 
 whose entire time 
 was spent in execu- 
 tive session. This 
 feature was c o m - 
 mented upon by 
 the local papers, 
 which simply gave 
 the names of the 
 delegates and then 
 added that the pro- 
 ceedings were of a 
 private nature in 
 which the general 
 public had no in- 
 
 National Woman's Relief Corps Home. tCrCSt. 
 
■*^'f*?f**?fns*.3?|!!^^ 
 
 itEPARTJlENT OF THE INTiiRIOR. 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 Otaencu, of ine i-a/ti of -f-e-x^ 
 
 fc commence eft fne y^^»^-»i 2vf 3"^'/ "/ .^ci.fi.T~. y>iiS* 
 
 .'tfii-jrVx /layu^'/f <m !'ii/iie t/ f^i.} ce^tMcaAi, 61 o/ any ^lyae op mnf/t/iy 
 /ace ayat'n^ ei/deP </e 4e».ji>»(r of /^c -W»r'r</ f^ufej. 
 
 (gibcn -.'' <'/■' ^c/ti't'm(i,( y i^f e/i,/, lUf \ 
 
 vA-t^i f'\) 
 
 
 CcVSISdroilTs >•> I'' 
 
 THE FIRST PENSION ISSUED FOR THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
National Encampments. 
 
 • • 
 
 National Encampments have been held since the organization 
 of the Grand Army of the Republic as follows : 
 
 Location. 
 
 Indianapolis, 
 
 1866 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 1868 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 1869 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1870 
 
 Boston, 
 
 187I 
 
 Cleveland, 
 
 1872 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 1873 
 
 Harrisburg, 
 
 1874 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 1875 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 1876 
 
 Providence, 
 
 1877 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 1878 
 
 Albany, 
 
 1879 
 
 Dayton, 
 
 1880 
 
 Indianapolis, 
 
 1881 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 1882 
 
 Denver, 
 
 1883 
 
 MinneapoHs, 
 
 1884 
 
 Portland, 
 
 1885 
 
 San Francisco, 
 
 1886 
 
 St. Louis, 
 
 1887 
 
 Columbus, 
 
 1888 
 
 Milwaukee, 
 
 1889 
 
 Boston, 
 
 1890 
 
 Detroit, 
 
 189I 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1892 
 
 Indianapolis, 
 
 1893 
 
 Pittsburg, 
 
 1894 
 
 Louisville, 
 
 1895 
 
 St. Paul, 
 
 1896 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 1897 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 1898 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 1899 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 1900 
 
 •{•Elected September 6, 189 
 
 9, to fill unexpired term 
 
 Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 Stephen A. Hurlbut. 
 John A, Logan. 
 John A. Logan. 
 John A. Logan. 
 A. E. Burnside. 
 A. E. Burnside. 
 Chas. Devens, Jr. 
 Chas. Devens, Jr. 
 John F. Hartranft. 
 John F. Hartranft. 
 J. C. Robinson. 
 J. C. Robinson. 
 William Earnshaw. 
 Louis Wagner. 
 George S. Merrill. 
 Paul Van Der Voort. 
 Robert B. Beath. 
 John S. Kountz. 
 S. S. Burdett. 
 Lucius Fairchild. 
 John P. Rea. 
 William Warner. 
 Russell A. Alger. 
 Wheelock G. Veazey. 
 John Palmer. 
 A. G. Weissert. 
 John G. B. Adams. 
 Thomas G. Lawler. 
 Ivan N. Walker. 
 Thaddeus S. Clarkson. 
 John P. S. Gobin. 
 James A. Sexton. 
 
 f W. C. Johnson. 
 
 Albert D. Shaw. 
 Leo Rassieur. 
 
 of James A. Sexton, deceased. 
 
Auxiliary Associations. 
 
 Woman's Relief Corps. 
 
 t- .^4 At the fifteenth encampment of the Grand Army, resolu- 
 ^ "- f tions were adopted approving the organization of a 
 national Woman's Rehef Corps and permitting such an 
 '"* organization to use the words "Auxiliary to the Grand 
 Army ot the Republic." The loyal women of the land 
 had, prior to that time, state organizations ; that in Mas- 
 L .. ' sachusetts being known as the Woman's Relief Corps. 
 M:-<^Bfc ''■. On invitation of Commander-in-Chief Van Der- 
 
 Mary l. Carr. voort, the ladies were present at the encampment in 
 Denver in 1883 and formed the present organization. From fifty 
 members at that time the order had increased to 142,760 in 1900. 
 Up to June 30, 1900, it had expended the large sum of $2,024,688.53 
 in charity since its organization. All loyal women, no matter whether 
 they are related to a war veteran or not, are eligible to membership. 
 
 The present national officers of the Woman's Relief Corps are 
 as follows : National president, Mary L. Carr, Longmont, Col. 
 national secretary, Fannie D. W. Hardin, Denver; national treasurer 
 Samuel E. Phillips, Syracuse, N. Y. ; national senior vice-president 
 Belle M. Satterly, St. Louis; national junior vice-president, Abbie R 
 Flagg, Battle Creek, Mich. ; national chaplain, Mary A. Sims, Frank- 
 fort, Ind. ; national inspector, Abbie Lynch, Allegheny City, Pa. 
 national counselor, Elizabeth Darcy Kline, San Francisco ; nationa 
 instituting and installing officer, Maria E. Dean, Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 national patriotic instructor, Jennie L. Day, Gorham, Me. 
 
 Ladies of the Grand Army. 
 
 The Ladies' Loyal League, loyal to the Grand Army and 
 its interests, was the predecessor of the Ladies of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic. It was formed in Trenton, 
 N. J., December 15, 1881 ; and adopted as its watch- 
 word the motto of the Grand Army : " Fraternity, Charity 
 and Loyalty." 
 
 November 18, 1886, representatives from New York, 
 Pennsylvania, California, Kansas and Illinois met in Chi- 
 Etta Lee Toby, c^go and made the organization national under the name 
 of Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic, which had been adopted 
 by a circle of Chicago ladies formed in the preceding January. 
 
The organization is composed of the wives, mothers, daughters, 
 sisters, blood-kin nieces and all lineal female descendants of soldiers 
 and sailors of the Civil War. Army nurses may be admitted to full 
 membership in the organization. Soldiers, sailors and marines who 
 served in the Civil War may be admitted to honorary membership 
 without initiation or dues. Its objects are to care for the veteran and 
 his family, keep sacred Memorial Day, foster and educate the youths 
 in patriotism and perpetuate the name and valor of the heroes of '6i 
 to '6^. The order has 22 departments and 23 circles in states work- 
 ing under national jurisdiction and a membership of 27,757. 
 
 The national officers of the Ladies of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic are as follows : National president, Etta Lee Toby, Logans- 
 port, Ind. ; senior vice-president, Julia A. Ellis, Chicago ; junior vice- 
 president, Mary E. Jameson, Marine City, Mich. ; secretary, Olive 
 J. Allison, Richmond, Ind.; treasurer, Annie Sage, Dayton, O. ; 
 counselor. Dr. Julia P. Shade, Philadelphia ; chaplain, Lizzie Garvin, 
 Jersey City; council of administration, Irene W. Jones, of Mil- 
 waukee, M. Anna Hall, of Wheeling, W. V., and Annie Micheuer, 
 of Germantown ; press correspondents, Emm.a Dalton, of Winfield, 
 Kan., and Ruth E. Foote, of Denver. 
 
 Sons of Veterans. 
 
 The organization of the Sons of Veterans is the out- 
 growth of a movement started by David Knapp, a Phila- 
 delphia Grand Army man, member of Anna M. Ross 
 Post of that city, who, in 1879, organized Anna M. 
 Ross cadet corps No. i. A number of other cadet corps 
 followed in quick succession. The name " corps " was 
 subsequently changed to " camp." 
 
 The organization as it now stands was formed in 
 E. W.Alexander. pit-f-gj^^j-g in 1 8 8 1 . At first it was maintained in five 
 territorial divisions with separate headquarters and commanders, but 
 this plan was abandoned for a central organization at the fourth 
 annual encampment, held, in 1885, in Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 The members of the Sons of Veterans are sons of men eligible 
 to the Grand Army. The objects of the order are to keep green the 
 memories of the fathers, aid in the care of the helpless and disabled 
 veterans and widows and orphans of veterans, perpetuate Memorial 
 and Union Defenders days, inculcate love of country, and spread the 
 doctrines of equal rights, universal liberty and justice to all. 
 
 The national officers of the Sons of Veterans, U. S. A., are : 
 Commander-in-chief, E. W. Alexander, Reading, Pa. ; senior com- 
 mander-in-chief, Alfred H. Rawitzer, Omaha; junior vice-com- 
 
mander-in-chief, Charles S. Davis, Jr., Washington ; council-in-chief, 
 Don S. Gable, Nelsonville, O. ; C. J. Post, Grand Rapids, Mich. ; 
 James B. Adams, Atlantic City, N. J. ; adjutant general, H. H. 
 Hammer, Reading, Pa. ; quartermaster general, Fred E. Bolton, 
 Boston; inspector general, E, F. Buck, Peoria, 111.; judge advocate 
 general, E. B. Folsom, Dover, N. H. ; surgeon general. Dr. A. W. 
 A. Traver, Providence, R. I.; chaplain-in-chief, R. S. Thompson, 
 Rising Sun, Ind. 
 
 Daughters of Veterans. 
 
 On Decoration Day, 1885, five grammar school girls be- 
 longing to an association called the Ruby Seal, after 
 their return from the cemetery at Massillon, O., where 
 they had been assisting in the decoration of soldiers' 
 graves, determined upon organizing a national association, 
 the purpose of which should be to aid the Grand Army 
 in keeping green the graves of the soldiers of the Union 
 Army. 
 Lillian E. Phillips. j^^g Daughters of Veterans is the outcome of this 
 movement. It aims to perpetuate the memories of the soldiers, in- 
 culcate loyalty, aid the needy and perform many other useful and 
 patriotic deeds. The first national convention was held in Quincy, 
 111., in 1890. Since 1892 the order has been meeting at Grand Army 
 encampments. Daughters of honorably discharged soldiers, sailors 
 and marines and daughters of sons of veterans, and so on in genea- 
 logical order, are eligible to membership upon arriving at the age of 
 fifteen years. The order is organized by camps. The officers are : 
 
 President, Lillian E. Phillips, Chicago ; senior vice-president, S. 
 Elizabeth Stanley, Baltimore ; junior vice-president, Carrie A. West- 
 brook, Elmira, N. Y. ; secretary, Ella M. Adair, Oak Park, 111. ; 
 treasurer, Ida J. Allen, Newtonville, Mass. ; chaplain, Clara Martin, 
 Stockholm, Neb. ; inspector, Maud Amadon, Nashua, N. H. ; in- 
 stituting and installing officer, Addie Pratt, Binghamton, N. Y. ; 
 guard, Cora C. Boyle, Eau Claire, Wis. ; musician, Sophia Light- 
 bourne, St. Paul, Minn. ; guide. May E. Needham, Cleveland ; 
 national council, M. Elizabeth Kimball, Fitchburg, Mass. ; Anna M. 
 Clark, Binghamton, N. Y.; Julia A. Croft, Cleveland ; Alice L. 
 Hansen, Chicago ; R. Evelyn Monroe, Worcester, Mass. 
 
 The membership of the Daughters of Veterans is 2,000. On 
 Memorial Day, 1900, the organization furnished 7,565 wreaths and 
 bouquets to decorate soldiers' graves. Among the honored members 
 of the organization were Caroline Scott Harrison, Lucy Webb 
 Hayes, Clara Barton, Mary Logan and Louisa M. Alcott. 
 
 13 
 
National Association of Naval Veterans. 
 
 While here and there isolated associations of naval vet- 
 erans existed prior to 1887, as early indeed as 1867, no 
 national association was formed until the year first named, 
 in New York City. 
 
 The principles of the National Association of Naval 
 Veterans are a belief in Almighty God, allegiance to the 
 United States, its constitution and laws, the development 
 of the navy and the discouragement of whatever may 
 F. E. Haskins. weaken loyalty or incite insurrection, treason or rebellion. 
 The organization makes no distinction as to rank. The officer 
 and the enlisted men are equally eligible. The candidate must have 
 served in the navy, marine corps or revenue marine service, and must 
 never have borne arms against the United States or been convicted of 
 any infamous crime. The present membership is 5,800. 
 
 The officers of the organization are: Commodore commanding, 
 Frederick E. Haskins, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; first captain and chief of 
 staff, James A. Miller, Athens, O. ; first commander, John O. Shaw, 
 Bath, Me. ; fleet lieutenant commander, August H. Runge, Min- 
 neapolis; first lieutenant, James H. Eagan, Joliet, 111.; fleet master, 
 Philip W. Hager, Louisville; fleet ensign, John H. Butler, Eaton, 
 O. ; fleet surgeon, William E. Atwell, Zanesville, O. ; fleet paymaster, 
 I. D. Baker, Boston ; fleet engineer, Thomas W. Barnum, Phila- 
 delphia ; fleet chaplain, A. S. McWilliams, Detroit; fleet historian, 
 William Simmons, Philadelphia ; fleet boatswain, Louis Bennett, 
 Baltimore; fleet secretary, W. H. S. Banks, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Loyal Legion. 
 
 On April 15, 1865, the day following the assassination 
 of President Lincoln, three army officers, Capt. Peter 
 Dirck Keyser, U. S. V., Lieut. Col. S. B. Wylie Mit- 
 chell, M. D., U. S. v., and Lieut. Col. T. Elwood Zell, 
 U. S, v., issued a call for a meeting of all officers and 
 ex-officers in Philadelphia to take action in regard to the 
 funeral. This was followed by several meetings during 
 which, on motion of Capt. Keyser, it was resolved to 
 form a society organized somewhat upon the character 
 of the order of Cincinnati. This resulted in the formation of the 
 Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. 
 
 The order is composed of officers and honorably discharged 
 officers of the army, navy and marine corps. It has a large mem- 
 bership. It acknowledges as its fundamental principles a firm 
 
 Gen. Schofield. 
 
 14 
 
belief and trust in God and a true allegiance to the United States of 
 America. Its objects are to cherish the memories and associations of 
 the war, strengthen the ties of fraternal fellowship and sympathy 
 formed by companionship in arms, advance the best interests of the 
 soldiers and sailors, especially those associated in the companionship 
 of the order, extend relief to the widows and children, foster military 
 and naval science, enforce allegiance to the government, protect the 
 rights and liberties of American citizenship and maintain national 
 honor, union and independence. 
 
 At the fifteenth annual meeting of the commandery-in-chief held 
 in Philadelphia, October i8, 1899, the following officers were elected : 
 Commander-in-chief, Lieutenant General John M. Schofield, Bar 
 Harbor, Me.; senior vice-commander, Acting Volunteer Lieutenant 
 Charles P. Clark (since deceased) ; junior vice-commander-in-chief. 
 Brigadier General Henry C. Merriam, Denver, Col.; recorder-in- 
 chief. Brevet Lieutenant Colonel John P. Nicholson, Philadelphia ; 
 registrar-in-chief. Brevet Major William P. Huxford, Washington, 
 D. C; treasurer-in-chief. Paymaster George De F. Barton, New 
 York City; chancellor-in-chief. Brevet Brigadier General William L. 
 James, Riverton, N. J.; chaplain-in-chief. Brevet Major Henry S. 
 Burrage, Portland, Me.; council-in-chief. Brevet Major George W. 
 Chandler, of Detroit, Rear Admiral George Brown, of Indianapolis, 
 Major Henry L. Swords, of New York City, Brevet Major John B. 
 Sanborn, of St. Paul, and Captain Roswell H. Mason, of Chicago. 
 
 National Association of Union Ex-Prisoners of War. 
 
 The National Association of Union Ex-Prisoners of War, 
 an organization twenty-seven years old, is composed of 
 those who were confined in southern prisons at any time 
 during the war. It has local associations in nearly every 
 state, county associations in certain states, and individual 
 members in localities where there are not enough ex-pris- 
 oners to form local associations. Nearly all surviving 
 ex-prisoners of war, about 18,000 in number, are 
 James atu kll. rngmbcrSo 
 
 The object of the organization is to strengthen ties of friendship 
 among the survivors of military prisons, perpetuate the name and 
 fame of those who died in southern prisons, assist such fellow prison- 
 ers as need help and protection, and extend medical aid to the widows 
 and orphans of those who have fallen. 
 
 The officers are : National Commander, James xA.twell, Pitts- 
 burg ; national vice-commander, Frank A. Cleveland, Chicago ; 
 national chaplain. Rev. John So Ferguson, Keokuk, Iowa ; national 
 
 15 
 
historian, Hon. Henry White, Indiana, Pa.; adjutant general and 
 quartermaster general, Stephen M. Long, East Orange, N. J.; 
 executive committee, J. D. Walker, Pittsburg ; Isaac C. Seeley, 
 Minneapolis ; J, B. Cotty, Moberly, Mo.; Robert Commons, 
 Chicago; James Atwell, Pittsburg; Stephen M. Long, East Orange, 
 N. J.; chief of staff, J. D. Walker, Pittsburg ; special aide for 
 Cleveland encampment, W. C. McKelvey, Cripple Creek, Colorado. 
 
 Loyal Home Workers, 
 
 The Loyal Home Workers, which always holds its annual meeting 
 at the time and place of the Grand Army encampment, was organized 
 at Boston, August 13, 1890, by members of the National Tribune 
 Conversation Club, for mutual benefit and the more practical enforce- 
 ment of the principles of progress and patriotism through the press, 
 discussion at reunions and correspondence. The objects of the 
 organization are progress, patriotism and charity. 
 
 The officers are : President, Amos L. Seaman, St. Louis 
 vice-president, Genevieve Seymour, Sodus, N. Y.; secretary. Belle 
 Smith, Winooski, Wis,; treasurer, Ed. C. Close, Ft. Wayne, Ind. 
 sergeant-at-arms, Andrew J. Streeter, Newton, la.; directors, Kate B 
 Sherwood, Canton, O.; Wallace Foster, Indianapolis, Ind.; Hy. J 
 Buchen, Sheboygan, Wis.; Amelia Arnold, Kingston, N. Y.; M 
 Warner Hargrove, Brown Mills, N. J.; Alice Putnam Eddy 
 Fredonia, N. Y.; Elizabeth DeBrien, Philadelphia; Alice Warring- 
 ton, Minneapolis, Minn, 
 
 Ladies' Auxiliary of Naval Veterans. 
 
 The ladies of the families of members of the National 
 Association of Naval Veterans have an organization 
 known as the Ladies' Auxiliary of Naval Veterans. The 
 objects are sociability and fraternity, and to aid such works 
 of charity as may be needed among naval veterans. The 
 ^ annual meetings are held at the same time and place as 
 those of the naval veterans' order ; principally, of late, 
 in connection with the national Grand Army encamp- 
 
 Margaret Dixon. mcntS. 
 
 The officers of the organization are as follows : Captain com- 
 mander, Mrs. Margaret B. Dixon, Detroit ; commander, Mrs. Eliza 
 A. Wichter, Jersey City ; lieutenant commander, Mrs. Henrietta 
 Bower, Philadelphia , senior lieutenant, Mrs. Mary Geary, Minne- 
 apolis ; lieutenant, Mrs. Louis Runge, Minneapolis ; fleet paymaster, 
 
 16 
 
 .^« 
 
Mrs. Ellen E. Travers, Providence , fleet surgeon, Mrs. Alice 
 Nealon, Philadelphia ; fleet chaplain, Mrs. Lena Radditz, Philadel- 
 phia ; national secretary, Mrs, Sarah E. Reynolds, Eaton, O. ; chief 
 of staff, Miss Annie R. Sears, Baltimore; national boatswain. Miss 
 Annie Rogers, Salem, Mass. ; national historian, Mrs. Hannah South- 
 switch, New Bedford, Mass. 
 
 National Association of Army Nurses of Civil War. 
 
 Noble women who nursed the sick and wounded in 
 Southern hospitals from 1861 to 1865 are organized in 
 an association known as the National Association of 
 Army Nurses of the Civil War. Its objects are to 
 promote a spirit of fraternity, aid the needy ones, 
 procure employment and care for the infirm and 
 destitute. 
 
 The present officers of the association are as follows : 
 Ada Johnson. President, Ada Johnson, St. Louis; senior vice-presi- 
 dent, Margaret Hamilton, Wakefield, Mass. ; junior vice-president, 
 Rebecca Krips, Philadelphia; secretary, Kate M. Scott, Brockville, 
 Pa.; treasurer, Dr. Nancy M. Hill, Dubuque, Iowa; chaplain, 
 Elizabeth O. Gibson, Appleton, Wis. ; corresponding secretary, 
 Rebecca L. Price, Philadelphia; guard, Mary Lescure, Philadelphia ; 
 counselor, Emily E. Woodley, Philadelphia. 
 
 Woman's National Association, Auxiliary to Union Ex- 
 
 Prisoners of War. 
 
 > The Woman's National Association, Auxiliary to Union 
 
 f^' ^ Ex-Prisoners of War, is composed of wives and daughters 
 ^ 4i of members of the National Association of Union Ex- 
 '. j;* Prisoners of War. It is social in character and it also 
 
 k^ assists the organization last named in carrying out its 
 ^^ principles and work. It holds annual meetings in con- 
 I^H^ nection with Grand Army national encampments. Its 
 ^^*- officers are ; President, Mrs. Charles F. Sherrifl^; senior 
 Mrs.c.f.Sherriff. vice-president, Mrs. Benj. McCall; junior vice-president, 
 Mrs. John Home; secretary, Mrs. Wm. P. Linhart; treasurer, Mrs. 
 Alfred H.Jones; counsellor, Mrs. J. R. Hutchinson; council of 
 administration, Mrs. Ada L. Shannon, Mrs. Henrietta Paul, and 
 Mrs. Margaret B. Reed. 
 
 17 
 
HOW THE WORK WAS DONE. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 The Business Men's League, an organization whose aim is to 
 bring conventions and the like to this city, was the first to suggest 
 that Cleveland secure the Thirty-fifth National Encampment of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic. The idea was a happy one, and a 
 number of leading citizens voluntarily associated themselves with the 
 League to attain the object. A competent committee was formed. 
 
 GENERAL JAMES BARNETT, 
 Chairman Citizens' Executive Committee. 
 
 J. G. W. COWLES, 
 
 Chairman Citizens' Committee of loc. 
 
 This committee visited St. Louis and won its victory. Then it came 
 home and so popular was the result that it seemed as if all Cleveland 
 wished to join in the hard work that was coming. 
 
 A committee of one hundred representative citizens was organized 
 and from this the Citizens' Executive Committee was formed with 
 the following membership : General James Barnett, chairman, Mr, 
 Herman Baehr, Mr. Webb C. Ball, Colonel Louis Black, Mr. 
 John H. Blood, Mr. Arthur Bradley, Captain Russell E. Burdick, 
 Colonel C. C. Dewstoe, Colonel Henry C. Ellison, General George 
 A. Garretson, Mr. Samuel F. Haserot, Mr. C. W. McCormick, 
 Mr. Ryerson Ritchie, Captain J. C. Roland, Colonel Alva J. 
 Smith. This Citizens' Committee appointed Mr. Ryerson Ritchie 
 director It also appointed another one of its own members. 
 
Colonel H. C. Kllison, 
 proper recognition of 
 Men's Convention 
 ing the encampment 
 ticularly, because of 
 of his services and his 
 Mr. Edward W. Doty 
 the Executive Com- 
 The financial end 
 acter is alwavs one 
 Given money, noth- 
 manly speaking. With- 
 than is needed, there geo. a. garretson, 
 
 to tell. Up to this ChairmanCommittee on Invitations. 
 
 as treasurer, and in 
 the part the Business 
 League had in bring- 
 here, and, more par- 
 his ability, the value 
 experience, it delegated 
 to the secretaryship ot 
 mittee. 
 
 of an affair of this char- 
 of chief importance, 
 ing is impossible, hu- 
 out it, or having less 
 is a discreditable story 
 point, then, Cleveland 
 
 E. W. DOTY, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 RYERSON RITCHIE, 
 Director. 
 
 H. C. ELLISON, 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 is not singular from 
 the universal want — 
 ty, if such a term can 
 way the necessary funds 
 ously, it had been the 
 is all over the world, 
 sonal solicitation, 
 back upon the o 1 d 
 The general pleas- 
 shown in the sugges- 
 Encampment, the en- 
 of the project engen- 
 assurance given by the 
 Citizens' Committee of 
 
 LEANDER McBRIDE, 
 
 Other cities. It had 
 money. Its originali- 
 be permitted, lies in the 
 were secured. Previ- 
 Cleveland custom, as it 
 to raise money by per- 
 Cleveland turned its 
 method. 
 
 ure that had been 
 tion of a Grand Army 
 thusiasm the success 
 dered, and the further 
 ready formation of the 
 
 ChairmanCommittee on Finance. One Hundred, Were 
 
 19 
 
Facade of Chamber of Commerce, Headciuarters G. A. R. 
 
 evidences that all Cleveland was interested. It was resolved, then, 
 to give the entire city, as it desired, an opportunity to contribute. 
 No soliciting committee was formed ; not a single personal call was 
 made. The newspapers told of the needs of the Executive Commit- 
 tee — one hundred thousand dollars was the sum it thought desir- 
 able. A public appeal was followed by circular letters that were scat- 
 tered broadcast over the city. No one was forgotten or neglected. 
 The letter carrier in the " Triangle " bore as heavy a burden as his 
 fellow on the Euclid avenue route. Every citizen was invited ; but 
 no one was coerced. He might give or not, just as he chose, and 
 there was no one at his elbow to mollify. 
 
 This procedure succeeded beyond the sanguine expectations of 
 even those who devised it. Cleveland was put on its mettle. Its 
 reputation was at stake. The Executive Committee safely trusted to 
 local pride and generosity. This opinion, which seemed to be held 
 by almost every citizen, to judge from the results, was a thousand- 
 fold more eloquent than any special pleading could have been and 
 just that much more effective than the methods which the old-time 
 solicitor used. The desired money was raised ; it was raised in an 
 unprecedented time and by unique methods — it was all done joyously. 
 This is all that is necessary to say of the work of the committee. 
 The wisdom or unwisdom of the expenditure of that money must now 
 be determined by the delegates themselves. 
 
AIDES. 
 
 H. E. Doty, 
 
 Webb C. Ball, 
 W. H. Barch, 
 T. W. Brainard, 
 R. G. Chandler, 
 
 Standing Committees. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Parade and Review. 
 
 R. E. Burdick, 
 C. L. Burridge, 
 Paul Howland, 
 Geo. A. McKav, 
 
 R. E. Burdick, 
 Chairman. 
 
 • • • • 
 
 Badges. 
 
 mm^ 
 
 Webb C. Ball, 
 Chairman. 
 
 A. W. Fenton, 
 D. J. Hard, 
 Otto Miller, 
 Jas. A. Robinson, 
 Otto C. Snider, 
 A. G. Tame. 
 
 Geo. E. Ceilings, 
 Louis H. Hays, 
 J. C. Roland, 
 W. H. Scriven. 
 
 Colored Troops. 
 
 C. W. Chesnutt, 
 J. E. Benson, 
 John J. Bolden, 
 W. O. Bowles, 
 John H. Cisco, 
 W. H. Clifford, 
 A. W. Collins, 
 J. H. Davis, 
 Henry Embrey, 
 T. W. Fleming, 
 H. M. Foote, 
 William Green, 
 
 C. W. Chesnutt, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Charles E. Gordon 
 J. C. Jorden, 
 Alexander Martin, 
 George A. Myers, 
 Hooker Page, 
 J. E. Reed, 
 H. J. Roller, 
 George Sampson, 
 John Smith, 
 George Vosburgh, 
 G. H. Wilson, 
 Walter B. Wrie;ht. 
 
Daughters of Veterans. 
 
 Miss Julia A. Croft, 
 Mrs. Fanny Brainard, 
 Mrs. Eliza A. Burlingame, 
 Mrs. Eleanor Fowler, 
 Mrs. Ruby Held, 
 Mrs. Ida Huddleston, 
 
 Julia A. Croft, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 • * • • • 
 
 Equipages. 
 
 Jacob B. Perkins, 
 Henry R. Adams, 
 Henry W. Corning, 
 Clarence C. Esterbrook, 
 J. N. Frazee, 
 Thos. S. Grasselli, 
 
 Jacob B. Perkins, 
 Chairman. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Finance. 
 
 Leander McBride, 
 F. A. Arter, 
 F. S. Bauder, 
 E. H. Bourne, 
 B. F. Bower, 
 Chas. W. Chase, 
 J. W. Conger, 
 J. G. W. Cowles, 
 H. C. Ellison, 
 
 E. M. Folsom, 
 W. H. Oarlock, 
 Geo. A. Garretson, 
 
 F. H. Haserot, 
 Myron T. Herrick, 
 T. W. Hill, 
 
 O. J. Hodge, 
 L. Dean H olden, 
 Emil Joseph, 
 Jos. R. Kraus, 
 
 Miss Julia C. Loeber, 
 Miss May E. Needham, 
 Miss Lena Pinard, 
 Mrs. Eva Sheeler, 
 Miss May Urias. 
 
 Leander McBride, 
 Chairman. 
 
 T. W. Latham, 
 Demaline Leuty, 
 Homer McDaniel, 
 Chas. W. Maedje, 
 M.J. Mandelbaum, 
 Wm. G. Mather, 
 Samuel Mather, 
 John Mitchell, 
 Calvary Morris, 
 Jas. H. Paine 
 
 Bernard P. Grunauer, 
 L. Dean Holden, 
 A. C. Rogers, 
 Samuel E. Strong, 
 F. H. Townsend, 
 F. W. Woods. 
 
 S. T. Paine, 
 Sheldon Parks, 
 B. L. Pennington, 
 S. L. Pierce, 
 J. A. Reaugh, 
 Wm. H. Scriven, 
 Belden Seymour, 
 Parker Shackleton, 
 Stiles C. Smith, 
 O. M. Stafford, 
 Abraham Stearn, 
 H. W. Stecher, 
 J. J. Sullivan, 
 F. H. Townsend, 
 J. C. Trask, 
 Robert Wallace, 
 Geo. P. Welch, 
 Ed. Wiebenson, 
 M. H. Wilson. 
 
Free Quarters. 
 
 James Hayr, 
 G. C. Barnes, 
 L. F. Bauder, 
 Geo. D. Beck, 
 M. B. Beelman, 
 F. R. Bell, 
 
 F. A. Bierbrier, 
 John C. Bissell, 
 T. W. Brainard, 
 J. T. Brightmore, 
 S. S. Card, 
 
 J. M. Carrington, 
 Wm. B. Chapman, 
 J. G. Claflin, 
 Wm. T. Clark, 
 Edgar Couch, 
 W. C, Cowin, 
 
 G. T. Cronk, 
 Timothy Deacy, 
 Fred Douttiel, 
 John C. Durian, 
 J. W. Dwyer, 
 Andrew Eitelman, 
 Thomas Fay, 
 John Fegan, 
 David Fisk, 
 Carlos Forbes, 
 W. E. Forby, 
 
 E. W. Force, 
 E. D. Foster, 
 S. B. Fowler, 
 
 James Ha\r, 
 Chairman. 
 
 J. W. Francisco, 
 Jas. H. Gilbert, 
 A. H. Glover, 
 Henry Gordon, 
 W. D. Graham, 
 Wm. Gresmuck, 
 Chas. Griswold, 
 John P. Haley, 
 C. D. Harrington, 
 Wm. A„ Heinsohn, 
 Henry Hoehn, 
 David Jackson, 
 David Johnson, 
 L. H. Jones, 
 Benj. Killam, 
 F. A. Kelley, 
 Wm. Kneale, 
 T. S. Knight, 
 C. D. Lane, 
 John B. Lang, 
 David Lewis, 
 
 D. H. Lucas, 
 T. F. McConnell, 
 Wm. McKinley, 
 James McMahon, 
 M. W. Miles, 
 O. L. Neff, 
 
 D. G. Nesbitt, 
 Walter Norton, 
 
 E. L. Pardee, 
 Byron Pope, 
 
 J. J. Prendergast, 
 J. H. Reed, 
 Frank Rieley, 
 J. S. Rose, 
 Jos. E. Sawtelle, 
 E. D. Sawyer, 
 David SchafFer, 
 Jacob Schug, 
 A. J. Scoville^ 
 W. R. Smeliie, 
 C. H. Smith- 
 J. J. Smith, 
 Pard B. Smith, 
 Alex, Stuart, 
 J. C. Tressell, 
 Chas. G, Wagner, 
 Simeon H. Wallace, 
 W. H. Warner 
 Levi Wherry, 
 W. B. Wright, 
 John Yahraus. 
 
 James Ritchie, 
 W. H. Hunt, 
 C. A. Niccla, 
 
 Grand Stands. 
 
 James Ritchie, 
 Chairman. 
 
 J. A. Reaugh, 
 C. H. Strong. 
 
 23 
 
Invitation. 
 
 Geo. A. Garretson, 
 James Barnett, 
 M. A. Hanna, 
 Myron T. Herrick, 
 
 James H. Hoyt, 
 Tom L. Johnson, 
 Samuel Mather. 
 
 Geo. a. Garretson, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Ladies of the G. A. R. 
 
 Mrs. Maria P. Cahoon, 
 Mrs. Belle Ammon, 
 Mrs. Eva Lang Cadwell, 
 Mrs. Louisa Dennison, 
 Mrs. Angeline Greenawalt, 
 Mrs. JuHa Harrington, 
 
 Mrs. Emma E. Kennedy, 
 Mrs. E. W. Kennedy, 
 Mrs. A. P. Lagron, 
 Mrs. C. J. Marks, 
 Mrs. Adda Moody, 
 Mrs. S. E.Van Orman, 
 Mrs. A. Swartwood. 
 
 Maria P. Cahoon, 
 Chairman. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Medical. 
 
 Geo. C. Ashmun, 
 A. R. Baker, 
 H. H. Baxter, 
 D. H. Beckwith, 
 
 F. E. Bunts, 
 A. J. Cook, 
 W. T. Corlett, 
 C. F. Button, 
 
 G. A. Ehret, 
 R. D. Fry, 
 Chas. Gentsch, 
 W. H. Humiston, 
 
 Geo. C. Ashmun, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Wm. A. Knowlton, 
 
 24 
 
 W. R. Lower, 
 John H. Lowman, 
 W. T. Miller, 
 H. W. Osborn, 
 
 C. B. Parker, 
 Wm. W. Piper, 
 H. H. Powell, 
 George Sharer, 
 
 D. B. Smith, 
 J. T. Smith, 
 
 L. B. Tuckerman, 
 D. L. Travis. 
 
Mexican War Veterans. 
 
 O. J. Hodge, 
 W. W. Armstrong, 
 M. R. Dickey, 
 F. A. Henry, 
 
 Geo. W. Gardner, 
 C. E. Benham, 
 M. A. Bradley, 
 F. E. Bunts, 
 Arthur Dcvale, 
 H. V. Garrett, 
 
 C. M. Harris, 
 
 D. C. Mclntyre, 
 
 O. J. Hodge, 
 Chairman. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Naval. 
 
 Geo. W. Gardner, 
 Chairman. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Army Nurses. 
 
 F. A. Kress, 
 
 Jas. T. McAninch, 
 
 Homer McDaniel. 
 
 John Mitchell, 
 T. F. Newman, 
 Fred A. Parent, 
 D. H. Pond, 
 Percy W. Rice, 
 Wm. E. Wirt, 
 G. H. Worthineton. 
 
 Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, 
 Mrs. T. D. Crocker, 
 Mrs. J. Dwight Palmer, 
 
 C. C. Shanklin, 
 
 D. G. Nesbit, 
 J. C. Palmer, 
 
 Mrs. B. F. Taylor, 
 
 Mrs. Nellie Thaver, 
 
 Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, 
 Chairman. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Union Ex-Prisoners of War. 
 
 W. H. Polhamus, 
 J. C. Tressell. 
 
 25 
 
Public Decorations. 
 
 Arthur Bradley, 
 W. D. Benes, 
 M. F. Bramley, 
 D. O. Caswell, 
 George Gaunter, 
 C. A. Dolan, 
 H. J. Fischer, 
 S. C. Gladwin, 
 C. E. Gould, 
 B. S. HubbelL 
 
 Arthur Bradley, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 L. N. Weber, 
 
 John A. Kling, 
 F. H. Palmer, 
 Louis Rohrheimer, 
 J. C. Sparrow, 
 F. W. Striebinger, 
 Chas. H . Strong, Jr., 
 Henry A. Taylor, 
 George B. Tripp, 
 Frank Weddell, 
 A. C. Yesinger. 
 
 • * • • • 
 Public Entertainment. 
 
 James T, McAninch, 
 A. T. Anderson, 
 A. E. Akins, 
 F. S. Borton, 
 P. W. Ditto, 
 J. B. Hanna, 
 J. F. Kilfoyl, 
 D. J. Kurtz, 
 
 Ira A. McCormack, 
 G. G. Mulhern, 
 T. F. Newman, 
 P. C. Pettit, 
 F. T. Pomeroy, 
 Chas. B. Shanks, 
 C. W. Toland. 
 
 James T. McAninch, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Tom L. Johnson, 
 H. Q, Sargent, 
 James Barnett, 
 B. F. Bower, 
 T. E. Burton, 
 Chas. W. Chase, 
 J. G. W. Cowles, 
 M. M. Curtiss, 
 James R. Garfield, 
 Geo. A. Garretson, 
 M. A. Hanna, 
 Webb C. Hayes, 
 P. M. Hitchcock, 
 
 • • • • • 
 Reception. 
 
 H. Q. Sargent, 
 Vice-Chairman. 
 
 Myron T. Herrick, 
 26 
 
 L. E. Holden, 
 James H. Hoyt, 
 L. H. Jones, 
 F. A. Kendall, 
 C. E. Kennedy, 
 Samuel Mather, 
 Chas. W. Maedje, 
 R. F. Paine, 
 Cady Staley, 
 E. F. Taggart, 
 V. C. Taylor, 
 Chas. F. Thwing, 
 J. C. Trask. 
 
Re-Untons and Camp-Fires. 
 
 C. C. Devvstoe, 
 Alfred Arthur, 
 J. E. Asling, 
 W. R. Austin, 
 L. W. Bailey, 
 T. O. Bailev, 
 R. J. Bellamy, 
 Geo. A. Bennett, 
 J. C. Bissell, 
 Thomas Boutall, 
 H. M. Case, 
 A. C. Caskey, 
 R. G. Chandler, 
 J. W. Conger, 
 F. A. Edmonds, 
 Geo. H. Foster, 
 M. B. Gary, 
 W. J. Gleason, 
 J. G. Haettinger, 
 O. P. Harris, 
 
 C. C. Devvstoe, 
 Chairman. 
 
 S. A. Hart, 
 J. F. Herrick, 
 T. W. Hill, 
 Paul Howland, 
 Josiah Johnson, 
 Horace Judson, 
 Chas. B. Kelley, 
 E. J, Kennedy, 
 
 S. B. Lamoreaux, 
 J. P. McMahon, 
 W. R. Nevins, 
 C. H. A. Palmer, 
 J. Dwight Palmer, 
 L. O. Rawson, 
 O. F. Rhoades, 
 Felix Rosenberg, 
 F. M. Sanderson, 
 F. A. Scott, 
 Karl Seibel, 
 H. P. Shupe, 
 C. H. Smith, 
 H. A. Smith, 
 O. Stafford, 
 N. Coe Stewart, 
 Frank O. Tuttle, 
 H. L. Vail, 
 E. R. Walker, 
 J. O. Winship. 
 
 Public Comfort. 
 
 John H. Blood, 
 W. W. Allen, 
 Newton D. Baker, 
 Ben Bole, 
 Fred. S. Borton, 
 S. R. Brainard, 
 Chas. W. Chestnutt, 
 A. E. Davis, 
 Harry L. Day, 
 Chas. J. Deckman, 
 Gardner Dodge, 
 Chas. E. Doty, 
 Frank Dowd, 
 Wm. Downie, 
 Geo. P. Edwards, 
 A. Ward Fenton, 
 Abel Fish, 
 Carlos Forbes, 
 W. E. Forby, 
 S. B. Fowler, 
 
 John H. Blood, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Tiffin Gilmore, 
 J. B. Hanna, 
 D. R. Hawley, 
 Norman E. Hills, 
 Fred. C. Howe, 
 Chas. F. Leach, 
 F. M. McCartney, 
 W. O. McClure, 
 
 Geo. A. McKinnie, 
 H. F. McNutt, 
 Jas. W. Mathers, 
 J. B. Molyneaux, 
 Chas. Orr, 
 L. A. Osborn, 
 Seth T. Paine, 
 R. K. Pelton, 
 Louis Perczel, 
 S. L. Pierce, 
 W. D. Pudney, 
 Clifford Quigley, 
 Ed. A. Roberts, 
 G. K. Shurtieff, 
 Ferd. L. Southworth, 
 J, C. Sparrow, 
 Henry W. Stecher, 
 Harry K. Taylor, 
 L. H. Tread way, 
 John Wageman. 
 
 27 
 
Transportation. 
 
 Alva J. Smith, 
 E. A. Akers, 
 H. J. Booth, 
 W. D. Buss, 
 M. G. Carrel, 
 G. A. Coe, 
 
 D. J. Collver, 
 
 E. B, Coolidge, 
 J. E. Galbraith, 
 J. C. Gilchrist, 
 G. J. Grammer, 
 W. F. Herman, 
 
 Alva |. Smith, 
 Chairman. 
 
 B. F. Horner, 
 A. S. Ingalls, 
 
 J. T. Johnson, 
 A. W. Johnston, 
 
 C. L. Kimball, 
 
 D. C. Mclntyre, 
 A. M. Mozier, 
 
 E. L. Patterson, 
 W. H. Scriven, 
 G. W, Squiggins, 
 J. E. Terry, 
 
 R. H. Wallace, 
 W. H. Wallace, 
 W. R. Woodford. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Sons of Veterans. 
 
 F. A. Edmonds, 
 H. G. Babcock, 
 T. O. Bailey, 
 Arthur Baldwin, 
 J. Lawrence Barrett, 
 F. Bauder, 
 J. C. Blackburn, 
 F, A. Brainard, 
 J. J. Breitinger, 
 Charles Breymaier, 
 Ben Burlingame, 
 Norman Burlingame, 
 Bruce Castle, 
 D. J. Castle, 
 O. B. Conant, 
 H. D. Davis, 
 Chas. J. Deckman, 
 Charles Ebersold, 
 Harry H. Edmonds, 
 Robt. A. Edmonds, 
 B. H. Edmonds, 
 Frank Fegan, 
 S. B. Fowler, 
 Henry Frazee, 
 Tiffin Gilmore, 
 
 F. A. Edmonds, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Jo G. Haettinger, 
 J. D. Hall, 
 E. P. Held, 
 A. F. Held, 
 J. A. Held, 
 N. E. Held, 
 Frank Hudson, 
 Vincent T. Jackson, 
 Charles B. Kelley, 
 George H. King, 
 W. C. Laetsch, 
 C. R. Lourey, 
 Arthur Lovejoy, 
 Wade Mcllrath, 
 H. S. Marble, 
 
 28 
 
 B. D. Miller, 
 O. L. NefF, 
 A. Nixon, 
 George Our, 
 
 D. J. Oviett, 
 
 C. H. A. Palmer, 
 
 E. W. Pay, 
 Julius Penard, 
 C. J. School, 
 Wm. Sherman, 
 Geo. W. Skinner, 
 Albert Snow, 
 
 L. C. Sperry, 
 Rollin Sperry, 
 Thos. Swartwood, 
 Fred. L. Taft, 
 
 E. P. Thomas, 
 
 J. C. Tressell, Jr., 
 H. J. Turney, 
 
 F. O. Tuttle, 
 C. M. Wagner, 
 H. E. Walter, 
 George Walter, 
 H. A. Witter, 
 S. L. Zetty. 
 
Athletics. 
 
 J. L. Smith, 
 H. W. Andrus, 
 Elmer E. Bates, 
 H. F. Biggar, Jr., 
 Geo. Collister, 
 G. W. Griffin, 
 W. H. Kinnicutt, 
 Wm. McKay, 
 
 J. L. Smith, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Wm. G. Oswald, 
 Douglas Perkins, Jr., 
 Walter M. Robison, 
 W. A. Skinkle, 
 A. C. Smith, 
 C. W. Stage, 
 F. W. Stoddard, 
 Chas. Weaver. 
 
 Woman's Relief Corps. 
 
 Mrs. Lois M. KnaufF, 
 Mary F. Allen, 
 Catherine Allen, 
 Nellie Auld, 
 Catherine F. Avery, 
 Eliza Breads, 
 Dora L. Brush, 
 Maria Bushnell, 
 Bertha Cadmus, 
 Clara Chapelka, 
 Mary F. Claflin, 
 Mary Clifford, 
 Linna Crail, 
 
 Lois M. Knauff, 
 Chairman. 
 
 Ellen Croft, 
 C. C. Dewstoe, 
 Elizabeth Dunn, 
 M. H. Edgerly, 
 A. H. Fairbanks, 
 A. B. Foster, 
 Rossa Frater, 
 Alice W. Fuller, 
 Kate Gabel, 
 Ellen Gates, 
 Bessie Giauque, 
 Emma Godwin, 
 F. H. Graham, 
 Martha G. Hayr, 
 
 Mrs. Bessie Harland, 
 Margaret L. Hosey, 
 Maria Ives, 
 Metta Judson, 
 Mary A. King, 
 Elizabeth Knight, 
 Sarah R. Lane, 
 H. D. Marble, 
 Laura Marsh, 
 Carleta Maxwell, 
 Maud McMillen, 
 Emma Meyerheine, 
 Fannie D. Neff, 
 Susan Newton, 
 H. L. Nichols, 
 
 Mrs. Alviva O'Conners, 
 
 " Lorena Piper, 
 
 " Han'h R. Plimpton, 
 
 " Alice F. Qiiinlan, 
 
 " Anna School, 
 
 " Louise K. Sherman, 
 
 " Effie St. John, 
 
 " Nina Stansbury, 
 
 " Clara Sterling, 
 
 " Benj. F. Taylor, 
 
 " Mrs. Teasdale, 
 
 " Alice Te-Linde, 
 
 " Julia Treat, 
 
 " Anna P. Tucker, 
 
 " Mabel C. Wade, 
 
 " C. W. Whitmarsh, 
 
 " Hattie R. Wilson, 
 
 " Ida A. WiUiams, 
 
 " Helen Winship, 
 
 " Susie Worcester, 
 
 " Ella Wyman, 
 
 " Alice D. Smith, 
 
 " Elizabeth Smith, 
 
 " Ann Chandler, 
 
 " C. J. Snow, 
 
 " Nellie E. Greenway, 
 
 Miss Ella Schaffer. 
 
 29 
 
THE STORY OF CLEVELAND. 
 
 Those who visit the city for the first time, as is the case with the 
 great majority whom the encampment has brought here, are not con- 
 tent to accept it simply as it is. The natural curiosity of man, Eve's 
 gift to her children, supplemented by the questioning spirit of the 
 Yankee, which is not a snoopy inquisitiveness but a laudable desire 
 for knowledge, impels the stranger to get at its origin, its history, and 
 the causes that led to its development. 
 
 The seeker of romance will find little, however, to interest him 
 in the story of Cleveland. Its situation and the time of its settlement 
 saved it from those fierce forays of the Indians which make the annals 
 of other towns so picturesque, and the War of 1812 touched it only 
 on its outermost hem, though in such a grand way that it is glad to 
 shine in its reflected glory. But to the student of men and motives, 
 to him who can value the lesson of honest, untiring effort, of quick 
 appreciation of opportunity, tempered by a discriminating conserva- 
 tism, the history of Cleveland is thoroughly engrossing. Blood tells 
 in a city as in a man. Cleveland is well born. It was settled 
 by the sturdy people of Connecticut whose lives were pure, whose 
 ambitions were honest and whose wills were strong. 
 
 When, early in the history of the country, the states of the old 
 
 31 
 
1 au old oil paiatiui 
 
 North Side ok the Public Square in 1839. 
 
 confederation ceded their western territory to the General Govern- 
 ment, Connecticut held back from such release the vast territory 
 along Lake Erie called then, as now, " The Western Reserve." The 
 major portion of these lands were bought in September, 1795, for 
 $1,200,000 by a pioneer in the syndicate line. The Connecticut Land 
 Company. 
 
 In the early part of 1796, a surveying party of fifty, headed by 
 General Moses Cleaveland, of Old Windham, Connecticut, was sent 
 to spy out the fatness of the land and to prepare it for settlement. 
 This party came to the Cuyahoga on July 22, 1796. General Cleave- 
 
 From an old .ithograpb 
 
 View Foot of Tracy St., 1853. 
 32 
 
North Side of the Public Scjuare in 1901. 
 
 land was so well pleased with the situation that he determined to lay 
 out a town. His was a prophetic eye, and his a prophetic tongue, 
 also, for when he went back to Connecticut a few months later to make 
 his report he declared : " While I was in New Connecticut, I laid out 
 a town on the banks of Lake Erie, which was called by my name, and 
 I believe the child is now born that may live to see that place as large 
 as Old Windham." 
 
 Through courtesy of the company, the town had been named 
 Cleaveland as stated by the General, though he was somewhat mod- 
 estly averse to that action at first. The present spelling of the name. 
 
 View Foot of Tracy St., 1901 
 33 
 
View from Old Court House, Looking Northwest, 1833. 
 
 however, drops the first " a." This change occurred dviring the hfe 
 of the founder and was not agreeable to him. " The town was called 
 by my name, C-1-e-a-v-e-l-a-n-d," he said, " and that was the way it 
 was spelled, written and printed, until an act of piracy was committed 
 on the name by a publisher of a newspaper who, procuring a new head- 
 piece for his paper, found it convenient to increase the capacity of his 
 iron frame by reducing the number of letters in the name of the city." 
 Settlers came again in the spring of 1797, but a year later, some 
 of them, owing to the malarial conditions that naturally prevailed, 
 went south a 
 few miles to a ' 
 high ridge and 
 founded New- 
 burg. This 
 reputation for 
 sickness and its 
 plague of mos- 
 quitoes kept 
 many intend- 
 ing settlers 
 away. One 
 Connecticut 
 clergyman, re- 
 turning from 
 a visit here, 
 told his aston- 
 
 ISnea. pariSn- Corner of Bank and St. Clair Sts., Looking East, 1833. 
 
 34 
 
 
View from Old Court House, Looking Northwest, 1901. 
 
 ioners that he had seen " mosquitoes sit on a log and bark," and that 
 they were " so large that many of them would weigh a pound." 
 When asked to explain (for his yarn had a dubious flavor), he said, 
 " Mosquitoes could not sit on a log without sitting on the bark," but 
 he did not know how many of them it would take to " weigh a pound " 
 — all of which shows that even the stiff clericalism of the day could 
 not keep down the natural instincts of a joker, 
 
 Cleveland's first impetus came from the building of the Ohio 
 
 Canal. This 
 project sprang 
 from the great 
 success of the 
 Erie Canal in 
 developing New 
 York, and Ohio 
 legisl ators 
 thought that a 
 similar prosper- 
 ity would attend 
 one in this state. 
 Cleveland was 
 fortunate in hav- 
 ing one of its 
 citizens, Alfred 
 Kellv, as canal 
 commissioner, 
 La.t, i>jzi. and, as most 
 
 Corner of Bank and S r. C 
 
 L.K,KI> 
 
 35 
 
From au old lithograph. 
 
 View Down the Buffalo Road (Euclid Avenue) to the Public SguARE, 1833. 
 
 of the work was left to him, he succeeded in having it run from 
 Cleveland instead of from Sandusky as had been planned. There 
 were picturesque ceremonies attending the beginning of work on 
 this canal. Very appropriately. Governor De Witt Clinton, the 
 father of the Erie Canal, was asked to be the orator of the day, and, 
 as a symbol of good luck, he turned the first spadeful of earth. The 
 formal opening took place July 7, 1827. 
 
 From ao old oil painting. 
 
 Southwest Corner of the Public Square, 1839 (Showing the Old Court House). 
 
 36 
 
View Down Euclid Avenue to the Public Square, 1901. 
 
 By the construction of this canal, Cleveland became the principal 
 place on Lake Erie and one of vast importance to the interior towns. 
 It became the distributing point for all the canal commerce, the vol- 
 ume of which was surprisingly large ; then the lake trade began to 
 assume proportions of importance. Other improvements came in its 
 
 Southwest Corner of the Plrlh- Sc^uakr, 1901. 
 
 37 
 
^Mir-. 
 
 ».«*<^' 
 
 
 View from Brooklyn Heights, Looking East, 1833. 
 
 train. At this time, 1825, a heavy bar impeded navigation at the 
 mouth of the river, and it was seen that a better channel must be 
 made for this new commerce. Congress gave 1^5,000 and a pier was 
 built 600 feet into the lake, some distance from the mouth of the 
 Cuyahoga, in the hope that it would stop the drifting sand. This 
 proved of no value, and it was determined to make a new channel for 
 the river. Another pier was built parallel to the first, but farther 
 east, and a deep trench was dug between them. Then a dam was 
 made at the mouth of the old river and the water washed a new 
 channel which has since been used. 
 
 The prosperity cited above, while mainly that of Cleveland, 
 was shared, of course, by Brooklyn, the town on the other side of 
 the Cuyahoga. Both were anxious for city charters, but Brooklyn 
 was the first to succeed. It was incorporated March 3, 1836, as Ohio 
 City, while Cleveland followed two days later. This intensified the 
 rivalry between the two towns and the ill feeling was further aggra- 
 vated by the celebrated " Bridge War," which occurred not long after. 
 
 Jas. S. Clark and other capitalists laid out an allotment in Ohio 
 City in 1837 which they called Willeyville. In order to make it 
 convenient of access to Cleveland, they built a bridge across the river 
 at Columbus street, a most imposing structure, that costal 5,000. 
 This allotment was in the southern part of Ohio City and it was soon 
 seen that all the traffic that used to come to that city would be 
 diverted to Cleveland, and Ohio City would be ruined. 
 
 Ohio City people tried to blow up the bridge one night and, 
 this proving unsuccessful, they dug a deep ditch at their end of it to 
 
 38 
 
S«(S&W 
 
 View from Brooklyn Hkk.hts, Looking East, 1901. 
 
 make approach impossible. Finally, an army of one thousand men, 
 a few from adjoining towns, met to destroy it. Many ot them were 
 armed. The excitement ran so high, and the feeling of the righteous- 
 ness of the attack was so universal, that a Presbyterian clergyman, the 
 Rev. Mr. Pickans, not only prayed for help on the attack, but per- 
 sonally took part in it. Cleveland, however, was not idle. An 
 ancient cannon was loaded and drawn down to a position where it 
 could rake the bridge. A military company supported it. Before 
 hostilities commenced, the mayor of Cleveland met the invaders and 
 advised them to peace. He was violently stoned. Then the Ohio 
 City mob let down the movable apron at their end of the bridge, and 
 thus sheltered from bullets, began the work of destruction. Upon 
 this the militia made a charge and a spirited fight ensued. In the 
 excitement, an Ohio City man slipped up to the old cannon and 
 spiked it with a file. F.ven then it was certain that many would have 
 been killed, but the sheriflF of Cuyahoga county and Cleveland's 
 marshal appeared, stopped the fight in the name of the law, and took 
 possession of the bridge. The matter was afterwards peaceably set- 
 tled in the courts. 
 
 There was still envy between the two cities, however, and it kept 
 up until 1853, when the question of the amalgamation of Ohio City 
 with Cleveland was submitted to the voters of both cities and carried 
 by a large majority. At this time Cleveland had a population of 
 17,034 and Ohio City 3,950. In 1837 the panic came which set back 
 the then-building railway interests of the city for many years. Charters 
 had been granted to the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Rail- 
 
 *. 39 
 
way, and to the Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburg Railway in 1836, 
 and it was the intention of the men behind them to set to work on 
 their construction at once. The advantage to Cleveland would have 
 been enormous, but the projects slumbered until 1845, when the leg- 
 islature again granted the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati road 
 a charter. Nothing hindered construction and early in 1851 the first 
 train, flamboyant with decorations, steamed gaily into the city. The 
 same year the Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburg Company received 
 a fresh charter and before the new year it had built seventy-five miles 
 of its Hne. In 1846 charters were granted to the Junction Railway 
 and to the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railw^ay and they were 
 merged into the Cleveland and Toledo in 1 853. The Cleveland and 
 Erie was started in 1852 and the Cleveland and Mahoning built as far 
 as Youngstown in 1857. From these humble beginnings Cleveland's 
 immense railway business has sprung. They were the first tiny 
 threads in that vast spiderweb of iron which now enmeshes Cleveland. 
 Cleveland had its first "strike" in 1840. A contractor, work- 
 ing for Ohio City, was engaged in connecting the old river bed with 
 the Cuyahoga river. His men got seventy-five cents a day. They 
 demanded more, struck, stoned the men who took their places and 
 finally the militia had to be called out. 
 
 A new era of prosperity began for Cleveland when the Sault 
 Ste. Marie Canal was opened, and this was emphasized by the Civil 
 war. Singular as it may seem, Cleveland thrived better then than at 
 almost any time in her history. Its great iron industries were then 
 born ; coal, too, became a large factor in local prosperity and the new 
 Cleveland, the one of manufactures, then saw the light. Lake traffic 
 increased more than one hundred per cent, too, and the population of 
 
 the city sprang up at a rapid 
 rate. 
 
 From this time to the pres- 
 ent, save in the panic year of 
 1873, Cleveland has known 
 nothing but prosperity. Its 
 manufactures have increased in 
 number and magnitude until 
 it is now one of the centers of 
 industry of the country ; its 
 commerce by land and lake has 
 known a phenomenal growth, 
 and its population has advanced 
 by leaps every decade until the 
 last census puts it at 381,768, 
 the seventh city in the United 
 
 Superior Street in 1850. otateS 
 
 p-JJiriimmiiiiinf 
 
 m m m ^ % rr^lT' 
 
 40 
 
Cleveland in the Civil War. 
 
 The echoes from the cannon aimed at Fort Sumter had not 
 died away before they were answered by a shot from a Cleveland 
 battery, the first one fired on land from the Union side. That 
 symbolizes the loyalty and readiness of Cleveland. It gave its men 
 quickly and it gave them gladly, for, founded on the stern principles 
 of the Puritans, it had a vigorous love of liberty and an abhorrence 
 of slavery, that made it and the surrounding " Western Reserve" 
 loom up into national importance from the sincerity and the passion 
 of its convictions. 
 
 Two of its citizens were war governors — David Tod and 
 
 John Brough 
 
 the leonine 
 — mighty men 
 among the 
 the war devel- 
 their presence 
 intensified the 
 of the people, 
 letting down 
 spirit. From 
 until the last, 
 disaster and 
 wise restraint 
 C 1 eve land 
 citizens to its 
 and their 
 bright in the 
 celebrate sol- 
 ence and per- 
 Space here is 
 more than 
 the companies 
 from this town and Cuyahoga county with such alacrity. 
 
 Attention should be called, however, to this significant fact : 
 The federal census of i860 showed Cleveland's population to be 
 43,838. Taking in the rest of Cuyahoga county it would probably 
 have grown to 50,000. Yet the records on the walls of the Soldiers' 
 and Sailors' Monument in the Square, the ofiicial record of the 
 county, contain the names of 10,000 residents of Cleveland and 
 Cuyahoga county who went to the war. This is a superb showing. 
 
 The Cleveland Grays, which had a history back to 1838, and 
 
 Group from Soldiers' and Sailors' Monumknt. 
 
 these, even 
 famous ones 
 oped , and 
 and counsel 
 natural ardor 
 There was no 
 of this fine 
 the first day 
 undaunted by 
 exercising a 
 in victory, 
 o ff e red its 
 government, 
 names are 
 annals that 
 dierly obedi- 
 sonal daring, 
 too limited to 
 enumerate 
 which came 
 
 4t 
 
which is still in existence, was one of the first companies to volunteer, 
 and within sixty hours of the call of the governor for troops it was 
 on its way to the capital as Company E of the First Ohio Volunteer 
 Infantry. This was quickly followed by the famous Seventh Ohio 
 Regiment which was mustered into service but little more than two 
 weeks after the firing on Sumter. Cleveland and Cuyahoga county 
 furnished eleven field and staff of^cers and three complete companies, 
 A, B, and K, with a sprinkling of men in other companies. During 
 the period it was in the war, something over three years, 1 800 men 
 served in it and less than 300 remained to bring home its tattered 
 colors. It is of this regiment that a war historian wrote : " Taking it 
 all in all, considering the number of its battles, its marches, its losses, 
 its conduct in action, it may be safely said that not a single regiment 
 in the United States gained more lasting honor or deserved better of 
 its country than the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry." The local 
 members of the Eighth Ohio kept up the Cleveland reputation for 
 exceptional courage at Gettysburg. The gallant Twenty-third, 
 celebrated for the many famous men, including two presidents, that 
 graduated from its rank, had two hundred and fifty of the fiower of 
 Cleveland on its roster and they made themselves felt, especially in 
 the spectacular battle of Cedar creek, where Sheridan made his 
 famous ride from Winchester " twenty miles away " and turned the 
 tide of battle. 
 
 The undismayed spirit already spoken of, a strong persistence 
 inherent in the blood, was shown by Cleveland after the battle of 
 
 Bull Run. Undeterred by that 
 disaster that was so terrifying to 
 the country, Cleveland immediately 
 raised a new regiment, the Forty- 
 first, which was given over to the 
 command of Captain William B. 
 Hazen of the Regular Army. The 
 Germans of Cleveland were as 
 loyal as those of native birth, and 
 many of them, excellent soldiers, 
 too, were to be found in the 
 Twenty-fourth, the Thirty-seventh, 
 Fifty-eighth, and One Hundred 
 and Seventh Regiments. Company 
 G, of the Forty-second Regiment, 
 of which President Garfield was 
 colonel, was principally from 
 Cleveland and Cuyahoga county. 
 Nearly six hundred men of the 
 One Hundred and Third Regi- 
 
 Seventh Regiment Monument in W'i.odl.^ni 
 Cemetery. 
 
 42 
 
ment came from Cleveland and its immediate vicinity, and it was a fierce 
 participant in many of the hottest fights of the war. Strange to say, 
 though, it met with a bad railway accident on its way home to be 
 mustered out and three of its men killed, after having passed 
 unscathed through the constant dangers of the war. The One 
 Hundred and Twenty-fourth was a child of the Western Reserve 
 and many Clevelanders were with it as officers and privates. Oliver 
 H. Payne was its colonel. Its work at Lookout Mountain 
 was especially noteworthv. The One Hundred and Twentv-eighth 
 Regiment, which guarded confederate prisoners at Johnson's Island, 
 the One Hundred and Fiftieth and the One Hundred and Sixty-ninth 
 Regiments which garrisoned Washington in 1864, were also made 
 up largely of Cleveland men, Clevelanders were in the One 
 Hundred and Seventy-seventh Ohio, also, and in fact so general was 
 the martial spirit that there was not a regiment mustered in the state 
 which did not contain men from the banks of the Cuyahoga. Cleveland 
 also contributed largely to the independent companies of sharp- 
 shooters which Governor Tod recruited. 
 
 The Second Cavalry, which was made up almost exclusively from 
 Cleveland and the Western Reserve, and was noted for the social 
 prominence of its members, had a most picturesque career. It 
 fought Choctaws in Indian Territory, Quantrell's guerillas in Mis- 
 souri, and was a large factor in the chase and capture of Morgan, the 
 raider. It followed him for twelve hundred miles through three 
 states, marching twenty-four hours a day. Cleveland was also rep- 
 resented in the Sixth and Tenth Cavalry Regiments. 
 
 It has already been stated that a Cleveland battery fired the first 
 shot for the Union and it now only remains to note that this was the 
 First Ohio Light Artillery which went to the front on only two days' 
 notice. It was commanded by Colonel James Barnett, now General 
 Barnett, the honored head of the executive committee having the 
 local affairs of this encampment in charge. It was at Philippi, West 
 Virginia, that the historic gun was discharged. A number of 
 independent batteries drew upon Cleveland for material. There was 
 the Ninth Independent Battery, of which Edwin Cowles, the founder 
 of the Leader, was sergeant and afterwards 
 second lieutenant. Then there was the 
 Nineteenth Battery, familiarly known as 
 Shield's Battery, which did noble work, and 
 the Twentieth, of which Louis Smithnight 
 was captain. Both of these 
 batteries owed most of their 
 members to this city. Fifteen 
 colored men also enlisted 
 
 from Cleveland. They were Captureh CoNncnERATE Cannon, in public square. 
 
 43 
 
Central Armory. 
 
 members of the Fifth United States Colored Infantry, a regiment 
 which had the terrible record of the loss of three hundred and forty- 
 two killed and wounded out of a total force of five hundred and 
 fifty-nine. 
 
 While the women of the nation did not fight its battles or 
 suffer the daily hardships of the march or the privations of the 
 camp, they did glorious work in enheartening the men at the front 
 with their prayers, their love, and their sustaining sympathy — so 
 precious to the homesick soldiers — and with a material aid without 
 which the story might have had a different ending. And all this in 
 spite of the anguish that daily tore them ; perhaps, because of it. 
 They went about, the brave, unselfish women, whom pen cannot 
 celebrate too lovingly, with sad and anxious hearts. Many who 
 labored sought surcease of sorrow this way, or made their own 
 private griefs stepping-stones to a holier love of country. 
 
 In no place, be it said with all candor and modesty, were the 
 women of the land more alive to the sacred responsibilities of the 
 
 44 
 
work which the holy struggle had laid upon them or more prompt 
 or aggressive in performing it, than here in Cleveland, April 20th, 
 1 86 1, just five days after President Lincoln made his first call fi3r 
 troops, the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio was organized by 
 the patriotic women of this city and from that time until the close of 
 the war, through alternating hope and gloom, there was not a day 
 when it was not a power of good in the land or when its members 
 were not at their posts giving of their strength and their 
 tenderness and meeting all the complex demands of the situation with 
 that intuitive grasp which is at once the mystery and the glory of 
 womankind. Its officers were: Mrs. B. Rouse, president; Mary 
 Clark Brayton, secretary ; and Ellen F. Terry, treasurer. 
 
 To us of today, which is justly called the age of women, such a 
 thing would hold no wonderment, and, perhaps, little praise. We 
 know so well the woman of our time and her capabilities that we are 
 no longer startled by them. But these were women, gently born 
 and tenderly reared, whom social conditions kept aloof from the 
 activities of the world. Indeed, in that respect they were practically 
 cloistered. 
 
 Yet see what they did. Beginning in a way purely feminine 
 and continuing so in a degree, for the society in all the crowded 
 
 years of its existence had 
 no form of membership 
 and no written pledge to 
 hold its members together 
 — what masculine affair 
 could have been so born 
 or so thrived — it grew in 
 business methods and in 
 smoothness and celerity of 
 organization until man 
 himself could not have 
 improved upon it. 
 
 These women, hitherto 
 unskilled in the ways of 
 the world, grew wiser even 
 than their generation. 
 Thev planned in scores 
 of successful ways, they 
 bargained like peddlers, 
 and they even went 
 into manufacturing when 
 they could not obtain 
 the terms they wished 
 on a desired article. They 
 
 AkMdRV. 
 
 45 
 
started and operated a concentrated beef factory on Merwin street 
 which made 155,000 pounds of condensed beef soup at less than half 
 the price they would have had to pay for it. 
 
 The great work of the Soldiers' Aid Society, however, was the 
 Sanitary Fair, which it organized and carried to such a glorious ending. 
 Taking into consideration the size of Cleveland, it was then less than 
 50,000, the fair here was the most successful of all the long list of 
 similar events. It opened February 22, 1864, with a grand military 
 display and an eloquent speech by Gen. Garfield, and closed March 
 loth. In that short space of time, so keen were those in charge, 
 so generous were the patrons, that over one hundred thousand dollars 
 were taken in. The expenses were less than a quarter of this sum 
 and so the fair, which was undertaken with such forebodings, netted 
 the energetic women and their society eighty thousand dollars. 
 
 It should be noted in this connection as a circumstance most 
 eloquent of the generositv and patriotism of Cleveland and Northern 
 Ohio, that in spite of this vast sum which was at the disposal of the 
 society, its collections the last months of its existence were as large 
 and as spontaneous as during the excitement of the early days. 
 
 Unless his attention is particularly directed to it, as in the 
 present case, the soldier visitor will not notice that one name is 
 
 savagely gouged out from the list 
 of those who built the Old Court 
 House on the Square and chiseled 
 on its corner-stone. Back of it is 
 a story which shows the temper 
 of Cleveland patriots which is well 
 worth the telling : The architect 
 was a Southern sympathizer, and 
 when the news of Lincoln's assassi- 
 nation reached Cleveland he rejoiced 
 in the foul deed and openly said that 
 " it served him d — d right." Within 
 an instant he was surrounded by a 
 crowd of justly incensed loyal citizens 
 bent on his death. Brave men 
 rescued him, at the peril of their own 
 lives, and shipped him from town. 
 But as a measure of detestation of 
 his speech and as an indelible record 
 of Cleveland's high sense of patri- 
 otism, his name was immediately 
 chiseled from the edifice he planned. 
 rr D iv/. The mute stone is more eloquent 
 
 Twenty-third Regiment Monument in tL 
 
 Woodland Cemetery. than a thoUSand tOngUeS. 
 
 46 
 
Cleveland in Other Wars. 
 
 Cleveland's share in other wars should not be forgotten. So far 
 as that of 1812 is concerned, it was more that of an excitable spectator 
 than an eager participant. One incident, however, gained it a vicarious 
 lory. This has been told in story and sung in song the countrv 
 
 over, and Cleve- 
 perpetuated it in 
 "Perry 's victory," 
 which ranges itself 
 fights of the ages, 
 perhaps nothing 
 glorious naval his- 
 States, the uncon- 
 and the bull-dog 
 " hearts of oak " 
 vessels of that 
 Cleveland 
 noises that his- 
 loth, 1 8 13. The 
 sky was clear. It 
 thunder of a dis- 
 denly, Levi John- 
 the first court 
 down his tools and 
 fighting the 
 one accord, Cleve- 
 work and its do- 
 hurried to the 
 to listen. The 
 wards turned out, 
 away, but the clear 
 ders of the can- 
 
 PeRRY AloNUMENT. 
 
 land itself has 
 stone. This was 
 a naval battle 
 with the great sea 
 and celebrates, as 
 else in the entire 
 tory of the United 
 cern, the daring 
 persistency of the 
 who manned the 
 famous fleet, 
 heard s trange 
 toric September 
 sun was high, the 
 could not be the 
 tant storm. Sud- 
 son, then building 
 house, threw 
 cried: "It's Perry 
 British." With 
 land gave up its 
 mestic duties and 
 bank of the lake 
 fight, as it after- 
 was seventy miles 
 air bore the thun- 
 
 nonading even 
 
 down to Erie, over a hundred and fifty miles away. Perry's guns 
 were known and their deep boom was waited for to tell the tale of 
 the fight. The noise of other guns soon filled up the harmony of 
 the battle. At length, these English guns died out one by one, 
 and only the sub-bass notes of Perry's cannon were heard. Then 
 the waiting citizens, whose nerves had been strung almost to hysteria, 
 knew that the victory had gone to the Americans and their thankful- 
 ness and joy knew no bounds. It could not have been more intense 
 if they had known all the brave details of that wonderful fight, and 
 
 47 
 
Presentation of Flags to Volunteers Departing kor Cuba. 
 
 particularly that glorious scene which puts a lump in the throat even 
 now as one recalls it : where Perry was rowed from his burning 
 flagship, the Lawrence, to the Niagara. Standing erect, in proud 
 disdain of the bullets and the round shot that the enemy aimed 
 at him, Perry is even a finer, braver figure than Washington in 
 his ice-surrounded bateau crossing the Delaware. And his brave 
 little midshipman brother, clasping Perry's hand in all-absorbing 
 love and confidence, is the crowning touch of human interest and 
 tenderness that makes the picture as pretty a one as the annals of 
 war at any time in any nation can produce. 
 
 Captain D. L. Wood raised a company in Cleveland for the 
 Mexican war, but when ready for service, Ohio's quota was declared 
 full. Later, however, a company went from this city under Captain 
 John S. Perry. 
 
 History repeated itself locally in the Spanish-American war. 
 Cleveland's response to the call for troops was relatively as ready and 
 as valuable as in the dark days of the Rebellion. There was not the- 
 need for the frenzied onrush of recruits that made Cleveland's place in 
 the history of the Civil war such a prominent one, but even at this, it 
 
 contributed a far greater 
 
 percentage of Ohio's 
 quota than was its just due. 
 The Cleveland Chamber 
 of Commerce gave a fine 
 stand of colors to every 
 departing detachment. 
 
 48 
 
 Captured Cannon, 
 FROM Spanish Bat- 
 tleship ViSCAYA. 
 
The Garfield Monument. 
 
 Although James A. Garfield lived at Mentor, a little village 
 about twenty-five miles east of this city, he was a familiar figure here, 
 and in a way, Cleveland claimed, and he acknowledged, a sonship. 
 Besides, the beauty of Lake View Cemetery and its holy calm ap- 
 pealed most strongly to his ardent, imaginative nature, and he often 
 said that he wished to 
 
 t 
 
 lie there. This was 
 remembered after 
 his unhallowed tak- 
 ing off and his body 
 was brought to 
 Cleveland for the last 
 sad offices. 
 
 The funeral train 
 reached Cleveland 
 f r o m Washington, 
 Saturday, September 
 24, 1 88 1, and the 
 body taken to a 
 catafalque which had 
 been erected in the 
 Square. There it 
 remained in state 
 until Monday. On 
 Sunday morning, me- 
 morial services were 
 held in all the city 
 churches. The funeral 
 services were held 
 Monday morning at 
 
 the catafalque and many of the most distinguished men of the nation 
 were in sorrowing attendance. Then the body was taken to Lake 
 View Cemetery and placed in a private vault where it was guarded 
 night and day by soldiers of the Regular Army until it was given its 
 final resting place in the magnificent memorial erected by the nation. 
 The moment it was decided that Garfield would be buried at 
 Lake View Cemetery, a number of citizens set about raising funds 
 from the country at large for a monument that would set forth, in 
 imperishable stone and bronze, the love his country had for its 
 martyr President. The magnitude of the work demanded, however, 
 
 49 
 
 The Garh£ld Monument. 
 
a more systematic proceed- 
 ing than these gentlemen 
 could give it, and so in 
 1882, the Garfield Na- 
 tional Monument As- 
 sociation was duly incor- 
 porated. Governor Charles 
 B. Foster, ex-President 
 Rutherford B. Hayes, and 
 Senator Henry B. Payne 
 were among its members. 
 This association succeeded 
 in raising the necessary 
 money, some 1 150,000, in 
 a short time. Of this 
 amount, Cleveland gave 
 175,000, and Ohio 
 ^14,000 more. The re- 
 mainder came from the 
 other states\of the Union 
 in such proportion that 
 they all have a pardonable 
 sense of possession. 
 
 A committee of which 
 John Hay, now Secretary 
 of State, but then a pri- 
 vate citizen of Cleveland, 
 was a member, invited 
 competitive plans. More 
 than fitty designs were sub- 
 mitted and Calvert Vaux, 
 of New York, and Henry Van Brunt, of Boston, the most eminent 
 architects in the land, selected the design of George Keller, of 
 Hartford, Conn., as by far the best. Their decision was formally 
 ratified on July 21, 1883. Work started in 1885, and soon a rumor 
 filled the air that the foundations were insecure. F'xaminations by 
 local experts, and by General McAlpine, of New York, the leading 
 authority of the land on foundations, showed that this fear was 
 entirely groundless. In spite of this, however, the committee, in 
 1886, changed the design so as to reduce the weight, by lopping off 
 60 feet from the height of the tower, leaving it 165, and substituting 
 a conical roof for the castellations of the original plan. Mr. Keller 
 claimed that these changes detracted from the dignity of his design. 
 Nevertheless, the monument has a massive splendor and a stateliness 
 of outline that mark it as one of the most impressive in the country. 
 
 • 50 
 
 James A. Garfield. 
 
It was formally dedicated on May 30, i 890. President Harrison, 
 Vice-President Levi P. Morton, ex-President Hayes, dignitaries of the 
 army and navy, and a host of other distinguished men were present. 
 The ceremonies were simple, but touching in the extreme, all the 
 speakers celebrating Garfield for his services to the country in war and 
 peace, for his broad statesmanship and his noble personal character. 
 
 By unanimous action, the most beautiful spot in this picturesque 
 cemetery was assigned as a site for the monument. Its shape, for the 
 most part, is that of a tower fifty feet in diameter. The tower is 
 flanked by a broad stone terrace to which graceful flights of steps 
 lead. A Romanesque porch supports this tower. Below the railing 
 of the porch there is an external decoration, a frieze of historical char- 
 acter, showing in its five panels characteristic scenes in Garfield's 
 eventful life. The great doors of oak open into a vestibule vaulted 
 in stone and paved with mosaic. From this, spiral staircases ascend 
 the tower and descend to the crypt. In this crypt is the casket con- 
 taining the coffin, solid, indestructible and a complete protection from 
 vandal thieves. Opening from the vestibule is the chamber where 
 the statue, by Alexander Doyle of New York, stands. This admirable 
 work of art shows Garfield 
 in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. He has just 
 risen to speak and the pose 
 is a very natural one. The 
 chair is an exact represen- 
 tation of the one he used 
 so long in Congress. This 
 statue is of Carrara marble, 
 twelve feet high, and stands 
 on a base of black marble. 
 Over the statue, supported 
 by granite columns, is a 
 dome twenty-two feet in 
 diameter, which is decor- 
 ated with a marvelous frieze 
 of Venetian glass, much the 
 finest thing in the country, 
 showing an allegorical fu- 
 neral procession of the dead 
 President. The tower has 
 thirteen magnificent me- 
 morial windows from the 
 thirteen original states. 
 The monument is built of 
 native sandstone. interior of Monumknt. 
 
 51 
 
Cleveland's "Federal Plan" Government. 
 
 The chance question of a school girl gave Cleveland its present 
 form of government. " Why not govern cities the way the United 
 States are governed ? " she asked. This idea was instantly seized 
 
 upon by the pub 
 zen to whom it 
 and it was made 
 tation, lasting 
 which induced 
 lature, in 1891, 
 what is familiarly 
 " Federal Plan" 
 Previous to this 
 been an irregular 
 disjointed sys- 
 growth of the 
 England " town 
 which the first 
 here. I n the 
 Cleveland this 
 ably, but it 
 inadequate but 
 applied to the 
 of a big city, 
 little individual 
 the power of 
 
 HON. TOM L. JOHNSON, 
 
 Mayor of Cleveland. 
 
 lie-spirited citi- 
 was addressed 
 the basis of agi- 
 nearly five years, 
 the state legis- 
 to give this city 
 known as the 
 government, 
 time, there had 
 and somewhat 
 tem, the out- 
 simple New 
 meeting" idea 
 settlers brought 
 early days of 
 worked admir- 
 proved not only 
 muddling when 
 complex affairs 
 There was too 
 responsibility ; 
 
 government was 
 scattered among various officials, boards and comimissions. So it 
 was determined to centralize everything as in Washington, and so 
 arrange affairs that the public would be able to put its finger on the 
 one deserving man in case of either praise or blame. 
 
 The new charter made a clean-cut distinction between legislative 
 and executive functions. It provided that the legislative power 
 should be vested in a Council consisting of twenty members, since 
 increased to twenty-two, elected by districts, each of whom should 
 serve two years. 
 
 The executive power is placed in the hands of the Mayor, the 
 Police Judges, Police Prosecutor and Police Clerk, and City 
 Treasurer, all of whom are chosen by the people at regular elections. 
 This law also established six departments — Public Works, Police, 
 Fire, Accounts, Law, and Correction and Charities — the heads of 
 which, officially termed Directors, are appointed by the Mayor, 
 
 52 
 
subject to the approval of the Council. They, in turn, appoint their 
 subordinates whom they can remove, except for political reasons, 
 save in the case of a member of the Fire Department or the Police 
 Department, who cannot be dismissed without a private trial before 
 his own Director or a public one before a tribunal consisting of the 
 Mayor, Director of Lav/, and President of the Council. 
 
 The Mayor has the power to remove any officer appointed by 
 him, but such order of removal must be in writing. At any time, 
 and without notice, he may appoint three disinterested parties, only 
 two of whom shall be of the same political party, to examine the 
 affairs of any department or officer. He can also, when so minded, 
 assume entire control of the police and fire forces of the city. When 
 he is absent, or unable to perform the duties of his office, the 
 Director of Law becomes Acting Mayor, or the Director of Public 
 Works, Fire, PoHce, Accounts, and Charities and Correction in the 
 order named. 
 
 The principal city officers at the present time are : Mayor, 
 Tom L. Johnson ; City Treasurer, George P. Kurtz ; Director of 
 Law, Madison W. Beacom ; Director of Public Works, Charles P. 
 Salen ; Director of PoHce, Charles W. Lapp ; Director of Fire, 
 Herbert H. Hyman ; Director of Accounts, James P. Madigan; 
 Director of Charities and Correction, Rev. Harris R. Cooley ; 
 President of the City Council, Dr. George C. Ashmun ; City Clerk, 
 Charles W. Toland. 
 
 The schools alsa are operated under the " Federal Plan," The 
 Director of Schools is Thomas H. Bell; Superintendent of Instruction, 
 L. H. Jones; 
 President of the 
 School Council, 
 Wm, T. Clark ; 
 Clerk o f the 
 School Council, 
 Geo. L. Myers. 
 The two Po- 
 lice Judges are 
 Wm. F. Fied- 
 ler and Thos. 
 M. Kennedy. 
 
 The Clerk of 
 the Police 
 Court is A. B. 
 Honecker, and 
 the Police 
 Prosecutor i s 
 Geo. Shindler. 
 
 City Hall. 
 
 53 
 
Cleveland's Schools and Colleges. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 When Cleveland started its first school there were just three 
 families here and five children. This is the incident above all others 
 in pioneer history that the intelligent citizen loves to dwell upon, for 
 it shows an early love for learning. He is fond, too, of recalling the 
 time, only a few years later, when fifteen of the leading citizens un- 
 wound the yarn from around their pocketbooks and made a purse of 
 1 1 98. 70 — mark the exactness of the sum, it is typical — so that Cleve- 
 land children could have the training the town was too poor to give them. 
 These two things tell the story of our schools. It is the same 
 today, as it was a century ago, simply on a larger scale. There is a 
 similar craving for knowledge and a like financial generosity. Between 
 them, supplemented largely, of course, by the high degree of youthful 
 intelligence, Cleveland schools have become what they are, the mod- 
 els for the country. They have always had a supremacy of one sort 
 or another. Cleveland had the first high school in the West and one 
 of the first in the country. 
 
 It was not, however, until Andrew J. -Rickoff came here and put 
 the schools on the rails over which they still so smoothly glide that 
 the country at large came to cast its eyes in this direction when it 
 wanted innovation and improvement in its educational work. Other 
 lands, too, felt the impulse and regeneration of what might be termed 
 the Cleveland movement, and when Sir Charles Reed, chairman of 
 the school board of London, came to this country in 1876 on a tour 
 
 of investigation, this 
 was one of the first 
 cities he visited. He 
 made a most thorough 
 study of local methods, 
 and was so charmed 
 with them that he de- 
 clared in the official 
 report he made on his 
 return that " no single 
 city in the United 
 States is superior to 
 Cleveland in the qual- 
 ity and method of its 
 work." 
 
 It is not too much 
 
 Central Manual Training School, tO Say, and it is Hght 
 
 54 
 
CtN i KAL High Slhl 
 
 to say it, too, that the im- 
 press of Cleveland meth- 
 ods, Cleveland courses of 
 study, and Cleveland prac- 
 tices in discipline, are found 
 in schools all over the land. 
 Sometimes the debt is 
 acknowledged ; more often 
 it is ignored, but it is due 
 just the same. For many 
 years, Cleveland has been 
 the Mecca of the thought- 
 ful, progressive teacher, 
 and no one with eyes to 
 see and brains to under- 
 stand ever went away emp- 
 ty-handed. If the sys- 
 tem were all for exhibition 
 and advertising purposes, 
 then the glory would be 
 bought too dearly by the 
 tax-payers. It is effective, 
 though ; it produces results and Cleveland scholarship is a standard 
 the country over. 
 
 Going into detail in the small way which always interests the 
 visitor, it should be noted that Cleveland has 1,268 teachers and 
 45,000 pupils. In 1900, it cost 11,208,276.07 to run the schools, a 
 per capita of 1 19.73 P^'' P^pilj the smallest in the country. Cleve- 
 land's school buildings are 76 in number, divided as follows : one 
 normal training school, five high schools, three manual training 
 schools, one school for deaf mutes and sixty-six graded schools. 
 Besides this, there are twenty-four kindergartens, but these are 
 housed in the other buildings. The value of this school property is 
 
 ^4,950'507- 
 
 To step from a consideration of Cleveland's schools to its col- 
 leges is the most natural thing in the world. It is true that this city 
 did not enter upon this higher form of education until in comparatively 
 recent years, but then it was under such fortunate auspices of money 
 and the highest quality of pedagogic spirit that its Western Reserve 
 University and its Case School stand well in the front with the 
 great ones of the country in the variety and thoroughness of their 
 teaching. 
 
 Western Reserve University is the successor of old Western 
 Reserve College, which was founded in Hudson, about twenty-five 
 miles south of Cleveland, in 1826. It would probably be there 
 
 55 
 
Adelbert College 
 
 Still, a gentle influence in the big world of learning, but for the 
 grief and generosity of a Cleveland millionaire, Amasa Stone. He 
 built Adelbert College for it, as a memorial of his son Adelbert 
 Stone, who was drowned in the Connecticut river while a student 
 at Yale. The 
 solitary condi- 
 tion imposed by 
 Mr. Stone, the 
 removal of the 
 college to 
 Cleveland, was 
 eagerly com- 
 plied with, and 
 the institution 
 he had given a 
 great fortune 
 became known 
 as Adelbert 
 College of 
 Western Re- 
 serve UnlverS- Hatch Library. 
 
 56 
 
Clark Hall, College for Women. 
 
 ity. This was in 1882, and since then other departments have been 
 added from time to time, until now it has a medical school, a law 
 school, a dental school, a gradv.r.te school, and, what is more to the 
 purpose of universal education, a College for Women. 
 
 Adelbert College is located, in fitting scholastic quiet, on Kuclid 
 avenue, just opposite Wade Park. On its spacious campus, in addi- 
 tion to the college buildings proper, are its dormitories, its gymna- 
 sium, the artistic Y. M. C. A. building, and the beautiful library given 
 to the college by H. R. Hatch, one of Cleveland's foremost citizens 
 and a man ardently interested in the welfare of the college. The law 
 school is on Adelbert street, the eastern boundary of the college 
 property, and the College for Women buildings, three in number, 
 including beautiful Clark Hall and a handsome new memorial chapel 
 built by her relatives in memory of the late Mrs. Florence Hartness 
 Severance, are in the same general neighborhood, adjoining the east- 
 ern limits of Wade Park. 
 
 The generosity of the late Leonard Case, Jr. , gave to Cleveland, 
 in 1 880, Case School of Applied Science, an institution only surpassed in 
 the thoroughness of its work and the variety and value of its courses 
 by the Boston Institute of Technology, admittedly the first in the land. 
 Had fortune been kind enough to give him health — he had about 
 

 
 Z- M. 
 
 ^ " SB I? 
 
 t "i 
 
 fe %\\i iii 
 
 <ik 
 
 sa, ■?! ui 
 
 Case School of Applied Science. 
 
 all the other gifts at her disposal — Mr. Case would have been one 
 of the foremost mathematicians of his age. As it was, he did a great 
 deal of fine work along this line in an amateur way, and despite the 
 terrible handicap of daily pain and weakness. Naturally, then, when 
 the desire of founding a school that would most benefit the youth of 
 Cleveland seized upon him, he determined upon one of a purely 
 technical nature. 
 
 The Ursuline Convent is one of the oldest educational institutions 
 in the city and has 
 a reputation far be- 
 yond its borders. 
 It has large and 
 handsome build- 
 ings on Willson 
 avenue at the cor- 
 ner of Scovill. It 
 also has a boys' 
 school on the lake 
 shore at Notting- 
 ham, about ten 
 miles east of 
 Cleveland, a spot 
 almost ideal in its 
 
 Deauty. Entrance to Ursuline School for Bovs. 
 
 58 
 
Commercial Cleveland. 
 
 A casual glance at the mercantile part of the city will show how 
 well Cleveland's business blocks have kept pace in size, solidity, and 
 perfect adaptability for their purposes with the growth of the city. 
 Not only there, however, may this be noticed. Scattered throughout 
 the town, at all those sporadic little spots where trade has broken 
 out among the 
 ings will b e 
 large enough 
 enough to be 
 like Aladdin's 
 right down in 
 of the business 
 
 As a mat- 
 Cleveland i s 
 plied up to its 
 fice, commer- 
 f a c t u r i n g 
 a little ahead 
 mand. This, 
 result of a bit 
 that was, in a 
 ly bought, 
 years brought 
 prosperity to 
 alone in mere 
 the activities 
 these dollars, 
 were not 
 enough to 
 house all these 
 If it had been 
 
 homes, build- 
 found that are 
 and fine 
 caught up, 
 palace, and set 
 the very midst 
 world. 
 
 ter of f a c t , 
 not only sup- 
 needs with of- 
 cial and manu- 
 blocks, but is 
 of the de- 
 however, is the 
 of experience 
 way, too dear- 
 The past ten 
 so much of 
 Cleveland, not 
 dollars, but in 
 which make 
 that there 
 buildings 
 
 Entkance to New England Building. 
 
 properly 
 industries, 
 simply a 
 
 boom, it would not have mattered. A boom argues a rank, weedy, 
 unsubstantial growth. This was a legitimate one, though it was 
 phenomenally big. It stayed and every year added to it at compound 
 interest. It is still going on at this gratifying ratio. The city will 
 not be taken unawares again, and in addition to the present supply 
 and the monstrous skyscrapers now in process of construction, a 
 number of even bigger ones are in the hands of the architects. 
 
 Cleveland's blocks are much the finest in the state and will com- 
 pare favorably with the best of the other great cities in the land. In 
 
 59 
 
one or two it surpasses them and flings down a challenge to the Old 
 World which it has not dared to pick up. 
 
 One of these superlative buildings is the Cleveland Arcade, to 
 give its full title, which runs from Euclid avenue to Superior street, 
 a distance of some 400 feet, and has a frontage of 132 feet on EucHd 
 avenue and 180 on Superior street. It is ten stories high at each 
 end, but the arcade proper, which connects these two buildings, is 
 only five stofies in height. The city has, also, another arcade, the 
 Colonial, which would be exalted in any other town, but which is 
 compelled to take second place here. 
 
 Cleveland also owns, in the Sheriff Street Market, the largest 
 and most complete market house, ice factory and cold storage plant 
 in the world. This is a curious structure, built something on the 
 exposition plan. It is covered with a mammoth glass roof, and 
 surmounted in the center with a great dome. 
 
 In addition there are the Williamson block, which towers higher 
 than anv building in the state ; the monster Rose building, the 
 
 largest of Ohio 
 structures; the 
 A Stately New Eng- 
 
 land building ; the 
 costly home of the 
 Society for Sav- 
 ings, which has 
 both beauty and 
 solidity ; its neigh- 
 bor, the Chamber 
 of Commerce 
 building, graceful 
 and airy in the 
 French style ; the 
 dignified Masonic 
 Temple; the 
 Hickox building, 
 with its metropol- 
 itan elegance ; the 
 substantial Caxton 
 building, where the 
 printing trades 
 center ; the mag- 
 n i fi c e n t Perry- 
 Payne building; 
 the handsome Y. 
 M.C.A. building, 
 admirably adapted 
 
 )KiNG UF Bond Street from Superior. 
 60 
 
»i^nw. 
 
 rr w v: ^ fa i? W 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Building. 
 
 for its purpose ; the Garfield building, the American Trust, and a 
 score of others which advertise the wealth and the good laste of the city. 
 
 Cleveland's post-office is a fine specimen of the sober 
 architecture in which the Fed- 
 eral government delights. It is 
 much too small, however, for 
 the needs of Cleveland and 
 work will begin on a magnifi- 
 cent new building in a few 
 months. 
 
 The pulse of a city is its 
 banking business. The wise doc- 
 tor of finance counts it and knows 
 the true condition of his patient. 
 By this test, Cleveland will be 
 found in most robust health 
 today. It has always been so. 
 From the moment it first saw the 
 light, it was the sturdiest of in- 
 fants. In all its days it has 
 never known a disastrous bank 
 failure, and it passed through 
 those trying days of 1873, when 
 institutions of historic solidity 
 
 went down like card houses all Citizens' Savings Sc Loan Building. 
 
 61 
 
over the country, without a single one of its banks going to the wall. 
 
 It is true that Cleveland's first bank, the Commercial Bank of 
 Lake Erie, which was 
 started in 1816, sus- 
 pended operations for 
 a short time, but that 
 was due, so at least the 
 superstitious of that 
 time said, to the fact 
 that it had thirteen di- 
 rectors. Cleveland 
 then had a population 
 of 500, its entire real 
 estate was valued at 
 125,000, and the bank 
 was capitalized at 
 $500,000. 
 
 A fine sense of cau- 
 tion, almost an over- 
 conscientiousness, ani- 
 mated these early offi- 
 cers, and a kindred ' "'" 
 
 conservatism has been Masonic Temple. 
 
 62 
 
the controlling policy of local bankers ever since. With such an 
 anchor to windward, it is not strange that Cleveland banks constantly 
 ride out storms which bring destruction to stronger craft managed with 
 less financial seamanship. Even now, when the phenomenal growth 
 of the city in wealth, influence, and in the variety and extent of its 
 business interests, demands a more aggressive policy, the banks have 
 not departed from their wise methods. There is nothing hectic about 
 their operations. Their activity — and they are active and progress- 
 ive — is always well within their own financial strength. Of late, 
 there has been a great increase in trust companies, whose charters, 
 admitting of a wider and more profitable range of business than was 
 possible to the earlier institutions, might be apt to lead into specula- 
 tive courses, but these are conducted as sanely and as safely as their 
 less ambitious predecessors. 
 
 There has also been a vigorous multiplication o{ savings institu- 
 tions throughout the city and statistics will show that the percentage 
 of this growth is larger in Cleveland than in any other monetary cen- 
 ter. Indeed, so numerous have they become that there is hardly a 
 section of the 
 city, even in 
 the residential 
 regions, where 
 business has 
 taken a foot- 
 hold, in which a 
 new savings 
 bank will not be 
 found. This 
 is as eloquent 
 of Cleveland's 
 thrift as its 
 progress. In 
 this respect a 
 city is like an 
 individual. 
 What it saves, 
 not what it 
 earns, consti- 
 tutes p r o s - 
 perity. 
 
 In 1890, 
 Cleveland had 
 31 banks, na- 
 tional and 
 state. Today 
 
the number is ^2' Their 
 capital, in round numbers, 
 has grown from ^10,000,- 
 000 to 1 1 8,000,000, and 
 their deposits from ^51,- 
 000,000 to 1156,000,000. 
 This shows that the ex- 
 pansion of business, while 
 productive of this large 
 number of new banks, has 
 been largely taken care of 
 by the older institutions. 
 Taking the past decade 
 as a basis, the statistics 
 of the local banking busi- 
 ness show that the growth 
 during that time has been 
 far greater than during the 
 entire history of Cleveland 
 prior to 1890, or, in other 
 words, that the business of 
 today is nearly three times as large as it was ten years ago. The show- 
 ing has been little short of marvelous, and indicates to what extent Cleve- 
 land has become one of the great financial centers of the United States. 
 
 Entrance to Williamson Building. 
 
 The Superior Street Viaduct. 
 
 64 
 
Cleveland's Libraries. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 When Moses Cleveland and his surveying party came, they 
 brought with them, in addition to the historic jug of whiskey used to 
 celebrate Independence Day, 1796, a few highly-prized books and a 
 desire for more that has never left their descendants. 
 
 In 1 846, a number of public-spirited men organized the Cleve- 
 land Library Association. This led a precarious existence for a 
 time, for, even with all their love of books, Clevelanders were still 
 too poor for such a luxury. It struggled along, however, until the 
 late Leonard Case, Jr., himself a bookish man with a pretty talent 
 for poetry, lifted it above grinding want by a gift of |20,ooo. Its 
 name was then changed to Case Library in deserved compliment to 
 its benefactor. He continued his good work by giving Case Library 
 the building and land on which the library is located. 
 
 The Cleveland Public Library holds a very high place among 
 similar institutions throughout the country. Considering its size, it 
 is as good as any, tor its methods are advanced in every particular, and 
 in some especial features it is so far ahead of Its time that it is a 
 model for even the best of other libraries. Its chief design is to 
 make its books of direct practical value to the people, and to that 
 end there is not a daily happening of any possible value but what 
 it is bulletined on the big boards of the library with information as to 
 what books will best educate on the subject. The shelves of the 
 library are open to readers, who are enabled thereby to make 
 intelligent selection. This privilege is very seldom abused. 
 
 Another library, 
 which no visitor should 
 let escape him, is that 
 of the Western Re- 
 serve Historical As- 
 sociation, which occu- 
 pies its own fine new 
 building at the corner 
 of Euclid avenue and 
 Fairmount street. This 
 is especially rich in 
 books, pamphlets and 
 local newspapers, but 
 its chief interest to the 
 intelligent visitor will be 
 
 Western Reserve Historical Association. the TelicS of earlv timeS. 
 
 65 
 
Ore Docks on 
 
 Iron Ore That is Golden. 
 
 It has already been stated that the greatest factor in the develop- 
 ment of Cleveland from a small town to one of the principal manu- 
 facturing and commercial centers of the world was the opening of the 
 Sault Ste. Marie Canal in 1855, Going to the root of things, how- 
 ever, it would be truer to say that the wondrous change was wrought 
 by the discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region a decade 
 before, which made imperative the improved waterway of the canal. 
 The circumstances attending that discovery are interesting enough to 
 be briefly given here, especially when one remembers the momentous 
 bearing the event had not only upon the future of Cleveland, but of 
 the entire country. 
 
 In 1844, a party of surveyors under the charge of William A. 
 Burt were running township lines in Michigan in the vicinity of Lake 
 Superior for the United States government, and, incidentally, were 
 scientifically observing the geological formation of the outcropping 
 rocks. Mr. Burt was the inventor of the solar compass and a scien- 
 tist of note. His attention was directed to the peculiar deflections 
 of the needle in the surveying instruments when operations were 
 carried on near the present town of Negaunee, Marquette County, 
 Michigan. Investigation revealed the fact that the land there was an 
 immense bed of iron ore that came to the surface in several places. 
 Singular to say, not one of the party looked upon this discovery with 
 a practical eye. It was simply an interesting scientific incident. 
 
 66 
 
Mifes==-=4^5 
 
 THE Cuyahoga River. 
 
 Nothing was said of it when the surveyors returned, and their con- 
 nection with the matter was ever after a source of chagrin to them. 
 Had they been worldly wise, they would have claimed the land them- 
 selves, or, at least, have told the tale to interested ears when they 
 came back to civilization again. The next year P. M. Everett, of 
 Jackson, Michigan, while in the neighborhood, was told of this deposit 
 of ore by the Indians, and he was shrewd enough to see its value and 
 proceed to work at once. He opened up the first mine, the Jackson. 
 Cleveland heard of the discovery and in 1846 J. Lang Cassells, a 
 celebrated scientist, was sent by Cleveland capitalists to look into the 
 matter. He met Everett, who was so far from being a "dog in the 
 manger" that he told Cassells of another equally rich deposit some 
 two miles away, as soon as he learned the standing of the Clevelanders 
 back of Cassells. From this has come all of Cleveland's domination 
 of the ore business. 
 
 Cleveland has held the controlling interest from that day to this, 
 and while naturally gratifying to local pride, it is no idle boast, but u 
 matter of official record, that Cleveland has been first in the develop- 
 ment of this great industry. , From the first, it has owned most of 
 the mines and operated all but a small per cent of them. It has sold 
 all the ore, and of the vast fleets of vessels which bring this ore 
 down to the mills, over eighty per cent is owned by Cleveland 
 capitalists. More than this, the Cleveland district, which embraces 
 Ashtabula and Conneaut on the east, and Lorain on the west, which 
 Carnegie declared the ideal spot of the world for the manufacture of 
 iron and steel, has received fully three-quarters of all the ore that has 
 
 67 
 
SiPilliiiBll^ 
 
 Panoramic View of 
 
 been taken from the various ranges from 1 845 to the present time. As 
 it reached the enormous tonnage of 171,418,984 at the close of 1900, 
 the immensity of Cleveland's interest is readily apparent. Last year 
 alone the output of the Lake Superior mines was nearly 20,000,000 
 tons. 
 
 The Arabian Night-like growth has been due to Cleveland 
 capital and the improved business methods which that and Cleveland 
 business sagacity brought about. The primitive means of mining 
 and shipping were discarded quickly when invention could better 
 them. Or, rather, invention was harnessed for the purpose of this 
 betterment. Where men were alone employed for mining, machinery 
 has now stepped in and perfected the work. Boats have grown to 
 five hundred feet in length with a capacity of six thousand tons. It 
 took days to load or unload a boat, — now it is a matter of hours. 
 
 Back of everything, however, has been Cleveland's exceptional 
 location. Her money would have availed her naught, had it not been 
 used to enhance natural advantages. Cleveland, and the Cleveland 
 district, have points in their favor which no other section possesses. 
 It is the cheapest meeting-point of the three essentials of iron and steel 
 making : ore, fuel, and lime. Year by year, the rates for bringing a 
 ton of ore from the mines has been steadily decreasing, until today 
 a ton of ore is carried from the head of the lakes to Cleveland, about 
 one thousand miles, for less than one dollar. There is nothing which 
 approaches such a toll for cheapness in all the world. The bitumi- 
 nous coal regions of West Virginia, Ohio, and the western part of 
 Pennsylvania, give Cleveland their coal for the lowest price, too, and, 
 as for lime, Cleveland has but to reach out its hand and get it. 
 
 With such a start over all its competitors, it is natural that 
 
 68 
 
'(iii]MiiiM^fi,iiii,»!:MiitrJs 
 
 THE Lake Front. 
 
 Cleveland should occupy the dominating position it does in the iron 
 ore business. If one were desirous of moralizing on these things, 
 and the space permitted, it would be easy to prove how the money of 
 Cleveland has changed the destiny of the nation, and so that of the 
 wide, wide world. Iron is the source of every country's material 
 greatness, and it is growing more so every year as modern methods of 
 production and manipulation increase its use and broaden the world's 
 dependency upon it. As was most wisely pointed out the other day 
 by Mr. A. J. Moxham, once a Cleveland iron man himself, the use 
 of iron growls in algebraic ratio to population. Every year adds to 
 its demand in this astounding degree, and so every year the boastful 
 Clevelander, if one could be found, could claim a greater share of the 
 obligation of the United States to this city for its enterprise in this 
 industry. Such claim is not made, however, though all will witness 
 its fairness. Cleveland is content with its actual showing and with 
 the glories which the future still enticingly holds out. 
 
 Cleveland is not alone preeminent in the handling of the raw 
 material. It is one of the great manufacturing iron centers of the 
 country. In certain lines it has no equal. More wire and wire nails 
 and kindred things are produced in Cleveland than in anv town in 
 the world, and improved machinery and enlarged capital are making 
 the percentage greater every year. Then it is the head of the malle- 
 able iron industry and stands well to the front in all the other multi- 
 farious branches of the manufacture of iron. The largest forgings 
 in the country are made here, and they are only surpassed the world 
 over by those of the famous Krupp works in Germany. In other 
 manufacturing lines, Cleveland is equally busy and important. It 
 furnishes most of the electrical equipment of the country. 
 
 69 
 
The Building of Ships. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Shipbuilding has always been a distinctive Cleveland industry 
 and within the past quarter of a century it has assumed such gigantic 
 proportions that this has become the first port in the country in this 
 regard. Such preeminence has come about naturally and in almost 
 entire obedience to local conditions, for the great percentage of the 
 output was for home trade. So soon as trade demanded boats they 
 were constructed, and from the first one, Lorenzo Carter's thirty-ton 
 schooner " Zephyr," to the unnamed monster ore carrier now in the 
 stocks here, they all express this successful meeting of the local con- 
 dition. 
 
 Early shipbuilding in Cleveland furnished a Robinson Crusoe- 
 like interest from the fact that Levi Johnson, when he built his 
 " Pilot " in 1 8 14, went far from the water to the spot where the best 
 timber was to be had. This was in a dense forest where the Euclid 
 Avenue Opera House now stands. Johnson, however, did not meet 
 with Crusoe's fate, for when he had finished his boat, he called upon 
 his neighbors, who, with twenty-four yoke of oxen, dragged the 
 " Pilot " to the foot of Superior street, where it was successfully 
 launched into the Cuyahoga. 
 
 It has already been pointed out how the iron ore business revolu- 
 tionized the commerce of Cleveland, and its stimulus has been just 
 as great on the shipbuilding industry. As more ore was mined, 
 more and larger boats were demanded. The kind, too, modified 
 under the conditions of trade, and where once the lakes were white 
 
 with the canvas of the sail- 
 ■' ing vessels of wood — these 
 
 have almost entirely van- 
 ished, and the modern 
 freighters of iron have taken 
 their place. These are 
 limited in size and carrying 
 capacity only by the depth 
 of the waterways in the 
 lakes and the tortuous wind- 
 ings of the rivers on which 
 all the lower lake re- 
 ceiving ports are situated. 
 „ . , One or two crafts have 
 
 FrLBo an old pnut 
 
 "Walk in the Water," bceU built with a length of 
 
 The First Steamer on the Lakes. fivC hundred fcCt and a 
 
 70 
 
- ■ '^srrTSE^'*-*!!??^"*** 
 
 tonnage of nearly seven 
 thousand tons. They have 
 been found unwieldy, how- 
 ever, under present channel 
 conditions, and it is with 
 the greatest difficulty that 
 they could be taken up the 
 Cuyahoga here to their 
 destined dockage. Until a 
 twenty-foot channel is as- 
 
 Fastest Steamer on the Lakes. t i o • 
 
 JLake cjupenor ports to 
 Cleveland, the most adaptable length will be about four hundred and 
 fifty feet. 
 
 The change from wooden vessels to those of steel also had a 
 most invigorating effect on shipbuilding. A wooden vessel was a 
 more or less hazardous business enterprise. Its life was only twenty- 
 five years and its value lessened with a percentage that was alarming 
 to the investor. A steel vessel, however, is practically indestructible, 
 and to construct and manage one is a conservative business 
 enterprise. 
 
 It follows, then, that with the vast amount of unemployed capital 
 in the country, this condition of affairs should be taken wise advantage 
 of. One of the first men to see this was John D. Rockefeller and 
 his first venture into the business was an order for ten vessels, a com- 
 mission that was unprecedented up to the time it was given and which 
 has never been equaled. This was about seven years ago, and he 
 has increased his holdings in that line until fifty-six boats have been 
 built for him. The Rockefeller fleet is almost a navy in itself and it 
 has been the determining factor in the fixing of shipping rates from 
 the first. 
 
 The Government statistics furnish interesting reading in regard 
 to Cleveland's position as a shipbuilding center. The census of 1900 
 is not yet available. That of 1890, however, showed that Cleveland 
 was not only the leading shipbuilding port on the lakes, but was first of 
 the three great ports of the country, — Philadelphia, and Bath, Maine, 
 following in the order they are set down, a lead which the past ten 
 years' business has made even greater. During that period Cleveland 
 built sixty-nine steel steam vessels, with a tonnage of 194,080, or 
 quite a little more than a quarter of the entire tonnage of the 
 country. 
 
 In 1 900, it was again far in the lead in the manufacture of all kinds 
 of vessels. It is safe to say that Cleveland owns and controls more 
 than eighty per cent of the entire tonnage of the lakes and that a 
 conservative estimate of its value would place it at $35,000,000. 
 
Lakeside Hospital. 
 
 Hospitals and Charitable Institutions. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 Cleveland's death rate of 14.55 ^^ only surpassed by three other 
 cities, and yet it has more hospitals, proportionately, than any of its 
 rivals. Examined closely, however, it will be seen that, aside from 
 its healthful site, this lessening of the death rate is directly due to the 
 multiplicity of hospitals where death is fought in the bravest manner 
 and with the latest of weapons. 
 
 The Marine Hospital, under the control of the United States 
 government, is the oldest hospital in Cleveland, having been estab- 
 lished fifty years ago. Next to it on Lake street is the little village 
 of houses, doctors, and 
 nurses which make up the 
 new quarters of Lakeside 
 Hospital. This is an in- 
 stitution metropolitan in its 
 size and equipments and 
 with a modern thorough- 
 ness and success in its sys- 
 tem. It cost a cool half- 
 million dollars, the gift of 
 several wealthy Cleveland- 
 ers, and it has lately been 
 endowed handsomely by 
 one of its trustees. Then 
 
 St. John's Hospital. 
 
 72 
 
CiTV Hospital. 
 
 there are the Cleveland Homeopathic Hospital, St. Clair Hospital, 
 the Cleveland General Hospital, St. Vincent's Hospital, St. John's 
 Hospital, the German Hospital and the Evangelical. 
 
 All these, while giving generously of their services to the poor, 
 are pay institutions. Cleveland has one unique hospital over which 
 she is duly proud. This is St. Alexis' which, reversing the usual rule, 
 has a few pay patients, but is mainly charitable. It asks no fees and 
 
Jewish Orphan Asylum. 
 
 knows no creed — Christian, Jew and Pagan are alike welcome when 
 occasion for its services arises. It even shelters dumb animals, for 
 the story is told of a wise dog that ran with one of the ambulances 
 bringing patients there This dog broke its leg and dragged itself 
 many miles to the 
 doors of the hospital, 
 where its cries brought 
 it attention and treat- 
 ment. 
 
 The city operates a 
 large hospital in con- 
 nection with its other W>r .^JKM^^E^ M^b^^^^^^WKHi '^- 
 charitable work, and 
 the State Hospital for 
 the Insane is located at 
 Newburg, just across 
 the city line. 
 
 Cleveland's charita- 
 ble institutions are on 
 a par with its churches 
 and hospitals in num- 
 
 b e r and influence. Protestant Orphan Asylum. 
 
 74 
 
They have, too, the proper attitude and approach the poor in a 
 spirit of helpfulness rather than of patronage, as is too often 
 the case. For that reason they have done much present good 
 and have not burdened the future by pauperizing those they 
 have helped. Chief among these beneficent institutions are the 
 orphan asylums. The Protestant Orphan Asylum on St. Clair 
 street owes much to Leonard Case, who gave the land where it 
 is situated, and to J. H. Wade, Joseph Perkins and Ur. Alleyne 
 
 House of the Good SHECHERn. 
 
 Maynard, who built the principal buildings. The Jewish Orphan 
 Asylum on Woodland avenue, near Willson, is one of the largest 
 and best conducted in the United States. Many wealthy men, all 
 over the country, have received their training there, and as they show 
 their gratitude by constant gifts, it is as well endowed as it is famous. 
 It has a magnificent building and beautiful grounds. There are three 
 Catholic Orphan Asylums, all of them ready in good works. These 
 are St. Vincent's, St. Joseph's and St. Mary's asvlums. Poor and 
 deserving children are also looked after in City Industrial School, and 
 the Jones' Home, and every summer there is in operation a most 
 helpful charity, the Fresh Air Camp for Children. 
 
 Other institutions are the House of the Good Shepherd for 
 girls, the Eliza Jennings Home and the Bethel Associated Charities. 
 
 75 
 
Goodrich House. 
 
 Social Settlements. 
 
 Right in line with this work, though not partaking of its 
 eleemosynary character, are the various social settlements of the city. 
 These are situated in the regions of the heaviest congestion of popu- 
 lation. Goodrich House, at the corner of St. Clair and Bond streets, 
 is the largest and most important. Its building, which is big and full 
 of beauty, so as to educate its patrons by its mere presence, is the 
 gift of Mrs. Samuel Mather, and was the first building in the United 
 States to be erected for this purpose. It is in one of the most 
 depraved and brazen regions of the city, but it shines there " like a 
 good deed in a naughty world," and is making a brave fight to keep 
 the children in line with good morals and good citizenship. 
 
 This, too, is the spirit which controls Hiram House settlement, 
 up on Orange street, where all the foreign Jews seem to gravitate the 
 m_inute they come to Cleveland. Near by there, on Woodland 
 avenue, is the Council Educational Alliance, a Jewish organization 
 of like import, but which is not a settlement but a meeting-place. 
 On Mayfield Road is another settlement, the Alta, named after 
 Miss Alta Rockefeller, who gave the building where the work is 
 carried on and endowed it as well. 
 
 76 
 
Trinity Cathedral (Episcopal] in Course of Erection. 
 
 Cleveland's Churches. 
 
 Churches are indexes of material prosperity as well as spiritual 
 growth. When a town waxes fat in men and money and stands high 
 in the counsels of the land, it finds time to honor God who 
 has blessed it. Cleveland is not backward in this respect. With 
 the single exception of Brooklyn, " The City of Churches," it has a 
 greater percentage of houses of worship than any other American 
 city. There are temples of all sorts of faiths and have sparse or 
 powerful congregations as the case mav be, but they have exercised 
 an individual and collective influence for good on the morals of the 
 community that cannot be overestimated. Caretully compiled 
 statistics show that the ratio of crime is far lower in Cleveland than 
 in any other city in the entire world having a population of 
 300,000 or over. The freedom from grinding poverty for which 
 Cleveland is also noted is another good which is directly traceable to 
 the wide-reaching influences ol churches. 
 
 Big and little, there are three hundred and fitty churches in 
 Cleveland, among them a number which will favorably compare in 
 size, architectural beauty and ecclesiastical spirit, with any in the 
 land. One at least, Epworth Memorial Church, on Willson avenue 
 at the corner of Prospect, has value to the religious historian, for 
 
 77 
 
First Baptist Church. 
 
 there was born, about 
 a baker's dozen cf 
 years ago, the Epworth 
 League. This church 
 will doubtless be the 
 Mecca of many 
 visitors. 
 
 So far as local his- 
 tory is concerned. 
 Trinity parish is the 
 oldest in the city, 
 dating back to 1816. 
 It occupies a vine- 
 clad, picturesque edi- 
 fice on Superior 
 street, just opposite 
 the City Hall, but 
 it has already built 
 the church house and 
 chapel on its new 
 grounds at the corner 
 of Euclid avenue and 
 Perry street, and will 
 soon follow them with the cathedral proper. This, when 
 completed, will be one of the most impressive sacred edifices 
 in the country. It is designed on noble lines as to size and 
 dignity. It will be stately but not chilling, for it is to be a 
 church for all people. Old Stone Church, which was organized in 
 1820, has always played an important part in Cleveland's life, 
 secular as well as _ 
 
 religious. It has 
 occupied the same 
 site since its organ- 
 ization, and the in- 
 terested reader can 
 find it in its earliest 
 and present shapes 
 in the pictures 
 comparative of 
 Cleveland in differ- 
 ent stages of its 
 existence which 
 are printed in the 
 forepart of this 
 book. 
 
 The Temple (Jewish). 
 
 78 
 
Epworth Memorial Church (Methodist). 
 
 clergyman to get at a man's soul by first attendin 
 The Jewish Temple on Willson avenue, 
 tral avenue, has similar 
 ethical aims and does 
 much good work 
 among the people of 
 its faith and neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 Cleveland rejoices 
 in many other churches 
 of beauty and prom- 
 inence, equally d i s - 
 tributed among the 
 various faiths. The 
 Roman Catholic Ca- 
 thedral, at the corner 
 of Superior and Erie 
 streets, is an interesting 
 edifice. Another 
 Catholic church of 
 more than local repu- 
 tation is St. Michael's 
 and All Angels' which 
 is situated on Scranton 
 avenue on the South 
 
 A church which 
 occupies a unique po- 
 sition in the religious 
 work of the city is 
 Pilgrim Congrega- 
 tional Church on 
 Jennings avenue, on 
 the South Side. This 
 hitches up religious 
 training with social 
 improvement and 
 pleasure and drives 
 them easily. It has 
 a gymnasium, library, 
 rooms for social and 
 literary clubs, and all 
 other things which 
 run along these help- 
 ful and uplifting lines 
 and which enable a 
 
 g to his mind and body. 
 
 at the corner of Cen- 
 
 PiLGRiM Church (^Congregational). 
 
 79 
 
Side. The First Baptist 
 Church at the corner of 
 Prospect and Kennard 
 streets is an edifice of 
 deHghtful architectural 
 lines. Another church 
 whose seating capacity is 
 admirably designed is the 
 Second Presbyterian 
 Church, at the corner of 
 Prospect street and Sterl- 
 ing avenue. The Church 
 of the Unity on Huron 
 street is small but exceed- 
 ingly attractive. This 
 church is the center of 
 much intellectual activity, 
 probably more so than 
 any other in town. One 
 of the most popular 
 churches in the city is the 
 Plymouth, at the corner 
 of Prospect and Perry streets. For the stranger who loves fine 
 music, a visit to St. Paul's Church at the corner of Euclid and Case 
 avenues is especially recommended. 
 
 Church of the Immaculate Conceptic 
 
 ;r. c.) 
 
 St. Paul's Church. 
 So 
 
The Homes of Cleveland. 
 
 The homes of a city are the indexes of its character, as plain and 
 true and convincing as if placarded in the bravery of type on bill- 
 boards where all might read. The visitor to Cleveland will need no 
 further guide. His eyes will tell him as he glances over the streets 
 
 where average, 
 every-day human- 
 ity houses itself, 
 that this is a town 
 where the homely 
 virtues flourish; 
 that it is solid and 
 safe and conserv- 
 ative. He will see, 
 too, that its people 
 are patriotic, for all 
 other considerations 
 aside, such homes 
 are well worth 
 fighting for. 
 
 One characteris- 
 tic which all visitors 
 
 8i 
 
immediately note, is the extensive stretches of green that surround 
 most of the homes. Even down in the congested regions of the city 
 the huddHng of the houses has not extinguished this characteristic. 
 This bit of grass about the home is an heritage. It is the survival 
 of the roomy dooryard of the early days. Then, too, are the sentinel 
 rows of giant trees that adorn almost all the city streets, even "down 
 town," Cleveland has been as proud of her trees as a belle of her 
 teeth and has lost each one with an equal pang. So strong has this 
 sentiment always been that progress has often stayed its hand and 
 many places will be noted throughout the city where a grand tree, 
 dating back, perhaps, beyond the birth of the city, will spring from 
 the very center of a much-traveled sidewalk, or will boldly encroach 
 upon the paved roadway itself. 
 
 Cleveland was once known as " The Forest City " and has far 
 from forfeited that title at the present time. Indeed, it is unique in 
 the land in its combination of energy and elemental charm. In be- 
 coming a great city, it took loving care to preserve its earlier beauties 
 of trees and flowers and sward, and it is this strange but delightful 
 graft of Western push upon the sylvan charm of a New England vil- 
 lage that has made Cleveland one of the most desirable residence 
 cities in the United States. 
 
 Bayard Taylor put on record that glowing sentence, which has 
 ever since been the shibboleth of loyal Clevelanders, that " Euclid 
 avenue is the most beautiful street in the world." When he said that, 
 the " Avenue " stretched clear down to the square, an unbroken front 
 
 82 
 
of handsome homes embowered in lawns as full of sheer delight as 
 any England could furnish. Since then, trade has nibbled away the 
 f/inge of the street, but if the interested visitor will board an east- 
 bound car to Perry street, and then walk up Euclid avenue to Case 
 avenue, where he can find a car again, he will acknowledge the pres- 
 ent truth of Taylor's words and himself repeat them. The massive 
 
 S3 
 
houses, artistic in design and solid in workmanship, may seem too 
 severe at close range, but they stand far from the road on a gentle 
 ridge, from which the emerald lawns sweep down to the street in 
 graceful curves. These stately homes are typical to Cleveland. No 
 other city has anything that equals their beauty and dignity. 
 
 84 
 
Other cities give themselves over to trade and manufacture so 
 largely that they force their citizens outside their borders for satisfy- 
 ing homes. It is not so here. Within a rifle shot of the square, 
 the very heart of the city so to speak, are streets with all the shady 
 charms of a village, and a ride of thirty minutes on any of the car 
 lines will fill the eye with country delights. Yet the observer w"ill be 
 miles from the city limits. Let him go, for instance, to Euclid Heights, 
 which has sprung into existence as an artistic residential quarter in the 
 past few years, and he will see beautiful homes, the finest expression 
 of architectural skill, that are almost smothered in dense groves of 
 trees, with the further delight of a grand panoramic view of Cleveland 
 from a particularly happy point of observation. 
 
 His trips to the parks must surely embrace one to Edgewater, 
 a short distance across the river. That seen, he should stroll out 
 Lake avenue, which borders it on its western end and which has a 
 
 similar topography. Here he will find another phase of Cleveland's 
 beauty and a most distinct one. For miles are the country seats of 
 nature-loving Clevelanders. Their homes are grand because they 
 have been wise enough to let nature do its own adorning. Back of 
 them lies Lake Erie, beautiful in all its moods, and in front they have 
 the vastness, the primitive grandeur and beauty of the unbroken 
 country, and yet the intimacy of the city. There are parks where 
 herds of deer misi;ht hide themselves, and still the busiest part of the 
 city is almost within hallooing distance. 
 
The Clubs of Cleveland. 
 
 Union Club. 
 
 Taking into 
 consideration i t s 
 size, wealth and 
 prestige, Cleveland 
 is, perhaps, less of 
 a club city than 
 any corresponding 
 town in the coun- 
 try. The reason 
 is close at hand. 
 It is the domestic 
 f^pirit which the 
 irst Clevelanders 
 bequeathed to their 
 successors, and, 
 more especially, 
 the general posses- 
 sion of homes of 
 
 exceptional beauty and character. Still, Cleveland has a fair proportion 
 
 of these organizations and each is typical of some phase of local life. 
 The Union Club is the oldest and the most exclusive. 
 
 Membership in it is a seal of social and business prominence. The 
 
 club is made up, chiefly, of the older element of the city, and it 
 
 has a waiting list large 
 
 enough to make a com- 
 plete membership for 
 
 another club. Just at 
 
 present it is housed in 
 
 a historic and stately 
 
 old mansion in the very 
 
 midst of the business 
 
 activities of Euclid 
 
 avenvie. This was one 
 
 of the handsomest 
 
 houses i n Cleveland 
 
 and even now, with its 
 
 grand old pillars, is an 
 
 admirable example of 
 
 the architecture of the 
 
 early days. 
 
 86 
 
UiMVERSII', Cl.UI 
 
 The Century Club , ^ 
 was organized ty the 
 younger element o f 
 business and profes- 
 sional men. Its mem- 
 bership is eagerly 
 sought and it has a 
 large waiting list. The 
 Century occupies a 
 most delightful eyrie 
 in the New England 
 building, using the en- 
 tire upper floor. Its 
 dining room, which is 
 almost an unbroken 
 stretch of glass on its 
 north side, so many 
 and so large are its 
 windows, gives one of 
 the finest views of the 
 lake the city affords. 
 
 A club that is 
 characteristic of Cleve- 
 land social life is the Colonial, which occupies a handsome building 
 of genuine Colonial type on Euclid avenue in the " East End." 
 This is a family club, given over to the entertainment of the wives 
 and daughters of its members, as well as to the masculine element. 
 It is the center of much of the social life of that section of the city. 
 
 The Jewish people of Cleveland, no inconsiderable portion of 
 its population and prominent in its business life, have a large and 
 influential club, the Excelsior. Its members are representative of 
 the best Jewish life, wealth and culture, and it stands on a par with 
 the Union club in its social power and the brilliancy of its functions. 
 It occupies its own handsome building on Woodland avenue, which is 
 furnished in an artistic manner. 
 
 The Tavern, like the Century, takes its members from the 
 younger set but it does not come in competition with it, because of 
 its location. It occupies the house, an imposing structure of brick 
 and stone, which was given to Mrs. Garfield and which she occupied 
 for some time. The Tavern has a large membership and a distinct 
 place in the wordly life of the city. 
 
 The University Club, whose membership is confined exclusively 
 to college graduates, is an interesting institution. The clannishness 
 of college life has brought to it men who are also members of other 
 clubs. It is housed in most fitting quarters, the beautiful Tod 
 
 87 
 
Colonial Club. 
 
 home on Prospect street, and it has honored many distinguished men 
 who have visited Cleveland. 
 
 Social life in Cleveland does not, however, confine itself to clubs 
 that are entirely within its borders. It has the Roadside Club in 
 Glenville, just on the edge of the tracks of the local trotting 
 association, which is extremely popular, and when it v/ishes joys of a 
 still more rural nature it hies itself to the Country Club, which has 
 beautiful grounds and a fine rambling house on the lake shore just 
 east of the city. 
 
 Cleveland is very proud of its Rowfant Club, an organization of 
 book-lovers, which has a quaint and artistic home in an old-fashioned 
 house on Prospect street, convenient of access, but still out of the 
 hurly-burly of business. It was named for Rowfant, the seat of the 
 late Sir Frederick Locker-Lampson, who was the possessor of the 
 most famous private library in England. It is not, strictly speaking, 
 a literary club, but devotes itself to the mechanical and artistic side 
 of bookmaking. It dabbles in this somewhat itself, and has issued 
 some two dozen books and pamphlets, each of which has been an 
 exquisite specimen of artistic printing and binding. The Rowfant 
 Club is wedded to the cult of candlesticks It has a collection of 
 over two hundred, said to be the finest in the country, and these are 
 
 LofC. 
 
solemnly lighted upon Candlemas Day when its annual meeting is 
 held. Its membership is only one hundred, drawn from the best 
 literary culture of the city, and while, as has been said, it concerns 
 itself more with the manner of a book than its matter, with the 
 cover rather than the contents, it has a number of members whose 
 libraries are famous throughout the country for the rarity of their 
 treasures. 
 
 Although its home is without the borders of the city, the 
 German-American Club is most assuredly a Cleveland organization. 
 Its members are all resident here, and they typify that good 
 citizenship which comes of the blend of German principles upon 
 American liberty. It is the social center of German life in the 
 summer, for its club-house, a fine frame building, is built in the heart 
 of a large grove on the shores of the lake, a few miles east of 
 Cleveland. It has the wealthiest and most influential Germans in 
 the city among its members. The same element is behind the 
 Gesangverein which takes up the social work of the German colony 
 in winter, supplementing it with some excellent concerts. The 
 Gesangverein, which is one of the oldest clubs in the city has just 
 moved into a handsome brick club-house of its own on Willson 
 avenue. This is fitted up with a large hall and stage where the 
 Gesangverein concerts, delightful in their way, are given during the 
 season. 
 
 German-American Club. 
 89 
 
Cleveland's Park System. 
 
 • • * • • 
 
 The park system of Cleveland, unequalled in many respects in 
 this country, owes less to municipal expenditure than to individual 
 generosity. Its principal parks have been the gifts of loyal and 
 philanthropic citizens, quick to see the benefit, in a moral as well as 
 a physical way, that these beautiful breathing spots would give to 
 Cleveland, and even quicker in putting their views into practical 
 form. One park, the nucleus of the system, was given in 1882, but 
 
 the others rapidly followed the establishment of the Park Commission 
 less than eight years ago. 
 
 In thus providing for the health, and comfort and pleasure of 
 their fellows, these latter-day philanthropists only followed a historical 
 precedent. The first thing that the far-seeing Connecticut founders 
 of Cleveland did, even before a dollar's worth of property had been 
 sold, was to set aside ten acres and perpetually dedicate them to 
 pubHc use as a park. This still exists as Monumental Park, popu- 
 larly known as Public Square, in the heart of the city, and, sur- 
 rounded by modern buildings, is a delightful oasis in a desert of 
 brick, stone and mortar. For a time it stood intact against the march 
 of improvement, but streets were finally cut through it and the Sol- 
 
 go 
 
diers' and Sailors' Monument placed in one of its quarterings. 
 Irreverent and unesthetic business has also sought to use it for 
 commercial purposes in the erection of blocks and the placing there 
 of the City Hall, but against this the wording of the deed stood 
 firm, and so this little bit of nature nestles close to the stony marts 
 of trade like the lichen in the crag. 
 
 The present park system owes its birth to the magnificent gift 
 of Wade Park to the city in 1882. This contains 83 acres and was 
 the gift of the late Jeptha H. Wade, after whom it is named. One 
 excellent virtue of all the Cleveland parks is that they have rare 
 natural beauties which have never been sacrificed in their artistic de- 
 velopment. This is particularly true of Wade Park, which has never 
 grown sophisticated or lost its first sylvan charm. The statue of 
 Commodore Perry is superbly placed in Wade Park, and that of 
 Harvey Rice, who did so much for the public schools of the state, 
 has lately been given a prominent site there. Wade Park is the 
 home of the " Zoo," Up to the present time, though fairly well 
 stocked with animals, it has not been adequate to Cleveland's needs 
 or Cleveland's position in this respect. Just now, however, there is 
 a healthful awakening in the matter, and steps are on foot that will 
 make it take its place among the leading zoological gardens of the 
 country. The city council has decided to spend a hberal sum of 
 money in providing larger and better quarters and in procuring more 
 animals, and citizens are showing their interest by making individual 
 donations. 
 
 The next great gift was that of Gordon Park in 1893 by the late 
 WiUiam J. Gordon, who, like Mr. Wade, had been a prominent 
 figure in local life and wished his memory to be held in remembrance 
 by the Clevelanders who were to come after him. Wade Park had 
 been nature's own — a tangle of trees and streams, and delicious forest 
 
 paths — but Gordon 
 Park was largely 
 man's handiwork. 
 It had been the 
 home of Mr. Gor- 
 don and his hobby. 
 He was many times 
 a millionaire and 
 gold incalculable 
 had been poured 
 out for its beauti- 
 fying. The best 
 landscape gardeners 
 of the day planned 
 it, with a deft util- 
 
 91 
 
ization of its native picturesque- 
 ness and with a particular artistic 
 emphasis of its noble sweep of 
 lake front as a foil to its forests, 
 bluffs and dales, until human 
 endeavor could give it no further 
 charm, 
 
 A land company was the next 
 great donor, and its gift of 278 
 acres marks the southern limit of 
 the park system. When Shaker- 
 ism flourished, one of its most 
 vigorous colonies had headquarters 
 here and, even now, the ruins of 
 some of its quaint communal 
 buildings may be seen. It is here 
 in Shaker Heights Park, from the 
 innumerable springs that make it 
 glad, that Doan Brook has its 
 source, and as it meanders along 
 on its seven miles' journey to 
 the lake, as idle and as happy 
 and as vagrant as a frolicsome boy, its valley forms one of the 
 most unique parks in the country ; a park which is at once a monu- 
 ment to the generosity and the artistic discernment of John D. 
 Rockefeller. Part of it, Ambler Parkway, had already been pur- 
 chased by the city, but Mr. Rockefeller, who wished to make his gift 
 a flawless one, generously refunded to the city the many thousands 
 it had already paid for the land. 
 
 This bit of fifty-five acres is richly endowed by nature. The 
 greater part of the tract is wild, with masses of rock lining the ravine. 
 Tangled underbrush fills much of the space, with immense trees that 
 reach almost to the level of the land above it. One of its most 
 striking effects is produced by the main driveway which has been 
 blasted out of the solid wall of rock, rising many feet on its eastern 
 side, and which winds along the bluff", with a sheer declivity of nearly 
 a hundred feet, in a manner strongly suggestive of a mountain stage 
 road. On the opposite side of the ravine is another driveway, known 
 as " Vinecliffe," which is as romantic and sylvan as that is bold and 
 picturesque. Then comes a stretch of boulevaid which takes the 
 park to Euclid avenue. 
 
 At Wade Park, just across the street, begins the Brookway 
 Division of this extensive Rockefeller Park. This stretches from 
 Wade Park to Gordon Park, and it may well be doubted if more 
 natural attractiveness can be found anywhere crowded into a similar 
 
 92 
 
space than along the route of this drive. Not only did Mr. Rocke- 
 feller give the land for this noble parkway, hut he supplemented his 
 princely gift with many hundred thousands of dollars to make it all 
 it should be. Much of this money has been expended in putting 
 fine stone arches under St. Clair street, Superior street and Wade 
 Park avenue, so that the drive might not be interrupted in its way 
 from Wade Park to the lake. There is no other park in the country, 
 perhaps in the world, possessing such natural varietv, and Cleveland 
 is deservedly proud of it and its generous donor. 
 
 This gift was very appropriately made on " Founder's Day " 
 during the Centennial exercises of the city in 1896. 
 
 'Phe father of Cleveland's park system saw not only the beauties 
 of Doan Brook valley and the contiguous territory, but he had a 
 dream of a system that would encircle the city from the lake on the 
 east to the lake on the west, wedding it, as it were, with a ring of 
 green, to health and happiness, and to that vague spiritual uplift 
 which all honest association with nature must develop. From Shaker 
 Pleights Park, this semi-circular line swung around to Garfield Park, 
 in Newburghj to Brookside Park, which is just at the borders of 
 Brooklyn, and then it brought up in the west at Edgewater Park on 
 the lake. All this has been accomplished and the parks are worthy 
 links in the verdant chain of beauty. It was proposed, moreover, 
 and the dream will some time come true, to join all these parks with 
 a line of boulevard, open alike to all. Part of this has already been 
 
 
 ~ \L 
 
 
 
 
 r^. X 
 
 93 
 
done, and one can drive from the lake at Gordon Park to the tiny 
 imitations at Shaker Heights Park, a distance of seven miles, as the 
 crow flies. And when there is money for the purpose, which will be 
 in a short time, Edgewater Park will be connected with the very 
 heart of the city by a boulevard which will start at the western end 
 of the Superior street viaduct and lose itself in the park. This will 
 make it one of the most popular parks in the system, as it is, beau- 
 tiful in itself, much nearer to the congested part of the city and has 
 one of the finest bathing beaches along this shore of the lake. An- 
 other beautiful plan which some generous Clevelander will materialize 
 some day, if the 
 city does not do so, 
 is a boulevard 
 stretching all along 
 the lake front of 
 the city and join- 
 ing Gordon Park 
 and Edgewater 
 Park in a superb 
 roadway that will 
 be the finishing 
 touch to the beau- 
 tiful system. 
 
 One important 
 
 94 
 
feature of the 
 Cleveland park 
 system, which will 
 appeal to the ad- 
 miring visitor so 
 strongly that he 
 should take it back 
 with him and graft 
 it upon his home 
 organization, is 
 that complete own- 
 ership vested in the 
 public. The parks 
 are the people's 
 and there are no 
 petty laws to spoil their enjoyment of them. No red tape hob- 
 bles their legs, and they can range over the entire territory at their 
 own pleasure. Other cities, of course, have their free sections where 
 games may be played, picnics held, and little children may make 
 acquaintance with Mother Nature at first hand. Here, however, 
 there are no mandatory and irritating signs, " Keep off the grass." 
 It is nature's carpet for feet tired with the bricks of the city, and it 
 wooes many thousands away from the paths. There are self-evident 
 rules, of course, against the picking of flowers and wanton destruction, 
 but so far no vandalism has developed, and the Cleveland idea of 
 the use of parks and their genuine public ownership is certain, sooner 
 or later, to spread throughout the country. 
 
 No matter what they cost, parks are the cheapest things for 
 which civic money is spent. They are regenerators. They have 
 a benison far beyond the health and pleasure they give, though this 
 is great and permanent. The intimacy v/ith nature which they ofler 
 and encourage makes for manhood and good morals. The child 
 of the crowded tenement, who would otherwise be cramped and 
 distorted, will grow to purer life and better citizenship because he 
 has known the green of tree and grass ; the song of birds and the 
 babble of brooks, with the blue sky arching overhead. 
 
 It can be said here, with all propriety, that Cleveland owes much 
 to the late Charles H. Bulkley, the father of the parks. He had 
 the eye of a prophet. He saw Cleveland's growth and its needs, 
 and so laid out the svstem on its present broad lines. He gave freelv 
 of his money and his influence, and devoted the greater part of his 
 time to the upbuilding of the parks. Now that he is gone, the 
 worth of his work grows more apparent every day, and a movement 
 is on foot to erect a monument to him in one of the parks, which 
 shall be the loving tribute of the entire city. 
 
 95 
 
The Cities of the Dead. 
 
 
 The American habit of taking the stranger within his gates for a 
 stroll in the cemetery, at which superrefined foreigners sometimes see 
 fit to sneer, has, like all customs, a basis of good common sense. 
 
 Nine times out of ten, even in the 
 smallest and dreariest of villages, 
 the graveyard is the most pictur- 
 esque spot about. It has been 
 selected for its beauty on senti- 
 mental grounds, for an intuitive 
 knowledge of the sedative sympa- 
 thy of nature teaches that sorrow 
 loses some of its first fierce bitter- 
 ness in picturesque surroundings. 
 There is nothing more poignant 
 than a lonely unkempt grave in 
 bleak or barren ground. 
 
 Despite its size, Cleveland is 
 still near enough to the common 
 feeling to have this trust in the 
 serenity of its cemeteries and a 
 vanity in their beauty. Certainly, 
 its dead sleep in cities even more 
 beautiful than that of their waking 
 brethren. In all the varied glories 
 of its parks, there is none, for 
 instance, which has a greater charm, 
 in a purely pictorial way, than its 
 famous Lake View Cemetery. It 
 lies on that marked but gentle 
 ridge which skirts the southern 
 hem of the city and which sci- 
 entists tell us was once the edge of 
 a primordial lake. From this the 
 eye gets a gracious view of the 
 surrounding landscape, beautiful as 
 a picture and framed with the blue 
 of the lake. It is this scene which 
 gives the cemetery its title and 
 artist surely could ask no fairer 
 
 The Rockefeller Shaft. sight. Here are SOmC of the finCSt 
 
 96 
 
The Wade Memorial. 
 
 private monuments in 
 the country and tower- 
 ing above them all in 
 its strength and sim- 
 plicity is the wonder- 
 ful monolith that 
 marks the plat of the 
 John D. Rockefeller 
 family. This is of 
 Barrie granite, the 
 largest piece ever taken 
 from an American 
 quarry. In this ceme- 
 tery is also found the 
 mammoth boulder, symbolical in its rugged grandeur of the brave 
 soldier who lies beneath it, General M. D. Leggett. 
 
 Next to the Garfield Monument, which is fully described else- 
 where, the great glory of Lake View Cemetery is the Wade Memo- 
 rial, the marvelously beautiful mortuary chapel erected by J. H. 
 Wade in honor of his grandfather, Jeptha H. Wade, the millionaire 
 philanthropist who gave Wade Park to the city. There are larger 
 memorials of this nature in the world, but none finer. Small as it is, 
 it cost one quarter of a million dollars and its decorations are 
 unequaled. The beautiful bronze gates alone cost a fortune and the 
 stained glass windows are not surpassed in this country and, prob- 
 ably, not in the entire world. 
 
 It is not wise to burden a book of this nature with too much 
 description of graveyards, still it would be doing the intelligent visitor 
 an injustice not to direct his attention to Woodland Cemetery which, 
 despite its mortuary 
 gloom, is one of the 
 garden spots of the 
 city. After the rush 
 and tension of the city, 
 its calm falls on the 
 soul like a blessing. 
 It has the sweet peace 
 of nature and of God. 
 And Riverside Ceme- 
 tery on the South Side, 
 overlooking the Cuya- 
 hoga and far away from 
 its fret and fume, should 
 not be overlooked by ^- 
 the visitor. i m lkggett Boulder. 
 
 97 
 
SEP 3 1901 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 014 573 607 9^